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For those unfamiliar with the concept, blue ocean strategy contrasts with red ocean strategy, where firms in the industry compete head-on among traditional lines.
They typically compete along price lines or the same traditional factors/attributes that the industry always competes along, competing for the same market user base that may be static or even declining. This results in declining profits among firms in the industry as costs rise fighting for the same consumer dollars.
A blue ocean strategy, aims to make the competition irrelevant. A pithy line in the book says "The only way to beat the competition is to stop trying to beat the competition".
That sounds paradoxical, but only if you define "beat" in a limited way, competing along the usual industry defined lines. The insight (in some ways obvious) is that firms should instead try to create brand new markets.
One example that is often used is that of Cirque du Soleil. Apparently the circus industry as a whole was shrinking, as kids began to prefer Console games, internet etc to visiting the circus. There was a limited number of famous circus performers (who weren't that famous anyway), so circuses competed to employ them raising the costs. Animal rights activists also made acts with animals increasingly difficult and expensive.
What Cirque du Solei did was that instead of competing along the usual circus industry factors of
i) price
ii) Star performaners
iii) Animal shows
Cirque du Solei changed the rules of the game. They started to blend drama and theater with their acts, blending circus with classic theater. By offering more intellectual experiences, they opened the market drawing in theater going audiences.
Adding of storylines, themes, and increasing the allure of the circus top tent, they created a brand new industry spanning/breaking market across theater and circus with multiple productions like that of broadway shows.
It was not just adding or raising new factors, they also reduced and eliminated attributes that had high cost.
For example, they eliminated animal shows, the need to hire top traditional circus acts, bypassing the whole problem of increasing costs there.
This is what the book calls "value innovation" - innovation that creates more value for consumers but at lower cost, breaking the age-old value vs cost tradeoff.
As the book was written in 2004, some of the examples look dated to my eyes, a more modern example would be Apple of course.
I am still absorbing the framework and analytic tools in the book to employ blue ocean strategies but I think the idea of blue ocean strategies is very important for libraries.
There are differences, libraries don't really compete with each other in the industry but our competitors are Google etc and we don't really have profits but still let's see what we can learn when we apply such tools.
I think like most industries we have always focused on red ocean strategies , basically how to make existing processes better. We are good at tracking how input and output statistics, at doing process improvement processes etc. Increasingly, we do bench-marking studies which focuses more on what other libraries are doing and making sure we do the same.
Red Ocean strategies are important no doubt and they will be always be the bulk of our strategies. But they won't suffice alone.
This is particularly so since our industry is similar to that of the circus industry, where the industry market demand is falling as users start to prefer other alternatives rather than those of ours.
In such a situation, doing the same thing better with incremental improvements isn't going to help. If anything we are in this situation because our competitors such as Google are employing blue ocean strategies on us!
So we need blue ocean strategies to create new ideas and strategies to open new markets, rather than hope to thrive by refining existing processes. We need to know what new things to do, not just how to do existing things better.
The most innovative thinkers in our industry have come up with a slew of ideas from
- Library as a publisher
- embedded librarianship
- Maker spaces
- Supporting data research management etc
- Increased focus on information literacy etc
How did they come up with such ideas? Are they viable? In future posts, I will try to apply the various analytical frameworks in the book such as the ERCC grid, six path frameworks and strategy canvas to find blue ocean strategies.
But for now, let me try to analyse a purely business decision, the strategic move to launch web scale discovery services.
As you know, web scale discovery service has swept the academic library world since 2009, with most academic libraries having implemented one or thinking of implementing one.
Summon alone boasts 700 over customers, and others like EDS , Primo Central boast enough more.
It's fair to say the strategic move to launch web scale discovery service can be considered a blue ocean strategy by Proquest etc creating a brand new market where none existed before.
A good way to look at this is using a strategic canvas, listing the main factors of the industry.
Producers in the aggregator database industry were basically competing on content and feature sets of the interface, and to some extent price.
Signing up content providers to carry their full-text was costly especially from premium names and so was the constant creation of advanced feature sets that required a lot of training to use by corporate trainers and librarians.
At the other extreme, Google was drawing in users, because the ease of use, and large result sets (not all of which was scholarly).
Web scale discovery is based on the insight that one can provide a industry spanning product which offer the best of both worlds.
The value curve above shows web scale discovery vs academic databases vs Google.
A good blue ocean strategy exhibits 3 characteristics, focus, divergence and a tagline.
This blue ocean strategy exhibits focus
It turns out very complicated interface features alienated a large proportion of the user base, so web scale discovery services like Summon dispense with all but a well selected set of features, directing sophisticated users to use traditional databases for more complicated needs. (Other competitors like Ebsco, ExLibris, repurpose existing UI, also reducing cost)
It would have being prohibitively costly to try to shoehorn all the different sources of data into complicated feature sets so this works out nicely anyway.
You see divergence in the value curves of web scale discovery and traditional databases, discovery services raise the factors of ease of use compared to library databases as well as authoritativeness of results compared to Google. Throw in the addition factor of including the library catalogue - "The one search" concept and you have a unique value curve.
Lastly, the tagline for web scale discovery could have been "Google but for academic content"- a concept that captured the hearts of both undergraduates (the actual users) and librarians (the influencers), creating a brand new market by spanning the web search industry and the traditional library database market.
One can quibble about how accurate this analysis is. For example, is it really less costly for Proquest etc to sign up providers to add content to the discovery index as compared to including the content full-text in the database? (There are well known issues about content providers refusing to provide content to discovery indexes).
Is the "low price" factor in the value curve above really correct? (Web scale discovery services are often priced very high to libraries depending on the product but I suspect this boils down to the strategic decisions of the major players, the discovery vendors that hope for lock-in may price low).
Lastly, while web scale discovery could be said to be a blue ocean strategy for Proquest when they initially launched Summon, they were closely followed by competitors and currently, there is bloody competition.....
Still from the point of view of libraries, I think this analysis leaves out the elephant in the room - Google Scholar. Google Scholar is in fact the prototypical "web scale discovery", offering the speed and ease of use of Google with "Scholarly results" and Google got there first.
If once we include Google Scholar in the analysis, arguably - web scale discovery is in fact a red ocean strategy, a direct clash with Google. Is this a battle we (by we I mean the whole library industry) can win?
There are some libraries who think we can't and this brand of thinking where the idea of opting out because Google has won already has become popular lately,
From the point of discovery vendors though, it was a successful blue ocean strategy because the influencers ie the librarians in the buying process tend to have a mistrust of Google and do not include Google Scholar in their analysis, because it is not something we can actually buy...
But as time passes, the direct buyers, our users may exert a influence that might make us to reconsider.
Of course, the race is now on, how does one craft a blue ocean strategy to create a unique value curve to differentiate between Google Scholar and say Summon?
That's the subject of a future post.


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No funny business for Pleasant Grove drag racer
Brian Thiel, like so many others, was bitten by the drag racing bug after attending an event — the violent noise of 8,000-horsepower engines, the smell of burning rubber and nitro methane fuel, races lasting all of four seconds by cars accelerating to more than 300 mph.
Only Thiel, who has lived in Pleasant Grove since 2000, didn't just continue attending races. He bought a car — a Funny Car.
Thiel will be at Infineon Raceway in Sonoma this weekend for the FRAM Autolite NHRA Nationals, hoping to build on a career that literally has been on the fast track.
Thiel hasn't exactly gone about building a professional race team the conventional way. He didn't start in the amateur sportsman classes and work his way up. He started at the top.
"It's not the normal way of doing it, probably not the best way," Thiel, 36, said Friday from his home. "I just think God gave me the talent to do it."
Thiel has been racing since the Sonoma event three years ago. He earned his Alcohol Funny Car license around that time knowing full well he wanted to run a nitro Funny Car. His Alcohol Funny Car experience before licensing consisted of seven or eight runs.
He earned his Funny Car license six months later in Gainesville, Fla., and competed that year in national events in Houston, Las Vegas, Sonoma and Indianapolis for the Labor Day weekend U.S. Nationals.
He's been assembling a team since. Thiel has a crew and an experienced crew chief in former Funny Car driver Johnny West. Now, Thiel needs what all professional teams need: a major sponsor.
"Motors, chassis, tools, we're as good as anybody there," said Thiel, disappointed he isn't in the running for the Countdown to the Championship and won't be the Rookie of the Year. "If I can get good backing, I think all the guys gotta watch out. We'll be a force to be reckoned with. But it's all about the money. We need to get this community behind me so we can keep going."
That was why Thiel spent last weekend pouring concrete instead of competing in Denver for the NHRA's first of three races on the annual western swing. After Sonoma, the circuit moves to Seattle. Thiel predicted he'd attend each race for the rest of the season.
Thiel said he saved money so he could start in the Funny Car class. He waited until he could arrive at a track with a Peterbilt truck towing a nice hauler.
"It had to be a fuel Funny Car," Thiel said. "If it's not a Funny Car, it's nothing to me."
Thiel said he drives on the road "like an old man" in his old Dodge flatbed. He never had a hot rod while growing up in Modesto.
"The fastest thing I ever drove was my Case tractor," he said.
So, Thiel was in for a wild ride for his first few Funny Car passes. Just seven or eight runs in, Thiel said something clicked.
"Since then, I feel like I can drive that car with my eyes closed," he said. "I want to make a living driving a fuel Funny Car. I figure I got 20, 25 years of driving one of these. I'm very confident. I feel I can drive these cars as good as anybody on the planet."
That includes 15-time Funny Car champion John Force, who Thiel said has become a great friend. Force was the first to check on Thiel after he had a bad fire in Bristol, Tenn.
Thiel's all-time quickest pass at 1,000 feet is 4.14 seconds at 305 mph. That was a test run. His best time this year is a 4.17 at 300 mph in Gainesville. Recent testing following a national event in Chicago revealed "gremlins," racers' reference to problems in the car. Thiel said eliminating those gremlins allowed the car to leave the starting line better.
"We're nowhere where we should be, but we should run a low teen in Sonoma, possibly a high zero," Thiel said. "The car ran good enough where it would have won that (Chicago) race easily. The crew chief has been in a good mood, so that tells me we're on to something. Being it's my home track, I'll throw everything we have at it."
FRAM Autolite NHRA Nationals
When: Friday through Sunday
Where: Infineon Raceway
Tickets: www.infineonraceway.com or 800-870-7223

subset: commoncrawl


text: Turn any gathering into a celebration with these charming appetizer picks in the shapes of champagne bottles, corks and classic martinis. They're just what you need for serving up everything from ripe olives to cubed farmstead cheeses, or for skewering cocktail garnishes. A coordinating "champagne bucket" caddy makes it easy for guests to help themselves.


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Let's stop pretending like disco wasn't the golden ages for music and dancing. The disco balls, light up dance floors, sweet twirling dance moves, groovy music, and even groovier clothes, are something everyone loves to hate but knows deep down they love. Bust a move this Halloween, in the Adult's Plus Size Disco Fever Costume. This outfit comes with a jacket with an attached vest, a shirt front, and pants. The jacket, attached vest, and pants are white, while the attached dress up shirt front is black. There is so much you can add to this ensemble to add a little more heat to your disco fever look. We have 70s wigs, platform shoes, gaudy jewelry, aviator sunglasses, and more. Purchase the men's plus sixe Disco Fever costume for Halloween, and there will be no stopping you come Saturday night.
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text:
Company of Heroes 2
Company of Heroes 2: Ardennes Assault - Live Action Trailer
Watch the action-packed launch trailer and witness the courageous US forces respond to a surprise attack under heavy fire.
Company of Heroes 2: Ardennes Assault Fox Company
Pre-order now to receive a fourth company for free; adding numerous play-through options with captain Monte Durante and his elite Rangers.
Company of Heroes 2: Ardennes Assault
Today, we are very excited to debut the brand new Ardennes Assault trailer and share it with our fans. Featuring your first look at the all-new meta map and previewing campaign content, you won't want to miss it!
Company of Heroes 2: The Western Front Armies - Launch Trailer
A stunning illustration of just how terrifying even the 'quiet' moments in war can be, this eerie new trailer is sure to captivate both new and existing audiences for Company of Heroes 2.
Company of Heroes 2 - Southern Fronts Trailer
This update also includes the ability to upload community created maps in the World Builder via Steam's Workshop.
Company of Heroes 2 - Case Blue Trailer
Players will control the full might of the German army as they take the fight into the very heart of Soviet Russia. The Case Blue includes two new solo challenges, two AI battles and a Co-Op scenario.
Company of Heroes 2 - Rostov Trailer
The first of these maps, Rostov, is a large scale six player map based around a frozen river. The second, Kharkov is an industrial city scape which will encourage close-quarters fighting and strategic control of key choke points.
Company of Heroes 2 - Redefining War
RTS gaming will never be the same again!
Company of Heroes 2 - Singleplayer Dev Diary
With an intense campaign spanning multiple years of combat on the Eastern front and the new Theater of War game mode, you can experience the intensity of command unlike ever before!
Company of Heroes 2 - More Than Tanks
Do you have what it takes to command the Soviet army to victory on the Russian Front?
Company of Heroes 2 - Above the Battlefield
Time for a new warfare experience that will take you above the battlefield in Company of Heroes 2.
Company of Heroes 2 - Multiplayer Gameplay Trailer
With more maps, more features, more modes, the greatest competitive RTS ever is getting even better with Company of Heroes 2!
Company of Heroes 2 - Developer Diary #1
The first CoH2 dev diary, dubbed "Preparing for War."
Company of Heroes 2 - Turning Point Trailer
It is 1941 and the beginning of what will become the most brutal conflict of World War II, as Germany launches a full-scale invasion of the frozen tundra of the Soviet Union which would result in over 14 million military casualties. Take command of the iconic Soviet Red Army in brutal frontline warfare to free Mother Russia from the invading Nazis. Your strategic skills and tactical expertise hold the power to tip the very balance of this conflict in the sequel to the critically acclaimed and multi award-winning Company of Heroes. Engage in visceral tactical combat that will define you as a military leader and challenge you to wield the might of the Soviet Empire as you smash your way to Berlin.
Company of Heroes 2 - Gameplay Trailer World Reveal
Are you ready to experience Company of Heroes 2?
Company of Heroes 2 - First Teaser Trailer
Check out the first Company of Heroes 2 teaser.
Company of Heroes 2: Ardennes Assault - Battle of the Bulge 70th Anniversary Trailer
In recognition of the 70th Anniversary of the Battle of the Bulge, this in-game video clip from Company of Heroes 2: Ardennes Assault gives players and fans a brief overview of this historic battle.
Company of Heroes 2 - Victory at Stalingrad Trailer
Catch a glimpse of the upcoming content in this all-new trailer.
Company of Heroes 2 - Lazur Map Trailer
This update will include a host of free content, including items created by and for the game's passionate community.


text:
What is RM Cash
Overall customer review score:
Return to Spy Dirty Mo Sunglasses Product Page
Reviews by real power sport enthusiasts...your opinion counts to us and fellow riders! Make the best purchasing decision by getting the latest reviews.
Each review submitted enters you into a $100 gift card monthly drawing, and a $500 gift card quarterly drawing!
Comments On Jun 27, 2014:Need some kind of grip to keep the sun glasses on your head.
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Comments On Jul 04, 2010:The Spy Dirty Mo's are super stylish and fit great! I love em, but as expensive as they are I'd like Spy to improve the quality of the lenses a little. The lenses scratch super easily and unfornunately are not replacable.
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Pendants that have your loved one's ashes placed inside, many different designs and styles.
Rosewood Teardrop
Silver Slide Teardrop
Brass Cross
Large Sterling Silver Cross
Small Gold Cross
Filigree Cross
Angel Wings
Brass Cylinder
Small Sterling Silver Star
Military Star
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Gemini Stick
CHICO - Newton-Bracewell Funeral Home FD 961
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home | about us | services | obituaries | plan ahead | resources | grief & healing
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text:
FORT WAYNE, Ind. (21Alive) - The 21Alive/Sports Medicine Scholar Athlete of the Week for Jan. 8 is Carroll boys basketball player Logan Hille.
Hille says basketball and studies have gone hand-in-hand for him over the years, and time management has been a key to keeping him successful in both.
Hille has an 11.93 grade point average, and ranks 3rd in the Chargers' senior class.
Hille is undecided on a college choice, but plans to study chemistry.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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text:
Manik Solar Innovation
Revision as of 19:58, February 25, 2013 by Paul Hedrick (Talk | contribs)
1,798pages on
this wiki
this wiki
Manik Solar Innovation is a manufacturer of various solar energy appliances located in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. They offer a solar thermal hot water system as well as a small skylight for a natural lighting option. They also began manufacturing parabolic, trough, and lightweight solar panel cookers in 2006.
Recent news and developments
- February 2013: Sarvesh Chadda of Maink Solar Innovations reports that along with selling solar cookers, they also have sponsored a approximately thirty solar cooking workshops each year to introduce the technology to local residents. MSI invited Celestino Ruivo from Algarve University in Portugal to come and speak at a well-attended workshop of 500 students at Jalandhar Punjab C.T. Institute Shahpur Campus Punjab.
See also
External links
Manik Solar Innovation
Adda Bastian Rd.
Jalandhar, Punjab
Tel.: +91 2404454/55
Email: email@example.com
Web: http://www.manikinnovation.com


text:
Search Swinburne Research Bank
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/39999
- Title
- A value-added sale
- Author(s)
- McKaskill, Tom
- Abstract
- The article provides an insight pertaining to effective business management. It was pointed out that business owners are doubtful in creating growth potential into their business before selling because they think it will incur expenses that will not be recovered in sales. Worthy to note, however, that growth does not have to be value, it is the business that would simply put it in a position from where it is capable of reaching that new growth.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Research centre
- Swinburne University of Technology. Faculty of Business and Enterprise. Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship
- Source
- Business Review Weekly, Vol. 28, no. 16 (Apr 2006), p. 59
- Publication year
- 2006
- Keyword(s)
- Business management; Corporations; Growth; Industrial management; Market potential; Portfolio management; Sales
- Publisher
- Fairfax Business Media
- Publisher URL
- none


text:
FREE PERSONALIZATION on ornaments
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Material: Resin


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37 U.S. Code § 1002 - Additional training or duty without pay: Reserves and members of National Guard
prev | next
(a) A member of the National Guard, or of a reserve component of a uniformed service, may, with his consent, be given additional training or other duty as provided by law, without pay, as may be authorized by the Secretary concerned.
(1) A member who performs training or other duty without pay under subsection (a) may, in the discretion of the Secretary concerned, be authorized the travel and transportation allowances prescribed by section 474 (a)–(d), and (f), of this title for travel performed to and from that training or duty, and, during the performance of that training or duty, be furnished with subsistence and quarters in kind or commutation thereof at a rate to be fixed by the Secretary concerned.
(2) If a military technician (dual status), as described in section 10216 of title 10, is performing active duty without pay while on leave from technician employment, as authorized by section 6323 (d) of title 5, the Secretary concerned may authorize the payment of a per diem allowance to the military technician in lieu of commutation for subsistence and quarters under paragraph (1).
(c) This section does not authorize compensation for work or study performed by a member of a reserve component in connection with correspondence courses of an armed force.
(d) This section does not apply to a member who is entitled to basic pay under chapter 3 of this title.
Source(Pub. L. 87–649, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 489; Pub. L. 102–25, title VII, § 702(b)(1), (c),Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 117; Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title VI, § 672(a),Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 674; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title VI, § 631(f)(4)(A),Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1465; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, § 1076(a)(9),Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1948.)
|Revised section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|37:301(b) (1st sentence, less last 75 words).
|37:301(b) (last 75 words of 1st sentence).
|37:301(b) (less 1st sentence).
|37:301(e) (as applicable to duty without pay).
|Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, § 501(b), (e) (as applicable to duty without pay), 63 Stat. 826, 827; Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, § 20(f), 70A Stat. 629; June 30, 1960, Pub. L. 86–559, § 8, 74 Stat. 282; Aug. 25, 1961, Pub. L. 87–164, 75 Stat. 401.
In subsection (a), the words "A member of the National Guard, or of a reserve component" are substituted for the enumeration of those reserve categories to conform to other sections of this revised title.
In subsection (b), the words "section 404 (a)–(d), and (f), of this title" are substituted for the words "section 253(a) of this title" to reflect the section of this revised title which restates that section.
Subsection (d) is substituted for section 301(e) of existing title 37.
2013—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–239, § 1076(a)(9), made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 112–81, § 631(f)(4)(A). See 2011 Amendment note below.
2011—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–81, § 631(f)(4)(A), as amended by Pub. L. 112–239, § 1076(a)(9), substituted "474" for "404".
1999—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–65designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).
1991—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–25struck out "of this section" after "subsection (a)".
Effective Date of 2013 Amendment
Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, § 1076(a),Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1947, provided that the amendment made by section 1076(a)(9) is effective Dec. 31, 2011, and as if included in Pub. L. 112–81as enacted.
Effective Date of 1999 Amendment
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title VI, § 672(c),Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 674, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be effective as of February 10, 1996, as if included in section 1039 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 (Public Law 104–106; 110 Stat. 432 [amending section 6323 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees]).
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
Rated 3 out of 5 by 1 reviewer.
Rated 3 out of 5 by DM Not as it appears I bought the lamp to read by in the living room. It's good enough quality, but is more black than bronze and has gold striping on the base, which is ugly and makes it look very traditional. Would have sent back but shipping is to expensive. Will move to the office, once I find a replacement. April 27, 2012
1-1 of 1


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FORT WAYNE, Ind. (NBC33) - Hoosier motorcyclists are rejoicing now that the new "Dead Red Law" has passed.
According to the law, motorcyclists are now able to drive through intersections even though the light may be red.
Indiana lawmakers claim the weight of a standard motorcycle or bicycle are not enough to trigger sensors on the road, so bikers are now allowed to proceed through the intersection after waiting for 120 seconds, or two minutes.
Bikers are expected to take every necessary precaution to ensure the intersection is clear prior to proceeding, but many of them could not be happier.
For more on this new law, click on the video link.
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Hello. This is my first work in progress. I'm following RobA's Artistic Regional RPG Map tutorial. I was following arsheesh's trees tutorial to make trees. The big brown splash will be pen. I want to add fence arount it, add a field (under road on the left), boats, pier , lumber and maybe bushes.
Awaiting your criticizm.


text:
Small-business owners in the food or retail industry might want to reconsider their sales pitches, according to The Associated Press.
Small-business owners waiting for the right opportunity to launch a mobile version of their website should strike as soon as possible.
doesn't seem to be any reduction in health care spending on the horizon. The annual national health care spending rate will increase 1 percent
As corporations and small businesses alike mail W-2 forms to the nation's workforce, tax season has officially arrived.
It's never a bad time
for small-business owners to revaluate where they stand when it comes to their
online marketing campaign.
Consumers will only continue doing business with a company if their questions are answered quickly and they are treated in a respectful manner.
Flexibility in the workplace is becoming standard practice in the U.S., according to Ellen Galinsky, president and co-founder of the Families and Work
When you open a small business, there is a lot to think about.
Clate Mask understands the difficulty that many small-business owners face when launching a company.
It's become a common question for many entrepreneurs and small businesses owners.
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text:
33 U.S. Code § 1518 - Relationship to other laws
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(a) Federal Constitution, laws, and treaties applicable; other Federal requirements applicable; status of deepwater port; Federal or State authorities and responsibilities within territorial seas unaffected; notification by Secretary of State of intent to exercise jurisdiction; objections by foreign governments
(1) The Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States shall apply to a deepwater port licensed under this chapter and to activities connected, associated, or potentially interfering with the use or operation of any such port, in the same manner as if such port were an area of exclusive Federal jurisdiction located within a State. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to relieve, exempt, or immunize any person from any other requirement imposed by Federal law, regulation, or treaty. Deepwater ports licensed under this chapter do not possess the status of islands and have no territorial seas of their own.
(2) Except as otherwise provided by this chapter, nothing in this chapter shall in any way alter the responsibilities and authorities of a State or the United States within the territorial seas of the United States.
(3) The Secretary of State shall notify the government of each foreign state having vessels registered under its authority or flying its flag which may call at or otherwise utilize a deepwater port but which do not currently have an agreement in effect as provided in subsection (c)(2)(A)(i) of this section that the United States intends to exercise jurisdiction over vessels calling at or otherwise utilizing a deepwater port and the persons on board such vessels. The Secretary of State shall notify the government of each such state that, absent its objection, its vessels will be subject to the jurisdiction of the United States whenever they—
(B) are within the safety zone of such a deepwater port and are engaged in activities connected, associated, or potentially interfering with the use and operation of the deepwater port.
The Secretary of State shall promptly inform licensees of deepwater ports of all objections received from governments of foreign states in response to notifications made under this paragraph.
(b) Law of nearest adjacent coastal State as applicable Federal law; Federal administration and enforcement of such law; nearest adjacent coastal State defined
The law of the nearest adjacent coastal State, now in effect or hereafter adopted, amended, or repealed, is declared to be the law of the United States, and shall apply to any deepwater port licensed pursuant to this chapter, to the extent applicable and not inconsistent with any provision or regulation under this chapter or other Federal laws and regulations now in effect or hereafter adopted, amended, or repealed. All such applicable laws shall be administered and enforced by the appropriate officers and courts of the United States. For purposes of this subsection, the nearest adjacent coastal State shall be that State whose seaward boundaries, if extended beyond 3 miles, would encompass the site of the deepwater port.
(c) Vessels of United States and foreign states subject to Federal jurisdiction; objections to jurisdiction; designation of agent for service of process; duty of licensee
(1) The jurisdiction of the United States shall apply to vessels of the United States and persons on board such vessels. The jurisdiction of the United States shall also apply to vessels, and persons on board such vessels, registered in or flying the flags of foreign states, whenever such vessels are—
(B) are within the safety zone of such a deepwater port, and are engaged in activities connected, associated, or potentially interfering with the use and operation of the deepwater port.
The jurisdiction of the United States under this paragraph shall not, however, apply to vessels registered in or flying the flag of any foreign state that has objected to the application of such jurisdiction.
(2) Except in a situation involving force majeure, a licensee shall not permit a vessel registered in or flying the flag of a foreign state to call at or otherwise utilize a deepwater port licensed under this chapter unless—
(i) the foreign state involved, by specific agreement with the United States, has agreed to recognize the jurisdiction of the United States over the vessels registered in or flying the flag of that state and persons on board such vessels in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection, while the vessel is located within the safety zone, or
(3) For purposes of paragraph (2)(A)(ii) of this subsection, a licensee shall not be obliged to prohibit a call at or use of a deepwater port by a vessel registered in or flying the flag of an objecting state unless the licensee has been informed by the Secretary of State as required by subsection (a)(3) of this section.
(d) Customs laws inapplicable to deepwater port; duties and taxes on foreign articles imported into customs territory of United States
The customs laws administered by the Secretary of the Treasury shall not apply to any deepwater port licensed under this chapter, but all foreign articles to be used in the construction of any such deepwater port, including any component thereof, shall first be made subject to all applicable duties and taxes which would be imposed upon or by reason of their importation if they were imported for consumption in the United States. Duties and taxes shall be paid thereon in accordance with laws applicable to merchandise imported into the customs territory of the United States.
(e) Federal district courts; original jurisdiction; venue
The United States district courts shall have original jurisdiction of cases and controversies arising out of or in connection with the construction and operation of deepwater ports, and proceedings with respect to any such case or controversy may be instituted in the judicial district in which any defendant resides or may be found, or in the judicial district of the adjacent coastal State nearest the place where the cause of action arose.
Source(Pub. L. 93–627, § 19(a)–(e), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2145, 2146; Pub. L. 98–419, § 5(a), (b),Sept. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 1609.)
Section 19(f) ofPub. L. 93–627amended section 1333 (a)(2) of Title 43, Public Lands.
1984—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–419, § 5(a), added par. (3).
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 98–419, § 5(b), added par. (1). Former cl. (1) redesignated cl. (A)(i) of par. (2).
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 98–419, § 5(b), redesignated existing provisions of subsec. (c) as par. (2)(A)(i) and (B) thereof, substituted reference to provisions of par. (1) for former reference to provisions of this chapter in par. (2)(A)(i) as so redesignated, and added par. (2)(A)(ii).
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 98–419, § 5(b), added par. (3).
Effective Date of 1984 Amendment
Pub. L. 98–419, § 5(c),Sept. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 1610, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (b) of this section [amending this section] shall be effective on the ninetieth day following the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 25, 1984]. The Secretary of State shall make the first series of notifications referred to in section 19(a)(3) of the Deepwater Port Act of 1974 [subsec. (a)(3) of this section], as added by subsection (a) of this section, prior to the thirtieth day following the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 25, 1984]."
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text: People and Parties Miranda Kerr Style File 31 May 2013 Lucy Hutchings VICTORIA'S SECRET Angel, model mother, Hollywood wife, beauty entrepreneur and catwalk favourite - Miranda Kerr is every inch the twenty-first century supermodel. Starting her career early, she won Dolly magazine's model search competition at the tender age of 13 and was promptly signed to a modelling agency in Australia, going on to star in a string of advertising campaigns throughout her teens. She moved to New York in 2004 to pursue fashion more seriously and was soon scoring catwalk appearances and editorial work, before getting her big US break with a Maybelline campaign in 2006. In 2007, she became the first Australian Victoria's Secret Angel, joining the likes of Alessandra Ambrosio, Adriana Lima, Izabel Goulart and Heidi Klum.The same year, she started dating actor Orlando Bloom and the couple announced their engagement in 2010. They married in an intimate ceremony on July 22 2010 and Miranda gave birth to their son - Flynn Christopher Blanchard Copeland Bloom - on January 6 2011. They announced their divorce in October 2013. Look back at her career in pictures here.


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The Power of Independent Thinking
Jose Yulo: Western Civilization & Thought
Recorded: Monday, July 7, 2014
Jose Yulo discusses the history of western civilization and ways of thinking about morality and economics.
For information on The Challenge of Liberty Summer Seminar, click here.
Experts: José Maria J. YuloType: Challenge of Liberty SeminarsIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Culture/ Society, Democracy, Economic History and Development (International), Economic Policy, Economists, Fiscal Policy/Debt, Freedom, Political Ideology and Philosophy
José Yulo on Ethics and Liberty
2011 Summer Seminars for College Students
Recorded: Monday, August 1, 2011
This presentation is from our 2011 Challenge of Liberty Summer Seminar for college students, which was held from August 1 to 5, 2011, at Notre Dame de Namur University, Belmont, California.
View videos and more information about the Summer Seminars.
Experts: José Maria J. YuloType: Challenge of Liberty SeminarsIssues: Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economists, Government Power, History (U.S), Political Ideology and Philosophy
Understanding Today's Economy: A Summer-Seminar Preview for Teens and Their Parents
Recorded: Thursday, May 20, 2010
– Monday, January 1, 1900
Part 1 |
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 1: Introductory Remarks by David Theroux
Part 2: Why Economics Matters more than Ever with Gregory Rehmke
Part 3: Healthcare Reform: a Principled Critique by Michael Winther
Experts: Anthony Gregory, Gregory Rehmke, Emily C. Skarbek, David J. Theroux, Michael Winther, José Maria J. YuloType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Free Market Economics, Political Ideology and Philosophy
The Philosophical Origins of Truth and Freedom
Recorded: Wednesday, September 2, 2009
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Part 2
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Experts: José Maria J. YuloType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Political Ideology and Philosophy
New Directions for Peace and Security
Recorded: Tuesday, November 6, 2007
For more than a century U.S. foreign policywhether conducted by Democrats or Republicanshas been based on the assumption that Americans interests are served best by intervening abroad to secure markets, fight potential enemies far from American shores, or engage in democratic nation building. But, what is the record of such policies, including now in Iraq?
Experts: Carl P. Close, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, James L. Payne, Edward P. StringhamType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy
Bureaucracy vs. The Environment: What Should Be Done?
Recorded: Wednesday, June 28, 2006
Environmental quality has been a major public concern since the first Earth Day in 1970, yet the maze of environmental regulations enacted since has fostered huge government bureaucracies better known for waste and failure than for innovation and success.
Experts: Carl P. Close, Michael Shaw, Randy T SimmonsType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Environment


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The Great Mexicali Energy and Shipping Canal
Energy Mega-storage
The Salton sea presently covers an area of 974 km2, at an elevation of 70 meters below sea level. An inflow of sea water sufficient to raise the lake level by one meter could generate some 200 gigawatt-hours of electricity. That's a gigawatt of continuous output for 8.3 days for each meter of lake surface rise -- enough to supply the seasonal difference in daily average for over 10 gigawatts of peak solar power.
An obvious issue is the distance from the Salton Sea to the Sea of Cortez (or the Gulf of California, as most of us know it). The image below, from Google Earth, shows the two. The Salton Sea is the dark body of water toward the lower left center; the view looks south toward Baja California and the Sea of Cortez. The distance is 185 km. That means the average elevation drop is a meager 38 cm. per km. After Harry's article, I commented that "It would need a diameter of at least 100 feet (for a pipe or tunnel) to move enough water over that distance to generate 10 gigawatts". That was the minimum scale I felt would be needed to justify such a megaproject. But even at that scale, the capital cost of such an enormous water tunnel would make the stored energy prohibitively expensive.
After mulling it over, I decided to do some serious figuring to see if there was any way the project could possibly be feasible. The conclusion I reached, surprisingly, is that in fact it could be -- if it's done right.
What does "done right" mean, and where was I wrong when I previously scoffed at the idea? It wasn't in my "guestimate" of a 100 foot diameter for a water tunnel. That was actually a little optimistic. To carry sea water for 185 km. with sufficient flow and head to generate 10 gigawatts at the end, a tunnel would need to be more like 50 meters in diameter! Even if it were technically feasible to build such a gigantic water tunnel -- which I rather doubt -- the cost would be orders of magnitude too high to pay off. So how do I conclude that the project could be feasible?
There are a number of considerations, but they start from the fact that the project does not require a tunnel! Instead, it would employ a large sea-level canal for 98% of the distance between the two bodies of water. The desert region above sea level that the canal would traverse consists almost entirely of young alluvial deposits from the Colorado River delta. The course is flat and barely 30 meters in elevation at its highest. Cutting a sea-level canal through that terrain would be a large but not otherwise challenging civil engineering project.
Ancillary Functions
Using an open canal rather than a buried tunnel changes the mode of operation for the pumped energy storage system in ways that make it more efficient. I'll explain about that shortly. But more importantly, it enables the system to serve additional functions that enhance its economic and social value. In fact, energy storage might ultimately be among the least of its functions. The system would also serve for:
- large scale tidal power generation for northern Mexico;
Large-scale tidal power generation is enabled by the unusually large tidal swings at the northern end of the Gulf of California. The typical tidal variation at the Colorado River delta is around 7 meters, with two cycles daily.
Using the canal for shipping might raise a few eyebrows. One can question whether there is really a need for a canal to bring freight to inland ports in Mexicali and the Imperial Valley. But it has its points. It would bypass congestion and cut air pollution at the present port of Long Beach, while saving rail shippers the expensive climb out of the LA basin over Cajon and Beaumont passes. It would reduce the travel distance for ships coming through the Panama Canal to the U.S., and would lower the cost of shipping container cargo to and from the Mexicali region and the American Southwest.
As part of an energy project, the canal's use for shipping seems an afterthought. However, to adequately serve its "primary" energy functions, the canal must be BIG. So big, in fact, that it would be a waste not to use it for shipping. My rough figuring calls for 100 meters wide by 35 meters deep at its Gulf entrance. That is ample to allow two Panamax cargo ships, drawn by railed canal mules, to pass in opposite directions. And in economic terms, shipping would be far more than an "afterthought". The canal's shipping role could ultimately eclipse its energy functions. That's not so much from port revenues or the avoided costs of operations out of Long Beach, but rather indirectly. It would attract business and industry to the regions around the canal. Which brings us to the next point: infrastructure for economic development.
The broad desert areas surroundings of the canal route are prime locations for solar power. The energy storage capacity of the canal would provide the means to convert abundant but intermittent solar energy into reliable 24/7 grid power. Available land, clean reliable power, and easy access to worldwide shipping would make the canal a magnet for industrial development. That would bring jobs and residential development. But what about fresh water -- which is notably scarce in that region?
New supplies of fresh water for the region would have to come from desalination of sea water. Geothermal resources at the southern end of the Salton Sea could be useful for that purpose, but probably a portion of generated solar and tidal power would need to be tapped as well. Modern sea water desalination plants consume about 3.2 watt-hours per liter of fresh water output. (The theoretical minimum is .77 Whr / liter. 2) To meet the domestic water needs of a regional population of one million, some 200 million liters per day would be needed -- assuming no special efforts to reduce consumption below the 200-300 liters per day of the "typical" American lifestyle. If met entirely from desalination, that would be a steady 27 megawatts for desalination -- less that 1% of the average output from the solar installations that the canal could support.
Canal Features
We're now beginning to touch on the most controversial aspect of the project: its environmental impact. Before I can talk more about that, however, I need to backtrack and explain the physical characteristics of the canal. The features that allow it to serve for both energy storage and tidal power generation have a lot to do with its impact.
The main part of the proposed canal -- and 75% of the heavy engineering -- lies in Mexico. It consists of a large sea level canal that begins 20 km out in the Gulf of California, runs between sea walls to the shore, and then continues north-northwest for 130 km. to the U.S. border. From where it crosses the border, just east of the town of Mexicali, the canal route follows the sea level elevation contour almost due north for another 60 km. It meets the Union Pacific Railroad trunk line just east of the town of Niland, where it widens into an excavated harbor and seaport. The western shore of the sea level harbor will be only a few km. from the Salton Sea. Pipelines of manageable size complete the connection to the Salton pumping and generating station.
In addition to the canal itself, dozens of saltwater lakes and tidal marshes will be built along its course. Salt tolerant grasses and other plants will grow in the marshes, providing habitat for birds and fish. Although they have obvious environmental benefits, the lakes and marshes are functional components of the power generation and storage systems. They provide surface area to enable short-term storage of large volumes of sea water with minimal changes in water level.
The constructed lakes and marshes need not be deep; total surface area is what matters. Those near the south end of the canal provide storage for water delivered at high tide. Water is released from there at low tide for power generation. The rise and fall of water in these marshes mirrors the twice daily rise and fall of the Gulf of California tide, but at a reduced scale.
The lakes and marshes near the north end of the canal, in contrast, provide storage for water pumped up from the Salton Sea during hours of surplus power. The stored water is returned to generate power at night and other times when generation is down.
We can see now why the open canal works so much better in these applications than a water pipeline or tunnel. A pipeline is inflexible; it connects the two great reservoirs at either end, but to move any water between the reservoirs, it's necessary to move the entire 180 km. plug of water through the pipeline. That involves high losses to flow resistance. In contrast, the canal is is "elastic". It constitutes a long stretched out reservoir in its own right. There are seasonal average flows through it, drawing water from the Salton Sea in summer and replacing it with water from the Gulf in the winter. But the seasonal average flows are one to two orders of magnitude less than the daily flows that generate tidal power and supply load-following capacity to the power grid. With the canal system, those larger daily flows are mainly local -- between the primary reservoirs and nearby sections of the canal and its auxiliary lakes and marshes. Losses to flow resistance are drastically reduced.
Salton Sea Impact
There are several regions impacted by the project. The first is the Salton Sea itself and the area immediately around it.
From the 1930's and into the 1980's, the Salton Sea was a productive fishery and a popular destination for tourism and camping. But with no outlet, the waters have grown steadily saltier and more polluted from wastewater and agricultural runoff. Fish caught there are no longer judged safe to eat and can't be sold commercially. Algae blooms from high fertilizer levels in the water periodically deplete oxygen and suffocate fish. The stink from dead sea life has at times driven away tourists and campers.
Even more ominous for the Sea's future is that California has long been overdrawing its Colorado River allotment. Under court rulings, it is reducing its draw, which means less flow into the Salton Sea. Moreover, a larger portion of the fresh water that is drawn will be pumped to San Diego and other cities, rather than being used for irrigation in the Imperial Valley. With greatly reduced fresh water input, the Salton Sea will continue shrinking and becoming much saltier.
To address these issues, the regional county governments and water agencies got together in 1993 and formed the Salton Sea Authority. The Authority has studied a range of options for addressing the Sea's problems. Several of the early options studied involved canal and pipeline combinations for exchange of water between the Salton Sea and either the Pacific or the Gulf of California. Their focus was limited to stabilizing the water level and managing water quality in the Salton Sea, so they did not include the energy or shipping functions of this proposal.
In May 2007, the Salton Sea Authority issued its "Preferred Alternative and Funding Plan" 3. None of the canal and pipeline options made the cut for consideration in the final selection. That angered not just die-hard canal proponents, but also others who want to see the Salton Sea restored and maintained at its full current size. The "preferred alternative" that was selected reduces the marine sea to less than 10% of its present area. With no canals or pipelines for water exchange, the reduction is necessary in order to slash evaporation losses and accommodate the reduced inflow of irrigation runoff from the Colorado River.
I can't fault the Salton Sea Authority for the plan they selected. In fact, I think it's rather elegant, in the way it manages to preserve the existing shoreline while creating new wetland habitat. The Authority has selected what is probably the most cost-effective alternative for the specific problems it was chartered to address.
On the other hand, there's no question that the canal project described here would also serve to stabilize the Salton Sea and maintain its salinity at an ecologically productive level. The twice daily tidal flows through the canal combined with pumped storage operations would support a high volume of water exchange between the Salton Sea and the Gulf of California. It should be ample to avoid salt build-up, without the need for dikes and impoundments in the Salton Sea. The daily cycling of water through the salt marshes along the canal would provide natural filtration and fertilizer uptake that should eliminate problems with algae blooms. In terms of initial cost, it would be an expensive solution to the Salton Sea's problems. But it would be a solution.
Desert Impact
The open water surfaces of the canal and its salt water lakes and marshes would be large enough to affect regional micro-climate. It would increase average humidity downwind of the canal by a small amount and moderate local day-night temperature swings. Since all moisture that evaporates at one location on the earth ultimately falls as rain somewhere else, the project should (theoretically) increase rainfall in northern Mexico, southern Arizona, and west Texas. Whether the effect would be large enough to notice, I don't know.
The real impact would be from the influx of business and population that would follow completion of the canal. The many dozens of storage lakes built around the canal would create some thousand miles of waterfront in what was previously empty desert. The bluffs formed by excavation of a large sea level canal would host prime view lots overlooking the landscaped canal corridor. It's likely that within two decades, the canal would develop into the central artery of an extended "linear city". That prospect will be sufficient to turn some environmentalists solidly against it. Many abhor the idea of building new cities in the desert, when the earth is already in crisis from overpopulation and dwindling resources.
I see it differently. We do face an urgent need to slash consumption and find ways to live more efficiently. However, when efficiency is the goal, building from scratch is often a lot easier than trying to reform a complex existing system. It's not actually all that hard to build super-insulated buildings that require negligible energy expenditure for heating and cooling -- even in the desert. It's also fairly easy to design for very low water usage. Dry climate landscaping, drip irrigation, and low-flush toilets are only the beginning. When fresh water must come from solar-powered desalination plants, there is an economic incentive to use it sparingly. Innovations like blown-mist shower systems, adapted from submarines, start to make sense. The planned communities that will develop along the canal route could be showcases for low-impact, post-carbon lifestyles.
Gulf Impact
The most problematic area of environmental impact would be to the Gulf of California. The Gulf is a rich area for marine biology. Its nutrient-rich waters are home to a range of unique species, and provide the winter breeding and nursery waters for the California Grey Whale. A sizeable region at its northern end is designated by the Mexican Government and by the U.N.'s Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a biosphere reserve.
The canal route that I described above would cut straight through the biological reserve. In itself, that wouldn't necessarily be a problem, because sea walls would isolate the canal from the shallow coastal waters and wetlands of the reserve. But construction of the canal and sea walls could be very disruptive. So an alternative route that would bypass the reserve might have to be used. That route would pass west of the Colorado River delta and open into the Gulf near the town of San Felipe, well south of the delta area. That route would be about 35% longer than the most direct route to the head of the Gulf. As it happens, though, there has long been interest in Mexico for building a sea-level canal along a good portion of that route. It would connect to and flood the dry lake bed of Laguna Salada, and create a local seaport for that region of Baja California.
The most controversial impact to the region is probably the large influx of tourists and recreational boating that the canal would enable. At present, the only access to the Gulf of California from the heavily populated California coast is a long slog around the Baja peninsula. That has kept the gulf comparatively unspoiled and free of large-scale development. The canal would most certainly change that. But that might not be a bad thing for local marine life. Isolation has by no means prevented the gulf's waters from being heavily overfished. Some once-popular species have already been fished to apparent extinction. A healthy tourist industry based around diving and sport fishing could be the only realistic way to curtail overfishing and conserve local marine life. At least, that seems to be how it has worked in some other areas.4
Notes and References 1. Valentine, Harry, The Potential for Seasonal Energy Storage, Click Here 2. Energy of Sea Water Desalination, Click Here 3. Click Here 4. See, for example Click Here and linked reports on the job creation and economic benefits of marine conservation. The jobs created are mostly in tourism, and provide relief to the poverty that drives overfishing in less developed areas.
1. Valentine, Harry, The Potential for Seasonal Energy Storage, Click Here
2. Energy of Sea Water Desalination, Click Here
3. Click Here
4. See, for example Click Here and linked reports on the job creation and economic benefits of marine conservation. The jobs created are mostly in tourism, and provide relief to the poverty that drives overfishing in less developed areas.
Now if only someone in a high office could take the ideas in this article and fund the necessary engineering studies, and if their conclusions looked promising, start the ball rolling to raise the investment money to realize them.
I commend you on your innovative approach to exploring the future potential of the Salton Sea. Researchers and climatologists who have discovered the long-term cyclical weather patterns in the SW USA have also discovered that the watershed of the Colorado River has undergone repeat cycles of rainfall and extended drought. In short, the Hoover dam was built near a peak of precipitation and could run dry for several decades. Your research regarding the Salton Sea offers hope to the the SW USA . . . in fact, it may offer the best hope for the future of the region.
As you're all aware, the idea is only the first step. It's marvelous the research that can be done and what can be discovered with a bit of googling, but it mustn't be mistaken for the kind of serious design study that is needed before commencing this sort of project. However, I do think it's true that we've sunk sufficiently deep into the unholy do-do of climate change, peak-oil, and financial crisis that it will require bold and large-scale initiatives if we're to have any hope of extricating ourselves. Timid half-measures and business-as-usual are not going to cut it.
Hmm, I think I'd better shut up. I'm beginning to sound, even to myself, like a politician. I can't think of any worse fate!
with long years of experience, I have never encountered such brilliant weaving
of rather separate and conflicting impact ideas and quitely reorganizing them as if by magic everything come into play. Congratulations Sir!
It could also be combined with the "seawatergreenhouse" technology or biofuel plants based on algae production. Many, many possibilities are engendered by this.
Good work, Roger--and congratulations on being able to "rethink" your original conclusions by "expanding" the concept into something that could have truly great benefits to the region as well as serve as a model for other "geo-engineering" projects.
Many jobs for Mexicans and Americans can result from this...maybe that "wall idea" between the two countries wasn't such a great one after all! May an "Arnold Friendship Bridge" connect the two countries at the intersection of the border and the new "Arnold International Canal"!
I'm thinking that for something like this to actually "get built" in reasonable time and with reasonable financing costs, it might be better if it were roughly half that size (width if not depth) and built on two levels--one at sea level for about one-third of the distance and second one at approximately 20 m altitude, with "locks" connecting the two sections.. You could have wider sections ~0.5 km long, about every 5 km or so to allow large ships to pass, kind of like a "turn-out" seen on mountainous roads.
Of course, you would have to invest capital and energy to be able to pump the water up to the 20 m level, but you would get that back as the sea water is allowed to fall through turbines into the depression. I would envision this to be best accomplished in several stages, with "marshes" allowed to flourish over the course.
I would like to see you do a similar analysis of the Dead Sea project that has been talked about.
However, the size I estimated for the canal was based on its use for large-scale tidal power generation and pumped hydroelectric storage. You don't want the flow rate through the canal exceeding about 2 meters per second -- a fast walk. One meter per second or less is better. Otherwise you start running into erosion problems and significant loss of head. To support 10 GW of tidal power from a 7 meter tidal swing, the canal needs to be on the order of 100 meters wide by 35 meters deep, at least around its southern end where it is conveying large flows between the gulf and the storage lakes and marshes.
I estimated the total excavation volume for the sea-level, 100 m width canal as being roughly one billion cubic meters. That's 5600 m2 average cross section times 180 km. That sounds like a lot, and in fact it is about four times the volume of material that was moved for the Panama canal. But technology has changed a lot since 1905. That's only about a year's work for one of the big bucket-wheel machines used to remove overburden in open-cast coal mining.
Connecting just a 50 or 100 km canal, built entirely in Mexico with a new, cross-border rail line at its terminal is another option, leaving the balance of any flow to the SS to be carried by conventional pipeline. Again--I don't consider a "high-flow" case to be necessary due to the possibility of developing other means to generate the electrical energy you anticipate would be needed.
I guess what I would question is the "need" to generate 10 GW of power from tidal action and pumped storage facilities, believing that there might be cheaper methods of generating a high fraction of this amount. Many of the "other" benefits you have described might still be achievable in this manner, requiring significantly less transport of water from the Sea of Cortez to the Salton Sea.
DME dredging equipment
With typical capacities of 10,000 cu meters and doing perhaps 100 loads per day, a fleet of these ships could be done the job in 10^9 / 10^6 = 3 years approx.
Would there be any advantage in making it "horseshoe" shaped, with flow only in one direction allowed? Could the width be decreased to less than 50 m in such a case?
Ships lined-up outside for 2-3 hours, could start entering one leg on the "rising" tide, one after another.
Of course, at the "apex", you would need to build a proverbial "wide-spot-in-the-line" with wharves for them to unload their goods onto trains, if not locks to carry them "yet further inland" through a canal built at a higher level (perhaps with a "downslope" toward the Salton Sea).
The plan is stalled, if not entirely dead. The state has not come through with any funding. Nominally that's due to the budget crisis, though I suspect that continuing opposition from various groups made it easier for Sacramento back off. What I find interesting is that one factor in the opposition's success was uncertainty about the actual viability of the "preferred alternative". It's possible that its system of dikes would be vulnerable to earthquakes and unstable land on the Salton Sea bed. The dikes would have been employed to create a horseshoe marine lake surrounding a system of salt marshes and a central salt pan.
The area has long been known to be geologically active. There are geothermal resources near the south end of the Sea, and magnitude 6 quakes have been recorded. That's hardly surprising, given that the whole Imperial Valley is a northward extension of the rift that split Baja California from Mexico and created the Sea of Cortez. It would be seabed today, had the Colorado River not dumped the Grand Canyon into it and created the plug of material that Mexicali sits atop.
Apparently, the land is more unstable even than people thought. There was a recent study published in Nature of core sample from the lake. They appeared to show that in the past, whenever the Colorado river flooded and deposited a new load of water and sediments in the lake, it was followed by sizeable earthquakes. I'm not sure how they determined the coincidence of sediment deposits and earthquakes, but that's what they claimed.
The obvious question is how this would affect the canal project that I proposed. It would certainly be raised as in issue by opponents. The "worst case" scenario would be an earthquake that opens a fault leading from the canal to land below sea level in the Salton Sink. Water would flow from the sea-level canal to the basin below. If the water managed to carve a good sized channel that couldn't quickly be blocked, the entire Salton Sink might eventually be filled. Communities with total population over a million would be flooded -- not to mention thousands of square miles of productive farmland.
It's actually pretty easy to protect against that disaster scenario. I didn't show it, but my strawman canal design included several points where the canal flared out and split along both sides of an artificial island. The islands were actually floating "corks" for the canal, moored in place. If cut loose, they would drift into the neck where the two halves of the canal rejoined. They would jam into that neck, plugging the canal. So the only water that could empty into an opened break in the canal would be the contents of the canal segment containing the break.
Even the elevation is useful, it requires a canal that is more than 2 times the length of Panama Canal, and probably wider and deeper as well. I don't see how it is economically feasible. To generate electricity, it is much easier just dam a river.
Looks to me like those dredging ships used to build the palm islands might be a more economical way to excavate.
When I was growing up in Colorado 50+ years ago, there was at least one place in the mountains I remember visiting where you could explore the hulk of a long-abandoned placer mining dredge. It amazed me that you could have one of these humongous mining barges operating in a small mountain stream. The way it worked was that they created a mobile pond in the middle of the stream where they were working. They excavated material from one end, ran it through crushers and sluices to extract the gold, and dumped the spoil out the other end.
I imagine the equipment for a canal project like this might work in a similar manner. Instead of dumping the excavated material out the back, it would have long conveyor booms to dump it off to the side.
I don't really know what equipment would work best for this type of project. The project is easily large enough to justify custom equipment -- rather like the giant tunneling machines that custom-built for each major tunneling project. But the sort of "components" that the project engineers have to play with include the 100-ton power shovels and 400-ton dump trucks that are employed in the Canadian oil sand operations. The point I was making in estimating the excavation volume and time was just that, although it's large, it's in line with what's done routinely in open-cast coal mining operations.
I guess what I would question is the "need" to generate 10 GW of power from tidal action and pumped storage facilities, believing that there might be cheaper methods of generating a high fraction of this amount.
You may be right about cheaper generating methods, but at this point, the AVE remains speculative. Tidal power is known technology, and economical in locations with large tidal swings. 10 GW, however, wouldn't be the average output. That would correspond to the peak flow rates when the high water reservoirs were charging or when the low water reservoirs were discharging. The average power output would be about a quarter of that.
70 m of elevation over 185 km is not very useful for electricity generation.
Correct, but you have misunderstood the operation of the project. It's pumped hydroelectric storage in the vicinity of the Salton Sea, and tidal power generation in the vicinity of the Sea of Cortez. The canal allows for exchange of water between the two seas, at an average rate determined by the seasonal differences between generation and storage. The exchange is needed to limit the buildup of salt levels in the Salton Sea.
I am an electrical engineer. But I know water needs elevation difference to flow. 70 m of elevation in 185 km will make water barely flow over the long distance. There probably won't be much elevation left to generate the electricity, assuming you can find a good site that has steep elevation drop to build the power plant.
There is not a lot of capacity in Salton Sea either. 1 sq. km is about 200 acres. 1000 sq. km is about 200,000 acres. 1 m over 1000 sq. km is only 600,000 acre-feet of water. The annual flow of Colorado River through Hoover Dam is in millions of acre-feet. So the Salton Sea isn't anywhere near to be massive, even assume a large canal can be built. Colorado River is evergreen, Salton Sea? You fill it up and it is gone. No more electricity.
I thought my description was pretty clear, but Xuguang apparently read it and got a completely different picture stuck in his head. Everything he writes is 100% correct, but what he's writing about has almost nothing to do with the system I described. So did I botch the description, or does Xuguang need to work on his reading comprehension?
If I was making implicit background assumptions about readers understanding of pumped hydroelectric storage that I shouldn't have been, I'd like to know about it. My aim is to educate people about possibilities, not to confuse them.
Has anybody ever, over the history, built a canal/aquaduct over long distance that reverse flow? And how long doe it take the water to flow 185 km? How many stages of pumping stations you need to have on the way? Note you want to have reverse flow, so the canal has no slope, no gravity flow, pure pumping. What is the pumping/generation efficiency? And the engineering/construction cost is what billion? What again is the benefit?
I wrote this article over a year ago, and I don't have the calculations handy, but as I recall, an average flow rate of one mps through a 100 m wide x 35 m deep canal gave a 2 m drop over the 185 km course of the canal. The flow resistance, however, goes as something like the 2.4th power of the velocity. It's a high Reynolds number flow with a fully turbulent boundary layer, so the empirical formula that I dug out of a hydraulics textbook is not a simple power law. But if the flow rate were to increase to 2 mps, the drop would become something more like 12 m -- which is enough to start being a problem. So the canal must be large, to keep flow velocities small.
What you're still missing is that very little of the daily flow through the pumps and generators travels any great distance. It's predominantly between the Salton Sea and the constructed salt lakes and marshes within a few miles of the sea itself. If you play around with Google Earth, you'll see that the land to the east of the Salton Sea rises fairly quickly. Not "mountain slope" quickly, but fast enough that there is land well above sea level within only a mile or two of the current minus 70 m shoreline. The daily flows required for buffering intermittent energy resources are 90% between the Salton Sea and the salt water lakes and marshes constructed around the canal on that nearby land.
Because the predominant flows are local, the canal could be blocked entirely at its middle, and it would make no short-term difference to the daily operations of either the pumped hydro station at the Salton Sea nor to the tidal power operations at the other end. So why have the canal at all?
It's explained in the article, but perhaps not as clearly as it should have been. I'll let you think about it for now. And if it's any consolation for you, your thoughts about this, and the problem of the long distance between the two seas, mirror my own thinking when I initially rejected Harry's suggestion. It took me some time to see the collateral benefits and overall system advantages that a large canal would enable.
And the resulting shading of the sea itself would sufficiently reduce evaporation rates so that a lot more of the inflowing fresh water could be diverted to other uses.
What would almost certainly be feasible, however, is building large solar ponds in some of the shallower portions of the Salton Sea. Solar ponds are efficient collectors for low-grade heat, around 110 degrees C (230 F). Not much use for generating power, but quite handy for desalination. There's a new-ish process for fresh water production via "forward osmosis" and relatively low grade heat. It looks very promising to me. Should be several times more efficient, per area of collector, than PV production of electricity driving conventional reverse osmosis.
There's also an interesting new process for biologically-catalyzed production of carbonate minerals from brine and atmospheric CO2. It could become the basis for a large green industry for production of carbon-negative building materials.
Thus, water from a large solar pond could be used as feed to the engine and produce electricity efficiently.
Here's a video of a waterspout in the Gulf of Oran.
Several different versions of this and other waterspouts can be found on the internet.
The most prolific waterspout zone in the US is the Florida Keys.
In the Gulf of California, there are several bays that, with a little engineering, could be converted into "waterspout generators" without need of additional solar ponds, though employment of these as "superheaters" could further increase water temperature and thus, power available from the AVE.
You're certainly right about the area being seismically active. The San Andreas Fault, more specifically. Apparently the Los Angeles Times wrote up a 2009 incident report on the same at:
Was there a sequel for the Easter 2010 event? Know that Mexicali suffered some quake damage from that one, but heard nothing about the canals that currently run into the Salton Sea or about any changes to the sea itself. Saw somewhere that the Colorado River flow over the years has had as much to do with the character of the sea as anything else. Besides OBE and SSE analyses would such a pumped storage undertaking require looks at 100-year or 500-year flood events?
You're right about the San Andreas fault. But the quakes that were written about in the Nature article I mentioned were apparently not related to shifting along the fault. They were simply due to the weight of water and sediments washed into the basin by major flooding events on the Colorado. The construction of Hoover dam has presumably put and end to such floods.
What I don't quite understand is how flooding could deposit that much water and sediment without cutting a new channel that would divert the Colorado into the Salton Sink. That has happened with some regularity in the few million years. Once a channel into the Salton Sink has been carved, the river flows that way until a freshwater sea completely fills the basin, and forces the flow south again to the GOC. After that, the freshwater sea begins drying up. Apparently it only takes a on the order of a hundred years to do so -- pretty darn fast, considering that a sea completely filling the Salton sink would hold as much water as the Great Lakes.
If anyone really wants to discuss this with me -- they're welcome to call my cell phone. That's (408) 802-3060. (That's the number that should be listed in my author's profile. The number that's listed there now is obsolete. I can't seem to get the editors here to fix it.)


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Can Justin Trudeau take his country back from the Conservative Party?
Some Republican politicians see sympathy for Islam as a liability. Why?
The new pope's choices stir high hopes among liberal Catholics and intense uncertainty among conservatives. Deep divisions may lie ahead.
A Supreme Court that once included former senators and governors is populated today by judges with identical résumés. Here's why that's a mistake.
The Congressman's memoir tackles two of the biggest political shifts of his lifetime: the acceptance of gay people in public life and a dramatic decrease in faith in government.
Why staunchly Democratic Massachusetts loves its new GOP governor
When President Obama tells Americans to stop worrying, he's accused of fecklessness. But he has a point: we have never been safer.
Can a new, professionalized generation of scandalmongers uncover more dirt on the Clintons—without triggering a backlash?
A veteran of the Cold War–era draft argues that once again sharing the burden of defending the country would produce better foreign policy—and better Americans.
President Obama has done next to nothing to build confidence in government.
The rifle that today's infantry uses is little changed since the 1960s—and it is badly flawed. Military lives depend on these cheap composites of metal and plastic. So why can't the richest country in the world give its soldiers better ones?
What Mary Anne and Benjamin Disraeli can tell us about the Clintons
Erick Erickson built his career on stoking populist rage. But now the man who steers the Tea Party says conservative anger has grown toxic and self-defeating.
The American public and its political leadership will do anything for the military except take it seriously. The result is a chickenhawk nation in which careless spending and strategic folly combine to lure America into endless wars it can't win.
Despite his best efforts, Maryland's Martin O'Malley might be the most ignored candidate of 2016.
It's an obvious problem for Democrats—and perhaps an even larger one for Republicans.
Creating a League of Nations looked like a fool's errand until the American president had his say.
A popular historian agreed with Freud that Wilson was a tragic figure whose neuroses got in his way.
Americans had always kept aloof from Europe's affairs, in the hope that Europe would stay out of theirs. Woodrow Wilson declared: no more.
The unprincipled peace bore little resemblance to President Wilson's idealistic hopes.
Francis Fukuyama is still bullish on where history is headed, but Americans should worry: republics can decay.
On the 10th anniversary of the Clinton Global Initiative, Bill Clinton assesses the state of the world, and of his post-presidency.
Can Representative Tim Ryan teach Washington to meditate?
Why trying to make government more accountable has backfired
Rick Perlstein's massive chronicle of "the whackadoodle far-right" gets ever more manic.


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Cowardly act
As a full-time student at Brandon University I am outraged that it is mandatory for all students to pay a $35 fee per semester to use the new Healthy Living Centre. I have only entered the old gym to write finals and will never use the Healthy Living Centre to regain my $35. Why should all students have to pay for the equipment that will mostly be used by the university Bobcats players? This is a sheepish act by the university especially because most students were informed by email on Nov. 30 telling them that the fees would be added to their account on Dec. 3.
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Group 2 Optional Courses
These optional courses will provide students with the opportunity to develop their knowledge and skills and to explore particular aspects or periods of the past which reflect teaching/research areas taught in the School of History Archaeology and Religion including broadly archaeology, prehistory, ancient history, medieval history, early-modern and modern history.
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Group 2 Optional Courses
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Art and Culture in Ancient Greece
Level 4, 10 Credits.
This course explores the art and culture of Greece from the Bronze Age to the end of the Classical period. It deals with sculpture, architecture, painted pottery and wall painting, and places these artistic developments in their social, political and historical context.
Bringing the Past to Life? History, Historians and Television
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
Who are history TV programmes for? What can studying history documentaries tell us about the way that historians and TV producers approach their craft? This summer school will explore the styles and techniques that the makers of historical documentaries employ to 'reconstruct' the past.
Celtic Land, Literature and Tradition
Level 4, 10 Credits.
Celtic folklore often conjures up visions of mystical spirits and ancient worlds. This course aims to look beyond such romantic notions and consider the varied range of folklore in Britain and Ireland. It will examine how people in the past viewed their world and how folklore has been adapted in modern life.
Past Perspectives of Disability
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
Is the concept of disability a modern one? Were there many disabled people in the past? How was disability viewed by past cultures - with sympathy, hostility, indifference? Using early modern England (c. 1500-1800) as a case study this course will attempt to address some of these questions.
Magic in the Ancient World
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
In many societies of the ancient world magic was seen as absolutely real and played an important role in how people lived. This course will explore magical practices and theories in ancient Near Eastern, Greek and Roman cultures. Using literary and historical texts as well as visual and material artefacts and evidence, this course will examine a wide range of magical practices and techniques including amulets, drugs and incantations, curse tablets, sacrifice, divination, shape-changing and necromancy.
Forging Nations: Britain, France and the 100 Years War
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
From Shakespeare to Hollywood, the Hundred Years' War is emblazoned on our consciousness. Agincourt has for centuries acted as a rallying cry for English nationhood whilst the era also produced icons like Joan of Arc and Owain Glyn Dŵr. This course will examine the conflict and explore its contribution to the forging of national identities
Hidden Histories: Uncovering identities in Tudor and Stuart England
Level 4, 10 Credits.
Today identities are characterised by ideas about gender, sexuality, age, ethnicity and nationality. Yet the study of these labels in the early modern period has received little attention. This course explores the construction of identities built on notions of sex, age and nation, focusing particularly on the question of how far these labels were based on what people actually looked like.
Archaeology and the Battle of the Sexes
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
Relationships and conflicts between men and women are as old as humanity itself and it is easy to assume that they haven't changed much in all that time. But is this really the case? Through a series of case studies crossing two thousand years of Mediterranean history, this course will seek to answer that question
From Mecca to Merthyr: Islam as a World Religion
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
In recent years Islam has piqued the interest of politicians and the public, especially following 9/11 and 7/7. As a result media coverage has tended to emphasise some aspects of the religion at the expense of others. This course will address that issue by examining Islam and its place in current affairs.
Cymru a'r Byd Mawr (Wales and the Wider World)
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
Mae dylanwad y byd tu-allan wedi bod yn amlwg ar Gymru, ond hefyd mae Cymru wedi gadael ei hôl ar y byd mawr. Bydd y cwrs hwn yn ystyried dwy ochr y geiniog, gan archwilio profiadau'r Cymry tramor, y cysylltiadau rhwng Cymru â'r Ymerodraeth Brydeinig, a dylanwad mewn-fudiad o wledydd eraill ar gymunedau yng Nghymru.
Heritage and the Power of the Past
Level 4, 10 Credits.
Representations of the past are all around us, from castles to museums to processions to street names. History is embodied in all these things and we call that 'heritage'. But what is heritage for and why do we value it? Who decides what is heritage is? In other words, who wields power over the past?
Shamans and Religious Ecstasy
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
In recent years interest in shamanic practise has increased dramatically, evoking images of mystical journeys and exotic cultures in which 'masters of spirits' perform ecstatic cures. In response to that, this course considers shamanism from an anthropological and historical perspective and will also look at images of the shaman in popular culture, film, art and literature.
Ghoulish and Gruesome: Beliefs and the Body in Early Modern Britain
Level 4, 10 Credits.
To present-day eyes, the beliefs of earlier eras can appear bizarre and absurd; the products of 'ignorance' or 'superstition'. This is certainly the case for early modern understandings of the human body. With that in mind, this course will examine a range of beliefs about the body in Britain from 1500 to 1700.
Roman Conquests; From Republic to Empire
Level 4, 10 Credits.
From the third century BC the Roman Republic was involved in countless wars. In their wake, Roman power spread across the entire Mediterranean. Why did Rome fight so many wars, how was it able to win them, and what were their consequences for the Roman state itself? These are questions this course will seek to answer.
Medieval France: One Nation, One Power?
Level 4, 10 Credits.
It is easy to believe that France was always one of medieval Europe's great powers; wealthy, strong, stable, well-organised and highly cultured. But was that really the case? This course will answer that question by examining how a fragmented group of dukedoms and counties became subject to a powerful and centralised monarchy.
Telling Tales and Digging Ditches: Archaeology and Folklore
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
Folklore and archaeology have been intertwined since the days when ancient monuments were attributed to the druids. Building on that longstanding relationship, this course will examine how archaeology has expanded our understanding of folklore, and conversely how the study of folklore has helped to produce new and striking interpretations of archaeological sites.
Deciphering the Minoans: the Civilisation of Bronze-Age Crete
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
Our knowledge of Bronze-Age Crete is clouded by myth. These legends are widely-known but they obscure our understanding of the Minoans, a fascinating civilisation that dominated Crete for almost two thousand years. Since few written sources survive from the period, it is in archaeology that the key to unlocking the secrets of this mysterious culture can be found.
Shrines, Stars and Sacrifice: Understanding Prehistoric Ritual
Level 4, 10 Credits.
Religious rituals relate to beliefs which exist primarily in the mind and therefore leave few recoverable traces. Yet there are some key techniques that archaeologists use to understand rituals from prehistoric periods. This course will introduce you to some of the approaches that can help us to make sense of ritual activity in prehistoric Europe.
Wales and the First World War
Level 4, 10 Credits.
This module will trace the influence of the Great War on Wales by examining developments from 1914 right up to the present day. It will explore the impact of the war at the time and immediately afterwards, as well as looking at its long-term implications for Welsh life and culture.
Voices of the Past: The Hidden History of the Ancient World
Level 4, 10 Credits.
The traditional story of ancient history focuses on the rise and fall of the Greek and Roman Empires. This course explores an alternative history, looking at those whose lives were dominated, threatened or ended by the reach of imperial power. In what ways is it possible to hear the voices of the oppressed?
Ancient Empires
Level 1 (CQFW Level 4), 10 Credits.
The ancient world is defined by its empires - indeed, the story of empires is almost as old as civilisation itself. This course will consider some of the great empires of the ancient world, from Assyria to Rome, in order to identify the causes of imperial expansion, how empires were won, and the justifications behind them.


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Free Chronic Conditions Workshop at Vol State
Submitted on April 29, 2011 at 3:21 PM
Volunteer State Community College will host a free workshop titled "Living Well with Chronic Conditions". The class will be held in two sessions. The first session will meet May 18 - June 22, once a week on Wednesdays. The second session will meet July 6 - August 10, once a week on Wednesdays. Both sessions will be held from 9 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. in the Jim Moore Conference Room of the Thigpen Library on the Vol State campus, 1480 Nashville Pike in Gallatin. The class is being held in conjunction with the Tennessee Commission on Aging and Disability with funding through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. For more information, or to sign-up, call 615-891-5864.
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text: Get cooking. Our Tri-Ply Stainless Steel 10-Piece Set includes cookware made of a durable tri-ply construction that sandwiches a heat-responsive aluminum core between two layers of stainless steel, in addition to a bamboo steamer and a clay tagine lid. With its hammered handles and mirror-bright finish, every pot and pan is high performing and good looking.