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Antitumor Antibiotics for Chemotherapy
|Generic Name
|Brand Name
|Cerubidine, DaunoXome
How It Works
These chemotherapy medicines are called antitumor antibiotics. These antibiotics are not like the antibiotics used to treat infections. Instead, these antitumor antibiotics interfere with the DNA inside cells. This slows or stops cancer cells from growing and keeps them from multiplying.
Why It Is Used
Antitumor antibiotics are used to treat leukemia and cancer, such as bladder cancer.
Mitomycin is used to prevent bladder cancer from coming back (recurring). It is given through a urinary catheter directly into the bladder.
How Well It Works
These medicines work well in treating cancer. But the type and extent of the cancer affects how well this medicine slows or stops the growth of those cancer cells.
Side Effects
All medicines have side effects. But many people don't feel the side effects, or they are able to deal with them. Ask your pharmacist about the side effects of each medicine you take. Side effects are also listed in the information that comes with your medicine.
Here are some important things to think about:
- Usually the benefits of the medicine are more important than any minor side effects.
- Side effects may go away after you take the medicine for a while.
- If side effects still bother you and you wonder if you should keep taking the medicine, call your doctor. He or she may be able to lower your dose or change your medicine. Do not suddenly quit taking your medicine unless your doctor tells you to.
Call 911 or other emergency services right away if you have:
- Trouble breathing.
- Swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
- Passed out (or lost consciousness).
Call your doctor right away if you have:
- Hives.
- A cough or shortness of breath.
- Sores in your mouth and on your lips.
Bleomycin may cause scarring of the tissue in your lungs (pulmonary fibrosis). This is more likely to happen in elderly people or in people who get a high total dose.
These medicines may cause bone marrow problems. They may also cause other serious side effects, such as heart, liver, or kidney problems. If used over a long period of time, these medicines may weaken the heart muscle.
Common side effects of this medicine include:
- Loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting.
- Fever, headache, or seizures.
- Hair loss. Hair will grow back when treatment ends.
- Decreased white blood cell counts and possibly reduced red blood cell and platelet counts.
- Numbness or tingling in your fingers or toes from nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy).
- Eye problems such as blurred vision or loss of the ability to see colors.
- A burning feeling in your bladder (with mitomycin). This medicine may also turn urine a bluish-green to purple color for several days.
Other common side effects may include skin problems, such as:
- Skin rash or colored bumps on the fingertips, elbows, or palms.
- Darkening or thickening of the skin.
- Sensitivity to sunlight. You may need to protect your skin from the sun.
See Drug Reference for a full list of side effects. (Drug Reference is not available in all systems.)
What To Think About
You may not be able to get pregnant or father a child after taking these medicines. Talk to your doctor about this before you start treatment.
Do not use these medicines if you have had a previous allergic reaction to them, or have heart, liver, lung, or kidney disease.
Check with your doctor before drinking alcoholic beverages or taking medicines that contain aspirin. These may cause bleeding in the stomach if you are getting antitumor antibiotics.
Taking medicine
Medicine is one of the many tools your doctor has to treat a health problem. Taking medicine as your doctor suggests will improve your health and may prevent future problems. If you don't take your medicines properly, you may be putting your health (and perhaps your life) at risk.
There are many reasons why people have trouble taking their medicine. But in most cases, there is something you can do. For suggestions on how to work around common problems, see the topic Taking Medicines as Prescribed.
Advice for women
Do not use this medicine if you are pregnant, breast-feeding, or planning to get pregnant. If you need to use this medicine, talk to your doctor about how you can prevent pregnancy.
Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It's also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.
Complete the new medication information form (PDF)(What is a PDF document?) to help you understand this medication.
Last Revised: August 14, 2013
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: Sarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & Douglas A. Stewart, MD - Medical Oncology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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Building Muscle the Myotein Way
Myotein is one of the best protein powders to ever hit the market, and it can help you build muscle mass and cut fat in no time.
Myotein, from Xtreme Pharmaceutical Innovations (XPI), is aimed at the bodybuilding community as well as regular consumers looking to gain muscle mass. It features a blend of six proteins that are combined to provide a constant supply of protein to the body's muscles as the day or night progresses.
The protein blend is a mixture of proteins with different absorption rates, so the effects of the powder actually last for hours and hours, unlike some powders with similar claims but no results-oriented support.
Best Proteins for the Best Powder
The real key to Myotein's success is its blend of proteins, fat burners and other ingredients that provide long-lasting power and muscle recovery. Looking at these ingredients can give you insight as to why Myotein may be the best protein powder available for you.
The main Myotein ingredients are:
- Whey Protein Hydrolysate. This protein is among to the best of whey proteins because of its bioavailability, allowing it to be absorbed by the body very quickly. This delivers protein to your body right away and helps at the start of or just after your workout. It is also a great source of essential amino acids.
- Whey Protein Isolate. This is a protein made from whey but with added milk proteins. It absorbs quickly and supports protein synthesis. Since it is diary based, users should be careful.
- Whey Protein Concentrate. This concentrate is 35% of the essential nutrients for muscle-building proteins. It raises the metabolic rate to reduce your hunger and improves your blood sugar. Because of its nutrient composition, it also plays a big role in muscle tissue and fiber development.
- Casein. This is a milk protein that's often found in dairy products. It supports both bone and muscle growth. It's a slow-release protein that takes hours for it to release amino acids into your body.
- Glutamine. This protein is an amino acid – you may know it as one of the common bases in DNA. Glutamine supports overall body recovery and regrowth, and has long been used as a post-surgery supplement in hospitals.
- Colostrum. This milk-based substance is very high in protein and is essential to your body development. Colostrum plays a major role in the growth of newborn babies. For adults, Colostrum helps increase muscle mass above normal limits.
- Aminogen. This is a digestive enzyme that increases protein absorption in the stomach. Improving this rate allows your body to better build muscles as you digest the powder.
- 20E. This hormone, also known as ecdysterone, promotes muscle growth and fat loss. It is used by many people looking to increase muscle mass because it operates as a steroid but lacks many of the side effects.
- Coleus Forskohlii. To keep your endurance up, Myotein has added Coleus Forskohlii. This plant-based ingredient increases the rate at which you burn fat and improves the body's endurance during and after a workout.
Does It Work?
Myotein blends together some of the best proteins available and each serving comes in at 26 grams. This gives it the opportunity to work during your workout and boost your overall muscle development as well as improve your energy.
After a workout, the proteins and nutrients improve your recovery time and keep you from getting sore. As you increase your use and your workouts, it also tends to help you build more muscle faster.
XPI recommends that you use Myotein as part of a vigorous workout program and take it immediately after you work out. Users have reported taking it throughout the day and night and still seeing results.
It doesn't have caffeine or other stimulants so it won't keep you up all night. Few users have reported any GI concerns with the powder, so you also don't have to worry about the day's other activities before you take it.
For shakes, users recommend mixing its chocolate flavor directly with milk for the best taste. Others note that it also works well blended with ice and water. However, this is just to cut out any fat from the milk. Since Myotein already includes dairy products, lactose intolerant people should not use the supplement.
Myotein is one of the safest powders around and very few users have reported any side effects. Aminogen will actually help cut down on many of the problems other powders cause. So as long as you're able to consume dairy and don't mind spending between $40 and $50 a bottle, Myotein is for you.

subset: commoncrawl


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First Class Touring
River Cruising
Vacation Packages
Exotic and fascinating, the Kingdom of Morocco is rich in history and culture, offering intriguing historical sites, authentic cuisine, and changing scenery that is perfect for exploring and learning about a new destination. In Marrakesh, step back in time as you wander through the Jemaa-el-Fna, a square and exotic bazaar offering some of the greatest open-air entertainment. Listen to the storytellers—an integral part of the culture—and browse for handicrafts. It's not hard to imagine what it was like in the past, a time when caravans loaded their camels with food and goods to sell at the markets. In Fez, consider the optional tour to see the ancient medina. Founded in the 9th century, it is one of the largest medieval cities in the world and now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Stroll through its souks (markets) and alleys, which are virtually unchanged since the Middle Ages. Taste authentic Moroccan cuisine and take in the sights and sounds of this fascinating city. Also visit Casablanca, Meknes, Ouarzazate, Ifrane, Erfoud, and Rabat, Morocco's vibrant capital. Admire changing scenery as the Middle Atlas mountain range transforms to desert as you approach the Erfoud oasis. This affordable vacation to Morocco is truly an once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.
Individual headsetsInside visits and special features:Shown in UPPERCASE in the tour description including admission charges where applicable.Sightseeing:Visits to Fez, Ifrane, Erfoud, Rissani, Ouarzazate, Aït Benhaddou Kasbah
Scenic Highlights: Atlas Mountains, Ziz Gorges and Oasis, Road of 1000 Kasbahs, Dades Valley, Todra Gorge
Local Guides for city sightseeing in Rabat, Meknes, Marrakesh, Casablanca; professional Tour Director while touring
Check into your hotel. Later, meet your Tour Director and fellow travelers. (D)
A short ride along the coast to Rabat, once a lair of the corsairs and now the country's capital. Sightseeing includes the Royal Palace, Hassan Tower, and the Kasbah of Oudayas. You are reminded of the time when Morocco was the Roman province of Mauretania as you visit the fine ROMAN RELICS OF CHELLAH and its GARDENS. Next stop, Meknes—during your city sightseeing, see its monumental gates, mosque, palace, miles of protective walls and visit its STABLES. Travel east towards Fez, Morocco's most enchanting city. (B,D)
At leisure in ancient Fez, which occupies a position of outstanding scenic beauty. Visit the exotic ancient Medina on the optional sightseeing tour, a maze of narrow bustling streets and alleys that make up the old Medina with its colorful souks. (B)
Travel today into the very heart of Morocco. Morning break in the quiet, French-built alpine mountain resort of Ifrane. Verdant cedar forests give way to volcanic mountains and wind-swept plains as you motor across the Middle Atlas range to Midelt. Pass fortified mud-and-straw villages. Descend into the spectacular ZIZ GORGES and arrive in Er-Rachidia, an important crossroad once controlled by the French Foreign Legion. Afterwards, the landscape becomes progressively more arid and you enter a stony desert. On your last stretch to Erfoud, an unexpected and breathtaking surprise: the miraculous and peaceful oasis of Ziz Valley. (B,D)
The best choice today is an included excursion to Rissani to see the MAUSOLEUM OF MOULAY ALI SHARIF, the first ruler of the Alaouite Dynasty. This evening, enjoy an optional excursion in the desert. (B,D)
Enjoy the drive through the eastern slopes of the Atlas Mountains and arrive at the Tinerhir oasis with its green valley of palms and local villages. Drive north to the impressive Todra Gorge, then west along the Dades Valley to the film capital of Morocco, Ouarzazate, for an overnight stay. (B,D)
Enjoy an orientation drive this morning in Ouarzazate, famous for its film studios, and a visit of the KASBAH DE TAOURIRT. Next, to AÏT BENHADDOU, a kasbah famous as a film location for Lawrence of Arabia and Gladiator. Pass through picturesque villages surrounded by craggy mountains while motoring towards the 7,414-foot-high Tizi-n-Tichka Pass in the heart of the High Atlas Mountains. Each new twist in the road leads to a different, more dramatic landscape. Leaving the pass behind, the landscape gradually changes to a tapestry of red ochre. Afternoon arrival in the red-colored imperial city of Marrakesh, justly reputed the most fascinating of all Moroccan cities. An optional evening excursion will be a fitting choice to end the day. (B)
The included city sightseeing with a Local Guide starts this morning with an orientation drive followed by a walk through the ancient quarters to the fascinating JEMAA-EL-FNA SQUARE and its exotic bazaar, BAHIA PALACE, and SAADIAN TOMBS. You'll really feel as if you've stopped the march of time. Marrakesh has always been a meeting place—first just a group of nomad tents, now a bustling city. (B,D)
Leave Morocco's magical city of Marrakesh for the journey back to Casablanca. In the afternoon, see the sights in the company of a Local Guide. (B)
Your vacation ends with breakfast this morning. (B)
Transportation: Touring by private, first-class, air-conditioned motorcoach
Buffet breakfasts daily; 6 dinners
With Cosmos, there's no better way to get to know your destination than through the eyes of your Tour Director. Averaging over a decade... we'd like you to meet a Tour Director, who is representative of the type of expert that will be with you on your vacation.
Seventeen years ago I moved to beautiful Morocco, beginning a journey to discover her rich culture and fascinating traditions. Today that journey continues with fellow world travelers who are often visiting an Islamic country for the first time. The warmth and acceptance of the people you will meet will leave you amazed. So, join me on this journey that will broaden your horizons in unexpected ways.
The following UNESCO World Heritage Sites can be seen or visited on the Jewels of Morocco:


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Habitat Conditions
Channel Alterations and Habitat Problems
The only large stream in the basin that has been significantly channelized is the North Fork Salt River. About 42% of its 119 miles have been channelized. The Middle Fork Salt River has about 12 channelized miles. Channelization results in a loss of total stream area and usable habitat, increased streambank erosion, and a homogeneous habitat that supports far less aquatic life. Minor stream alterations, usually associated with bridge construction or replacement, have occurred at numerous locations throughout the basin, especially in the lower Salt River sub-basin. There are many relatively short, channelized reaches scattered throughout the basin; however, these are difficult to detect on topographic maps. Field investigations will be needed before planning any management activity at a particular stream location or stream reach.
The most consistent habitat problem in the basin stems from high erosion rates from tilled land and sediment deposition in basin streams. Sediment not only affects fish reproduction, growth, survival, and food supply, but also fill in pools and reduces the amount of available habitat. Duchrow (1974) attributed low diversity and dominance of silt-tolerant invertebrates in streams of the Salt River basin to heavy siltation.
Unique Habitat
Even though nearly all streams in the basin have been degraded by agricultural encroachment, many still provide excellent aquatic habitat. Most streams in the basin have been spared from extensive channelization. An unchannelized portion of the North Fork Salt River, between Highway 15 and Route T in Shelby County, was named as a Significant Aquatic Area in the Missouri Natural Features Inventory (Anderson 1983). Peno Creek, Pike County, is one of the highest quality streams in northeast Missouri. This fourth-order stream is home to 26 fish species. Nearly half are associated with the Ozark faunal region (e.g. southern redbelly dace, smallmouth bass, rock bass, northern hogsucker) and only seven species are considered wide-ranging.
Natural features inventories for counties in the basin (Bogler and Nigh 1986, Reese 1986, Anderson 1982 and 1983) indicate that the basin provides seasonally important habitat for the state and federally endangered gray bats (Myotis grisescens) and Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis). Wooded waterways along streams provide preferred foraging habitat and caves in the basin, which are numerous along the lower Salt River, provide shelter and maternity sites. These inventories also list an upland shale glade (ranked significant) and pond marsh (ranked exceptional) in Pike County as notable natural features.
Improvement Projects
No major habitat improvement projects have been undertaken in the basin. The Missouri Department of Conservation recently assisted a landowner install a cedar tree revetment along about 390 feet of eroding bank on Brush Creek, a tributary of Spencer Creek in the lower Salt River watershed. A demonstration project was implemented on a private farm in Monroe County in the Brush Creek watershed. Installed practices include livestock exclusion, alternative watering, and management intensive grazing.


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May 5, 2016
Governor Beverly Perdue is requesting assistance for Halifax County residents and business owners hit hard by flooding last weekend.
Perdue requested a disaster declaration for Halifax County from the U.S. Small Business Administration. Perdue also signed a state disaster declaration for those who do not qualify for the SBA loans.
The governor toured flood damaged parts of Roanoake Rapids today. Assessment teams are surveying about 75 homes and businesses in Halifax County as well as roads and bridges.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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One FREE player ticket is being offered with the purchase of 1 or more discounted tickets. Discounted tickets are $16.00. Tickets purchased at the box office will be $19.00.
Arrive early for the pregame talk from Assistant Coach David Bascome at 6:20pm. All recreational teams and players will be honored on the field during the Blast Opening Ceremonies!
Deadline to order tickets is Wednesday, February 13.
For more details and to order tickets, visit the Blast website at http://www.baltimoreblast.com/ or contact Mike Conway at 410-558-4292.


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Search Swinburne Research Bank
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/200676
|Download PDF (Published version) (Adobe Acrobat PDF, 59 KB)
- Title
- Hackers squeeze BlackBerry for spilling juice on London riots
- Author(s)
- Branch, Philip
- Abstract
- The hacking of BlackBerry's official blog by the mysterious collective TeaMp0isoN raises serious questions. This black-hat hacking group, founded in 2009, has so far claimed responsibility for more than 1,400 attacks, including the extraction and release of private information belonging to former British prime minister Tony Blair. The TeaMp0isoN hackers defaced the InsideBlackBerry blog - which publishes tips and news for the BlackBerry-user community - publishing a missive stating they were outraged by the intention of Research in Motion (RIM) - a BlackBerry manufacturer - to cooperate with UK police to identify looters and rioters.
- Publication type
- Commentary
- Research centre
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Source
- The Conversation, 11 August 2011
- Publication year
- 2011
- Keyword(s)
- BlackBerry; Communications services; Hackers; Lawful interception; Legislation; London riots; Police investigations; Research in Motion; TeaMp0isoN
- Publisher
- The Conversation Media Trust
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2011. This publication is licensed for reuse under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States (CC BY-ND 3.0) licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/). The published version of the article is reproduced here in accordance with this policy.
- Full text


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Run-outs undo ProteasTue, 22 Jan 2013 9:41 PM
Five run-outs were the undoing of an inexperienced South African batting line-up, which saw them go down by 27 runs to New Zealand in the second one-day international played in Kimberley on Tuesday.
The hosts also conceded the three-match series 2-0, with one to play in Potchefstroom on Friday.
Set a target of 280, the Proteas appeared to be cruising and were well ahead of the run-rate with wickets in hand. At the end of 25 overs, South Africa were 135/1 compared with the Black Caps' 106/2 at the same stage.
Twenty-year-old Quinton de Kock opened the batting with Graeme Smith and, playing in only his second ODI, smacked a couple of sixes and a four before Kyle Mills got one to nip back at him and clipped his stumps, for 25.
Smith and Colin Ingram swiftly added 129 runs off 135-balls and were sailing along until Smith was run out for 66. James Franklin stopped an Ingram shot and Smith, attempting a third run, was caught short by wicketkeeper Brendon McCullum.
In the next over, Faf du Plessis (2) was out thanks to a direct hit by older brother Nathan McCullum and then it all fell apart.
Nathan McCullum was also responsible for ending David Miller's innings of 14 and then Martin Guptill ran out Rory Kleinveldt for a duck.
It was too big an ask for debutant Farhaan Behardien who became the fifth victim of the Black Caps' new-found fielding expertise, but not before he had made 31 off 40-balls.
With the smell of blood under their noses, the Black Caps went into overdrive and the Proteas lost their last five wickets for 41 runs.
Kane Williamson's 145 not-out helped New Zealand post 279 for eight after coming to the crease when his side was one wicket down without a run on the board.
He went on to achieve the highest individual score by a Kiwi against South Africa bettering Stephen Fleming's 134 not-out in Johannesburg in February 2003.
Guptill got his second duck in a row after he top-edged Kleinveldt, giving stand-in captain Du Plessis a comfortable catch at point.
After Morne Morkel took his 100th ODI wicket, trapping BJ Watling in front for 12, Williamson and Grant Elliot came together at 32 for two.
The pair added 127 runs off 130-balls before Kleinveldt struck again when Elliott was caught behind by wicketkeeper De Kock, for 48.
Williamson went on to make his third ODI century off exactly 100-balls, including 14 boundaries – passing his previous best of 108 against Bangladesh.
His partnership with captain Brendon McCullum was short and sweet – 29 off 18 balls – after McCullum once again showed poor judgement. After smashing a four and six off consecutive balls, he ran down the track to Morkel and missed and then tried the same thing off the next ball and was castled.
Lonwabo Tsotsobe chipped in with two wickets in one over. The slower ball fooled ODI debutant Colin Munro, who skied one to Ingram, running in from the deep to take an excellent catch. Two balls later, the reverse swing saw James Franklin bowled through the gate.
Morkel ended with three for 71 but Tsotsobe, who was also responsible for a run-out and took a catch, bagged two for 38 and was matched by Kleinveldt's 2-45 in the bowling stakes.


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Carry this color and show your support for breast cancer research. Learn more about the Vera Bradley Foundation for Breast Cancer.
This style can be Personalized!
Learn more about Personalization
Pretty printed resin balls sway with classic style that adds a touch of color to any look. Earring posts are gold-filled or sterling silver for sensitive ears.
½" diameter


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Results 1 to 5 of 6
Thread: Mabry
May 2nd, 2013 03:01 PM #1Senior Member
- Join Date
- May 2012
- Posts
- 1,809
May 2nd, 2013 03:17 PM #3anne teresa. 19.
bibliophile & anglophile.
"if you'll only call me anne spelled with an e i shall try to reconcile myself to not being called cordelia." -anne of green gables
Katherine, Lucy, Adelaide, Elizabeth, Elanor, Julia, Hazel,
Margaret, Elodie, Anneliese, Marian, Aurelia, Vivian
James, Atticus, Malachi, Ezra, Lewis, Benjamin, Alexander, Matthias,
Gabriel, Finn, Dietrich, Kieran, Henry, Fletcher, Dominic, Lysander
May 2nd, 2013 03:23 PM #5Senior Member
- Join Date
- May 2012
- Posts
- 1,809
May 2nd, 2013 03:25 PM #7Senior Member
- Join Date
- Jun 2012
- Posts
- 140
The first thing that came to mind was that it sounded like "Maybe" but I think it could make a solid name. It looks getable to me.Danielle • 19 years old • United States
♀Geraldine · Eleanor · Dorothy · Anne · Edith
♂William · Edward · James · Robert · Henry
May 2nd, 2013 05:41 PM #9
I actually know a couple who's last name is Mabry, so it probably came from the practice of using a mother's maiden name as a first name.
It's a nice sound, but I agree that it sounds too much like Maybe for me to really like it. But I guess if you're an Arrested Development fan that could be a positive.Top Names: Benedict Calvin & Noelle Geneva
Olivia/Livy : Darah/Bethel : Eve/Verity
Eli/Solomon : Luke/Zane: Levi/Phineas
Pregnant with #1 after a year of trying!


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On the upside
CombiMatrix (Nasdaq: CBMX) reported an impressive 172% fourth quarter growth and 171% full year growth in prenatal testing volumes.
Oracle Investment Research analyst Lawrence Balter expects rare earth metals firms to recover in 2013 and set a $50 price target on Molycorp (NYSE: MCP).
On the downside
Profit taking sank shares of SunPower (Nasdaq: SPWR) whose stock price soared last week on the sale of two solar power projects to MidAmerican Energy. Seeking Alpha suggested shorting Suntech Power Holdings (NYSE: STP).
LDK Solar (NYSE: LDK) regained compliance with listing requirements for the New York Stock Exchange but the stock price slipped.
In the broad market, declining issues outpaced advancers by a margin of 5 to 3 on both the NYSE and on Nasdaq. The broader S&P 500 index lost 8 points to 1457.


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Las Vegas, NV, July 21, 2008 – GoGreenTube.com announced today that it is offsetting its carbon emissions with Carbonfund.org, one of the country's leading carbon offset organizations. GoGreenTube.com will offset one pound of carbon dioxide for every video watched on GoGreenTube.com. This commitment establishes GoGreenTube.com as a leader in the environmental education community and demonstrates the proactive steps GoGreenTube.com is taking in the fight against global climate change.
GoGreenTube.com is an environmental education website whose mission is to educate viewers about green products and green lifestyle options. Additionally, GoGreenTube.com sought a way to get viewers more involved with helping the environment. Carbonfund.org's values aligned perfectly with those of GoGreenTube.com, and offered a service that benefitted environmentally-conscious GoGreen viewers.
"Global Warming is very real concern, I am thrilled that GoGreenTube.com and Carbonfund.org were able to partner to do our part in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide" said Mike Shell, founder of GoGreenTube.com.
"GoGreen Tube is a great concept with a great mission, and we're excited to have them as a partner. They are a working example of an organization that is committed to reducing its carbon footprint and leading the fight against climate change," Carbonfund.org Executive Director Eric Carlson said.
View Carbonfund.org's GoGreenTube.com videos here.
About GoGreenTube.com
GoGreenTube.com is an environmental education website, that entertains and educates viewers one video at a time.
About Carbonfund.org
Carbonfund.org is one of the country's leading carbon reduction and offset organizations, making it easy and affordable for individuals, businesses and organizations to reduce their climate impact. Carbon offsets enable individuals and businesses to reduce carbon dioxide emissions they are responsible for in their everyday lives by supporting renewable energy, energy efficiency and reforestation projects where they are most cost effective. Carbonfund.org works with over 700 corporate and nonprofit partners including Discovery, Volkswagen, Amtrak, Dell, Orbitz, Staples, and JetBlue.


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caeser wrote: best deals in the game are the pre-builts when they come out at 500 gran.
There are some kind of sales in card shop? Cause know they cost 1500 gran.
I read few guides, some of them are old, dunno if still accurate. This one for example viewtopic.php?f=13&t=3252
Community here is pretty nice, many helpful people.


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Penile Wars
Principal Scudworth
Do you wish to know what computers will be doing in the year to come? With a sigh I shall exert the minimal effort it takes to reveal all. Feel free to print out these predictions and share them with your friends via fax.
Old mixed signals feeling a little stale? Try some new ones!
goku hears a wolf howl and joins in for three straight episodes
Airbrush those disgusting wrinkles. Return their flesh to childlike purity.
day 2: still working on the car
The Comedy Goldmine examines the funniest and most creative threads from the Something Awful Forums. Although the Comedy Goldmine has changed authors many times over the years, its focus on the Something Awful Forums is still the same. Includes hilarious Photoshops, amusing work stories, parodies, and other types of oddball humor.
Copyright ©2016 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


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DP036: A Secret Sphere of Influence!
this wiki
Ash and co. finaly arrive in Eterna City, where Ash hopes to earn his second badge. However, they are delayed by a trip to the museum where Ash meets not only the Eterna city Officer Jenny, but is reacquainted with the Viridian City Jenny. They also run into Nando and Gardenia, who is Eterna's Gym Leader. They learn that Team Rocket plans to steal the Adamant Orb. Can our heroes stop them, and who is really behind this theft?
Human Characters
- Team Galactic
- Saturn
Pokémon Characters
- Stunky
- "I can't believe people would use Grass Pokémon to commit a crime. Those jerks."
- Meowth dressed up as a Sunflora again. The first time he did this was way back in JE019: Grin to Win!.
- The Team Galactic female grunt's arms were colored wrong.
|This article is an anime stub.
Please help the Pokémon Wiki by expanding it.


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There is a line from the beginning of the movie It's Kind of a Funny Story. The main character remarks that going to high school in New York City isn't like going to school in any other place in the world. In my experience in the 1980s, that was definitely true. After junior high most of my friends did not go to our neighborhood high school. We took special tests and filled out applications. It was big stuff applying for high school. In my case, I went to an audition. Luckily, I was accepted.
So, in 1984 I started high school in a brand new building behind Lincoln Center. I got to school by taking the subway (three lines) from my family's home in Queens to the Upper West Side. It took over an hour each way, but it was worth it. When I climbed out of the subway each morning, I knew that I was going somewhere special.
The first few days were pretty crazy. I did know a few girls from my ballet school, but only a handful. But, I was in some pretty intense cultural shock. My neighborhood in Queens was pretty sedate. It was full of pretty Tudor homes with well tended lawns. I had spent a lot of time in the city (aka Manhattan) before, but sitting next to a guy in geometry class with a 12 inch high, spiked Mohawk seemed like something else. My head was spinning.
The dance department was on the eighth floor of our school. Now, that was home. That was where I met most of my best friends in high school, including Stephanie. Today, you would call a friend like Stephanie a BFF (best friends forever). I am not sure if anyone had coined the term at the time. She and I were best friends. We did everything together. My oldest sister said that we even started looking like each other. (I never thought so, but we probably dressed alike and wore our hair the same way.)
Both of my older sisters were away at college when I was in high school. I thought that it was pretty great to have the top floor of our house to myself. But, every weekend I had company. Stephanie came over and slept in my sister's twin bed every Saturday night. I bet she slept in that bed more nights than my sister did for a few years.
Sometime during this period, my oldest sister gave me a pair of fuzzy slippers as a gift. I am almost positive that it was for Christmas, although it is possible that is was for my birthday. They were big bear paw slippers. They looked a lot like the grizzly bear paw slippers that I sell today. I loved those goofy slippers and wore them all the time. I had them for years.
Stephanie also had some big goofy slippers. Hers looked like giant tomatoes. Once we discovered that we both had giant slippers we would make sure to wear them together on Saturday nights. The term coach potato had just become a big thing and microwave popcorn had been invented not too long before. We took advantage of both of these 1980s phenomena. We would have been really embarrassed if anyone at school knew about the fuzzy slipper thing, so we kept it just between us.
Stephanie and I stayed great friends all throughout high school. I thought that we would be friends forever. Then, I guess, life happens.
I went to Fordham for college and then started working after graduation and went to NYU at night for grad school. I stayed in the city and ended up in Brooklyn for a while where I met my husband.
Stephanie went to SUNY Purchase and eventually moved to Greenwich, CT and then worked for some stock brokers in Manhattan.
The last time I saw Stephanie was in Greenwich. I was about to move to Arizona to be with the man who is now my husband. If only I knew that it was going to be the last time that I was going to see her, I would have told her how much those years of friendship meant to me.
A mutual friend mentioned through Facebook that she ran into Stephanie a few years ago. Our friend danced in Broadway road shows and Stephanie came back stage to say hello. Apparently Stephanie moved to Texas, got married, and had a few kids. That seemed crazy at first, but I guess I moved to Arizona, got married, and had two kids. Even crazier, I sell fuzzy slippers for a living. You never know where life is going to take you.
Savor those innocent moments of best friends and fuzzy slippers. They are priceless.
And, Stephanie if you ever find me, get in touch. I would love to hear from you. I now own a whole warehouse full of fuzzy slippers. I am sure that at least one pair has your name on them.
Melissa Canepa Murphy


text:
May 5, 2016
Monday, January 14, 2013
CHARLESTON, S.C. (AP) -- A state lawmaker is proposing that state health officials offer the HPV vaccine and educational material to seventh graders in South Carolina.
Democratic State Rep. Bakari Sellers of Bamberg plans a news conference Monday at the Hollings Cancer Center at the Medical University of South Carolina to discuss his proposed legislation.
The HPV, or human papilloma virus, is a relatively common virus but some types can cause cervical cancer.
(Copyright 2013, The Associated Press)
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text:
The Power of Independent Thinking
Robert Higgs on Obamas Spending Spree
Recorded: Monday, October 26, 2009
Originally aired on 10/26/09 on FoxNews.coms Freedom Watch. Robert Higgs, Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, examines why government spending cant pull the U.S. out of economic recession.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt, Government Waste/Pork, Taxes
Robert Higgs on C-SPANs Book TV
Recorded: Saturday, April 4, 2009
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Senior Fellow Robert Higgs discusses his work as an author and political economist in a featured interview with In Depth on C-SPAN2's Book TV.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt, History (U.S)
Robert Higgs on the Economic Stimulus Package on Fox Business
Recorded: Friday, February 13, 2009
Robert Higgs appears on Fox Business to discuss the economic stimulus package.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt
Higgs and Liebowitz on Causes of the Economic Crisis
Recorded: Sunday, February 8, 2009
Economists Roberts Higgs and Stan Liebowitz join the panel of the McCuistion Program on PBS to discuss causes of the current economic crisis.
Experts: Robert Higgs, Stan J. LiebowitzType: TelevisionIssues: Banking and Finance, Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt
Robert Higgs on War, Taxes, and Economic Crises
Recorded: Thursday, January 15, 2009
Experts: Robert HiggsType: Other EventIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Economic Policy, Fiscal Policy/Debt, Taxes


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The "Lax for Shore" Short | Jersey Shore Disaster Relief
The devastation at the Jersey Shore from Superstorm Sandy is overwhelming. Many are are trying to do the best they can to offer disaster relief, especially those who know are immersed in local beach culture. New Jersey based company Mesh Lacrosse designed the "Lax for Shore" short to raise money for the relief and restoration effort. Profits from the sale of these commemorative Jersey Shore themed shorts will go to victims of the storm. The designs embody iconic images like the boardwalk and carnival rides.


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text:
Colorado Springs Police were called to investigate a suspicious package at a bank near Austin Bluffs and Academy. Police say it was a box wrapped like a Christmas present that ended up having ribbons inside.
The package was found at the front entrance of the Wells Fargo near a trash can.
The Colorado Springs bomb squad and canine units were called to in to check things out.
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text:
Vypyr® VIP 2
Item #: 03608080
Once again Peavey Electronics revolutionizes the modeling amp industry. Introducing the world's first Variable Instrument Performance amplifier, the VYPYR® V.I.P. The world's first amp that contains Bass guitar, Acoustic guitar and Electric guitar amplifier models. Now for the first time ever using our Variable Instrument Input a single amp can provide amplification for a variety of instrument types. Not only does the amplifier morph from a bass amp to an acoustic amp, to an electric amp. It also, for the first time ever in an amplifier in this category, allows the electric guitar player access to instrument models as well. Using appropriate technology, Peavey uses a combination of powerful 32-bit, floating point SHARC processors and patented Transtube® analog circuitry to create the best sounding modeling amplifiers available. Nothing sounds as good as a VYPYR. All VYPYR effects, amp models and parameter controls can be accessed via the amp itself, with no need to hook the amplifier to a computer. Peavey's WYSIWYG control surface quickly allows the user the ability to see and adjust the control position, no guessing where the control is supposed to be, or having to manually move it to where it should be preset to preset. VYPYRs new USB bi-directional data and audio port provides and easy way to record, and or connect to our VYPYR software and store presets, get lessons, and practice to backing tracks while connected to your computer. All of the revolutionary features from the original VYPYR series now even better. More power, more effects, more amp models, Variable Instrument Input, instrument models, and more make this the ultimate amplifier.
- 40 Watts
- One 12" Custom voiced modeling speaker
- Patented TransTube® technology
- Acoustically ported semi-closed back
- 10 instrument models including Acoustic guitar simulators, 12 String guitar model, Sitar model, 7 String model, Baritone Model, Resonator model, Electric Violin, Bass guitar models
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- 16 Presets
- 12 Amp accessible stompbox models plus delay reverb and wah (with optional Sanpera)
- 36 on board amp models
- 6 bass amp models
- 6 acoustic amp models
- On-board looper (with optional Sanpera I or II)
- WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) controls
- Amp accessible real time dual parameter controls
- Amp accessible global reverb and delay
- 26 Total on-board amp accessible effects
- Tap Tempo
- Bi-directional USB - Data
- Midi - Audio record out
- Studio quality headphone out
- Aux/MP3/CD input
- Up to 5 effects simultaneously (with optional Sanpera™ I or II)
- Weight Packed: 29.00 lb(13.154 kg)
- Width Packed: 20.25"(51.435 cm)
- Height Packed: 20.75"(52.705 cm)
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- Cut Sheet
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- Vypyr VIP 2 - Front
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- Vypyr VIP 2 - Front
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- Manual
- Vypyr VIP Owner's Manual
- Vypyr VIP Owner's Manual Extras
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- The Peavey 6505 20th Anniversary
- Peavey Electronics - 6505+ 112 Combo
- Chimaira - 6505 Amplifiers 2011
- Peavey Electronics - 48 Hour Festival - Las Vegas
- Peavey Electronics - Vans Warped Tour 2011
- Asking Alexandria - Peavey 6534 Amplifiers
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- All That Remains - Peavey 6505 Guitar Amplifiers
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- PVTV Black Stone Cherry Interview pt1
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- Ted Nugent Interview
- 6505 MH (Espanol)
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text:
The Power of Independent Thinking
Eminent Domain: Abuse of Government Power?
Recorded: Tuesday, January 31, 2006
In June 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Kelo v. New London that local governments may force property owners to sell out and to make way for private economic development, even if the property is not blighted. In response, many states have passed legislation and proposed amendments to their state constitutions to block this unprecedented government assault on the rights of property owners.
Experts: Steven Greenhut, Timothy SandefurType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Housing, Land Use, Property Rights
Dinner to Honor Sir John Marks Templeton
Recorded: Thursday, October 1, 1998
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Experts: Sir John Marks Templeton, David J. TherouxType: Independent Institute Event


text:
Okay so Gowen academy is pretty cool. They have ranks in their guild, they host events within the guild, they have like player of the month awards, they have mentors and stuff, they even have their very own independent web site.
I just wanted to see if any Falkow players wanted to join up and create a Falkow guild. Seems like there are relatively few "Falkow players" and most people generally struggle with the sphere early on so I thought it would be cool to ban up and make a guild similar to how GA runs.
Of course this doesn't mean you have to play blue exclusively. Lawtia is a close second for me in sphere preference and I try to play Gowen and Refess stuff sometimes too. Anyway, if anyone is interest post in the thread and maybe we'll make something.


text:
Ideal for value studies, this heavyweight pad contains three sheets each of white, black, and three shades of gray, a total of 15 sheets in all. Each 15-sheet pad is tape-bound on the short side.
With a medium-tooth surface on both sides, this 80 lb. (216 gsm), acid-free paper is ideal for charcoal, chalk, artist crayons, or pastels.
Glue bound pads have flip over covers that make it easy to work with the pad.
To view a PDF of the Strathmore Dry Media Paper Guide, please
® Strathmore is a registered trademark.


text:
SpongeBob SquarePants
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
SpongeBob SquarePants (often referred to simply as SpongeBob, Spongebob Squarepants, Spongebob, SpongeBob Squarepants, or The Spongebob Squarepants Show, starring Spongebob Squarepants) is an animated children's television series about the everyday life of various undersea creatures which, for some reason, includes a squirrel. The show has sparked much SpongeBob-themed merchandise, including everything from boxer shorts to toilet paper. It is currently the most popular show on Nick, which isn't saying much.
SpongeBob SquarePants
SpongeBob SquarePants is a 23-year old anthropomorphic sea sponge with the mind capacity of a five-year-old. He currently resides in a pineapple with his snail[1], Gary. Despite being a piece of fruit, his house is not the strangest place of residence on the block.[2]
Is Bob really a sponge?
Since SpongeBob does not look exactly like a sea sponge, some speculate he is really a piece of cubed cheese posing as an animate object. However, SpongeBob's relatively squishy body and wavy outline lead to the conclusion that he is really a kitchen sponge posing as a sea sponge by living at the bottom of the ocean. This would, however, pose the question of why he hasn't absorbed any sea water, given the absorbing quality of kitchen sponges. The answer is simple. It's a cartoon.
Are his pants really square?
Although SpongeBob's last name is SquarePants, some mathematicians claim that his pants are not really square but are more rectangular. A study of SpongeBob's pants began, and upon closer examination, it was revealed that was not equal to , with representing "side," representing "length," and representing "width." However, in a square, . Basically, Spongebob's pants do not have four equal sides, a necessary component of a square. Thus, some might speculate that his pants are a rectangle. However, this is not the case either. Since his pants contain lines on the x, y, and z axis, his pants are three-dimensional, and therefore, a rectangular prism.
Patrick Star
- Main article: Patrick Star
Patrick Star is SpongeBob's best (and only) friend. Although he is often depicted as dimwitted, fat, lazy, ignorant, and unemployed, he is not an American. Instead, he claims to be a starfish. Yet, while starfish are shaped like stars and have multiple miniature "feet" on their underside, Patrick tends to resemble more of a lopsided triangle with a pair of limbs. Furthermore, he wears horribly ill-fitting pants and has a belly button, further enforcing the notion that he is a human with the intelligence of a starfish and possesses no other qualities of an underwater creature.
Squidward Tentacles
Squidward Tentacles is SpongeBob's next-door neighbor, and, despite being named Squidward, is actually an octopus according to creator Stephen Hillenburg. He plays the clarinet at a fourth grade level and is currently the second chair in his orchestra class. However, there are only two clarinet players in the orchestra, and the other one is Used Napkin.[3] Although Squidward is often criticized for not wearing pants, nobody seems to care when Plankton frolics in the nude, and Sandy wanders around in purple undies.
Sandy Cheeks
Sandy Cheeks (formerly known as Sandra Shotgun Shooter the Kid) is a squirrel who moved underwater because she had no friends on land, and also because she is a wanted Texas outlaw. Government agents are currently scarring the entire American continent to find her. Their fear of sharks has given Sandy the advantage to hide out under the sea. Once in Bikini Bottom, she changed her identity to become the cowgirl/scientist in a spacesuit that we all know her as today.
Mr. Krabs
Eugene "Mr." Krabs is the father of Pearl, a sixteen-year old talking whale, and the owner of the Krusty Krab, a fast food restaurant which can somehow obtain all the necessary ingredients for a hamburger despite being underwater where no beef, wheat, or vegetables are readily available. Although his last name is "Krabs," Mr. Krabs is probably a crab, not a krab (which is a type of processed seafood made from white fish that is pulverized in order to resemble crab legs). However, this still would not answer the question of how it is anatomically possible for him to have a whale as a biological daughter.
Sheldon J. Plankton is a one-eyed cockroach whose ultimate goal in life is to obtain the Krabby Patty secret formula (sometimes to rule the world or something else irrelevant) so customers will actually give a crap to eat at his restaurant. Especially since his chum tastes like the stuff that comes out of a camel's anus. The writers try their best to depict him as a villain when he is actually a loser whose family is a bunch of rednecks, constantly forgets to blink, and has basically wasted much of his life foiling his own plans and being repeatedly stomped and sat on. Because of this, he is forced to live in a bucket all alone with a talking computer which is supposed to be his wife.
Everyone else
Everyone else includes the rest of the major characters, such as Gary, Pearl, and Mrs. Puff, and as well as other minor characters that are so unimportant that they don't even have original names, such as Tom and Fred. Everyone else has appeared in more episodes than all of the main characters combined and had several hundred cameos in the SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. Despite these achievements, a recent poll revealed that Everyone else is the least popular SpongeBob character, so unpopular, in fact, that it wasn't even included in the poll.
Controversy and Criticism
During much of the show, the characters talk to each other in the same way that humans would: By speaking English. However, some parents accused this of being unrealistic and inaccurate. Since much of the show is set in Bikini Bottom, which is a name used by the show's creators to signify the lagoon beneath Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands, the characters should really be speaking in Marshallese, the official language of the Marshall Islands, not English. For example, one of SpongeBob's catchphrases is "I'm ready! I'm ready!" Realistically, he would have said, "Ña ewōr pojak! Ña ewōr pojak!" which is the correct Marshallese translation. Likewise, common phrases such as "My leg!" and "Who lives in a pineapple under the sea?" should really be "Aō ne!" and "Wōn mour i peinabōl iuṃwi-lọjet?" respectively, and Gary's classic "meow" would become "Fenōji-umfa-ñoojay-leefee-uhmhat-zhaggọt-phutta-gung."
The producers of the show have currently made it their goal to create SpongeBob-themed versions of every single thing in existence. This trend started with SpongeBob-themed clothing, including pajamas, shirts, hats, socks, bras, thongs, gloves, turbans, saris, and parachute pants. SpongeBob versions of classic games ranging from chess and Monopoly to SpongeBob-themed black jack, Russian Roulette, and strip poker were also created. As SpongeBob's popularity grew, cereals, video games, toys, bicycles, and even college textbooks featuring SpongeBob characters were created. However, to this day, the best selling SpongeBob novelty item is the SpongeBible due to the popularity of stories such as Plankton's Ark and the crucifixion of Patrick.
- ↑ or maybe it's a cat, or a meowing snail, or a blue cat with a shell, or...
- ↑ After all, Squidward lives in a head.
- ↑ For more information on Used Napkin's successful music career, see his biography on Spongepedia, the free encyclopedia.
See Also
|Poo Lit Surprise-Winning Article
This article was chosen as the Best Rewrite in the September-October 2011 Poo Lit Surprise writing competition.
|Featured Article (read another featured article)
|Featured version: 30 October 2011
This article has been featured on the main page. — You can vote for or nominate your favourite articles at Uncyclopedia:VFH.


text: http://www.feedbooks.com/books.atom?category=FBHUM000000&lang=en&letter=H&type=Western Humor 2016-05-06T19:35:38Z http://assets3.feedbooks.net/images/favicon.ico?t=1462363981 Feedbooks http://www.feedbooks.com firstname.lastname@example.com 4 50 Life On The Mississippi http://www.feedbooks.com/book/4313 Mark Twain http://www.feedbooks.com/author/24 2009-10-11T12:21:18Z 2015-03-06T16:57:26Z en 1883 Life on the Mississippi is a memoir by Mark Twain detailing his days as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before and after the American Civil War. The book begins with a brief history of the river. It continues with anecdotes of Twain's t... 143,742 words Project Gutenberg Roughing It http://www.feedbooks.com/book/4307 Mark Twain http://www.feedbooks.com/author/24 2009-10-08T17:21:34Z 2015-03-06T16:57:25Z en 1872 Roughing It follows the travels of young Mark Twain through the Wild West during the years 1861–1867. After a brief stint as a Confederate cavalry militiaman, he joined his brother Orion Clemens, who had been appointed Secretary of the Nevada Terr... 163,823 words Project Gutenberg The Book of Snobs http://www.feedbooks.com/book/1490 William Makepeace Thackeray http://www.feedbooks.com/author/226 2007-08-02T19:26:04Z 2015-03-06T16:47:19Z en 1848 No Description Available 63,185 words http://gutenberg.org Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow http://www.feedbooks.com/book/2182 Jerome Klapka Jerome http://www.feedbooks.com/author/306 2008-01-23T19:35:24Z 2015-03-06T16:49:52Z en 1886 No Description Available 41,709 words http://gutenberg.org This work is available for countries where copyright is Life+70 and in the USA.


text:
Los bosques, los árboles en las explotaciones agrícolas y los sistemas agroforestales contribuyen a la seguridad alimentaria, la nutrición y los medios de vida de varias maneras, incluyendo como fuente directa de alimentos, combustible, empleo e ingresos en efectivo. Son fundamentales para la supervivencia de los habitantes de los bosques, en particular muchos pueblos indígenas, y son importantes proveedores de servicios ecosistémicos, incluyendo el mantenimiento o la recuperación de la fertilidad del suelo y la protección de cuencas y cursos de agua. Durante la mayor parte del año, los pastores en las regiones áridas y semi-áridas dependen de los árboles como fuente de forraje para su ganado. Como hábitat de cerca del 80 por ciento de la biodiversidad del planeta, los bosques proporcionan importante material genético para la mejora de los cultivos y la ganadería y son el hábitat de muchas especies de polinizadores.
Los bosques y los árboles contribuyen a mitigar el cambio climático al absorber dióxido de carbono y retener carbono. También pueden ayudar a reducir la vulnerabilidad de la población al cambio climático al aportar alimentos y otros servicios ecosistémicos en los períodos críticos de escasez de alimentos provocados por el clima.
No obstante, las diversas formas en que los bosques, los árboles en las explotaciones agrícolas y los sistemas agroforestales contribuyen a la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición son poco conocidas, subestimadas y no son tomadas debidamente en cuenta en las decisiones sobre políticas relacionadas con la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición.
En mayo de 2013 la FAO organizará junto con sus asociados la Conferencia Internacional sobre los Bosques para la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional http://www.fao.org/forestry/food-security/es/ con el objetivo de aumentar la comprensión del importante papel que los bosques, los árboles en las explotaciones agrícolas y los sistemas agroforestales pueden desempeñar en la mejora de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. La conferencia también propondrá opciones de políticas que deben llevarse a cabo a nivel nacional e internacional para posicionar mejor el papel de los bosques y los árboles en los procesos de toma de decisiones sobre seguridad alimentaria y nutrición. Dada la diversidad de los miembros del Foro FSN, nos gustaría invitarte a compartir experiencias y puntos de vista, respondiendo a las siguientes preguntas:
El resultado de esta discusión en línea será utilizado para enriquecer los debates en la conferencia y contribuir a la declaración final que saldrá de la misma.
Algunos datos sobre nosotros:
Eva Muller es Directora de la División de Economía, Políticas y Productos Forestales del Departamento Forestal de la FAO
Fred Kafeero es Oficial Forestal de la FAO, con una amplia experiencia de campo en actividad forestal participativa y la mejora de los medios de vida basados en los bosques.
Gracias de antemo por sus aportaciones .
Eva y Fred
Trees are the better way to preserve soil living organisms and manage microclimate that limit quick change in soil exposure to drought and sunlight or running water
But this take time. Depending on the local climate 15 years to 50 years are necessary to benefit of trees effect.
This is a long term investment. This investment must be done taking into account the direct needings of the people among two to three generation. At the moment forest oragroforestry could be conduct under different and opposite ways.
So I prefere first to ask What is the misuse of a forest or an agroforestry area? This is for me the key challenge, not misuse natural capital.
One concrete example was the presence of earthworm under old faidherbia tree on the top of a hill in burkina faso under minus 600mM annual rainfall. earthworms benefit of faidherbia impact on soil humidity and earthworm have theyre cast under the top soil layer. This is showing us that we have to understand the interaction between trees and soils animals. The quicker they came under tree protection the better it is for preserving soil fertility in some climate. The innovative approach is to enhanced this "symbiosis" wich depend also on roots biochemical byproduct, and to be able to maintain biological Corridor between young and elder trees. This is a whole world we have to learn to deal with.
Food securities policy have to include trees and soil living organism as a community that is growing until the tree is alive. This community is responsible of the supporting services of the ecosystem for a long term . It is the pillar of the ecosystem. Before cutting an old tree you have to garantee that all the inhabitants of this community could find a place after the destruction of the tree. If not, no cutting. That was the role of sacred forest we have to maintain this traditional behaviour.
My views: The role of Forests, trees and agroforestry system in food and nutrition policy discussions is important for those small countries where mixed farming is practiced widely. This may be also true for a certain section of the population of developing countries. For example, the policy discussions are usually centered around contributions made by crops and livestock products on which the larger section of the population is dependent. This is because contributions made by forests, trees and agroforestry are either not quantified adequately to draw the attention of decision makers or confined to the poor section of the society where we consider it statistical insignificant.
Good practices : During a growing season, one can find a lot of non-wood forest products ( mushroom, bamboo shoots, herbs, medicinal plants, canes ..etc) available in the local markets. Oak logs are used to produce shitake mushroom. Fodders from forest and loppings ( also used as fuel wood) from on farm trees are fed to cattle. These products are nutritious and free from pollutants, chemicals in particular.
We need to engage the foresters involve in the social forestry and non-wood forest products work in food and nutrition policy discussions. It may be more appropriate to have first regional consultations before going for global discussion regarding contributions of forests, trees and agroforestry system to food and nutrition security. Good way to start is at the local level..recognition by the local leaders the importance of forests, trees and agroforestry...!
Thanks, Good luck!
Chencho Norbu,
Three crops in forests, trees on farms and agro-forestry systems provide an important source of food for households in rural areas. Different types of vegetables, fruits, berries, yams, leafy vegetables, spices, bee honey, honey produced from plant saps and many other types of foods and beverages come from these sources. Characteristics of these food sources are widely varied among different agro-ecological regions and these differences could be utilized to improve food diversity and food security of households. The other advantages are low input nature of production and the produce is mostly organic by default.
The tree crops help to improve households' coping capacity to food insecurity that may arise due to seasonality crop production or crop failure. I have witnessed the capacity of these tree crops to supplement food during the period of food shortages. The households enjoy the blessing of tree crops that provided many types of foods and beverages (coffee, cocoa, pepper, mangoes, bananas, papaya, custard apples, sapodilla, guavas, rambutan, oranges, avocado, limes, pineapples, coconuts, jack fruits, bread fruit, yams, chilli, ginger, turmeric, leafy vegetables form tree crops). There are many types of medicinal plants that serves the villagers' needs free of any charge. The agro-forestry systems' capacity and potentials have been witnessed for generations and it could be promoted and protected to improve food security of households.
Food diversity of rural households shows a declining trend during the period of past few decades and tree crops can be effectively utilize to improve food diversity of rural households. The regions with more access to tree crops in their food systems show less incidents of malnutrition than regions with mono-crops. Some products from these systems are being channeled to urban niche markets. However, due to low levels of supply and long marketing channels, prices of available products remain high and products are not affordable to the urban poor.
If valued properly, in terms of nutrition, environmental services or monetary value, it would reveal the value of the system as well as the luxury of consumption of these food products. Therefore, obtaining statistics related to production and consumption and valuation of total economic benefits of these resources would be a challenge.
Any agricultural development plan should recognize the important features and capacity of the tree crops to provide food for households vis a vis seasonal crops. In reality such measures are rare and therefore, prior evaluation is needed to identify the capacity tree crops in a given region to supplement food requirements of households. Once identified, the development plans should accommodate appropriate measures to conserve available systems and its supporting topography.
Land clearance for seasonal crops, construction of houses and removal of trees due to other socio-economic reasons are the main causes of system's degradation. This situation has serious implications on food security and valuable plant genetic resources. A concerted effort is imperative for conservation and development of these resources. It requires implementation of prudent land development planning as well as land use planning system. These requirements have been identified but implementation is a challenge.
Tree crops provide many benefits but absence of reliable data may results low level of policy attention. Investments and incentives for conservation, promotion of cultivation and investments on innovations (research and development, conservation methods, etc) are imperative for the proper utilization and development of these resources. Conservation effort would require establishment of field gene banks and provision of incentives for conservation within the existing agro-forestry systems. Another alternative for conservation is replanting of manmade-non-food-timber forests with multipurpose timber-cum-food trees.
These production systems show signs of degradation, in terms of area, productivity and diversity. There are many reasons associated with this trend. Lands have fragmented into small units due to due to population pressure. Land fragmentation causes a severe threat to presence of tree crops in gardens. People may not like to see big trees around houses. There are many concerns such as danger of falling fruits, falling of trees due to strong winds and possible damage caused by expanding roots to the foundation of buildings, etc. So we need innovations for small to medium tress or improved supply of services such as services of arborists, to make trees fit into small gardens.
Indigenous knowledge is associated with tapping and processing of some products from tree crops. A disruption to the transfer of this traditional knowledge can be observed and it is associated mainly with the changes in socio-economic environment. Lack of such knowledge would make these resources idle and it may give a wrong economic signal to the owners of resources to invest resources in alternative uses. Inclusion of traditional knowledge in local educational and agricultural extension systems and simple innovations to overcome difficulties of traditional processing systems would facilitate effective utilization of resources and their conservation efforts. The benefits of these systems could also be transferred to urban centers through appropriate promotion of marketing and cultivation of tree crops as a part of urban agriculture.
Kamal Karunagoda
Agricultural Economist
Sri Lanka
Trees are life, this is a common saying .If trees are life then; we must begin to view them as such in Africa.
Policy; we've never been short of policies in forestry and agriculture. In short, good policy implementation in agro-forestry produced a lot of the trees my generation has come to enjoy especially the economic trees of the Benue belt in Nigeria. These trees provide enormous wealth for families who have managed them over the years. am not very sure of the average life span of these trees, but I strongly believe that in years to come if no deliberate action is taken by all stakeholders to bring back the next generation to the love of growing new trees ,we shall be seeing the last of most of these trees.
Legal ;if trees are life then legal policy on tree cutting and felling can be used to control the in discriminate felling going on especially in and around the Federal Capital Territory(FCT) of Nigeria. The government itself is the biggest criminal and actor in this activity. The FCT being a virgin land, when it was selected to become the new capital of Nigeria; One would have expected the government to develop deliberate policy to save and sustain these trees most of which provided and are still providing the indigenous people and other inhabitants food and income. The government has been responsible for massive clearing of layouts for construction regarded as development.
Institutional frame- work can be effective when it is driven by policy that has legal backing. As such each actor in the framework understands his or her duty and is legally bonded to adhere to rules and regulations. If the major actor overlooks an issue and turns around to force others to do what it is suppose to do, then some is wrong. This has been the bane of Nigeria (where it seems that nothing works except for people of like mind).This is where civil society could come to help, but unfortunately ,most of them own these organisations or partner with those who accept the norm, hence they are the ones striving currently in Nigeria. Any time there is an opportunity, I remember to ask this simple question; why do we have so many development agencies in Nigeria and yet nothing seems to be working. It is time for the International community to re-evaluate itself in Nigeria.
A lot private individuals have taken up planting of economic trees although there is deliberate policy in place where the government is encouraging such. These individuals have observed the massive contributions these trees make to urban food security .year in year, year out famers produce food in rural communities but find it difficult transporting these foods to urban cities.
At individual level, people must accept to go beyond self and embrace tree planting. Through my interaction with people , in trying to encourage tree planting, I have had people tell me that, it will take too long for them to obtain the benefit of a tree they have planted because trees take too long to grow and produce fruits. When are fore parents planted the trees we are enjoying now, they were not selfish in their thinking, this is what the world has become. Selfishness has become a global mentality even with issues of food security.
Culture; we had myths and belief that prevented people from felling certain trees. Culture and tradition can help in changing people's perception about the importance of trees especially those contributing to food security. Of common interest is the Shea butter tree in the central belt zone of Nigeria, which is a very good firewood and charcoal producer but its economic value at a global level supersedes these local uses , this is also same for the locust bean tree and many others.
Policy driven by institutional framework taking into consideration every actor and stakeholder's actions and benefits can help to revive agro forestry and food security. When a segment of society is left of policy formation, a common practice with our governments, it becomes difficult for communities to act. The top to bottom approach must change especially when dealing with issues relating to nature, the people closest to nature are at the bottom not the top.
Dear Moderators and members of the FSN
Forest contribution to food security and nutrition and problems depends on socioeconomic condition and culture. I am especially interested to contribute on the issue of food security associated international policy and support on common property forest. It is similar to Mr Champak arguments that how international agencies rob forest based people for their own benefit and elite class of their interest. Regarding using the idea of this forum in the conference some people take idea from others and sell to others as this is his or her creation. It is unethical practice but if they acknowledge the source, I believe it is unethical. There are hundreds cases of deceiving and robbing of poor forest based communities by international agencies by using symbolic and material powers and elites.
1. Evidences of robbing of forest based people by international agencies
Case One: I would share a REDD project case in the Khasi tribal community, a socially vulnerable ethnic group in Meghalaya India, in support of Mr Champak argument. It has been planned and practiced to replace local fodder based livestock (cattle) system by imported grain based livestock (poultry and pig) system in the communities (Project Idea Note, 2011). According to the REDD project agreement the community must comply that "Cattle if reared, should be of superior breed and stall-fed with cattle feed procured from outside" (Project Idea Note P. 16). The REDD is an international policy and is still under a pilot phase. The tribal community has eighty-five percent land areas under forest. Its private landholding size is average 0.25 ha per household which is insufficient to produce enough food for family consumption alone. The REDD project is advised and prepared by Community Forestry International (a California based INGO), funded by the USAID and certified by Plan Vivo Foundation (a Scottish-based INGO). The farming offsetting carbon emission produced by developed countries and affluent societies. If you read Vickers et al. (2012) document produced by FAO and RECOFT, the REDD project is considered innovation and indirectly advised for adoption of the model. From my knowledge of indigenous community and Nepal, the change of the forestry and farming systems will have a big long lasting social and environmental effect. It is very seriously bad advice and support. The intervention on the farming and forestry systems are done to offset carbon emission produced by developed countries and affluent societies. If the policy experiment with that degree of social risk had been done with vulnerable groups in developed countries, there would be considered it a serious issue (a social crime) and make a very big public outcry. However, the unethical practice (a social crime) has been internationally supported and highlighted as an innovation in developing countries by the international organizations. From my understanding the communal forest management for multipurpose uses would benefit environment and societies. In contrast the external agencies are to buy means of livelihoods of poor communities for offsetting carbon emission produced by developed countries and affluent societies, and are challenging the vulnerable lives and livelihoods of indigenous people and other forest-based communities.
Project Idea Note. 2011. Project Idea Note for the Umiam Sub-watershed REDD+ Project. East Khasi Hills District Meghalaya, India. Plan Vivo. http://www.planvivo.org/wp-content/uploads/Khasi-Hills-Community-REDD-ProjectIdeanote-May13EM.pdf
Vicker, B. Trines, E. and Pohnan, E. 2012. Community Guidelines for Assessing Forestry Volunteer Carbon Market. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and The Pacific. Bangkok.
Case Two: Uses green forest products in the some Nepali community forests experimented for REDD policy, are restricted and criminalized for offsetting carbon emission produced by developed countries and affluent societies. These products and services of the forests are daily need basic goods of poor people barely sustaining their lives. You can see the problems in the forests experimented REDD policy by ICIMOD and funded by NORAD. Elites from national policy and community level are paid to criminalise the practices of forest products uses by the poor people. International agencies for example, ICIMOD casider the work as an innovation (please read the article by Karky et al (2012). From my assessment international interventions on the mountain forest management has been destroying social-ecological systems evolved and sustained in hundreds years of mountain civilization. Based on my study Nepalese civil societies and forest based poor communities are abused. There are many problems which are not possible to share here.
BS; Karki, S; Rana, EB; Kotru, R. 2013. 'Innovative interventions in Nepal for implementing REDD+ at the community level. In Aneel, SS; Haroon, UT; Niazi, I (eds) . Redefining paradigms of sustainable development in south Asia, pp 215-236. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications
If some people point the bad activities of the international agencies and voice in favour of poor people, they will be filtered from participating in different professional events or forums and excluded from jobs. Those people who brings ideas to deceive and rob people they will be rewarded. This is tradition of all people at management level of all international organizations including FAO.
Your questions:
What are the key challenges and bottlenecks hindering a greater contribution of forests, trees on farms and agroforestry systems to food security?
The factors hindering a greater contribution of forests to food security are deeply seated in institutions, more serious than gender discrimination problem. For example, the people in influential decision making position of national and international organizations consider that the forest should be used for timber production and environmental conservation and mostly to benefit for distance users -urban elites and affluent societies. It should be used only residual (often termed waste) products for food security for local people. It is also seen advice given by international agencies to Nepal. It is also clearly reflected in the discussion concept note distributed for this forum by the moderators. People working in forestry field are too much conservative and biased against poor people and indigenous communities.
· What are some concrete examples of innovative approaches, or good practices that increase the contributions of forests and trees to food security and nutrition goals?
It is indigenous systems of forest management for multipurpose uses which produce resources for food security and a good habitat for biodiversity conservation. It is well proven but international agencies advised Nepal government that these are bad forestry practices. The agencies advised to follow industrial forestry practices (please refer Forestry Sector Master Plan 1988). Nowadays the international agencies funded and advised to restrict the forestr products uses and mange the forestr for strict conservation model to offset carbon emission of affluent societies. The forestry model
Thank you.
Best Wishes.
Bhubaneswor Dhakal
Eating Trees
Great subject - a perennial, of course, but there is always an opportunity of sharing information with those who may be new to the topic. Take Roy Stacy's story from the Sahel of the 1970s, for example, and consider the time-line involved with planting trees in your community - for that next generation, of course.
Just over five years the Sub-Regional FAO office for East Africa in Addis Ababa explored the mixed blessings of Prosopis spp. in the region. Many of you will know of the complexities of introducing and living with alien plants that quickly abscond their original planting areas, out-perform local management and eventually steal the land that was once open to everyone; and all this for the best of reasons - to provide feed, fodder, timber and livelihoods.
An Expert Consultation was held in Ethiopia in 2007 from which a manual/proceedings was prepared that captured the experience of local people - growers, processors, advisors, experts and others. Eradication efforts in Sudan, timber use in Kenya and charcoal manufacture in Ethiopia were discussed together with a host of other examples, noted and recorded alongside use of food from Prosopis spp. in countries from around the globe - Mexico, US, Argentina, Kenya and others. The proceedings contain a useful collection of recipes for those interested.
If you live in that belt of dry bush country that spans Africa from Senegal to Somalia you may already be familiar with this species - risks, advantages, opportunities and more. Should you be new to the species or simply want to update yourself with information that may be new to you - get a copy of the proceedings. You should find it on-line in FAO publications.
Messages to take home, however, can be profound: In summary - don't introduce this plant into new lands.
File attached containing Paper #10 Sudan/Babiker & El Tayeb. Note section #8 'Enhanced utilization'.
Look forward to following the debate.
Peter Steele
10 February 2013
This topic is especially relevant now, as donors and governments are scaling up their programmes to fight undernutrition through agriculture. If we ignore the contributions of trees and other uses of land to people's livelihoods and diets, we risk negatively impacting nutrition in our rush to promote agriculture for nutrition.
How can we increase the contribution of trees and agroforestry to food and nutrition security?
A crucial first step is to ask: Whose nutrition (and livelihoods) do trees contribute to currently? Research on livelihoods shows that the contribution of trees can differ drastically between places and between social groups. There is clear evidence that in many places, it is the poorest and most marginalized social groups that rely on trees and forest resources the most (McSweeney 2004). This isn't because of some inherent connection to nature, but because the poor don't have access to more profitable alternatives.
We should think carefully before we proscribe a solution that involves formalizing tenure for land and trees or setting up community management institutions. Evidence shows that initiatives to formalize and 'rationalize' management of trees and forests often end up harming exactly the vulnerable groups who rely on these resources. Their access to trees is often reduced when interventions formalize the tenure system or increase the economic value of trees (Gray 2006). In my experience, I found evidence that the poor were excluded when I examined the long-term impacts of a highly successful community-based forest management system in western Senegal (Robinson 2011).
And trees may not always be the answer. At times, agroforestry can compete with other land uses that arguably contribute more to nutrition. Research in The Gambia (Schroeder 1999) documented that donor efforts to promote agroforestry (controlled by men) resulted in the displacement of irrigated vegetable production (which had been controlled by women).
None of the research mentioned here looked at how reducing vulnerable people's access to trees affected nutrition. But we can reasonably guess that in many of these cases, the outcome was not good. I am not familiar with the research on how gender affects allocation of income towards nutrition, but I imagine this is an important consideration. Those who know this area, I would be very interested to hear what the evidence shows.
By citing this research, I am not trying to say we shouldn't try to improve how trees and forestry contribute to nutrition. Let's tread carefully, mindful that past interventions have often not worked out for those people most vulnerable to undernutrition. Light touch interventions may be the best candidates. We should try to work with the grain, in the context of existing practices and informal institutions that allow the poor to access trees. Let's first be sure not to undermine the access they currently have to foods and income from trees, and then look for the best strategies for increasing their access to enough healthy food.
Gray, L. 2006. Decentralization, Land Policy, and the Politics of Scale in Burkina Faso. In Globalization and New Geographies of Conservation, K.S. Zimmerer, ed., p. 277-295. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
McSweeney, K. 2004. Forest product sale as natural insurance: the effects of household characteristics and the nature of shock in eastern Honduras. Society and Natural Resources, 17(1):39–56.
Robinson, E. 2011. Trading Solidarity for Environmentality: Subject Formation and Intimate Government of Forests in Kaolack Region, Senegal. Master's thesis. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Schroeder, R.A. 1999. Shady Practices: Agroforestry and Gender in The Gambia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
In 2006, climate scientists first reported on the effects of volatile organic compounds called "monoterpenes" that are emitted by earth's northern evergreen boreal forests, also called the tiaga (Russian for "forest"). The subarctic forest is dominated by conifers, mainly pine, spruce and fir, that begins where the tundra ends. The boreal forest is the world's largest terrestrial biome, encircling the planet's northern hemisphere. The tiaga covers 6.4 million square miles (11 percent of the world's land surface area) from Siberia to Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe and Northern Asia.
The boreal "tiaga" region
In addition to sequestering and storing atmospheric carbon, the forests exude a concoction of volatile aerosol compounds, including "monoterpenes," the fragrance we associate with pine trees.
Monoterpenes shield the earth from the sun in two ways. First, they rise from the forest into the stratosphere. The tiny droplets physically refract solar radiation away from the earth, effectively cooling the planet.
The monoterpene molecules also serve as condensation nuclei, "seeding" bright and persistent clouds, further shielding the earth from the sun. For thousands of years, atmospheric monoterpenes from the evergreen trees were a critical component of the fortunate alchemy between earth and sky.
At what cost, toilet paper?
The boreal forest is the world's most extensive network of pure lakes, rivers and wetlands that sequester and store twice as much carbon as tropical forests. Home to billions of migratory songbirds, tens of millions of ducks and geese, and millions of caribou, the boreal region is an irreplaceable global treasure. Regardless of its critical importance, the boreal biome is under increasing pressure. Recent studies show that boreal forests are being destroyed faster than any other terrestrial ecosystem.
Since 1950, more than half of the world's boreal forests have disappeared, due to logging, fires, mining, oil and gas development, insect predation, global temperature increase, reservoir flooding and storm damage. About two-thirds of the trees that have been cut down were made into paper products including books, newspapers, magazines, catalogs, telephone directories, cardboard, tissue and toilet paper. Seven percent (7%) of the world population living in the U.S. uses fifty percent (50%) of the tissue paper products -- about fifty pounds per person per year. More than one million trees wind up in American mailboxes every year as "junk mail."
Eighty percent (80%) of all forest products go directly to the United States. If Cannabis agriculture had not been prohibited in the U.S. for the past seventy-five years, all of the paper products could have been made better, cheaper and without harm to the environment from organically grown, biodegradable hemp. Hemp paper requires about one-seventh the chemicals needed to make paper from trees.
As it is today, warming temperatures in the northern latitudes have extended the breeding cycle of insects that infest the trees, eventually killing them. More trees are dying from insect pest infestation than ever before. Increasing UV-B radiation is broiling the trees, particularly at higher elevations, where the atmosphere is attenuated.
Changes in reflective properties of the earth's surface and the composition of aerosols in the atmosphere over the past fifty years have substantially shifted the heat exchange profile of the atmosphere and the icy, snowy "cryosphere" greatly heating up global temperatures. Present climate conditions, epidemic insect pest infestation, more violent weather, volcanic and seismic activity -- along with an increasing demand for paper products -- do not favor recovery of the boreal forests. Unless the premier crop for paper production is reintroduced, the earth will broil to extinction under increasing intensities of UV-B radiation.
Relatively stable, homeostatic concentrations of atmospheric monoterpenes have historically determined the levels of solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) mid-length wavelengths of sunlight to which life on earth has adapted very, very gradually over an inconceivably intricate span of moments, seconds, days, months, years, decades, centuries, millennia, and eons. With the relatively sudden catastrophic death of the boreal forest in just the past sixty years, monoterpene concentrations and cryospheric cooling of the planet have plummeted in what amounts to less than the "blink of an eye" on an evolutionary time-scale.
One of the most disastrous mistakes our species has ever made is a direct consequence of Cannabis prohibition. Being denied the natural, competitive selection process afforded by a truly free agricultural market, mankind is consuming 5,543 square miles (3.5 million acres) of earth's stratospheric shield against the sun. Gaia's most evolved masterpieces of creation are callously murdered unnecessarily each day, for toilet paper.
Earth is being subjected to an accelerating increase in "UV-Broiling" levels, contributing to further temperature increase. Inconceivable as it may be, the trees of the boreal forest continue to be cut at a rate of about five acres per minute. Expanses of forest the size of Connecticut are being clearcut each day.
Unless the monoterpene levels of our atmosphere are returned to the homeostatic concentrations established over thousands of years, the earth will eventually "UV-Broil" to extinction. Agricultural production of monoterpenes that Cannabis uniquely affords has become critical to our survival.
Bravo FAO for taking up this very important subject. It could not come at a better time, especially with the strong international interst in resiliance. In my view, there will be little or no progress in resiliance in rural areas of at-risk countries without an increase in trees density. There ia a well known proverb in the Sahel, which when translated from the Wolof version, says that "the first best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time is now."
A little know success story of trees and their inextracibale link to food security can be found in the Sahel, in Niger. Following the great Sahrlian drought and famine in 1973-74, local communities working in Niger with several different donors began in the early 80s to use community based forestry management as a basis for "drought proofing" their communities. This widespread effort was supported by France, Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands and Swiss aid programs, and much of the best work was done through a private American company, the International Resources Group (IRG). I am especially happy that these efforts, were not evaluated prematurely, after 5 years, like so many projects, because there would have been sparse results. Instead after 30 years the results were dramatic.
Among the techniques used in Nigerwere the leaving of tree shoots in the arable fields, especially of valuable species, rather than scraping away all vegitation before planting grains. There was also considerable reforestation, especially of the nitrogen fixing acacia albida and also baobab because of their valuable and nutritious byproducts. This effort was comprehensivly assessed by the CILSS and the Agrymet Center in Niamey in 2006, with the assistance of the USGS, and the findings astonished even the most fervent supporters of the approach. It was conservatively estimated that over 3 million hectares, mostly in the most denssley populated regions, now benefiting. Ttree density over the 30 years has increased 20 fold and crop yields are two to three times higher without the use of chemical fertilizers, which are too costly for millett farming. Most suprising has been a progressive rise in water tables through better rainfall capturing, and this has made off season bean and vegetable farming possible,. It has also encouraged the farming of onions as a cash crop and Niger's production of onions has gone from 10,000 tons a year in 1980 to 270,000 tons in 2006.
The ability of individuals to own trees has been an important factor in this hidden success story in Niger. Legally, individuals could not own trees before 2004. They are now considered private property separate from the land they occupy,so trees can be bought and sold separate from the land. This has stimulated private reforestation efforts and given rise to sustainable wood lot production of fire wood and construction materials, generating off farm income for rural peoples so they can access food.
Yes, Niger is still plagued by food insecurity threats and malnutrition is of great concern, but the hazards would be so much worse today without the community based tree regeneration program that was undertaken since 1980 and is stll going on. Rather, it has been Niger's very high population growth rate that have attenuated the gains made in farming, but that is another topic.
Roy A. Stacy
Senior Consultant to WFP and FAO for FSIN.
For the first question, I summarise the following challenges;
- Land tenure conflicts and gender issues in Africa is a big challenge to forest, trees on farms and agroforestry systems to food security, since most women cultivate the land but do not have ownership rights, moreso, in Africa, most forest and forest land is an exclusively state property and belonging, therefore, most of the local populations do not have adequate farmland.
- Bad governance including bribery and corruption in the management of forest and agricultural sector.
- About 89% of Africa still practice local and traditional farming systems which are less productive and cost ineffective, therefore, modern agroforestry farming systems and farming technologies that is still in low scale needs intensive expansion and improvement.
- Experts in modern farming systems of Agroforestry is insufficient, thus, requiring massive training.
- Problems of invasive species and pests on forest, trees on farms and agroforestry is adversely affecting food security.
For question two, I suggest that the following methods can increase the contributions of forests and trees to food security and nutrition goals;
+ Agroforestry system and approach
+ Participatory forest management approach through community forests
+ Recognition of indigenous peoples rights according to the TRIPS Agreement, ABS (Access to Benefit Sharing)
For question three, my opinion on what is needed for food security policies and strategies to recognize the contribution and value that forests and trees bring is as follows;
* Implement and re-enforce the law
* Up-scale training and transfer technology
* Develop and implement pilot projects for replication
* Make constant monitoring and evaluation and collect data
* Identify, promote and reward deserving and key players in the sector
* Include value addition as a strategy