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Habitat Conditions
Channel Alterations
Widespread channelization has not been a problem in the Niangua Watershed, although some small channelization projects have been attempted by individual landowners. Occasionally permit applicants have proposed channelization projects in Section 404 applications. In all recent cases the MDC has recommended denial due to the potential negative impacts on aquatic habitat, and the COE has denied these proposals. However, recent changes have occurred in COE authority to regulate excavation in streams including channelization (see Corps of Engineers section).
Unique Habitat
Natural Features Inventories have been completed for counties of the Niangua Watershed by MDC, USFWS, and The Nature Conservancy (Currier, 1989; Currier, 1991; Ryan, 1992). These inventories are ongoing efforts to identify and rank outstanding examples of natural communities, rare or endangered species habitat, and other significant features. The most outstanding of the identified features are subsequently entered in the MDC Natural Heritage Database. A summary of identified aquatic features was prepared for this inventory and assessment (Table Hc01). The lack of high quality bottomland forest in the watershed is evident. Only one site was classified as "Significant" and four were classified as "Notable". Nine proposed bottomland forests were rejected due to recent logging or overgrazing. Only one wetland feature, a small pond shrub swamp, was identified as "Significant". No wetlands were considered "Exceptional", and six sloughs were considered "Notable".
Ninety miles of known range was designated as "critical habitat" for the Niangua darter, Etheostoma nianguae, when it was listed as a federally threatened species in 1985 (Pflieger, 1989c). The designated critical habitat did not include all of the known range at the time, and its range has been extended by new observations since 1985. The Niangua watershed includes 85 of the 226 miles of current known range for the darter. There are only eight known populations of Niangua darters, all within the northwestern Ozarks. Two of these populations are within the Niangua Watershed, one in the upper NR and the other in the LNR. The Niangua darter typically inhabits medium-sized streams with moderate gradients and clean gravel/rubble substrates. Within the NR, darters have been observed in the main stem and in Greasy Creek. In the LNR, they have been observed in the main stem, Thomas Creek, Cahoochie Creek, and Starks Creek. Reservoir construction, sedimentation, nutrification, and introduction of non-native species are perceived to be the greatest threats to the Niangua darter (Pflieger, 1989c). Recovery efforts have emphasized habitat restoration and preservation as the best means of saving this species in the Niangua Watershed and throughout its range. These efforts have included public education, cost share programs to control streambank erosion and nutrient runoff, thorough review of proposed Section 404 permits, and acquisition or easements for stream frontage in critical areas. A condition prohibiting excavation during the spawning season, March 15 through June 15, is included in all general permits issued in Niangua darter range. In the past three years, several stream improvement projects have been completed in Niangua darter habitat; donated and purchased stream frontage has been added to the Mule Shoe CA; and a protective easement has been obtained opposite the Mule Shoe CA.
Large springs provide cold-water habitat on 15.5 miles of streams in the Niangua Watershed. Two miles of Bennett Spring Branch; 6.0 miles of the NR; and 1.5 miles of Mill Creek are classified as cold-water fisheries (Table Wq01). Approximately 12 miles of the NR support trout populations, and trout are occasionally observed at Charity CA. Water temperature was monitored in the NR in 1994, 1995, and 1996 to determine maximum temperatures attained. In 1994, four sites between 6.6 miles (SM 72.5) and 9.2 miles downstream from Bennett Spring Branch were monitored. The maximum temperatures recorded between July 22 and August 23 ranged from 70.0EF at the most upstream site to 72.0EF at the most downstream site. Two sites were monitored in 1995 between August 18 and November 8. The highest temperature recorded at SM 75.1 was 72.6E and at SM 77.3 it was 74.0EF. The data from 1996 was not available at this printing. In 1990, monitors were placed at three locations in the vicinity of Charity CA to access the site for the possible introduction of trout. The monitors were checked weekly to determine the maximum and minimum temperatures recorded between July 2 and August 20. The maximum recorded at the most upstream station (SM 111.5) was 85°F and temperatures in the upper 70s were recorded at the downstream sites (SM 114.2 and SM 115.1). Since summer temperatures were marginal for trout and because the Niangua darter, an endangered species, could be found near this site, the area is managed for native species. On LOZ, Ha Ha Tonka Spring provides a plume of cool water in the Niangua Arm that attracts striped bass and hybrid striped bass.
There are numerous shallow, fishless ponds on public lands that offer otherwise scarce habitat for amphibians, and also provide wildlife watering. Many amphibians require such ponds for successful reproduction. Fishless ponds on public lands include: two ponds on the Niangua CA in Webster County; one at the Gale CA; 17 ponds at Muleshoe CA in Hickory County completed, and 21 ponds at Lead Mine CA.
Lake of the Ozarks Habitat
The upper parts of the Niangua and Little Niangua arms of LOZ are stream-like in nature with well-defined channels, continuous current, and pool-riffle sequences when the lake is at or below normal level (660 feet). These areas contain a much greater amount of large woody cover than do areas further downstream. This stream character rather abruptly changes to a delta-like area which is characterized by a poorly-defined channel and sluggish current. These areas are typically wide and shallow, and contain a fair amount of woody structure. They are greatly affected by elevational changes in LOZ with a high percentage exposed during winter drawdown. Areas downstream from the deltas can be considered typical "lake" habitat. Main channel depth ranges from eight to ten feet upstream to 40-50 feet at the junction of the Niangua and Little Niangua. The majority of banks in this area are steeply sloping and covered with course gravel or chunk rock. Several vertical rock bluffs are present. In recent years, water level fluctuations have ranged from six to eight feet. At the lower levels the shallow back ends of most coves are exposed. The majority of the standing timber was removed from the LOZ watershed prior to impoundment, so a great deal of woody structure (brush piles) has been added by anglers. The brush piles are composed of cedars or hardwood branches that are typically anchored in place with rocks or cinder blocks. In some areas, trees near the shore have been cut and allowed to fall into the water. Some of the trees in LOZ wash in from tributaries or fall into the water along the shore.
Stream Habitat Assessment
Following Bovee (1982), sites were selected by fisheries management staff for stream habitat assessment in the Niangua Watershed (Figure Hc01). Assessments were completed between August 1990 and September 1991 and are summarized below. Complete habitat summaries for the NR main stem, LNR, and Jakes Creek are also provided in Appendix F.
Streambank erosion was a problem in all streams sampled in the Niangua Watershed. There were no clear differences in the pattern of bank erosion between upstream or downstream reaches. Stream reaches with the most extensive bank erosion problems were usually areas with little or no wooded riparian zone and poorly vegetated banks. Areas bordering riparian zones with little or no woody vegetation were usually pasture. Cattle grazing was evident at many survey sites, and in grazed riparian zones the woody vegetation was usually limited to mature trees with little undergrowth. In stream fish cover in pools consisted mainly of snag habitat such as rootwads and logs. Woody cover was limited along those reaches where there was little or no riparian zone present. Boulders were present in most of the NR mainstream sites and many of the downstream LNR sites. Riffle areas offered cobble and boulders, as well as water willow, as primary cover types. Undercut banks, including overhanging bedrock shelves, were present at some sites and appeared to be providing quality fish habitat. Stream depths in pools were rated fair at almost all habitat sampling sites. Increased depth associated with snags and boulders was documented at several sites. However, at many sites pool depth appeared to be lacking due to a heavy gravel bedload. The maximum depth at most sites was six feet or less.
Gravel and cobble were the predominant substrate at all sample sites. Cobble was predominant in riffle areas. Little silt or other fine substrate was found, and when it did occur, it was usually in a strip near the bank, in pools, or in backwater areas. Streambeds were unstable and uniform along areas associated with in stream activities such as gravel excavation. Only two sampling sites showed any sign of channel alterations, both were old mill dams. Gravel excavation was not evident at any of the 35 sampling sites, although gravel excavation is known to occur throughout the Niangua Watershed.
Most stream habitat sampling sites had no apparent water quality problems. At sites where overgrazing was evident water clarity was poor and an abundance of algae was noted. In general, water was clear with limited algae during the sampling period as might be expected from Ozark border streams. NR sites within a few miles downstream from Buffalo exhibited a milky turbidity that may be attributed to runoff from a limestone quarry within 0.5 miles of the river.
Habitat Improvement Projects on Public Lands
Several stream improvement projects have been completed on public lands to treat erosion problems and improve fish habitat (Table Hc02, Figure Hc02). These visible projects promote environmentally sound stream management practices as part of the MDC Streams for the Future goals. In April 1990, 13 boulders were installed to improve fish habitat in Bennett Spring Branch, approximately 0.25 miles downstream from Bennett Spring, within Bennett Spring State Park in Dallas County. A single boulder was installed along with two clusters of three boulders and one cluster of six boulders. The boulders (three to four feet in diameter) were placed in a reach approximately 200 feet long using a dragline. The smoothest surface of each boulder was pointed upstream. The clusters were set in a "Y" configuration with the point facing upstream. Boulders in the clusters were spaced from two to six feet apart. To avoid causing streambank erosion, a minimum of six feet was maintained between the boulders and the nearest streambank. The main purpose of the boulder installations was to enhance trout habitat by providing in stream cover and diversifying water depths and velocities in the reach. Other objectives of this project included: evaluating boulders as a habitat enhancement practice for use in cold-water and warm-water streams; diversifying angling opportunities in the area; discouraging future bedload deposition in the reach during high flow events; and reducing the frequency and extent of dredging required in this reach. Inspections in August 1994 revealed that most installations were performing the desired functions although a few boulders had been undercut by scouring or covered by gravel deposition to the extent that they were ineffective. In March 1995, a 120-foot cedar tree revetment, and two gully plugs were installed in Bennett Spring Branch within the State Park in Laclede County. The revetment was installed in Zone 3, approximately 1.0 miles downstream from Bennett Spring. A single row of 15- to 20-foot cedar trees were anchored at the toe of the bank to slow streambank erosion and allow woody vegetation to become established on the bank. Cedar trees were also anchored in two gullies adjacent to the revetment. Gully plugs help control down cutting and create sediment deposition by decreasing velocity. The vegetated riparian zone will also be improved by moving a parking lot and planting trees. Future projects proposed in the Stream Management Plan include the installation of gravel traps in Bennett Spring Branch, upstream from Bennett Spring. These will help catch excess bedload before it reaches the park, thereby reducing the need for periodic gravel removal to maintain trout habitat and diversify angling opportunities.
In June 1991, five cedar tree revetments totaling 495 feet, and a 50 foot-long rock rip-rap revetment were completed on Jakes Creek within MDC's Lead Mine Conservation Area in Dallas County. Each cedar tree revetment consisted of a single row of 15- to 20-foot cedar trees anchored at the toe of the bank to slow streambank erosion and allow woody vegetation to become established on the bank. Rip-rap was placed on a 2:1 slope to stop erosion and allow woody vegetation to become established on the bank. These installations are performing satisfactory with minor maintenance and provide demonstration areas promoting stream enhancement practices related to the MDC's Streams For The Future Program. The width of vegetated riparian zones in the area has been increased to at least 100 feet to provide root systems that will ultimately hold the streambanks and provide long-term streambank stability.
Streambank stability will continue to be monitored on state lands. Appropriate streambank stabilization techniques, including cedar tree revetments, rip-rap, log barbs, rock barbs, willow staking, riparian zone expansion, and tree planting, will be used to control future erosion problems as necessary.
Habitat Improvement Projects on Private Lands
MDC assistance to stream side landowners within the Niangua Watershed has included: technical assistance; Technical Assistance With Cost Share, a three year (1991-1993) pilot program; Equipment Loan Projects; Landowner Cooperative Projects (LCPs); an Upper Niangua Demo-Farm Project; Partners for Wildlife (PFW) projects, a joint project between the MDC and USFWS in Niangua darter habitat; and the Streams for the Future
Landowner Incentive Program.
These programs and thirteen projects initiated within the watershed (Figure Hc02) are described in the following sections.
The first private landowner stream contact in the Niangua Watershed was made in June 1989. Since that time numerous contacts have been made with stream-side landowners in the watershed. As of February 1997, 68 landowner contacts have been made with onsite visits culminating in site-specific recommendations. The vast majority (90%) of the contacts were initiated due to concerns about bank erosion. Other contacts have included developing Alternative Watering Systems (AWS) (6%), creating trout habitat (3%), and addressing flooding problems (1%).
The leading cause of bank erosion on private lands in the watershed has been the loss of quality riparian zones. The most common recommendations to landowners have included: establish and maintain riparian zones (typically 100 feet wide); exclude livestock from riparian zones and the stream channel; and revegetate stream banks. In a few cases when conditions were favorable, cedar tree revetments were recommended to protect banks until woody vegetation was established.
Technical Assistance Projects
Technical assistance was provided for three projects that landowners completed with their own resources (sites H007, H008, H010). At least one landowner completed a stream improvement project without agency assistance - bank back sloping and revegetation (site H009). It is likely that there are other similar projects that remain undocumented.
Technical Assistance With Cost Share Projects
Technical Assistance With Cost Share was a cooperative pilot program between the MDC and the MDNR. It was an incentive program designed to determine if landowners would install stream improvement structures when provided appropriate financial incentives. The goal was to offer a financial incentive to create stable, healthy stream channels and stream riparian zones to benefit all Missourians. Dallas County was one of six counties in the state to offer the program for three years (1991-1993). During the three years, 132 stream-side landowners were contacted by either direct mailing or telephone calls, to increase awareness and offer assistance through this program. Seventy of the landowners were located along the NR, 61 on the LNR, and one on Dousinbury Creek. Five of the seven landowners that responded applied for the program, and three actually signed agreements to implement the recommended practices (sites H001-H003). All three participating landowners are located within federally designated critical habitat of the Niangua darter on the NR. Collectively, 2.7 miles of stream were directly protected by the improvement practices. In addition, as a result of the mailing, 0.25 miles of stream frontage was acquired on the LNR (Mule Shoe CA) to protect Niangua darter habitat. The pilot program provided experience necessary for formulating the statewide incentive program which was initiated in October 1996.
Equipment Loan Projects
Equipment Loan Projects were available to landowners needing specialized equipment to implement recommended stream improvement practices. One landowner within the Niangua Watershed participated with Equipment Loan assistance (site H006). The project also included volunteer help by a local Stream Team (ST #313) to plant a 100 foot-wide, and 1,080 foot-long riparian zone along the LNR.
Landowner Cooperative Projects (LCPs)
LCPs are stream improvement projects that are jointly installed by the MDC and private landowners and are available statewide. The goal of LCPs is to create demonstrations of stream improvement practices that encourage stable, healthy stream channels and stream riparian zones, and are available for viewing by agricultural agencies, other landowners and educational groups. Two landowners, within the Niangua Watershed have participated in LCPs (sites H004 and H005). Both projects have included the installation of cedar tree revetments, livestock exclusion and revegetation of riparian zones, and one included the installation of a solar watering system for cattle.
Partners for Wildlife Projects
In Fall 1995, the MDC and the USFWS entered into a cooperative agreement that included the Partners for Wildlife (PFW) Project. Through the project, cost share incentives are available for eligible practices in Niangua darter range, including livestock exclusion, planting or revegetation of riparian zones, and alternative watering sources for livestock. By March 1997, two such projects (H011 and HO12) had been completed, an additional agreement had been recently signed, and a fourth agreement was being negotiated.
Upper Niangua Demo-Farm Projects
Five farms in the Upper Niangua Watershed were picked to demonstrate good land stewardship practices. Four of the farms do not include stream frontage, so MDC assistance was not provided. The largest Demo-Farm (HO13) included MDC and NRCS (DSP3 incentives) assistance to install a Management Intensive Grazing (MIG) system. The project included the installation of: 7,300 feet of fencing for livestock exclusion and establishment of a riparian zone (18 acres); a well using existing utilities; 9,650 feet of pipeline; nine hydrants; and eight frost-free water tanks. The project will protect 0.6 miles of the Niangua River within Niangua darter critical habitat and 0.8 miles (both sides) of an unnamed tributary.
Streams for the Future Landowner Incentive Program
A comprehensive statewide MDC incentive program was initiated in July 1996 to help landowners install stream improvement practices. The program consists of three parts. Stream Watershed Restoration Projects (SWRP) are available in targeted watersheds selected by fisheries management personnel, often including SALT or EARTH project areas. These projects may include incentives for setting aside riparian management zones; small wetland development; alternative watering systems; and stream restoration such as tree or rock revetments, grade control structures, habitat structures, rock or log barbs, and back sloping. Alternative Watering Sources for Planned Grazing Systems (PGS) are available in any county offering SWCD DSP3 incentives, and can include pond construction and reconditioning, solar water systems, hydraulic ram pumps, and conventional wells, as well as fencing for livestock exclusion. Stream Stewardship Agreements (SSA) can provide yearly payments for ten years for perpetual easements that protect good quality stream corridors. Initial landowner and agency participation in these incentives, especially the PGS incentive, suggests that this program will be popular in the Niangua Watershed.
Tunnel Dam Habitat Improvement
Habitat in the bypass loop below Tunnel Dam and in Lake Niangua has been improved by new requirements included in the 1994 FERC relicensing agreement. Sho-Me Power Corporation is required, except during emergencies, to maintain a minimum flow of 60 cfs during the spring spawning season and 40 cfs the balance of the year. The utility is also required to limit draw down of the lake level to 0.5 feet to avoid low dissolved oxygen conditions.


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Last month, the Navy received reauthorization for three of its marine mammal "incidental take" permits under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and Endangered Species Act (ESA). Basically, these are permits to harass marine mammals for specific purposes allowable under the MMPA and ESA. Before you get your britches in a knot, you need to realize that ALL marine mammal researchers are required to obtain such authorizations when attempting to closely approach their subjects. I worked under one, my friends worked under them, and—for the most part—execution and enforcement of the terms of such permits are strictly adhered to.
According to yesterday's press release from the Navy, their reauthorizations of the so-called "Big Three" represent ocean sites where "roughly 80 percent of active sonar training … takes place on established training ranges and operating areas." Now, here's the part where you can get knotted. The Navy refers to this action (the reauthorization of their incidental take permits) as "an environmental accomplishment."
Hmm. The last time I checked, an environmental accomplishment was a positive action taken on behalf of our abiotic and biotic surroundings. Seeing the government's approval of sonar testing as a positive action on behalf of the environment is quite the stretch, oh Naval colleagues. Not that there's anything wrong with that. The Navy gets a lot of bad press when it comes to its testing of low- and mid-frequency sonar and its effects on marine mammals. So we can't really blame them for spinning this dubious news in a positive light. Let's just hope that they keep up the accurate reporting of marine mammal injuries and other "takes" during their testing exercises.

subset: commoncrawl


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Zanzibar is attempting to win "environmental independence" from the Union Government by joining an organisation that promotes the sustainable development of islands in the Indian Ocean.
The archipelago has lodged a formal membership application with the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), a regional cooperation body whose current members are Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar and Reunion.
Although Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, officials in the archipelago's own government, as well as some scientists, maintain that the isles have different needs from the mainland in dealing with climate change.
Backers of Zanzibar's entry into the IOC argue that membership will help it deal more effectively with environmental threats. Parts of the islands suffer from beach erosion, flooding and high salinity in arable land, which is itself scarce.
Amina Shaaban, Planning Commissioner in the Zanzibar government's Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, listed the development challenges confronting the archipelago as including unsustainable agricultural and livestock practices, depleted fisheries, deforestation, quarrying and sand mining, water pollution, and threats to food security and tourism.
"The question here is not whether we should continue or stop developing," Shaaban said in April at an IOC-organised workshop on sustainable development planning for Zanzibar.
"But rather, we should ask ourselves, 'How can we strive forward with our economic goals without compromising the carrying capacity of our fragile environment?'"
Zanzibar residents say they increasingly recognise their vulnerability to the changing environment.
Mohamed Nassor Salum, a native of Pemba island, said he supported Zanzibar's efforts to shore up its environment by joining the international organisation because the marine resources that many Zanzibar residents depend on are under threat.
Bilal Dadar, an information technology specialist who lives in the Zanzibar municipality, said that recurring extreme weather underlined the need for an international alliance to help the islands cope.
"I see the net effect of joining IOC will be positive and protective to our fragile environment," Dadar said.
In 2010, Zanzibar began to develop a National Adaptation Plan of Action, separate from the Tanzanian mainland, to emphasise Zanzibar's need for climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies appropriate to small islands.
The United Nations has recognised that "small island developing states" (SIDS) have particular needs and vulnerabilities in regard to sustainable development and climate change. Three IOC members - Comoros, Mauritius and Seychelles - are recognised as SIDS.
Zanzibar hopes to gain status as a non-UN member of SIDS through the IOC, in order to gain much-needed technical and financial support to adapt to climatic change.


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May 6, 2016
New York, NY - Virginia joined Florida, Wichita State and Arizona as a No. 1 seed Sunday when the selection committee announced the pairings for the NCAA tournament.
The Cavaliers, widely considered a 2 or 3 seed in many mock-ups of the bracket, instead vaulted to the top of the East region. They won the ACC regular-season and tournament titles.
March Madness begins Tuesday with a pair of "First Four" games in Dayton, Ohio.
The Gators bring a 26-game winning streak into the tournament. They are seeded first in the South and are the No. 1 seed overall.
Wichita State, the top seed in the Midwest, comes in at 34-0 -- the first team to enter the tournament undefeated since UNLV in 1991.
The Final Four starts April 5 in Arlington, Texas.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
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- "My brother has his sword, and I have my mind."
- ―Tyrion Lannister
Tyrion Lannister is a major character in the first, second, third, and fourth seasons. He is played by starring cast member Peter Dinklage and debuts in the series premiere. Tyrion Lannister is the youngest son of Lord Tywin Lannister, and uses his wit and intellect to overcome the prejudice he faces as a dwarf. He is falsely accused of the attempted assassination of Bran Stark and taken captive. His imprisonment by Catelyn Stark, even though he is eventually released after a trial by combat, causes the House Lannister to attack the Riverlands and triggers a conflict, which is then escalated into full war by the death of Robert Baratheon and arrest and execution of Eddard Stark. Tyrion rejoins the army of Tywin Lannister, and is shortly after sent by his father as acting Hand of the King to his newly crowned nephew Joffrey Baratheon, hoping he will rein him in. With him he takes a prostitute named Shae who he makes his mistress and comes to love her. Under difficult conditions, Tyrion Lannister holds the city together, strengthens and organizes the city's defenses, and makes an alliance with House Martell. Tyrion is injured during the Battle of Blackwater and afterwards loses his position as Hand when Tywin Lannister arrives to claim it. He remains an important player in the court, however, having been re-appointed Master of Coin and unwillingly married to Sansa Stark, considered the heiress to The North as she is thought to be the only surviving Stark. When Joffrey is poisoned at his wedding feast, Cersei wrongfully accuses Tyrion of his murder and Tyrion is put on trial. The trial is a farce and Tyrion demands a trial by combat, in which his champion, Prince Oberyn, is brutally murdered by the crown's champion Gregor Clegane, sentencing him to death.
Tyrion Lannister is the youngest son of Joanna Lannister and Lord Tywin Lannister. Tywin is the head of House Lannister, the richest man in the Seven Kingdoms and Lord Paramount of the Westerlands. The Westerlands are one of the constituent regions of the Seven Kingdoms and House Lannister of Casterly Rock is one of the Great Houses of the realm. He is the younger brother of Jaime and Cersei Lannister. His mother Joanna Lannister died giving birth to him. His father and sister blame him for the death.[1]
He is a dwarf, causing him problems and persecution. His size has led him to being referred to derisively by various names, such as "the Imp" and "The Halfman". This is mitigated by his intellect and his family's wealth and power. Had an infant with dwarfism like Tyrion been born a commoner, he'd have simply been left out in the woods to die. However, Tyrion was born into a powerful noble House, and was therefore spared. Even though his father doesn't think much of him, he has had the benefits of being raised with wealth and education, and is expected to lead his life as a credit to the Lannister name.[2] He is committed to the good of both his House and, since Cersei married King Robert Baratheon, his family's continued hold on the throne.[1]
When Tyrion was 16, he met a wheelwright's daughter named Tysha on the road, apparently the victim of an attempted rape. Whilst his brother Jaime ran off the attackers, Tyrion helped Tysha recover from the ordeal, and they became lovers. They found a drunken, wandering septon willing to marry them and briefly, they lived as husband and wife. That is, until Lord Tywin learned what had happened. Jaime confessed that he organized the incident to make his brother happy, and Tysha was actually a prostitute. As a lesson, Tywin gave Tysha to his guards, paying her a silver coin for each man and forcing Tyrion to watch. By the end, there were so many silver coins that they were running out of her hands onto the ground. Tyrion has reciprocated Tywin's hatred ever since.[3]
His two siblings have had positions of respect and responsibility since their teens. When Tyrion turned sixteen (the age of manhood), Tywin Lannister put Tyrion in charge of the drains and cisterns at Casterly Rock. Tyrion brags that the sewage never flowed smoother to the sea.[4]
Tyrion spends a lot of time at court in King's Landing to avoid his father. He gets on well with Jaime and his niece Myrcella and nephew Tommen, but has a colder relationship with Cersei and his sadistic nephew Joffrey.[5] He has a fondness for prostitutes and drink, but is also intelligent, cunning, and educated. He also is a kind man who would protect the innocent claiming that he loves broken things.
Season 1
Tyrion accompanies King Robert Baratheon's party to Winterfell, but after weeks on the road he leaves the party and rides ahead to seek the pleasures of the winter town's brothels, where he makes the acquaintance of Ros.[6] He gives the prostitute a Lannister lion necklace to thank her for their time together.[7] Jaime convinces him to join the family for dinner. Tyrion dawdles outside the feast hall, reluctant to make nice with the Starks and his own family, and as a result meets Jon Snow, Lord Eddard Stark's bastard son. He realises that Jon is something of a kindred spirit: "All dwarfs are bastards in their father's eyes."[6]
When Tyrion's nephew, Prince Joffrey Baratheon, refuses to pay his respects to Lord and Lady Stark after Bran's fall, Tyrion slaps him three times until he acquiesces. He then breakfasts with his family, where he reveals that he wants to go and visit the Wall - to see it and piss off of it, he says to the laughter of Tommen and Myrcella, before returning to King's Landing. He takes an interest in Bran's fall and how it happened, noting carefully his brother and sister's reactions to the news that Bran is likely to live.[2]
On the road to Castle Black, Tyrion tells Jon that he likes to read as it keeps his wits sharp, just as his brother's whetstone keeps his sword sharp. Reaching the Wall, even Tyrion is temporarily rendered speechless by the size and scale of the structure.[2] During his stay, Tyrion watches the new recruits train. He realizes that Jon Snow, due to his advantages of being trained by a castle master-at-arms at Winterfell, is acting superior to his fellow recruits, embarrassing them by beating them easily in training. After Tyrion points this out Jon begins helping the others train, earning their respect and friendship. Maester Aemon and Lord Commander Jeor Mormont ask him to use his influence at court to get more men and resources sent to the Night's Watch. Tyrion is sympathetic, but doesn't believe that there is anything more dangerous than wildlings beyond the Wall. However, Benjen Stark's account of life beyond the Wall gives him pause. Tyrion befriends Yoren, a recruiter for the Watch, and they agree to travel back to the capital together.[8]
Pausing at Winterfell on the return trip home, Tyrion gives Bran plans for a special saddle so that he can ride even in his crippled state. He taunts Theon Greyjoy about his family's defeat during their uprising before leaving. Stopping at the Crossroads Inn on the way home, he is surprised to meet Catelyn Stark, and even more so when she denounces him as an attempted murderer and has him arrested by her father's bannermen to face the King's justice. She was told by Petyr Baelish that the knife used in the assassination attempt on Bran was one Tyrion won from Petyr by betting on a jousting tournament.[9] Catelyn takes Tyrion, protesting his innocence, to the Eyrie. A sellsword from the inn, Bronn, accompanies them and notes Tyrion's wealth and a promise he will handsomely reward any man who aids him. Along the way they are attacked by some of the hill tribes and Tyrion kills his first man, bashing in the skull of an attacking tribesman with a shield. Tyrion warns Catelyn that her sister, Lysa, has become irrational with grief and will try to kill him. She is skeptical, but at the Eyrie Tyrion's warning proves accurate. Lysa hysterically accuses him not only of the attempted murder of Bran, but also of conspiring in that of her husband Jon Arryn, former Hand of the King who died suddenly which Lysa tells Catelyn was one of the Lannisters' doing. Tyrion is thrown into one of the Eyrie's "sky-cells", dungeons which simply open on their fourth side to the open air with a drop of many thousands of feet to the valley below.[7]
Tyrion bargains with his jailor, Mord, to get an audience with Lady Arryn. He "confesses" to being a whoremonger and dwarf, but truthfully insists that he is not guilty of the crime of murdering Jon Arryn or trying to murder Bran. He demands a trial by combat as is his right and his wish is granted when the sellsword Bronn agrees to stand as his champion. Bronn defeats and kills Lady Arryn's champion, Ser Vardis Egen. By the laws of Westeros this means that Tyrion has proven his innocence in the eyes of the gods, and he is released from the Eyrie to face the perilous journey back through the tribesman-infested hills. Bronn accompanies him.[10] Tyrion establishes some ground rules with Bronn, saying he will pay more money than anyone else who attempts to bribe him to betray Tyrion. They are then surrounded by men of the hill tribes, led by Shagga. Tyrion uses his quick wits and words to win the allegiance of the tribes, offering to equip them for battle and help them conquer the Vale of Arryn in return for their help. Shagga agrees, though he notes that if Tyrion tries to renege on his promise he will cut off his manhood and feed it to the goats.
Tywin Lannister's forces have been attacking the Riverlands ever since Catelyn Tully Stark arrested Tyrion. It's not that he cares so much about Tyrion, he explains to Jaime, but because even though Tyrion is the least of them he is still a Lannister, and if they allow one of their own to be taken forcefully, they risk losing the respect of the other Houses. The hillmen deliver Tyrion to his father's army, where he learns that Robb Stark is leading an army to war. Tyrion warns his father that Robb should not be underestimated. Tywin agrees to honor Tyrion's alliance with the hill tribes. When Shagga says they will only fight if Tyrion is with them on the field, Tywin agrees, to Tyrion's dismay.[11]
Tyrion is commanded by his father to lead the hill tribes into battle from the front. Feeling that his father means to kill him, Tyrion retires to his tent, where he finds that Bronn has found a prostitute for him, a girl named Shae. Tyrion attempts to learn more about Shae, but finds his questions deflected. Instead he tells her about his own past with Tysha, a wheelwright's daughter. They married and spent several happy weeks together until Tywin learned of the matter. Tywin had Jaime tell Tyrion the truth, that Tysha was a prostitute that Jaime had paid to make his brother happy for a while. Tywin then gave her a piece of silver for every one of his guards she had sex with whilst Tyrion was forced to watch. Since then Tyrion has never attempted to take a wife or lover, only whores he can pay and send on their way.[3]Tyrion leads the tribes into battle, but is knocked out by one of his own warriors' mis-swung hammers just as the engagement begins. Recovering, Tyrion learns from his father that Robb deceived them, delaying their army with a feinting force so the main Stark host can fall on and defeat Jaime's army in battle.[3] With Robb's forces now allied to those of the Riverlands and both Stannis and Renly Baratheon claiming the Iron Throne, the odds have swung against the Lannisters. Tywin risks being caught between three armies, so he retreats to Harrenhal. Tyrion makes shrewd observations about the ominous turn the current situation has taken now that Joffrey has killed Eddard Stark. Grudgingly impressed, Tywin orders Tyrion to report to King's Landing and act as the Hand of the King to try to keep Joffrey in line. Tywin forbids him to take "that whore" with him, but Tyrion defies him and asks Shae to come to King's Landing with him.[12]
Season 2
Tyrion arrives in King's Landing, accompanied by Bronn and members of the hill tribes. He assumes the role of acting Hand of the King to Joffrey Baratheon, who isn't happy to see him, unlike Myrcella and Tommen. After taking his seat at the small council, he clashes with his sister, Queen Regent Cersei Lannister, over her failure to stop the execution of his predecessor as hand, Eddard Stark. He also criticizes her for allowing Arya Stark to escape, as the girl and her father could have been useful to bargain for the return of Jaime, and now they only have one Stark hostage instead of three. He installs Shae in the Tower of the Hand, in defiance of his father's orders.[13]
Tyrion warns Varys not to underestimate him after the Spider discovers Shae's presence and lets Tyrion know that he is aware of her. During a small council session, Tyrion finds himself the only sympathetic ear to a request by the Night's Watch for aid from the throne. He also criticizes Cersei's lack of talent for diplomacy when she rejects peace terms from Robb Stark brought by their cousin Ser Alton Lannister. Tyrion invites Lord Janos Slynt for dinner and gets him to confess his part in the recent massacre of King Robert's bastards as well as his part in the betrayal of Eddard. After openly noting Slynt's lack of honor, Tyrion has Lord Janos exiled to the Wall as punishment, and installs Bronn as commander of the City Watch in his place.[14]
Tyrion arranges for Shae to serve as a handmaiden to Sansa Stark when she demands more freedom. He tests the loyalty of the remaining small council members by feeding them varying plans to form marriage alliances involving Princess Myrcella Baratheon. He is confronted by Cersei about sending Myrcella to Dorne in a betrothal to the youngest son of House Martell. Tyrion has Pycelle thrown into the black cells for revealing the information given only to him. Varys congratulates him for the ploy to lure out the Queen's informant. Tyrion is also confronted by an angry Petyr Baelish for having been unwittingly involved in the ruse; nevertheless, Tyrion recruits Littlefinger in a plan to convince Catelyn Stark to release Jaime, offering him Harrenhal and the title of Lord Paramount of the Riverlands.[15]
Tyrion is shocked and furious to find Joffrey orchestrating the public beating of Sansa for her brother Robb Stark's victory in the Battle of Oxcross. He orders a halt to the proceedings, and warns Joffrey to consider his actions more carefully, lest he wants to suffer the same fate as the Mad King. He then escorts Sansa out of the throne room. Bronn suggests that Joffrey would benefit from sexual release. Tyrion arranges for two whores for his nephew but Joffrey forces one to beat the other as a message to Tyrion.[16]
Lancel Lannister visits Tyrion to demand the release of Pycelle on Cersei's behalf. Tyrion notes the lateness of the hour and traps Lancel into admitting his sexual relationship with Cersei. Tyrion uses the information to blackmail Lancel into acting as his informant.[16] Tyrion reports news of King Renly Baratheon's death to Cersei. She is pleased but Tyrion predicts Stannis Baratheon's imminent attack having assumed control of Renly's men. He tries to discuss plans for their defense but she insists on keeping them secret. He learns that she is reliant of the Alchemists' Guild from Lancel. He visits Wisdom Hallyne and learns that the guild have stockpiled thousands of jars of Wildfire to use as catapult ammunition. Bronn sees this strategy as potentially disastrous because of the volatile nature of wildfire. Tyrion orders Hallyne to answer to him instead of Cersei. He passes a street protest that blames him for the ills of the city, as the people believe him to be manipulating Joffrey.[17]
Tyrion and the court assemble at the shore of the Blackwater Bay for the departure of Princess Myrcella. Cersei remains angry about Tyrion's arrangements for her daughter. She threatens to one day deprive him of someone he loves. As they return to the Red Keep through the city they are confronted by angry crowds of starving Smallfolk. Joffrey is hit by thrown excrement and triggers a riot by demanding that his guards kill everyone in the crowd. Tyrion is horrified when the High Septon is torn apart by the famished crowd. He marshals his guards to lead him to safety.[18]
Once he is safely separated from the riot Tyrion confronts Joffrey for triggering the riot and the war that preceded it, calling him a vicious idiot. He slaps Joffrey when his nephew refuses to listen to the criticism. Tyrion orders Meryn Trant to retrieve the missing Sansa but Meryn will not follow his orders. He is relieved when Sandor Clegane brings her to safety.[18]
Cersei confesses that she feels that Joffrey's viciousness might be the price she pays for her sin of incest with Jaime. Tyrion does not know how to comfort his sister in this rare moment of vulnerability but reminds her that both Myrcella and Tommen are kind and gentle. Word that Stannis' fleet is days away reinforces the need to control Joffrey.[19] Tyrion turns to books for insight into siege defense tactics but Bronn warns that the grim realities of a siege cannot be understood from reading. Tyrion affirms the loyalty of Varys and is enigmatic about his plans for the battle but believes Stannis will attack at the Mud Gate.[4]
Joffrey is keen to fight in defense of the city. Cersei is furious and suspects Tyrion of trying to kill her son. She mistakenly identifies Ros as his lover because of the Lannister pendant Tyrion gave her and seizes the opportunity to deliver on the threat she made when Myrcella left. Cersei has the prostitute kidnapped as insurance against Tyrion placing Joffrey in harm's way. She reveals her ploy over dinner. Tyrion is relieved that Shae is unhurt, vows to free Ros and when the prostitute is taken away, he promises Cersei that he will exact revenge on her. He rushes back to his lover's side and confesses the depth of his feeling for her while warning that they must be doubly careful.[4]
Tyrion leads the defense of the city during the Battle of the Blackwater. He commands the defenders at the Mud Gate. He destroys a large portion of the attacking fleet by luring them into a trap; a ship filled with Wildfire and allowed to leak its cargo into the bay. He signals Bronn to detonate the Wildfire using a flaming arrow. Stannis continues with the assault, landing his troops further out in the bay to avoid the devastation of the explosion. Tyrion's initial attempts to repel the attackers are unsuccessful and Cersei has Joffrey withdrawn to the Red Keep, with the King leaving Ser Mandon Moore and Ser Boros Blount of the Kingsguard to fight in his name. Tyrion is faced with increasing dissent from his troops but rallies them with a rousing speech. He personally leads a sortie through the tunnels under the city, destroying Stannis' siege equipment. He is trapped outside the walls by a group of reinforcements and then betrayed by Ser Mandon. Mandon slashes Tyrion across the face but Podrick kills him before he can finish Tyrion off. As Tyrion collapses into unconsciousness a host of Lannister-Tyrell reinforcements led by a man wearing Renly's armor arrives to claim the victory.[20]
Tyrion awakens to find Pycelle looming over him. The reinstated Grand Maester gloatingly informs Tyrion that he has been relieved as Acting Hand of the King and moved to new chambers. Tyrion rejects pain relief, fearing that his enemy will poison him. He calls for Podrick to summon his allies, Varys and Bronn. Varys visits Tyrion and regretfully tells him that although his leadership was key to saving the city he will not be recognized by King Joffrey. He also reports that Bronn has been relieved of his command and his tribesmen have taken their plunder and gone home. Varys offers a small consolation; he has brought Shae to see Tyrion. Varys leaves them alone and Shae removes Tyrion's bandages to reveal a scar marring his whole face. Tyrion is self-pitying; she angrily asserts her love for him and begs him to flee to Pentos with her. He says that standing up to the bad people in his life, out-talking and out-thinking them, is something that he is good at and enjoys. He chooses to stay in King's Landing and she agrees to remain with him.[21]
Season 3
Tyrion requests his Father give him Casterly Rock, as Jaime gave up all rights of inheritance when he joined the Kingsguard, leaving Tyrion as the next in lawful line of succession. Tywin hatefully spites his son for "killing" his mother in childbirth, and saying that he will never make Tyrion heir to Casterly Rock considering him an abomination and a curse, who would humiliate the family name and turn Casterly Rock into a brothel. As Tyrion leaves, he says if he catches another whore in his bed he will hang her. Tyrion is surprised to understand that Bronn has been knighted and styles himself as "Ser Bronn of the Blackwater".[22]
Later, Tyrion informs Shae that she cannot keep visiting his bed chambers as Tywin has now banned him from ever being with her again.[23]
In a Small Council meeting, Tyrion is made Master of Coin by his father after it is announced the departure of Lord Baelish to the Eyrie. Following the meeting, Tyrion, Podrick Payne and Ser Bronn visit the brothel where Tyrion provides the young Pod with a late gift, thanking him for his heroism on the battlefield at Blackwater. Leaving Podrick with his gift, the young later returns to Tyrion and Ser Bronn while they're drinking and discussing King's Landing's endless debt to the Bank of Braavos, and they are intrigued to learn how he managed to leave the brothel without having to pay the girls.[24]
Escorted by Varys to a dark room, Tyrion is finally told the story of how the eunuch was travelling through the Free Cities with a party of actors. It is revealed that he was castrated by a male priestess who spoke to the air and 'something' answered him. Varys then pries open the box in the room and reveals the Sorcerer who had done this terrible deed.[25]
Lady Olenna Tyrell explains to Tyrion that House Tyrell will support the cost of the wedding between Joffrey and Margaery. Following this, Lord Tywin summons both Tyrion and Cersei to his chambers to inform them of his plans to wed them off, Cersei to Loras Tyrell and Tyrion to Sansa Stark, who Tywin explains will be heir to Winterfell after he defeats Robb Stark, thus giving the Lannisters a future foothold in the North.[26]
Cersei and Tyrion are evidently reluctant to consider these marriages, but as they do, Tyrion brings up the question of who employed Ser Mandon Moore to kill Tyrion. Cersei, of course, denies her involvement, but Tyrion is still suspicious.[27]
In result, Tyrion hesitantly marries Sansa. At the night of their wedding, Tyrion gets drunk and threatens Joffrey with castration after the latter commands him to carry out the bedding ceremony with Sansa. Tywin calms Joffrey and Tyrion takes Sansa to his bedchamber, where he tells her that his lord father has commanded him to consumate the marriage. As Sansa begins to disrobe, Tyrion refuses, insisting that he won't bed her until she wants him to, then he passes out drunk.[28]
After his marriage, Tyrion starts bonding with Sansa and lightly enhances his relationship with her. Later, Tywin calls a meeting of the small council where Joffrey happily informs him that Robb and Catelyn Stark have both been murdered at the Red Wedding by Walder Frey. He orders Grand Maester Pycelle to thank Frey and command him to send Robb Stark's head, which he will serve to Sansa at his wedding. Although, Tyrion threatens him yet again before Pycelle can send any messages to The Twins. After the end of the meeting, Tywin and Tyrion discuss the details of what consequences the Red Wedding might have on the war. Tywin reminds him that he still has to impregnate Sansa Stark, but Tyrion assures him that he can't and won't do it even forcefully. Tywin lectures Tyrion on protecting family legacy and that the house that puts family first will always prevail over the family the fulfills the wishes of its sons and daughters first. Tyrion accuses Tywin and protests that he has never done something for the benefit of the family that wasn't in his interest. Tywin tells him that when he was born, he wanted to leave him in the sea and let the waves take him away, and that he instead he let him live and raised him because he is a Lannister. Afterwards, he returns to Sansa, who is in tears having heard of her brother and mother's tragedy.[29]
Later, Cersei visits Tyrion and informs him that she won't be marrying Ser Loras. She also advises him to give Sansa children, to which Tyrion responds by asking her how happy is she with her children. Cersei admits that if it wasn't for her children, she would've killed herself, even for Joffrey. She ponders how happy he used to be in his infant years and how much he brought such joy in her life at that time, and that neither Joffrey nor anyone else can take that away from her.
Season 4
Tyrion is sent to welcome Prince Doran Martell to King's Landing. As he, Podrick, and Bronn are expecting the dornishman, they spot Martell bannermen coming their way. Tyrion greets them, but they inform him that Prince Doran's declining health prevents him from leaving Sunspear, and therefore he has sent his brother Prince Oberyn Martell to attend King Joffrey's wedding in his stead. They also explain that Oberyn went ahead and entered the city before dawn. Tyrion quickly puts together that he may be at one of Littlefinger's brothels. When Tyrion arrives, he finds Prince Oberyn stabbing a man's hand for singing The Rains Of Castamere. He is introduced to Oberyn's paramour, Ellaria Sand, and asks the Dornishman to talk in private. He asks him why he came to the capital and Oberyn tells him that he was invited to the royal wedding. Tyrion knows he's lying and asks for the honest truth. Oberyn remembers how Rhaegar Targaryen wed his sister Elia, and how his involvement with another woman caused Robert's Rebellion. He tells Tyrion that the war ended with his father sacking the city while "The Mountain" (Ser Gregor Clegane) brutally murdered Elia's children, then raped and murdered her. He orders Tyrion to tell his father that he's here, and warns him that the Lannisters are not the only ones who pay their debts.[30]
Afterwards, he visits a deeply depressed Sansa and tries to comfort her by telling her that her brother and mother were good people. In tears, she tells him the grueling details of how they died. Tyrion advises her to stay strong, as that is what her mother would want. Sansa leaves to go to the godswood and she tells Tyrion that she doesn't pray anymore, and instead goes because nobody is talking to her there. Distraught, he returns to his bedchamber, where Shae is waiting for him. She tries to pleasure him but Tyrion refuses. Shae questions him if he's really in love with Sansa. Tyrion says that he doesn't and this time, Shae asks him if he wants her out of the city. After getting no answer, she storms out of his bedchamber, and it is revealed that one of Cersei's spies heard the whole conversation.[30]
In the days following, Tyrion, along with other noblemen and women present in King's Landing, attend the breakfast on the morning of Joffrey and Margaery Tyrell's wedding. He meets Varys before arriving, who informs him of Cersei's spy and Cersei's consequent knowledge of Shae's presence, and warns him that Tywin will know shortly. Varys also warns him that he will not protect Tyrion or Shae against the former's father and sister out of regard for his own safety. At the breakfast, Tyrion observes Cersei's indication of Shae to her father as "the whore I told you about". Tywin subsequently requests that she be brought to the Tower of the Hand before the wedding. Tyrion then presents the groom a gift of a tome detailing the reigns of Daeron, the Young Dragon; Baelor the Blessed; Aegon the Unworthy and Daeron the Good. This is met with surprising approval and gratitude from the King until he is presented with a Valyrian steel sword by his grandfather and proceeds to demonstrate the blade's sharpness by destroying the book with it.[31]
After the breakfast, Tyrion meets with Shae in his quarters and shows uncharacteristic and confusing coldness towards her despite her gestures of affecton. He terminates their "friendship" and informs her that she is to leave and go to live in Pentos, telling her that she must do so in order for him to uphold her marital vows to Sansa. She deduces that he is afraid of his sister and father and expresses her desire to fight them alongside him. As she draws closer, Tyrion yells at her, calling her a whore, and states her unfitness to bare his children, in contrast to Sansa's. Bronn arrives to escort the sobbing Shae to the docks, resulting in her slapping him and storming off.[31]
At the wedding feast, Joffrey organizes some entertainment in the form of five dwarfs, mockingly costumed as himself and his rival kings. Tyrion, disgusted, instructs Podrick to pay each dwarf 20 gold after the show. At the conclusion of the show, Joffrey offers to allow Tyrion to fight the former's dwarf counterpart, to which Tyrion declines and slyly voices awe at Joffrey's supposed abilities at the Battle of the Blackwater and his desire to see them again. Insulted at the disrespectful undertone, Joffrey pours his wine over Tyrion's head in an immature show of superiority. He then instructs Tyrion to act as his cup-bearer, before kicking the goblet under a table, forcing Tyrion to handle it several times. He finally orders him to kneel and Tyrion, obviously possessing no intention to do so, is saved by the arrival of the pigeon pie. He attempts to flee the scene with Sansa but is spotted by Joffrey who commands him to remain and continue his duties as his cup-bearer. Tyrion hands the king his goblet, who begins to choke after drinking from it. In his final moments, Joffrey points to Tyrion, apparently accusing him, as he checks the goblet for poison and he is seized and arrested by members of the Kingsguard on Cersei's orders.[31]
After Tyrion has been incarcerated, he gets a visit from podrick who brings him some resources to help him get through imprisoned life. Pod tells Tyrion of Sansa's disappearance and asks Tyrion if he thinks that she did it but Tyrion is sure that Sansa had nothing to do with the murder. Just as Pod leaves he turns around and tells Tyrion about a man whom he didn't know offering him a knighthood if he testified against him. Tyrion knew that it wasn't a suggestion and soon they'll threaten him with something worse and tells Pod he must leave King's Landing and says farewell.[32]
At Bronn's intervention, Jaime comes to see Tyrion. Jaime tries to comfort Tyrion and says that he suffered much worse with the North. Jaime asks Tyrion if he did it and Tyrion says he would never kill his brother's son and Tyrion asks Jaime to set him free but Jaime says he can't because of treason and says the trial will get to the truth. Tyrion knows that the trial doesn't matter, Cersei won't rest until Tyrion is dead. Jaime then goes on to him believing that Sansa had something to do with the murder but Tyrion is again adamant that Sansa is innocent.[33]
Tyrion's trial begins with the newly-crowned King Tommen recusing himself. Instead, a group of three judges are appointed to oversee the trial: Tywin Lannister as presiding judge, Lord Mace Tyrell of the Reach, and Prince Oberyn. Cersei has several witnesses testify against Tyrion, such as Meryn Trant, Grand Maester Pycelle, and Varys. They all give strong (yet circumstantial) evidence of Tyrion's guilt. He seems particularly hurt by Varys's betrayal. After a one hour recess, Jaime comes to Tyrion and tells him that, when the verdict of guilty is pronounced, he must ask for mercy and he will be allowed to join the Night's Watch. Secretly, Jaime had made a deal with Tywin: in exchange for sparing Tyrion, Jaime will renounce his vows and return to Casterly Rock as Tywin's heir. However, Cersei calls in her last witness: Shae. A hurt Tyrion can do little as Shae reveals his sexual pleasures in front of the court and his supposed desire to bed Sansa Stark, which she agreed to let him do if he killed the King for her. Tyrion's anger at the betrayal leads him to lash out: he angrily states that he had saved King's Landing from Stannis and that when he saw how all turned on him for killing a king that they all hated, he wished that he had let Stannis kill them all.[34]Tywin attempts to silence Tyrion but his son turns on Cersei, declaring that he was innocent of killing Joffrey but that he wished he had, adding with gleeful venom that he derived more relief from watching her "vicious bastard" of a son die than he could have gotten from a thousand whores. He then turns on Tywin and calls the trial a farce and that it is really a repetition of the trial he had been on since he was born: for the crime of being a dwarf. Not wanting to submit to the "justice" that was being served on him, Tyrion demanded a trial by combat.[34]
In his cell, Tyrion and Jaime discuss Tyrion's fate and the irony of Lord Tywin striking down both his heirs if Jaime were to die being Tyrion's champion; Jaime declines to be Tyrion's champion as he cannot fight well enough with his left hand. Tyrion asks Jaime to bring him Bronn. Bronn arrives in the clothes of a lord, having been in the courtship of a Stokeworth daughter at the hands of Cersei. He will not fight the Mountain (whom Cersei has chosen for her champion), believing Clegane to be too dangerous for him to face, and bids farewell to Tyrion. Later, Tyrion is approached by Oberyn Martell, who tells Tyrion of his disappointment in their first encounter: As children, Oberyn and his sister Elia were told stories of the "Lannister Monster" and his extreme deformities. During a childhood visit to Casterly Rock, Cersei showed Tyrion, with great ceremony, to Oberyn and Elia. Oberyn tells Tyrion that he saw no monster, just a baby. Cersei told Oberyn and his sister that Tyrion killed her mother, and then cruelly assaulted Tyrion until Jaime stopped her. Oberyn tells Tyrion that he seeks justice for the death of his sister, and Tyrion replies that he will "find none here". Oberyn counters that he is in the perfect place; all those he means to bring to justice for his sister's murder are close at hand. Intending to start his revenge with Gregor Clegane, Oberyn offers his service as Tyrion's champion in the coming trial by combat.[1]
On the day of the trial by combat, Jaime visits Tyrion in his cell. They discuss their dead cousin Orson Lannister and his habit to smash beetles with rocks for no reason. Tyrion says he used to watch Orson for long periods of time and think about the reason behind his actions, but he hasn't come to any conclusion why all those countless beetles had to be killed. When Jaime says he doesn't know either, bells start tolling and he wishes Tyrion good luck. Tyrion is taken to watch the duel of Oberyn and the Mountain bound in shackles and before the fight starts, he advises Oberyn against drinking wine, but he doesn't pay a lot of attention to him. As the Red Viper starts winning, he exchanges a few hopeful looks with his brother and feels happy when Oberyn pins Ser Gregor to the ground with his spear, but his hopes are quickly shattered in the moment when the Mountain knocks Oberyn down and smashes his head in, thus deciding about Tyrion's fate. As Tyrion is struck with horror, Tywin states that the gods have made their will known and Tyrion is sentenced to death.[35]
Tyrion recognized from an early age that his mind was his greatest weapon, due to being born a member of House Lannister with the expectation of upholding his family's noble name yet lacking the physical attributes possessed by his older siblings. Thus, he has committed himself to possessing a sharp intellect in order to help make up for his dwarfism, and he is frequently able to use his superior intellect to to get the better of those who initially look down upon him or weasel his way of out tight situations, though he is not above resorting to using his family name and enormous fortune to bolster his position. He has also shown himself to possess a keen mind for strategy, as is evidenced in his research into defending against sieges and successfully conducting the defense of King's Landing during the Battle of Blackwater Bay. Tyrion prides himself on his ability to read people as easily as he does books, and he has on many occasions easily gotten the better of not just Joffrey and Cersei but also experienced players such as Littlefinger and Pycelle. Being born a dwarf and subject to ridicule for most of his life, Tyrion has admittedly developed a soft spot for his fellow outcasts and has shown them kindness (such as having a saddle designed for the crippled Bran Stark allowing him to ride). Loyalty is another one of Tyrion's qualities, and if treated with love and respect there's nothing Tyrion won't do for somebody.
Despite his harsh treatment at the hands of others over the years, Tyrion has managed to develop thick skin, able to brush off others' japes about his short stature (except when coming from his father). He even advises Jon Snow to take his bastardy in stride and "wear it like armor" to prevent it from being used against him.However, Tyrion is not without faults. He tends to overindulge in food, drink, and sex in part to compensate for the rotten treatment he's suffered most of his life. Tyrion can also act vicious if he feels he's been wronged (like confining Grand Maester Pycelle to the Black Cells for betraying him). Because his father and sister treat him like a social leper Tyrion craves love and acceptance and is genuinely hurt when this is denied him by others.
He has complex relationships with other members of his family, most of whom resent him and only thinly veil their contempt for his existence. His older sister Cersei blames him for causing the death of their mother and has (as revealed during a conversation with Oberyn) hated Tyrion since his birth. His father, Tywin, shares Cersei's resentment for Tyrion due to the death of his wife while birthing him, and reveals his disgust in the fact that Tyrion bears his name and banner. Tywin claims that had Tyrion not been born a Lannister, Tywin would have carried him to the sea and let him drown. Despite this, Tyrion makes repeated attempts to please his father and finally earn his respect, although these efforts unfortunately end with Tywin coldly rebuffing and humiliating him. On one such occasion, Tyrion requests that he be granted his rightful place as heir to Casterly Rock, to which Tywin replies that he would be "rather be consumed by maggots" than make a mockery of the family name by granting him lordship over the Lannister's ancestral seat of power. Only his older brother Jaime maintains a good relationship with Tyrion, admiring him for both his intellect and inability to let his diminished stature drag him down, and he frequently attempts to come to Tyrion's defense when his other family members attempt to treat him maliciously. Tyrion harbors a mutual admiration for Jaime, even naming him as his champion when he demands a trial by combat while being held prisoner at the Eyrie, convinced that Jaime would surely ride out to fight in his defense despite being hundreds of leagues south in King's Landing.
|Season One appearances
|Winter is Coming
|The Kingsroad
|Lord Snow
|Cripples, Bastards and Broken Things
|The Wolf and the Lion
|A Golden Crown
|You Win or You Die
|The Pointy End
|Fire and Blood
|Season Two appearances
|The North Remembers
|The Night Lands
|What is Dead May Never Die
|Garden of Bones
|The Ghost of Harrenhal
|The Old Gods and the New
|A Man Without Honor
|The Prince of Winterfell
|Valar Morghulis
|Season Three appearances
|Valar Dohaeris
|Dark Wings, Dark Words
|Walk of Punishment
|And Now His Watch is Ended
|Kissed by Fire
|The Climb
|The Bear and the Maiden Fair
|Second Sons
|The Rains of Castamere
|Season Four appearances
|Two Swords
|The Lion and the Rose
|Breaker of Chains
|First of His Name
|The Laws of Gods and Men
|The Mountain and the Viper
|The Watchers on the Wall
|The Children
Image gallery
Family tree
- "Let me give you some advice, bastard. Never forget what you are. The rest of the world will not. Wear it like armor, and it can never be used to hurt you."
- ―Tyrion to Jon Snow
- "My brother has his sword, and I have my mind..."
- ―Tyrion Lannister
- "You might find it difficult to rule over millions who want you dead."
- ―Tyrion to Cersei Lannister
- "I understand the way this game is played."
- ―Tyrion to Varys
- "The King is a lost cause, it's the rest of us I'm worried about."
- ―Tyrion on Joffrey
- "I will hurt you for this. A day will come when your joy will turn to ashes and you will know the debt is paid."
- ―Tyrion Lannister to Cersei
- "I would kill for you. I expect I'll have to before this is over."
- ―Tyrion to Shae
- "I chopped wood once. No, I watched my brother chopping wood."
- ―Tyrion Lannister to Bronn
- "Everything's better with some wine in the belly."
- ―Tyrion
- Tyrion Lannister: "I am Tyrion, son of Tywin of Clan Lannister."
- Shagga: "How would you like to die, Tyrion, son of Tywin?"
- Tyrion Lannister: "In my own bed, at the age of 80 with a belly full of wine and a girl's mouth around my cock."
- — Tyrion uses his sense of humor to defuse another tense situation.[src]
- "I am the god of tits and wine."
- ―Drunk Tyrion to his father
- " It's hard to say which of the four of us is getting the worst of the arrangement. Probably Sansa. Though Loras will certainly come to know a deep and singular misery."
- ―Tyrion Lannister
- " When I was ten, I stuffed my uncle's boots with goat shit. When confronted with my crime, I blamed a squire. Poor boy was flogged, and I escaped justice. When I was twelve I milked my eel into a pot of turtle stew. I flogged the one-eyed snake, I skinned my sausage. I made the bald man cry into the turtle stew, which I do believe my sister ate. At least I hope she did. I once brought a jackass and a honeycomb into a brothel..."
- ―Tyrion Lannister
- "Then you'll be fucking your own bride with a wooden cock!"
- ―Tyrion Lannister to King Joffrey
- "Yes. Until my brother killed him. Life is full of these little ironies. My sister married the new king, and my repulsive nephew will be king after him. I must do my part for the honor of my house; wouldn't you agree? But how? Well, my brother has his sword, and I have my mind. And a mind needs books like a sword needs a whetstone. That's why I read so much, Jon Snow."
- ―Tyrion Lannister to Jon Snow
In the books
In the A Song of Ice and Fire novels, Tyrion is in his mid-twenties when the events of the series begin, whereas in the show his age is not mentioned. However, the age gap between him and his siblings is smaller: in the books Tyrion was born when Cersei was 10 while in the show she was 4.
As well as being a dwarf, Tyrion is misshapen and often described as ugly and having eyes of two different colors, one green and one black. He is described as having a huge disproportionate head and an pronounced ungainly waddle when he walks. His hair is lank and very pale, but when he lets his beard grow in it comes in as a mixture of blonde and black hairs. In the TV series, actor Peter Dinklage insisted on not having a beard, because he felt that bearded dwarves are a fantasy stereotype.
Tysha was reported to be the daughter of a crofter rather than a wheelwright and the marriage took place when he was only 13 years old. He bought them a little cottage where they lived as man and wife for their two week marriage, before his father had it annulled. Tywin not only had 50 guards rape her, but then ordered Tyrion to have sex with her as well, giving her a gold piece as a Lannister is worth more.
At the Battle of the Green Fork, Tyrion is not knocked out by his own men. In fact he leads with distinction, holding the line under great adversity. Later when he tells his father that the plan to kill him by putting him in the vanguard (under the command of Ser Gregor Clegne) failed, Tyrion learns that his father had put him there hoping that an inexperienced Tyrion with undisciplined hill tribesmen would break and run to be pursued into a trap by the Stark forces. Tyrion holding the line had ruined the plan. It is a combination of this along with his reading of the situation they face in the war, and the fact that Jaime Lannister may not be retrievable, that makes Tywin decide to make use of Tyrion as acting Hand. Tyrion realizes that Tywin is preparing for the worst, that the Starks might well kill Jaime as revenge for Eddard's murder, so he is finally giving Tyrion real power.
When Tyrion relieves Janos Slynt of command of the Gold cloaks it is a man named Ser Jacelyn Bywater or "Ironhand" who becomes their new commander, not Bronn. It is Varys, not Tyrion, who comes up with the suggestion to send Joffrey some prostitutes to soften his temper, but the results are not shown. Tyrion does not send Petyr Baelish to Catelyn Stark at Renly's camp with Lord Eddard's bones and an offer for the release of Jaime Lannister (though Baelish is sent to treat with the Tyrells after Renly's death). The bones are sent with Cleos Frey (replaced by Alton Lannister in the series) to Riverrun along with unacceptable peace terms and a force of 100 Lannister soldiers that hide four men Tyrion has sent to break Ser Jaime out, an escape attempt that fails. Shae is not brought to the Tower of the Hand, instead she is put in a manse that Tyrion can approach by using a tunnel from under a brothel. The most important of the defenses for the city that Tyrion builds is a huge chain that stretches across the whole of Blackwater Rush, to be raised after Stannis' fleet enters to trap them inside with the wildfire.
In the book's version of the Battle of Blackwater, Tyrion has almost his entire nose cut off by Ser Mandon Moore's sword swipe; the TV series only included the deep scar across his face (which as also present in the books). As Peter Dinklage explained, "I know, for fans of the books, that Tyrion loses his nose in the battle. But it would be next to impossible and very expensive to do that on television, and I would be wearing a green sock [on my nose, to digitally remove it with greenscreen], I think, for the next however many years, which I don't know how that would be on set. But yeah, the digital artist would have a lot of work on their hands. So I think we came up with a really good solution."[36]
According to the TV series official pronunciation guide developed for the cast and crew, "Tyrion Lannister" is pronounced "TEER-ee-un LAN-iss-ter".
See also
- Tyrion Lannister on A Wiki of Ice and Fire (MAJOR spoilers from the books)
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 HBO viewers guide, season 2 guide to houses, House Baratheon of King's Landing - Tyrion Lannister entry
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "The Kingsroad"
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Baelor"
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "The Prince of Winterfell"
- ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 2 guide to houses, House Baratheon of King's Landing - Cersei Baratheon entry
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Winter is Coming"
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "The Wolf and the Lion"
- ↑ "Lord Snow"
- ↑ "Cripples, Bastards and Broken Things"
- ↑ "A Golden Crown"
- ↑ "The Pointy End"
- ↑ "Fire and Blood"
- ↑ "The North Remembers"
- ↑ "The Night Lands"
- ↑ "What is Dead May Never Die"
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Garden of Bones"
- ↑ "The Ghost of Harrenhal"
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "The Old Gods and the New"
- ↑ "A Man Without Honor"
- ↑ "Blackwater"
- ↑ "Valar Morghulis"
- ↑ "Two Swords"
- ↑ "Dark Wings, Dark Words"
- ↑ "Walk of Punishment"
- ↑ "And Now His Watch is Ended"
- ↑ "Kissed by Fire"
- ↑ "The Climb"
- ↑ "Second Sons"
- ↑ "Mhysa"
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Two Swords"
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "The Lion and the Rose"
- ↑ "Breaker of Chains"
- ↑ "Oathkeeper"
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 "The Laws of Gods and Men"
- ↑ The Mountain and the Viper
- ↑ Peter Dinklage Season 3 premiere Red Carpet interview
|Hand of the King
|Lord Commander of the Kingsguard
|Grand Maester
|Master of Coin
|Master of Whisperers
|Master of Laws
|Master of Ships
|Other members
|Queen Regent Cersei Lannister
|Casterly Rock
|The Westerlands
|Lord Paramount of the Westerlands · Lord of Casterly Rock · Warden of the West · King of the Rock (pre-War of Conquest)
|Lann the Clever · Tommen II Lannister · Loren Lannister · Damon Lannister
|Current members:
|Kevan Lannister · Tyrion Lannister · Jaime Lannister · Dorna Lannister · Lancel Lannister · Cynda Lannister · Lyman Lannister
|Deceased members:
|Tytos Lannister · Joanna Lannister · Stafford Lannister · Alton Lannister · Martyn Lannister · Willem Lannister · Orson Lannister · Tywin Lannister
|Podrick Payne · Bronn · Gregor Clegane · {Amory Lorch} · {Polliver} · {Rorge} · {Biter}
|House Baratheon of King's Landing
|King Tommen I
|Red Keep, King's Landing
|The Crownlands
|King of the Andals and the First Men · Lord of the Seven Kingdoms · Protector of the Realm
|Current members:
|Queen Mother Cersei Lannister · Queen Margaery Tyrell
|Deceased members:
|King Robert I · King Joffrey I · Princess Myrcella Baratheon
|Lord Mace Tyrell · Grand Maester Pycelle · Ser Jaime Lannister · Ser Gregor Clegane · Ser Preston Greenfield · Ser Arys Oakheart · Ser Boros Blount · Ser Balon Swann · Ser Osmund Kettleblack · Ser Ilyn Payne · Lord Gyles Rosby · Ser Aron Santagar · Qyburn · Septa Eglantine


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Difference between revisions of "TF-Graphs/RDF-Quadless-Proposal"
m (→Rationale and Syntax)
(→Link with named graphs and datasets)
|Line 53:
|Line 53:
:G2 rdf:xml-serialization "..." .
:G2 rdf:xml-serialization "..." .
In SPARQL Datasets, the relation is looser,
In SPARQL Datasets, the relation is looser, with a level of indirection.
:my-dataset :has-default-graph [ rdf:xml-serialization "..." ] ;
:my-dataset :has-default-graph [ rdf:xml-serialization "..." ] ;
Revision as of 17:25, 22 June 2011
This proposal is entitled "quadless", as it aims to talk about graphs in RDF even in standard (i.e. triple based) syntaxes (even RDF/XML). More generally, it tries to be minimally invasive to RDF semantics.
Rationale and Syntax
The idea is to represent graphs (g-snaps) as resources, and describe them with their serialization. What we need minimally is a property rdf:xml-serialization that would link a graph to its RDF/XML serialization. We could of course define, similarly rdf:turtle-serialization, rdf:ntriples-serialization...
A turtle example would then be
@prefix : <http://example.org/> . :pchampin :states [ rdf:turtle-serialization """ @prefix : <http://example.org/> @prefix owl: <...> . :pchampin owl:sameAs :patHayes . """ ].
The RDF semantics document would need the following additions:
- every interpretation contains a mapping IG from IR to the set G of all RDF graphs
- every interpretation is constrained in such a way that
- if (I(E),I(F)) ∈ IP(rdf:xml-serialization),
- then IG(I(E)) is the graph that one gets from parsing I(F)
- (to be specified: ensure that blank nodes in that graph are not shared with any other graph, what if F is not valid RDF/XML...)
Link with other syntaxes
It is fairly easy to map syntaxes that allow graph literals into that proposal. For example, curly brackets in N3 could be understood as a shortcut for '[ rdf:n3-serialization """' and '""" ]' respectively.
For Trig or NQuad, we do not have to commit to a very strong semantics for the link between the "graph URI" and the graph itself. We can for example specify that the following Trig
@prefix : <http://example.org> . :G1 { :a :b :c }
actually means
@prefix : <http://example.org> . [ rdf:turtle-serialization """ @prefix : <http://example.org> . :a :b :c . """ ; trig:label :G1 ]
Link with named graphs and datasets
Named graphs (as defined in Carroll et al 1995) or SPARQL Datasets can easily be represented withing this framework.
If I understand named graphs correctly, the URIs paired with the graph are the actual names of those graphs, so it amounts to using URIs instead of blank nodes to represent the graphs:
:G1 rdf:xml-serialization "..." . :G2 rdf:xml-serialization "..." .
In SPARQL Datasets, the relation is looser, so as with the Trig example above, we add a level of indirection.
:my-dataset :has-default-graph [ rdf:xml-serialization "..." ] ; :has-named-graph [ :name :G1 ; :graph [ rdf:xml-serialization "..." ] ],[ :name :G2 ; :graph [ rdf:xml-serialization "..." ] ].


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Table Tennis Tables
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Recommended for You
Table Types
Ping pong. Whiff whaff. Table tennis.
No matter what you call it or how you play, a solid ping-pong table can provide hours of fun and frustration, relaxation and exercise, and even a ticket to the Olympics. But before you pick up a paddle and swing away, here are some tips to help you select the perfect ping-pong table for you.
Get on My Level
There are generally three types of ping pong tables for purchase:
Home Tables
Best for: The first are for personal use and generally live in basements, not unlike prolonged houseguest. These models are basic and come in a variety of sizes in the home or the basement. These are basic, non-standard models perfect for home use.
School and Rec Center Tables
Best for: Tables for schools and recreation centers are designed to last, often being built with stronger materials to withstand the years.
Best for: High-end competitions, like the Olympics. These babies are the real bread winners of the ping pong table family, and made with high-end, durable materials designed for competition.
Nets, Brackets and Posts
Nets are generally made of synthetic rope and stand six inches high and six feet long. The brackets on the end of the table keep the nets attached and ready to go.
If you're a dog, then there's only one color of table to play on. Then again, if you're a ping-pong playing dog, does the color really matter?
Green is the classic finish, but gray and blue are still used in professional settings, as seen in the 2015 World Table Tennis Championships. Any color works for home used, but it should contrast with the floors and wall for easy visibility.
Most tables are made from particle board and wood composite. However, the piece de résistance of table tennis materials is a solid resin that resists warping. After getting topped with an anti-gloss paint, be sure to cover your table when not in use.
Indoor vs Outdoor
Most ping pong tables are designed for indoor use as they aren't waterproof and can't swim. It might be fun to move them outside for an afternoon barbecue or party, but be sure to move them inside once you're done. Tables are easily damaged and very difficult and expensive to fix.
Table Base Type
Stationary ping pong tables come with extra stability and leg levelers. They aren't foldaway or portable and need a permanent home. These are best for people who play multiple times a week or even every day.
Rollaway or 2-Half Tables
These tables fold, disassemble, have a locking chassis, and can store vertically. Their larger wheels make them easier to move and transport, and are best for people who play on the weekends or a few times a month.
Playback Mode
This is when half the table folds up to create a wall so persons can practice and play by themselves. Playback mode is great for space-conscious players who still would like to increase their stamina and skill.
Conversion Tops
This is a ping pong table that can convert to other games, like air hockey and foosball. These types of tables are easy to store and come with padding to prevent scratching. Conversion table are best for people who play a few times a year.
Stable Tables
The chassis is the locking feature under the table that keeps it stable and folding during use. Frames will have a fiberglass, aluminum or metal base. Permanent installations will have heavier bases with one entire piece instead of interlocking scaffolding.
Sports Flooring
This is the same kind of stuff you'd find in a gym that you'd play handball or recreational basketball on. Most professional table tennis players opt for this type of flooring as it is used during most tournaments.
Sprung Wood Flooring
Wood is great for ping pong because it has the right texture to grip the shoe, allowing players to roam freely—and quickly. Ideal wood floors for ping pong tables are floorboards raised above a concrete foundations that aid in shock absorption.
Short Industrial Carpet
Though short industrial carpet provides ample shock absorption, but also increases the chance of tripping.
Non-Slick Vinyl Flooring
Though this type of flooring can be slick, it still can provide decent shock absorption with underlay.
Concrete and Tile
This type of flooring is the most dangerous, and also very common among households in the US. Whether in a garage or game room, be sure to always wear cushioned shoes that provide good grip.
Who's ready for some Ping Pong trivia?
Ping Pong was…
- Developed by frontiersman in the late 1800s who played a primitive version of the game called "paddle-whippy." This consisted of smacking bottlecaps at unsuspecting persons with old planks of wood. Unlike regular ping-pong, there were no returns or keeping score—only pain.
- Developed in Victorian England as an upper-class parlor game. During its early days, most used a golf ball and called it "whiff-whaff," using a row of books as the net.
The answer is…B!
Though no one knows for sure, all signs point to a British origin.
The modern-day ball and paddle…
- Were invented in 1901 by table tennis enthusiasts.
- Were invented by Parker Brothers when they acquired the rights to the name in the 1920s.
The answer is…A!
James W. Gibb invented novelty celluloid balls on a 1901 trip to the US. This was shortly followed by E.C. Goode who developed the modern racket by attaching a stippled piece of rubber to the blade.
Table Tennis was introduced as an Olympic Sport during…
- The 1996 Atlanta games after the success of "Forest Gump" forced it into the limelight.
- The 1988 Seoul games after being officially admitted to the summer Olympics program in 1981.
The answer is…B!
The 1998 Seoul games featured both singles and doubles tournaments. In fact, table tennis was ranked #5 at the 2004 Athens games!
The difference between Ping Pong and Table Tennis is…
- Table Tennis is played with red paddles, while Ping Pong is any other color
- Table Tennis is the term used for competitive play, while Ping Pong is the term used for recreational play.
The Answer is…B! Though Ping Pong and Table Tennis are inherently the same game, they're called different names based on skill level.


text:
Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Corbett compared same-sex marriage to incest in a TV interview.
The Republican made his comment Friday, responding to a question about a statement made by state attorneys in court documents this summer. In the filing, Corbett administration lawyers compared gay and lesbian couples to children, noting that neither may legally marry in Pennsylvania.
"It was an inappropriate analogy, you know," Corbett said. "I think a much better analogy would have been brother and sister, don't you?"
Democrats seized on the comment and a video of the exchange on WHP-TV was uploaded by the Pennsylvania Democratic Party to YouTube. Vermont Gov. Peter Shumlin, chairman of the Democratic Governors Association, called Corbett's remark "an absurd comparison of same-sex marriage" to sibling incest that is "offensive and demeaning."
Corbett, who is up for re-election next year, has some of the lowest job-approval ratings in the country and is considered one of the most vulnerable incumbents in the 2014 elections. Public opinion polls show him trailing both U.S. Rep. Allyson Schwartz and state Treasurer Rob McCord, two of the better-known Democrats in the race, in head-to-head matchups.


text:
Detroit (www.incnow.tv) - With much drama and fan-fare leaders with General Motors unveiled the new look for their big pickups, Thursday morning.
The makeovers are coming to the Chevy Silverado and the GMC Sierra. Top-sellers, which are both made in Fort Wayne.
The new 2014 models will go on-sale by early Spring or late Summer.
Analysts said GM's trucks were looking dated and were last revamped in 2007.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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text:
I am trying to find a series I watched as a kid. I had a VHS in 90's that had animals driving cars and rescuing others, I think. I don't remember much about it. I think it was animals. They had their own helmet and clothes which I think were red, and had cars. I can remember a pole they slide from and into their cars.
The series you are looking for is called Jungle Tales. There's not much of information about it on internet but I managed to find this cover of Finnish dubbed series :) Sure that's what you are looking for.
and here's a Youtube video.
There could be several different things this refers to.
The very first that pops into my head are the Rescuer movies:
These movies are about a couple of mice that go about saving children.
The next one I think of is TailSpin:
From Wikipedia:


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2003-2010 Porsche Cayenne Carbon Creations Eros Version 2 Hood - 1 Piece
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