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Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Geographical Location
Royal Chitwan National Park (27°20-27°40'N) is a World Heritage Site which lies in the lowlands or Inner Terai of southern central Nepal on the international border with India. The park's boundaries extend from the Dauney Hills on the west bank of the Narayani River eastward 78 kilometers (km) to Hasta and Dhoram rivers. The park is bounded to the north by the Narayani and Rapti rivers and to the south by the Panchnad and Reu rivers and a forest road. 27°20-27°40'N, 83°52'-84°45'E
Parsa Wildlife Reserve is contiguous to the eastern boundary of the park and extends as far eastwards as the Bheraha and Bagali rivers. 27°15'-27°35'N, 84°45'-84°58'E
Date and History of Establishment
- Chitwan was declared a national park in 1973, following approval by the late King Mahendra in December 1970.
- The bye-laws (Royal Chitwan National Park Regulations) were introduced on 4 March 1974.
- Substantial additions were made to the park in 1977 and the adjacent Parsa Wildlife Reserve was established in 1984.
- The habitat had been well protected as a royal hunting reserve from 1846 to 1951 during the Rana regime.
- An area south of the Rapti River was first proposed as a rhinoceros sanctuary in 1958 , demarcated in 1963, and later incorporated into the national park.
- Chitwan was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984.
Chitwan was enlarged from 54,400 hectares (ha) to its present size of 93,200 ha in 1977. Parsa Wildlife Reserve covers 49,900 ha. There was a proposal to further enlarge the protected areas complex by establishing the 25,900 ha Bara Hunting Reserve, adjacent to and east of Parsa Wildlife Reserve, but this has been dropped.
Land Tenure
Altitude ranges from 150 meters (m) to 815 m on the Churia Range.
Physical Features
Chitwan is situated in a river valley basin or dun, along the floodplains of the Rapti, Reu and Narayani rivers. The Someswar and the Dauney hills form the southern catchment and both drain into the Narayani. The Churia Hills bisect the park, their northern face falling within the catchment of the Rapti and southern side forming the catchment of the Reu. The Rapti is bounded by the Mahabharat Range on the north. Both the Rapti and Reu flow westwards and drain into the Narayani, which meanders southwards for about 25 km through a narrow gorge between the Someswar and Dauney hills until it reaches the Nepal-India border. Here it is dammed near Tribenighat. The Narayani is also called the Gandaki and is the third largest river in Nepal. It originates in the high Himalaya and, after joining the Ganges in India, drains into the Bay of Bengal. The Churia, Someswar and Dauney hills constitute part of the Siwaliks which are characterized by outwash deposits carried from the north. All the rocks are of Pliocene or Pleistocene, fluviatile origin, and consist mainly of sandstones, conglomerates, quartzites, shales and micaceous sandstone. The Siwaliks show a distinctive fault pattern that has produced steep cliffs on the south-facing slopes, where vegetation cover is poorer than the northern slopes. The Mahabharat Range consists of severely eroded pre-Siwalik quartzites, phyllites and sandstones. The floodplains comprise a series of ascending alluvial terraces laid down by the rivers and subsequently raised by Himalayan uplift. The terraces are composed of layers of boulders and gravels set in a fine silty matrix. There is a rough gradient from the higher-lying boulders and gravels to sands and silts and then to the low-lying silt loams and silty clay loams.
Conditions are subtropical with a summer monsoon from mid-June to late-September, and a relatively dry winter. Mean annual rainfall is 2,400 millimeters (mm) with about 90% falling in the monsoon from June to September. Monsoon rains cause dramatic floods and changes in the character and courses of rivers. Temperatures are highest (maximum 38°C) during this season and drop to a minimum of 6°C in the post-monsoon period (October to January), when dry northerly winds from the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau are prevalent.
The climax vegetation of the Inner Terai is sal Shorea robusta forest, which covers some 70% of the park. However, floods, fires and riverine erosion combine to make a continually changing mosaic of grasslands and riverine forests in various stages of succession. Purest stands of sal occur on better drained ground such as the lowlands around Kasra in the centre of the park. Elsewhere, sal is intermingled with chir pine Pinus roxburghii along the southern face of the Churia Hills and with tree species such as Terminalia belerica, Dalbergia latifolia, Anogeissus latifolius, Dillenia indica and Garuga pinnata on northern slopes. Creepers, such as Bauhinia vahlii and Spatholobus parviflorus, are common. The understorey is scant with the exception of grasses such as Themeda villosa. Riverine forest and grasslands, which form a mosaic along the river banks, are maintained by seasonal flooding. Khair-sissoo Acacia catechu-Dalbergia sissoo associations predominate on recent alluvium deposited during floods and in lowland areas that escape the most serious flooding. Semal-bhellar Bombax ceiba-Trewia nudiflora, with understorey shrubs Callicarpa macrophylla, Clerodendrum viscosum and Phyllanthus emblica, represent a later stage in succession. Two other types of riverine forest (Eugenia woodland and tropical evergreen forest) occur in areas outside the present boundary of the park. Seven major grassland types have been identified, which consitute about 20% of the park's area: Themeda villosa forms a tall grass cover in clearings in the sal forest; Saccharum-Narenga associations grow as mixed and pure stands of tall grass (Saccharum spontaneum is one of the first species to colonize newly created sandbanks); Arundo-Phragmites associations form dense tall stands along stream beds on the floodplain and around lakes; Imperata cylindrica grows prolificallyin areas within the park which were occupied by villages prior to their evacuation in 1964; various short grasses and herbs grown on exposed sandbanks during the dry months and become much more prolific with the outset of rain in May (e.g. Polygonum plebeium, Persicaria spp. and sedges such as Cyperus, Kyllinga and Mariscus spp.); Cynodon dactylon and Chrysopogon aciculatus and other short grasses grow in highest areas near riverine forest all the year round; and low-lying stands of Saccharum spontaneum, which are destroyed by repeated flooding early in the monsoon.
Over 40 species of mammals have been recorded. Prior to its re-introduction to Royal Bardia National Park in 1986, the park contained the last Nepalese population of the Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis (E). This had increased from about 300 in 1975 to about 350 in 1986. It is currently estimated at 375-400. Tiger Panthera tigris (E) is present and has been the subject of a long-term study begun in 1974. The population increased from an estimated 25 in 1974 to 70-110 in 1980, of which 24-30 are resident breeders at any one time, but has recently crashed. Half of the resident tigers in the western portion of the park disappeared during the 1990 monsoon and two-thirds of dependent young were also missing. Leopard Panthera pardus (T) is widespread and other threatened mammal species include wild dog Cuon alpinus (V), sloth bear Melursus ursinus (I), Ganges river dolphin Platanista gangetica (V), and gaur Bos gaurus (V). Hispid hare Caprolagus hispidus (E) is also present. The sloth bear population totalled 50-60 in 1979. The river dolphin population may have declined following the construction of a dam towards the Indian border. Seven were recorded in 1980 but none in 1990. Wild elephant Elephas maximus (E) occasionally pass through the Churia Hills. Other mammals include rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta and common langur Presbytis entellus, smooth-coated otter Lutra perspicillata, yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula, ratel Mellivora capensis, spotted linsang Prionodon pardicolor, large Indian civet Viverra zibetha, small Indian civet Viverricula indica, common palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Himalayan palm civet Paguma larvata, mongoose Herpestes spp., fishing cat Felis viverrina (K), leopard cat F. bengalensis, jungle cat F. chaus, jackal Canis aureus, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, Indian fox Vulpes bengalensis (I), sambar Cervus unicolor, hog deer C. porcinus, spotted deer C. axis, Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak, wild boar Sus scrofa, Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla, five-striped palm squirrel Funambulus pennanti, Indian porcupine Hystrix indica and Indian hare Lepus nigricollis. The wild ungulate biomass within riverine/tall grass habitats has been estimated at 18,590 kilograms per square kilometer (kg/km2), far exceeding that reported anywhere else in the Indian sub-continent. Most mammals found in the park also occurs in Parsa Wildlife Reserve with the exception of hog deer. Four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis occurs in Parsa, on the southern slopes of the Churia Hills, and the reserve contains Nepal's only reproducing herd of about 21 elephants.
A larger number of bird species has been recorded in Chitwan (489 in total) than in any other protected area in Nepal. This is attributed to the park's wide range of habitat types and location within the tropical lowlands of Central Nepal where eastern and western species overlap in their distributions. There are ten breeding species for which Nepal may hold internationally significant populations including Bengal florican Houbaropsis bengalensis (E) and rufous-necked laughing-thrush Garrulax ruficollis. It is the only locality in the country for striped buttonquail Turnix sylvatica, bristled grass warbler Chaetornis striatus andslender-billed babbler Turdoides longirostris. In addition, Chitwan is the only protected area where the following species considered to be at risk in Nepal have been found: yellow bittern Ixobrychus sinensis, black baza Aviceda leuphotes, laggar falcon Falco jugger, blue-breasted quail Coturnix chinensis, thick-billed green pigeon Treron curvirostra, mountain imperial pigeon Ducula badia, vernal hanging parrot Loriculus vernalis, red-winged crested cuckoo Clamator coromandus, banded bay cuckoo Cacomantis sonneratii, tawny fish owl Ketupa flavipes, white-vented needletail Hirundapus cochinchinensis, deep blue kingfisher Alcedo meninting, white-browed piculet Sasia ochracea, long-tailed broadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae, hooded pitta Pitta sordida, white-throated bulbul Criniger flaveolus, lesser necklaced laughing-thrush Garrulax monileger, greater necklaced laughing-thrush G. pectoralis, ruby-cheeked sunbird Anthreptes singalensis and little spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra. Chitwan is very important for wintering birds (about 160 in total), both winter visitors from outside Nepal and many altitudinal migrants which descend to the lowlands outside the breeding season, as well as a valuable staging point for numerous passage migrant species.
Some 19 species of snake occur in the park including king cobra Ophiophagus hannah, green pit viper Trimeresurus albolabris, common krait Bungarus caeruleus and Indian python Python molurus (V). Other notable reptiles are mugger Crocodylus palustris (V) (declining from at least 200 in 1978 to 70 in 1986/1988), gharial Gavialis gangeticus (E), Indian starred tortoise Geochelone elongata and monitor lizards Varanus spp.
Some 113 species of fish have been recorded, including Barilius spp., Tor tor, T. putitora and Puntius spp.
Cultural Heritage
The indigenous Tharus have lived in the Chitwan area for centuries, but they are out-numbered by settlers from the hills who poured into the Inner Terai following the eradication of malaria in the 1950s. There are two Hindu religious sites, Bikram Baba at Kasara and Balmiki Ashram at Tribeni, which are very significant to both the local people living around the park and visitors from India.
Local Human Population
Padampur Panchayat, located immediately to the south of the Rapti River, is a heavily populated area as well as providing some of the last remaining habitat for tiger, rhinoceros, and gharial. In the 1950s, with the fall of the Rana regime and the eradication of malaria from the area, the human population of Chitwan rose dramatically from 36,000 to 100,000 between 1950 and 1960. By 1980 there were 261,300 people in 320 settlements around the park.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities
Chitwan is one of the most popular tourist destinations outside Kathmandu and Pokhara. Visitor numbers have risen from less than 1,000 in 1974 to 31,446 in 1989. Tiger Tops operates a Jungle Lodge and Tented Camp in the west of the park, and Tharu Village Resort peripheral to the park. Its Jungle Lodge pre-dates the park, having been set up by John Coapman in the mid-1960s. Other concession lodges inside the park are Chitwan Jungle Lodge and Machan Wildlife Resort in the east, and Tiger Temple in the west. Similar luxury lodges on the edge of the park are Gaida Wildlife Camp and Elephant Camp at Sauraha, and Island Resort and Narayani Safari. There are over 30 low-budget lodges and guest houses outside the park.Sauraha has a good visitor information center. There are no provisions for visitors in Parsa Wildlife Reserve, and no visitors were recorded in 1989.
Scientific Research and Facilities
Chitwan is one of the best studied protected areas in the subcontinent. A program of research concerning the ecology of the tiger and its prey species was initiated in 1973 by His Majesty's Government, the Smithsonian Institution and World Wildlife Fund (WWF). This was superseded in 1984 by the Smithsonian-Nepal Terai Ecology Project, the scope of which encompasses broader aspects of ecology, including the relationship between habitats, invertebrate, vertebrate and human populations. Further details of its research activities can be found in the project's newsletter. McDougal also studied the tiger in the west of the park. The ecology of the Indian rhinoceros has been studied by Laurie and more recently by Dinerstein. Other mammals studied include chital, hog deer and muntjac. The avifauna is well documented, with research including surveys of wetland species. A gharial breeding centre, funded by Frankfurt Zoological Society, was established at Kasara Durbar in 1977. More than 200 young have been reared and re-introduced to the wild. T.M. Maskey has studied the survival and dispersal of gharial released in the Narayani River. The Aberdeen University Expedition to Nepal in 1980 surveyed fish resources in the Narayani River system with respect to the endangered gharial population. Studies on grassland ecology have been carried out by Lemkuhl et al. A proposal to establish the Nepal Conservation Training and Wildlife Institute has been made by the King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation, the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Tribhuvan University and the Institute of Forestry. The Smithsonian-Nepal Terai Ecology Project has its field station at Sauraha, where accommodation and facilities for scientists are available.
Conservation Value
Chitwan National Park and the adjacent Parsa Wildlife Reserve constitute the largest and least disturbed example of sal forest and associated communities of the Terai, with a long history of protection dating back to the early 1800s in the case of Chitwan. Species diversity is high, notably for mammals and birds which are well documented. Chitwan supports the world's second largest population of Indian rhinoceros and is also an important refuge for tiger and gharial. Its tall grasslands and riverine forest support a very high wild ungulate biomass which greatly exceeds that reported elsewhere in the Indian subcontinent. Large numbers of visitors are attracted to the area because of its exceptional natural beauty, with the distant Himalaya providing a spectacular backdrop to views of forested hills, grasslands, and great rivers. Research on the natural history of the area has been an important contribution to understanding ecological systems in the Terai.
Conservation Management
Chitwan was identified as the priority area in the Terai for conservation due to its important faunal elements, particularly Indian rhinoceros which had been extirpated from its former range elsewhere in Nepal. Development of the then proposed national park began in 1971 with a modest budget provided by the Forest Department and supplemented by a grant from WWF. Conservation measures have been an outstanding success, as indicated by the substantial increase in wildlife populations and regeneration of vegetation along the Rapti River over subsequent years. Much of this success can be attributed to several resettlement schemes. Some 22,000 people were resettled from the Rapti area, including 4,000 from the former rhinoceros sanctuary, following the creation of a Land Settlement Commission in 1964. Subsequently, 7,000 people from 10 of the 16 villages in Padampur Panchayat on the eastern side of the park were resettled to more fertile lands devoid of wild herbivores, based on recommendations from a study by the International Centre for Environmental Renewal. The scheme met with local support but further relocation of any of the other 310 villages that surround the park is not politically or economically feasible.
There is a park management plan for the period 1975-1979 but it needs to be completely revised. The establishment of Parsa Wildlife Reserve as an eastern extension to the park has increased the area under protection by about 60%. This extension was also intended to prevent possible isolation of the proposed Bara Hunting Reserve from the park.
The main concession to local people is the annual harvesting of tall grasses, a valuable building material which is not readily available elsewhere. In 1987, an estimated 11,132 tons of grass were removed by 60,000 people during the 15-day grass-cutting period, valued at approximately NRs 9.9 million (US$ 450,000). The net contribution to the local economy, after subtraction of labor and permit costs, is NRs 5.5 million (US$ 250,000). The opening of the Bhrikuti Paper Mill at nearby Gaidakot is introducing a new dimension to local requirements for grass. In view of Chitwan's importance as a tourist attraction, the park authorities, in collaboration with Peace Corps/Nepal, run a two-week training program annually for tour guides. In future, it is planned to permit only licensed guides who have attended and passed the course to operate in the park.
Management Constraints
The park was listed as a Threatened Protected Area of the World by the IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas in 1990 in view of the proposed establishment of a hydroelectric barrage on the Narayani River upstream of the park and the East Rapti Irrigation Project, which would reduce the base flow by 75%. Both projects would result in changes to the riverine ecosystems, and could seriously affect aquatic and terrestrial faunal populations. In a recent assessment of the East Rapti Irrigation Project for the Asian Development Bank, Talbot concludes that environmental risks from the project are unacceptably high and recommends that it be reformulated or replaced by one or more lower-cost projects.
Considerable antagonism has long existed between the park and local people, particularly residents of Padampur Panchayat. The main areas of conflict are loss of life (three to five people are killed each year by rhinoceros and tiger), loss of livestock (domestic cattle may constitute up to 30% of tiger kills in settled areas peripheral to the park), damage to crops (estimated to range from 10% to 100%) and restrictions concerning the use of the park's resources (hunting, fishing, grazing, and collection of timber, fuelwood and other forest products for food and medicine are prohibited within the park). Sixteen people were killed by tigers in and around the park between October 1980 and early 1989. Such conflicts will escalate as the local human population continues to increase and remnant forest and grassland areas outside the protected areas complex decline, but they are being addressed by the park authorities and local people are beginning to appreciate the value of the park for managed natural resources.
Illegal collection of fuelwood during the grass-cutting season is a hindrance to the proper management of the program and, in the long-term, will need to be resolved by establishing community fuelwood plantations around the park. Collection of tall grasses is well controlled but has inevitably led to changes in the floral composition of the grassland communities. Annual burning seems to maintain the grasslands but semal Bombax ceiba, the only fire resistant tree, is encroaching this habitat. Overgrazing along Padampur Panchayat's riverine boundary is seriously accelerating the already extensive erosion of the river bank: consequently valuable crop lands are being lost. The development of tourist facilities (hotels and teashops) on the eastern side of the park has not been controlled. In general, the rapid increase in the number of foreigners visiting Chitwan has led to locally inflated prices for basic foods and household products. This problem is compounded by the fact that few local people are employed in the park so that the local population is poorer as a result of the park's presence, although more recently it is reported that near by villagers receive 50% of park-generated revenues. Poaching has increased recently. At least eight rhinos were killed between August 1990 and March 1991 and three tigers poisoned since November 1990.
Water Hyacinth Icornia spp., an introduced species, is causing problems by choking up waterways, and over-visitation by tourists is also believed to be having negative impacts on the park.
One chief warden, one warden, two assistant wardens, 11 rangers, 11 senior game scouts, 44 game scouts, and 29 office staff. One battalion of the Royal Nepal Army is stationed in the park for enforcement duties. Elephant staff total 67 at Chitwan and 34 at Birganj (undated information).
Expenditure was NRs 2,447,353 (US$ 81,578) and income NRs 13,449,910 (US$ 448,330) in 1989/1990. Income was derived from entrance and camping fees (65.4%), elephant rides (14.4%), hotel concessions (12.2%), grass-cutting permits (2.3%) and various other sources (5.6%). The budget for 1990/1991 is NRs 2,970,000 (US$ 99,000).
IUCN Management Category
- II (National Park)
- Natural World Heritage Site - Criteria ii, iii, iv
Further Reading
- Aberdeen University Expedition to Nepal (1980). Expedition report. Unpublished. 120 pp.
- Anon. (1986). The 1986 Rhino Census for Chitwan National Park. Smithsonian- Nepal Terai Ecology Project Newsletter 4: 3-5.
- Anon. (1991). World Heritage site in danger. Wildlife Nepal January/ February: 1.
- Berkmüller, K. (1979). Visitor information center at Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park. Parks 4(2): 17-19.
- Bolton, M. (1975). Royal Chitwan National Park Management Plan 1975-79. Project Working Document No. 2. HMG/UNDP/FAO National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Project, Kathmandu. 105 pp.
- Dhungel, S.K. (1985). Ecology of the hog deer in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Montana, USA.
- Dhungel, S.K. (1987). Reintroduction of gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in Nepal. Tiger Paper 14(4): 11-15.
- Dinerstein, E. (1989). King of the marsh. International Wildlife 19(2): 5-8.
- Edds, D. (1986). The fishes of Royal Chitwan National Park. Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. 14 pp. (Unseen)
- Gee, E.P. (1959). Report on a survey of the rhinoceros area of Nepal. Oryx 5: 59-85.
- Gee, E.P. (1963). Report on a brief survey of the wildlife resources of Nepal, including the rhinoceros. Oryx 7: 67-76.
- Gurung, K.K. (1983). Heart of the jungle: the wildlife of Chitwan, Nepal. Andre Deutsch, London. 197 pp. ISBN: 0233975950.
- Halliday, J.B. (1983). A study of the ecological distribution of resident and migratory birds along the Rapti and Narayani rivers in the Royal Chitwan National Park. November and December 1982. A report to the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal. 35 pp.
- Heinen, J.T. (1990). The design and implementation of a training program for tour guides in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Tiger Paper 17(2): 11-15.
- Inskipp, C. (1989). Nepal's forest birds: their status and conservation. International Council for Bird Preservation Monograph No. 4. 184 pp.
- Laurie, W.A. (1978). The ecology and behaviour of the greater one-horned rhinoceros. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. 450 pp.
- Laurie, W.A. (1982) Behavioural ecology of the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Journal of Zoology, London 196: 307-341.
- Laurie, A. and Seidensticker, J. (1977). Behavioural ecology of the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Journal of Zoology, London 182: 187-204.
- Lehmkuhl, J.F., Upreti, R.K. and Sharma U.R. (1988). National parks and local development: grasses and people in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Environmental Conservation 15: 143-148.
- McDougal, C. (1977). The face of the tiger. Rivington-Deutsch, London. 180 pp.
- McDougal, C. (1989). Tiger attacks around Chitwan National Park. Cat News 11: 13.
- McDougal, C. (1991). Chitwan tiger numbers crash. Cat News 14: 8-9.
- Milne, R.C. (1997) Mission Report: South Asia meeting to review status conservation of world natural heritage and design and cooperative plan of action. 16-19 January 1997, New Delhi, India. Prepared for the World Heritage Centre, UNESCO. Unpublished Report, 7pp.
- Milton, J.P. and Binney, G.A. (1980). Ecological planning in the Nepalese Terai. Threshold, International Centre for Environmental Renewal, Washington, DC. 35 pp.
- Mishra, H.R. (1982a). Balancing human needs and conservation in Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park. Ambio 11: 246-251.
- Mishra, H.R. (1982b). The ecology and behaviour of chital (Axis axis) in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. 233 pp.
- Oli, M.K. (1986). Studies on stereotyped behavior of barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak). Report submitted to the King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation, Kathmandu. 67 pp.
- Oliver, W.L.R. (1985). The distribution and status of the hispid hare Caprolagus hispidus - with some additional notes on the pigmy hog Sus salvinius. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey. 94 pp.
- Scott, D.A. (Ed.) (1989). A directory of Asian wetlands. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 1,181 pp. ISBN: 2880329841.
- Seidensticker, J. (1976). Ungulate populations in Chitawan Valley, Nepal. Biological Conservation 10: 183-210.
- Sharma, U.R. (1990). The disaster that is ERIP. Himal November/December: 32-33.
- Smith, J.L.D. and Mishra, H.R. (1981). Management recommendations for the Chitwan tiger population: the Parsa Extension and Bara Hunting Reserve. Smithsonian Institution/WWF Project 1051. 28 pp.
- Smith, J.L.D., Mishra, H.R. and Jordan, P.A. (1983). Population level management: a step in developing a tiger conservation strategy. Paper presented at Bombay Natural History Society Centenary Seminar on Conservation in Developing Countries. Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Bombay. 6-10 December 1983. 13 pp.
- Sunquist, M.E. (1981). The social organisation of tigers (Panthera tigris) in Royal Chitawan National Park. Smithsonian Contributions in Zoology 336: 1-98.
- Talbot, L.M. (1991). Nepal: East Rapti Irrigation Project (ERIP) (Loan No. 867): environmental impact assessment for the project reformulation. Final report. Asian Development Bank, Manila. Unpublished. 12 pp.
- Troth, R.G. (1976). Successional role of Bombax ceiba in savannas in Nepal. Smithsonian Institution/WWF Tiger Ecology Project, Nepal. Unpublished report.
- Wegge, P. (1976). Himalayan shikar reserves; surveys and management proposals. Field Document No. 5. FAO/NEP/72/002 Project, Kathmandu. 96 pp.
- Wemmer, C., Simons, R. and Mishra, H.R. (1983). Case history of the cooperative conservation program: the Nepal Tiger Ecology Project. Paper presented at Bombay Natural History Society Centenary Seminar on Conservation in Developing Countries. Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Bombay. 6-10 December 1983.
- Willan, R.S.M. (1965). Rhinos increase in Nepal. Oryx 8: 156-160.
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.


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8: What is your appraisal of the Air in terms of its portability? How do you like its relatively light weight and small size compared to other laptops?
9: How do you carry your Air? How often do you carry your Air? What do you pack with your Air when you travel/commute with it? What is your preferred packing solution for your Air?
10: What do you think about your Air's connectivity? Do you like going all-USB? What kind of USB accessories do you carry with your Air and how do you use them? Have you ever plugged a USB hard drive and some other USB accessory into your Air at the same time and been less-than-enthusiastic with the results?
11: Do you use an external monitor with your Air?
12: What are your most positive experiences with your Air? What do you feel are the Air's most prominent vulnerabilities/shortcomings?
Photos and video demos also welcome in this thread.
Thank you!
--The Mountain Man


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2011-12 Community Luncheon Seriespresented by the Penn Yan Keuka Club and Keuka College Community Associates Board Featured Speaker:Karen DeyleFreelance Communications Professional specializing in culinary, wine and travel.
Karen Deyle, Freelance Fine Dining Columnist for the Rochester Democrat & Chronicle and author of "Rochester Eats" a tribute to the independent Rochester restaurants and restaurateurs who fed us well over the past 75 years. The book was designed to recall the places, the menus and the dishes that were (and are) Rochester classics.
Thursday, Dec. 15, 201111:30 a.m. RegistrationNoon Luncheon
Cost: $12.75, price includes lunch & lecture$2.50 of the price of your ticket goes to the Penn Yan Keuka Club Scholarship Fund,which provides an annual scholarship to a local student attending Keuka College.
Reservations and payments are required no later than Friday, Dec. 9, as seating is limited to fifty guests.
To RSVP: mail to Keuka College, Office of Alumni and Family Relations,141 Central Ave., Keuka Park, N.Y. 14478; call (315) 279-5238; e-mail [email protected]; or register online at http://events.keuka.edu.


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Sign up to receive email updates, action alerts, health tips, promotions to support our work and more from EWG. You can opt-out at any time. [Privacy]
Feeding your mind, saving the planet >>
By including the most costly components of the farm bills that passed the House and Senate, the bill expected to emerge this month from a House-Senate conference committee could cost taxpayers even more than current farm programs – and ignite a trade war to boot.
Supermarket shelves are loaded with products that display the label "natural." The food industry likes to use the word to persuade consumers that what they're buying is somehow better for them, their families and the environment. But the fact is, many of the foods labeled "natural" contain ingredients that were genetically engineered.
The Obama Administration is ramping up efforts to link crop insurance subsidies with conservation requirements.
When you gather around the table this Thanksgiving with family and friends, don't forget to give thanks to the organic farmers who grow our food in ways that protect the environment.
If you fast-forward your TV during the celebrity segments on Real Time with Bill Maher, you probably missed an important conversation during the November 15th episode driven by actor Casey Affleck. Affleck plays a veteran in his new movie "Out of the Furnace," and he has started discussing issues that affect returning veterans, including mental health, homelessness and hunger. During the Bill Maher segment he discussed the farm bill and the House proposal to cut $40 billion from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as food stamps.
There has long been bipartisan support for conservation compliance by farmers and politicians alike. Now more than ever, those leading the way in reauthorizing the farm bill may hear a growing number of prominent Republicans voicing their support to relink to crop insurance the vital conservation compact between taxpayers and farmers.
EWG's latest analysis of billionaires who reaped federal farm dollars seems to have hit a nerve with folks who – unsurprisingly – benefit from these same government handouts.
Reducing subsidies to large farm businesses, crop insurance companies and their agents, and trimming their windfall profits could generate enormous savings, EWG has found.
Every day, thousands of farmers take steps to reduce polluted runoff and restore wetlands and grasslands. Many more would help, but 40 percent of farmers have been turned away by the U.S. Department of Agriculture when they offer to share the cost of cleaner environment.
Dust storms have re-emerged across much of Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado and Texas, fueled by the same combination of persistent drought, plowing up fragile land and poor public policy that led to the Dust Bowl years of the 1930s.
Many counties where federal crop insurance subsidies rose between 2008 and 2012 also had an increase in poverty over that period, a finding that undermines the oft-repeated arguments that farm subsidies help reduce rural poverty, an Environmental Working Group analysis shows.
As the cost of crop insurance has ballooned – from less than $500 million a year in the 1990s to more than $14 billion in 2012[1] – the program's most ardent defenders keep repeating the same mantra: Crop insurance is better than budget-busting ad hoc disaster programs.
Seven U.S. senators last week called for re-linking the federal crop insurance program to conservation compliance during a House-Senate conference committee meeting on the 2013 farm bill. The ranking member of the House Agriculture Committee also endorsed the linkage.
"Subsidy millionaires" are not your typical family farmers. They are individuals who each year collect more than $1 million each in crop insurance subsidies from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Check out the outrageous stats on their cards below to learn more about America's Subsidy All Stars. And to see which ones are catching subsidies on a field near you, explore EWG's map of subsidy millionaires the whopping 174 counties where these 26 All Stars have home field advantage.
Both the House and Senate overwhelmingly have voted for farm subsidy reform. The Senate twice voted to subject recipients of crop insurance subsidies to a modest means test, and the House passed a resolution supporting the same proposal. And polls show that Americans overwhelmingly support reasonable limits on farm subsidies. Even rural voters think too many subsidies go to big farmers.
Hundreds of millions of conservation dollars in the federal farm bill should be used more effectively to address widespread water pollution problems in California, concludes a new report by Environmental Working Group.
Last month, the National Wildlife Federation reported that more than 398,000 acres – 620 square miles – of grasslands, forests and other land were plowed, cleared or otherwise converted to grow crops over a 12-month period from 2011 to 2012.
Today, officials at the USDA will don their Santa Claus outfits a few months early and disburse almost $5 billion dollars in direct payment farm subsidies to landowners across the country.
Doesn't it make sense to subject some of the richest farmers to a means test when they seek federal subsidies to pay for their crop insurance?


text: Founded in 1987 in Sydney, Australia to support worldwide distribution of the finest essential oils, New Directions Aromatics Inc. is now a leading wholesale supplier of 100% pure, therapeutic grade essential oils around the world. Starting with just a handful of distilleries, we now source directly from ethical producers in all six continents. With locations in North America, Australia, Japan, Korea, United Kingdom, China and Portugal, we are committed to educating and promoting the holistic benefits of essential oils to the global community.


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22 U.S. Code § 213 - Application for passport; verification by oath of initial passport
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Before a passport is issued to any person by or under authority of the United States such person shall subscribe to and submit a written application which shall contain a true recital of each and every matter of fact which may be required by law or by any rules authorized by law to be stated as a prerequisite to the issuance of any such passport. If the applicant has not previously been issued a United States passport, the application shall be duly verified by his oath before a person authorized and empowered by the Secretary of State to administer oaths.
Source(June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title IX, § 1,40 Stat. 227; Pub. L. 90–428, § 3,July 26, 1968, 82 Stat. 446.)
Second sentence of act June 15, 1917, which related to fees for taking application for passport, was omitted as superseded by sections 214 to 217a of this title.
1968—Pub. L. 90–428substituted provisions requiring that the initial passport application be duly verified under oath before a person authorized and empowered by the Secretary of State to administer oaths for provisions requiring that each passport application be duly verified under oath before a person authorized and empowered to administer oaths.
Effective Date of 1968 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 90–428effective on thirtieth day following July 26, 1968, see section 4 ofPub. L. 90–428, set out as a note under section 217a of this title.
Issuance of Passports for Children Under Age 14
Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, § 236], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–430, provided that:
"(a) In General.—
"(1) Regulations.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1999], the Secretary of State shall issue regulations providing that before a child under the age of 14 years is issued a passport the requirements under paragraph (2) shall apply under penalty of perjury.
"(2) Requirements.—
"(A) Both parents, or the child's legal guardian, must execute the application and provide documentary evidence demonstrating that they are the parents or guardian; or
"(B) the person executing the application must provide documentary evidence that such person—
"(i) has sole custody of the child;
"(ii) has the consent of the other parent to the issuance of the passport; or
"(iii) is in loco parentis and has the consent of both parents, of a parent with sole custody over the child, or of the child's legal guardian, to the issuance of the passport.
"(b) Exceptions.—The regulations required by subsection (a) may provide for exceptions in exigent circumstances, such as those involving the health or welfare of the child, or when the Secretary determines that issuance of a passport is warranted by special family circumstances."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Serena Williams
Serena is looking red hot in this fitted knee length red dress!
Looking hot on the red carpet isn't easy, but these celebs sure make it look effortless knocking them dead at each and every event!
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FAIRFAX, Va. (WUSA) -- Mohammad Sharif Yazdani, 64-year-old of Alexandria, Va., was found dead after being missing for nearly three weeks, police said.
Fairfax County Police say a resident was walking near the 7700 block of Audubon Meadow Way in Hybla Valley, when she stumbled upon the body of Yazdani along a creek bank on Sunday.
Police say there were no signs of foul play. The Office of the Medical Examiner's preliminary results determined that the cause of death was accidental drowning.
Yazdani walked away from his home in the 3800 block of Havenwood Place on Oct. 24. His daughters and Fairfax Police conducted several searches with dogs and search teams but were unsuccessful.


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GoMacro Expands Environmental Responsibility to Include Carbonfree® Operations
"Let us walk softly on the Earth with all living beings great and small, remembering as we go, that one God kind and wise created all."
This ancient Native American saying guides the environmental, ethical and operational decisions at GoMacro, a Wisconsin-based, family-owned nutrition bar company and a new Carbonfree® Business Partner. GoMacro completed a comprehensive analysis of their annual operating emissions, including all product shipment emissions, then neutralized those emissions by supporting Carbonfund.org's reforestation projects around the world. Their support will produce the same environmental benefit as planting 14,700 tree seedlings and growing them for ten years.
GoMacro's mission is to produce wholesome, healthy snack bars, following their belief that food and food quality impact health, happiness, and well-being for all. GoMacro MacroBars are USDA certified organic, Non-GMO project verified, vegan certified, gluten-free certified, kosher certified, soy-free and uniquely macrobiotic. By adhering to these high standards for product ingredients, GoMacro helps to maintain the biodiversity of ecosystems throughout the world, while simultaneously providing nutritious food.
GoMacro supports fair trade by using organic ingredients produced with sustainable farming techniques and tray packaging made from 100% post consumer waste. They reinvest in their communities, their workforce and the world through donations, education, environmental responsibility and a devotion to the well-being of all living things. GoMacro believes in feeling good about what we eat; how it tastes, how it's made, and how it sustains the environment. Their environmental commitment to neutralizing their operational emissions through the Carbonfree® Business Partnership program further demonstrates their mission to walk softly on the Earth we share.
Grosche International Continues Pledge to Carbonfree® Business Operations
In 2012, Canadian-based tea and coffee wares distributor Grosche International officially became carbon-neutral through the Carbonfree® Business Partnership program. Grosche made the decision to partner with Carbonfund.org to offset all estimated annual emissions incidental to their business by supporting Carbonfund.org's reforestation projects.
Grosche International is a family-run business with a passion for fine design in tea and coffee wares and accessories. Grosche strives to offer a premier line of products and distributes them to retailers across the USA and Canada. All products are BPA and phthalate free, hand blown and assembled with a personal touch, and double checked to ensure that it meets all expectations. Their goal is to ensure that customers enjoy their tea and coffee experience by offering great products that help to enable a healthy lifestyle.
"A day will come when our generations will look to us either with pride, on how we saw the importance of sustainability and took measures towards it, or with disdain at how we knew the risks but did nothing about it," states Mehreen Sait, President of Grosche International. "How they look upon us tomorrow depends on the choices we make today. Let's make the right choices; ones that we, and our coming generations, can live with."
In addition to the Carbonfree® commitment, Grosche has adopted high-efficiency lighting in their office and warehouse, using over 50% recycled paper and fully re-used and recycled shipping materials, optimizing ocean freight paths, and other steps to conserve the environment we share.
PureLife Dental's "Patients Planet Profits" Pledge Includes Carbonfree® Operations and Shipping
PureLife Dental is "watching its Ps" when it comes to its triumvirate of operating commitments. PureLife empowers dental practitioners to make a positive difference in the health of their patients, staff, and environmental impact, so that achieving better health can be a realistic part of every purchase decision they make.
The firm's "Patients, Planet, Profits" Pledge ensures that PureLife Dental's customers benefit from the company's goal to provide the highest quality and most environmentally healthy products at the best available prices. From complete waste solutions to everyday dental supplies, PureLife Dental believes that healthy patients, a healthy planet, and healthy profits can all be achieved, with no tradeoffs required.
Through Carbonfund.org, PureLife Dental offsets 100% of the company's annual operational emissions, as well as all of the shipping emissions for every product they sell, from the manufacturing line to the customer's door. Since 2008, PureLife Dental has neutralized over 16.5 million pounds of carbon emissions by supporting Carbonfund.org's reforestation projects around the world. Those carbon emissions reductions are comparable to the quantity of carbon dioxide sequestered by over 192,000 tree seedlings planted and grown over a ten-year period. As a result, PureLife Dental customers are reducing their own environmental impact with every order placed through PureLife.
"When we launched PureLife, the first thing we did was to see how we could reduce the impact of shipping products all over the country," said Cassie Walker, VP of Marketing and Sustainability. "This was important, because dentists could buy their supplies from anyone, but if they buy them from us there's a reduced eco impact, automatically."
"We chose Carbonfund.org for our offset program because they had credibility – their projects are third-party validated and additional – as well as the expertise to help us calculate our emissions until we developed that capability in-house," said Walker. "They've continued to help us refine our program and figure out approachable ways to talk about it with our customers."
In addition to their carbon neutral operations, PureLife's Feel Good Collection include products that have an environmental advantage over their traditional counterparts. Whether they contain recycled content or non-toxic chemistries, or they come in reduced or recycled content packaging, these products allow dental practitioners to make a difference without sacrificing anything.
PureLife Dental's commitment to "Patients, Planet, Profits" underscores its sustainability leadership in the dental supply industry, and Carbonfund.org is honored to partner with PureLife to help achieve these goals.
NBS Helps Communities Fund Tomorrow with an Eye to Sustainability
From the flow of water to the flow of revenue, NBS helps facilitate the intricate balancing act that keeps communities running fiscally strong. NBS consultants and engineers have provided focused financial consulting, assessment engineering, special assessment software, ongoing special assessment, tax and fee administration, and related support to over 300 public agencies. The ultimate goal of NBS is to ensure quality results for the local public agencies it serves so that they are seen as serving their constituents in an exemplary manner.
NBS is also committed to being part of the solution to avoid overuse of resources in our economy today, striving to be good business partners with its local government clients.
Tim Seufert, Managing Director of NBS, put it very plainly: "Being "green" is good for our planet, our people and our bottom line. What can we do about global warming and our significant impact on the environment? We can simply lessen our business impact on the environment."
In 2007, NBS began measuring and neutralizing the carbon emissions associated with its office energy consumption and business-related travel. NBS's support of Carbonfund.org helps fight the effects of climate change through innovative projects such as the Tensas River reforestation project in Louisiana that absorbs carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as well as the Truck Stop Electrification project that has enabled truckers to reduce tailpipe emissions, saving a gallon of diesel per hour.
Over the past seven years, NBS has mitigated the effects of 875,000 pounds of carbon emissions through its support of Carbonfund.org's carbon reduction projects. This equates to removing the carbon dioxide produced by burning almost 45,000 gallons of gasoline.
In addition to neutralizing carbon emissions from unavoidable business travel and office energy usage, NBS continues to reduce its operational impact on the environment by:
• Minimizing usage of disposable materials by minimizing hard copy printouts in presentations and using dishware in the office instead of paper and plastic;
• Recycling paper and most food and beverage containers;
• Purchasing "good" paper and printing services, such as recycled paper and paper that meets the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standards; and
• Prescribing to Carbonfund.org's motto of "reduce what you can, offset what you can't™" by minimizing travel via technology and online conferencing tools in lieu of physical travel.
NBS is a great example of a consultancy focused on improving the efficient, sustainable operation of communities by maintaining those principles within its own organization. Carbonfund.org congratulates NBS on its seventh year of carbon neutral operations.
Landfillart Raises Environmental Awareness through Artistic Repurposing Project
Landfillart is an international effort encompassing 1,041 artists to repurpose a piece of rusted metal and create fine art from reclaimed automobile hub caps from the 1930's through the 1970's and turn them into "metal canvases". Although most "metal canvases" have been transformed by the artist using oil or acrylic paint, some have been weaved on, glued or screwed or welded to, or made into fine sculpture.
"This project embodies several key components. It is a collective endeavor requesting artists, worldwide, to think green and create great art" explains Ken Marquis, gallery owner at Marquis Art & Frame, and founder of the project. "I'm hopeful, that upon completion, this project will weave a global tapestry which tells a compelling story of humanity; our similarities, our differences, and the common threads that binds us all."
Since 2008, Landfillart Inc., funded by their partner company Marquis Art & Frame, has maintained a Carbonfree® Small Business Partnership with Carbonfund.org as part of his own operational sustainability commitment. "We are excited to partner with Carbonfund.org! Both organizations share the goal of reuse, albeit our focus is reusing rusty old scraps of metal," says Ken. "Landfillart's mission is focused on funding reforestation with any future profits. By forming this partnership, Landfillart is one step closer!"
To date, Marquis Art & Frame's donations to Carbonfund.org's forestry projects have neutralized almost 450,000 pounds of carbon dioxide, the same quantity of carbon emissions sequestered by 5,000 tree seedlings grown over a ten-year period.
The ultimate goals of the Landfillart Project are to compile a collection of 1,041 completed hubcaps from artists from all of the 50 states and as many countries as possible. To date the collection consists of more than 1,000 works of art from 50 states and 56 countries. The final group of artists are hard at work completing their "hubcap art".
Although awaiting the final projects, phase two is already underway. The first museum showing of Landfillart will be in September 2014. Second Time Around: The Hubcap as Art will include 287 objects from the Landfillart collection, representing every U.S. state and 35 other countries. This exciting premier exhibit will open September 6, 2014 at The Museum of the Shenandoah Valley in Winchester Virginia, details at www.theMSV.org
After the initial museum showing, an abbreviated version of the collection (35 objects) is scheduled to travel, beginning in 2015.
The final phase for the Landfillart collection is to publish a book highlighting all 1,041 completed works of art and their stories. Carbonfund.org is proud to partner with Ken Marquis and the Landfillart project in its efforts to raise awareness about environmental preservation through artistic repurposing.
Benson, Kerrane, Storz & Nelson Leads in Construction Defect Resolution and Operational Sustainability
For Colorado residential and commercial property owners faced with construction defect issues, there's a leading law firm that specializes in effective case verdicts and settlements, and that's also a leader in managing its own environmental responsibilities.
Benson, Kerrane, Storz & Nelson, P.C. is one of the leading construction defect litigation law firms in Colorado, representing property owners with construction defect claims against builders, subcontractors, and their insurance companies. The firm takes a unique approach to construction defect cases, developing and implementing several alternative approaches to construction defect claims that often resolve claims without their clients ever stepping foot in a courthouse.
This leadership in creative and effective construction defect case settlement parallels the firm's leadership in its ongoing commitment to maintaining environmentally sustainable business operations.
Six years ago, Benson, Kerrane, Storz & Nelson, P.C. committed to offset 100% of its carbon footprint created by office activities, including electric usage and business car travel, in partnership with Carbonfund.org. Each year, the firm makes a donation to Carbonfund.org to neutralize its annual estimated operational emissions by supporting third-party verified renewable energy, energy efficiency, and reforestation projects.
To date, the firm's carbon footprint offsets have neutralized almost 1.4 million pounds of greenhouse gases, the same quantity as is sequestered in a year by five acres of US forest lands preserved from conversion to cropland.
"We are excited to continue our partnership with Carbonfund.org," states Doug Benson, Founding Partner. "We hope that our commitment to offset our carbon footprint will serve as an example to other law firms, community associations and their vendors."
Carbonfund.org is proud to partner with Benson, Kerrane, Storz & Nelson in their ongoing efforts to maintain environmentally responsible business operations.
HDX Fit Focuses on the Health of the Human Body and Our Environment
What's one way to reduce your carbon footprint? Reduce your waistline and stay fit.
For some, this is easier said than done, but for those in Southern California, there's a Carbonfree® Business Partner that can help. Southern California-based fitness and nutrition center HDX Fit offers an integrative approach to optimal health through fitness, nutrition and lifestyle guidance with multiple HDX Fit locations around the Orange County and Los Angeles area.
Through their Carbonfree® Business Partnership, HDX Fit neutralizes its annual operational emissions each year by supporting Carbonfund.org's reforestation projects around the world. Over the past five years, HDX Fit has mitigated the negative impact of almost 380,000 pounds of greenhouse gases, equivalent to growing almost 4500 trees over a ten-year period.
"We chose to partner with Cabonfund.org because we believed that as a company, if we were to lead by example and help offset our carbon footprint, we could encourage our clients and business partners to do the same," explains Huw Lloyd Davies, owner of HDX Fit. "We believe that we all need to do our part to bring about sustainable change."
HDX Fit also donates 1% of its profits back to the planet through support of various environmental organizations. They recommend environmentally friendly household cleaning products, nutrition supplements and food that are grown organically, and environmentally renewable clothing suppliers. HDX Fit hosts seminars to help clients maintain more energy efficient and environmentally friendly homes and arrange local energy efficiency contractors for clients at a reduced rate. Many HDX Fit events take clients "outdoors" so they can develop and deepen a keen interest in both a more active lifestyle and in protecting the resources they enjoy.
HDX Fit operates on the belief that a healthy body coupled with a nourished, focused mind can achieve anything, and part of what they strive to achieve is a meaningful contribution to protecting our environment. Carbonfund.org is glad to continue our partnership with HDX Fit in these efforts.
Foster-Stephens Improves Environmental Sustainability of Wedding Gown and Heirlooms Preservation
Storing your wedding gown, vintage clothing, family heirlooms or military uniforms became more environmentally sustainable when Foster-Stephens joined the Carbonfree ® Business Partnership program last fall.
Foster-Stephens of Elk Grove Village, IL has been producing storage solutions including archival boxes, muslin garment bags and reusable/recyclable garment bags to preserve and protect wedding gowns and other family treasures since 1936. Their product line includes many styles and sizes of archival protection boxes and bags to anyone interested in preserving textiles and family heirlooms: dry cleaners, museums, designers, costume archivists, military personnel and individuals interested in preserving their heritage.
To improve their own operational sustainability and neutralize operational emissions, Foster-Stephens supports Carbonfund.org's reforestation projects around the world that help to sequester carbon dioxide and reduce carbon emissions. They also maintain recycling programs in their office and warehouse, and select products made from recyclable materials.
"We are proud of our ongoing efforts to reduce our carbon footprint," states Nancy L. Jones, President of Foster-Stephens. "Our partnership with Carbonfund.org allows us to maintain our commitment to providing the best products for protecting textiles for future generations while offsetting the carbon emissions required to provide these products."
Historical preservation is important, but it should be accomplished with minimal impact on our environment's future. Foster-Stephens is helping to achieve this goal by carefully selecting environmentally-responsible preservation packaging products and mitigating its own business emissions in partnership with Carbonfund.org.
Forever Cheese Celebrates and Strengthens its Commitment to Renewable Energy
Forever Cheese is already renowned for their commitment to sourcing the finest cheeses and specialty foods from Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Croatia and it has now been seven years since they have begun a commitment with Carbonfund to actively help the planet and further renewable energy.
"We are focused on wind and solar energy not just as a way for the future, but for now." states Michele Buster, President and Co-Founder of Forever Cheese. "We hope to be a role model for other companies, catalyzing them to support the development of renewable energy resources."
Since 1998, Michele and her business partner, Pierluigi Sini have been finding unique artisan cheeses and specialty foods to introduce into the US. They hand-select each item directly from the producers.
Some of their more famous products include Genuine Fulvi® Pecorino Romano, Rustico®, Drunken Goat®, Naked Goat®, Mitica® Marcona Almonds & Fig Almond Cake. Look for the brands Fulvi®, Sini® or Mitica® to find Forever Cheese products.
Carbonfund.org is very proud to have this great partnership with Forever Cheese to provide significant benefit to renewable energy projects around the United States along with additional support toward national reforestation projects.
"We greatly appreciate our partnership with Forever Cheese," said, Executive Director, Eric Carlson, "they are true industry leaders in their commitment to supporting renewable energy."
For more information, please visit www.forevercheese.com.
CarbonFree® Collision Repair Services in the Bay Area from Selecta Auto Body
When looking for collision repair services, most drivers will seek shops with reputations for honesty and dependability. Bay area residents can add CarbonFree® and environmentally responsible to their criteria, thanks to the steps taken by Selecta Auto Body.
Earlier this year, Selecta Auto Body made the decision to become a CarbonFree® Business Partner, neutralizing annual operational emissions by supporting Carbonfund.org's renewable energy and reforestation projects. This step followed careful decisions to reduce operational emissions and eliminate as much waste as possible in delivering auto body and detailing services.
"Our goal is to be the most reputable, dependable, honest, socially and environmentally conscious collision repair service in the United States and teaming up with Carbonfund.org is one way we can achieve it," states JR Hubbard, Owner of Selecta Auto Body.
Selecta is a Certified B Corporation and a member of San Francisco's Clean and Green Program, meeting the high environmental standards that the community expects. The company places great emphasis on selecting the most environmentally-responsible products it can find, emphasizes proper handling, storage and removal of any toxic substances, and uses energy efficient equipment in its processes.
And Selecta Auto Body seized a unique opportunity to build their new shop from the ground up. As an earth-conscious body shop, Selecta set out to examine every aspect of its operations when relocating to their new facility. They maximized natural lighting, installed high energy efficiency lighting where needed, and installed a new spray painting booth that is one of the more high-end and high-efficient models on the market. The building's electrical circuitry was updated to ensure safe and efficient operation, and the air circulation systems exceed building requirements to ensure employee and customer safety and comfort. In addition, the facility features many plants to boost the oxygen levels in the workplace and help offset the carbon dioxide and chemical air pollutants that a typical repair shop produces.
The cumulative impact of these environmentally-conscious decisions and processes enhance Selecta Auto Body's "green" operations and position the shop as a clear eco-leader in automotive services in the San Francisco area.


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Episode Plot
The time has come, for someone other than Ash to win his last gym badge. Now Ash and co. arrive at Humilau City (after they end up walking in seperate directions). From there, they meet Marlon, the gym leader of the Humilau City Gym after a big surprise when he's riding on his Wailord. Now that they're here, Cameron is ready for a Gym battle for his eighth badge. Will he win without Riolu's help? Yes.
Pokemon character
- The title of the episode is a parody of the movie "The Road to El Dorado".
- Now all members of the Oshawott evolution family belong to three trainers. Ash recieve an Oshawott in BW003: A Sandile Gusher of Change. Burgundy has a Dewott in BW019: A Connoisseur's Revenge!, and Cameron now has a Samurott.
- This also mark the third three episodes when all Pokemon evolution family belong to trainers.
- First was the Gible evolution family in DP157: Gotta Get a Gible!, DP114: Another One Gabites the Dust, and DP040: Top-Down Training!.
- The second was the Vanillite evolution family in BW034: Ash and Trip's Third Battle!, BW081: Caution: Icy Battle Conditions!, and BW083: Crisis at Ferroseed Research!.
- Who's that Pokemon?: Samurott (US).
|This article is an anime stub.
Please help the Pokémon Wiki by expanding it.
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text: With iOS 5 and iCloud, Apple cuts the cord from iTunes Technology 12 October 11 by Brian X Chen Wired.com Apple's newest mobile operating system, iOS 5, debuts Wednesday with an exhausting list of 200-plus new features. That's enough new stuff to keep you busy nerding out for weeks.Despite that, the software's focus is to cut the cord between your iOS device and your computer, so you can spend less time managing your digital content. With several interface improvements, new apps and new services, iOS 5's goal is to get us in and out of our iDevices more quickly.Of the many new items, iCloud, Notifications Center, Reminders and iMessage are the most noteworthy. They all work together to streamline the way you access and share data between multiple devices, like your computer and your iPhone, to make your digital life tidier and easier to manage.But one thing in particular makes iOS 5 feel like Apple's most ambitious mobile software update yet: iCloud. This is not Apple's first try at an online storage and synchronisation service. MobileMe, iCloud's most recent predecessor, had a buggy launch that eventually resulted in an e-mail outage affecting thousands of customers. Critics dubbed the episode "MobileMess."In his keynote speech introducing iOS 5, Steve Jobs promised that iCloud would "just work" -- but not without owning up to the embarrassing failure of MobileMe."You might ask, why should we believe them?" Jobs said. "These are the people who brought us MobileMe."The good news is that unlike MobileMe, iCloud does work fine with the key features in iOS 5, which suggests Apple may finally have a solid "cloud" solution on its hands.Snip, snip The iCloud service is integrated into some key aspects of iOS 5: photos, e-books, device backups, document storage and, of course, iTunes music.I imagine that the most popular iCloud-powered feature among customers will be PhotoStream, an option you can toggle on to automatically synchronise photos across multiple devices. This was my favorite feature of iCloud. (Yes, Microsoft did this first with Windows Phone 7 and SkyDrive, and it worked about the same.)On your iPhone, you toggle on PhotoStream and log in with your Apple ID, and then whenever you snap a picture, that same photo appears on your Mac or Windows PC through the PhotoStream channel. If you have an iPad running iOS 5, you can turn on PhotoStream and access your iPhone-taken photos there right away, too.You no longer have to plug your iOS device into a computer with a USB cord (unless you really want to). Backups and synchronisation can all happen on the device itself, as long as you've stored your data in iCloud.It's kind of like having a camera with a magic photo roll -- you snap your photo once, and you can access it immediately on multiple devices. That spares you the trouble of having to import photos manually just to see them on another screen. This also works as an automatic backup system: It's unlikely you'll lose photos in the future, because they'll be kept safe inside your PhotoStream.My main complaint is that PhotoStream only kicks in when Wi-Fi is turned on, so if you're outdoors without access to a router, you'll have to wait till you get back home to transfer the photos over Wi-Fi to your PhotoStream. That's a lame limitation, and I suspect the carriers have something to do with it.The other most useful iCloud feature is over-the-air backups for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. Just by switching on "iCloud Backup," you can automatically back up device data over the internet.Then if you lose your iPad, for example, and you take a brand-new one out of the box, you can log in to iCloud and tap "Restore from backup," and you'll have your apps, notes, calendar and everything back. I tested this on an iPad 2 running iOS 5, and it took only about 5 minutes to restore from a backup. It worked great. (Yes, this requires Wi-Fi, too.)The big picture of iCloud's over-the-air device backup and restoration is that the days of "Connect to iTunes" are over. You no longer have to plug your iOS device into a computer with a USB cord (unless you really want to). Backups and synchronisation can all happen on the device itself, as long as you've stored your data in iCloud.The other aspects of iCloud are a little less interesting, though certainly welcome. If you're reading an e-book through iBooks on your iPhone, and you create a note, you can later pop open the same book on your iPad and see the same note.Same goes for documents. Edit a Keynote presentation in the Keynote app on your iPhone, for example, and that edit will appear in Keynote app when you open the same presentation on your Mac. I was already doing this with Dropbox long before this feature's debut, so it's not very impressive to me, but it works fine.iCloud also synchronises your purchased content across devices. With iTunes music, if you buy a song through iTunes on your Mac, you can automatically download the same song onto your iPhone as well, without having to pay for it again. That's convenient, but I wish we could just store all our music on iCloud and stream the songs wirelessly instead, rather than have to download the files locally.Same goes for apps -- apps purchased on one device in the App Store can be downloaded on another iOS device through iCloud.iCloud is also integrated into the Apple calendar apps now, so when you create a calendar event, it shows up in the calendar app on your other Apple devices, too.Overall, in its current state, iCloud is mostly beneficial for people who own an Apple family of products: a Mac and at least one iOS device. I doubt Windows users will get much out of iCloud, because the only easily usable feature available to them is PhotoStream.And that's really Apple's goal: to reel you into its ecosystem with the convenience of iCloud. If you own an iPhone, now it makes more sense than ever to have a Mac and an iPad, versus a Windows PC and an Android tablet, just to take advantage of iCloud. You get 5GB of free space for iCloud. Your PhotoStream, music, apps, e-books and TV shows don't count against your free storage. Read page 2 12 Read on one page Latest on wired.co.uk


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Now I am sure their is a thread like this somewhere if not multiple ones but hey out with old in with the new right? Think it would be interesting to hear why people also like the cards too (unit,grim,or SS. Preferably not multisphere cards as well. I'll start.
Refess- Elite folrart Acolyte: One of the tankiest level 3 units in the game that gives a decent buff with 25atk and shield breaking. Works well in most solar kingdom files and you can stall off of him for awhile.
Lawtia- Crest spy: A card the iczers for 3lp that you can pretty much base an entire file off of or randomly splash in lawtia for lols. What isn't to love about chunking your opponents lp?
Gowen- Salamander: 10 dmg piercing open skill, 30atk, 2rng, level 1? Yes please
Falkow- Cyclone: Really helps keep the balanced and keeps level 2 rushes from being super strong


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News from the world of Maths
August 17, 2011
Would you like to present engaging mathematics sessions to young people? The Royal Institution of Great Britain (Ri) is offering development sessions for new Ri mathematics masterclass speakers as part of the celebration of the 30th anniversary of the programme. The network stretches from Aberdeen to Truro, including Jersey and Northern Ireland, and is ever-expanding.
August 17, 2011
Have you read any of the articles, or listened to any of the podcasts, from our project Constructing our lives: the mathematics of engineering? If yes, then please take the time to complete our 3-minute online survey about the project. It will remain open until Friday 26th August and when it's closed, one lucky participant will win a £50 voucher from Amazon.
August 11, 2011
Here's your chance to venture to the frontiers of physics using your very own computer. This week CERN began public testing of LHC@home 2.0, a project that enlists the computing power of volunteers from around the world to help simulate high-energy collisions of protons in the LHC.
August 10, 2011
A team of nanoengineers have constructed new materials that don't wrinkle when you stretch them. This makes them similar to tissue found in the human body, so they may in the future be used to repair damaged heart walls, blood vessels and skin.
August 3, 2011
Convex or concave? It's a question we usually answer just by looking at something. It's convex if it bulges outwards, and concave if it bulges inwards. But when it comes to mathematical functions, things aren't that simple. A team of computer scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have recently shown that deciding whether a mathematical function is convex can be very hard indeed.
August 3, 2011
If you live in or near Cambridge, you've got the chance to see a genuine World War II Enigma machine in action and watch the movie Enigma starring Kate Winslet and Dougray Scott afterwards!
July 27, 2011
Whatever you're planning to do tonight, cancel it! Because tonight at 9pm on BBC Two it's the first episode of Marcus du Sautoy's new series The Code. It's a three-part series about maths in the world around us, exploring anything from honeycombs to flocks of birds, nautilus shells to planetary motion.
July 27, 2011
Did you know slime mould can recreate the Tokyo subway network? Or the special connection between crickets and Kevin Bacon? Samuel Hansen does and he wants to tell you all the weird and unexpected stories from the mathematical world... but he needs your help.


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Search Swinburne Research Bank
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/202889
- Title
- Hansonism, political discourse and Australian identity
- Author(s)
- Leach, Michael
- Abstract
- Abstract not available.
- Publication type
- Book chapter
- Source
- The rise and fall of One Nation / Michael Leach, Geoff Stokes, and Ian Ward (eds.), chapter 2, pp. 42-56
- Publication year
- 2000
- Keyword(s)
- Australian identity; One Nation; Pauline Hanson (1954-); Political discourse
- Publisher
- University of Queensland Press
- 9780702231360, 0702231363
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © Compilation and Introduction. Michael Leach, Geoffrey Stokes, Ian Ward 2000. Copyright in the individual contributions remains with the authors. This book is copyright. Except for private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. Enquiries should be made to the publisher.
- Peer reviewed


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Video: Raw video of Foot Locker smash and grab
ATLANTA -- Burglars used a car to smash into an Atlanta shoe store and steal merchandise early Monday.
The robbery happened shortly before 3 a.m. at the Foot Locker on Metropolitan Parkway.
Atlanta Police dispatchers said the thieves drove a Dodge Intrepid into the front of the store, breaking a window. They got into the store through the broken window.
Atlanta Police Sgt. Greg Lyon said store security video showed the suspects backing the Dodge into the store. About 15 suspects took clothing and shoes before escaping in a getaway car, which appeared to be a dark red Chevrolet pickup truck with a bright light bar on its back end.
The Dodge used in the robbery was reported stolen out of Clayton County, Lyon said. It was found abandoned in the Foot Locker parking lot.


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The eyes of the sporting world will be focused on Indianapolis, Indiana, on February 5, 2012. This is the annual Super Bowl, the culmination of 10 months of contests among American professional football teams. It's the pinnacle of success to win the Super Bowl.
The teams in this contest are evenly matched. Both are battle-tested. Most experts point to three factors that will determine who will win the game:
Most of us are not athletes and will never make it to the Super Bowl, but these three rules are just as valid outside of the sports stadium. There are no guarantees in life and each of us will face challenges and struggles. But if we remember these three simple rules, we can all be champions.
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sounds good. But when everything is not working It is hard to focus.I`m hoping this is just a reacton to leaving home for 2 months as a vacation and putting up with life and not being in control. Getting older doesn`t help either. I think - One day at a time. And if I can see an end to the stress , it is helpful. Good article!
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47 U.S. Code § 51 to 63 - Repealed. Feb. 23, 1927, ch. 169,
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Section 51, act Aug. 13, 1912, ch. 287, § 1,37 Stat. 302, required license for operation of apparatus for radio communication and transmission of radiograms or signals, revocable for cause, described its interstate, foreign and local aspects, exempted the United States from its requirement and provided for special call letters for every Government station and penalties and forfeiture of offending apparatus. See sections 301, 305, 312, 501, and 503 of this title.
Section 52, act Aug. 13, 1912, ch. 287, § 2,37 Stat. 303, related to form of license, United States citizenship of licensee, and contents of license, including statement of restrictions, ownership, location, purpose, wave length, and hours for work of station, subjection to rules and regulations and to closing by the President in time of war, public peril or disaster or Government use or control with payment of just compensation. See sections 307 to 309 of this title.
Section 53, act Aug. 13, 1912, ch. 287, § 3,37 Stat. 303, required that operators of radio apparatus be licensed, provided for one year period of suspension of license for noncompliance with rules and regulations, declared the employment of unlicensed operators to be unlawful and provided penalty therefor and authorized the issuance of temporary permits in emergencies by collector of customs to operators on a vessel. See sections 308 and 318 of this title.
Section 54, act Aug. 13, 1912, ch. 287, § 4,37 Stat. 304, subjected private and commercial stations to certain specific regulations, provided for enforcement and waiver of regulations, for grant of special temporary licenses to conduct radio tests and experiments, and prescribed general penalty for violation of regulations and reduction and remittance of such penalty and suspension or revocation of license. The Regulations, numbered First-Nineteenth, related to: (1) normal wave length; (2) other wave lengths; (3) use of a pure wave; (4) use of a sharp wave; (5) use of a standard distress wave; (6) signal of distress; (7) use of broad interfering wave for distress signals (see section 321 (a) of this title); (8) distance requirement for distress signals; (9) right of way for distress signals (see section 321 (b) of this title); (10) reduced power for ships near a Government station; (11) intercommunication (see section 322 of this title); (12) division of time (see section 323 (a) of this title); (13) Government stations to observe divisions of time (see section 323 (b) of this title); (14) use of unnecessary power (see section 324 of this title); (15) general restrictions on private stations; (16) special restrictions in the vicinities of Government stations; (17) ship stations to communicate with nearest shore stations; (18) limitations for future installations in vicinities of Government stations; (19) secrecy of messages and penalty for violations (see sections 501 and 605 of this title). See also sections 502 and 504 of this title.
Section 55, act Aug. 13, 1912, ch. 287, § 5,37 Stat. 308, required license to prescribe that operator shall not willfully or maliciously interfere with any other radio communications and provided penalty for such violations. See sections 308 and 501 of this title.
Section 56, act Aug. 13, 1912, ch. 287, § 6,37 Stat. 308, defined radio communication. See section 153 of this title.
Section 57, act of Aug. 13, 1912, ch. 287, § 7,37 Stat. 308, prohibited uttering or transmitting false or fraudulent signals and prescribed penalty therefor. See sections 325 and 501 of this title.
Section 58, act Aug. 13, 1912, ch. 287, § 8,37 Stat. 308, related to restriction of use of apparatus for radio communication on foreign ships. See section 306 of this title.
Section 59, act Aug. 13, 1912, ch. 287, § 9,37 Stat. 308, related to jurisdictions of offenses. See section 505 of this title.
Section 60, act Aug. 13, 1912, ch. 287, § 10,37 Stat. 308, declared radiotelegraph provisions to be inapplicable to Philippine Islands. See section 152 of this title.
Section 61, act June 5, 1920, ch. 269, § 1,41 Stat. 1061, related to use of Government-owned radio stations and apparatus for official business, compass reports, and safety of ships. See section 305 of this title.
Section 62, acts June 5, 1920, ch. 269, § 2,41 Stat. 1061; Apr. 14, 1922, ch. 132, 42 Stat. 495; Feb. 28, 1925, ch. 378, 43 Stat. 1091, related to use of Naval stations for commercial messages and rates thereof. See section 327 of this title.
Section 63, act June 5, 1920, ch. 269, § 3,41 Stat. 1061, declared radiotelegraph provisions to be applicable to Government owned stations, except as otherwise provided therein. See section 305 of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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[nggallery id=24]
There were some pretty fabulous celebrities who made it out to the Giorgio Armani/Vanity Fair private dinner in Los Angeles last night. From Camilla Bella to Rashida Jones, Rachel Zoe, Katie Holmes (sans Tom Cruise), Jessica Alba and Amber Heard to hunky men including Mark Wahlberg, Josh Hartnett, Adam Brody and Chord Overstreet, attendees hung out with hosts Roberta Armani, Krista Smith and Emma Stone for a celebratory night of fabulosity.
Check out the gallery of photos of the stars who stopped by for the seemingly "posh" event. Chord Overstreet told WWD of his exclusive invite alongside fellow Glee star Darren Criss, "We haven't been to many of these." Criss added, "Yeah, I'm scared to touch anything here. I noticed there are little spray bottles in the bathroom. I think they might be for wiping people's fingerprints off of anything." Sounds like a bit of a stuffy event. Here's hoping that after a few glasses of very expensive wine that some of the big dogs let their hair down.
I'm thinking it is safe to say that everyone in attendance was wearing Armani. I thought it was cute that Jessica Alba basically tried to get us all to tell her she doesn't look fat by saying, "I couldn't fit into any Armani samples yet because I'm still nursing. This is actually my first night out wearing tight black pants. We'll see how I do."
She seemed to do well. Girl, you look like a got damn fox! There. I said it.
Images via Wireimage.com


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26 U.S. Code § 522 - Repealed.
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Section, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 177, related to tax on farmers' cooperatives.
Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal applicable, except as otherwise provided, to taxable years of organizations described in section 1381 (a) of this title beginning after Dec. 31, 1962, see section 17(c) ofPub. L. 87–834, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1381 of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Posted on 8/29/2013
Judy Speas
The Forsyth County Board of Elections will hold a regular meeting on Tuesday, September 3, 2013 at 6:00 PM in Meeting Room A located on the fourth floor of the Forsyth County Government Center, 201 N. Chestnut Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101. The agenda will include the review of returned absentee ballots.
Please contact the Board of Elections office at (336) 703-2800 if you have questions regarding the meeting.
201 North Chestnut Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
(336) 703-2800
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FALLS CHURCH, Va. (WUSA) -- Tonight's USA Today Game of the Week is between Stuart High School and Falls Church High School in Fairfax County, and it's not not your ordinary football game. This match-up marks another year in a rivalry that started before any of today's players were even born. It's called the Bell Game.
The Stuart Raiders have had it for the past two years, but the Falls Church Jaguars want it back. "It" is a bell, and the the prize up for grabs in tonight's game. Students at each school have been competing for the bell for more than 50 years.
PHOTOS: Falls Church And Stuart Prepare For The Bell Game
"'Don't lose the bell.' When I got hired that's the only thing the principal asked me to do ... She goes: 'Don't lose the bell,'" said Stuart head football coach Roy Ferri.
At Falls Church, the importance of the match-up is the same.
"This is the
most important game of the year," said Jaguars head coach Said Aziz.
Per school history, the bell came from the USS Jeb Stuart and became the centerpiece of this decades old rivalry. The winner gets to keep the bell all year long. The rivalry began in 1960 when a Falls Church assistant principal left to become principal of the newly opened J.E.B. Stuart High School and suggested the friendly football competition.
"It's just something great to play for at the end [of the season], no matter [what], it's something to look forward to," said Stuart senior Hector Fernandez, who will be playing in the third bell game of his high school career.
Bragging rights for the school and the community are on the line.
"Kids always talk about the bell. When I go to shoppers over here, I'll have a random person walk up to me and say, 'Coach, you going to get the bell back this year?'" said Aziz.
Stuart has had possession of the bell 32 times, Falls Church, 19. There was one tie, but something everybody takes ownership of in this game is the spirit of competition, sportsmanship and wholesome rivalry.


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Want to know where the most winning lottery tickets in Tampa Bay are sold? Click here!
USA- Today --The Florida sun was shining a little bit brighter Sunday on an unidentified person who beat odds of 175 million-to-1 on a Powerball ticket worth $590.5 million, the largest jackpot in the game's history.
The lucky numbers in Saturday night's drawing were 10, 13, 14, 22 and 52, with a Powerball of 11. A mob of media and the curious amassed Sunday outside the Zephyr Commons Publix supermarket, in the Tampa suburb of Zephyrhills, where the winning ticket was sold.
Inside, a manager said the enthusiasm of the moment was muted, even as rumors swirled that an employee might have won.
"We're kind of excited that someone bought the ticket here, but we still have work to do," said Amanda, a manager who declined to provide her last name.
Joan Albertson, 64, a Zephyrhills resident and retiree, said she had heard the whispers that a Publix employee had not shown up for work Sunday, fueling talk in the city of about 13,000 that the winner worked there.
Albertson, who had purchased five tickets at a gas station across the street from the Publix, said that would be fine with her.
"I can't wait to find out who won," she said. "I am happy for them. We'll keep buying tickets - just because somebody else here wins doesn't mean we can't get lucky, too."
The winner can claim a lump sum of more than $370 million.
"This would be the sixth Florida Powerball winner," Florida Lottery executive Cindy O'Connell said. "We're delighted right now that we have the sole winner."
She said Florida has had more Powerball winners than any other state but did not give any indication whether anyone had stepped forward with the winning ticket in Saturday's drawing.
The jackpot barely beat out Powerball's previous record jackpot of $587.5 million that drew two winning tickets just last year. The largest U.S. jackpot was a $656 million from a Mega Millions drawing in 2012.
Consolation prizes from Saturday's drawing were making people rich, too. Tickets worth $2 million each were sold in New York state and South Carolina. And 33 people in 17 states will pocket a cool $1 million. Six of them were sold in New York state.
Powerball tickets are sold in 43 states plus Washington, D.C., and the U.S. Virgin Islands.


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Going Green Is More Than Just Good PR
Going green has long been considered a luxury, something groups and individuals only do when they can afford it. And in our current economic climate, it would seem that almost no one can. But being environmentally friendly and fiscally responsible are not mutually exclusive imperatives, as the following examples show.


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Add authenticity to your layout or diorama with Woodland Scenics trees, foliage, water, figures, and more.
Available in a variety of sizes, colors, and formats, these realistic scenery pieces have been designed to meet the specialized needs of architectural modelers, as well as students of architecture, landscaping, and interior design.
Turf, Coarse and Fine — Add texture and highlights to trees and scenery with turf. Fine turf can be used to model grasses, weeds, and dirt roads. Coarse turf can be used to model low grasses, leaves, and weeds, in addition to providing a smooth transition between
Green Grass — ReadyGrass Vinyl Mat is ideal for model train layouts, architectural models, school projects, arts and crafts, slot cars, collectible houses, military models, and more. This durable vinyl grass mat is moldable,
Ripplin' Water Kit — The Ripplin' Water Accent Kit can be used to enhance a diorama or display with still or moving water. It includes everything needed to create water details, including rapids, waterfalls, and frozen water. The kit includes realistic water, water effects, water undercoat, a foam brush, a stick, release paper, and instructions.
® Woodland Scenics is a registered trademark.


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The Power of Independent Thinking
Hot Talk and Cold Science of Global Warming
Recorded: Thursday, July 14, 2011
Part 1 |
Part 2
Based on the latest research, renowned astrophysicist Fred Singer will separate fact from fiction in this raging global warming debate.
Experts: S. Fred Singer, David J. TherouxType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Environment
David Theroux on the Arizona Immigration Law
Recorded: Thursday, July 15, 2010
David Theroux discusses the Arizona immigration law on The Neil Asbury Show.
Experts: David J. TherouxType: RadioIssues: Crime, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Immigration, Law Enforcement