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Difference between revisions of "Alternate XSS Syntax"
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Revision as of 17:46, 4 November 2007
- This is an Attack. To view all attacks, please see the Attack Category page.
Some JS and HTML constructions after encoding are correctly interpreted by some browsers, nontheless it often varies on the web browser version, and others are not.
If we want to use popular
would be replaced with:
&\lt;script&\gt;alert&\#40;'y0u ar3 0wn3d!'&\#41;;&\lt;/script&\gt;
However there are browsers which will automatically reverse the process and interpret this string correctly.
We don't need to do replacement at all, we may get the same effect in many different ways.
Example 1 (XSS using Script in Attributes)
XSS attacks may be conducted without using  tags. Other tags will do exacly the same thing, e.g.:

or other attribites like: onmouseover, onerror.
click me!

Example 2 (XSS using Script Via Encoded URI Schemes)
If we need to hide against web application filters we may try to encode string characters, e.g.: a=A (UTF-8) and use it in IMG tag:

There are many different UTF-8 encoding notations what give us even more possibilities.
Example 3 (XSS using code encoding)
We may encode our script in base64 and place it in META tag. This way we get rid of alert() totally. More information about this method can be found in RFC 2397
<META HTTP-EQUIV="refresh" CONTENT="0;url=data:text/html;base64,PHNjcmlwdD5hbGVydCgndGVzdDMnKTwvc2NyaXB0Pg">
These (just a little modified by me) and others examples can be found on http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html, which is a true encyclopedia of the alternate XSS syntax attack.
Related Threats
Related Attacks
Related Vulnerabilities
Related Countermeasures
Use whitelists and if it's possible specify detailed format of the expected output data.

subset: commoncrawl


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Attorney Martin Sweet of THELAW.TV answers:
What kinds of employment and labor laws apply to my business?
//$iphone = strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'],"iPhone");
//$ipad = strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'],"iPad");
//if ($iphone == true) {echo '';}
//elseif ($ipad == true) {echo '';}
//else {echo '';}
Martin Sweet, J.D., PhD., is THELAW.TV's Research Advisor. If you need legal assistance, please consult one of the featured law firms on BakersfieldLaw.tv or choose a legal topic to the left to get answers.
Small Business Law \ All Questions
What kinds of employment and labor laws apply to my business?
What can be done to avoid employee problems and lawsuits?
What is a sole proprietorship?
What is the difference between an S Corporation and a C Corporation?
What is a Limited Liability Company or LLC?
Beyond business formation, how else can I protect my business assets?
What types of documents should our small business attorney review?
Does the size of the business affect how it is regulated?
What kinds of licenses and permits do I need for my business?
I have clients that owe money. What is my recourse?
Get Legal Help
By submitting this form, I agree to the terms of use of this website. I read this website's disclaimer and privacy policy and understand that THELAW.TV is not a lawyer referral service and makes no representation regarding the quality of legal services offered by the participating attorneys.
Martin Sweet is a visiting assistant professor of political science at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He teaches and researches in the area of American Politics and Constitutional Law. He earned his J.D. in 1995 from the University of Minnesota Law School and his Ph.D. in 2003 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In 2005, he was co-awarded by the American Political Science Association for the nation's best dissertation in the area of public law. Martin is the author of Merely Judgment: Ignoring, Evading, and Trumping the Supreme Court, published by the University of Virginia Press, and is a regular political and legal contributor on television.


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Date(s) - February 20 2014
7:15 am - 11:30 pm
Date(s) - February 20 2014
7:15 am - 11:30 pm
All members are invited to attend the annual meeting of the Potomac Curling Club!
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6:15pm-Clean-up: Dinner
The warm room is reserved for the Gardens Ice House June 18th – 26th
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Sofia the First may be a princess, but her Amulet of Avalor is what really makes her special. This Amulet Princess Sofia the First accessory is silver and features a purple background and Sofia. This is the amulet that allows her to talk to animals and call other princesses; but more importantly, it is the amulet the completes the Sofia the First costume.
Our Price: $44.99


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33 U.S. Code § 1293 - Loan guarantees
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(a) State or local obligations issued exclusively to Federal Financing Bank for publicly owned treatment works; determination of eligibility of project by Administrator
Subject to the conditions of this section and to such terms and conditions as the Administrator determines to be necessary to carry out the purposes of this subchapter, the Administrator is authorized to guarantee, and to make commitments to guarantee, the principal and interest (including interest accruing between the date of default and the date of the payment in full of the guarantee) of any loan, obligation, or participation therein of any State, municipality, or intermunicipal or interstate agency issued directly and exclusively to the Federal Financing Bank to finance that part of the cost of any grant-eligible project for the construction of publicly owned treatment works not paid for with Federal financial assistance under this subchapter (other than this section), which project the Administrator has determined to be eligible for such financial assistance under this subchapter, including, but not limited to, projects eligible for reimbursement under section 1286 of this title.
(b) Conditions for issuance
No guarantee, or commitment to make a guarantee, may be made pursuant to this section—
(1) unless the Administrator certifies that the issuing body is unable to obtain on reasonable terms sufficient credit to finance its actual needs without such guarantee; and
(2) unless the Administrator determines that there is a reasonable assurance of repayment of the loan, obligation, or participation therein.
A determination of whether financing is available at reasonable rates shall be made by the Secretary of the Treasury with relationship to the current average yield on outstanding marketable obligations of municipalities of comparable maturity.
(c) Fees for application investigation and issuance of commitment guarantee
The Administrator is authorized to charge reasonable fees for the investigation of an application for a guarantee and for the issuance of a commitment to make a guarantee.
(d) Commitment for repayment
The Administrator, in determining whether there is a reasonable assurance of repayment, may require a commitment which would apply to such repayment. Such commitment may include, but not be limited to, any funds received by such grantee from the amounts appropriated under section 1286 of this title.
Source(June 30, 1948, ch. 758, title II, § 213, as added Pub. L. 94–558, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2639; amended Pub. L. 96–483, § 2(e),Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2361.)
1980—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–483struck out "(1) all or any portion of the funds retained by such grantee under section 1284 (b)(3) of this title, and (2)" after "limited to".
Effective Date of 1980 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–483effective Dec. 27, 1977, see section 2(g) ofPub. L. 96–483, set out as a note under section 1281 of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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- May 1:
- Former New Frontier executive gets 30 months in federal prison
- Bank exec sentenced in Colorado bank failure
- Feb 5:
- New Frontier Bank executive pleads guilty to making improper loans
- Mar 2:
- Another $220 million in New Frontier loans on the auction block
- Jan 27:
- New Frontier Bank's auditors escape state scrutiny
- Jan 1:
- Lawmakers pledge to address weaknesses in community-bank regulations
- Dec 28:
- New Frontier Bank failure highlights weaknesses in inspections and oversight
Gregory William Bell, a senior executive at the failed New Frontier Bank in Greeley, has been charged with fraud and money laundering, the U.S. Attorney's Office said Tuesday.
Bell, 54, faces one count each of false bank entries, misapplication, bank fraud and money laundering. Prosecutors said Bell, who was New Frontier's senior vice president and chief lending officer, has agreed to plead guilty.
State regulators shut down New Frontier in April 2009, as worried depositors withdrew funds, and appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. as its receiver. The $1 billion failure was the costliest bank failure in Colorado history and caused havoc in the agriculture and real-estate communities of northern Colorado.
A Denver Post investigation into New Frontier's collapse found that practices at the bank violated banking standards and, in some cases, rose to the level of potential fraud. Some of those practices are outlined in federal prosecutors' case announced Tuesday.
Prosecutors said that from June 2008 to September 2008, after state and federal regulators had directed New Frontier to raise capital, Bell arranged for eight bank customers to borrow money from the bank and use the proceeds to purchase shares of bank stock. That allowed New Frontier to appear to improve its capital position.
The bank loaned $20.14 million to the eight borrowers, who bought bank shares with $4.3 million, prosecutors said. In August 2008, according to the government's case, Bell arranged for $260,000 of the proceeds of one of the loans to be transferred to the account of the borrower of the loan.
Also according to the government, in October 2005 Bell made false entries into a credit-approval form for a $5.58 million loan to two borrowers. He failed to disclose that a $106,759 certificate of deposit that the borrowers pledged as collateral actually belonged to someone else, prosecutors said. Bell personally benefited as a result of the loan, they said.
Prosecutors also alleged that in March 2008, Bell willfully misapplied $662,045 of New Frontier's funds and that in June 2008 he deposited $160,000 into his account to conceal ownership of the money.
The charges carry penalties of up to 30 years in prison.
The false bank entries, misapplication and bank fraud counts each carry a penalty of up to 30 years in prison. The money laundering count carries a penalty of up to 20 years in prison.
Bell has been released on a personal recognizance bond. He is scheduled to appear for a hearing before U.S. District Judge Lewis Babcock on Feb. 5.
Three months before New Frontier failed, the FDIC ordered the bank to replace Bell and Larry Seastrom, its longtime president and founder.
The FDIC in late 2010 barred Seastrom, Bell and New Frontier's board of directors from running a financial institution.
Howard Pankratz: 303-954-1939, firstname.lastname@example.com or twitter.com/howardpankratz


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What could be a better Halloween character than a witch, especially one that looks as evil as this one? The Wickedest of Witches Girls' Costume is a fabulously villainous choice for your little girl this year. This package includes a dress, cape, and hat. The whole color scheme of this particular witch outfit is an eerie green and black. The dress has tattered edges from the sleeves to the bottom of the long, black dress. A much shorter decorative skirt at the waist has a layer of the green fabric underneath the black one. The cape also has a bolt of green below the shredded black layer. This classic pointed witch's hat perfectly coordinates with the dress with a green band around it. Your little girl will love creating a little fright among her fellow trick-or-treaters. Make her appearance even more frightful with our Black Witch Wig and a Black Feather Broom.
Our Price: $24.97
Our Price: $6.99
Our Price: $1.99
Our Price: $3.97


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A selection of photographs from around the world by Age Picture Editor Leigh Henningham.
Big swells along the Victorian surf coast today resulted in 10 ft waves at Bells Beach.
The best pictures from the international wire services as chosen by the Picture Editors at the Sydney Morning Herald. Follow us on
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I just developed my first roll of b/w last week. My first camera in 1999 was a Canon Rebel (film) or the EOS 3000. It is not hard at all .... having owned a 2003 dSLR and now the Nikon D600 I find that over time this is the new look we have now and woudl probably change again. Without going into plugins or the advanced techniques, digital cannot get a look to the old style b/w film. On my spreadsheet a kit cost $25US some chems last 6 months and some last 3 or 5 yrs but provided you use the cheaper powder developer, each 6 months it does 6 rolls and you do this for the 5yrs so you don't waste any chems. Per roll of film $2US to develop. I'll use digital for colorful snaps ie high ISO night cityscape portraiture, weddings, wildlife, sports etc ... but streets, real timeliness family shots, landscape i prefer film color or b/w...... Looking at developing my E6 now with home kits. Since I import fresh film and export for development to the USA. Roll of Velvia cost $35US here.
17 signs that you were alive before digital photography
Feeling old? Photoshelter has published a humorous list of 17 signs that you were around before digital photography became the norm. For those of us who were, the list is a nostalgic look at some tools and accessories that have fallen into disuse, as well as a reminder, possibly, that some things remain useful, even in the digital age. If you're too young to remember anything before digital, you should take a look at the list anyway.
You might learn something.
Click here to read the full article '17 Signs That You Were Alive Before Digital Photography'
|Among the 17 items in Photoshelter's list is a bulk film loader.
|There's a Photoshop icon based on this. Do you know what it is?
Still have my Watson bulk film loader. Still have the film canisters. Don't have any bulk film. Don't have any film cameras. Think I'll get rid of the loader. Thanks for reminding me.
Still have my Simmon-Omega D2-V enlarger, because no one want it. And a dozen Kindermann stainless-steel developing tanks and reels.
I remember all of this stuff and owned quite a bit of it but I think it just means you are OLD :-(. Great trip down teh old "memory lane".
A Watson 200 bulk film loader, I presume. Not my favorite way to load because it dragged the film through the cassette felt an extra time encouraging scratches.
I know what all are and have used nearly all of them, but that was looooooong ago.
OMG, I still have these things! I'm waiting for it to come back! lol In fact my 35 mm film loader still has Plus-X (125 ASA) in it!
There was a certain romance about photography with the old time approaches, certainly less instant, certainly much less inconvenient, but it had a charisma all it's own that is frequently lost in my download/upload, instant red eye fix world. I miss that more and more these days.
OMG Plus-x still in it; that's great Film! Hop you have it stored in the Fridge then. Don't want it to GO bad.
I rolled hundreds of feet of Plus-X and developed it all in Accufine. My favorite film/developer combination. I never could understand what people saw in Tri-X! How about waterbath development of 4x5 sheet film in trays? ;-)
-Also, my "wet" darkroom has now been donated to a community college where the instructor won't let anyone go into digital until they have mastered film.
-I first developed my own film 60 years ago, still miss it, but would never go back from digital, although I still have some bricks of 120 Verichrome Pan, Tech Pan and Panatomic -X in my freezer, such great materials!
-A few other possibilities, focusing optics, aids...timers and density readers... analog thermometers...film washers (mine was a 32 oz. plastic pitcher with a hole at the top for a hose, and a hole at the bottom to drain), Photo Lab Index? (a darkroom Bible!), and on and on.
I wish someone would donate that to me. One Community college near me eliminated their wet lab. The other one, a little farther away (I go to) has just sold off its color wet-lab setup (an impressive one too, with 5 top of the line Durst enlargers w/ color analyzers. 4 would handle to [6x6]cm and 1 handles up to [5x7]in. Included in the sale was a 32 inch wide processor too.
Sad thing is, the auction was for a the Lot that needed to be removed from the room, one day before 5 PM. Buyer to dissemble as needed as it was all still in place. It sold for less than four hundred dollars. When the guy came to get everything , I happened to be there & asked if I could buy one enlarger. He just gave me his eBay name and told me to look for his postings, and he would be starting them at $600. The B&W lab is staying only because they actually offer a degree program in Photography and B&W I, II, & III remain.. Tho they have also canceled 4 film classes and replaced them with Digital classes.
-Polaroid coaters were a great varnish good for many other uses...still have a bunch, they never dry out!
-My burning tool was always a black painted funnel used under the enlarging lens; dodging tool was a coat hanger with a piece of exposed, fixed sheet film cut to shape.
-Does anyone remember "Crone C" additive to reduce grain? And 2 solution Diafine to increase speed?
Oh, yes, I was definitely around for all this. But I don't miss waiting for pictures to be developed; I don't miss going through a half box of paper to get the print I want; I don't miss emerging from the darkroom smelling of toxic waste. Simply going to film scanning and Photoshop in the late 1990s was liberating. I do miss some of the cameras; in general, they were smaller, lighter and more tactile than what we have now. And I also miss the excitement of the surprise of finding days after the fact that yes, you really did get that great photograph.
Great images are still being made on film, and will continue to be for some time to come. Digital has replaced most of the Kodacolor 200 and commercial slides stuff, but in B/W and larger formats, film is quite healthy. I see on average better photography (both film and digital) from film shooters. More consideration, a more aware approach. Film is good for its own qualities, but also for the habits it cultivates. That is why it is still taught in schools and colleges. With MF/LF gear and darkroom equipment so cheap used, there's never been a better time to be shooting 120 or sheet film.
Thanks for the trip down memory lane.
I miss the smell of Rodinal in the morning ! After a franctic night of printing I saw, in the cold light of day , that, yet again, i switched the stop with the fix. Can you blame me for the odd swig of Dektol ?! I use rodents now to do my bidding , much heathier !
Come on! A Nikon F4? Let's go back a bit. How many recall the Miranda Sensorex? Now that was a great entry level camera...or the Pentax Spotmatic?
I still have my Miranda Sensorex.
I still have my Miranda Sensorex and a Miranda DR. Just bought a brick of 120 BW to start using my Bronica S again. Even found the Nikkor SS tank in the basement to process the 120 film
I used every single one of those things at one point or another. I still remember the awful smell of that Polaroid black-and-white print coater! I remember the smell of a fresh lamp turned on for the first time in a slide projector, too. Oh, and the smell of Tri-X film as I put a fresh 100-foot roll of it into my bulk loader.
I don't miss any of these 17 items, though. Film was a great development in the world of photography, but with all the excellent digital equipment around today, there is little reason to use it any more, unless you're taking an art class from a misguided school that persists in insisting you learn film photography (sigh...), or you just have to have a view camera for the swings and tilts.
I miss the smells - or rather the ability to smell them (and other things) After to many nights in the toxic fumes in my darkroom i have lost most of my sense of smelling :-( I welcome the digital "dark"room !
All this nonsense about how wonderful film is. I never missed it once after going digital. Best thing ever in photography. With weddings I had to wait to see if the pics were OK, or not! With digi I knew straight away if they were good, or not! Or any work. Ask any wedding photographer what they prefer to ,use. Retired for 9 years now so only
used digi for 3 years. Hobby only
now but no desire to use film. As for
young people using film, it's
something different. Once they start
taking photos for a living they'll use
digi. PS. Used some of those items. Regards from the UK.
Looks like this tool has at least 3 uses.
1/ Dodging prints
2/ getting the film tongue/leader back out of the cassette when a power drive has wound it all the way in.
3/ Coffee stirrer
4/ Micro fly swat
I had to make one when using Kodak 2475 high speed recording film as the end caps were glued on for better light security!
Strange, .... I never saw light leak out?
Same as waterproof watches, I never saw water leak out of them as well?
Got me on the PS Icon too?
Baz Cheers
I never used a bulk loader. I used to measure so many widths of the changing bag :) It worked just as well. A friend had a board and he would clip the end of the film to the board and pull down to a nail and he'd know how many exposures were on the film.
I still use many of these. My film photo shots are much cooler than my digital ones and more satisfying too. See for your self danwagnerphotography.com These were shot with Rolleiflex and Tmax film and developed myself.
I must not be as old as I thought because I have no idea what #11 is.
It is a coating for polaroid prints.
It was a preservative for early polaroid BW prints.
Very smelly as I remember.
I remember having to put the Polaroid film under your arm pit in winter to warm the film and keep moving the 60 second processing along. I still have a Polaroid SX-70 and an even older Polaroid that has fold-out bellows like the old Kodak plus it still has the original Wink light.
And then there is the "B" setting on shutters.
I didn't do my own developing, so some of those items don't mean anything to me, but what I have that my younger friends and relatives don't (and that my older relatives have a LOT more of), is (heavy!) boxes of photos developed in Boots, Snappy Snaps or WH Smith, and their accompanying strips of negatives. Oh, and a unwieldy pile of photo albums!
Every year or so I try to start scanning them in, but give up because it's such a hassle, so going to wait for a fully automated system that can scan multiple photos at once and automatically (accurately!), fix, crop, date stamp and tag (with names, places etc) each photo, before uploading them to the cloud at full resolution.
This can be done today, but the process is still too unreliable and reliant on human input. I think HP and Google will manage to pull this off at some point.
Anyone want my Hope 32" print processor. You will need to bring a truck with a lift.
I know, used or owned all of those at one time. And while I don't miss film photography, I do miss film cameras, and keep wishing for a digital camera with aperture control on the lens barrel, shutter speed control on top of the camera, and never mind fidgeting with a gazillion settings in multi-level menus to take a simple picture.
Like the Fuji X - Pro or X-E1 you mean?
I can't tell you how disappointed I was that Nikon took the aperture ring control off of their digital cameras. The least they could have done is put a control on the bottom of the body where your left hand fingers rest. *sigh*
The manual lenses for newer cameras (from Samyang/Rokinon, Zeiss) have aperture rings though. Out of necessity if nothing else...
I've been photographing for 50 years now (what?! I started when I was VERY young!). I recognize all these items and still own most of them. I remember with great fondness the nights in the darkroom developing/printing b&w and then Cibachrome. I also used to produce double-projector, fade in/out slide presentations with synchronized music and voice. I began playing with digital cameras in 2000 and converted completely in 2004. All the good memories and love for film are still there. I gave it up because, as a fine art photographer, the quality of my prints is my main priority. I have seen Canon comparison color prints of the same subject done state-of-the-art on film and in digital and the difference is significant in favor of digital (processing power and personal interpretation freedom are awesome). I also love the choice of lovely inkjet substrates including canvas which I can frame without glass (I still do all by myself from shooting to processing, printing and framing). Just me.
I too still have a functioning dual projector set-up (unused for a looong time so maybe I should say "was functioning when last boxed up". Then again, I still have a dichro darkroom in boxes sans sinks and chemistry. I got started in the 70s and don't feel that old, but it looks like we're dinosaurs. I've held on to all my film gear for the most part and it is my wife who forced me into digital. While I am nostalgic, and some looks are inherent to film and tastes are subjective, I agree the quality of prints from my iPF8300 are superior. Anyway, I haven't logged in for a long time but your post really brought me back. Thanks
P.S., I must admit I missed #11 :(
Stupid article since it do not say what the displayed articles were for. More frustrating than informative IMO.
Venomous dear Mr. Scorpio. BTW, it's "does", not "do", and you should never finish a sentence with a preposition.
Sorry but this article is nota por you. You are very young.
Sorry but this article is nota por you. You are very young.
Dear showmeyourpics, please redo your reply to MrScorpio in proper Chinese, that's not too much to ask from someone as intelligent as you want others to believe you are, now is it. It only takes a second to click on someone's ID on this site, and had you known that, you would have noticed that MrScorpio lives in Shanghai; that's in China.
The good news is that MrScorpio has been an active member on this site and has learned to ignore people like you, but how many other new members have you chased away by correcting their English.
Waiting for your reply in Chinese, Wu dialect please, but you knew that with MrScorpio living in Shanghai, right.
I'm also waiting for your reply to correct my English and Chinese.
ʑ̻iaja noŋ
That "rule" about not ending sentences with a preposition is a made up one. It comes from people who couldn't let go of the rules of Latin grammar such as they are. And in Latin prepositions must come before nouns, while ironically sentence word order rules are not fixed.
So while showmeyourpics isn't helping you're quoting an invented rule of English grammar. Same basic idea can be applied to "split infinitives."
Well the first item above is labeled. The second item is a dodging tool used to lower the exposure time of a limited area of photopaper under an enlarger. Most are hand made like the one above. Photoshop most certainly has a similar tool, but it doesn't actually reduce the number of photons hitting photopaper.
The split image focus screen (#8) is in fact something one can install in many DSLRs. Many times you can do it yourself. The Nikon D3 has that feature. Their absence from current DLSRs is not really a digital thing; it's an auto focus thing. All this means is that the author is a bit confused about the universal usefulness of AF. If you own a DSLR you can many times get this installed and do better faster manual focusing.
#9 is not particularly digital either. Though it suggests further developments in big telezooms.
I have a feeling more and more people get acquainted with these tools again. Film is making a comeback and I'm not surprised.
Long ago got rid of my bulk film loader, changing bag, tank & reels, enlarger, etc. Did anyone else ever use a pipette for measuring liquid developers like Kodak HC-110? Love what that can do for Tri-X.
Still have my Pentax Auto 110 and a couple of lenses though
That's a delightful blog post/article. Thanks for pointing it out.
I miss film. :(
Why miss what you can easily buy? We all deserve to be able to enjoy a balanced creative diet, if you want film to be a part of that diet, then by all means, partake my friend, partake:
I opened my first studio in London era 1966, (I guess I'm old) and I'm still working…..On some of my jobs when I get asked what camera is that, I end up talking about something else and when I mention about when I used to shoot 4x5 film for my weddings, they become very interested about learning more, but I'm working and I don't have the time to talk longer.
I think it was a privilege for me to have learned my trade from some of the great photographers…..some still living….some not.
Great article ;)-
I never thought I'd say this but I miss color temp meters and filters.
I bought a 4x5 in 2006 and converted a closet into a darkroom. I got tired of coming home with 300 raw files, unloading into the computer and then browsing through them.
While this is humorous it could be a better article if it had captions and said what replaced it, and how the end result now compares with the previous effort.
Of course that would require some effort beyond a catch title and clip art.
We aren't all old-fogeys who had silver spoons in our mouths.
Silver spoon? Bulk film loaders, dodging patterns and loading one's own sheet film holders, not to mention use of changing bags and cable releases, most definitely do not require a silver spoon.
Much of the rest works as commentary on the silliness of some low level photography of the past--110 film, flash cubes, etc.
It does seem like captions would have helped some younger readers, though.
OMG! Still have some of that gear.
But happy to be alive in the age of DP.
Film is alive and well, even amongst the young!
I would say this, having just bought an enlarger....
Especially among the young, it's become very hipster now to be vintage/retro with silver crystals.
I wouldn't dismiss it as a hipster thing. You just can deny the fact that Film still has some advantages over digital. Yes, the gap is getting narrower but I have a feeling folks that shoot film enjoy their tools much more than the ones who have a auto creative setting on their camera.
People do stuff on their own again.
Huh...I'm actually fairly young. I guess one thing I don't understand is that unlike music and other forms of arts, there seems to be this near-constant & insecure need to make fun of a great medium in which to arrive at a fine photograph. I have shot digital for 20 years now, great stuff. But it is not replacing my darkroom, my Hasselblad and my 4x5 as the price I get for those black and white prints goes up and up....with very few exceptions, I don't see digital output doing the same.
And to add to that, I have had a teenaged intern working with me over the Summer. She asked about film use, wants to try it because she is more than a little tired of doing everything in life on a computer. But yeah dpreview...where would digital be without all the web born hype?
Digital photography is awesome, but seeing a photography appears slowly out of nowhere (when being developed on chemicals) on a paper that was all white is simply amazing...
Sadly (or happily) some of those very items are mere feet away from me in my camera closet. I've still got rolls of cartridge film I never developed. And, what else am I going to look at my slides on?
I used to own a firm with an E-6 processor, and Kodak was literally down the street for the fancy kodachrome stuff. We had light tables built in everywhere.
I bet I could still load a 4x5 pretty fast. A bicycle, not so much.
Now get off my lawn you darned kids!
Why would you not scan the slides? Takes time, skill and a good scanner, but then you can preserve them well too.
I've considered going to Scan Cafe, but we're talking thousands of slides. It was free for me - like digital is now. So, I'd need to edit it down to stay on something resembling a budget.
I've also considered a good slide scanner and doing it myself. Speaking of old days I remember getting a Nikon slide scanner at our firm that was probably $20k. It wouldn't pass muster for a $50 epson these days.
I've got a large format Epson 10000XL that's calibrated - so a slide scanner would be a nice addition. Now, to find the time!
Miss the smell of chemicals and hours locked in a bathroom to reveal and print in room, slow photography, and enjoyed.
Yep its was great. I do miss the darkroom. What my wife does not miss is the stink of chemicals , the rusted sinks and stuff and empty containers all over the place. The dark room was also one place you could hide for awhile. Turn the warning light on and have a bit of peace for a few hours. On the others side I don't miss my 35mm stuff at all , digital is much better. I do toy with the Idea of getting the medium format stuff out from the top of the cupboard. But then I think of the finding film , having it processed , arguing with the lab about the colour or scratched negatives and think hell no. Today the cell phone would ring and I would forget the film in the developer and land up wondering what might have been. Its really a pity that have become so spoon feed and lazy, actually pathetic.
Good old days, here smells like vinegar..
Read the article and recognized 16 out of 17 (missed No. 15)- then when I looked at No. 16- I realized what No. 15 was used for. I guess we all used one or more of these items. I think I used some version of them all at one time or another.It was fun realizing that that I used an item just like that huge 250 shot (probably) Nikon back- but I used it with a pre-dated Practina. Still have the back- still have the camera. These days I get 8000 shots- from an SD card. Still amazes me.
The AGFA daylight developing tank - the best !
The late, great Bernard Hoffman- referred to it as a "Schmoo stick" I always think of that when I use PS. I call it "Schmooing". P.S. Bernard Hoffman was one of the great Print Makers and laboratory owners of the 60's and beyond.
11 times yes :)
Ahh....the bad old days.
I used a lot of that stuff but Canon instead of Nikon. I still use my F-1s, AE-1s and Canonet at times as well as Pentax and Mamiya 645s but I lost the disc camera. Still, my favorite picture is one I took with the Disc camera.
I still have my bulk loader, cassettes, film loading dark bag, and of course my beloved Paterson steel 35mm reels and tank.
I have used everything except for the Big White 600 or 800mm manual focus lens, the ultra-huge motorized film advance, and loading the 4x5 film cassettes pictured. (I did use various sizes of radiographic film in paper cassettes for research).
I taught a photoshop intro class to college freshman, and one asked why the dodge tool was called dodge and why the icon looked like a black lollipop. I explained that it was a darkroom tool, but no one ever used a store bought tool- usually you just waved around a wadded up ball of tape on a unfolded paperclip or wire coat hanger to light up the print. They were totally lost by the explanation.
Curious collection. Some are purely high end professional (Nikon camera), some are purely consumer (flash cubes), and some are darkroom related (vignetter). I loved developing film so I would have added the reel and tank.
I'm glad you only limited it to 17 items since I'm sure I would have know the next 17 more that you could have come up with and you didn't really go all that far back (I'm 49 years old).
I still have some film stuff left over, not because I'm collecting it, but rather I just haven't bothered to get rid of it yet.
My kids look at some of my old slides on a slide table and they can't understand how you make a big picture of them on a computer.
by scanning the slides into a tiff file, that's how you get a big picture on a computer. Encourage them to try, film scanning is tricky to do well, they'll learn something.
Yes, I assume you were making a joke about kids not being able to relate to images recorded on slides or negative film.
Anyone that prints fine art inkjet prints should be familiar with the gloves. Just as today, very, very few people got to shoot with expensive tele lenses. A better example would be a cheap T-mount index aperture tele lens - extra points for knowing what a T-mount and an index aperture are. I've never seen a Nikon bulk film back in the flesh, but that helps put complaints about big, heavy camera gear in perspective. Not to mention many pros carrying a good size bag just for film.
And I had to walk five miles to the photofinisher, in the snow, uphill both ways...
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A little girl can do so much with a cloak. The Light Blue Panne Cape for Girls is a floor length hooded cloak that is a versatile accessory or a costume in and of itself. This velvety cloak has a sheen to it. It ties around the neck with a ribbon and has a wide hood. The dress, shoes, and accessories are sold separately. The Light Blue Panne Cape for Girls is a pretty accessory for a lot of old fashion style costumes. It can be worn with a Victorian or Gothic dress or as part of a Medieval queen, princess, or lady costume. It even goes well as a Biblical girl or woman, like Mary, for a church play. With this cloak your girl can be a good witch, and with the right makeup, even a ghost. A simple cape like this can make a pretty costume more dramatic.
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After finally reaching Violet City Ash and co encounter some school children who wanted to play with Pikachu but just as Pikachu was about to zap them Ash grabs it and it zaps him. Brock volunteers the group to help Miss Priscilla, the teacher, at Earl's Pokémon Academy. When one boy, Zackie, wants Pikachu, it runs off. As Ash thought Zackie caught Pikachu, a Bellsprout pops out of the Poké Ball. Can Ash persuade Zackie to give up trying to catch his Pikachu? And Why does Team Rocket have to make a rocket out of Sprout Tower?
Human Characters
- Miss Priscilla
- Earl
- Zackie
- The Pokémon Academy from the Gold, Silver, Crystal, HeartGold and SoulSilver games is put into the anime, as is Sprout Tower.
- This is one of the few episodes prior to Chikorita's Big Upset to show Chikorita's jealousy towards Pikachu.
| This article has an incomplete plot or synopsis.
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Escoda creates its Clasico Chungking White Bristle Filbert in three different lengths - Short, Regular, and Long. Escoda handcrafts premium-quality bristle to create a superior quality brush that stands up beautifully to heavy paint.
Short Filbert, Series 4528 — In select sizes, with a rounded head several millimeters shorter than the standard Filbert, for greater control.
® Escoda is a registered trademark.


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March 7, 2013
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Police identified Thursday a woman suspected of playing a part in an armed robbery at a Kohl's in Pueblo.
Police think Adriane Rino was with a man who pulled a gun on a store worker and customers to help Rino escape the store with stolen merchandise.
On December 12, police reported the man struck up a conversation with the loss prevention officer while the officer watched a woman who was thought to be shoplifting. Police say at one point, the male suspect even asked the loss prevention officer for a cigarette.
Once the woman was seen leaving the store at 5627 North Elizabeth without paying for several items, police say the officer tried to stop her. The man allegedly pulled out a gun and pointed it at the officer and aimed it at customers approaching the store. While pointing the gun, both he and who police believe is Adriane Rico, began walking away.
Police say the loss prevention officer noticed that the suspects were not getting into a car, and he started following them. After the suspects pulled a gun on him a second time, he stopped following them.
Most of the shoplifted items were dropped as the two left the store, but police believe some jewelry was taken.
Rino is an 36-year-old Hispanic female, approximately 5' 2" tall, 145 lbs., brown hair, and brown eyes.
Police have described the male suspect as Italian with short dark hair. He is reportedly about 5-foot-8 to 5-foot-10 and muscular, weighing about 200-220 pounds. He was wearing a large, gray down jacket.
Anyone with information is asked to call Pueblo Crime Stoppers at 542-STOP.
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May 3, 2016
A major propane leak two miles north of Stillman Valley is still keeping people from their homes Thursday night.
A half mile area around Scott road, two miles north of Stillman Valley, was evacuated shortly before 2 p.m. Thursday afternoon. That's after a Commonwealth Edison crew hit an eight inch propane pipeline.
Emergency workers on the scene say the propane is evaporating into the air and is highly combustible.
The pipeline's owner, Williams's Pipeline, says it'll be checking the line for damage in the morning before allowing anyone living in the area back home.
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this wiki
Orang-O-Tang is a fictional beverage featured in Grand Theft Auto IV.
In a similar vein to Munky Juice in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, the drink is named with a primate-related pun, this time referencing both the orangutan's name and a "tang" (which refers to something of a sour, acidic or citrous taste). The name is also a reference to two real-life orange drinks: the American-made Tang and the British-made Tango.
The drink is most prominently featured as the can of drink which the player obtains from a vending machine; instead of a can of Sprunk or eCola as their respectable vending machines would imply, the player retrieves a can of Orang-O-Tang and drinks from it, before discarding the empty can onto the ground.
See also
- Munky Juice, GTA San Andreas and GTA Liberty City Stories equivalent.


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Mbeya regional commissioner Abbas Kandoro yesterday swore in eight new district commissioners for Rungwe, Mbarali, Ileje, Mbozi, Momba, Kyela, Mbeya and Chunya at the state lodge in Mbeya.
The DCs who took the oath of office are Chrispin Meela for Rungwe, Gulamhussein Kifu (Mbarali), Rosemary Senyamule (Ileje), Dr Michael Yunia Kadeghe (Mbozi), Abihud Saideya (Momba), Margareth Malenga (Kyela), Dr Norman Sigalla (Mbeya) and Deodatus Kinawilo (Chunya).
The swearing-in of DCs follows their recent appointment or transfer President Jakaya Kikwete, as announced by Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda.
Kandoro praised urged the DC to fulfil their obligations by working diligently and efficiently for the benefit of the country and the nation.
He stressed the need for them to observe and safeguard national interests and work and social ethics while feeling honoured and privileged to serve their country as the president's representatives at district level. The RC said the qualities of a good leader include the ability to unite and reconcile people, with a view to promoting peace and stability among them and enhance nation-building.
He said schools in Mbeya Region have a shortage of 44,504 desks, adding that 1,114 classrooms must be built as a matter of urgency partly on a self-help basis to meet existing demand.
Other dignitaries who graced the ceremony included Mbeya Regional Administrative Secretary Mariam Tunguja, Mbeya City Mayor Athanas Kapunga, district executive directors, members of the regional defence and security committee, religious leaders and representatives of political parties.


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Barrington Collection by Feiss
When a design scheme needs something modern yet elegant, the Barrington Collection by Feiss has it all. With eye-catching designs and contemporary touches, these lighting fixtures are perfect for any situation. This collection has enough options available to find the perfect complement for any room. Get gorgeous lighting anywhere with the Barrington collection.


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- Oct 22:
- Family carries on after Caleb Moore's snowmobile death
- Mar 12:
- ESPN drops X Games snowmobile, motocross best trick events
- Feb 6:
- Caleb Moore's family to hold moment of silence for X Games snowmobiler
- Feb 1:
- Caleb Moore family donates organs after his death from X Games crash
- ESPN to review X Games' snowmobile contests after Caleb Moore's death
- Jan 31:
- Caleb Moore's death, first ever for X Games, prompts questions about safety
- Caleb Moore dies one week after snowmobile crash at Winter X Games
- Jan 27:
- Shaun White dominates in X Games superpipe for sixth consecutive gold
- Henrik Harlaut all smiles after big weekend at X Games in Aspen
- Caleb Moore facing "brain complication" after X Games snowmobile crash
- Nick Goepper of Indiana wins X Games ski slopestyle in Aspen
- Female slopestyle skiers/riders debate the need for their own courses
- Jan 26:
- Colorado rider Arielle Gold wins bronze as X Games alternate
- Moore brothers recovering from injuries in snowmobile crashes at X Games
- Jan 25:
- Tucker Hibbert vying for 6th Winter X Games gold in snowcross
- Aspen fighting to remain host for Winter X spectacle after 2014 as three other ski areas vie for games
- Jan 22:
- iPad app: Download the Denver Post Ski Guide for FREE!
- Cada: Aspen's hip Sky Hotel bar starts night off right
- What's new, Aspen/Snowmass? Lodging, dining, shopping establishments make upgrades, but stay familiar
ASPEN — They finish each other's sentences, swapping conversations midthought. They flick and poke each other, teasing and taunting, as brothers are wont to do.
"This year, gold, silver," says Colten Moore, pointing to himself then to his brother.
"No, gold, silver," says Caleb Moore, pointing to himself then to Colten.
Everything is a competition for the Moore brothers. Colten kicks a pile of snow and steps on top, giving him a few inches over his brother as they prepare for a video interview.
"Stop trying to get tall," says Caleb, the ATV-racing champion who took bronze last year in Winter X Games snowmobile freestyle, a painful two steps behind his younger brother's gold medal.
The Moore brothers stormed the freestyle snowmobile scene four years ago in Aspen, making the transition from years of ATV racing to snowmobile flipping after a mere month of practice in their backyard foam pit in Krum, Texas. They'd never ridden snowmobiles before that balmy December in the town northwest of Dallas.
"We got a little practice and came here and did what we do best: Wing it," says the 23-year-old Colten.
"Took a bronze medal after 30 days of practice," Caleb, 25, says of his 2010 X Games debut, a feat he repeated in 2011 with freestyle bronze and best trick silver earned before a crowd filled with 30-plus Moore kin. "It's been history from there. It's been a great ride."
But Thursday night, both were injured and knocked out of the freestyle finals. Caleb came up short on a backflip, digging his sled's skis into the snow and slamming the landing. The 450-pound snowmobile bounced into his head as he tumbled. He was knocked out briefly, suffering a concussion.
"He is OK. Got knocked out but is awake and answering questions," said Moore spokeswoman Chelsea Lawson a few minutes after the crash.
Minutes later, Colten was injured in the same spot as the sled landed on his right hip. He was taken to Aspen Valley Medical Center.
Injuries are part of life for the Moore brothers. Colten was only 12 years old when he broke his femurs and pelvis while quad racing. Caleb had a lengthy list of injuries even before Thursday night's mishap. He was knocked unconscious and injured his ankles after the 2010 X Games during an exhibition in Costa Rica. Last year, Caleb took bronze while he was recovering from a broken pelvis and after breaking his tailbone during practice.
The Polaris-sponsored riders were searching for their avenue to fame in 2010. Throttling and flipping quad ATVs wasn't really delivering.
Photos: X Games at Aspen, Jan. 24
"We wanted to get to the Summer X Games, but it didn't seem like that was going to happen. There are just not enough riders at that top level who can backflip a quad," says their father, Wade Moore, who built a foam pit for his sons in 2006 as the duo developed ATV freestyle trickery. "I was trying to figure out how to get to television for more publicity and snowmobiles were already on television. I said, 'I think y'all can make the transition.' "
And it wasn't a breeze breaking into the snowmobile freestyle scene four years ago.
"There was no one on quads doing what we do, and there were a lot of guys on sleds doing more than we were doing," Colten says, "so it was definitely a challenge to keep up with what was already going down."
With wheels on their sleds' skis and a carpeted ramp, the Moore brothers have used their Texas training ground to prove they are no one-hit wonders in the snowy X Games. Last year's gold-bronze performance established the Moores as bona fide competitors in snowmobile freestyle and likely the only Winter X Games medalists hailing from snow-starved Texas.
It's not easy to sledneck in Texas. Snowmobiles are built to rev high, run hot and cool with wintery weather. In Texas, the machines overheat after one jump. So the Moore brothers use their foam pit to practice their biggest tricks, hitting the floaty, backflipping grabs and no-hander landings that earn medals at Buttermilk.
On a whim in 2011, they thrilled the X Games crowd when they backflipped their snowmobile together on the same machine, earning a whopping zero points from the judges.
The brothers spend their year traveling to motorsports events where they provide the intermission entertainment on their ATVs with a progression of tricks culminating in backflips. Next weekend, Caleb planned to perform in France and Colten in San Antonio. The brothers don't actually land snowmobiles on snow until they arrive for practice at the X Games, their only competition of the season.
"If you are confident in the pit and you are nailing it over and over again, day after day, you get to a landing and you just have to ... picture a foam pit in front of you," Colten says.
Jason Blevins: 303-954-1374, firstname.lastname@example.com or twitter.com/jasontblevins


text:
December 31, 2011
Mike Farrell
Rivals.com Football Recruiting
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text: You are making some beautiful maps Pryme8. This particular one might be a little too small in scale for successful use as an encounter map for most gaming (ie it would need to be 2X the size). The overall composition is excellent, the map's colour scheme is superb and looks really natural, the transition between sea and sand is really well done, and I LOVE your shadow. Almost the best map ever - just the wrong scale for use as an encounter map for me.


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We are fully committed to Vietnam. ANZ was one of the first foreign banks to open, and has been in Vietnam since 1993. ANZ Vietnam now has eight Branches and Transaction offices, one Saving Kiosk in two major cities, Hanoi and HCMC and two Representative Offices, servicing Retail & Wealth, Consumer Finance, Institutional and Commercial customers. ANZ Vietnam has more than 750 employees, and named the Best Retail Bank in Vietnam in The Asian Banker's International Excellence in Retail Financial Services Awards 2013.
In 2008, ANZ became one of the first three 100% foreign owned banks to be granted a banking license by the State Bank of Vietnam to locally incorporate in Vietnam. The new license allowed ANZ to step up its expansion strategy in Vietnam and led to the opening of more branches and representative points in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 2009.
As the key hub for the Greater Mekong Region, which includes Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar, ANZ Vietnam plays a pivotal role in the Bank's wider super regional strategy, connecting customers with each other and with markets across the region.
ANZ in the community
ANZ's key corporate responsibility initiatives, namely MoneyMinded Vietnam, Project 3E and our partnership with Blue Dragon Children's Foundation, focus on developing the local communities we serve.
MoneyMinded is our flagship adult financial education that helps people improve their financial skills, knowledge and confidence.
Project 3E, which stands for Educate, Enrich and Employ, is a 3-year educational community initiative done in partnership with the Saigon Children's Charity and the local government, Launched in November 2013, Project 3E aims to provide access to quality schooling in a sustainable way to over 4,000 disadvantaged children in the Long My district in Hau Giang province, Vietnam.
Through our partnership with Blue Dragon, we are committed to provide both financial and volunteering support to over 2,000 underprivileged children, including homeless street children, supported by the community initiative, Blue Dragon House.
Products and Services
Institutional and Commercial banking
- Relationship Banking – corporate and institutional banking, mergers & acquisitions.
- Global markets and loans – structuring and customer solutions, corporate and institutional sales, commodities solutions, wealth distribution, trading, debt capital markets, syndications, structured leasing and asset finance, project and structured finance, as well as structured export finance.
- Transaction banking – trade and supply chain, payments and cash management, and clearing services.
Retail banking
- Relationship Banking - Signature Priority Banking.
- Products - current and savings accounts, bank assurance, term deposits, dual currency investment, foreign exchange, structured deposits, credit cards, unsecured lending and mortgages.
Key milestones
ANZ opens Representative Office in Binh Duong Province under ANZ Bank (Vietnam) Limited.
ANZ opens Representative Office in Can Tho City under ANZ Bank (Vietnam) Limited.
ANZ opens the Operations Centre at The Crescent Plaza in the Phu My Hung New City Centre, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City.
ANZ establishes ANZ Bank (Vietnam) Limited.
ANZ expands its network in Vietnam by opening more outlets in Hanoi and HCMC.
ANZ acquires and completes the integration of the Royal Bank of Scotland's corporate and institutional banking businesses in Vietnam.
ANZ opens a Representative Office in Can Tho under ANZ Banking Group Limited.
ANZ opens a sub-branch in Ho Chi Minh City.
ANZ opens its first Branch in Hanoi.
|How to contact us in Vietnam
ANZ Bank (Vietnam) Limited
: +84 4 39386901
: +84 4 39386930
Website : www.anz.com/vietnam
ANZ Banking Group Limited
: +84 4 39289786
: +84 4 39289787
Hanoi Branch
: +84 4 3825 8190
: +84 4 3825 8198
Ho Chi Minh City Branch
: +84 8 3827 2926
: +84 8 3822 3449
Banking hours
- 8:30am to 4:30pm Monday to Friday (for Suncity Kiosk). Closed for lunch from 12:00pm to 13:00pm.
Office hours
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- Feb 14:
- Christopher Dorner hid in plain sight during California manhunt
- Feb 12:
- Video: Ex-police officer Dorner engaged in shootout in Southern California
- Rogue ex-LAPD officer believed dead after standoff
- Feb 8:
- Court file: LA ex-cop was disturbed, self-obsessed
- Key events in hunt for ex-LA cop, suspected killer
- Hunt for ex-officer goes on amid Calif. snowstorm
- Feb 7:
- Governor 'saddened' by death of Riverside officer
- Ex-LA cop, murder suspect sent CNN anchor parcel
- FBI: Fugitive ex-LA cop not found in Vegas home
- Suspect ex-LA cop served in Nev. air base reserve
- Ex-LA cop in manhunt played college football
- Manhunt for ex-police officer sets region on edge
- Mountain manhunt for ex-cop accused of killing 3
LOS ANGELES — The city of Los Angeles on Sunday announced a $1 million reward for information leading to the arrest and capture of Christopher Jordan Dorner, a former Los Angeles police officer who is suspected of killing three people and wounding two others.
"We will not tolerate anyone undermining the security of the community," Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa said at a news conference. "We will not tolerate this reign of terror."
Police Chief Charlie Beck said the reward was "the largest local reward ever offered to our knowledge." The reason for such a significant reward, Beck said, was "not about capturing a fleeing suspect but about preventing another crime, likely another murder."
"This is an act of domestic terrorism," Beck said of those killed and allegedly targeted by Dorner. "He has targeted those we entrust to protect the public."
A manhunt for Dorner, 33, began last week after he allegedly began a deadly campaign that has left an Irvine couple and a Riverside police officer dead. Dorner is thought to be upset over his firing from the Police Department in 2009.
The city of Los Angeles, law enforcement organizations, private groups and anonymous donors have contributed to the reward fund, according to law enforcement sources familiar with the investigation.
The frustrating search for Dorner has spanned from Los Angeles to the Big Bear Lake ski area to San Diego.
Dorner's Nissan Titan pickup was found Thursday morning engulfed in flames on a mountain road in the Big Bear area, and law enforcement officials have since focused their search there. Officials said Sunday that the search in Big Bear was winding down.
Also Sunday, police investigated a taunting phone call that might have been made by Dorner to the father of the woman they think he killed last week. Two law enforcement officers who requested anonymity because of the ongoing investigation told The Associated Press they are trying to determine whether the call days after the killing was made by Dorner or a man posing as him.


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May 5, 2016
The head of the NAACP says even some members of the New York Police Department oppose the city's policy of street stops.
Benjamin Jealous, president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, told a Brooklyn church congregation on Sunday that the civil rights group is hearing from its members who are New York City police officers.
The NYPD's practice of stopping, questioning and sometimes frisking hundreds of thousands of people on city streets each year has received widespread criticism. Officials say the technique deters crime. Critics say the stops intimidate innocent people and raise issues of racial profiling.
The NYPD did not immediately respond to calls seeking comment on Jealous' remarks.
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text: Welcome to the guild, Malice. Though you seem to have your plan set to look for map artists here, don't let that stop you from posting up some of your own work. Though the talent here is awe-inspiring, there's also a warm welcome always extended to people like us who are still learning, or just playing around.


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25 U.S. Code § 2204 - Purchase of trust or restricted or controlled lands at no less than fair market value; requisite conditions
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(a) Purchase of land
(1) In general
Subject to subsection (b) of this section, any Indian tribe may purchase, at not less than fair market value and with the consent of the owners of the interests, part or all of the interests in—
(2) Required consent
(A) In general
The Indian tribe may purchase all interests in a tract described in paragraph (1) with the consent of the owners of undivided interests equal to at least 50 percent of the undivided interest in the tract.
(b) Conditions applicable to purchase
Subsection (a) of this section applies on the condition that—
(1) any Indian owning any undivided interest, and in actual use and possession of such tract for at least three years preceding the tribal initiative, may purchase such tract by matching the tribal offer;
(2) if at any time within five years following the date of acquisition of such land by an individual pursuant to this section, such property is offered for sale or a petition is filed with the Secretary for removal of the property from trust or restricted status, the tribe shall have 180 days from the date it is notified of such offer or petition to acquire such property by paying to the owner the fair market value as determined by the Secretary; and
(3) the approval of the Secretary shall be required for a land sale initiated under this section, except that such approval shall not be required with respect to a land sale transaction initiated by an Indian tribe that has in effect a land consolidation plan that has been approved by the Secretary under section 2203 of this title.
(c) Partition of highly fractionated Indian lands
(1) Applicability
This subsection shall be applicable only to parcels of land (including surface and subsurface interests, except with respect to a subsurface interest that has been severed from the surface interest, in which case this subsection shall apply only to the surface interest) which the Secretary has determined, pursuant to paragraph (2)(B), [1] to be parcels of highly fractionated Indian land.
(2) Requirements
Each partition action under this subsection shall be conducted by the Secretary in accordance with the following requirements:
(A) Application
Upon receipt of any payment or bond required under subparagraph (B), the Secretary shall commence a process for partitioning a parcel of land by sale in accordance with the provisions of this subsection upon receipt of an application by—
(i) the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the subject land that owns an undivided interest in the parcel of land; or
(ii) any person owning an undivided interest in the parcel of land who is eligible to bid at the sale of the parcel pursuant to subclause (II), (III), or (IV) of subparagraph (I)(i);
provided that no such application shall be valid or considered if it is received by the Secretary prior to the date that is 1 year after the date on which notice is published pursuant to section 8(a)(4) of the American Indian Probate Reform Act of 2004.
(B) Costs of serving notice and publication
The costs of serving and publishing notice under subparagraph (F) shall be borne by the applicant. Upon receiving written notice from the Secretary, the applicant must pay to the Secretary an amount determined by the Secretary to be the estimated costs of such service of notice and publication, or furnish a sufficient bond for such estimated costs within the time stated in the notice, failing which, unless an extension is granted by the Secretary, the Secretary shall not be required to commence the partition process under subparagraph (A) and may deny the application. The Secretary shall have the discretion and authority in any case to waive either the payment or the bond (or any portion of such payment or bond) otherwise required by this subparagraph, upon making a determination that such waiver will further the policies of this chapter.
(C) Determination
(D) Consent requirements
(i) In general A parcel of land may be partitioned under this subsection only if the applicant obtains the written consent of—
(I) the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the subject land if such Indian tribe owns an undivided interest in the parcel;
(II) any owner who, for the 3-year period immediately preceding the date on which the Secretary receives the application, has
(III) the owners (including parents of minor owners and legal guardians of incompetent owners) of at least 50 percent of the undivided interests in the parcel, but only in cases where the Secretary determines that, based on the final appraisal prepared pursuant to subparagraph (F), any 1 owner's total undivided interest in the parcel (not including the interest of an Indian tribe or that of the owner requesting the partition) has a value in excess of $1,500.Any consent required by this clause must be in writing and acknowledged before a notary public (or other official authorized to make acknowledgments), and shall be approved by the Secretary unless the Secretary has reason to believe that the consent was obtained as a result of fraud or undue influence.
(ii) Consent by the Secretary on behalf of certain individuals For the purposes of clause (i)(III), the Secretary may consent on behalf of—
(I) undetermined heirs of trust or restricted interests and owners of such interests who are minors and legal incompetents having no parents or legal guardian; and
(E) Appraisal
After the Secretary has determined that the subject parcel is a parcel of highly fractionated Indian land pursuant to subparagraph (C), the Secretary shall cause to be made, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter for establishing fair market value, an appraisal of the fair market value of the subject parcel.
(F) Notice to owners on completion of appraisal
Upon completion of the appraisal, the Secretary shall give notice of the requested partition and appraisal to all owners of undivided interests in the parcel, in accordance with principles of due process. Such notice shall include the following requirements:
(i) Written notice The Secretary shall attempt to give each owner written notice of the partition action stating the following:
(III) The owner's ownership interest in the subject parcel as evidenced by the Secretary's records as of the date that owners are determined in accordance with clause (ii).
(VII) That the owner must timely comment on or object in writing to the proposed partition or the appraisal, in order to receive notice of approval of the appraisal and right to appeal.
(VIII) The date by which the owner's written comments or objections must be received, which shall not be less than 90 days after the date that the notice is mailed under this clause or last published under clause (ii)(II).
(IX) The address for requesting copies of the appraisal and for submitting written comments or objections.
(X) The name and telephone number of the official to be contacted for purposes of obtaining information regarding the proceeding, including the time and date of the auction of the land or the date for submitting sealed bids.
(ii) Manner of service
(I) Service by certified mail The Secretary shall use due diligence to provide all owners of interests in the subject parcel, as evidenced by the Secretary's records at the time of the determination under subparagraph (C), with actual notice of the partition proceedings by mailing a copy of the written notice described in clause (i) by certified mail, restricted delivery, to each such owner at the owner's last known address. For purposes of this subsection, owners shall be determined from the Secretary's land title records as of the date of the determination under subparagraph (C) or a date that is not more than 90 days prior to the date of mailing under this clause, whichever is later. In the event the written notice to an owner is returned undelivered, the Secretary shall attempt to obtain a current address for such owner by conducting a reasonable search (including a reasonable search of records maintained by local, State, Federal and tribal governments and agencies) and by inquiring with the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the subject parcel, and, if different from that tribe, the Indian tribe of which the owner is a member, and, if successful in locating any such owner, send written notice by certified mail in accordance with this subclause.
(II) Notice by publication The Secretary shall give notice by publication of the partition proceedings to all owners that the Secretary was unable to serve pursuant to subclause (I), and to unknown heirs and assigns by—
(aa) publishing the notice described in clause (i) at least 2 times in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or counties where the subject parcel of land is located or, if there is an Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the parcel of land and that tribe publishes a tribal newspaper or newsletter at least once every month, 1 time in such newspaper of general circulation and 1 time in such tribal newspaper or newsletter;
(bb) posting such notice in a conspicuous place in the tribal headquarters or administration building (or such other tribal building determined by the Secretary to be most appropriate for giving public notice) of the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the parcel of land, if any; and
(G) Review of comments on appraisal
(i) In general After reviewing and considering comments or information timely submitted by any owner of an interest in the parcel in response to the notice required under subparagraph (F), the Secretary may, consistent with the provisions of this chapter for establishing fair market value—
provided that if the Secretary orders a new appraisal under subclause (I), notice of the new appraisal shall be given as specified in clause (ii).
(ii) Notice Notice shall be given—
(I) in accordance with subparagraph (H), where the new appraisal results in a value of the land that is equal to or greater than that of the earlier appraisal; or
(H) Notice to owners of approval of appraisal and right to appeal
Upon making the determination under subparagraph (G), the Secretary shall provide to the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the subject land and to all persons who submitted written comments on or objections to the proposed partition or appraisal, a written notice to be served on such tribe and persons by certified mail. Such notice shall state—
(iii) that the land will be sold for not less than the appraised value, subject to the consent requirements under paragraph (2)(D);
(v) that the owner has the right, under the Secretary's regulations governing administrative appeals, to pursue an administrative appeal from—
(I) the determination that the land may be partitioned by sale under the provisions of this section; and
(vi) the date by which an administrative appeal must be taken, a citation to the provisions of the Secretary's regulations that will govern the owner's appeal, and any other information required by such regulations to be given to parties affected by adverse decisions of the Secretary;
(vii) in cases where the Secretary determines that any person's undivided trust or restricted interest in the parcel exceeds $1,500 pursuant to paragraph (2)(D)(iii), that the Secretary has authority to consent to the partition on behalf of undetermined heirs of trust or restricted interests in the parcel and owners of such interests whose whereabouts are unknown; and
(I) Sale to eligible purchaser
(i) In general Subject to clauses (ii) and (iii) and the consent requirements of paragraph (2)(D), the Secretary shall, after providing notice to owners under subparagraph (H), including the time and place of sale or for receiving sealed bids, at public auction or by sealed bid (whichever of such methods of sale the Secretary determines to be more appropriate under the circumstances) sell the parcel of land by competitive bid for not less than the final appraised fair market value to the highest bidder from among the following eligible bidders:
(I) The Indian tribe, if any, with jurisdiction over the trust or restricted interests in the parcel being sold.
(II) Any person who is a member, or is eligible to be a member, of the Indian tribe described in subclause (I).
(III) Any person who is a member, or is eligible to be a member, of an Indian tribe but not of the tribe described in subclause (I), but only if such person already owns an undivided interest in the parcel at the time of sale.
(IV) Any lineal descendent of the original allottee of the parcel who is a member or is eligible to be a member of an Indian tribe or, with respect to a parcel located in the State of California that is not within an Indian tribe's reservation or not otherwise subject to the jurisdiction of an Indian tribe, who is a member, or eligible to be a member, of an Indian tribe or owns a trust or restricted interest in the parcel.
(ii) Right to match highest bid If the highest bidder is a person who is only eligible to bid under clause (i)(III), the Indian tribe that has jurisdiction over the parcel, if any, shall have the right to match the highest bid and acquire the parcel, but only if—
(I) prior to the date of the sale, the governing body of such tribe has adopted a tribal law or resolution reserving its right to match the bids of such nonmember bidders in partition sales under this subsection and delivered a copy of such law or resolution to the Secretary; and
(iii) Right to purchase Any person who is a member, or eligible to be a member, of the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the trust or restricted interests in the parcel being sold and is, as of the time of sale under this subparagraph, the owner of the largest undivided interest in the parcel shall have a right to purchase the parcel by tendering to the Secretary an amount equal to the highest sufficient bid submitted at the sale, less that amount of the bid attributable to such owner's share, but only if—
(II) the owner's total undivided interest in the parcel immediately prior to the sale was—
(aa) greater than the undivided interest held by any other co-owners, except where there are 2 or more co-owners whose interests are of equal size but larger than the interests of all other co-owners and such owners of the largest interests have agreed in writing that 1 of them may exercise the right of purchase under this clause; and
(III) within 3 days following the date of the auction or for receiving sealed bids, and in accordance with the regulations adopted to implement this section (if any), the owner delivers to the Secretary a written notice of intent to exercise the owner's rights under this clause; and
(iv) Interest acquired A purchaser of a parcel of land under this subparagraph shall acquire title to the parcel in trust or restricted status, free and clear of any and all claims of title or ownership of all persons or entities (not including the United States) owning or claiming to own an interest in such parcel prior to the time of sale.
(J) Proceeds of sale
(i) Subject to clauses (ii) and (iii), the Secretary shall distribute the proceeds of sale of a parcel of land under the provisions of this section to the owners of interests in such parcel in proportion to their respective ownership interests.
(ii) Proceeds attributable to the sale of trust or restricted interests shall be maintained in accounts as trust personalty.
(iii) Proceeds attributable to the sale of interests of owners whose whereabouts are unknown, of undetermined heirs, and of other persons whose ownership interests have not been recorded shall be held by the Secretary until such owners, heirs, or other persons have been determined, at which time such proceeds shall be distributed in accordance with clauses (i) and (ii).
(K) Lack of bids or consent
(i) Lack of bids If no bidder described in subparagraph (I) presents a bid that equals or exceeds the final appraised value, the Secretary may either—
(I) purchase the parcel of land for its appraised fair market value on behalf of the Indian tribe with jurisdiction over the land, subject to the lien and procedures provided under section 2213 (b) of this title; or
(ii) Lack of consent If an applicant fails to obtain any applicable consent required under the provisions of subparagraph (D) by the date established by the Secretary prior to the proposed sale, the Secretary may either extend the time for obtaining any such consent or deny the request for partition.
(3) Enforcement
(A) In general
If a partition is approved under this subsection and an owner of an interest in the parcel of land refuses to surrender possession in accordance with the partition decision, or refuses to execute any conveyance necessary to implement the partition, then any affected owner or the United States may—
(i) commence a civil action in the United States district court for the district in which the parcel of land is located; and
(B) Federal role
With respect to any civil action brought under subparagraph (A)—
(i) the United States—
(4) Grants and loans
The Secretary may provide grants and low interest loans to successful bidders at sales authorized by this subsection, provided that—
(A) the total amount of such assistance in any such sale shall not exceed 20 percent of the appraised value of the parcel of land sold; and
[1] So in original. Probably should be paragraph "(2)(C),".
Source(Pub. L. 97–459, title II, § 205,Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2517; Pub. L. 98–608, § 1(2),Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3171; Pub. L. 106–462, title I, § 103(2),Nov. 7, 2000, 114 Stat. 1993; Pub. L. 108–374, §§ 4, 6 (a)(1),Oct. 27, 2004, 118 Stat. 1787, 1797; Pub. L. 109–157, §§ 2, 8 (a)(1),Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2949, 2952; Pub. L. 110–453, title II, § 207(b),Dec. 2, 2008, 122 Stat. 5030.)
References in Text
Section 8(a)(4) of the American Indian Probate Reform Act of 2004, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A), is section 8(a)(4) ofPub. L. 108–374, which is set out as a note under section 2201 of this title.
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(B), (E), (G)(i), was in the original "this Act", which was translated as reading "this title", meaning title II of Pub. L. 97–459, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
2008—Subsec. (c)(2)(D)(i). Pub. L. 110–453substituted "by the Secretary" for "by Secretary" in concluding provisions.
2005—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–157, § 2(1), added subsec. (a) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (a). Text read as follows: "Subject to subsection (b) of this section, any Indian tribe may purchase at no less than the fair market value part or all of the interests in any tract of trust or restricted land within that tribe's reservation or otherwise subject to that tribe's jurisdiction with the consent of the owners of such interests. The tribe may purchase all of the interests in such tract with the consent of the owners of undivided interests equal to at least 50 percent of the undivided interest in such tract. Interests owned by an Indian tribe in a tract may be included in the computation of the percentage of ownership of the undivided interests in that tract for purposes of determining whether the consent requirement under the preceding sentence has been met."
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–157, § 2(2), redesignatedsubsec. (d) as (c). Prior to amendment, no subsec. (c) had been enacted.
Subsec. (c)(2)(G)(ii)(I). Pub. L. 109–157, § 2(3)(A)(i), substituted "a value of the land that is equal to or greater than that of the earlier appraisal" for "a higher valuation of the land".
Subsec. (c)(2)(I)(iii)(III). Pub. L. 109–157, § 2(3)(A)(ii)(I), inserted "(if any)" after "this section".
Subsec. (c)(2)(I)(iii)(IV)(aa). Pub. L. 109–157, § 2(3)(A)(ii)(II)(aa), substituted "more" for "less".
Subsec. (c)(2)(I)(iii)(IV)(bb). Pub. L. 109–157, § 2(3)(A)(ii)(II)(bb), substituted "under paragraph (5)" for "to implement this section".
Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 109–157, § 2(3)(B), in second sentence, substituted "may" for "shall".
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–157, § 8(a)(1), amended directory language of Pub. L. 108–374, § 4. See 2004 Amendment note below.
Pub. L. 109–157, § 2(2), redesignatedsubsec. (d) as (c).
2004—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–374, § 6(a)(1), in second sentence, substituted "undivided interests equal to at least 50 percent of the undivided interest" for "over 50 per centum of the undivided interests".
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–374, § 4, as amended by Pub. L. 109–157, § 8(a)(1), added subsec. (d).
2001—Pub. L. 106–462, § 103(2)(A)(iii), which directed substitution of subsec. (b) designation and heading and "Subsection (a) of this section applies on the condition that—" for ": Provided, That—", was executed by making the substitution for "Provided, That—" to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the amendment by Pub. L. 106–462, § 103(2)(A)(ii). See below.
Pub. L. 106–462, § 103(2)(A)(i), (ii), substituted subsec. (a) designation and heading and "Subject to subsection (b) of this section, any Indian" for "Any Indian" and ". Interests owned by an Indian tribe in a tract may be included in the computation of the percentage of ownership of the undivided interests in that tract for purposes of determining whether the consent requirement under the preceding sentence has been met." for the colon before "Provided, That—".
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 106–462, § 103(2)(B)(ii), inserted "and" at end.
Pub. L. 106–462, § 103(2)(B)(i), which directed substitution of "if" for "If,", was executed by making the substitution for "if," to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 106–462, § 103(2)(C), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "all purchases and sales initiated under this section shall be subject to approval by the Secretary."
1984—Pub. L. 98–608amended section generally, substituting "the owners of such interests. The tribe may purchase all of the interests in such tract with the consent of the owners of over 50 per centum of the undivided interests in such tract" for "of over 50 per centum of the owners or with the consent of the owners of over 50 per centum of undivided interests in such tract" before proviso.
Par. (1). Pub. L. 98–608redesignated par. (2) as (1) and inserted "for at least three years preceding the tribal initiative," before "may purchase such tract". Former par. (1), which provided that no such tract shall be acquired by any Indian or tribe over the objections of three or less owners owning 50 per centum or more of the total interest in such tract, was struck out.
Par. (2). Pub. L. 98–608added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (1).
Pars. (3), (4). Pub. L. 98–608redesignated par. (4) as (3), and in par. (3), as so redesignated, substituted "subject to approval" for "approved" and struck out former par. (3), which provided that "this section shall not apply to any tract of land owned by less than fifteen persons; and".
Effective Date of 2005 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 109–157effective as if included in Pub. L. 108–374, see section 9 ofPub. L. 109–157, set out as a note under section 464 of this title.
Invalidity of any provision of Pub. L. 108–374not to affect validity of remaining provisions, except that each of subcls. (II), (III), or (IV) of subsection (c)(2)(I)(i) of this section deemed to be inseverable from the other two, such that invalidity of any one subcl. renders the other two without effect, see section 9 ofPub. L. 108–374, as amended, set out as a note under section 2201 of this title.
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