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Gay Tony
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- "The Russian mob want me dead, my best friend just contemplated murdering me, the mob are on my case. I´m massively in debt and I just lost 2 million dollars worth of diamonds. Any other man would just dust himself off and carry on."
- ―Anthony Prince
Anthony Prince, otherwise known as Gay Tony or Tony Prince, is a nightclub entrepreneur in the HD Universe, the owner of both Maisonette 9 and Hercules, a minor character in GTA IV and The Lost and Damned, and a titular, central character in The Ballad of Gay Tony.
Childhood and college years
Tony Prince grew up in Dukes, and according to the Maisonette 9 website, "as a young boy he wandered to the Humboldt River and dreamed of living on the other side (in Algonquin) so he would no longer be considered bridge and tunnel". He also used to play in front of the Monoglobe and would sometimes stare into it, wondering what life was like in different countries. He is ashamed of his Dukes background, and it's hinted during the beginning of Departure Time that he doesn't speak to his parents anymore. He says, "In my day, gay guys used to be lonely, needy, and lost. Now, they're all in relationships!".
Tony would have gone to college as early as 1975, though he did not focus on his studies. His first experience working at a nightclub came from being in the cloakroom and eventually the front door of Elephant in the mid-1980s, until a fire caused it to shut down. The first club Tony opened for himself was PUDDLE, a rave venue famously located in a converted mortuary, until it was shut down when Tony was arrested for tax evasion in 1985, spending 3 months in jail. According to Luis, Tony also first earned the nickname "Gay Tony" in 1985 - as the nickname suggests, Tony became openly homosexual by the time he was 27.
Height of career and reputation
According to the Maisonette 9 website, Tony's next club (and first gay club) was Thunder in 1986 which was later renamed 2 Backed Beast and was eventually shut down by the city. At the height of his career, he also owned the clubs Peacock, Platonic Fury and Cox. In 1996, he was arrested for possession of cocaine. After the failure of 2 Backed Beast, he opened Hercules in 1998. The following year, he got in trouble with the police for "public lewdness". Sometime between 1998 and 2003, the counterpart straight club in Tony's portfolio, Death By Machines also burned down, after which point Tony was briefly banned from opening new venues.
Maisonette 9 ownership and personal struggles
In 2003 his hiatus ended and he was allowed to open Maisonette 9, but still came under heavier scrutiny for his club's policies on safety, age-checking and drug use. [1] Sometime after opening the club, he met Gracie Ancelotti, a mob daughter who once failed to get inside Maisonette 9 but was granted a membership after befriending Gay Tony (as Gracie tells Niko Bellic in "I'll Take Her"). Gay Tony would later be heavily in debt to her father.
In 2005, Gay Tony hired Luis Lopez as a doorman and bouncer for Hercules. They quickly form a father-son-like relationship (Luis having been abandoned by his father, and Tony being unlikely to ever have children due to his age and orientation), although Tony later admits to Luis, "I only hired you because I thought you were dumb". Gay Tony had been dating a yoga instructor long-term before meeting his boyfriend Evan Moss. Gracie and Evan first got him hooked on painkillers and cocaine, according to Luis, and by 2008 Tony had been to rehab five times. He also gained world-famous heiress Cloe Parker as a best customer and casual friend. Like Gracie, Cloe uses a lot of cocaine and influences Tony down a similar path. Tony once confides in Luis during I Luv LC "Oh my god, 45 years old and I get my kicks doing blow with 17 year old kids whose only claim to fame is that people know better what their vagina looks like than their face. I should be sent to prison, shouldn't I?". Despite minor legal and personal trouble Tony is said to be the 20 year reigning king of Liberty City night life.
Events of GTA IV Era
Luis must work for Tony's loan sharks, Rocco Pelosi and Mori Kibbutz. Because of his debt Tony is interested in selling off Maisonette 9, sometimes even resorting to fraud (such as pretending to sell the club to two people at once, and briefly considering setting up a Ponzi scheme). Luis works on the side for two men, Yusuf Amir and Ray Bulgarin, who Tony considers serious potential buyers because of their extreme wealth. However, Luis hides this from Tony and goes so far as to lie to Tony about his activities at least twice.
Tony sees a last chance to pay off his debts in buying and selling some $2 million diamonds for a small profit. When Luis, Tony and his boyfriend Evan go to buy the diamonds from a cook at the Platypus, they are all ambushed by the Lost biker gang, resulting in the death of Evan (who Luis instructed to go a separate way and stash the diamonds at Maisonette 9). Before this, Gracie and Evan had gotten Tony back on drugs. Shortly after, Luis manages to recover the diamonds after he ambushes a deal between Johnny (who ambushed them), Niko and Isaac Roth. He meets Ray Bulgarin after this event, who later claimed that Luis and Tony conspired against him by buying the diamonds - by chance, the cook had stolen them from him. He executes the cook, then sends a team of assassins after Luis, who manages to escape. Gracie Ancelotti is kidnapped soon after, and the kidnappers demanded the diamonds back from Giovanni Ancelotti in exchange. Luis and Tony safely exchange the diamonds for Gracie, which resulted in Tony losing out on $2 million but apparently remaining at peace with the Ancelotti family. However, during the resulting shootout, the diamonds are thrown onto a passing truck, and thus both parties leave empty-handed. Bulgarin successfully persuades Ancelotti to have Tony killed, who ironically chooses Luis as the one to shoot Tony in exchange for his own life. Luis briefly considers shooting Tony before turning the gun on Rocco (shooting his uncle, allowing Rocco to flee because of his connections). Within minutes, Bulgarin's men ambush Maisonette 9 in hopes of killing Luis and Tony, which they fail to do after a violent shootout. Finally, Luis destroys a shipment of heroin during a bloody shootout at Funland, kills Bulgarin's right-hand man and, with the help of Yusuf, makes it to the airport and successfully kills Bulgarin, blowing up his private jet before it leaves the country. Afterwards, Luis and Tony meet at the Monoglobe with Yusuf and celebrate their victory. Shortly before their meeting, a hobo found the lost diamonds in a trash can, and ran off, laughing gleefully.
After The Ballad of Gay Tony
Tony may or may not have finally sold Maisonette 9 to Yusuf Amir, who sought to franchise it all over the world, even in Pakistan and on the moon (saying he was quite serious about this). Tony tells Yusuf that "the club is all about the people", and after Yusuf expresses apathy by saying "You can whip out your dick and piss on them!", Tony instead tells him that he would be very qualified to own the club.
After The Ballad of Gay Tony is complete, Tony cannot be contacted further. He often spoke of his intentions to move to an extremely secluded getaway spa town, saying his life in Liberty was too stressful (even though he says this at the very height of his financial problems, and could have reconsidered).
Possible real-life inspirations
Gay Tony's influence over the Liberty City nightclub scene is mostly reminiscent of Peter Gatien, owner of the Limelight and other clubs. Like Prince, Gatien faced drug (1996) and tax evasion (1999) charges, and owned several nightclubs geared towards different crowds as investments. Unlike Prince, Gatien is a happily married heterosexual, and having been born in Canada, he was deported there after his drug charges and currently lives in Toronto.
Many elements also seem to have been taken from Steve Rubell, owner of the legendary Studio 54. Both were born in New York City (Liberty being a parody), and faced club raids and tax evasion charges since their early years of success. Their business models were also very similar, including a strict, trendy dress code (which Rubell would sometimes enforce personally). Both were homosexuals and habitual drug users, although Rubell kept it a secret, got diagnosed with AIDS in 1985 and died of hepatitis in 1989.
He also bears some similarities to Miami club owner Chris Paciello who, like Tony had connections to New York Mafia families and had one of his famous clubs burn down only to open another club later the same year. Paciello is also straight, however, and is most famous for once having dated Madonna.
Maisonette 9 bears an uncanny resemblance to New York nightclub Bungalow 8 (see Maisonette 9 article for details).
LCPD Database information
Surname: Prince
First Name: "Gay" Tony
Age: 50
Place of Birth: Midwest
Affiliations: Linked to the Ancelotti Crime Syndicate
Criminal Record:
- 1985 - Tax Evasion
- 1996 - Possession Controlled Substance: Cocaine
- 1999 - Public Lewdness
- Nightclub entrepreneur believed to have links to organized crime, particularly the Ancelotti Crime Syndicate, though the DA's office has not manged to make any of the charges stick.
- Often seen in the company of Gracie Ancelotti, daughter of the Crime Syndicate's head.
- Recent raids have taken place to check the safety standards and underage admittance policy of his Algonquin clubs - Hercules and Maisonette 9.
- Employs associate of Northwood drug dealers, Luis Fernando Lopez, as a personal bodyguard.
Mission appearances
- The Lost and Damned
- The Ballad of Gay Tony
- I luv LC (Boss)
- Practice Swing (Boss)
- Chinese Takeout (Boss)
- Bang Bang (Boss)
- Club Management (Voice/Boss)
- Sexy Time (Post-mission phone call)
- Blog This!... (Boss)
- Boulevard Baby (Boss)
- Frosting on the Cake (Boss)
- ...Blog This! (Boss)
- Going Deep (Voice)
- Not So Fast (Boss)
- In the Crosshairs (Voice)
- Ladies' Night (Boss)
- Ladies Half Price (Boss)
- Party's Over
- Departure Time (Boss)
- Tony is the only character in the GTA series to have their name (or nickname) in the title of the game.
- Tony has a personality and slight voice resemblance to Ken Rosenberg. They think they have lots of money and that they rule the town. They both are pressured by mob bosses (Ken by Sonny Forelli and Salvatore Leone, and Tony by Giovanni Ancelotti). Both flee the area to avoid being killed by a psychopath (Ken with Salvatore Leone and Tony with Ray Bulgarin). Both run a famous attraction in their area (Caligula's Palace, The Malibu Club, Maisonette 9, and Hercules). And both have a drug addiction.
- Tony is one of two non protagonists to have touched the Diamonds and lived, as Jerry Kapowitz gets the diamonds at the end of the game. His whereabouts are unknown, but he is seen alive in the credits.
- Both missions that Tony appeared in outside TBoGT involved the Diamonds. Interestingly, those missions both have the word 'Diamonds' in their names as well, with Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend (GTA IV) and Diamonds in the Rough (TLAD).
- Tony gives you the most missions in the GTA IV era, with 12 missions.
- All of the missions in TBoGT in which one of the other two protagonists appear (I luv LC, Frosting on the Cake, Not So Fast and Ladies Half Price) are given to you by Gay Tony.
- Tony is depicted to be wearing a pair of purple and black designer sunglasses. However, its design varies slightly between GTA IV and The Ballad of Gay Tony, with minor differences in details.
- In TBoGT, Tony seems to have undergone a radical character change from his earlier portrayals in GTA IV and TLAD. In his earlier incarnations, he acts with more overt feminine mannerisms. In TBoGT, he appears to be a much more human character, opposed to a more over-the-top stereotype like Bernie Crane. These changes are most apparent, while playing TBoGT, in the missions Ladies Half Price and Frosting on the Cake where he appears uncharacteristically effeminate in comparison to how he's portrayed in the rest of the game. It may have been that Rockstar wanted to maintain the dialogue and actions in these missions that cross over into GTA IV and TLAD for a sense of continuity rather than retroactively change the scenes to suit the change in character.
- Tony Prince is one of four characters in TBoGT who don't wear a helmet while on a bike, along with Timur, Armando and Henrique.
- Tony is the non-protagonist characters that goes through the most outfit changes during his appearances. Throughout most of them he wears his trademark suit but at times he wears a tracksuit, gym wear with shorts, gray pants with a pink shirt and several other outfits that appear only once.
- Tony is the only homosexual character in the game who helps protagonist in fights, and isn't afraid to shoot and can handle a gun, as shown in Party's Over. Despite the fact that Bernie Crane was a soldier and Evan Moss was a bodybuilder, they were both afraid of shooting and fighting. Tony also wanted to help Luis in his last fight with Bulgarin's men, because he always made a share in their fire fights, and called himself "a seasoned veteran by anyone's fucking standards". Tony also earnestly tries to head out to commit the bombings in Bang Bang, only to be stopped by Luis.
- It is unknown if Tony was born in Dukes or the Midwest. The LCPD database says he was born in the Midwest, although it is implied many times in TBoGT he is from Dukes, but nothing is said about him being born there. Many people conclude that he was born in the Midwest, lived there for a short time that he would be too young to remember, and was raised in Dukes or that the LCPD had misinformation which is stated a few times in the game.
- Tony's age is very subject to debate. He claims to be 45 (in I luv LC and Boulevard Baby), but the LCPD claims he is 50. The most likely scenario is that he's 50 and insecure about his age, which would fit into his vain personality.
- Tony's favorite radio station is K109 The Studio.
- Tony can be seen on the front cover of the magazine "BJ", the issue of which can only be found in Luis' apartment.
- Tony appears to be rather reckless, since he doesn't wear a helmet on motorcycles, wants to help Luis in massive shootouts and sometimes when you crash, Tony says that he isn't going to put his seatbelt on.
- Luis cannot call Tony after Departure Time, as he has possibly left Liberty City. If the player replays a mission which involves Tony calling Luis, he will be marked as an unknown caller (except in Going Deep, where he will be marked as Tony).
- Along with Niko Bellic, Johnny Klebitz, Luis Lopez, Roman Bellic, The Cook, Mori Green, and Isaac Roth, Tony is one of eight characters in the GTA IV Era to appear in IV, TLAD and TBoGT.
- In Tony's first appearance in Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend, many fans thought that Tony was actually Giovanni Ancelotti, as he repeatedly calls Gracie "sweetie" during her rescue.
- In many pieces of artwork Tony is shown in a open purple suit with a green jumper. But yet he never wears this at all during TBoGT. But it is still in the files as a picture in the gallery will show. It can only be viewed with the PC game programs Open IV and SparkIV.
- In a cutscene for the mission Party's Over Tony claims to have been in the nightclub game since 1987 however other in game media states that he opened his first club in 1985. The statement is proceeded by him telling Luis "we can expand, refurb, rebrand" however so he may be referring to how he rebranded Thunder as 2 Backed Beast.
- Tony is very similar in appearance to Tony Stark, the main character of the Iron Man comic book and movie franchise. This may be intentional, as not only do they share the same first name, but they look similar, own expensive, rare cars, wear expensive suits, have a casual attitude, and are both rich and successful businessmen.
- Unlike Bernie Crane, Evan Moss, and Marcus, Tony is the only gay character who does not use female screams when being shot or burned.
External link
- ↑ "Club Owner Appeals for Vice" by Mary Williamson, Liberty Tree (www.libertytreeonline.com/news.html) (In game website.)


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Geology and Geomorphology
Physiographic Region
The South Grand River Watershed lies within the Osage Plains Subdivision of the Central Lowland Physiographic Region. The Osage Plains Subdivision is comprised of gently rolling plains with scattered escarpments, low mounds and a low relative relief of 50-150 feet (MDNR 1986). The Osage Plains were not glaciated unlike much of the Central Lowlands Physiographic Region. Elevations within the South Grand River Watershed range from a maximum of approximately 1,154 feet above mean sea level (msl) in the uplands to approximately 682 feet above msl in the lower portions of the watershed. Local relief data (local relief refers to the difference in elevation between two nearby points such as a valley and an adjoining ridge top) obtained from the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) Fisheries Research Fish Collection Database (1998a) indicates a minimum local relief of 43 feet and a maximum of 159 feet for MDC fish collection sites within the watershed.
The South Grand River Watershed occurs primarily within the Cherokee Prairies Soil Region. Allgood and Persinger (1979) describe the Cherokee Prairies Region as "... underlain with shale, sandstone, and limestone. Soils formed in residuum from shale are deep claypan soils. Soils formed from sandstone and limestone are more loamy, but in places on the ridges soils are shallow. Narrow bands of soils formed in deep loamy alluvium are adjacent to streams."
The soils of the Cherokee Prairies have been formed primarily beneath tall and mid-tall grasses with forest located on lower slopes and along streams (Allgood and Persinger 1979). A smaller portion of the South Grand River Watershed, primarily located in the upper portions of the watershed, occurs in the Deep Loess and Drift Soils Region. Allgood and Persinger (1979) describe the soils of this region:
"These soils are located in the northwest part of Missouri. The topography is mostly rolling to hilly, but some broad ridge tops are nearly level to undulating. Areas bordering major stream valleys have the steeper slopes. Nearly level areas of bottom land are adjacent to streams."
"Soils formed in a thin loess mantle over glacial till on the upper ridges while soils are developed in glacial till or loess and glacial till on the side slopes. Soils formed in silty and clayey alluvium on the flood plains of streams."
The soils of the Deep Loess and Drift Region were formed primarily beneath tall grasses on broad ridges with forest located on lower slopes and along streams (Allgood and Persinger 1979).
The following is a list of soil associations found in the South Grand River Watershed:
- Barco-Barden-Collinsville
- Bardley-Goss-Doniphan
- Bardley-Goss-Gasconade
- Grundy-Polo-Summit
- Hartwell-Kenoma-Deepwater
- Hector-Bolivar-Mandeville
- Kanima-Parsons-Barden
- Macksburg-Marshall-Grundy
- Osage-Verdigris-Lanton
- Sampsel-Polo-Snead
- Summit-Eram-Catoosa
The geology of the South Grand River Watershed consists primarily of limestone and sandstone of Pennsylvanian age (Figure Ge01). Upland portions of the watershed are overlain by up to six feet of loess (MDNR 1992). Pennsylvanian aged clay also occurs in smaller, more isolated areas of the watershed. In the lower portion of the watershed, Mississippian limestone, limestone shale, and Ordovician dolomite are present (Figure Ge01). Coal deposites are present within the watershed and mining has occurred in the lower portion of the watershed. The presence of barriers to groundwater infiltration such as clay and shale within the Pennsylvanian bedrock as well as the limited storage capacity of the bedrock in the area have resulted in very few springs as well as poorly sustained stream base flows in dry periods (Vineyard and Feder 1974 and MDNR 1992).
Due to the nature of the geology of the watershed, the presence of karst features is very limited. Only 6 unnamed springs are known to occur within the watershed (MDNR 2000a). Five of these springs are concentrated in an area that appears to have been heavily strip-mined. The other spring occurs near Truman Reservoir. No flow data is currently available for these springs. In addition, no streams within the watershed are designated as "losing" in the Rules of Department of Natural Resources Division 20-Clean Water Commission Chapter 7-Water Quality (MDNR 2001).
Stream Order, Mileage and Permanency
Stream order is "a hierarchy in which stream segments are arranged" (Judson et al. 1987)
The process of stream ordering is accomplished by examining maps and assigning orders to stream segments based on other streams which flow into them. Using the Strahler/Horton method of stream ordering: when two stream segments of the same order join, the new segment they create is the next highest order. For instance, a first order stream would be a stream in which no other streams intersect it. A second order stream is created by the joining of two first order streams. A third order stream is created by the joining of two second order streams and so on. If the main channel of a stream happens to be a lower order than that of the intersecting stream, the main channel assumes the higher order. If the main channel is a higher order stream than the intersecting stream, it maintains the higher order (Figure Ge02).
Maximum orders for streams within the South Grand River Watershed have been obtained from a 1:24,000 scale Geographic Information System (GIS) hydrography coverage. There are 186 third order and larger streams within the watershed (Table Ge01 and Figures Ge03, Ge04, Ge05, Ge06, Ge07). These streams account for a total of approximately 1,552 stream miles or 28% of the total stream miles within the watershed. Of the 186 third order and larger streams within the watershed, 138 are third order (792.9 miles), 36 are fourth order (466.3 miles), 9 are fifth order (150.8 miles), and 1 is sixth order (76.0 miles). The South Grand is 66.4 miles long and becomes seventh order at the confluence of Big Cr.
Stream mileage per order for the South Grand River Watershed has been obtained from a 1:24,000 scale (GIS) hydrography coverage. A total of 5,640 miles of streams occur within the watershed. Approximately 3,250 miles (59%) are first order segments; 1,123 miles (20%) are second order; 561 miles (10%) are third order; 307 miles (6%) are fourth order; 140 miles (3%) are fifth order; 67 miles (1%) are sixth order; and 51 miles (<1%) are seventh order. Table Ge02 lists length by order for fourth order and larger streams within the South Grand River Watershed. Lengths were only for mainstems of streams.
Permanent stream mileage data obtained from a 1:24,000 scale GIS hydrography coverage for the South Grand River Watershed indicates that approximately 947 stream miles (17%) within the watershed have permanent water. This equals approximately 1 mile of permanent stream for every 2.2 square miles of drainage area. Estimated length of permanent flow for third order and larger streams is given in Table Ge01.
Drainage Area
Total drainage area of the South Grand River Watershed is 2,046 square miles or 1,309,440 acres. The drainage area of the watershed in Missouri is 2,016 square miles or 1,290,240 acres. Drainage area for fourth order and larger streams was determined through analysis of 30 meter resolution digital elevation model of the watershed (Table Ge01 and Figure Ge08a). Fourth order and fifth order streams having the largest drainage areas are South Fork Creek (64 sq. miles) and Deepwater Creek (238 sq. miles) respectively. Big Creek, the only sixth order stream in the watershed, has a drainage area of 538 square miles. The South Grand River a seventh order stream has a drainage area of 1,329 square miles. This does not include tributaries drain flowing which today flow directly into Truman Reservoir. These have a combined drainage area of 717 square miles (excluding the South Grand) and include the drainages of Barker Creek, Tebo Creek, Little Otter Creek, Big Otter Creek, Cooper Creek, and Deepwater Creek.
In order to facilitate analysis of various watershed characteristics within this document, the watershed was divided based on eleven digit hydrologic units (Figure Ge08b). The largest of these units is the Middle South Grand Unit which drains approximately 418 square miles (267,449 acres).
Stream Channel Gradient
Channel gradient was determined for all fourth order and larger streams within the South Grand River Watershed using data digitized from USGS 7.5 minute topographic maps. Composite gradient graphs were constructed for all fifth order and larger streams within the watershed (Figures Ge09-23). Average gradients for fourth order and larger streams within the watershed range from 1.9 feet per mile to 39.4 feet per mile. The South Grand River has an average gradient of 1.9 feet/mile.

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Friday, Sept. 28, 2012
NORTH AUGUSTA, S.C. -- A man is going to have to pay up for panhandling in a North Augusta shopping center.
On Friday morning, Joey Leaphart entered a guilty plea for disorderly conduct. As part of his deal, Leaphart will have to pay a $262 fine within the next 30 days. If not, he will be put in jail for 30 days.
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By Frank Wiley
St. Clair County, IL (KSDK) -- An accident that happened nearly three years ago continues to haunt a family.
Kelly and Christine Marler are filing suit against the State of Illinois for injuries and pain they suffered in a car accident. The collision was caused by former Illinois State Trooper Matt Mitchell.
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Mitchell was convicted of reckless homicide in the deaths of the Kelli and Jessica Uhl. The Uhl family is seeking $46 million for their loss.


text: Like referees who bring attention to themselves, the U.S. big-business press, along with the color commentators with their unbalanced, intrusive and unfavorable coverage of African and AfricanAmerican athletes during the London Olympics,brought shame upon themselves and their craft. Truth is, they can't help themselves; many are the beneficiaries of an uneven playing field themselves. Many of them went to the best schools and were afforded the best opportunities, yet they allow themselves to believe the worst propaganda and narratives about people of color. The proof of this was in the coverage. These Olympics were also a stage for U.S. propaganda. When Uganda was mentioned, the press chose to talk about Idi Amin rather than the colonial rampage that left the country ripped off, unstable, and open to despots. When the Grenadian athlete Kirani James was mentioned, they repeated the lie that the U.S. had liberated Grenada when in fact they worked with criminals to overthrow the elected government of Maurice Bishop. Continue Reading →


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Living in a contaminated world
Humankind is now in its third generation since the chemical revolution—circa 1940. The myriad dimensions and implications of this worldwide phenomenon and its actual and potential consequences have only recently begun to be recognized.
This article, written by David Crews and Andrea C. Gore*, appeared first in Environmental Health Perspectives—the peer-reviewed, open access journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
The article is a verbatim version of the original and is not available for edits or additions by Encyclopedia of Earth editors or authors. Companion articles on the same topic that are editable may exist within the Encyclopedia of Earth.
Life Imprints: Living in a Contaminated World
Background: The links between nature and nurture need to be redefined to accommodate anthropogenic chemical contamination. Although some local remediation of contamination has occurred, at the global level this is simply not possible. Contaminants are spread by population migration, by introduction via the food chain, and through air and water currents, even to regions that were never exposed directly to these environmental insults. In recognizing and accepting this worldwide change, we must move on and consider the types of adaptations that could occur as a consequence.
Objectives: We propose a paradigm shift in the field that integrates various disciplines involved in the study of environmental contamination to recognize that contamination is widespread and cannot be remedied at the global level.
Discussion: Greater effort must be placed on integrative and interdisciplinary studies that explicitly illuminate how the causal mechanisms and functional outcomes of related processes operate at each level of biological organization while at the same time revealing the relations among the levels.
Conclusions: To anticipate and understand the future, we must devote more study to what is likely to happen and less to what has happened. Only then will we begin to understand how ancestral environmental exposures act at both the level of the individual and the level of their descendants to influence all aspects of life history.
Keywords: endocrine-disrupting chemicals, epigenetics, evolutionary biology, heritable, proximate effect, ultimate effect.
Main Article
We are now in the third generation since the chemical revolution (circa 1940), yet the dimensions and implications of this worldwide problem have only recently begun to be recognized. We predict that changes in chemical manufacturing processes will continue to be resisted, that the development of new chemicals without adequate testing will continue unabated, and that even if regulatory changes are implemented, these efforts will be incremental at best and geographically limited. The stark fact that society must face is that on a global scale the world is contaminated and will never return to its pristine past; the successes of "spot" cleanups are newsworthy, but the unaddressed issue of environmental remediation further disturbing an ecosystem adapting to toxicity has not been addressed. Indeed, it is our contention that the best humans can do is slow the rate and nature of contamination. Although the environmental and life sciences continue to inform environmental policy and scientists, we contend that new paradigms are needed if we are to respond to this certain predicament.
The view that the study of the past is useful to predict the future is not suited for how to live in the real world of the present. An excellent example is provided by research on endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), compounds that perturb hormonal systems and that are ubiquitous, albeit heterogeneous, in the environment. Most research on EDCs today focuses on determining what, where, when, and how such compounds act at the molecular, morphological, physiological, reproductive, and neural levels. Most of this work is conducted in the laboratory under rigorous experimental control, and an ecological context is too often missing. At the other end of the spectrum, research with wildlife most often documents the consequence of contamination by EDCs at the level of the population or, occasionally, the species, but often without accurate knowledge of the nature, mixtures, and history of exposures, and in the absence of any controls. With the few exceptions for which there is clear evidence of a specific event with an identifiable chemical signature such as a toxic spill or contamination of food or water, it is often not possible to pinpoint the causes of population declines as a result of endocrine disruption (Hamlin and Guillette 2010). Human exposures are comparable to those in wildlife, because people are exposed throughout their lives, and the cause and effect and the underlying mechanisms can be difficult to ascertain. Epidemiological studies have provided some insight into potential links between exposure and the manifestation of disease, but again, there are few clear and specific causal relationships (Colborn 2004; Landrigan and Miodovnik 2011).
Only recently have studies been initiated that model real life. Starlings foraging in the winter on worms in sewage effluent filter beds receive significantly higher amounts of synthetic and natural estrogens and other EDCs than do starlings foraging on worms found in garden soil (Markman et al. 2008). During the winter, captive male starlings were fed mealworms containing ecologically relevant levels of a mixture of EDCs found in worms in contaminated sites during the winter. The next spring, both males and females were assessed for the amount and complexity of song and the size of song nuclei [higher vocal center (HVC)]. Male song and HVC volume were increased in individuals receiving the mixture; these males also showed significantly lower immune function. Females preferred the more complex song of males that had received the EDC mixture. Thus, by selecting males with more complex song, the females were also selecting males that were immunocompromised. In a multigenerational study of fathead minnows, chronic exposure (7 years) of natural populations to ecologically relevant levels of ethinyl estradiol led to near extinction (Kidd et al. 2007).
Animals (and humans) are exposed to EDCs at all stages of their life cycle, and the effects of such exposures are now known to be passed to subsequent generations. Recent research has begun to model this scenario of transgenerational effects of EDCs (Skinner et al. 2010). This is important, because we need to distinguish between those chemicals that can have permanent effects in the exposed individuals and their descendants, even in the absence of further exposure, and those compounds that have transient effects that can be mitigated or reversed through education, decontamination, and therapeutic manipulations.
Thus, a sea change in research is necessary, from simply trying to understand the specific molecular target of an EDC, to focusing instead on the consequences for the population. We are not saying that it is not vital to continue to identify EDCs, their mechanisms of disruption, or the consequences of acute exposure on the individual. However, we need to consider the future realistically in order to be able to live in our contaminated world.
The case for understanding the impact of EDCs on reproduction is enlightening because of the long-standing literature for diminished fertility and reproductive abnormalities in wildlife, laboratory animals, and human populations. Research tends to focus only on those individuals that are compromised. Nevertheless, with few exceptions, in every contaminated environment successful reproduction (viable, fertile offspring) still occurs (Crews et al. 2000). This cannot be attributed to unexposed immigrants, because many of the affected species are sedentary or nonmigratory. Thus, these reproductively successful individuals have in some way overcome the effects of local EDC contamination. Although it is possible through selection to acquire resistance to agents such as the pesticide DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) (e.g., Ozburn and Morrison 1962; Poonacha et al. 1973; see also Wirgin et al. 2011), which is known to act through steroid hormone receptors, it is unlikely that the successive resistant generations became insensitive to the endogenous hormones that regulate development and reproduction or they would not have been able to continue to reproduce. Evolution selects for outcomes, not mechanisms, and it is more likely that the target molecules, some of which are hormone receptors, must operate under conditions of chronic exposure to EDCs such that, over generations and during the process of genetic assimilation, novel molecular mechanisms will arise.
The distinction of ultimate versus proximate factors is long-standing in evolutionary biology (Baker 1938). In terms of heredity and environment, ultimate factors refer to how selection (natural, sexual, or artificial) gives rise to population and species differences, whereas proximate factors encompass those experiences that an individual accumulates within its life history. In relation to reproduction, ultimate factors are those environmental features that determine when young can be most efficiently raised, whereas proximate factors are those cues that enable individuals to adjust or synchronize reproductive processes so that they breed at the appropriate time. Hence, ultimate factors are responsible for the timing of breeding seasons, whereas proximate factors keep the organism synchronized with its environment. Ultimate factors operate in evolutionary time, whereas proximate factors operate in life history time. In real life, heredity ("ultimate") and the environment ("proximate") interact to shape the adult phenotype irrespective of the genotype.
Inherited factors predispose the individual to respond in different ways to environmental factors. This concept of environment shaping phenotype has been appreciated for centuries, before the discovery of genetics, and is exemplified by two now-popular concepts: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis (Barker 2006) and the developmental origins of health and disease (Gluckman and Hanson 2004). Genetic mutation (single or multiple genes) is clearly associated with a number of disease states. The gene × environment interaction extends to inputs from the external world, including social, biotic, and physical stimuli, as well as the maternal amniotic environment of the fetus, influencing the expression of our genes. (Interaction is defined as a mutual or reciprocal action that two or more objects have upon one another and can be additive, synergistic, or emergent in nature; Table 1.) A proof of concept is the classic example of mental retardation due to inherited phenylketonuria, which can be prevented by controlling dietary exposures (van Spronsen 2010).
Development is a process that unfolds and reveals, with the present building on the past and setting the stage for the future. Embedded in any definition of development is the concept of emergent properties (Gilbert and Epel 2009) (Table 1). Environmental exposures can be simultaneous or temporally separated. Simultaneous exposures are most typically found when the stimuli consist of mixtures, such as chemical mixtures of similar or different properties or biological mixtures of physical, biotic, and social signals. Sequential exposures can be separated by seconds, minutes, hours, days, seasons, years, or generations, or can even skip generations, and are a fundamental property of the life cycle. Of particular relevance is the organization–activation hypothesis (Arnold 2009), originally developed in embryology and extended to endocrinology. Here the initial exposure (e.g., estrogen) early in development "primes" or organizes the target tissue to respond to a later exposure of the same hormone at a heightened level. The current "two-hit" paradigm in cancer biology, similarly, shows that early-life insult can predispose the individual to disease development in response to a second hit of an environmental exposure or even an endogenous hormone. We predict similar relationships between first hits predisposing future generations to second (or third) hits.
Another feature that must be clarified is the specificity of the interaction (Table 2). For example, an alteration in the germline caused by EDC exposure can affect the individual's response to challenges in its life history. These challenges can be specific; for example, exposure to an estrogenic EDC may reprogram the germline such that exposed individuals in adulthood, and their offspring, have altered responses to estrogenic but not other types of compounds. In this scenario, the heritable factor defines the type(s) of challenges that the individuals are sensitive to. By contrast, there may be a more general reprogramming caused by EDCs, such that exposed individuals and their offspring have altered responses to environmental (proximate) stimuli that go beyond a single system (e.g., estrogenic EDCs) and affect a broader array of responses, including stress responsiveness, as we use as an example below.
Table 2. Examples of epigenetic modifications and their interactions with the environment (for illustrative purposes only). Click for Larger Image.
Finally, interactions between ultimate and proximate factors can engage distinctly different epigenetic mechanisms (Table 2). In the real world, environmental factors that bring about an epigenetic modification may simply continue to persist. For example, if the diet, behavior, or a toxic environmental exposure such as lead continues across generations, the epigenetic modification will manifest in each generation, independently of germline transmission of the modified trait. Such environmentally induced epigenetic state(s) can be reversed by removal or alteration of the factor, addition of a different environmental factor, or emigration from the contaminated site. This mitotic transgenerational effect is termed "context-dependent" epigenetic change (Crews 2008; Walker and Gore 2011) because it requires continued exposure to the environmental insult. Alternatively, the epigenetic modification may occur when the change in the epigenome is incorporated into the germline, a process termed "germline-dependent" epigenetic change. In this manner, the effect manifests in each generation even in the absence of the causative agent. Context-dependent epigenetic modification is fundamentally different from germline-dependent epigenetic modification. Although both have been attributed with "transgenerational" properties, only in the latter (germline) instance will the trait be passed to the next generation even in the absence of any continued exposures or stimuli.
Ongoing research is examining how these two forms of epigenetic modification, one carried in the germline and the other contained in the context of life history, might interact to shape morphology, physiology, brain metabolism, neurogenomics, and behavior. For example, prenatal exposure to the fungicide vinclozolin causes adverse changes in male fertility, promotes adult onset of disease, and alters brain and behavior across generations (Anway et al. 2005; Crews et al. 2007). Because these phenotypes occur in the absence of further exposure of the descendants to vinclozolin, this exemplifies germline-dependent inheritance of complex traits. How these animals respond to proximate stimuli during a critical life history stage, such as stress during adolescence, would illustrate the interplay of ultimate and proximate epigenetics. We propose a system of categorizing epigenetic phenomena as germline dependent, context dependent, or both, taking into consideration whether effects are general or specific (Table 2). Although studies of germline- and context-dependent epigenetic modifications are useful and informative in their own right, only when studies combine the two types will the real world be reflected and understood.
By its very nature, endocrine disruption influences all levels of biological organization. Accordingly, future studies should strive to be integrative and interdisciplinary, with their goal being to document effects at the genetic, epigenetic, physiological, behavioral, and neural levels and to illuminate how the causal mechanisms and functional outcomes of related processes operate at each level of biological organization. At the same time, such studies should illuminate the relations among the levels to "bring the phenotype into being" (Waddington 1942). This means that concepts from different fields of biology must be used, and it would be a mistake for any particular field to try to redefine, or let preconceptions cause one to dismiss, valid constructs because they are unfamiliar. We have discussed some of these concepts, particularly proximate versus ultimate factors in evolutionary biology; genetic, environmental, and epigenetic effects in developmental biology; and additive and synergistic interactions in physiology. Although these concepts tend to be used by practitioners in their respective fields, they rarely have crossed into different disciplines, even though they are standard in their own discipline of origin. That is, proximate and ultimate causation is a classic distinction in evolutionary biology, ethology, and organismic biology, but comparable concepts are not commonplace in molecular biology. Similarly, standard concepts in behavioral development or epidemiology are often foreign to behavioral ecology or molecular biology. Additionally, the meaning of the word "epigenetics" differs depending upon discipline, with some fields specifying molecular epigenetics and others "molar" epigenetics (Crews 2008). Finally, nonmonotonic dose–response curves, responsiveness to low doses well below "safe" no observable adverse effect levels (NOAELs) (Sheehan 2006; vom Saal et al. 2010), and synergistic interactions are well understood in endocrine physiology (Calabrese 2010; McEwen 2010), but these terms tend to be avoided or the concepts even dismissed in environmental toxicology. This highlights the need to form collaborations and to formulate a common vocabulary to enable cross talk and cross-fertilization.
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Editor's Notes
*The Authors are David Crews1,2, and Andrea C. Gore2,3
Their Affiliations are: 1 Section of Integrative Biology,, 2 Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and, 3 Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Citation: Crews D, Gore AC 2011. Life Imprints: Living in a Contaminated World. Environ Health Perspect 119:1208-1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103451
- Received: 17 January 2011; Accepted: 13 May 2011; Online: 13 May 2011
- Address correspondence to D. Crews, Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2400 Speedway, Patterson Building, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Telephone: (512) 471-1113. Fax: (512) 471-6078. E-mail: email@example.com
- This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health to A.C.G. (1RC1 ES018139) and to D.C. (1R21 ES017538).
- The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.


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Swing - Swing AWT
information, visit the following link:
Java Program - Swing AWT
Java Program A program to create a simple game using swings. Hi Friend,
Please visit the following link:
Java - Swing AWT
Java Hello friends,
I am developing an desktop application in java & I want to change the default java's symbol on the top & put my own symbol there..
Can Anyone help me
JList - Swing AWT
is the method for that? You kindly explain with an example. Expecting solution as early... example");
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE... for more information.
Java - Swing AWT
How to start learning Java I am a Java Beginner ...so, please guide me how to start
java - Swing AWT
java while inserting in data in text field and click the jButton and save the data in sql 2005
Java Code - Swing AWT
Java Code Write a Program using Swings to Display JFileChooser that Display the Naem of Selected File and Also opens that File
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java - Swing AWT
java i need to set the popup calender button in table column&also set the date in the same table column using core java-swing
java programming - Swing AWT
java programming Develop a simple paint like program that can draw basic graphical primitives in different dimensions and colors. use appropriate menus and buttons
java swings - Swing AWT
java swings hi everyone,
can we make a chain of frames with JSplitpane and run a shell script in any one of those frames
Java Code - Swing AWT
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java swing - Swing AWT
java swing Iam developing a java web browser.Actually my code works fine ie. i can load a web page without proxy.But in my place i have only proxy... a proxy or how to make my java web browser to listen to proxy setting??? please help
Reports in java - Swing AWT
How to create Reports in Java How to create reports in java. The report should come from the access It should be displayed in the JTable and should be updated automatically when the user is saved a record in the JTable
java swing - Swing AWT
java swing how i can insert multiple cive me exampleolumn and row in one JList in swing?plz g Hi Friend,
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I am a beginner in java-swing programming. I want to know how we can use the print option
java - Swing AWT
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java code - Swing AWT
java code Imagine you need to open a standard combination dial lock but don't know the combination and don't have a pair of bolt cutters. I need to write a Java program that prints all possible combinations so you can print them
java - Swing AWT
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java swing - Swing AWT
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Try the following code:
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class FormDemo extends JFrame {
JButton ADD;
java,eclipse - Swing AWT
java,eclipse Hi,
I have made on program SimpleCalculator on eclipse 3.4.0.But while running the code I am getting the problem for Class File Editor Source not found Source attachment doesnot contain the source
java buttons - Swing AWT
java buttons There are 3 buttons in a window....A,B,C.If a user clicks button A ,a clue is given to him leading to button B.After the user clicks both A and B,he clicks C which is a submit button.After this both A and B should
java swing - Swing AWT
java swing how to save data in sql 2005 while insert in textfield Hi Friend,
Try the following code:
import java.sql.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
import java.awt.*;
java code - Swing AWT
java code i want to open a new dialog box after clicking "upload" button, it should have a text field, browse button to browse the file from directory Hi Friend,
Try the following code:
Graphical calculator using AWT - Java Beginners
Calculator example");
}//end constructor...://www.roseindia.net/java/
Java swings - Swing AWT
Java swings i have the following class .In that class i has two panels,panel1and panel2.panel1 contains an image.i want drag it in panel2(gray background).but i dont want to remove the image from panel1.i want
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Try the following code:
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.util.
Java - Swing AWT
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Try the following code
java code - Swing AWT
java code Hello .anyone can plz tell me code for this .First create a button wen it is clicked its enters into another window asking for Name .After we typed name in field then it would check in file which we created initially
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Westminster police are focusing thier search today on lakes and waterways near the home of 10 year-old Jessica Ridgeway. Police updated the public on their search efforts in an early morning news conference.
11 News brought that to you LIVE at 6:30a.m Wednesday morning.
Detectives said they are searching bodies of water as a precaution. Police tell us they are not going to search a landfill where garbage from the Ridgeway neighborhood is dumped unless they find evidence that points them in that direction. They isolated garbage that was collected at the time she disappeared, but have not sifted through it. Dectives tell us they are treating this as a missing person case because they have no evidence to the contrary. She has been missing since Friday morning.
Jessica's parents also spoke with reporters for the first time on Tuesday. Her mother Sarah said the day Jessica disappeared was like any other school day.
"I watched her walk out the door and I shut the door, and that's the last time I saw her," Sarah Ridgeway said. "I want her to come walking back through the door. I need her to walk back through that door."
Sarah's ex-husband Jeremy Bryant lives in Missouri and found out Jessica was missing on Friay, the day Sarah reported it to police. Jeremy said Tuesday he was questioned about Sarah.
"When I sat down with the FBI they asked me if I thought that (Sarah) did it," he said. "I told them there's no way that I would ever believe that."
Sarah said she's been asked similar questions both about herself and Jeremy. She denies any involvement.
"I know I didn't do anything," Sarah said. "Everybody who knows me, knows (Jessica), knows our family knows we didn't do anything."
Detectives also say they want the public to focus on physical features of the missing girl and have released more detailed information about her facial features. Jessica has a gap in her front teeth and a sore on the bridge of her nose under her glasses.
At the briefing, officers made no mention of the child enticement case from Arvada that may have been linked to Jessica's disappearance.
Sunday, police found a backpacke believed to belong to Jessica in a neighborhood in Superior, just outside Boulder. The backpack was found about six miles away from where 10-year-old Jessica Ridgeway was last seen. A homeowner in the area found the backpack and a water bottle lying on the sidewalk.
On Monday, law enforcement officers searched both Westminster and Superior. They used a helicopter to fly around a triangular area spanning from Westminster to Superior to the foothills.
Jessica was last seen leaving her home around 8:30 a.m. Friday morning. She always meets a friend at a park near her home so that the two can walk to school together. On Friday, police say Jessica never showed up at the park.
Around 10 a.m., the school called Jessica's mother to inform her that she never made it. Jessica's mother works the night shift, and did not receive the school's message until 4 p.m. She immediately called police.
Bloodhounds and thermal equipment were used as a search party consisting of family, friends and about 50 officers searched the area of 108th and Moore Friday evening. After finding no trace of the child, an AMBER Alert was issued at 9:20 p.m.
Saturday's search party ballooned to more than 500 volunteers and 50 law enforcement personnel, including members of the FBI. Volunteers combed through parks and open spaces, door knocked in neighborhoods, made phone calls and passed out flyers.
A dive team also searched Ketner Reservoir, located less than a mile from Witt Elementary School, where Jessica attends.
Along with deploying search parties, authorities are also following up on more than 100 tips.
Jessica is described as 4-foot-10 and 80 pounds, with shoulder-length blonde hair, blue eyes and wearing a black jacket with pink and purple glasses. She was last seen at 8:30 a.m on Friday, October 5.
Police say Jessica's parents are involved in a custody dispute, but at this time do not suspect the father.
Anyone with information is asked to call the Westminster Police Department at 303-658-2400.
Click on the link below to watch the home video of Jessica.
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According to the old adage, do note bite the hand that feeds you! When I mention Inspector General of Police (IGP) Saidi Mwema, I want to talk about the security of civilians and their property in the country.
I recall the time, when criminal incidents like killings, thefts and armed robbery were rampant in different parts of the country including Tarime District in Mara Region. It looked as if crime had been accepted and legalised.
When Jakaya Kikwete became President of the United Republic of Tanzania after the General Election in 2005, he faced a big security challenge especially during his early days at the State House. At that time there was inadequate security for civilians and their property because of increased criminal incidents.
I can say the president has done a lot for our nation and in areas which still need improvement it is because he is not an angel. Definitely, Kikwete made the right decision to appoint Said Mwema as IGP.
Mwema has shown considerable skills in dealing with crime and criminals in the country. Some of us are still asking many questions, which I am sure will not get satisfactory answers since you President Kikwete has not talked about it. But one question I may ask is, how did you spot Mwema?
I agree that where there is a weakness or mistake let us point it out and where we see something good happening let us acknowledge it too. What I don't understand is that some people speak disparagingly of and poking fun at the president.
Is it true that, the president has never done anything good even to ensure the nation peaceful and stable? Does it mean that they don't see this?
I am sure either because of ignorance or personal reasons some people don't like to acknowledge it! But it is a fact that the security situation was very bad before Kikwete appointed IGP Mwema to lead the Police Force in Tanzania. We should remember that at the time driving a car alone was risky.
It needed at least two or more people so that if one goes to a shop to buy something, the others should remain guarding the car.
We have come from that situation and now people enjoy the fruits of security because crime has been contained to a great extent.
All this is because of the good leadership of IGP Mwema and one can leave one's car without any problem unlike it was in the past. In my opinion, to fail to see good things and concentrate only on weaknesses or mistakes is being unfair and we have to fight against this stereotype. At least we shouldn't fail to encourage the police to protect civilians and their property.
If we can point out weaknesses or mistakes we should also acknowledge achievements, which have been made so far. It is possible that in the area of security not everything is disclosed as some politicians or activists are doing. But is it true that we are unable to acknowledge all positive reforms in the Police Force including community policing?
Of course, some undisciplined police officers are tainting the Police Force's image but we cannot say all police officers are like that. If we do this, it means we are not fair to ourselves and to the Police Force.
Who doesn't know how risk it is for the police to escort a bank vehicle carrying millions of shillings, where they can be attacked and killed or when they are on guard or patrolling?
The president did appoint the right IGP to manage the Police Force and have the peace and security we have today although some people do not appreciate this. They are probably happy to hear or see the police going on strike for lack of appreciation and moral support while they sacrifice their lives for the good of the nation and its people.
The habit of just blaming without appreciating the good things done by the police demoralises them and this is not good at all for the peace of our still struggling nation.
There are many good things happening but because of either personal hatred or political reasons or seeking public sympathy, some people are blaming the police even where they should not. Others go further by inciting members of the public to go on strike and stage demonstrations for no good reasons.
We have indeed a friendly police force to the extent that the police and civilians dialogue and discuss various issues without fear. The police nowadays spend their precious time sensitising civilians on their rights and responsibilities through radio and TV programmes, books and brochures.
IGP Mwema is accepted by people from different walks of life and belief systems. This is a blessing for Tanzanians. I say it is blessing because security is the mainstay of development because it makes people live and work with a peaceful mind and certainty.
Therefore, when a bad thing happens, it should not be taken to judge the whole Police Force. Constructive criticisms help the Police Force instead of vicious slander. The latter is demoralising the police.
While opening the annual general meeting of senior police officers at the Police College in Kilimanjaro Region on March 6, this year, President Kikwete said, "I would like to take this opportunity to thank you IGP Mwema, senior officers, inspectors of police and all police officers for the good job you are doing to protect civilians and their property. I congratulate you for working diligently and unswerving loyalty in your work."
President Kikwete added: "The results of your efforts are seen. We are all witnesses of notable achievements. Let anyone, who has eyes see! Armed robbery incidents are less than they used to be in the past."
President Kikwete's statement to the senior police officers is relevant to the present reality. It is true people have eyes but because they don't want to see, what should we do so that they know the importance of having the police and stop inciting them to mutiny?
Speaking on criminal incidence in the country, Kikwete said: "According to last year's statistics, criminal offences dropped from 94,390 in 2010 to 76,052 in 2011. This trend is encouraging but you must recognise that you and we still have to make a determined effort to fight against crime in the country," he said.
On IGP Mwema, he said: "I am indebted to express my joy and heartfelt gratitude to you IGP, commissioners at the police headquarters and commanders at various levels for the achievements from the human resources you have. This shows your leadership capability in collaboration with other Police Force leaders at various levels."
He noted that he congratulated him especially for initiating community policing, "which is a good example of creativity in using the human resources we have. Please, strengthen and improve this good cause."
"In every step you are making, we in the government and nation at large will be with you to encourage and support you in your duties." I believe Kikwete's statement has come at the right time to respond to his critics.
Those who want to create chaos and incite people so that they can say "the government has failed to provide security to civilians and their property". President Kikwete you have said it and let those, who have ears hear and those, who have eyes see!


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National Alliance on Mental Illness
page printed from http://www2.nami.org/
(800) 950-NAMI; firstname.lastname@example.com
October 20, 2005
1. Who we Are!
1. Who We Are!
The NAMI Law and
NAMI welcomes Bonnie Sultan as Coordinator of the
Bonnie can be reached at the following address:
Bonnie Sultan
2. 850 People Attend First National CIT Conference
In May, more than 800 people representing criminal justice, mental health and advocates from across the country came together in
First National CIT Conference a Success
By Donald G. Turnbaugh, Board Member and Past President,
(CIT) Conference. Moms and dads in their seventies mixed with officers and deputies in their twenties. In its truest sense, these were the grassroots people actually involved in the design, development, and delivery of their local CIT programs.
Others may have shared the interest and inspiration of a national conference, but NAMI Ohio,
The conference attendees were made welcome by their
Justice Evelyn Lundberg Stratton, Supreme Court of Ohio, spoke from personal knowledge of the current approaches to mental illness and the need for diversion programs.
Sam and Randy
At any conference featuring CIT, the stars of the show are Major Sam Cochran, CIT coordinator for the Memphis Police Department, and Randolph Dupont, Ph.D., of the
Major Cochran spoke of CIT as the "elephant" in the living room, a metaphor to which those who have promoted CIT in their community could relate. He went on to recognize the amount of planning and scheduling, along with determination and persistence, that is required to form the necessary partnerships to establish CIT.
NAMI National Board Attends
It was heartening to hear speaker after speaker praise NAMI and its members. And, the pleasure was doubled when NAMI National Board members addressed the family and consumer perspective on interaction with law enforcement during a crisis. Gloria Walker spoke from personal experience about the fear of the police some families and consumers had before CIT. Risdon Slate, Ph.D., told of his dreams and delusions that took him from probation officer to prisoner to patient to professor. Jim Dailey was doubly proud that his son is doing well and his daughter is a Louisville CIT officer. And once again, the incomparable Fred Frese brilliantly drew upon humor to humanize these horrible illnesses. Yet, he also conveyed an inspiring message: that others may go from patient to provider at the same facility.
Ron Honberg, NAMI director for policy and legal affairs, presented an overview of the preliminary results of the nationwide survey documenting the involvement of NAMI in CIT. NAMI wants officers to be prepared, trained, knowledgeable in de-escalation techniques, and allowed options.
Identifying the Core Elements
The Memphis Model CIT Program, the standard-bearer for the life-saving, award-winning CIT program for 17 years, set the stage. To ensure fidelity across a nationwide program, work has begun on national core elements and a standardized curriculum. Elements include training, community partnerships, a single point of entry, selected volunteer officers, repetitive responses, and some flexibility. The many versions of "CIT" have drawn the interest and involvement of the Police Executive Research Forum, the Consensus Project, the
So Many Workshops, So Little Time
The 33 conference workshops were directed to both those starting CIT programs and those improving an existing CIT program. Throughout the conference, the choice of topics and speakers set a high standard of excellence. More than 200 people attended the workshop, "Suicide by Cop."
Award Ceremonies
Recognition at the awards dinner went to the following: Lt. Christopher Bowling, Columbus Police, Ohio CIT Officer of the Year; Major Sam Cochran, National CIT Coordinator of the Year Award; and Officer Terry Golden,
Most departments have some identifying pin worn on the uniform, indicating that an officer is "CIT-trained." The "Best-Looking CIT Pin" winner was
Much was learned from the speakers, in workshops, and in informal discussions. People still become police officers to help others, and CIT allows them to fulfill this goal. Experienced patrol officers recognize mental illness as a potential problem they deal with every day, and they see CIT as part of the solution. Some officers may not desire CIT training or be suited for CIT, two reasons why selected volunteers perform best. Psychiatrists and attorneys practice to become better at what they do. For CIT officers, responding to calls of persons in crisis makes them better, too.
Finally, family members have the most to gain from CIT. It is our loved ones who benefit when officers attend the 40-hour training. Family members can accomplish the same by attending the NAMI Family-To-Family Education Program - "a CIT course for families."
Source: NAMI Advocate, Summer 2005
3. CIT in Rural Communities
Among the many groups attending the Columbus CIT conference were members of the Piscataquis Regional CIT team of
Funding was made available through a grant of $23,000 from the Maine Justice Assistance Council. Their work shows us that CIT can work in all communities! For more information, see the Bangor Daily News, March 14, 2005 issue, p. B1.
4. The People Have Spoken!
Residents of the Roanoke Valley, Virginia, ranked proper access to mental health care as a top priority.
5. Better Mental Health Treatment Rated as a Top Priority by California Criminal Justice Officials
A poll conducted by Fight Crime: Invest in Kids of California found that law enforcement officers, probation chiefs, and district attorneys identified mental health services as a significant priority for young adults in juvenile justice and adult correctional facilities. The majority of respondents believe mental health programs are more effective in the reduction of crime than other law enforcement methods such as prosecuting a minor as an adult. Proposition 63, a ballot initiative adopted by
6. Salt Lake City Continues to Add CIT Officers
A recent article in the Deseret Morning News reported that more than two dozen new officers have received CIT training, adding to an already large group of designated CIT officers in that city. The Salt Lake City Police department reports that in 2004, they received more than 1,000 CIT calls involving citizens with mental illness. Former NAMI-Utah Executive Director Vicki Cotrelle, who was killed recently in a tragic auto accident, was very instrumental in bringing CIT to
7. The Sheriff's Perspective
Thomas N. Faust, Executive Director of the National Sheriff's Association discusses the intersection between the criminal justice and mental health fields in an editorial titled Shift the Responsibility of Untreated Mental Illness Out of the Criminal Justice System (Corrections Today, April 2003, 6-7). Mr. Faust expresses the NSA's support of more funding and community resources for people with mental illness, as individuals with these disorders are becoming more and more prevalent in the
8. Does Jail Diversion Work?
In these times of budget deficits, advocates trying to promote jail diversion in their communities must effectively make the case that these programs are successful in (a) reducing crime and (b) saving costs.
Since most jail diversion programs are quite new, there is relatively little data available to make this case. However, several studies are noteworthy.
For example, Steadman and
(Steadman, Henry J.,
These research findings are consistent with data reported by two exemplary jail diversion programs, Thresholds in
Project Link demonstrated even more dramatic reductions in costs ($39, 518 per participant). Click here to view the Thresholds and Project Link data.
9. Helpful Websites
U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)
Your Feedback and Information is Needed!
We are interested in your reactions to this electronic newsletter and how we might improve it. We are also eager to hear from you about news or stories we can include for future issues of CIT in Action. Please send your comments or ideas to Bonnie Sultan, email@example.com, or Ron Honberg, email@example.com. Thanks!


text:
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