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Sierra Leone
Freetown, Sierra leone. Source: Magnus Ohman/Creative Commons
Sierra Leone is a nation of five-and-a-half million people in western-Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea to the north and Liberia to the southeast.
In the coastal west there is a belt of mangrove swamps; beyond these is extensive lowland plains, farmland and wooded hill country; in the east is an upland plateau and also mountains. Rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches) a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western Africa.
Sierra Leone's major environmental issues include:
- rapid population growth pressuring the environment;
- overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion;
- the civil war has depleted natural resources; and,
- overfishing.
It is susceptible to dry, sand-laden harmattan winds which blow from the Sahara Desert (December to February); and from sandstorms and dust storms.
The capitol, Freetown was established with British backing as a site for former slaves, primarily from the United States via Nova Scotia and from the West Indies. However, 90% of the population is descended from indigenous ethnic groups.
Independence from Great Britain came in 1961.
In 1991, Sierra Leone descended into civil war (a civil war was already underway in neighboring Liberia).
Democracy is slowly being reestablished after the civil war from 1991 to 2002 that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (about one-third of the population).
The military, which took over full responsibility for security following the departure of UN peacekeepers at the end of 2005, is increasingly developing as a guarantor of the country's stability. The armed forces remained on the sideline during the 2007 presidential election, but still look to the UN Integrated Office in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) - a civilian UN mission - to support efforts to consolidate peace.
The new government's priorities include furthering development, creating jobs, and stamping out endemic corruption.
Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia
Geographic Coordinates: 8 30 N, 11 30 W
Area: 71,740 km2 (71,620 km2 land and 120 km2 water)
Land Boundaries: 958 km. Border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km
Coastline: 402 km
Maritime Claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
Natural Hazards: dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms
Terrain: Coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east. Its lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean (0 metres) and its highest point is Loma Mansa (Bintimani) (1,948 metres)
Climate: Tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
Topography of Sierra Leone. Source: Wikimedia Commons
Satellite view of Sierra Leone. Source: The Map Library
Ecology and Biodiversity
1. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
2. Western Guinean lowland forests
4. Guinean mangroves
See also:
People and Society
Population: 5,485,998 (July 2012 est.)The population includes 20 African ethnic groups. The Temne in the north and the Mende in the south are the largest. About 2% of the population are Krio, the descendants of freed slaves who returned to Sierra Leone from Great Britain and North America and from slave ships captured on the high seas. In addition, about 4,000 Lebanese, 500 Indians, and 2,000 Europeans reside in the country.
Source: World Wildlife Fund
Historically, Sierra Leoneans were noted for their educational achievements, trading activity, entrepreneurial skills, and arts and crafts work, particularly woodcarving. Many are part of larger ethnic networks extending into several countries, which link West African states in the area.
Ethnic groups: Temne 35%, Mende 31%, Limba 8%, Kono 5%, Kriole 2% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century; also known as Krio), Mandingo 2%, Loko 2%, other 15% (includes refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, and small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians) (2008 census)
Age Structure:
0-14 years: 41.8% (male 1,113,528/female 1,130,112)
15-64 years: 54.5% (male 1,401,907/female 1,522,335)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 86,614/female 109,173) (2011 est.)
Population Growth Rate: 2.277% (2012 est.)
Birth Rate: 38.12 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Death Rate: 11.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
Net Migration Rate: -3.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Life Expectancy at Birth: 56.55 years
male: 54.08 years
female: 59.11 years (2012 est.)
Total Fertility Rate: 4.9 children born/woman (2012 est.)
Languages: English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)
Literacy (2004 est.): 35.1% (male: 46.9% - female: 24.4%)
Urbanization: 38% of total population (2010) growing at a 3.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
European contacts with Sierra Leone were among the first in West Africa. In 1652, the first slaves in North America were brought from Sierra Leone to the Sea Islands off the coast of the southern United States. During the 1700s there was a thriving trade bringing slaves from Sierra Leone to the plantations of South Carolina and Georgia where their rice-farming skills made them particularly valuable.
In 1787 the British helped 400 freed slaves from the United States, Nova Scotia, and Great Britain return to Sierra Leone to settle in what they called the "Province of Freedom." Disease and hostility from the indigenous people nearly eliminated the first group of returnees. This settlement was joined by other groups of freed slaves and soon became known as Freetown. In 1792, Freetown became one of Britain's first colonies in West Africa.
Thousands of slaves were returned to or liberated in Freetown. Most chose to remain in Sierra Leone. These returned Africans--or Krio as they came to be called--were from all areas of Africa. Cut off from their homes and traditions by the experience of slavery, they assimilated some aspects of British styles of life and built a flourishing trade on the West African coast.
In the early 19th century, Freetown served as the residence of the British governor who also ruled the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and The Gambia settlements. Sierra Leone served as the educational center of British West Africa as well. Fourah Bay College, established in 1827, rapidly became a magnet for English-speaking Africans on the West Coast. For more than a century, it was the only European-style university in western sub-Saharan Africa.
The colonial history of Sierra Leone was not placid. The indigenous people mounted several unsuccessful revolts against British rule and Krio domination. Most of the 20th century history of the colony was peaceful, however, and independence was achieved without violence. The 1951 constitution provided a framework for decolonization. Local ministerial responsibility was introduced in 1953, when Sir Milton Margai was appointed chief minister. He became prime minister after successful completion of constitutional talks in London in 1960. Independence came in April 1961, and Sierra Leone opted for a parliamentary system within the British Commonwealth. Sir Milton's Sierra Leone Peoples Party (SLPP) led the country to independence and the first general election under universal adult franchise in May 1962. Upon Sir Milton's death in 1964, his half-brother, Sir Albert Margai, succeeded him as prime minister.
In closely contested elections in March 1967, the All Peoples Congress (APC) won a plurality of the parliamentary seats. Accordingly, the Governor General (representing the British Monarch) declared Siaka Stevens--APC leader and Mayor of Freetown--as the new prime minister. Within a few hours, Stevens and Margai were placed under house arrest by Brigadier David Lansana, the Commander of the Republic of Sierra Leone Military Forces (RSLMF), on grounds that the determination of office should await the election of the tribal representatives to the house. Another group of officers soon staged another coup, only to be later ousted in a third coup, the "sergeants' revolt," and Stevens at last, in April 1968, assumed the Office of Prime Minister under the restored constitution. Siaka Stevens remained as head of state until 1985. Under his rule, in 1978, the constitution was amended and all political parties, other than the ruling APC, were banned.
In August 1985, the APC named military commander Maj. Gen. Joseph Saidu Momoh, Steven's own choice, as the party candidate. Momoh was elected president in a one-party referendum on October 1, 1985. In October 1991 Momoh had the constitution amended once again, re-establishing a multi-party system. Under Momoh, APC rule was increasingly marked by abuses of power. Earlier in 1991, in March, a small band of men who called themselves the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under the leadership of a former corporal, Foday Sankoh, began to attack villages in eastern Sierra Leone on the Liberian border. Fighting continued in the ensuing months, with the RUF gaining control of the diamond mines in the Kono district and pushing the Sierra Leone army back toward Freetown. On April 29, 1992, a group of young military officers, led by Capt. Valentine Strasser, launched a military coup, which sent Momoh into exile in Guinea and established the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) as the ruling authority in Sierra Leone.
The NPRC proved to be nearly as ineffectual as the Momoh government in repelling the RUF. More and more of the country fell to RUF fighters, so that by 1995 they held much of the countryside and were on the doorstep of Freetown. To retrieve the situation, the NPRC hired several hundred mercenaries from the private firm Executive Outcomes. Within a month they had driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone's borders.
As a result of popular demand and mounting international pressure, the NPRC agreed to hand over power to a civilian government via presidential and parliamentary elections, which were held in April 1996. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, a diplomat who had worked at the UN for more than 20 years, won the presidential election. Because of the prevailing war conditions, parliamentary elections were conducted, for the first time, under the system of proportional representation. However, on May 25, 1997 the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), led by Maj. Johnny Paul Koroma, overthrew President Kabbah and later invited the RUF to join the government. In March 1998 the Nigerian-led ECOMOG forces ousted the AFRC junta after 10 months in office, and reinstated the democratically elected government of President Kabbah. The RUF's renewed attempts to overthrow the government in January 1999 brought the fighting to parts of Freetown, leaving thousands dead and wounded. ECOMOG forces drove back the RUF attack several weeks later.
With the assistance of the international community, President Kabbah and RUF leader Sankoh on July 7, 1999, signed the Lome Peace Agreement, which made Sankoh Vice President and gave other RUF members positions in the government. The accord called for an international peacekeeping force run initially by both ECOMOG and the United Nations. The UN Security Council established the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) in 1999, with an initial force of 6,000. ECOMOG forces departed in April 2000. Almost immediately, however, the RUF began to violate the agreement, most notably by holding hundreds of UNAMSIL personnel hostage and capturing their arms and ammunition in the first half of 2000. On May 8, 2000, members of the RUF shot and killed as many as 20 people demonstrating against the RUF violations outside Sankoh's house in Freetown. As a result, Sankoh and other senior members of the RUF were arrested and the group was stripped of its positions in government.
After the events of May 2000, a new cease-fire was necessary to reinvigorate the peace process. This agreement was signed in Abuja in November of that year. However, Demobilization, Disarmament, Reintegration (DDR) did not resume, and fighting continued. In late 2000, Guinean forces entered Sierra Leone to attack RUF bases from which attacks had been launched against Liberian dissidents in Guinea. A second Abuja Agreement, in May 2001, set the stage for a resumption of DDR on a wide scale and a significant reduction in hostilities. As disarmament progressed, the government began to reassert its authority in formerly rebel-held areas. By early 2002, some 72,000 ex-combatants had been disarmed and demobilized, although many still awaited reintegration assistance. On January 18, 2002 President Kabbah declared the civil war officially over.
In May 2002 President Kabbah was re-elected to a 5-year term in a landslide victory for the SLPP. The RUF political wing, the RUFP, failed to win a single seat in parliament. The elections were marked by irregularities and allegations of fraud, but not to a degree to significantly affect the outcome. On July 28, 2002 the British withdrew a 200-man military contingent that had been in country since the summer of 2000, leaving behind a 105-strong military training team to work to professionalize the Sierra Leonean army. In November 2002, UNAMSIL gradually began drawing down personnel until the end of its formal peacekeeping mission in December 2005. Following the end of the UNAMSIL mandate, the UN established the UN Integrated Office in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL), which assumed a peacebuilding mandate.
In the summer of 2002, Sierra Leone's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) began operations. The Lome Accord had called for the establishment of a TRC to provide a forum for both victims and perpetrators of human rights violations during the conflict to tell their stories and to facilitate genuine reconciliation. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission released its Final Report to the government in October 2004. In June 2005, the Government of Sierra Leone issued a White Paper on the Commission's final report which accepted some but not all of the Commission's recommendations. Members of civil society groups dismissed the government's response as too vague and continued to criticize the government for its failure to follow up on the report's recommendations.
The Special Court was established by an agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone pursuant to Security Council resolution 1315 (2000) of 14 August 2000. The Court's mandate is to try those who "bear the greatest responsibility for the commission of crimes against humanity, war crimes and serious violations of international humanitarian law, as well as crimes under relevant Sierra Leonean law within the territory of Sierra Leone since November 30, 1996." The Special Court issued indictments against individuals representing all three warring factions of Sierra Leone's civil conflict in addition to the case against former Liberian President Charles Ghankay Taylor. On June 20, 2007, the Court issued its first verdicts in the trial of the AFRC accused Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Kamara, and Santigie Borbor Kanu, all of whom were found guilty on 11 of 14 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The Court issued an indictment against a fourth AFRC defendant, former junta leader Johnny Paul Koroma, who is rumored to have been killed, though his death remains unconfirmed. In the trial against the leaders of the Civil Defense Forces (CDF) accused, on August 2, 2007, the court found Moinana Fofana and Allieu Kondewa guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity. A third defendant in the CDF trial, Sam Hinga Norman, the former Minister of Interior and head of the CDF died in Dakar prior to the announcement of a judgment. Five alleged leaders of the RUF, Foday Saybana Sankoh, Sam Bockarie, Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris Kallon, and Augustine Gbao, were indicted on 18 counts of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other serious violations of international humanitarian law. The indictments against Sankoh and Bockarie were withdrawn on December 8, 2003 due to the deaths of the two accused. Sesay and Kallon were found guilty of 16 counts on February 25, 2009, while Gbao was found guilty of 14 counts. On March 25, 2006, with the election of Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo permitted transfer of Charles Taylor, who had been living in exile in the Nigerian coastal town of Calabar, to Sierra Leone for prosecution. Two days later, Taylor attempted to flee Nigeria, but he was apprehended by Nigerian authorities and transferred to Freetown under UN guard. Taylor is being tried before the Special Court in The Hague on 11 indictments of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Government Type: Constitutional Democracy
Sierra Leone is a republic with an executive president and a multi-party system of government with a 124-seat parliament (112 elected members and 12 paramount chiefs). On August 11, 2007, Sierra Leone held nationwide presidential and parliamentary elections for the first time since the departure of UN peacekeepers. In the parliamentary elections, the National Election Commission reported the All People's Congress (APC) won a parliamentary majority taking 59 of 112 seats, while the ruling Sierra Leone's People's Party (SLPP) took 43 seats. The People's Movement for Democratic Change (PMDC) won 10 seats in parliament. In addition to their peaceful administration, the 2007 parliamentary elections were notable for the return to a constituency-based system, as called for in the 1991 constitution. In preparation for the elections, Sierra Leone redrew parliament's constituency boundaries for the first time since 1985. APC presidential candidate Ernest Koroma won 44.3% of the total 1,839,208 votes cast, while former Vice President and SLPP presidential candidate Solomon Berewa finished with 38.9%. PMDC presidential candidate Charles Margai placed third, receiving 13.9% of the vote. Because none of the candidates got the 55% of the vote needed to win in the first round, a run-off election was held on September 8, 2007. The two leading candidates, former Vice President Solomon Berewa of the SLPP and Ernest Bai Koroma of the APC, contested the second round. On September 17, 2007, Sierra Leone's National Election Commission declared Ernest Bai Koroma the winner with 54.6% of the vote. President Koroma was sworn in later that day at the Sierra Leone Statehouse.
In 2000 the Government of Sierra Leone promulgated the Anti-Corruption Act to combat endemic corruption, and a revised version of the law was passed on September 1, 2008. The amendment added new crimes for indictments, stiffer penalties, and gave the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) greater independence to investigate cases at every level. The ACC is working to secure convictions of high-level government officials, as well as raising national awareness of the problem and build in safeguards in "corruption hotspot" ministries through anonymous whistle-blowing programs and training on proper procurement procedures. The amended act requires that all government officials, regardless of rank or position, must declare their assets. President Koroma was the first to declare his assets in 2008, and all other government officials have since followed suit. ACC investigations since late 2008 have led to the removal of dozens of officials, including several ministers, the vice president's chief of staff, a former member of parliament, and a judge. In 2010, the ACC pursued 99 cases, 86 of which were still under investigation. Of the remaining 13 cases, the ACC secured seven convictions. The ACC has recovered almost $3 million for the government.
The basic unit of local government outside the Western Area has generally been the chiefdom, headed by a paramount chief, who is elected for a life term. In 2004, however, the first local government elections in 32 years were held in 311 wards nationwide. Four years later, local elections were held again in July 2008. There are now 12 district councils and 5 town councils outside the Western Area. The Western Area has a rural area council and a city council for Freetown, the nation's capital. The local councils are gradually assuming responsibility for functions previously carried out by the central government. As devolution progresses, chiefdom and council authorities are starting to work together to collect taxes. While district and town councils are responsible for service delivery, chiefdom authorities maintain their own infrastructure of police and courts, which are also funded by local taxes.
The next presidential and parliamentary elections will be held on November 17, 2012.
Capital: Freetown - 875,000 (2009)
Administrative Divisions: Sierra Leone's judicial system consists of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, High Court of Justice, and magistrate courts. The president appoints and parliament approves justices for the three courts. Local chieftaincy courts administer customary law with lay judges; appeals from these lower courts are heard by the superior courts. Judicial presence outside the capital district remains limited, which contributes to excessive delays in the justice system. Although magistrate courts function in all 12 judicial districts, magistrates appointed to those courts but not residing there permanently have complained of insufficient resources to do their job. Justices of the peace or customary law partially fill the gap. Civil rights and religious freedoms are respected. A critical press continues to operate, although journalists and editors are occasionally arrested for publishing articles the government considers inflammatory.
3 provinces and 1 area*;
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Independence Date: 27 April 1961 (from UK)
Legal System: mixed legal system of English common law and customary law. Sierra Leone has not submitted an International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction declaration; but accepts International criminal Court (ICCt) jurisdiction.
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
International Environmental Agreements
Sierra Leone is party to international agreements on: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands. It has signed, but not ratified an international agreement on Environmental Modification.
Total Renewable Water Resources: 160 cu km (1987)
Freshwater Withdrawal: Total: 0.38 cu km/yr (5% domestic, 3% industrial, 92% agricultural).
Per capita Freshwater Withdrawal: 69 cu m/yr (2000)
Access to improved sources of drinking water: 49% of population
Access to improved sanitation facilities: 13% of population
Agricultural Products: rice, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil, peanuts; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish
Irrigated Land: 300 sq km (2003)
Natural Resources: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite.
Land Use:
arable land: 7.95%
permanent crops: 1.05%
other: 91% (2005)
|Energy in Sierra Leone
|58 million kWh
(2008 est.)
|53.94 million kWh
(2008 est.)
|0 kWh
(2009 est.)
|0 kWh
(2009 est.)
|25.39 bbl/day
(2010 est.)
|9,000 bbl/day
(2010 est.)
|499.5 bbl/day
(2009 est.)
|4,945 bbl/day
(2009 est.)
|0 bbl
(1 January 2011 est.)
|Natural Gas
|0 cu m
(2009 est.)
|0 cu m
(2009 est.)
|0 cu m
(2009 est.)
|0 cu m
(2009 est.)
|0 cu m
(1 January 2011 est.)
|Source: CIA Factbook
Rich in minerals, Sierra Leone has relied on the mining sector in general, and diamonds in particular, for its economic base. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the economic growth rate slowed because of a dropoff in the mining sector and increasing corruption among government officials. By the 1990s economic activity was declining and economic infrastructure had become seriously degraded. Much of Sierra Leone's formal economy was destroyed in the civil war. Since the cessation of hostilities in January 2002, massive infusions of outside assistance have helped Sierra Leone begin to recover. The coming on line of the Bumbuna Dam hydroelectric project in 2009 and the installation of a 10-megawatt thermal power generating machine from Japan has alleviated chronic power shortages. Electricity generation improved by 29% in 2010 (170.45 gigawatt/hour).
Full recovery to pre-war economic levels will require hundreds of millions of additional dollars and many more years of serious effort by the Government of Sierra Leone and donor governments. Much of Sierra Leone's recovery will depend on the success of the Government of Sierra Leone's efforts to limit official corruption, which many believe was the chief reason for the country's descent into civil war. A key indicator of success will be the effectiveness of government management of its natural resources. Besides mineral deposits, Sierra Leone has sizeable marine and timber resources. Both sectors are threatened by limited management and overexploitation.
Since 2007, the Government of Sierra Leone has tripled and quintupled public spending for development and anti-poverty measures, respectively, through infrastructure improvement (particularly road and school construction) and a free health-care program for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children under 5 years old. As a result, it has reduced the country's incidence of poverty (percentage of the population living on less than $1.25 per day at purchasing power parity--PPP) from 70% in 2005 to 60% in 2010. In 2010, Sierra Leone moved up 12 points from the bottom of the UNDP's Human Development Index to 158. In November 2009, the government launched the "Agenda for Change" to focus on improving agriculture (which employs over half of the workforce) and addressing corruption. About two-thirds of the population engages in subsistence agriculture, which accounts for 49% of national income. The government is trying to increase food and cash crop production and upgrade small-farmer skills. The government is working with several foreign donors, including the United States, to operate integrated rural development and agricultural projects.
Mineral exports remain Sierra Leone's principal foreign exchange earner. Sierra Leone is a major producer of gem-quality diamonds. Though rich in this resource, the country has historically struggled to manage its exploitation and export. Annual production estimates range between $250-$300 million, not all of which passes through formal export channels, although formal exports have dramatically improved since the days of civil war. The balance is smuggled, where it possibly is used for money laundering or financing illicit activities. Efforts to improve the management of the export trade have met with some success. In October 2000, a UN-approved export certification system for exporting diamonds from Sierra Leone was put into place that led to a dramatic increase in legal exports. In 2001, the Government of Sierra Leone created a mining community development fund, which returns a portion of diamond export taxes to diamond mining communities. The fund was created to raise local communities' stake in the legal diamond trade. African Minerals, Koidu Holdings, London Mining Co., Ltd., and Sierra Mineral Holding Ltd. produced 83% of the country's revenue from mining, primarily in iron ore, gold, diamonds, and bauxite.
Sierra Leone has one of the world's largest deposits of rutile, a titanium ore used as paint pigment and welding rod coatings. Sierra Rutile Limited, owned by a consortium of U.S. and European investors, began commercial mining operations near Bonthe in early 1979. Sierra Rutile was then the largest nonpetroleum U.S. investment in West Africa. The export of 88,000 tons realized $75 million in export earnings in 1990. The company and the Government of Sierra Leone concluded a new agreement on the terms of the company's concession in Sierra Leone in 1990. Rutile and bauxite mining operations were suspended when rebels invaded the mining sites in 1995, but exports resumed in 2005. In 2010, Sierra Rutile produced almost 10% of Sierra Leone's mining revenue.
In September 2009, Anadarko, a U.S. oil company, and its partners Woodside of Australia, Repsol of Spain, and Tullow Oil of the U.K., announced that they had made an oil find off the coast of Sierra Leone. This oil deposit, the Venus field, may be similar to the 2 billion barrel Jubilee deposit that Anadarko discovered off of Ghana in 2007. The Venus well was drilled to a depth of about 18,500 feet in about 5,900 feet of water. Only further testing will ascertain whether the area includes commercially exploitable oil and/or gas deposits, and production will be at least several years off.
Since independence, the Government of Sierra Leone has encouraged foreign investment, although the business climate has been hampered by corruption, a shortage of foreign exchange, and uncertainty resulting from civil conflicts. Investors are protected by an agreement that allows for arbitration under the 1965 World Bank Convention. Legislation provides for transfer of interest, dividends, and capital. The government passed the Investment Promotion Act in August 2004 to attract foreign investors and has been working with international financial institutions to lower its administrative barriers to trade. In 2007, the Sierra Leone Investment and Export Promotion Agency was created to assist investors by creating a "one stop shop" for starting a business. In 2010, the International Finance Corporation's "Doing Business" guide ranked Sierra Leone 4th out of 16 West African countries and 26th out of 53 African countries in terms of ease of doing business. President Koroma's October 2010 dedication of a Special Economic Zone in Freetown, operated by U.S. company "First Step," led to the April 2011 completion of a plant to process fruit for export.
Sierra Leone is a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). With Liberia and Guinea, it formed the Mano River Union (MRU) customs union, primarily designed to implement development projects and promote regional economic integration. Cote d'Ivoire joined in May 2008. The MRU has been largely inactive because of domestic problems and internal and cross-border conflicts in all three countries. The future of the MRU depends on the ability of its members to deal with the fallout from these internal and regional problems, as well as adequately fund the union to carry out sub-regional activities. In June 2010, the Monetary Fund (IMF) approved a 3-year successor arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) for Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone's economic policy has generally shifted from post-conflict stabilization to poverty-reduction efforts, including good governance and fighting corruption; job creation; and food security.
Sierra Leone continues to rely on significant amounts of foreign assistance, principally from multilateral donors. The largest bilateral donors are the United Kingdom and the European Union; others include the United States, Italy, and Germany.
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $5.1 billion (2011 est.)
GDP (Official Exchange Rate): $2.1 billion (2011 est.)
GDP- per capita (PPP): $800 (2011 est.)
GDP- composition by sector:
agriculture: 51%
industry: 21.7%
services: 27.3% (2011 est.)
Population Below Poverty Line: 70.2% (2004)
Industries: diamond mining; small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear); petroleum refining, small commercial ship repair
Currency: leone (SLL)
Ports and Terminals: Freetown, Pepel, Sherbro Islands


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Serves 4
Yields 8 4-inch waffles
This is basically an éclair batter cooked in a waffle iron. The waffles cook up a beautiful golden brown on the outside and are so eggy and soft on the inside—I can't decide whether it's more like eating an omelet or a popover. Either way, they melt in your mouth. I used to make these at Cousin John's Café in Park Slope, Brooklyn, which I owned with my cousin Louis. (He named the restaurant after me.) Cousin John's, which opened in 1986, is still around, and Louis is still serving these waffles. They are made with bread flour instead of all-purpose to give them the necessary structure to support the eggs and cream.
In a medium, heavy-bottomed saucepan, combine 1 cup of the milk, the butter, and salt and bring to a rolling boil over medium heat. Remove from the heat. Add the flour all at once and stir with a wooden spoon to incorporate. Return the pan to low heat and cook, stirring, until the dough comes together in a mass, pulls away from the sides, and leaves a film on the bottom of the pan, 2 to 3 minutes.
Transfer the dough to the bowl of a standing mixer fitted with the paddle attachment. Beat on low speed for 2 to 3 minutes to release excess steam. Increase the speed to medium. Add the eggs, one at a time, beating until fully incorporated after each addition and scraping down the sides and bottom of the bowl.
Return the mixer to low speed. Beat in the remaining 1/4 cup milk and the 1/2 cup of cream.
Combine the remaining 3/4 cup of cream and the confectioners' sugar in a medium bowl. Whisk or beat with an electric mixer until medium peaks form; cover the whipped cream and refrigerate until ready to serve.
In a small saucepan, heat the syrup over medium heat until warm, 3 to 5 minutes. Transfer to a serving pitcher.
Heat an 8-inch round Belgian waffle iron. Scoop in half of the batter and spread over the grate. Cook until the steam dissipates and you no longer see steam coming out the sides. Then open and check the waffle: It should be amber-brown with a soft interior. The total cooking time will be 5 to 8 minutes. Repeat with remaining butter.
Serve immediately, with berries, warm syrup, and whipped cream.
Photo: Ben Fink
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Picky Eaters: Planning Nutritious Meals
Topic Overview
Toddlers are notoriously picky eaters. They may only eat a few foods, then abruptly refuse them. Toddlers also have rapidly changing appetites. Although toddlers grow steadily throughout their second year, their growth rates are less dramatic than during the first year, which often is reflected in how much they eat. Children this age may eat robustly one day and very little the next, but they usually eat the right amount to meet their caloric needs.
Toddlers are just beginning to understand that they can make their own decisions. Their need for independence and control often interferes with mealtime and eating.
There are two basic "rules" for feeding your child:
- You decide what, when, and where to feed your child.
- Your child decides how, when, and whether to eat.
More specifically, it can help to:
- Find at least one food from each food group that your child likes and make sure it is readily available most of the time. Children tend to accept new foods gradually, and you may have to introduce a food many times before your child actually tries it.
- Model good nutrition for your children. Do not regularly keep less nutritious foods (for example, those that have large amounts of fats or sugar) in the house. If you eat these foods but try to withhold them from your toddler, the child will learn that these foods are highly desirable. The child may sneak these foods, beg for them, or simply view them as wonderful.
- Limit the amount of fruit juice you give your child. Many beverages sold as juice are mostly water and sugar with a little juice. Even 100% real fruit juice does not have the valuable fiber that whole fruit has.
You can help prevent mealtime battles by planning ahead and being aware of common issues.
- Provide a variety of nutritious foods for children, at reasonably timed meals and in a proper meal environment (a family gathering place where meals are shared).
- Allow your child to select which foods to eat from among those you have provided. Let your child decide when he or she is finished eating. Stay out of these decisions.
- Don't use food as a reward.
- Consider family meals to be pleasant social events that bring the family together, not functional events at which a child feels obligated to eat.
- Let hunger, not rules or pleading or bargaining, determine what and how much your child eats (within the boundaries of what you make available).
For more information on strategies to help your child eat well, see the topic Healthy Eating for Children.
Related Information
|Healthwise Staff
|Primary Medical Reviewer
|Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics
|Specialist Medical Reviewer
|Louis Pellegrino, MD - Developmental Pediatrics
|Last Revised
|July 19, 2012
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Next Section:Related Information
Previous Section:Topic Overview
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Next Section:Credits
Previous Section:Related Information
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Last Revised: July 19, 2012
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics & Louis Pellegrino, MD - Developmental Pediatrics
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
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Like the tittle says. Let people test new cards first on a testserver before implementing them. Hold a survey afterwards to get feedback. Anything...
Right now people just get cards shoved in their faces, and simply have to deal with it. They clutter the forums with angry posts and feedback.
All this can be prevented, collected, and spoken about beforehand (or afterwards) in a more organized manner.
Some stuff just fails. Errata's just fail. Right now i only have to point to the MD EX, and can immediatly tell what you missed when creating her:
- i need 1 passive turn, to do 2 auto-hits. The doll has 20HP... nothing ensures me i get to do 2 hits next turn.
I'll just hit the attack button for these 2 turns? That passive turn should count for something too, in current enviroment with all openphase killing. Right now it's a 20HP card and skill i simply wont bother with in a dolls deck.
And that's just the most recent example. Past examples that show it's needed may be errata's that completely failed to do better. AntSwarm is the most glaring example. MD Mini is made even worse then it was. Where did Ermitage statpoints go? And so forth...
Lots of things go by unnoticed to the design team. Probably because it's to small and with not enough time. Things are easily spotted by those who actively use your cards day in and out though.
I know i'm more or less just stating the obvious here. But will there ever be taken action by the management? Where's the survey for previous errata's or new Ex? Shouldn't THEY be making it, instead of players shouting their opinions on the forums feeling nothing will ever change around here?


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Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a major current in the Atlantic Ocean, characterized by a northward flow of warm, salty water in the upper layers of the Atlantic, and a southward flow of colder water in the deep Atlantic. The AMOC is an important component of the Earth's climate system.
|Topographic map of the Nordic Seas and subpolar basins with schematic circulation of surface currents (solid curves) and deep currents (dashed curves) that form a portion of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Colors of curves indicate approximate temperatures. Source: R. Curry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution/Science/USGCRP.
This ocean current system transports a substantial amount of heat energy from the tropics and Southern Hemisphere toward the North Atlantic, where the heat is then transferred to the atmosphere. Changes in this ocean circulation could have a profound impact on many aspects of the global climate system.
There is growing evidence that fluctuations in Atlantic sea surface temperatures, hypothesized to be related to fluctuations in the AMOC, have played a prominent role in significant climate fluctuations around the globe on a variety of time scales.
Measurements across the North Atlantic suggest multidecadal swings in sea surface temperatures that may be at least in part due to fluctuations in the AMOC. The figure below describes this variation in North Atlantic sea surface temperatures for the period 1856 to 2009. The repeatitive cycle obvious in this figure is known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Evidence from paleorecords suggests that there have also been large, decadal-scale changes in the AMOC, particularly during glacial times. These abrupt changes have had a profound impact on climate, both locally in the Atlantic and in remote locations around the globe.
Variation in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation from 1856–2009. Data Source: NOAA, Image Source: Wikipedia.
At its northern boundary, the AMOC interacts with the circulation of the Arctic Ocean. The summer Arctic sea ice cover has undergone dramatic retreat since satellite records began in 1979, amounting to a loss of almost 30% of the September ice cover in 29 years. Climate model simulations suggest that rapid and sustained September Arctic ice loss is likely in future 21st century climate projections.
Monthly May ice extent for 1979 to 2011 shows a decline of 2.4% per decade. Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Because the AMOC's heat transport makes a substantial contribution to the moderate climate of maritime and continental Europe, and any slowdown in the overturning circulation would have profound implications for climate change, there have been questions about the likelihood of an "collapse" or an abrupt change. In the a 2008 study on Abrupt Climate Change by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program, the following conclusions were drawn :
It is very likely that the strength of the AMOC will decrease over the course of the 21st century in response to increasing greenhouse gases, with a best estimate decrease of 25–30%.
Even with the projected moderate AMOC weakening, it is still very likely that on multidecadal to century time scales a warming trend will occur over most of the European region downstream of the North Atlantic Current in response to increasing greenhouse gases, as well as over North America.
It is very unlikely that the AMOC will undergo a collapse or an abrupt transition to a weakened state during the 21st century.
It is also unlikely that the AMOC will collapse beyond the end of the 21st century because of global warming, although the possibility cannot be entirely excluded.
Although it is very unlikely that the AMOC will collapse in the 21st century, the potential consequences of this event could be severe. These might include a southward shift of the tropical rainfall belts, additional sea level rise around the North Atlantic, and disruptions to marine ecosystems.
The oceans play a crucial role in the climate system. Ocean currents move substantial amounts of heat, most prominently from lower latitudes, where heat is absorbed by the upper ocean, to higher latitudes, where heat is released to the atmosphere. This poleward transport of heat is a fundamental driver of the climate system and has crucial impacts on the distribution of climate as we know it today. Variations in the poleward transport of heat by the oceans have the potential to make significant changes in the climate system on a variety of space and time scales.
In addition to transporting heat, the oceans have the capacity to store vast amounts of heat. On the seasonal time scale this heat storage and release has an obvious climatic impact, delaying peak seasonal warmth over some continental regions by a month after the summer solstice. On longer time scales, the ocean absorbs and stores most of the extra heating that comes from increasing greenhouse gases (Levitus et al., 2001), thereby delaying the full warming of the atmosphere that will occur in response to increasing greenhouse gases.
One of the most prominent ocean circulation systems is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). As described in subsequent sections, and as illustrated below, this circulation system is characterized by northward flowing warm, saline water in the upper layers of the Atlantic (red curve), a cooling and freshening of the water at higher northern latitudes of the Atlantic in the Nordic and Labrador Seas, and southward flowing colder water at depth (light blue curve). This circulation transports heat from the South Atlantic and tropical North Atlantic to the subpolar and polar North Atlantic, where that heat is released to the atmosphere with substantial impacts on climate over large regions.
The Atlantic branch of this global MOC consists of two primary overturning cells:
- an "upper" cell in which warm upper ocean waters flow northward in the upper 1,000 meters (m) to supply the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), which returns southward at depths of approximately 1,500-4,500 m; and,
- a "deep" cell in which Antarctic Bottom Waters (ABW) flow northward below depths of about 4,500 m and gradually rise into the lower part of the southward-flowing NADW.
Of these two cells, the upper cell is by far the stronger and is the most important to the meridional transport of heat in the Atlantic, owing to the large temperature difference (~15° C) between the northward-flowing upper ocean waters and the southward-flowing NADW.
Schematic of the ocean circulation (from Kuhlbrodt et al., 2007) associated with the global Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), with special focus on the Atlantic section of the flow (AMOC). The red curves in the Atlantic indicate the northward flow of water in the upper layers. The filled orange circles in the Nordic and Labrador Seas indicate regions where near-surface water cools and becomes denser, causing the water to sink to deeper layers of the Atlantic. This process is referred to as "water mass transformation," or "deep water formation." In this process heat is released to the atmosphere. The light blue curve denotes the southward flow of cold water at depth. At the southern end of the Atlantic, the AMOC connects with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Deep water formation sites in the high latitudes of the Southern Ocean are also indicated with filled orange circles. These contribute to the production of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), which flows northward near the bottom of the Atlantic (indicated by dark blue lines in the Atlantic). The circles with interior dots indicate regions where water upwells from deeper layers to the upper ocean (see Section 2 for more discussion on where upwelling occurs as part of the global MOC).
In assessing the "state of the AMOC," we must be clear to define what this means and how it relates to other common terminology. The terms Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and Thermohaline Circulation (THC) are often used interchangeably but have distinctly different meanings. The AMOC is defined as the total (basin-wide) circulation in the latitude depth plane, as typically quantified by a meridional transport streamfunction. Thus, at any given latitude, the maximum value of this streamfunction, and the depth at which this occurs, specifies the total amount of water moving meridionally above this depth (and below it, in the reverse direction). The AMOC, by itself, does not include any information on what drives the circulation.
In contrast, the term "THC" implies a specific driving mechanism related to creation and destruction of buoyancy. Rahmstorf (2002) defines this as "currents driven by fluxes of heat and fresh water across the sea surface and subsequent interior mixing of heat and salt." The total AMOC at any specific location may include contributions from the THC, as well as contributions from wind-driven overturning cells.
It is difficult to cleanly separate overturning circulations into a "wind-driven" and "buoyancy-driven" contribution. Therefore, nearly all modern investigations of the overturning circulation have focused on the strictly quantifiable definition of the AMOC as given above. We will follow the same approach in this report, while recognizing that changes in the thermohaline forcing of the AMOC, and particularly those taking place in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic, are ultimately most relevant to the issue of abrupt climate change.
There is growing evidence that fluctuations in Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs), hypothesized to be related to fluctuations in the AMOC, have played a prominent role in significant climate fluctuations around the globe on a variety of time scales. Evidence from the instrumental record (based on the last ~130 years) shows pronounced, multidecadal swings in SST averaged over the North Atlantic.
These multidecadal fluctuations may be at least partly a consequence of fluctuations in the AMOC. Recent modeling and observational analyses have shown that these multidecadal shifts in Atlantic temperature exert a substantial influence on the climate system ranging from modulating African and Indian monsoonal rainfall to influencing tropical Atlantic atmospheric circulation conditions relevant to hurricanes. Atlantic SSTs also influence summer climate conditions over North America and Western Europe.
Evidence from paleorecords (discussed more completely in subsequent sections) suggests that there have been large, decadal-scale changes in the AMOC, particularly during glacial times. These abrupt change events have had a profound impact on climate, both locally in the Atlantic and in remote locations around the globe. Research suggests that these abrupt events were related to massive discharges of freshwater into the North Atlantic from collapsing land-based ice sheets. Temperature changes of more than 10o C on time scales of a decade or two have been attributed to these abrupt change events.
Further Reading:
- The Potential for Abrupt Change in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, Lead Author: Thomas L. Delworth, NOAA; Contributing Authors: Peter U. Clark, Oregon State University; Marika Holland, National Center for Atmospheric Research; William E. Johns, University of Miami; Till Kuhlbrodt, University of Reading; Jean Lynch-Stieglitz, Georgia Institute of Technology; Carrie Morrill, University of Colorado/NOAA; Richard Seager, Columbia University; Andrew J. Weaver, University of Victoria; Rong Zhang, NOAA.
- Abrupt Climate Change A report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Lead Authors: Peter U. Clark, Oregon State University; Andrew J. Weaver, University of Victoria; Contributing Authors: Edward Brook, Oregon State University; Edward R. Cook, Columbia University; Thomas L. Delworth, NOAA; Konrad Steffen, University of Colorado.
- Levitus, S., J.I. Antonov, J. Wang, T.L. Delworth, K.W. Dixon, and A.J. Broccoli, 2001: Anthropogenic warming of Earth's climate system. Science, 292(5515), 267-270.
- Kuhlbrodt, T., A. Griesel, M. Montoya, A. Levermann, M. Hofmann, and S. Rahmstorf, 2007: On the driving processes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2001, doi:10.1029/2004RG000166.
- Rahmstorf, S., 2002: Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years. Nature, 419, 207-214.


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The ability to add and subtract pages from your presentation just got a whole lot easier with the Art Profolio Multi-Ring Mini Refillable Binder. Incorporating the same PolyGlass pockets from the larger Art Profolio Multi-Ring binder, the "Mini" now allows a sleek and slim profile for those thinner presentations of up to 20 pocket sleeves.
® Itoya is a registered trademark. ® Art Profolio and PolyGlass are registered trademarks.


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Coghlan's Organizer Bag Set
Get your stuff well-organized for any trip with the Coghlan's Organizer Bag Set. Made with a nylon back and mesh front, this bag set from Coghlan's allows you to easily access the items inside and lets the air flow in it, giving you convenience when packing stuff for camping trips. Each bag features a hanging loop and a zipper closure, so you can hang it on a tree or another bag. You can ensure your stuff is secured and can t be accidentally dropped. Each set contains a 12 inch x 10 inch bag, a 10 inch x 8 inch bag, and a 7.5 inch x 3.5 inch bag, giving an adaptable set of options for organizing various gears and tools with sizes for a variety of activities. Now, organized packing for the day s adventure is easily made possible by the Coghlan's Organizer Bag Set.


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Katherine Legge
Looking for the hottest Katherine Legge tees, hats, diecasts and souvenirs? Make a pit stop at Lids.com for Katherine Legge apparel, merchandise and all your favorite racing gear. Lids.com, carries a great selection of Katherine Legge merchandise and everything you need to support your favorite drivers.
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1-800-369-4669 | Live Chat | Contact Us
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When searching for giveaways, the options are nearly endless. At Staples Promotional Products, we have a selection of top-selling branded merchandise that will help get your business noticed. From cups and mugs to pens, bags and more, find the perfect promotional items at a price point that fits your budget.
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Tanzania is re-organising itself to fully engage in integration within the East African Community (EAC), according to National Assembly Speaker Anne Makinda.
Pointing out that Tanzania is a big country with long borders and a population of more than 45 million people, she said full integration into the EAC needs careful implementation.
"We are actually not reluctant. We need more time. There is need to educate our people properly on the whole process," Makinda said on Monday at a meeting of regional parliamentary speakers in the Rwandan capital Kigali.
She said the idea of integration is good but it is equally important to lay a solid foundation to enable the people to effectively play their part in the process.
Makinda pointed out that Tanzania has a major challenge of first making its citizens understand the initiatives to make the process sustainable.
She said Tanzania aims at first issuing national identity cards for its nationals before embracing other general integration policies, adding that it could take up to two years to have them available.
Rwanda's Senate president, Dr Jean Damascene Ntawukuriryayo said lawmakers should try within their mandate to accelerate the integration process.
He said as much as there is need to be patient, it is equally important to set and beat deadlines if partner countries are to benefit from the integration.
"We need to achieve what we have agreed and if we do not speed up the process, it would lose meaning and one would wonder why we started the initiative in the first place," Ntawukuriryayo underscored.
Kenya's Speaker, Kenneth Marende said the progress made so far is reasonable and that there is no need for member states to harbour unfounded fears, noting that the issue of being distinct from each other has no place in the future.


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Elusive. That's me. Solitary, secretive, nocturnal… notorious for my stealth: the life of a leopard is much like that of a reluctant member of the royal family. So why am I writing a blog post for Micato Safaris? Well, it's primarily because I just want to be left alone, and the rest of the Big Five—Elephant, Lion, Cape Buffalo and Rhino—would not stop bugging me until I wrote about myself and completed the collection. So to get a little peace and quiet, I agreed to spill my secrets.
They Also Call Me:
In East Africa, where they speak Swahili, I'm known as Chui. The Setswana speakers in Botswana call me Nkwe. In parts of South Africa and Zimbabwe the Zulu people call me Ingwe; in other parts of South Africa and Namibia, people who speak Afrikaans call me Jagluiperd. (Which is sort of a funny mix between jaguar and leopard, isn't it? We're actually closely related.) My family members make all sorts of noises when they want my attention, from roars to grunts, but we're famous for our purrs, which sound like someone sawing.
Best Places to Find Me:
This may impress you: my family has the largest distribution of any wild cat—East, Southern and Central Africa are the places where I thrive most, even in weird habitats where other large cats have long since disappeared. You can find me in such disparate places as Mount Kenya and Kruger National Park, and everywhere in between: I love the savannah and the rainforest equally. However, we haven't heard from any of the North African family members in a long time, and I'm sad to say that they're probably extinct.
I even have family members in Asia, though that portion of my family is small and scattered. You can find us in India, Southeast Asia, and China. I even have cousins in Russia who live in temperate forests, which get as cold as -13◦F. They don't mind a bit—they have the most privacy of all of us. My theory as to why leopards are everywhere? Because we need so much space. Male leopards generally have a home range between 12 and 30 square miles, and there is rarely ever any overlap. I'm a lady, thus I don't have qualms about making my home territory on a piece of land that overlaps a male's home—as long as he doesn't crowd me.
How to Find Me
Despite my family's favourable numbers we are, as I said, reclusive. And if you want to follow suit, here's a tip: learn to climb. This ability is something I'm known for. I rest in trees, lick myself clean in trees, drag my food up into trees to eat, jump up to 10 feet to get up onto a tall branch of a tree, and can even climb down trees headfirst. The black rosettes on my fur look a lot like the shadows of leaves, and my gift is to blend right in.
If you really want to see me (and I know for some of you it's an obsession), stay at a lodge or camp that has a leopard blind. These fine people have learned that I like to do my eating in trees, where I can get away from those pesky other animals, so they hang meat right where I can smell it. You see, there is a limit to my solitude—I suppose I'll let you see me in exchange for a side of beef.
Most Embarrassing Facts:
Quite honestly, nothing. I'm an all-star athlete—great at hunting, climbing, swimming, and running—and there's no denying that I'm gorgeous. My lovely silhouette has been used as an emblem for sports teams and coats of arms in Africa, and I've been depicted in the art of places where I used to live but haven't visited in ages, such as Greece, Rome and even England. Some call me proud—the Cape Buffalo even calls me a snob—but really I'm not. I'm just realistic about my talents and looks. And modest.
Favourite Food:
I love the hunt. LOVE it. Thus I'll eat anything from tiny dung beetles to 2,000 pound eland—whatever allows me to exercise one of my favourite skills: stalking my prey with complete silence, then pouncing at the very last minute. Day-to-day I eat mostly antelopes and monkeys, but I've been known to catch rodents, reptiles, birds, fish and even smaller predators, like jackals. I even had an uncle who caught and ate a crocodile. Seriously. Don't mess with leopards.
Everything Else:
Type: Mammal
Diet: Carnivorous (these brilliant teeth aren't just flair, you know)
Average life span in the wild: Twenty years
Size: Between four and six feet long, plus the tail, which can be up to four feet long!
Weight: For myself and the rest of the ladies, we're small: between 50 and 130 pounds. Males are bigger—they can get up to 200 pounds. All told, though, we're the smallest of the big cats in our genus (Panthera), the other three being tigers, lions and jaguars.
Protection status: We're classified as "near threatened" which makes me nervous…
Group name: A leap! Because we're so darn good at jumping up trees, at our prey, and away from poachers.
Tags: Africa, African safari, big 5, Big Five, leopard, leopard facts, wildlife


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May 6, 2016
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (AP) -- The Florida Senate is providing a page on its website so citizens can get information on the federal health care overhaul and express their views on the subject.
Senate leaders announced the creation of the page on Monday.
Tea party and religious activists flooded the room when a select committee on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act met for the first time last week. They denounced the law as unconstitutional although it's been upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.
The state is facing a key decision on whether to expand its Medicaid program with the federal government picking up nearly all of the cost.
Florida also must decide whether it'll set up a health exchange to help consumers get insurance or let the federal government do it.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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A swirling showcase of bright blooms gives this bedding lots of flower power. Printed in a fresh, bright palette, our cotton percale duvet cover and sham are a smooth and comfy choice for spring.
Mix + match our bedding to create your own unique look with our Design Your Own Bed Tool.


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Designer Bath
Posted by Cynthia | Filed under Musings
Hansgrohe has introduced a delightful collection of fixtures by some world class designers. Varied in approach, they are all modern, unique and inviting. The collection includes the work of Philippe Starck, Antonio Citterio, Patricia Urquiols, Jean-Marie Massaud, Ronan and Erwan Bouroullec and Phoenix Design. Now that is one star studded marquee. I've highlight two of the talented group, Philippe Stark above, and the Bouroullec brothers below. The design of these objects are not only functional, but they are considered and intended to become integral elements in the design of the room. Both designer's rooms are minimalist , but very different experientially, given the material choice, lighting and layout of the space. Take a peek and let me know what you think?
Image sourced at www.hansgrohe-usa.com
Tags: Antonio Citterio, Hansgrohe, interior design, Jean-Marie Massaud, Master Suite, Modern Bathroom Design, Patricia Urquiols, Philippe Starck, Phoenix Design, Ronan and Erwan Bouroullec


text: Inspired by the chic, softly contoured leather shoulder bags of the 70's, this medium Mary handbag by Chloe has double flat leather handles, a front flap pocket with contrast stitching. Other details include a zip closure, goldtone hardware, metal feet plus lined interior with zip and cell pockets. 15"L x 5"W x 11"H. 7" handle drop and 20" shoulder strap drop.


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The public is asked to be on alert for a missing 72-year-old man who suffers from Alzheimer's.
A missing senior citizen report was filed at 11:51 a.m. Saturday. Nestor Trujillo, 72, was last seen in Platteville, Colo., but is believed to be traveling in an unknown direction with a companion identified as Mitzi Denovelois. 11 News is trying to reach authorities to find out what the relationship between the two is.
Trujillo is described as a 5-foot-10 white male, 130 pounds, with brown hair and brown eyes. He may be traveling in a white 2000 Chevrolet Camaro, Colorado license number 680-YPJ. He was last seen at 409 Pierce Avenue in Platteville, which is located in Weld County southeast of Greeley.
A photo of Trujillo has not been made available at this time.
If you have any information on his whereabouts, call the Greeley-Weld Dispatch Center at 970-350-9600.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
If you believe that any of the comments on our site are inappropriate or offensive, please tell us by clicking "Report Abuse" and answering the questions that follow. We will review any reported comments promptly.powered by Disqus


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22 U.S. Code § 2455 - Appropriations
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(a) Availability
Amounts appropriated to carry out the purposes of this chapter are authorized to be made available until expended.
(b) Acquisition of foreign currencies
Funds appropriated for programs under this chapter may, without regard to section 3651 [1] of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 543), be used for the acquisition from any source of foreign currencies in such amounts as may be necessary for current expenditures and for grants, including grants to foundations and commissions in accordance with international agreements providing for the accomplishment of the purposes of this chapter.
(c) Transfer of funds
Moneys appropriated to any department or agency of the Government in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter for research, technical aid, and educational and cultural programs, may be transferred by the President to any other appropriation available for like purposes, but no appropriation authorized by this chapter shall be increased or decreased by more than 10 per centum by reason of transfers pursuant to this subsection.
(d) Reserve and use of certain funds
The President is authorized—
(1) to reserve in such amounts and for such periods as he shall determine to be necessary to provide for the programs authorized by subsections (a)(1), (2)(i) ofsection 2452 of this title, and
(2) notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, to use in such amounts as may from time to time be specified in appropriation Acts, to the extent that such use is not restricted by agreement with the foreign nations concerned, for any programs authorized by this chapter,
any currencies of foreign nations received or to be received by the United States or any agency thereof—
(i) under agreements disposing of surplus property or settling lend-lease and other war accounts concluded after World War II;
(ii) as the proceeds of sales or loan repayments, including interest, for transactions heretofore or hereafter effected under the Food for Peace Act, as amended [7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.];
(iii) in repayment of principal or interest on any other credit extended or loan heretofore or hereafter made by the United States or any agency thereof; or
(e) Reservation and use of sums due or paid by the Republic of Finland
The Director of the United States Information Agency is further authorized to reserve and use for educational and cultural exchange programs and other activities authorized in subsections (a) and (b) ofsection 2452 of this title, in relation to Finland and the people of Finland, all sums due or paid on and after August 24, 1949, by the Republic of Finland to the United States as interest on or in retirement of the principal of the debt incurred under the Act of February 25, 1919, as refunded by the agreement dated May 1, 1923, pursuant to the authority contained in the Act of February 9, 1922, or of any other indebtedness incurred by that Republic and owing to the United States as a result of World War I.
(f) Contribution of funds, property, and services by foreign governments, international organizations, and private individuals, firms, associations, and agencies
Foreign governments, international organizations and private individuals, firms, associations, agencies, and other groups shall be encouraged to participate to the maximum extent feasible in carrying out this chapter and to make contributions of funds, property, and services which the President is authorized to accept, to be utilized to carry out the purposes of this chapter. Funds made available for the purposes of this chapter may be used to contribute toward meeting the expenses of activities carried out through normal private channels, by private means, and through foreign governments and international organizations.
(g) Currency exchanges
Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, there are authorized to be appropriated for the purposes of making currency exchanges under section 2452 (b)(10) of this title, not to exceed $10,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1968, and not to exceed $15,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1969.
[1] See References in Text note below.
Source(Pub. L. 87–256, § 105,Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 531; Pub. L. 89–698, title II, § 203(c),Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1072; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 7(a)(2),42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 97–241, title III, § 303(b),Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291; Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 227,Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 423; Pub. L. 110–246, title III, § 3001(b)(1)(A), (2)(S),June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1820, 1821.)
References in Text
This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) to (d), (f), and (g), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables.
Section 3651 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 543), referred to in subsec. (b), was repealed by Pub. L. 97–258, § 5(b),Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1068, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.
The Food for Peace Act, as amended, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(ii), is act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, 68 Stat. 454, which is classified principally to chapter 41 (§ 1691 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1691 of Title 7 and Tables.
Sections 1513 (b)(6) and 1513 (h) of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(iv), were repealed by act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, § 542(a),68 Stat. 861.
The acts of February 25, 1919, and February 9, 1922, referred to in subsec. (e), are not classified to the Code.
2008—Subsec. (d)(2)(ii). Pub. L. 110–246substituted "Food for Peace Act" for "Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954".
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–236amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: "Appropriations to carry out the purposes of this chapter, to remain available until expended, are authorized, and this authorization includes the authority to grant, in any appropriation Act, the authority to enter into contracts, within the amounts so authorized, creating obligations in advance of appropriations."
1966—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89–698added subsec. (g).
Effective Date of 2008 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 110–246effective May 22, 2008, see section 4(b) ofPub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.
Transfer of Functions
United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. "Director of the United States Information Agency" substituted for "Director of the International Communication Agency" in subsec. (e), pursuant to section 303(b) ofPub. L. 97–241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. Previously, "Director of the International Communication Agency" substituted for "President" in subsec. (e), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, § 7(a)(2),42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, which transferred functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof, under this chapter, to Director of International Communication Agency, except (A) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (a), (b), and (c) of this section, sections 2452 (b)(6), (10), 2454 (a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2456 (a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (d)(2) and (f) of this section, sections 2454 (b) and 2456 (d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456 (b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State.
Delegation of Functions
Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, Director of United States Information Agency, Secretary of Commerce, and Secretary of Education, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title.
Increase in Grants for Exchange-of-Persons Activities; Funds for Specific Programs, Reductions, Other Use of Funds, Report to Congressional Committees
Pub. L. 97–241, title III, § 305(c), (d),Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 294, provided that the amount obligated by United States Information Agency each fiscal year for grants for exchange-of-persons activities should be increased, through regular annual increases, so that by fiscal year 1986 the amount obligated for such grants would at least double (in terms of constant dollars) the amount obligated for such grants for fiscal year 1982 and in furtherance of this purpose provided for appropriations for the United States Information Agency for fiscal year 1983.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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The 3 factions in the Republican party and why they hate President Obama (Photos)
What is the real problem that conservatives have with President Obama? Is it because they think he's a "tax and spend" liberal? Is it because of the false claims that he's taking their guns and bibles away? Could it be some hidden racism that they don't want to talk about?
Ever since President Obama was elected in November of 2008, the backlash and rage from the radical right has grown with each passing day. Today's Republican party has been split into three factions, each harboring a hatred for the president for their own specific reasons. The three factions of the Republican party are unique, they come from different parts of the country, but all share the common bond of disdain for President Obama.
View slideshow: GOP/Big Money and the Tea Party vs President Obama
The first faction of the Republican party is the traditional business conservative. Higher income earners, maybe a trader on Wall Street or someone working in the oil industry. This sector of today's GOP represents the Republican party that most Americans remember. When Ronald Reagan came into office in January of 1981, he brought "supply side" economics, or "Reaganomics," into mainstream America. With the promise of prosperity for all, Ronald Reagan and his administration sold the idea that giving tax breaks to the wealthy will, in the end, "trickle down" to the rest of the country. The problem with Reagan's economic polices were that they didn't work. Ronald Reagan dropped the top tax rate from 70% when he came into office in 1981, down to only 28% by the time he left the White House in 1989.
During Reagan's time in office, he tripled the national debt and was forced to raise taxes 11 times, primarily on the middle class, including the 1983 gas tax increase andraiding the Social Security trust fund. Reagan's policies and ideology were repeated during the Bush administration and in 2008, the bottom fell out. Just two years after President Obama was elected, he signed into law sweeping financial regulations to prevent a repeat of the recession that was caused the policies of Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush. President Obama has pushed for investments in alternative energy and creating additional revenue through tax increases on the wealthiest Americans. With these attempted changes by the president, rich Americans "hate" the president for trying to get them to pay their fair share and level the economic playing field.
The second faction within the GOP is the Tea Party. Conservatives supported the Bush administration even as they pushed the constitution to the limit with the "Patriot Act," engaged in two unfunded wars and created the Medicare part D plan that was never paid for. With the debt skyrocketing and an economy spiraling out of control, conservatives still supported George W. Bush. Once President Obama was elected, conservatives finally found themselves upset with the national debt and "big government." The Tea Party finds most of their supporters in the south, where cries of high taxes and government spending is all the rage. Many states that are considered "swing states" have been overwhelmed by the Tea Party and their billion dollar backers like the Koch brothers.
President Obama won the "purple" state of Florida in 2008, but since the election, the president's popularity in the state has dropped significantly. Florida elected Tea Party favorite, Rick Scott, to become governor in 2010 and has taken the state to the right of the political spectrum ever since. Many "Tea Party" members get their information primarily from the likes of Fox News and Rush Limbaugh and have a skewed opinion of the president and his record. While the president has advocated for polices that will benefit the majority of the American people, if voters don't get accurate information, they will never know who is truly acting in their best interest.
The final group within the Republican party are evangelical Christians. The radical religious right has exploded since President Obama moved into the White House and have used every trick in the books to smear his name. The message from conservative Christians has been anything but consistent, first attacking the president for attending a Christian church they didn't agree with, to allegations of President Obama being a Muslim. Far right Christians in the Republican party have also attacked the president over his stance on women's rights, such as abortion and birth control.
President Obama was hit hard by many within the Catholic Church who were upset over President Obama's health care law. Under the new law, hospitals that are run by churches will be mandated to at least make birth control available in some health care plans for their employees. President Obama dealt with another harsh criticism when he came out in favor of same-sex marriage, going against the ideology of the conservative Christians.
Whether it's the wealthy CEO on Wall Street, the southern Tea Party member or the conservative in church, their common hatred for President Obama unites them as one. Following his decisive victory on Election day, President Obama has proven that he can withstand as much hate as the far right can throw at him.


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The explosion happened Friday afternoon in Nigeria's Edo state.
Federal Road Safety Corps spokesman Jonas Agwu said three people survived the collision between the large bus and the tanker. Agwu said the crash resulted in a fire that burned for hours, making it difficult for officials to know how many people died in the crash.
Nigeria has some of West Africa's worst roads, despite its oil wealth. Massive potholes and poor paving, coupled with aggressive drivers, are blamed for many crashes. World Health Organization data shows Nigeria suffers from one of the world's highest traffic fatality rates.


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When your child has a chronic health condition or a new complex medical diagnosis, it may feel like you're all alone. Have you ever just wanted to talk to another family who has been in similar shoes? Talk with someone who also has a child diagnosed with epilepsy or a heart condition? Having the ability to share stories and receive emotional support from another family can be invaluable.
As part of our ongoing commitment to family-centered care, Nationwide Children's is excited to offer our mentor program, Connecting Families. Our mission is to help create family-to-family partnerships to promote healthy lifestyles and enhance the quality of life for the child and for their family.
Volunteer mentors receive training to provide peer support and help a family "normalize" their child's diagnosis. Mentors help navigate complex healthcare systems from the point of view of "been there, done that."
If you are interested in becoming a Connecting Families Mentor, please fill out the application here. Or, if you would like to have a mentor, please fill out the mentee application here. If you have questions or just want more information please email us at: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Every family deserves the opportunity to connect with someone who has walked a similar path. To be reminded – you're not alone.
quick links
Looking for other opportunities to get involved?


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The Power of Independent Thinking
Robert Higgs: The Welfare State
Recorded: Tuesday, June 17, 2014
Robert Higgs discusses the rise of the welfare state in the United States.
For information on The Challenge of Liberty Summer Seminar, click here.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: Challenge of Liberty SeminarsIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Corporate Welfare, Economic History and Development (International), Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Free Market Economics, Government Power, Government Waste/Pork, History (U.S), Labor and Employment, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Regulation and Deregulation, Social Security, Welfare
Robert Higgs: Warfare, Welfare, and the State
Recorded: Tuesday, July 24, 2012
This presentation by Independent Institute Senior Fellow Robert Higgs was presented on July 24, 2012, at Mises University, sponsored by the Ludwig von Mises Institute, in Auburn, Alabama.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Business, Corporate Welfare, Defense and Foreign Policy, Government Power, History (U.S), Political Ideology and Philosophy
Robert Higgs on The Peter Schiff Radio Show on Economic Intervention
Recorded: Thursday, December 15, 2011
Fill-in host Tom Woods on the Peter Schiff Radio Show interviews Senior Fellow Robert Higgs. They discuss the history of government economic interventions during the Great Depression and World War II and how those lessons apply today. Check out some of Robert Higgs books mentioned on the program.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: RadioIssues: Banking and Finance, Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt, History (U.S), Labor and Employment, Regulation and Deregulation, Taxes
Full Video of The Independent Institutes 25th Anniversary Gala for Liberty
Recorded: Tuesday, November 15, 2011
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Full Video of The Independent Institutes 2011 25th Anniversary Gala for Liberty held November 15, 2011.
Part 1: Introductory Remarks and Tribute to Robert Higgs
Part 2: Tribute to Mario Vargas Llosa
Part 3: History of The Independent Institute and Fund for the Future
Part 4: Tribute to Lech Walesa
Part 5: Special Tributes, Sponsors, and Credits
Experts: Leszek Balcerowicz, Price V. Fishback, Robert Higgs, Ron Paul, Jorge Quiroga, David J. Theroux, Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu, Mario Vargas Llosa, Lech Wałęsa, Yuri Yarim-AgaevType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Business, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Defense and Foreign Policy, Democracy, Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Government Power, History (International), History (U.S), Latin America, Nationalism, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics, Privatization, Property Rights, Terrorism and National Crises
Robert Higgs Interviewed: The Expanding Pork for Military Pay and Towns
Recorded: Friday, August 27, 2010
Independent Institute Senior Fellow Robert Higgs is interviewed by Scott Horton of Antiwar Radio on the widening gap between public and private sector pay, the increasing affluence of military towns compared with others, the disappearance of traditional checks on government power, and the predation and incremental ratchet effect of expanding governmental powers that increase temporarily during wartime but never really recede.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: RadioIssues: Economic History and Development (U.S.), Government Power, Labor and Employment, Terrorism and National Crises
Robert Higgs on Hoovers Great Depression Policies
Recorded: Friday, October 2, 2009
Originally aired on 10/2/09 on Fox News Freedom Watch. Robert Higgs, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute and author of Crisis and Leviathan, discusses President Hoovers role in the Great Depression.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, History (U.S), Labor and Employment


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More than 100 neopanamax ships have already made reservations to transit the waterway's new larger locks following the historic inauguration and first voyage, according to the Panama Canal Administration.
The European Union competition watchdog said a trustee will monitor both companies to ensure there is no information sharing between the Ocean3 and G6 ocean carrier alliances, of which CMA CGM and Neptune Orient Lines subsidiary APL are currently members.
Scales currently used to comply with federal and state laws are acceptable for complying with the new International Maritime Organization container weight regulations due to go into effect July 1, according to the U.S. Coast Guard.
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
The Memphis, Tenn.-based parcel carrier and logistics provider will use the proceeds to help finance its planned 4.4 billion euro purchase of Dutch delivery company TNT Express NV.
House lawmakers brushed aside calls at a hearing to slow implementation of the Verified Gross Mass rule, while other shippers said compliance should be straightforward.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Federal Maritime Commission is calling for carriers and shippers to work together to find a solution so exports are not left on the docks for lack of verified gross mass documentation come July 1.


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Ski Racing
Latest News
The principle of ski racing is simple - fastest time from top to bottom wins.
Alpine skiing has changed over the past 150 years with great advances in ski equipment, technology and timing equipment but the essence has stayed the same.
New Zealand has a rich history of ski racing. The sport is run through Snow Sports NZ, the national federation for the International Ski Federation (FIS), under the guidance of the Alpine Sport Committee.
The five core disciplines ski racers compete in at the Olympics, speed and technical disciplines are:
Super G
Giant Slalom
Super Combined


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May 6, 2016
If you need a state trooper, your phone call might soon be answered in Raleigh, instead of Eastern Carolina.
Governor Pat McCrory is proposing the closure of three Highway Patrol communication centers in the state, including the one in Williamston.
The Williamston center handles communications for Troop A, which is made up of 20 counties, east of I-95.
A Department of Public Safety spokeswoman says if the governor's budget is approved, 12 of the 16 employees in Williamston would lose their jobs, while four would be relocated.
Pam Walker says if the centers close, the state would save $1.88 million a year. Walker says they do not anticipate any impact on response times if the governor's plan is approved by lawmakers.
Other communication centers being closed under the proposal are in Asheville and Greensboro.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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Legendary Stupid Brothers
this wiki
|This is the article on the anime-only siblings. If you are looking for the article on the video-game technique, head to Wind God and Thunder God Technique.
|Legendary Stupid Brothers
|Legendary Stupid Brothers (伝説のバカ兄弟, Densetsu no Bakakyōdai)
|Naruto Episode #142
|Appears in
|Team Info
The Legendary Stupid Brothers are a pair of criminal ninja. The two are quite large and almost equally unintelligent (hence their name). Their strength is so immense that it has been compared to the raw might of Tsunade. Their thoughts revolve entirely around food, and the pursuit of it is all that motivates them. During a mission, they killed their comrades for food, then calmed down immediately after doing so. They were locked up after the incident. In reality, even the prison was incapable of containing them. It was the guards' control of their food supply that kept them in line. If they are hungry, they will often break through their cell door.
They caused trouble for Naruto and Team 10 after being tricked by Mizuki into causing a riot and escaping (having been told that Orochimaru has a feast arranged for them and would provide good food for them every day). They were eventually stopped by Tsunade. Both seemed to recognise her, and were scared into submission by her extreme strength, which was great enough to send even them flying with a single flick. She convinced them to return to the prison by telling them that they would not receive dinner if they didn't return quickly.
- Their names are likely derived from the Shintō gods Fūjin and Raijin, two ogre-like gods of the wind and lightning, respectively.


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Arsenal target has a release clause
17:33 29 May 2012
EMPICS Sport
Arsenal transfer news: Olivier Giroud will be able to leave Montpellier in the summer
Arsenal target Olivier Giroud has a clause in his contract that will allow him to leave if Montpellier receive the appropriate fee according the club's president Louis Nicollin.
The 25-year-old scored 21 goals in 39 games to help the French club lift their first ever Ligue 1 title and has been linked with a move to the Emirates.
"The only one who can leave, it's Olivier Giroud, because he has a clause," Nicollin told TV show Stade 2.
"Then there is Mapou [Yanga-Mbiwa] too, because we promised we would let him go if there was a good offer. But these are the only two who could leave and it is not yet certain that they are going."