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Voice Actors:
Lurius Liore: Daniel Coffey
Alberthor: David Bodtcher
Theodyn Bienne: Tim Morgan
Vulthurkrah: Andrew Miller
The East Empire Company has commissioned the Dragonborn to slay a dragon that is interrupting trade routes throughout Skyrim. But is the dragon stirring up trouble with a particular reason and is there something more sinister behind it?
A fully-voiced Skyrim quest mod that takes you to a new large island similar to Solstheim for you to explore.
The quest begins for players at level 10 and above after you have been summoned by the Greybeards in the main quest line. Theodyn Bienne, an imperial courier, will track you down starting from the Bannered Mare in Whiterun and will deliver to you an important message. The task seems simple enough; slay a dragon that's stirring up trouble. But things don't go that easily...
Installation Instructions
1. Unzip the contents of Wyrmstooth.zip to your Skyrim Data folder. Below is a list of the default Skyrim installation locations:
C:\Program Files\Steam\steamapps\common\skyrim\data
or for 64-bit Windows:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\skyrim\data
2. Confirm you have the following files in your Skyrim Data folder:
3. Run the Skyrim Launcher and make sure Wyrmstooth.esp appears in Data Files and has a tick next to it.
4. Start the game.
5. To begin the quest, wait for Theodyn Bienne to find you or speak to Lurius Liore at the Bannered Mare in Whiterun.
Q. OK i've loaded the mod. How does the questline begin?
A. The quest begins as soon as you load the mod, as long as you've already been summoned by the Greybeards and you're at least level 10 or above. An imperial courier named Theodyn Bienne will track you down and starts from the Bannered Mare in Whiterun. You should run into him if you head towards Whiterun using any of the main roads. Alternatively he should be able to find you if you wait for 24 hours in any of the major cities. Regardless of where you are in the world, he should find you eventually.
Q. I just can't find Theodyn Bienne. Is there any other way forward?
A. You can jump-start the questline by speaking directly to Lurius Liore in the Bannered Mare in Whiterun so long as you meet the quest per-requisites, ie: player level 10 and have at least been summoned by the Greybeards in the main quest. Lurius shouldn't leave this location so you should be able to find him easily.
Q. Whenever I exit Wyrmstooth Barrow through the main entrance, I end up in a blank world.
A. Make sure Wyrmstooth.ini was copied to the Data folder. A fix for this problem was included in this file which should be loaded with the mod.
Q. Previously I disabled grass, but this mod seems to enable it again.
A. A bug seems to prevent grass and from appearing in Worldspaces included in user mods. The fix is included in the Wyrmstooth.ini file however if you do not want to see grass due to performance issues, change bAllowCreateGrass=1 to bAllowCreateGrass=0. This file should be located in the Data folder of your Skyrim install directory.
Q. Lurius Liore and the mercenaries just stand around at the docks in Wyrmstooth. Nothing seems to be happening.
A. Under certain conditions, a cutscene initiated by Lurius at the docks fails to trigger. As a workaround, if you go back inside the Red Wave and sleep it will advance the quest. Lurius and the mercenaries will now be waiting for you in the barrow in Wyrmstooth. A quest marker will point the way to their current location.
Q. How do I get back to Skyrim once I defeat the dragon?
A. Sleeping in any bed on the Red Wave should take you back to Skyrim. On rare instances the door may still take you back to Wyrmstooth. If that happens, sleep again and it should switch the doors to take you back to the docks in Solitude. Using this bed you can travel between Wyrmstooth and Skyrim as you wish should you want to return to Wyrmstooth to continue exploring the island.
Email: [email protected]
deviantART page: http://soberdreamer.deviantart.com
Skyrim Nexus: http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/25704
- Date created
- Dec 07, 2012


text:
| User:Nobbel
|Welcome to WoWWiki!
Hello, Nobbel, and welcome to WoWWiki, the Warcraft wiki! Thanks for your edit to the "Video:How to: Thrusting Odir's Spear" page, and we heartily encourage you to continue contributing!
Some links you may find useful:
We hope you enjoy editing here and being a WoWWikian!
Please leave a message on my talk page if I can help with anything! -- Gourra (Talk) 12:21, 11 June 2009
Pleae explain the edits where you removed content especially videos
If you have some reasonable explanations, you won't be banned. Regardless, please stop removing content without at least an edit summary. Consider this your first and probably only warning. -- Fandyllic (talk · contr) 26 Feb 2011 11:43 PM Pacific
Thanks for adding videos, but please put section lower on page
Please try to put Youtube videos in a
== Videos == section just above
== Patches and hotfixes == (or
== Patch changes ==). -- Fandyllic (talk · contr) 24 Oct 2011 3:04 PM Pacific
Ow sorry, will do in the future!
Adding videos
I guess I can take this since I already changed it . You were very close with uploading that solo hard mode video. All I did was remove the File tag, the size specification and the position. If you look at my edit, you can see how the video should look. Also it is important to place it in the gallery section. Macrophager (talk) 15:25, January 14, 2013 (UTC)
- Just to expand on this, since it looks like you've discovered the Video module already in the "add features" section and you happen to run across pages every now and again where yours is the only vid contribution. You can have a gallery-less upload in that case. The edit you did to the XT-002 Deconstructor page is a good example, but you would have to add {{clrl}} after the file to line everything up correctly on the page. It's usually best to have it around 300px, too. As Ryan pointed out, though, if there are multiple vids, then using a gallery is the right option for that. Raylan13 (talk) 01:21, January 15, 2013 (UTC)
Hey Nobbel, I just wanted to express my appreciation for adding those solo videos to the pages. They definitely add quite a bit of value now that much of the former content is solo-able. Macrophager (talk) 20:45, January 19, 2013 (UTC)
- You're most welcome! Just a heads up, I noticed that you uploaded the same video multiple times for different pages (It's frustratingly impossible to find a video in the search section XD), so I took the liberty of linking all of the pages to what I believe is the original uploaded video. I marked the remaining videos for deletion. Just wanted to give you a heads up. Again, thank you for uploading those solo encounters for the various bosses (I find them incredibly helpful). Macrophager (talk) 01:34, March 4, 2013 (UTC)
- I think what you are doing is fine. If you plan on posting the same video on multiple pages, I would suggest you post it on one page, then go back into that same page and copy the video link, and use that for the other pages. Does that make sense? (I think I worded it weird). Macrophager (talk) 02:00, March 4, 2013 (UTC)
- if you have any other questions, or if something's being weird let me know. I'm here to help! Macrophager (talk) 14:22, March 4, 2013 (UTC)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Detroit, Michigan Medical Malpractice Lawyer answers:
I think that my doctor made an error in treating me. How can I prove it?
Law Firm Infoif ($row['redirect'] == 'Y') {include('includes/elements/redirect_info_Y.php');} elseif ($row['redirect'] == 'N' AND ($page == "topic" OR $page == "video")) {include('includes/elements/redirect_info_N.php');} elseif ($row['redirect'] == 'N') {include('includes/elements/redirect_info_N.php');} ?>
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About Our Firm
Located in Southfield, Michigan, the Law Office of Sheldon L. Miller, P.C. provides legal services to residents of the Detroit and Southeastern Michigan. Our Personal Injury and Medical Malpractice lawyers have diligently served the community for more than three decades. We realize the anger and outrage that follows an injustice, and when that injustice involves the harming of you or a loved one, emotions can run high. This is why our professional staff fights not only for your peace of mind, but also for just compensation.
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The Michigan lawyer(s) at Law Office of Sheldon L. Miller, P.C. offer their Medical Malpractice Law services to residents of Wayne, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Macomb counties and the cities and towns of Detroit, Dearborn, Livonia, Westland, Inkster, Plymouth, Highland Park, Royal Oak, Warren, Southfield, Troy, Grosse Point, Farmington, Farmington Hills, Bloomfield, Bloomfield Hills, Pontiac, Rochester Hills, Clinton Township, Shelby, Novi, Sterling Heights, Ann Arbor, Oakland, Hamtramck, Waterford, and St. Clair Shores.


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Credit: © Frederick M. Brown/Getty Images
Mindy Kaling (Sep 23rd, 2012)
Stylist Luke Chamberlain created a soft and romantic look through voluminous hair to complement Mindy Kaling's 70s inspired gown at the Emmys.
Styling Tip
Step 1: Starting with damp hair, apply Matrix Biolage Volumizing Mousse section by section throughout.
Step 2: Add a small amount of Biolage ExquisiteOil Replenishing Treatment. Then blow dry the hair with a medium boar bristle round brush sealing in the oil and mousse, achieving healthy body with tons of shine.
Step 3: Use a 1" barrel curling iron, wrapping hair in a figure eight pattern. Continuing this technique with all sections throughout the hair, later placing the curls in 1-inch velcro curlers while allowing to cool.
Step 4: Remove the rollers and brush out the hair creating lush and voluminous waves.
Step 5: Finish off the look with Matrix Total Results Amplify Hairspray to lock in volume.Try on celebrity hairstyles in the Makeover Studio!


text:
My opinion on grimoires in this game is that it should always be better to field some units and support them with grimoires-rather then spam to win with grimoires.
So grimoire dependent units-Mirelia or Mikasha for example-should have some support to prevent their grims from being baned (and they do, they're just not effective). That's why when I see stuff like Mystic talisman or sumerlana demolish a grim heavy file, I have 0 sympathy for the grimoire user. Grimoire oriented decks are gimmicky and should not be consistent based upon the idea that they are meant to be used as support for an existing friendly field-they aren't supposed to win the game for you flat out. I think we could improve or introduce more methods to protect against it, so certain files aren't totally invalidated (grim-dependent units, as I mentioned previously).
I approach Alteil's design and balance with these ideas in mind.


text:
March 20, 2012 | Zurich, Switzerland | Hotel Novotel Zurich Airport Messe
MEMS Industry Group is pleased to announce MEMS Executive Congress® Europe. The European edition of MEMS Executive Congress explores the global connection of the MEMS supply chain. This one-day executive event features an opening presentation by MIG Managing Director Karen Lightman, panels, keynote speakers, and a special dinner at ETH Zurich. MEMS Executive Congress Europe is conveniently co-located with Smart Systems Integration 2012.


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During halftime of the Sunday Night Football game between the Washington Redskins and the Dallas Cowboys, NBC announcer Bob Costas took the microphone and delivered a talk on how he believes the Redskins' name is an "insult" and a "slur."
Costas began by saying he didn't believe anyone in the Redskins organization had any ill-will towards Native Americans, which we doubt few people would argue. Then Costas discussed the difference between the Redskins' name and other teams like the Braves, Chiefs and Warriors, and closed by making it clear: He believes the Redskins should change their name.
Here is the full transcript of his speech:
With Washington playing Dallas here tonight, it seems like an appropriate time to acknowledge the ongoing controversy about the name "Redskins."
Let's start here. There is no reason to believe that owner Daniel Snyder, or any official or player from his team, harbors animus toward Native Americans or wishes to disrespect them. This is undoubtedly also true of the vast majority of those who don't think twice about the longstanding moniker. And in fact, as best can be determined, even a majority of Native Americans say they are not offended.
But, having stipulated that, there's still a distinction to be made. Objections to names like "Braves," "Chiefs," "Warriors," and the like strike many of us as political correctness run amok. These nicknames honor, rather than demean. They are pretty much the same as "Vikings," "Patriots," or even "Cowboys." And names like "Blackhawks," "Seminoles," and "Chippewas," while potentially more problematic, can still be okay provided the symbols are appropriately respectful - which is where the Cleveland Indians with the combination of their name and "Chief Wahoo" logo have sometimes run into trouble.
A number of teams, mostly in the college ranks, have changed their names in response to objections. The Stanford Cardinal and the Dartmouth Big Green were each once the Indians; the St. John's Redmen have become the Red Storm, and the Miami of Ohio Redskins - that's right, Redskins - are now the Red Hawks.
Still, the NFL franchise that represents the nation's capital has maintained its name. But think for a moment about the term "Redskins," and how it truly differs from all the others. Ask yourself what the equivalent would be, if directed toward African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, or members of any other ethnic group.
When considered that way, "Redskins" can't possibly honor a heritage, or noble character trait, nor can it possibly be considered a neutral term. It's an insult, a slur, no matter how benign the present-day intent. It is fair to say that for a long time now, and certainly in 2013, no offense has been intended. But, if you take a step back, isn't it clear to see how offense "might" legitimately be taken?


text:
Written By Appalachian State Sports Information Dept.
PHILADELPHIA - Appalachian State University senior quarterback Jamal Londry-Jackson (Atlanta, Ga./North Atlanta) and sophomore wide receiver Sean Price (Reston, Va./South Lakes) are included on the initial watch list for the 2013 Walter Payton Award.
The Payton Award is presented annually to the nation's most outstanding player in NCAA Division I FCS.
Appalachian State is one of only two schools with multiple representatives on the 20-player Payton watch list (Eastern Illinois being the other). Londry-Jackson and Price are two of three Southern Conference representatives on the list (Georgia Southern quarterback Jerick McKinnon being the other).
Londry-Jackson was a finalist for the 2012 Payton Award, finishing 14th in balloting for the 26th installment of the award. He led the SoCon and ranked seventh nationally last season in both passing yards (3,278) and total offense (3,606 yards). The 3,278 passing yards were just 13 yards shy of the school record of 3,291 set by Armanti Edwards in 2009, when he became the only two-time winner of the Payton Award.
In just 10 games last season, Price set NCAA Division I FCS freshman records with 81 receptions and 1,196 receiving yards, shattering the previous records of 71 receptions (set by Cal State Northridge's Drew Amerson in 1999) and 1,073 yards (set by Marshall's Randy Moss in 1996). He was the 2012 SoCon Freshman of the Year, a first-team all-conference and all-America honoree, placed third in balloting for the Jerry Rice Award (The Sports Network's National Freshman of the Year) and was named College Sports Journal's national co-Freshman of the Year.
Appalachian State has had at least one finalist for the Payton Award each of the last nine seasons. Edwards claimed the honor in 2008 and '09 and remains the only two-time winner in the 26-year history of the award. This season is the last chance for a Mountaineer to claim the school's third Payton Award, as Appalachian State has accepted an invitation to join the Sun Belt and NCAA Division I FBS on July 1, 2014.
The 27th-annual Payton Award will be presented on Dec. 16, 2013 in Philadelphia.
Appalachian State Sports Information Dept.


text: International & Off-Campus Programs Study Abroad (Undergraduate and Graduate) See the world from a completely different perspective. Return with new skills that can't be learned on campus. Set yourself apart from other job seekers in a very competitive job market. Go places. International Students Support, empower, and promote international students, who enrich the education of domestic students. International Researchers & Scholars IOCP (International & Off-Campus Programs) handles all immigration support and other related items. Resources for Hamline Faculty & Staff Employment information, a checklist, and an application for departments hosting international researchers and scholars. International Student's Parents / Guardians Welcome to Hamline University! Hamline is dedicated to preparing compassionate citizens of the world by helping students maximize their intellectual, creative, and leadership potential. To that end, we are preparing a new generation of "globalists"—leaders who will bridge the differences between people and nations in an effort to build a more peaceful and sustainable world. We are excited to have your son or daughter participate in one of our programs, either short- or long-term, and ask that you encourage and support your student on his/her journey. At Hamline, we are dedicated to offering students a quality program to address their academic, professional, and personal goals. During orientation, we will provide students with the information needed to launch their study abroad experience in the USA. Please ask your student to share these materials with you. These students, your son or daughter included, are about to become part of a program that will be transformative not only for them, but for everyone they come in contact with. If you have any questions or issues regarding your child please feel free to contact us. Sincerely, Kari Richtsmeier, Ph.D Director, International and Off-Campus Programs Hamline University


text:
Census 2010 is the most recent decennial census, which generates population counts by age, sex, race/ethnicity, for people living in households and "group quarters," as well as counts of housing units, both occupied and vacant.
The decennial (every 10 year) U.S. Census aims to count every resident in the United States. It is mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution and has been taking place since 1790. The data collected by the decennial census determine the number of seats each state has in the U.S. House of Representatives and is also used to direct the distribution of federal funds. The results of each decennial census are also used by states for redistricting. Redistricting is when state officials realign congressional and state legislative districts, taking into account population shifts since the last census and assuring equal representation for their constituents.
Users should note that the 2000 decennial census was the last recent census that contained both a short form (given to all of the population) and a long form (given to just a sample, or portion, of the population). Historically, the long form generated the data regarding detailed social, economic and housing characteristics. However, these data are now collected by the ongoing American Community Survey and were not asked in the 2010 decennial census. Learn more about the American Community Survey (ACS). ACS data are featured in various places in our Data By Topic section. Click here to review the 10 questions that appeared on the 2010 Census form and learn about the purpose of each question or here to download a copy of the questionnaire.
We've catalogued some of the most popular datasets from the 2010 decennial census in the tabs below. Additional tools for locating data 2010 decennial data follow.
Census 2010 Interactive Population Map
This interactive map allows users to view Census 2010 counts for total population, race and Hispanic groups, age, sex, and housing status for geographies down to the block level.
Census 2010 Interactive Population Search
This interactive tool allows users to view Census 2010 counts for total population, race and Hispanic groups, age, sex, and housing status for states, counties, and places (cities and towns).
Minnesota Compass, a project of Wilder Research, features thousands of interactive graphs, maps, and tables for MN geographies. Its Demographics Topic section is rich with decennial data on total population, race and ethnicity, and age data, often dating back to the 1950 or 1960 decennial census. By using the dropdown menus in the gray banner above any graph, users can change geographies, further disaggregate data by subgroups, view data tables, or download data in a CSV file. Geographic profiles contain popular 2000 decennial data points compared more recent data.
Social Explorer allows users to interact with maps and tables featuring various decennial census data back to the original 1790 census at no charge. Geographies and topics available vary by year. Additional data and features are available through a paid subscription (check with your local academic or public library for availability).
National Historic Geographic Information System (NHGIS)
NHGIS, a project of the University of Minnesota Population Center, provides free aggregate census data and GIS-compatible boundary files for volumes of decennial data back to 1790 as well as the more recent American Community Survey data. Users have to create a free account to extract data. Statistical software not required; Microsoft Excel will suffice.
Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS-USA)
IPUMS-USA, a project of the University of Minnesota Population Center, provides free, anonymized individual record census data ("microdata") samples for volumes of decennial data back to 1850 as well as the more recent American Community Survey data. The data may be tabulated by advanced users for geographies down to the Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA) level, which contain at least 100,000 people. Users have to create a free account to tabulate data online or extract data. Statistical software required for extracts.


text:
Gardens and Natural Areas
You can explore the wonders of the Garden by walking or by taking a tram. Tram tours include a panoramic overview or the intimate view of the gardens of the main island. To enhance your visit, download our smartphone app or check out our Garden map.
Please note: the Native Plant Garden is closed for construction. We apologize for any inconvience.


text:
A faucet featuring Touch2O® Technology calls for a step-by-step how-to. Get the DIY goods in this video
Jump to navigation
This step-by-step video walks you through the easy process of installing a water-efficient toilet.
A faucet featuring Touch2O® Technology calls for a step-by-step how-to. Get the DIY goods in this video
If you're dealing with reduced flow of water, your shower or faucet aerator may be the culprit. Mark Oliver, handyman extraordinaire, has a quick fix
They say the hardest part of putting in a new faucet is getting rid of the old one. Delta's Mark Oliver shows us that the most time-consuming step is clearing out the cabinet.
It's called "flushing the lines," and it not only gets rid of debris, it stops sputtering, noise and uneven flow.
Step one: Turn off the water. If you can get that far, chances are that replacing your faucet is within your powers. Mark Oliver delivers the step-by-step details.
This step-by-step video walks you through the easy process of installing a water-efficient toilet.
Delta's in-house handyman, Mark Oliver, stars in this step-by-step faucet installation video. It's the next best thing to being a plumber's apprentice.
It's as easy as remembering red for hot, blue for cold. Well, almost. Watch this video to learn how to install a Delta bathroom faucet.
Fasten your seatbelt: This project isn't for the weak of spirit. But if you're game for a serious job, we've got the step-by-step video and tools for you.
When that drip, drip, drip threatens to send you over the edge, some people call the plumber. And some people (you know who you are) get out their tools and tackle it themselves. In this video, Delta's own Mr. Fix-it, Mark Oliver, demonstrates how to repair a leaky faucet.
Switching out an old showerhead for a new one is so simple, you'll want to do it in every bathroom.
Reserve your next Saturday afternoon for this six-step project. Watch the video for installation steps and tools.
What does it take to demonstrate the power of Delta's In2ition showerhead? Five body painters and 15 models. Watch what happens as they join forces.


text:
April 16, 2012
Michael Langston
A.J. Turman couldn't make it to Florida State's spring game, but he did spend some time talking with FSU coaches on Monday. Find out more about his visit. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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Great Schism
(a basis for further cleanup)
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:''This article
:''This article the schism between what is now called Catholicism and Orthodoxy. For the schism between Rome and Avignon, see the Wikipedia article, '[[w:Western Schism|Western Schism]]'.''
The '''Great Schism''' is the historic sundering of eucharistic relations between the [[Church of Rome|See of Rome]] (now the [[Roman Catholic Church]]) and the sees of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem (now the Orthodox Church).
The '''Great Schism'''is the historic sundering of eucharistic relations between the [[Church of Rome|See of Rome]] (now the [[Roman Catholic Church]]) and the sees of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem (now the Orthodox Church).
This the of many on
== Terminology ==
== Terminology ==
In Western circles, the term ''Great Schism'' is often used to refer to the 14th century schism involving the Avignon [[Papacy]] (an event also sometimes called the 'Western Schism', 'Papal Schism' or 'Babylonian Captivity').
In Western circles, the term ''Great Schism'' is often used to refer to the 14th century schism involving the Avignon [[Papacy]] (an event also sometimes called the 'Western Schism', 'Papal Schism' or 'Babylonian Captivity').
To distinguish from that event, some historians prefer the term ''Great Ecumenical Schism'' to explain succinctly what happened and to capture the complexity of the event itself.
To distinguish from that event, some historians prefer the term ''Great Ecumenical Schism'' to explain succinctly what happened and to capture the complexity of the event itself.
Other more recent historians prefer the term
Other more recent historians prefer the term East-West Schism, because 'Ecumenical' properly means of Constantinople or of the Eastern Roman Empire. The schism involved more than just Constantinople, or the Byzantine Empire. It included both East and West , and was between East and West .
work in the , the
been the of the was
that as as
Romethe of the [[]],
was a
between the and
a faith., as as
this [[]] , is
a .
''Filioque'' is a word that changes the Latin version of the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] to include the wording ''[Spiritus Sanctus] qui ex Patre '''Filioque''' procedit'' or "[Holy Spirit] who proceeds from the Father '''and the Son'''."
''Filioque'' is a word that changes the Latin version of the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] to include the wording ''[Spiritus Sanctus] qui ex Patre '''Filioque''' procedit'' or "[Holy Spirit] who proceeds from the Father '''and the Son'''."
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It should also be noted that St. Leo the Great, Pope of Rome, and many other pre-schism Popes disagreed with the decision of the Toledo Council, one even going so far as to engraving the Creed without the Filioque on the doors of St. Peter's Basilica.
It should also be noted that St. Leo the Great, Pope of Rome, and many other pre-schism Popes disagreed with the decision of the Toledo Council, one even going so far as to engraving the Creed without the Filioque on the doors of St. Peter's Basilica.
the [[]] .
the Schism , has the . to and , and .
at and
== Quotes ==
== Quotes ==
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== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Photius the Great]]
* [[Filioque]]
*[[Michael Cerularius]]
* [[Photius the Great]]
* [[Michael Cerularius]]
== References ==
== References ==
*[[Laurent Cleenewerck]], ''His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches'' (Lulu.com, 2008 ISBN 978-0615183619)
*[[Laurent Cleenewerck]], ''His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches'' (Lulu.com, 2008 ISBN 978-0615183619)
*[[Vladimir Lossky]], ''The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church'' (SVS Press, 1997 ISBN 978-0913836316)
*[[Vladimir Lossky]], ''The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church'' (SVS Press, 1997 ISBN 978-0913836316)
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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.orthodox.org.ph/content/view/211/50/ East-West Schism
[[Category:Church History]]
[[Category:Church History]]
Revision as of 18:02, December 12, 2008
- This article concerns the schism between what is now called Catholicism and Orthodoxy. For the schism between Rome and Avignon, see the Wikipedia article, 'Western Schism'. This article needs extensive cleanup and may need modification to comply with OrthodoxWiki's requirements as to form and content.
The East-West Schism, or the Great Schism, is the historic sundering of eucharistic relations between the See of Rome (now the Roman Catholic Church) and the sees of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem (now the Orthodox Church). It divided medieval Mediterranean Christendom into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.[1] Pope Leo IX and Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius heightened the conflict by suppressing Greek and Latin in their respective domains. In 1054, Roman legates traveled to Cerularius to deny him the title Ecumenical Patriarch and to insist that he recognize the Church of Rome's claim to be the head and mother of the churches.[1] Cerularius refused. The leader of the Latin contingent excommunicated Cerularius, while Cerularius in return excommunicated the legates.[1]
The Western legate's acts are of doubtful validity because Leo had died, while Cerularius's excommunication applied only to the legates personally.[1] Still, the Church split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographical lines, and the fundamental breach has never been healed. Western cruelty during the Crusades, the capture and sack of Constantinople in 1204, and the imposition of Latin Patriarchs made reconciliation more difficult.[1]This included the taking of many precious religious artifacts and the destruction of the Library of Constantinople. On paper, the two churches actually reunited in 1274 (by the Second Council of Lyon) and in 1439 (by the Council of Florence), but in each case the councils were repudiated by the Orthodox as a whole, on the grounds that the hierarchs had overstepped their authority in consenting to reunification. In 1484, 31 years after the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, a Synod of Constantinople repudiated the Union of Florence, making the breach between the Patriarchate of the West and the Patriarchate of Constantinople final.[1] In 1965, the Pope of Rome and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople nullified the anathemas of 1054.[1] Further attempts to reconcile the two bodies are ongoing.
A schism is a break in the Church's authority structure and communion and is different from a heresy, which means false doctrine. Church authorities have long recognized that even if their minister is in schism, the sacraments, except the power to ordain,citation needed are valid . There have been many other schisms, from the 2nd century until today, but none as significant as the one between East and West.
Dating the schism
The Great Schism was a gradual estrangement to which no specific date can be assigned, although it has been conventionally dated to the year 1054. This date is misleading since it seems to imply that there was peace and unity before 1054, animosity and division afterward.
The schism actually took centuries to crystalize. Some place the split in the time of Saint Photios, for example — or even earlier — or 1204, with the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, or even 1453, the fall of Constantinople, when the Latins gave no help to prevent it.
In Western circles, the term Great Schism is often used to refer to the 14th century schism involving the Avignon Papacy (an event also sometimes called the 'Western Schism', 'Papal Schism' or 'Babylonian Captivity').
To distinguish from that event, some historians prefer the term Great Ecumenical Schism to explain succinctly what happened and to capture the complexity of the event itself.
Other more recent historians prefer the term East-West Schism, because 'Ecumenical' properly means of Constantinople or of the Eastern Roman Empire. The schism involved more than just Constantinople, or the Byzantine Empire. It included both East and West Mediterranean, and was between East and West Mediterranean.
Leading to the Great Schism, Eastern and Western Mediterranean Christians had a history of differences and disagreements dating back to the second century.
Rise of Rome
John Binns writes that, after the fall and destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, the natural leading centres of the Church were Antioch and Alexandria. Alexandria had been assisted by Mark [2], one of the Seventy Apostles. Antioch had attracted Peter and Paul and Barnabas, plus others of the Seventy. Antioch was the base from which Paul made his missionary journeys to the pagans. [3]. The Church of Antioch sent the apostles Peter and Paul to Rome to assist the fledgling church there in its growth, and because Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire. Antioch regarded Peter as its first bishop [4].
Will Durant writes that, after Jerusalem, the church of Rome naturally became the primary church, the capital of Christianity.[5] Rome had an early and significant Christian population.[5] It was closely identified with the Apostle Paul, who preached[6] and was martyred there, and the Apostle Peter, who was a martyr there as well. The Eastern Orthodox liturgy calls Peter and Paul "the wisest Apostles and their princes" and "the radiant ornaments of Rome".[7][8] Peter is seen as founder of the Church in Rome,[9] and the bishops of Rome as his successors.[10][11] While the Eastern cities of Alexandria and Antioch produced theological works, the bishops of Rome focused on what Romans admittedly did best: administration.[5]
Leading Orthodox theologian, Father Thomas Hopko has written: "The church of Rome held a special place of honor among the earliest Christian churches. It was first among the communities that recognized each other as catholic churches holding the orthodox faith concerning God's Gospel in Jesus. According to St Ignatius, the bishop of Antioch who died a martyr's death in Rome around the year 110, 'the church which presides in the territories of the Romans' was 'a church worthy of God, worthy of honor, worthy of felicitation, worthy of praise, worthy of success, worthy of sanctification, and presiding in love, maintaining the law of Christ, bearer of the Father's name.' The Roman church held this place of honor and exercised a 'presidency in love' among the first Christian churches for two reasons. It was founded on the teaching and blood of the foremost Christian apostles Peter and Paul. And it was the church of the capital city of the Roman empire that then constituted the 'civilized world (oikoumene)'."[12]
Saint Thomas went east, and was said to be instrumental in establishing the Church in the Persian Empire and satellite kingdoms, although Addai and Mari, two of the Seventy Apostles were credited with most of the work of establishment in Persia itself. The Persian Church was larger than the Mediterranean Church for some centuries, especially in the sixth to eighth centuries with its highly successful movement into India, Mongolia, China, Tibet, Korea, and Japan [13].
In the fourth century when the Roman emperors were trying to control the Church, theological questions were running rampant throughout the Roman Empire[14]. The influence of Greek speculative thought on Christian thinking led to all sorts of divergent and conflicting opinions [15]. Christ's commandment to love others as He loved, seemed to have been lost in the intellectual abstractions of the time. Theology was also used as a weapon against opponent bishops, since being branded a heretic was the only sure way for a bishop to be removed by other bishops. Incompetence was not sufficient grounds for removal.
In the early church up until the ecumenical councils, Rome was regarded as an important centre of Christianity, especially since it was the capital of the Roman Empire. The eastern and southern Mediterranean bishops generally recognized a persuasive leadership and authority of the Bishop of Rome, because the teaching of the bishop of Rome was almost invariably correct.citation needed But the Mediterrtanean Church did not regard the Bishop of Rome as any sort of infallible source, nor did they acknowledge any juridical authority of Rome.
After the sole emperor of all the Roman Empire Constantine built the new imperial capital on the Bosphorous, the centre of gravity in the empire was fully recognised to have completely shifted to the eastern Mediterranean. Rome lost the senate to Byzantium and lost its status and gravitas as imperial capital.
The patriarchs of Constantinople often tried to adopt an imperious position over the other patriarchs. In the case of Nestorius, whose actual teaching is now recognised to be not overtly heretical, although it is clearly deficient, (Saint Cyril called it 'slippery'), [16], other patriarchs were able to make the charge of heresy stick and successfully had him deposed. This was probably more because his christology was delivered with a heavy sarcastic arrogance which matched his high-handed personality [17].
The opinion of the Bishop of Rome was often sought, especially when the patriarchs of the Eastern Mediterranean were locked in fractious dispute. The bishops of Rome never obviously belonged to either the Antiochian or the Alexandrian schools of theology, and usually managed to steer a middle course between whatever extremes were being propounded by theologians of either school. Because Rome was remote from the centres of Christianity in the eastern Mediterranean, it was frequently hoped its bishop would be more impartial. For instance, in 431, Cyril, the patriarch of Alexandria, appealed to Pope Celestine I, as well as the other patriarchs, charging Nestorius with heresy, which was dealt with at the Council of Ephesus.
The opinion of the bishop of Rome was always canvassed, and was often longed for. However the Bishop of Rome's opinion was by no means automatically right. For instance, the Tome of Leo of Rome was highly regarded, and formed the basis for the ecumenical council's formulation. But it was not universally accepted and was even called "impious" and "blasphemous" by some.[18] The next ecumenical council corrected a possible imbalance in Pope Leo's presentation. Although the Bishop of Rome was well-respected even at this early date, the concept of the primacy of the Roman See and Papal Infallibility were only developed much later.
Following the Sack of Rome by invading European Goths, Rome slid into the Dark Ages which afflicted most parts of Western Europe, and became increasingly isolated and irrelevant to the wider Mediterranean Church. This was a situation which suited and pleased a lot of the Eastern Mediterranean patriarchs and bishops [19].
It was not until the rise of Charlemagne and his successors that the Church of Rome arose out of obscurity on the back of the military successes of the western Mediterranean adventurers.
New Rome
When the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great embraced Christianity, he summoned the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea in 325 to resolve a number of issues which troubled the Church. The bishops at the council confirmed the position of the metropolitan sees of Rome and Alexandria as having authority outside their own province, and also the existing privileges of the churches in Antioch and the other provinces.[20] These sees were later called Patriarchates and were given an order of precedence: Rome, as capital of the empire was naturally given first place, then came Alexandria and Antioch. In a separate canon the Council also approved the special honor given to Jerusalem over other sees subject to the same metropolitan.[21]
Five patriarchs
Soon, Constantine erected a new capital at Byzantium, a strategically-placed city on the Bosporus. He renamed his new capital Nova Roma ("New Rome"), but the city would become known as Constantinople. The Second Ecumenical Council, held at the new capital in 381, now elevated the see of Constantinople itself, to a position ahead of the other chief metropolitan sees, except that of Rome.[22] Mentioning in particular the provinces of Asia, Pontus and Thrace, it decreed that the synod of each province should manage the ecclesiastical affairs of that province alone, except for the privileges already recognized for Alexandria and Antioch.[23]
The Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon in 451, confirming the authority already held by Constantinople, granted its archbishop jurisdiction over the three provinces mentioned by the First Council of Constantinople:
[T]he Fathers rightly granted privileges to the throne of old Rome, because it was the royal city. And the One Hundred and Fifty most religious Bishops [i.e., the Second Ecumenical Council], actuated by the same consideration, gave equal privileges (ἴσα πρεσβεῖα) to the most holy throne of New Rome, justly judging that the city which is honoured with the Sovereignty and the Senate, and enjoys equal privileges with the old imperial Rome, should in ecclesiastical matters also be magnified as she is, and rank next after her; so that, in the Pontic, the Asian, and the Thracian dioceses, the metropolitans only and such bishops also of the Dioceses aforesaid as are among the barbarians, should be ordained by the aforesaid most holy throne of the most holy Church of Constantinople.[24]
The council also ratified an agreement between Antioch and Jerusalem, whereby Jerusalem held jurisdiction over three provinces,[25] numbering it among the five great sees.[26] There were now five patriarchs presiding over the Church within the Byzantine Empire, in the following order of precedence: the Patriarch of Rome, the Patriarch of Constantinople, the Patriarch of Alexandria, the Patriarch of Antioch and the Patriarch of Jerusalem (see Pentarchy).
Empires East and West
Disunion in the Roman Empire further contributed to disunion in the Church. Theodosius the Great, who established Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire, died in 395 and was the last Emperor to rule over a united Roman Empire; following his death, the Empire was divided into western and eastern halves, each under its own Emperor. By the end of the 5th century, the Western Roman Empire had been overrun by the Germanic tribes, while the Eastern Roman Empire (known also as the Byzantine Empire) continued to thrive. Thus, the political unity of the Roman Empire was the first to fall.
In the West, the collapse of civil government left the Church practically in charge in many areas, and bishops took to administering secular cities and domains.[5] When royal and imperial rule reestablished itself, it had to contend with power wielded independently by the Church. In the East, however, imperial and, later, Islamic rule dominated the Eastern bishops.[5]
Many other factors caused the East and West to drift further apart. The dominant language of the West was Latin, whilst that of the East was Greek. Soon after the fall of the Western Empire, the number of individuals who spoke both Latin and Greek began to dwindle, and communication between East and West grew much more difficult. With linguistic unity gone, cultural unity began to crumble as well. The two halves of the Church were naturally divided along similar lines; they developed different rites and had different approaches to religious doctrines. Although the Great Schism was still centuries away, its outlines were already perceptible.[27]
Papal Supremacy and Pentarchy
Compounding the dogmatic issue was that the Creed was changed without agreement of the whole Christian Church. The Creed had been agreed upon at an Ecumenical Council and revised at another, bearing universal authority within the Church.
For the Pope of Rome to change the Creed unilaterally without reference to an Ecumenical Council was considered by the Eastern bishops to be offensive to other bishops, as it undermined the collegiality and right of the episcopacy.
This led to the primary causes of the Schism - the disputes over conflicting claims of jurisdiction, in particular over papal authority. Pope Leo IX claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs (see also Pentarchy).
Pope Leo IX allowed the insertion of the Filioque clause into the Nicene Creed in the West in 1014 [28]. Eastern Orthodox today state that the 28th Canon of the Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople.
The seventh canon of the Council of Ephesus declared:
- It is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different (ἑτέραν) Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa. But those who shall dare to compose a different faith, or to introduce or offer it to persons desiring to turn to the acknowledgment of the truth, whether from Heathenism or from Judaism, or from any heresy whatsoever, shall be deposed, if they be bishops or clergymen; bishops from the episcopate and clergymen from the clergy; and if they be laymen, they shall be anathematized[29]
Eastern Orthodox today state that this Canon of the Council of Ephesus explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed drawn up by the first Ecumenical Council in 325, the wording of which but, it is claimed, not the substance, had been modified by the second Ecumenical Council, making additions such as "who proceeds from the Father".
In the Orthodox view, the Bishop of Rome (i.e. the Pope) would have universal primacy in a reunited Christendom, as primus inter pares without power of jurisdiction.[30]
Filioque is a word that changes the Latin version of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed to include the wording [Spiritus Sanctus] qui ex Patre Filioque procedit or "[Holy Spirit] who proceeds from the Father and the Son."
The first appearance of this insertion into the Creed happened in Toledo, Spain, where Latin theologians were trying to refute a brand of the Arian heresy. Those theologians had better access to the writings of Latin theologians, particularly of St. Augustine of Hippo, than to Greek theologians. Augustine used the teaching from John 16:7 to emphasize that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son, and that neither is subordinate to the other.
So the Creed was changed by the local synod of bishops at Toledo with the justification that it asserts the divinity of Christ (refuting Arianism), and asserts the unity of the Trinity and the equality of each hypostasis of the Trinity.
It should also be noted that St. Leo the Great, Pope of Rome, and many other pre-schism Popes disagreed with the decision of the Toledo Council, one even going so far as to engraving the Creed without the Filioque on the doors of St. Peter's Basilica.
There were other less significant catalysts for the Schism however, including variance over liturgical practices.
Other points of conflict
Many other issues increased tensions.
- Emperor Leo III the Isaurian outlawed the veneration of icons in the 8th century. This policy, which came to be called Iconoclasm, was rejected by the West.
- The Western Church's insertion of "Filioque" into the Latin version of the Nicene Creed.
- Disputes in the Balkans, Southern Italy, and Sicily over whether Rome or Constantinople had ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
- In the East, endorsement of Caesaropapism, subordination of the church to the religious claims of the dominant political order, was most fully evident in the Byzantine Empire at the end of the first millennium,[31] while in the West, where the decline of imperial authority left the Church relatively independent,[32] there was growth of the power of the Papacy.
- As a result of the Muslim conquests of the territories of the patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, only two rival powerful centres of ecclesiastical authority, Constantinople and Rome, remained.[33]
- Certain liturgical practices in the West that the East believed represented illegitimate innovation: the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist, for example (see Azymite).
- Celibacy among Western priests (both monastic and parish), as opposed to the Eastern discipline whereby parish priests could be married men.
Previous schisms
Some scholars[34] have argued that the Schism between East and West has very ancient roots, and that sporadic schisms in the common unions took place under Pope Victor I (second century), Pope Stephen I (third century) and Pope Damasus I (fourth and fifth century). Later on, disputes about theological and other questions led to schisms between the Churches in Rome and Constantinople for 37 years from 482 to 519 (the Acacian Schism), and for 13 years from 866-879 (see Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople).
Mutual excommunication of 1054
Most of the direct causes of the Great Schism, however, are far less grandiose than the famous filioque. The relations between the papacy and the Byzantine court were good in the years leading up to 1054. The emperor Constantine IX and the Pope Leo IX were allied through the mediation of the Lombard catepan of Italy, Argyrus, who had spent years in Constantinople, originally as a political prisoner. Leo and Argyrus led armies against the ravaging Normans, but the papal forces were defeated at the Battle of Civitate in 1053, which resulted in the pope being imprisoned at Benevento, where he took it upon himself to learn Greek. Argyrus had not arrived at Civitate and his absence caused a rift in papal-imperial relations.
Meanwhile, the Normans were busy imposing Latin customs, including the unleavened bread—with papal approval. Patriarch Michael I then ordered Leo, Archbishop of Ochrid, to write a letter to the bishop of Trani, John, an Easterner, in which he attacked the "Judaistic" practices of the West, namely the use of unleavened bread. The letter was to be sent by John to all the bishops of the West, Pope included. John promptly complied and the letter was passed to one Humbert of Mourmoutiers, the cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida, who was then in John's diocese. Humbert translated the letter into Latin and brought it to the pope, who ordered a reply to be made to each charge and a defence of papal supremacy to be laid out in a response.
Although he was hot-headed, Michael was convinced, probably by the Emperor and the bishop of Trani, to cool the debate and prevent the impending breach. However, Humbert and the pope made no concessions and the former was sent with legatine powers to the imperial capital to solve the questions raised once and for all. Humbert, Frederick of Lorraine, and Peter, Archbishop of Amalfi set out in early spring and arrived in April 1054. Their welcome was not to their liking, however, and they stormed out of the palace, leaving the papal response with Michael, whose anger exceeded even theirs. The seals on the letter had been tampered with and the legates had published, in Greek, an earlier, far less civil, draft of the letter for the entire populace to read. The patriarch determined that the legates were worse than mere barbarous Westerners, they were liars and crooks. He refused to recognise their authority or, practically, their existence.[35]
When Pope Leo died on April 19,1054, the legates' authority legally ceased, but they did not seem to notice.[36] The patriarch's refusal to address the issues at hand drove the legatine mission to extremes: on July 16, the three legates entered the church of the Hagia Sophia during the divine liturgy on a Saturday afternoon and placed a Papal Bull of Excommunication (1054) on the altar. The legates left for Rome two days later, leaving behind a city near riots. The patriarch had the immense support of the people against the Emperor, who had supported the legates to his own detriment, and Argyrus, who was seen still as a papal ally. To assuage popular anger, Argyrus' family in Constantinople was arrested, the bull was burnt, and the legates were anathematised—the Great Schism had begun.
Orthodox bishop Metropolitan Kallistos (formerly Timothy Ware) writes, that the choice of cardinal Humbert was unfortunate, for both he and Patriarch Michael I were men of stiff and intransigent temper... . After [an initial, unfriendly encounter] the patriarch refused to have further dealings with the legates. Eventually Humbert lost patience, and laid a bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael I on the altar of the Church of the Holy Wisdom... . Michael and his synod retaliated by anathematizing Humbert.
The New Catholic Encyclopedia says, "The consummation of the schism is generally dated from the year 1054, when this unfortunate sequence of events took place. This conclusion, however, is not correct, because in the bull composed by Humbert, only Patriarch Michael I was excommunicated. The validity of the bull is questioned because Pope Leo IX was already dead at that time. On the other side, the Byzantine synod excommunicated only the legates.
It should be noted that the bull of excommunication issued against Patriarch Michael stated as one of its reasons for the excommunication the Eastern Church's deletion of the word "filioque" from the original Nicene Creed. It is now common knowledge that the Eastern Church did not delete anything, it was the Western Church that added this word to the original Nicene Creed.
East and West since 1054
"Even after 1054 friendly relations between East and West continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them. … The dispute remained something of which ordinary Christians in East and West were largely unaware".[37]
There was no single event that marked the breakdown. Rather, the two churches slid into and out of schism over a period of several centuries, punctuated with temporary reconciliations. During the Fourth Crusade, however, Latin crusaders and Venetian merchants sacked Constantinople itself, looting The Church of Holy Wisdom and various other Orthodox Holy sites. This event and the final treaty established the Latin Empire of the East and the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (with various other Crusader states). This period of chaotic rule over the sacked and looted lands of the Byzantine Empire is still known among Eastern Christians as Frangokratia. Later attempts at reconciliation, such as the Second Council of Lyon, met with little or no success until the middle of the Twentieth Century.citation needed
In 1965, the Catholic Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople lifted the mutual excommunications dating from the eleventh century.[38]. In 1995 (Jun 29), Pope John Paul II and Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople again withdrew the previous 11th Century excommunications and concelebrated the Eucharist together.
In May 1999, John Paul II was the first pope since the Great Schism to visit an Eastern Orthodox country: Romania. Upon greeting John Paul II, the Romanian Patriarch Teoctist stated: "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity."
Pope John Paul II visited other heavily Orthodox areas such as Ukraine, despite lack of welcome at times, and he said that healing the divisions between Western and Eastern Christianity was one of his fondest wishes.
Extant disputes
Ecclesiological issues
A lot of the issues that currently separate the two churches are ecclesiological. Principal among them is the content of papal primacy within any future unified church. The Orthodox insist that it should be a "primacy of honor", as in the ancient church and not a "primacy of authority", whereas the Catholics wish to maintain the pontiff's role as has been recently developed. Celibacy of the clergy is also a dividing point, although the Catholic church does allow married men to be ordained in its Eastern Rite particular churches. Finally there is disagreement on divorce: the Catholic church forbids it, whereas the Orthodox permits it, though allowing remarriage only in penitential form.
A major sticking point is the style of church government. The Orthodox Church has always maintained the original position of collegiality of the bishops.
The Orthodox Church has also emphasised 'economia', or a certain amount of flexibility in the rules depending upon the exigencies of a particular situation.
Some of the Orthodox Churches unofficially acknowledge Apostolic succession within the Catholic Church and admit the validity of its episcopal ordination.citation needed The relationship between the Antiochian Orthodox and the Maronite Catholic bishops is a case in point. Some Orthodox Churches do not require baptism in the case of a convert already baptized in the Catholic Church, Most Orthodox Churches allow marriages between members of the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. The Catholic Church allows its clergy to administer the sacraments of Penance, the Eucharist and Anointing of the Sick to members of the Eastern Orthodox Church, if these spontaneously ask for the sacraments and are properly disposed.[39] It also allows Catholics who cannot approach a Catholic minister to receive these three sacraments from clergy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, whenever necessity requires or a genuine spiritual advantage commends it, and provided the danger of error or indifferentism is avoided.[40] Catholic canon law allows marriage between a Catholic and an Orthodox only if permission is obtained from the Catholic bishop.[41] The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches authorizes the local Catholic bishop to permit a Catholic priest, of whatever rite, to bless the marriage of Orthodox faithful who being unable without great difficulty to approach a priest of their own Church, ask for this spontaneously.[42] In exceptional circumstances Catholics may, in the absence of an authorized priest, marry before witnesses. If a priest who is not authorized for the celebration of the marriage is available, he should be called in, although the marriage is valid even without his presence.[43] The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches specifies that, in those exceptional circumstances, even a "non-Catholic" priest (and so not necessarily one belonging to an Eastern Church) may be called in.[44]
Divergent theologies
There are a number of divergent theological issues.
The two Churches have different approaches to understanding the Trinity. The influence of St Augustine and by extension Thomas Aquinas in the western Mediterranean on this issue is not generally accepted in the Orthodox Church.[45]
The Filioque clause first introduced by the Council of Toledo (589)[46][47] under the influence of the teaching of St Augustine of Hippo. [48][49]
However the Roman Catholic Church recently has shown some flexibility on the Filioque issue. In accordance with the Roman Catholic Church's practice of including the clause when reciting the Creed in Latin,[50] but not when reciting the Creed in Greek,[51] Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs Demetrius I and Bartholomew I in Greek without the Filioque clause.[52][53][54][55][56][57] The action of these Patriarchs in reciting the Creed together with the Popes has been strongly criticized by some elements of Eastern Orthodoxy, such as the Metropolitan of Kalavryta, Greece in November 2008[58] and the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church in America.
'If one wishes to find a villain on the Orthodox side for the development of the schism, [Absentee Greek Patriarch of Antioch] Balsamon is a far stronger candidate than either [Patriarchs of Constantinople] Photius or Cerularius. Hitherto the chief asset of the Orthodox in the controversy had been their doctrine of Economy, the charity that enabled them to overlook and even to condone divergences in the interest of peace and goodwill. But Balsamon was a lawyer; and lawyers like things to be cut and dried. Charity is not one of their characteristics.' — Steven Runciman, The Eastern Schism, Wipf & Stock, Oregon, 3/3/2005, p138
See also
- Filioque
- Photius the Great
- Michael Cerularius
- Western Christianity
- Eastern Christianity
- Western Rite Orthodoxy
- Sobornost (journal)
- Library of Constantinople destroyed by Western Crusaders during the sack of Constaninople.
- Joseph P. Farrell. God, History, & Dialectic: The Theological Foundations of the Two Europes and Their Cultural Consequences. Bound edition 1997. Electronic edition 2008.
- Aidan Nichols. Rome and the Eastern Churches: a Study in Schism. 1992
- Laurent Cleenewerck, His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches (Lulu.com, 2008 ISBN 978-0615183619)
- Vladimir Lossky, The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (SVS Press, 1997 ISBN 978-0913836316)
- John Meyendorff, Living Tradition: Orthodox Witness in the Contemporary World esp. pp. 64-71 (SVS Press, 1997 ISBN 978-0913836484)
- Aristeides Papadakis The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy (SVS Press, 1994 ISBN 978-0881410570)
- Philip Sherrard, Church, Papacy and Schism: A Theological Inquiry (Harvey & Co., 1978 ISBN 978-9607120113)
- Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church, 2nd ed. (Penguin, 1993 ISBN 0140146563)
External links
- East-West Schism
- Byzantium: The Great Schism, by Bp. Kallistos Ware
- Catholic Encyclopedia: The Eastern Schism
- Encyclopaedia Britannica: Schism of 1054
- Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I, 7 December 1965
- BBC Radio 4 round table: In Our Time: Schism (16 October 2003) (audio)
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Professor Goldstein is a chartered statistician, is currently joint editor of the Royal Statistical Society's Journal, Series A, has been a member of the Society's Council and was awarded the Society's Guy medal on silver in 1998. He was elected a member of the International Statistical Institute in 1987, and a fellow of the British Academy in 1996. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Open University in 2001.
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A report produced for the British Academy provides a comprehensive discussion of league tables in the public sector
.Recent work with George Leckie has demonstrated how the uncertainty associated with using school league tables for choosing schools, can be illustrated graphically in ways that make it very accessible to users. Click here (PDF, 201kB). In this connection, some recent work by Allen and Burgess appears to provide evidence that league tables can make useful predictions, but on close examination this evidence turns out to be weak and based upon a questionable analysis. Click here for a critique (PDF, 283kB).
A2010 paper in the British Educational research journal seeks to resurrect the Rasch (item response) model for educational testing, using rather dubious arguments. A detailed response to this, which the journal has refused to publish without even going through a refereeing process, can be viewed here (PDF, 414kB). It is, however now due to be published in early 2015.
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NicoleCookeFollow NicoleCooke
Female living in Loxwood, West sussex United Kingdom
Hi guys, im travelling to uk on 1st may 2012, im doing the european whirl on May 4th, after the tour im planning on staying in uk and finding work. Im travelling alone, im a fun outgoing girl, love partying and having fun but also love exploring different places. If you'll be in london around june 2012 feel free to add me on facebook or message me
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Number 234
(Replaces No. 219, August 1999, Reaffirmed 2015)
Prevention of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV from mother to fetus or newborn vertical transmission is a major goal in the care of pregnant women infected with HIV An important advance in this regard was the demonstration that treatment of the mother with zidovudine ZDV during...
May 2000
Number 321
ABSTRACT Recent legal actions and policies aimed at protecting the fetus as an entity separate from the woman have challenged the rights of pregnant women to make decisions about medical interventions and have criminalized maternal behavior that is believed to be associated with fetal harm or adve...
November 2005
Number 466
(Reaffirmed 2013)
ABSTRACT International humanitarian medical efforts provide essential services to patients who would not otherwise have access to specific health care services The Committees on Ethics and Global Womens Health of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists encourage College Fellows and...
September 2010
Number 559
(Reaffirmed 2015)
ABSTRACT Cesarean delivery on maternal request is defined as a primary prelabor cesarean delivery on maternal request in the absence of any maternal or fetal indications Potential risks of cesarean delivery on maternal request include a longer maternal hospital stay an increased risk of respirator...
April 2013
Number 578
(Replaces No. 395, January 2008)
ABSTRACT Acknowledgment of the importance of patient autonomy and increased patient access to information such as information on the Internet has prompted more patientgenerated requests for surgical interventions not traditionally recommended Depending on the context acceding to a request for a su...
November 2013
Number 624
ABSTRACT Cytologybased cervical cancer screening programs require a number of elements to be successful Certain lowresource settings like the US Affiliated Pacific Islands lack these elements Implementing alternative cervical cancer screening strategies in lowresource settings can provide consiste...
February 2015
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
409 12th Street SW, Washington, DC 20024-2188 | Mailing Address: PO Box 70620, Washington, DC 20024-9998


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The Social Network
|Release Date: October 01, 2010
|Running Time: 120 mins.
|MPAA Rating: PG 13
|Box Office: $96,917,897.00
|Genre: Biopic, Drama
Jesse Eisenberg
Justin Timberlake
Andrew Garfield
Joseph Mazzello
All Cast & Crew >>
Summary:In 2003, brilliant Harvard sophomore Mark Zuckerberg conceives of the idea of a social networking website which will become the world-changing phenomenon, Facebook. His close friend and roommate Eduardo Saverin provides the seed money for the new company, and Napster founder Sean Parker presents the product to the venture capitalists in Silicon Valley. Zuckerberg, a young man with few social skills outside of the virtual world, manages to destroy his few true friendships with Saverin and Parker due to his ruthlessness and greed in the wake of the huge success of their project.
Event Photos:


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Klein: Digital Technology Most Important Innovation Since Printing Press
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Klein: Digital Technology Most Important Innovation Since Printing Press
Klein: Digital Technology Most Important Innovation Since Printing Press
Contact: Tom Stoelker
(212) 636-7576
Joel Klein and Father McShane discuss blending tech and curriculum.
Photo by Ye Yuan
At a conference exploring so-called "disruptive technologies," Joseph M. McShane, S.J., president of Fordham, held a one-on-one conversation with former New York City Schools Chancellor Joel Klein about technology in the classroom.
The talk took place on Oct. 15 as part of the Graduate School of Business Administration (GBA) Business and the City discussion series, titled "Growing and Leveraging Tech Disruption" for its focus on tech infrastructure.
Klein, who is now chief executive officer at Amplify, a subsidiary of News Corp that provides digital instruction products for classrooms, called digital learning the "most important innovation since the printing press."
As the economics of higher education become more challenging, he said digital learning is a "way to change the game." He twice cited an online master's degree in computer science offered by Georgia Tech, in which fees for are vastly reduced from the classroom version of the degree.
"The difference can be in cost, but it can also in human experience," he said. "The big question is how the market will react. Who will IBM hire? A student with online education or the one with the classroom education?"
Klein advocated a cost effective financial model for degrees that could incorporate a variety of tech innovations, including Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCS). He said that a blended approach, where technology is folded into existing classroom curricula, is gaining traction.
"I can only see good things coming from MOOCS, but they're only part of the solution," Klein said. "Tech integration has to be more nuanced than [a] be-all and end- all solution."
Klein noted that America's education has a powerful legacy system that resists change, and educators are understandably anxious that the new technology is asking them to take a leap of faith.
"Many are concerned that we may be throwing the baby out with bathwater, but they may be clinging too tenaciously to the baby," he said.
In particular Klein touted the tablet as a highly personalized tool that can benefit learning in grades K through 12, an area of education that Klein said "has been captured by pedagogy" and where the country's learning problems are the most intense. Nevertheless, for the tablet to work he said the technology must be embraced by the teachers.
He pointed out that New York City classrooms have a very heterogeneous environment where some students are very ahead and others are very behind. He described several tablet programs designed by Amplify that help teachers differentiate student needs by finding out whether an individual student understands a lesson. The lesson can then be customized with some of the students moving to the next phase of the lesson, while others who are struggling can continue on with additional instruction.
Klein allowed that the tablet does have the potential to limit socialization. But, with proper training, teachers would be able to gauge when to use and when not to use the technology, as well as when to simply shut it down.
Founded in 1841, Fordham is the Jesuit University of New York, offering exceptional education distinguished by the Jesuit tradition to more than 15,100 students in its four undergraduate colleges and its six graduate and professional schools. It has residential campuses in the Bronx and Manhattan, a campus in West Harrison, N.Y., the Louis Calder Center Biological Field Station in Armonk, N.Y., and the London Centre at Heythrop College, University of London, in the United Kingdom.
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FREE PERSONALIZATION on ornaments
and FREE SHIPPING when you buy 5 or more!
Each Christmas Ornament Personalized with a Name or Special Greeting from you!
When you buy 5 or more items!Learn more >>
- Activities
- Advent Calendars
- African American / Ethnic
- Angel
- Anniversary, Wedding & Engagement
- Baby
- Birthstone
- Christmas Stockings, Tree Skirts & More
- College and University
- Diannes Gift Ideas
- Easter
- Expecting Moms/Couples
- Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes
- Fall and Halloween
- Family
- Food & Drink
- For Her
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- Glass Ball
- Glass Ornaments
- Graduation
- Grandparents
- Holiday Plaques
- Home
- Kids
- Made in America
- Made in Europe
- Memorial
- Music
- Occupations
- Patriotic
- Pets and Animals
- Picture Frames
- Piggy Banks
- Religious
- Santa & Snowman
- Snow Globes
- Space & Technology
- Sports
- Table Decorations
- Teachers and School
- Transportation
- Vacation and Travel
- Valentine
- Western
Review this product!
Large Star Ornament Stand
Personalized Christmas Table Top Decoration or Christmas Gift Collectible$5.95
This ornament stand makes a celestial display for a prized ornament, and you can hang a longer ornament up on the star's higher arm to get more distance. This brass ornament stand is a wonderful solution for you to be able to display your favorite personalized ornament year round. If you are giving someone an ornament for a gift, include this ornament stand! They will be glad you did! A great way to display a beautiful ornament in a china cabinet, mantle or a shelf.
Material: Brass


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Insurance - Home in New City
Below is a list of businesses listed within our directory. If you do not see your business within the list below, you can submit it for addition to this list. Adding your business will feature your listing above Standard listings.
Allstate Insurance - David H. Cohen - New City, NY - Phone: (845) 634-4800
Rpm Group Inc - New City, NY - Phone: (845) 639-1555
Helpful Definition for: Insurance - Home
Home insurance, in New City, is a�property insurance, which combines a number of personal insurance protections�to liability�insurance for accidents & covers private homes. This multiple-line insurance means that a single indivisible premium is paid for all risks.
The home insurance policy is a term-contract that remains effective for a fixed period of time. The insured person has to pay premiums to the insurer each term. If the risk of damage or destruction to the home is less, then the insurers generally charge low premium.
At present, the International Organization for Standardization has seven standard home insurance plans:
HO1 – Basic Form Homeowner Policy provides coverage against fire or lightning, windstorm or hail, vandalism or malicious mischief, theft, damage from vehicles and aircraft, explosion riot or civil commotion, glass breakage, smoke, volcanic eruption, and personal liability. Exceptions include floods, earthquakes.
HO2 – Broad Form Homeowner Policy provides coverage against all the enlisted causes of damage mentioned in HO1 as well as loss incurred due to smoke, vehicle, water or glass breakage.
HO3 – Special Form Homeowner Policy provides coverage against all risks mentioned in HO1 & HO2 except earthquake & flood.
HO4 – Renter's Insurance provides coverage against all the perils mentioned in HO2 or HO3.
HO5 - Premier Homeowner Policy, HO6 – Condominium Policy & HO8 – Older Houses Policy are the less popular plans.
Recent News from the Green Blog
By: Lee Ann Rush Those ubiquitous, multi-flavored individual coffee servings sold in plastic pods known as Keurig K-Cups might have been a clever and novel idea at first, but they are quickly becoming an environmental disaster. In 2014, billions of plastic K-Cups were sold; enough to circle the earth more than 10 times! As bad as that sounds, it gets..


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FORT WAYNE, Ind. (21Alive) -- The Ash Brokerage downtown development project inches further along after the Capital Improvement Board approved an additional $4 Million investment.
The decision came at a morning meeting where the CIB approved money from food and beverage taxes to go towards an expanded public parking garage.
Late afternoon, the City Redevelopment Commission was asked to approve additional funding assistance for the garage as well, which is going to cost $20 Million more than initially estimated.
Groundbreaking is expected within a matter of weeks on the Ash project.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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AWS Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is a simple best practice that adds an extra layer of protection on top of your user name and password. With MFA enabled, when a user signs in to an AWS website, they will be prompted for their user name and password (the first factor—what they know), as well as for an authentication code from their AWS MFA device (the second factor—what they have). Taken together, these multiple factors provide increased security for your AWS account settings and resources.
You can enable MFA for your AWS account and for individual IAM users you have created under your account. MFA can be also be used to control access to AWS service APIs.
After you've obtained a supported hardware or virtual MFA device, AWS does not charge any additional fees for using MFA.
You can also protect cross-account access using MFA.
|Virtual MFA Device
|Hardware Key Fob MFA Device
|Hardware Display Card MFA Device
|SMS MFA Device
|See table below.
|Purchase device.
|Purchase device.
|Use your mobile device.
|Physical Form Factor
|Use your existing smartphone or tablet running any application that supports the open TOTP standard.
|Tamper-evident hardware key fob device provided by Gemalto, a third-party provider.
|Tamper-evident hardware display card device provided by Gemalto, a third-party provider.
|Any mobile device that can receive Short Message Service (SMS) messages.
|SMS or data charges may apply.
|Support for multiple tokens on a single device.
|The same type of device used by many financial services and enterprise IT organizations.
|Similar to key fob devices, but in a convenient form factor that fits in your wallet like a credit card.
|Familiar option with low setup costs.
|Compatibility with Root Account
|Compatibility with IAM User
|Google Authenticator; Authy 2-Factor Authentication
|Google Authenticator
|Windows Phone
|Google Authenticator
For more information about AWS multi-factor authentication, see the IAM FAQs.


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If you're a fan of Sacha Baron Cohen's The Dictator, you'll love our Adult's Military Coat with Sash which was inspired by this film. This product is made up of the white jacket with red sash and gold epaulets. A gold rope drapes from one of the epaulets into the top center of the shirt. Medals decorate both the sash and the upper corner of the jacket. Also found in the upper corner of the jacket are a series of multicolored insignias to display just how many honors this dictator granted himself. Wear this men's military coat costume with a pair of black pants, and prepare to be saluted by everyone on Halloween night. To more closely resemble the look from the movie, check out our selection of black beards and wigs, and pop on some sunglasses.
Our Price: $9.99
Our Price: $6.99


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International Credit Union Day® (ICU Day) offers an excellent opportunity to promote your credit union or league while telling members and potential members about the worldwide impact credit unions have on people's lives. Use the following ideas to promote the credit union difference and your institution in your local market.
|PR Basics
Cultivate relationships with the press and the public
Determine which media outlets are a good fit and work to build relationships with them. This process will take time and effort and may not yield immediate results, but the foundation of good public relations is the relationship you establish and maintain with reporters, editors and the public. ICU Day can be an excellent opportunity to establish connections with media contacts and your community. Potential options include:
Never send information to "Editor" and assume it will reach the right person
Call the media outlet to learn to whom it is best to send your story. These positions can turn over quickly, so keep your contact list current.
Contact the media outlet to learn how they prefer to receive information
Email, fax and regular mail are all options.
Consider a news release to be an initial point of news contact
|News Releases
Use the sample news release about ICU Day to build a story about your credit union or league. Strong local news angles will encourage the media to cover your event. Are you giving a presentation about credit unions? Educating school children about the importance of saving? Sponsoring a local charity? Tell that story and show how it is an important example of the credit union difference as applied to the local level.
Depending upon the nature of your ICU Day festivities, you may consider sending copies of event photos and information to your media contacts after the event. Be sure to completely identify the people in your photos by name, title and affiliation.
|Radio Talk Shows
Talk radio and radio programming are popular in many communities. Approach the station producer about appearing as a guest on a talk show during International Credit Union Day. Use this opportunity to point out credit union principles and philosophy and how we make a difference in our members' lives. Calling in to talk radio programs can also be a good way to get your message heard.
|Letters/Op-Eds to the Editor
Consider submitting a letter or opinion-editorial piece to your local newspaper editor that discusses the benefits of credit unions and the importance of the services they provide to the community. Ideally, this letter or opinion piece is sent in response to a newsworthy event in your community.
Outline the things that differentiate credit unions from other financial services:
Be concise and check your newspaper's policy on submissions: four paragraphs is a typical maximum length. Be sure to include your business contact information, daytime phone number and the title you hold at your credit union.


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Regions Supports Vol State Scholarships
Submitted on May 23, 2012 at 5:53 PM
Karen Mitchell, vice president for Resource Development and executive director of the Volunteer State Community College Foundation (center), recently accepted a $3,000 check from Regions Bank for scholarships. R. Joseph Chickey, vice president, Private Wealth Group at Regions (right) and Erick Snyder, vice president, Morgan Asset Management at Regions (left), presented the donation.
Individuals or groups interested in contributing to scholarship funds, which are tax-deductible, are encouraged to contact the Volunteer State Community College Office of Resource Development at 230-3506, or visit www.volstate.edu/foundation.
A service provided by the Office of Public Relations.


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Alterra Hetzel
The Future is the One Place Everyone is Headed
- Enroll today
- Provide your member number at the time of booking and earn points for every dollar spent on Amtrak travel
- Use your points to redeem a wide selection of rewards, including free Amtrak travel and carbon offsets
From Factory to Family Room - Why Product Lifecycle Matters in Business
"Of 23 companies surveyed that have already conducted LCAs, 82 percent plan to do at least one in the next 12 months. The number of scientific publications that reference LCAs has jumped from 473 in 2008 to 902 in 2010, with 636 referencing LCAs between January and April 2011. And LCA tool vendors and consultants report 30-40 percent sales increases a year, with many companies turning to LCAs to get a better grasp on their impacts, respond to demands for transparency and get ahead of regulations or eco-label requirements."An example of an eco-label that requires an LCA is CarbonFree® Product Certification. This certification label is a meaningful, transparent way for companies to provide environmentally friendly, carbon neutral products. By determining a product's carbon footprint with an LCA, reducing inefficiencies where possible and then offsetting remaining emissions through third-party validated carbon reduction projects, companies can (as the survey points out): differentiate the brand and product, increase sales, improve customer loyalty and, of course, strengthen corporate social responsibility & environmental goals. Companies that have performed LCAs and achieved this certification include: Motorola, LEI Electronics, Intek America, Nika Water, Grounds for Change, Domino Sugar as well as others. Considering this new research report on LCAs, these companies are clearly onto something! For more information about these products or about the Certification Program, visit: www.carbonfund.org/products
Earthbound Expeditions Looks Forward to Exploring the World with You!
- Carbon neutral travel - Through their partnership with the Carbonfund.org, all Earthbound globetrotters will travel carbon neutral. This is accomplished by supporting climate mitigation projects through Carbonfund.org.
- Location - Whether in a city or a village, accommodations are centrally located so that travelers can simply walk out the door and start exploring!
- Timing - Carefully crafted itineraries offer the best of a destination without long travel times or being rushed. This means more time for adventure!
- "Insider" Experiences - Earthbounders enjoy one-of-a-kind intimate experiences with local experts. This means a true local experience.
- Small Groups - Expeditions are with just 12-29 fellow travelers ( hosted journeys may be larger). You'll discover treasures that are simply not available to large tour groups.
- Intimate Dining – Travelers enjoy regional specialties the way they were meant to be enjoyed.
- No Hidden Costs - All admissions and special events listed in your itinerary are included - even tips for your guide and driver.
- Superb Expedition Leaders - Guides offer a unique perspective on the destinations. These group leaders are great historians, naturalists and linguists, as well as great travel companions!
Earth Day Coffee Sale: Save 15% + Grounds For Change will Plant a Tree
Coupon valid through Monday, April 25th. Click here to choose your brew.Besides the high-quality coffee, Grounds for Change is a great source for beans year-round because of their commitment to sustainable business. They are a member of 1% for the Planet, donate well over 1% of their total sales to various environmental organizations, and have received a Washington award for Outstanding Achievement in Sustainability. Why? Because every single bean they roast is Fair Trade Certified, Organic Certified, CarbonFree® Certified and Shade Grown, which means the possibility of a real livelihood for coffee growers, a breath of fresh air for the planet, zero net carbon emissions from crop to cup and healthy forests for migratory songbirds. Most recently, Grounds for Change became a Certified B Corporation - a new type of corporation that uses the power of business to meet comprehensive and transparent social and environmental performance standards, practice higher legal accountability standards, and build business constituency for "good business." With a 15% discount, tree planting for your purchase, and the opportunity to support such a responsible business, now is the perfect time to take advantage of this Earth Day special and try Grounds for Change!
CIFOR – Thinking Beyond the Canopy
Forever Cheese - Carbon Reductions Since 2007
CES 2012 - Another Year of CarbonFree Certified Products!
The Center for International Forestry Research - Forests Indonesia Conference
Care2: Empowering You to Make a Difference
Care2 is a community that empowers individuals to make a difference. Care2 has over 18 million members, making it the web's largest community of people seeking to make a difference in issues like green living, human rights and animal welfare. The letter from the President Randy Paynter on the Care2 site says it all, "The idea is simple: Make it easy for everyone to live a healthy, green lifestyle and impact the causes they care about most."
The Care2 site offers a plethora of engagement options, and here are just a few of them:
- healthy living – from food, to health, to pets to family this section of Care2 gives members categorized advice on ways that members can improve the overall well being of their lives in a variety of ways.
- community – want to join up with like-mined people? This is the place to meet people who are also looking for you, such as: travel, singles, parenting, hobbies, and many more.
- start a petition – this great feature allows individuals, non-profits, and other groups to make their voices heard in a simple but effective way to start petitions, spread the word, and get voices heard. In fact, ever notice the petition widget on the Carbonfund.org site? This is one way that Care2 and Carbonfund.org partner together to get a pro-environment message out to readers like you!
- eCards – for any occasion, Care2 offers eCards that range from spiritual to sentimental to romantic to funny. These cards are great for a special occasion or "just because."
- free click to donate – this is one of the easiest ways you can support Carbonfund.org! With Care2s click to donate, a member can simply go onto the site and click on the Carbonfund.org cause under global warming to click our cause and get Care2 donations. This is a great way to support us and other causes without impacting your bank account.
- news network – the Care2 news network gives news from the US and around the world on many newsworthy areas including government, politics, culture, and more. This is a great one-stop shop to get the news that you care about.
- daily deals – looking to save on coffee, cosmetics, clothes and other socially/environmentally conscious stuff? Care2 provides a deal every day for subscribers that can save big money and support great businesses.
- green jobs – if you want a green job in policy, renewable energy, your favorite non-profit or more, this tool offers a great list of green jobs that can get you to work in the green economy. A great resource for folks looking for any kind of green collar job!
These engagement options that Care2 offers are just a few of many that members can explore. Carbonfund.org is certainly proud to partner with such a forward thinking organization. The membership is free and easy to sign up for so check it out today. To learn more please visit: http://www.care2.com or http://www.thepetitionsite.com.