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Solar box cookers
Solar panel cookers
See also individual articles about each of the solar box cooker designs on this wiki.
Overview of box-type designs
Box-type cookers are another group of old but popular type of solar cookers. The very first design of box-type cooker was probably that of Nicholas-de-Saussure (1740-1799). It was simply an insulated box with glazing; this design forms the basis of all the present designs of box-type cookers including Richard Wareham's (1995) Sunstove.
The box cookers presented here are classified on the basis of presence or absence of reflectors, i.e., those without or with mirrors boosters. The cookers of the second category are further divided into five groups.
See also: Principles of Solar Box Cooker Design
Box cookers without reflectors
Horase-de-Saussure's design perhaps was the first to appear on the scene in the 18the century (Walton 1977). It was simply an insulated box with two glass panes forming the cover.
Vaughen (1979) has recommended such a box with a slight difference. It is a typical box type meant for villagers. A rectangular pit is dug in the ground, suitably insulated with hay or rice husk, and a flat box not taller than 10 cm made of a metal sheet is fixed into this pit, and then covered with two glass panes with about 1.5 to 2.5 cm space in between. Such a cooker would work well, at least during summer, in most parts of the country, but to increase the efficiency it would be essential to add a flat reflector. The author's endeavors with solar cooking started with a similar design but the box constructed with mud, was above the ground. Round Aluminium boxes painted with black board paint acted as cooking vessels. Results were good, though at times the rice cooked was rather bland.
Larger versions of such box-type cookers are being tried out. (Nahar et al. 1996; Singh 1993). The Chinese type and Brace Research Institute Designs, called food warmer (VITA 1961) appear to be similar designs. The food warmer, with better insulation and triple glazing, is still popular (Wareham 1995). It is called as Sunstove. ( see the composite photo) Kumar, Kishore (1994) have made the box circular.
Many other minor variations are reported, including changes for the cooking vessels, like fixing knobs for the lid and 'ears' for the base, making the lid of the vessel concave (Arora, Sharma 1993). Some more design modifications will be discussed later in the text. The nineteenth century cooker of Herschel was probably built on similar lines (Meinel, Meinel 1977). The box was buried in sand and covered with two glass panes, stagnation temperature of 116°C was reported. It is on record that certain nomadic groups of Saudi Arabia bury the food under the sand for cooking. The author feels that they could get their food cooked more reliably if they cover the area with a double glass dome (with the space in between preferably vacuumed) with a knob for easier handling (Concept VI).
Shanmugan et al. (1982) suggest the incorporation of a flat square steel sheet just below the second glazing on the inner side, this sheet with special absorptive coating acts as a heat collector and transmits heat to the vessels kept just below it in the insulated box. The advantage of this design is that the cooking vessels may not require any coating. This is a plus point, for, in an ordinary box-type cooker the vessels are painted black, and the coating wears off on washing.Besides the vessels always look better without black paint on it. This is a very promising variation. Further, it may help to reduce the cost. Addition of one or two reflectors would indeed make this cooker very effective.
This vacuum enclosure, Concept VI, was proposed in the year 1982 or so by me. But I do not think Mr. J.Samalea of Spain was ever aware of it. But the concept of Vacuum as a good thermal insulation is indeed very old, in fact older than Thermos flasks. But only problem was that the technique was never properly applied in Solar Cooker Technology. Now it is J. Samalea, who has introduced this concept in Solar Cooking in 2002. His Vacuum Cooker has been announced through Solar Cooker Review of Solarcooking.org. The diagram of the unit is actually taken from Solar Cooker International of Nov. 2003. To know more please visit Salalea's site http://cocinasolar.net. (This comment was introduced on 24th June 2003). The diagram is clear enough, the inner glass bowls are painted black. While outer ones are clear, and in-between them vacuum is created.
Mr. Alex Kee of Malaysia, the inventor of the SK-TF (Solar Kettle-Thermos Flask), who has been advocating solar thermos tubes for water pasteurization, discovered that the stagnation temperature inside the tube could reach up to a high 220° C. He advocates that such tubes could be used for cooking as well. But the problem is small diameter of the tube. If the diameter of the tube is increased then problems like vacuum sealing will have to be encountered. Once this is solved the tube cooker would emerge.
Update(February 2007): Technology to manufacture Solar Thermos Tubes of Outer Diameter/Inner Diameter of 120mm/100mm has now been perfected for commercial product.
Consequently, the SaVeTaO: Solar Vacuum Tube Oven that can bake Tandoor Nan and Pizza will be in the market, soon.
Rathinasamy et al., have designed a rectangular box from sheet glass, (using popular silicon glue used to construct fish tanks) of 50 x 50 x 22 cm, and under this, the cooking vessels coated with suitable black paint are kept, temperature reached is around 110oC (Rathinasamy et al. 1988).
Abou-Hussein had presented another interesting variation. Here, the upper part of the box acts as a reflector. The window of the box which lets the light in is inclined at 45o. The second glass pane is flat and there is ample space between the first and the second glass panes, and this space is used as a reflector. The design is attractive but costly (Bowman, Blatt 1978).
Before one goes further, it is better to get more details regarding construction of box type cooker. In most cases, the box is a double-walled container. Depth of the inner box should not be more than 10-15 cm. This depth is a critical parameter, whereas the width an d breadth could be of any dimension. The out box is generally 10 cm larger than the inner box. The 10 cm space between these two boxes is filled with insulation, (the width of the gap varies with the type of insulation used). Width would be around 6-9 cm if rock wool is used; it could be a little thinner if fiber glass sheets are used. On the contrary, if low-grade insulation like straw or rice husk is used then the space would be more, about 10-15 cm. Composite insulation has also been suggested by many. In many cases the outer box will be of wood and the inner box of sheet metal. In the design recommended by the Government of India, both the boxes are of 16 gz MS sheet. The shape is invariably rectangular or square, but the author has styled the box with slightly tapered base (Ashok Kundapur 1995). Bowman suggested the use of foam glass (for box), a robust material which also acts as insulation for making the box, and recently, Warenham (1995) used styrofoam for making a lightweight box.
Several types of paints are suggested for the inner surface of the inner box to increase absorptive efficiency; blackboard paint was most popular. Yanthra Vidyalaya, Bardoli, recommends boiler interior paint, while Shanmugam et al. (1982) suggest special absorptive coating which would reduce cooking time by almost half. But if foam-glass is used there is no need for any paint. In some of the the designs, especially that of Musumdar's, the inner as well as the outer box are made of corrugated cardboard. Sharma, Philip (1992) also made a cardboard box cooker and used crumpled old paper for insulation.
Is cardboard box better or Metal box? Happy finding is that both perform well and are capable of cooking food. But according to Nandwani et al (1993) Box cooker made from metal sheets attains higher temperatures and performs better. In terms of percentage Cardboard oven's performance is 15-25% less. But lower cost makes it more popular.
In this box type of cookers, cooking has to be done in special vessels with tight-fitting lids. Round Hindalium boxes which are available easily in the market were found best but a knob has to be fixed for the lid and two ears (handles) have to be fixed to the base such that these boxes could be easily handled. A good pair of tongs also becomes essential to handle the hot vessel; author recommends that the tongs should form a part of the solar box-type cookers and the manufacturer should be compelled to provide a good pair of tongs with fairly broad and flat gripping surface.
Most of the designs incorporate a double-glazed door on top of such an insulated box. Slight uneven surface between the upper part of the box and the door could be taken care of by strips of felt/cloth. The Government of India recommends toughened glass for the glazing, but the author found that the ordinary 3 mm glass also works well, however, it is safer to use toughened glass. The space between these two panes of glass is also critical, it should be just about 2 cm.
Fatangare uses Fresnel lens in the lid of such a box. Results are not known, but guess there will be too much of heat on top of the vessel.
This part of the review will not be complete if village level designed Box Type Cookers are mentioned here. The photo bellow is from Africa and a Bamboo Box is used. Similar locally improvised Cookers are in use in other parts of the World.
A visitor to Dr. Kundapur's site wrote that a brief biographical sketches of famous Solar Cooker inventors, designers and propagators should be added. Authors would be be happy if reader could guide them to the source. But here I am happy to include a picture of Mrs. Barbara Kerr along with another Inventor Mrs. Sherry Cole for the benefit of readers.
One more design which caught reviewers eyes in the SCI collection was, Triangular Solar Cooker. Details were not available.
Matt West's Handy Solar Box Cooker based on a recycled gas grill
Matt West produced this solar oven cart and this huge solar oven to share with you all. Recycle your old gas grill, and you could have a very good Solar Oven Cart.These photos were taken before painting the inside of the ovens with flat black paint. Since then, the larger oven reaches 250 degrees F most days of the year, and sometimes hotter. The smaller oven reaches
Sealing the upper edges is also helpful. I used old garden hose to make the seals.
I have a page of my own at this link: http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Matt_West
Since painting the ovens black on the inside, the temperatures have risen considerably; around 20 percent hotter. The insulated walls of the old freezer make an excellent oven. The outside walls of the oven stay cool even when the oven is very hot inside.
Insulation, mirrors, and thermal cookware will amplify your results with any solar oven.
I want to put the large oven on a small trailer for demonstrations, and for tilting and turning the oven directly into the sun.
I've made a bunch of jerky with these ovens. You can experiment with a pressure cooker.
Box cookers with reflectors
Reflectors were added to increase the efficiency, and hence, the reliability of the simple box-type cooker. There could be one to four or eight such reflectors. Further classification of these designs is based on the number of reflectors.
Box with single reflector
Conceived by M K Gosh in 1945 (Gosh 1973), this cooker, known as the Gosh cooker, has become very popular all over the world. This design was a typical box-type cooker with a double glazed cover (second cover) and a single reflector which doubles as another protective cover (first cover). The reflector could be held at a proper angle by a kamani that is a bent iron rod with a slot in it, (popular in the market as a device to hold the steel window panes). Many found this rather cumbersome and even difficult. Pandya (1983) suggested a 2 cm iron flat with a couple of notches at the base. But the author feels that a longer iron flat of 2cm, with a couple of holes in it would be better. Such a bar can be fixed at a higher level on the reflector door for greater stability. Further, in many designs the peg to hold this bar is fixed on to the main box. But the author suggests that this peg should be on the second door/cover which has glazing, an arrangement which would render easier operation and handling of the cooking vessels.
The Gosh design has seen many other variations and modifications, Hoda (1979), Garg (1978), Kundapur (1980), Pandya (1983), and scientists of Bardoli (Parikh, Parikh 1976) have suggested several improvements. Garg has fixed the glass door at 45° like that of Abou-Hussein design. Another important variation was the provision of two or three holes in the glazing for easier handling of the cooking vessel (Grupp et al, 1991). Concept VII proposed by the author is yet another variation mostly in design. The inner and outer boxes, made of 18 gx GI sheets are stylized, with 5 cm mineral wool insulation and double glazed second door and a reflector first door made of exterior quality 4 mm plywood. The reflector door was further strengthened with strips of wood on all sides and reinforced with aluminium beading. This design weighed only 14 kg as compared to the 25 kg standard design of the Government of India. Except for the aluminized polyester reflector attached to the door, the cooker lasted for several years. So, with a glass mirror reflector the cooker can be as good as any other box-type cooker.
Phillip et.al (1990) have published one of the best papers describing their attempt to reduce the weight but at the same time trying to maintain the efficiency. But as Bowman suggest to do this Foam Glass is the best alternative.
Encouraged by the performance and ease of the Gosh type of cooker, successful attempts have been made to build large cookers to cook up to 20-25 kg of food (Singh 1993); Nihar et al (1996). Use of an electric booster heater has also been suggested (Arora, Sharma 1993).
Kishore and Kumar (1994) have presented an interesting variation, the box is round can take only one cooking vessel and this has a small contorted reflector on one side. The reflector seems to have a fixed positon. If the cost of such cooker is low, one can buy three or four such smaller cookers to cook various types of dishes.
Prof. Sayigh et.al.,(1998) have come out with a new design in which THREE glazing sheets are used, The 2nd and 3rd glazings are just above the cooking box while the first one is placed much above the 2nd. The gap has a reflective coating. The 3rd Glazing is 5 mm thick glass.The box has a drawer for cooking vessel, this is supposed to reduces heat loss. The cooker has one reflector. Overall performance was reported to be very good. The model is being popularized in Indonesia.
Recently, El-Sebail (1994) proposed a new design which appears to be interesting. The box is with double glazing, and the interior has reflector surface set at different angles to focus the sun light on the vessel The vessel is placed on the stand to meet the focus
Regarding the insulated Box of Box type Gosh Solar Cookers, Professor Barbera Kerr and several others had suggested using paper balls, straw and a wide variety of materials for making the box and the insulation to go in between. Inventors like Patel (1981, Ref. 74,) had in fact, suggested inverted Glass Jar in-stead of a very heavy and cumbersome insulated Box. In fact, this concept using glass jar around the pot could be traced back to Adam in 18th century. Later Professor Bernard too suggested the use of such a Jar for his CooKit design. Glass Jars are costly and are prone for breakage so Barbera Kerr used clear plastic bags to cover the cooking pots very successfully. Professor Bowman too had realized the importance of the insulation of cooking vessel and he had suggested FOAM GLASS boxes around cooking pots for the FIT designs. Recently Deris uses two such clear jars (glass or heat resistant Polycarbonate jars), inverted over the cooking pots where the light is concentrated by a circle of ordinary mirrors! I guess the solar Cooking can not be made simpler than this.
Syntex Plastics of India has come out with a all plastic solar cooker of this type, of course metal cooking pots inside. They are using PUF insulation,I guess, but the details were not available. The selling cost of Rs. 1000/- is rather high. Mr. Rohatgi has come out with a FRP Cooker.
Mr. David has tried out a new variation of Box. Realizing that lot of heat is lost from the double glazed door of the box, he has tried to INVERT the box, so that the light strikes the vessels from the bottom. The top now has an insulated cover which can be easily lifted to check cooking. Reader is advised to visit his excellent site, listed under links (solar16) of this site.
Prof. Ajay Chandak of India has improved upon this concept. He adds three reflectors at the bottom and one reflector on top for better performance. The heat generated broke the glass Prof. Chandak.
Mr. Muhammad Yasin Khan of Pakistan has designed a new type of box cooker. Here he uses a blackened box covered from all 5 sides with double glazing. The assembly is kept on top of a stand. There are two reflectors one at the bottom and another, larger, at the top. Dubbed as Khans Cooker, the innovator reports good results. The design new and original because it uses a box which is heated from 5 sides, and no insulation except double glazing on all sides. The front opening would have a door to the box, which might be insulated.
Here is another single-reflector box cooker design, details of which are not known. The front panel of the cooker is glazed and the whole cooker is tilted back so that sun enters through the front and the top panels.
Box with double reflector
The Gosh type cooker would work well during summer in most part of India but during winter, at least in north India, additional boosters would be essential and this has resulted in the development of the box-type cookers with double reflectors. Agarwal adds (1981) another reflector at right angles to the first, his drawings do not suggest any mechanisms for tilting, which would be essential. But even without such tilting mechanisms Agarwal reports faster cooking during October. Concept VIII, the author suggests two reflectors, both with tilting facility. This design worked well reducing the cooking time.
Concept IX, presented by the author in this review envisages incorporating the cooker with two reflectors inside the house as illustrated (Kundapur 1995). Advantages are many and it is very easy to incorporate the cooker in the house. In our country low-roofed huts are common especially in villages, and in all such cases this design could be used.
The author feels that even in multi-storied buildings, such extensions could be provided in every floor at proper height to place this type or other designs of cookers, such that, cooking could be done from inside the house.
The above concept was conceived during 1980's but I do not wish to make any claims on the same. The Wall oven is of this type, but the only difference is that it does not have an external reflector where as my design has two external reflectors. It is suggested that solar Cooker enthusiast and designed Barbara Kerr designed this type of Cooker. Later, probably it was Professor Paul Funk who set it up.
German scientists have extensively worked on thermosiphon type of solar cookers, which can be used indoors as well, the photo shows such a design.
In cookers with double reflectors, depending on position of reflector and orientation one of the reflectors has to be adjusted seasonally while the other requires daily adjustments. In Cheema's (1984) design, for example, the lid opens to form double reflector one above and another reflecting light into the box from a lower angle. Professor Cheema had presented this interesting variation as early as 1983. The arrangement appears to be interesting and Cheema had reported a stagnant temperature of 206º C compared to 164 º C of ordinary cooker.
Sri. Sankha Subhra Datta of Jalpaiguri, a sub Divisional town of West Bengal, has come out with an ingenious new concept for Box type Solar Cooker (Designed by him in 2002). I consider it as a new major Design on the scene and designate it as BDM 4. It is a rectangular construction with two reflectors, making it possible for trapping maximum solar radiation. For achieving this the Cooker has to be inclined and while doing so to prevent the cooking vessel from spilling over, he has positioned them on tilting stand. There are 4 such stands for 4 cooking vessels of 1 lit capacity. The inventor report that the water reached boiling point with in 105 mins, stagnation temperature recorded was in the range of 1480C. There is provision of for adding two more reflectors if need be. The cost of construction is estimated at Rs. 2000/-. I am sure this Cooker performs better than regular Ghosh type Box Cooker with one reflector.Following photo sent by the author is good enough to show details. For further details one could contact email@example.com
A very attractive design of box cooker has been presented from Poland. The report indicates that it works well.
Another very interesting design has been made by Daniel Ochs. It is called as Sun Fire Oven, has TWO roll-able reflectors directing sun light on to a Vacuum tube placed at the center. For more details please visit his site at: http://www.sunfireovens.com/
Box with three reflectors
To improve the performance further three reflector designs were proposed. In Concept X proposed by the author does just that. Two configurations were tried, they did not, however, reduce the cooking time by one thirds, besides, adjustment was also cumbersome. Of the two proposals, the one shown as in configuration 2 was better. The reflectors could be adjusted and tilted individually after setting. The box has to be turned to face the sun. the space between the mirrors could be fitted with triangular mirrors to increase the efficiency further. It is further proposed that these additional mirrors would come as add-on's (to reduce cooking time) rather than as part of the cooker.
The photo above is of a cooker designed and built by Mark Aalfs in Seattle, Washington. Its extreme width allow it to cook longer without turning to follow the sun.
Better and ideal configuration could be to have a two triangular reflector adjacent to the main reflector as shown in the diagram. As Professor Bowman had observed a triangular reflector casts a better reflection on the cooker.
Other possible configurations for three and four reflectors are as follows
A Box type cooker with three reflectors is available in the US market.
The composite image which follows summarizes the designs presented above
Under this section I wish to add a new and portable design of Mr Daniel Ochs's Sun Fire Oven. Excellent design and utility as well, for it has TWO folding , rather rollable reflectors, and a central Vacuum tube for housing food to be cooked. For more details visit his site at http://www.sunfireovens.com/.
Box with four reflectors
Halacy (1974) had gone a step further by suggesting a cooker with four reflectors . Bowman, Blatt (1979), who tried to build such a cooker, found that adjustment of the reflectors took a long time and required several supports. The cooking time was not reduced by one-fourth as compared to the single mirror cooker. However, it is essential that a designer know about the existence of such a design, as it would avoid any further attempts in designing such a cooker.
Dan Halacy in his 1959 book, "Fun With the Sun" presented a popularized 4 plus 4 version of Maria Telkes oven. Although this opened up the world of solar cooking to the general public, it still required solid metal-working skills and even suggested that such work might be done "at your local sheet metal shop."
A recent innovation is the Heaven's Flame solar oven. This cardboard box oven was designed by Joseph Radabaugh and popularized in his book Heaven's Flame. Because people remembered the title of the book more often then they did the name of the oven, this is often referred to as the Heaven's Flame oven. Unlike the Telkes (and Halacy) variations, it used a steeper angle (~45°) for the reflectors in order to create a set of sturdy, yet collapsible reflectors. A brief set of instructions for this oven can be found on the {C Backwoods Home Magazine website.Sun Ovens International. {C
Box with four plus four reflectors
Maria Telkes, working in 1959, was probably the first person to create a practical oven for serious daily work. Reflectors popularly known as the Telkes design which was one of the best in the series and could develop a temperature of 225° C. The box was a rectangular double-walled insulated box with a door on each side. The box had double glazing fixed at the top, and the there were four main reflectors set at an angle of 60° to the horizontal. The corner spaces between these main reflectors were fitted with four triangular mirrors. The insulated box had a cradle frame to hold the cooking vessel and to assist in tilting. The whole cooker was mounted on to an 'A' type frame. Hoda suggests some improvement in the stand to reduce the cost. Cooker designed in Senegal, has a funnel – like reflector. Telkes also suggested a modification such as a box with an aperture set at 45°. Bowman, Blatt (1978) tried to maximize the dimensions of the Telkes cooker. The outer 'A' type of stand was eliminated, but the inner cradle was retained. Alzek reflectors were used instead of glass mirrors. A new type of insulation material foam glass was used to make the box. A temperature of 225° C was reported . The author tried this variation, that is concept XI, here at Udupi, but as foam glass was not available, a box of GI sheets was used and insulated with mineral wool. Regular glass mirrors a transparent PVC sheet was used on top. To effect the tilting, a steel frame support was incorporated. The assembly worked well but compared to the single or double mirrored Gosh type design the cooking time was not reduced to one-fourth as expected.
As the Telkes design was costly but at the same time more efficient, Rose (1981) of VITA designed a cooker based on similar design but with cardboard. Muzumdar (1980) made a similar design also with cardboard, but the box had only a single polyester sheet as glazing, the reflectors were also made of cardboard and coated with aluminized polyester. The cost of the unit was claimed to be just Rs. 95/- ($ 2). Weyer (1980) uses GI sheets as reflectors.
November 2004 issue of Solar Cooker Review (SCR) of Solar Cookers International has many new designs of solar cookers. Eye catching design was from Italy. The designer is Mr. Gianni Crovatto. I would consider it as highly developed Telkis design, and would classify along with it. Professor Bowman probably was first to modify Telkis cooker, then I tried to take off the 'A' Stand and suggested a alternative. Mr. Crovatto, has gone further in making the reflector more elaborate so as to direct more sun rays into the cooking pot. The two pictures enclosed here are from Solar Cookers World Network - Food Processing Action Group. His excellent Web site is found at http://digilander.iol.it/giannicrovatto.
The photo above shows large community Solar Ovens being used in Africa, designed after Telkes.
Many solar cooker enthusiasts have asked me as to the best method of finding out the best angle for reflectors. Whether they are reflecting adequate amount of sun light to the pot and so on. As regards this, many suggestions are there. Best possible answer is of course to test the cooker in a Solar Simulator. {C Professor Bowman had suggested a simple method, though. To peep into the cooker in such a way as to keep your head in the position of sun, - if the Cooking pot 'fills' the reflectors, then the position of reflector is right. {C The other method, though cumbersome, is to use a small Laser light. Flash it over the reflector from all possible positions of Sun, and see where the reflection is falling. Inverted triangular reflector, (with base at top) perform better. While adding more reflectors, one should keep in mind the area also. For better efficiency and performance Sun from a larger area has to be concentrated. In other words there is no point in designing a perfect concentrating array of mirrors for, say half-a-square meter and expect a lot. Getting more power means, capturing/concentrating sun light from larger area.
Box with adjustable perimeter reflectors{C
The Sun Scoop, designed by Stephen Harrigan of Solar Clutch, is a light weight box type solar cooker. This waterproof cooker is made from plastic fluteboard (just like corrugated cardboard, but made of plastic).
The Sun Scoop has a simple glass door and uses recycled inner tube material for the seal and hinges. Clasps are simple to make and easily replaced if broken. The reflectors individually snap to the frame work, and those at the corners in front of the oven have several snap locations. This allows the front reflector to be at a more shallow angle when the sun is lower in the sky, or for use in more northern locales. No need to tip the cooker or have the food on a swinging tray.
At this point I should mention creation made by Jim La Joie. He calls it as all season Solar cooker, it is also all day Solar cooker. It is a box cooker with adjustable reflectors. The angle of reflectors can be easily adjusted, while the box is stationary. This arrangement avoids use of any cradle like stand in side the box and also for the cooker, making it a wonderful and very useful concept. Ha has a good site and some videos which are very convincing. The photo displays the versatility of the cooker. It is indeed a brilliant idea
Construction plans
Box cooker construction tips
Making an existing cardboard box smaller
Often constructing inexpensive cardboard designs of solar box cookers will involve cutting down existing cardboard boxes to the proper size. One technique is to remove sections of the top flaps of the box. The illustration shows how once the extra flap material is removed the remaining wall panels can overlap each other and secured.
See also
- All solar box cooker designs on this wiki
- All construction plans for solar box cookers on this wiki
- Sun Scoop
- Solar Box Cooker for Gujarat, India, UC Berkley, CE290 Spring 2009
- Solar Box Cooker, final presentation, UC Berkley, CE290 May 6, 2009
- Solar Box Cooker for the Developing World - Queen's University
- Thermodynamic Review of Solar Box Cookers (thesis) - Petri Konttinen
- Principles of Solar Box Cooker Design - Mark Aalfs
- All solar box cooker designs on this wiki
- All construction plans for solar box cookers on this wiki
- Plans to make wooden box cooker - Amanah Self Help Group 2009
- July 2006: Design and Testing of a Box Type Solar Cooker Employing Nontracking Reflectors - Ishan Purohit
- July 2006: Design and Development of a Large Size Non-Tracking Solar Cooker - Navratna Nahar
- July 2006: Development of Heat-Box Type Solar Cooker as Educational Material - Yuichi Nakajo
External links
- Energy analysis detailing the energy used to construct a box cooker versus the energy saved by its use - Engineers For a Sustainable World Solar Ovens Team
Articles in other languages
- Chinese: Balancing the scales 取得平衡 利用箱型太阳能烹煮器来减少不公平现象
- French: Rétablir l'équilibre: La réduction des inégalités à travers l'usage des fours solaires - French
- German: Herstellung des Gleichgewichts - German
- Farsi: Balancing the scales متعادل كردن جهان
- Portugese: Igualando as diferenças
- Spanish: Igualando las Diferencias
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Andorra is home to several excellent and varied resorts. It has been extremely popular with skiers for decades and with good reason – a great snow record, its own unique style and a wealth of attractions make Andorra a fantastic proposition.
Ski in Andorra and enjoy plenty of gentle slopes, excellent tax-free shopping and diverse après ski. We have hotels close to Soldeu, Pas de la Casa and Arinsal – Andorra's three main resorts. The modern lift system makes it easy to explore the slopes from these resorts. Andorra is also a great destination for families, with excellent ski schools on offer. Off the slopes, all the main ski towns have a fantastic après ski atmosphere. Friendly, laid back restaurants welcome families, while lively bars and clubs ensure you can ski all day and party into the night. Alternatively, if you want to shop to your heart's content, Andorra la Vella has countless stores offering goods at low prices.
Andorra is 180 km (approximately 2 hours and 30 minutes transfer) from Toulouse airport.
Andorra is 210 km (approximately 3 hours transfer from Barcelona airport.
The resorts of Pas de la Casa and Arinsal are best for beginners, as these two are home to great ski schools. Start on the easy nursery slopes and progress onto the gentle, long runs.
Soldeu offers access to the impressive Grandvilara ski area, with miles of smooth pistes and beautiful views. Build up your confidence east of Espiolet, then ski the whole mountain. Snowboarding here is fantastic – the best place in the Pyrenees – and a great place to learn.
A day trip to Arcalis has superb expert terrain and thrilling off-piste snow. Snowboarding experts will find it a joy but should also head to Soldeu's terrain park and enjoy jumps and a half pipe.
Soldeu offers a kid's circuit with themed runs, and kindergartens at mid-mountain stations. Pas de la Casa has similar facilities, as does Arinsal. You'll also find plenty of English-speaking ski instructors in the ski schools.
Off the slopes, a main draw in Andorra is the tax-free shopping. Delicious food and wine, electrical gadgets and perfume are all popular purchases. Whilst here, be sure to explore the pretty historic streets and walk along the riverside.Andorra's ski resorts offer plenty of variety when eating out. From simple, fun offerings like burgers, pizzas and Mexican food, to traditional Andorran cuisine to quail and foie gras at top fine-dining restaurants. Your hotel will help you choose the perfect place for you.
|Andorra ski season
|December - April
|Piste area
|300 km*
|Resort height
|Arinsal is at 1470 m
|Soldeu is at 1800 m
|Pas de la Casa is at 2100 m
|111 *
178 *


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(06-22-2011 01:39 PM)rgf17 Wrote: [ -> ]that taiwan jones would like to come to my pc. lmk what i gotta do for it.
(06-22-2011 01:44 PM)deuce6000 Wrote: [ -> ]I usually don't like videos but yours are alright. Well spoken and get right to the point. Nice stuff.
(06-22-2011 01:44 PM)jkiddlridnour Wrote: [ -> ]Thanks. No point talkin about the base cards, right?
(06-22-2011 01:44 PM)ejnfl24 Wrote: [ -> ]T.J. Ward is a solid player.
(06-22-2011 01:46 PM)jkiddlridnour Wrote: [ -> ]But still, two Browns autos?! haha
(06-22-2011 01:48 PM)ejnfl24 Wrote: [ -> ]The Carlton Mitchell you pulled was pretty bad, but Ward is a potential Pro Bowl player. I know it doesn't help they play for the Brownies though.


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Get 7 prompts in an hour to build a layout! You'll have another hour to complete your layout and post to our gallery! Get a fabulous participation bonus and if you post in the participation thread, you may be the on random winner a $5 coupon toward the Host Designer's store! WOOHOO!


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FORT WAYNE, Ind. (21Alive) - The 21Alive/Parkview Sports Medicine Girls Basketball Player of the Week for Feb. 19 is Garrett High School guard Kaitlin Wisel.
Wisel, a senior, averaged 13 points, 2 assists and 2 steals in 3 sectional games. She has been an integral part of the Lady Railroaders' 23-0 season to date.
Wisel has battled some knee injuries, but come on strong this season. She averages 10 points, 4 rebounds, 3 assists and 2 steals per game for the season.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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VIERA, Fla. (AP) - Washington Nationals pitcher Ross Detwiller has had an exciting past few months.
Detwiler has gotten married, been on a USO Holiday Tour - and now the left-hander will pitch for Team USA in the upcoming World Baseball Classic.
He said Tuesday that it's "been a pretty good offseason," adding, "I think I'm peaking a little early here. I don't think I'm going to be able to top this one."
The 26-year-old Detwiler will be the second Nationals pitcher to play for Team USA, joining Gio Gonzalez.
Nationals general manager Mike Rizzo says the club is "honored" that Team USA wants two of Washington's starting pitchers. Rizzo says, "We're flattered about it. I know Ross is really fired up for it."


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BW100: Beauties Battling for Pride and Prestige!
12,920pages on
this wiki
this wiki
Episode Plot
With Team Rocket's latest plot averted to take over the Unova Region, and returning to Kanto for good, Ash and co. can focus on the Unova League since the invasion of Team Rocket is over. But before that, he, Iris and Cilan have to battle those three snooty girls to decide who is the best. But there is one condition: No Boys Allowed. So (for the fourth time) Ash and (For the second time) Cilan have to dress like girls. Can they manage to beat the trio?
- This is the fourth time in the entire series Ash crossdressed as a girl. Though it is the second time for Cilan since BW071: Climbing the Tower of Success! when he dressed up as Elesa for the impression contest in the "Wishing Bell Festival".
- This episode is the 100th episode in the BW series.
- Maya breaks the fourth wall in this episode.
| This article has an incomplete plot or synopsis.
Reason: N/A
Please help the Pokémon Wiki by expanding it.


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Monday, November 14, 2011
How to Guide for Saudi Women
7 comments:
Good one, Susie!ReplyDelete
- Time for a changeNov 14, 2011, 9:43:00 PM
This is a great video. It would be funny if it wasn't true. Does Saudi Arabia know how absolutely barbaric and backwards they appear to the rest of the world?ReplyDelete
- LauraLazNov 16, 2011, 5:48:00 PM
Pretty darn funny! but sad that it's true!ReplyDelete
Susie are you not worried about going back to SA with what you post on your blog? I am a follower of your blog and worry about you going back..ReplyDelete
Do you have any concerns?
Hi Amy - I really do appreciate your concern. I don't feel scared about discussing issues that in my opinion are unfair and discriminatory to women. And I also think the Saudis have more urgent things to worry about than someone like me. I'll be fine, I'm sure.ReplyDelete
I am glad to hear that and you are confident about going back. I confess I do worry about you with all I have read on your blog and the inequalities women face in SA.ReplyDelete
But you would know better than I the social climate there and I am very glad to hear you are feeling good about your return.
I will continue to follow your blog with great interest :)
Good, glad to hear it.ReplyDelete
Just worried when I know women are treated with such inequality in SA and worried that as an American woman pointing such things out might piss them off. But yes, am sure they have bigger fish to fry.
But yes, have to admit I do worry about you damn it!
Look forward to reading your blog as always, thank you.
Amy from Vancouver BC Canada.
This is my personal blog and therefore it reflects MY personal opinions. If you don't agree with me, that's fine. But if you feel the need to let me know that you don't agree with me, you must do so in a civilized, kind and constructive manner, without name-calling or filthy language, or being rude or offensive. In other words: BE NICE, OR I WILL NOT PUBLISH YOUR COMMENT!
I had to enable Word Verification due to spam comments - Sorry!


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Artist and master paintmaker Art Graham put years of experience at other companies behind him and started his own business based on his own vision and values. The result is a paint, manufactured without fillers or additives, that goes back to some of oil painting's finest traditions.
Set of 5 Colors with Free Mediums — Contains five, 1.25 oz tubes of M. Graham Solvent Free Oils including Azo Yellow, Napthol Red, Ultramarine Blue, Phthalocyanine Green and Titanium White. Also includes FREE 2 oz bottle of Walnut Oil and Walnut Alkyd Medium (a non-toxic, environmentally responsible alternative to solvent).
Color Chart Note — Use this color chart as an approximation of the real color. If exact color matching is necessary, use actual samples of the materials.
® M. Graham is a registered trademark.


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Log in
This month we sat down with Alice Kemerling, Assistant Director of the Gilmore International Keyboard Festival as she shares about her career and the people who inspire her.
Tell us how you got to where you are today
I came to Kalamazoo in 1976 to work in Admissions at Kalamazoo College. In the 1980s and early 90s I had the great privilege of staying home with our kids and did a lot of volunteering, including service on the KVCC Foundation Board. KVCC was just embarking on a $20 million campaign to build a new public museum when their Director of Development resigned. I was hired, and went feet-first into the frying pan. The campaign was intense and exhilarating, and I loved every minute of it (except for the agonizing process of ensuring that 11,000 donor names would appear correctly on the wall of the new museum). I continued with the KVCC Foundation for about 5 years after the end of the campaign, working with the KVCC Foundation Board to develop strategies for securing support for scholarships and college initiatives from individuals, corporations and foundations.
I worked for The Owen Group from 1998 – 2000, during which I consulted on capital campaigns for the Humane Society, Markin Glen Park, and Ministry with Community. I also helped with a feasibility study for the United Soccer Alliance. In late 2000, I was hired as Director of Development for the Gilmore Keyboard Festival. I did not know at the time that this would turn out to be my dream job, but it is that and more. I cannot believe that 14 years have gone by so quickly. The first 12 were spent building up the annual fund, corporate sponsorships, foundation support and starting an endowment, and since 2012 I have also helped manage the organization as Assistant Director.
What do you most love about the Kalamazoo community?
I love the friendliness, creativity and collaborative spirit of its residents and organizations. What guides or principles do you rely most upon?
Be friendly, be compassionate, listen well, collaborate, and strive for the highest quality.
Who was one of your mentors and what do you carry with you from that relationship?
Blaine Lam, who taught me in 1992 that there are limitless opportunities if you seek help from others and don't sweat the small stuff. I still quote him regularly when I or someone with whom I am working gets bogged down by details: "Don't worry. It's a speck on a moving horse."
What has been one of your biggest learning moments?
I learn at every meeting with our Board of Trustees. They are amazing. I also learn every time I make a mistake. On a practical level, Penelope Burke's seminars have been inspirational.
What's an average day like for you at work?
My average day is exciting, challenging, rewarding, and occasionally tedious (think database and budgets).
What are the types of challenges/opportunities that keep you up at night?
I'm concerned about timely communication with donors and endowment building.
How do you stay up-to-date on latest trends in your field?
I am not so good at this, but our Development Officer is, so I rely on her advice and information. I also rely on e-news from Partnership for Philanthropic Planning, the Independent Sector and Artserve.
What advice do you have for those wishing to have a long lasting career in the nonprofit sector?
Work with people you admire and for causes you can represent proudly and passionately.
What do you geek (i.e., what hobby or outside interests do you really like)?
Volunteering, going to the farmers market and cooking.
Anything else?
We are so lucky to have ONEplace. My colleagues in other cities are amazed at all that is made available to Kalamazoo non-profits – free of charge. It is one more testimony to the community spirit that is ingrained in our local culture.
Note: Alice Kemerling and Alisa Carrel (Development Officer at The Gilmore) will present Securing Corporate Sponsorships at ONEplace on July 30
Posted by Thom Andrews at 07/03/2014 04:43:56 PM |


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The Founder Institute has helped launch over 1,000 new technology companies across 55 cities and six continents.
Below is a roundup of Founder Institute Graduate news over the past two weeks. To get grad news in real time follow us on Twitter @founding and for more startup insights, subscribe to our weekly Founder Insight newsletter here.
- The Founder Institute graduates 16, thanks to a leg-up from Colorado mentors (Built in Colorado).
- Whizmeal Wants to Banish Unhealthy Food from School Cafeterias (Tech in Asia); Singapore grad, Whizmeal, is a pre-ordering website for Parents to order healthy set meals for their child in school canteens.
- BlogMutt CEO, Scott Yates highlights three hot startups to watch in Colorado (Colorado 9news); Denver grad, BlogMutt, provides blog content for businesses with blogs, but no time to write in them using a crowd of writers.
- Festomat wins the Belgrade Venture Forum Startup competition (netokracija); Helsinki grad, Festomat, is transforming the traditional perception of music festivals into interactive and entertaining experience using NFC tickets, wristbands and smartphones.
- Gagan Biyani, Lyft's former interim head of growth thinks food is the next big startup market (PandoDaily); Biyani is the Co-Founder of Silicon Valley graduate, Udemy - a leading online learning platform.
Like this article?


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Plus Blog
December 15, 2014
We have a Mega Menger! Thanks to the tireless effort of students, the Centre for Mathematical Sciences in Cambridge (home of Plus) now has a piece of the largest distributed fractal model in the world. It's a model of a Menger sponge made out of over 48,000 business cards that are held together without any glue or sticky tape. Sets of six cards were folded up to form little cubes, a total of 8,000 of them, which together form an approximation of the sponge. The final result, which now adorns our common room, weighs over 90kg and is 1.5 metres tall.
A model of the Menger sponge at the Centre for Mathematical Sciences in Cambridge.
Little cubes made out of six cards.
The sponge model build was started off at an public event back in October, using thousands of little cubes that had been pre-built by students from twenty Cambridgeshire schools, coordinated by the Further Mathematics Support Programme. Enthusiastic members of the public and university students then finished it off, at one point working by the light of a single bulb when the building had shut down for the night. The effort is part of the MegaMenger project, which aims to build fractal models in multiple sites worldwide. If you would like to see our Mega Menger model, come to the Maths Faculty event at the 2015 Cambridge Science Festival, Saturday 21 March 2015, 12 noon — 4pm. You can find out more about fractals and the Menger sponge here.
Students building the sponge by the light of a single bulb.
Work in progress.
December 14, 2014
"Imagine the scene of a violent murder where the victim has been bludgeoned to death."
This isn't the kind of sentence we were expecting to deal with when we agreed to help edit a book to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA). But we did. The book contains fifty articles about maths in all its shapes and guises — the gruelling sentence comes from one that explores how analysing the shape of blood stains can tell you how someone was killed.
It's not all that violent though: there are articles about champagne, Sherlock Holmes, space travel, gambling, sports, and much more besides, written by some of the best authors in maths and science. The foreword is by Dara Ó Briain and if you get tired of reading, you can look at the selection of fifty beautiful mathematical images that adorn the book. We have featured some of them as our images of the week.
Happy birthday IMA!
This image by Tim Jones, showing the ceiling of the Sagrada Familia basilica in Barcelona, is one of the images featured in the book.
Return to the Plus Advent Calendar
December 13, 2014
On this 13th day of our Christmas Advent we thought you might like to think about your true love, and for that you need your maths.
You might find it surprising but mathematics provides some of the most profound metaphors for love and human relationships. From converging infinite sequences describing the attraction and force of love in A disappearing number to Elizabeth Barrett Browning's "How do I love thee, let me count the ways…", the rich language in mathematics provides just an accurate and evocative description of human emotions as it rigorously defines mathematical concepts.
You can find a wonderful collection of mathematical love poems in one of our favourite poetry books, Strange attractors: Poems of love and mathematics containing beautiful poems from across the last two millennia. And more recently, the students of The Camden School for Girls in London have written Sciku: The Wonder of Science - in Haiku!. You can hear more from the authors themselves in the video below!
Return to the Plus Advent Calendar
December 12, 2014
The number 12 is very flexible. You can write it as 2 x 6 or as 3 x 4. Or, even better, as 2 x 2 x 3. Which brings us to those very special numbers called the primes: those numbers that are not divisible by any other number apart from 1 and themselves. Every number can be decomposed into a product of primes, for example 12 = 2 x 2 x 3. The primes are the atoms of number theory, they are also connected to one of the hardest open problems in maths, and even to the weird world of quantum physics.
If you love the primes, or at least feel curious about them, then try Marcus du Sautoy's book The music of the primes: why an unsolved problem in mathematics matters. It's a gentle introduction to the primes, their importance in the modern world, and all the mathematicians they have taunted over the centuries. To get a feel for the subject, read du Sautoy's Plus articles The prime numb lottery and The music of the primes, or watch his lecture below.
Return to the Plus Advent Calendar
December 12, 2014
What treats are in this month's Carnival?
As is tradition we start with a fact about this Carnival's number: 117. It's divisible by 3. That might not be so exciting to everyone, but to someone such as myself, as a mathematician who is notoriously bad at numbers and arithmetic (my friends think it's hilarious to ask me to divide the bill at a restaurant), being able to tell this quickly about any integer gives me a feeling of vast power over these numbers. You can tell if a number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the number's digits is divisible by 3: in our case, 1+1+7=9. Neat!
This trick gives me a great sense of power over the integers as it allows me to rule out vast swathes of them (well, a third) as not being prime, at a glance. Combine that with our instant knowledge that any even numbers, or those ending in 5 or 0 aren't prime, and you've really got a good of chance of being able to tell if any random number someone tells you is prime. There's other neat division rules too, for 7 and 11 and so on. But the really interesting thing is why they work… Can you explain why the division rule for three works? Give us your best explanations in the comments below!Now to the Carnival. We had many great submissions, thank you to everyone who sent one in. The one that had me hooked for the longest was the wonderful Parable of the Polygons by Vi Hart and Nicky Case, submitted by Katie. This brilliant interactive post explores the maths of diversity based on the work of Nobel Prize-winning game theorist Thomas Schelling.
I also really enjoyed Kevin Houston's fascinating and detailed article The Beatles' magical mystery chord, delving into the mathematics and music behind the opening chord to a hard days night. It's made me want to catch the next talk Kevin gives on the maths of autotune!
A very mathematical snowflake
For a real treat, why not spend a long lunch hour watching Terry Tao's talk The Cosmic Distance Ladder. This forms part of one of Mike Lawler's blog post about the lecture, where he discuses how the radius of the Earth and the radius of the Moon's orbit were measured, and how Tao's lecture was an incredible opportunity to show some fun and exciting maths to children. Lawler said in his submission: "Amazingly this lecture by Tao on youtube has fewer than 2,000 views right now. I wish that more people knew about it (kids especially) as it is such an amazing opportunity to learn from one of the greatest mathematicians living today." We heartily agree! (And you can find out more on Tao's work here.)
I, and any other people madly manufacturing paper snowflakes for decorating school halls and homes, must thank Mr Reid for his excellent post A public service announcement regarding paper snowflakes. Really, if you're in the middle of cutting a million and one of those suckers out you need to read this, it will make it all much better!
And here are some more treats to while away your paper-snowflake-cutting-time…
That's it for this Carnival, we hope you enjoyed the show! You can find the last Carnival at CavMaths and the details for all past and future Carnivals, as well as how to be involved at Aperiodical. Don't forget to submit ideas for January's Carnival, hosted by Andrew at AndrewT.net.
(Hint for the division rule: A number with digits abcd=ax1000+bx100+cx10+d = ax(1+999)+bx(1+99)+c(1+9)+d…)
1 comments
December 11, 2014
If you've ever redecorated a bathroom, you'll know that there are only so many ways in which you can tile a flat plane. But once you move into the curved world of hyperbolic geometry, possibilities become endless and the most amazing fractal structures ensue. Beautiful images such as these form the heart Indra's pearls: the vision of Felix Klein by Caroline Series, David Wright and David Mumford.
Image by David Wright
For a feel of the book read our short introduction to the maths behind their beautiful images. In the book itself, as well as pages of stunning images, you'll find instructions for how to create the images yourself, as well as detailed explanation of the mathematics involved. One of the most compelling ideas is the way these contained images can represent the infinite. In many eastern philosophies, especially Buddhist, this idea of the infinite appearing from copies within copies is pervasive: "In a single atom, great and small lands, as many as atoms." This concept was so exactly reflected in the mathematics of their pictures that it inspired the title of the book, taken from the ancient Buddhist myth of Indra's Web:
In the heaven of the great god Indra is said to be a vast and shimmering net, finer than a spider's web, stretching to the outermost reaches of space. Strung at each intersection of its diaphanous threads is a reflecting pearl. Since the net is infinite in extent, the pearls are infinite in number. In the glistening surface of each pearl are reflected all the other pearls, even those in the furthest corners of the heavens. In each reflection, again are reflected all the infinitely many other pearls, so that by this process, reflections of reflections continue without end.
Return to the Plus Advent Calendar


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Metal Clad Frames
No longer available
A wide, silvery border draws the eye to images displayed within these frames.
7.5" wide x 5.5" high; holds one 4 x 6" photo
9" wide x 7" high; holds one 5 x 7" photo
12.5" wide x 10.5" high; holds one 8 x 10" photo
Made of iron and white metal with an MDF backing.
Champagne Silver finish.
Frame has an easel prop stand for tabletop display.
Frame displays both vertically and horizontally.


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The perfect marriage of economy and quality! Extraordinarily sturdy to resist warping, these canvas panels are an incredible value.
They are crafted to our exacting standards from 5 oz 100% cotton canvas that is double primed and adhered with an acid-free adhesive.
Their acid-free core is made from a cellulose by-product that is an ecologically renewable resource. Each panel is approximately
see also ...
® Blick and Blick Studio are registered trademarks.


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— Nicolas Maduro, 50, burly former bus driver and union leader; longtime Chavez foreign minister. Fortified by petrodollars, well-oiled party and state apparatus. Anointed by Chavez. Close to Cuba. Campaigned on devotion to his mentor, continuation of "socialist revolution." Favored.
— Henrique Capriles, 40, governor of Venezuela's most populous state. Grandson of Holocaust survivor. Heads opposition battered by government intimidation. Lost to Chavez in October by nearly 11-point margin. Took a more confrontational line against Maduro. Backed by private sector, but vows not to dismantle Chavez anti-poverty programs. Underdog.
South American nation of 28 million people with the world's largest proven petroleum reserves.
Millions of Venezuelans have been lifted out of poverty under Chavez's rule, and income distribution has become less unequal, though soaring prices, food shortages, crumbling infrastructure, worsening power outages and rampant crime have become campaign issues.
With annual inflation topping 20 percent, the government has imposed price controls on basic goods.
Factories have rolled back production and oil production has slipped.
Nearly 19 million registered voters. Automated touch-screen voting machines.
Polling stations open at 6 a.m. (6:30 a.m. EDT; 1030 GMT) and close 12 hours later, unless people are still waiting in lines. Officials say results expected about three hours after polls close.


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Stages of Labor
Labor has three stages. Your health care provider may talk about the progress of your labor with certain words. One of these is your baby's position. Another is your baby's station. And the effacement and dilation of your cervix will be noted. Read below to learn about these terms and the three stages of labor.
Your Baby Moves into Position
Position is your baby's placement in your uterus. Your baby may be facing left or right. He or she may be head first or feet first. Station refers to how far your baby has moved down into your pelvic cavity.
First Stage of Labor
During the first stage of labor, contractions of the uterus help your cervix thin (efface). They also help it widen (dilate). This will help your baby pass through the birth canal (vagina). At first your contractions will not come that often or last that long. But as time passes, they will come more frequently, they may be more painful, and they willl last longer. They will then be 2-5 minutes apart. They will last about 45-60 seconds each.
Second Stage of Labor
In the second stage of labor, you will have stronger contractions of your uterus. They may happen every 2-3 minutes. They may last from 60-90 seconds each. Your baby will move down the birth canal. Your doctor will ask you to push with each contraction. Try to rest between the contractions if you can. Your baby is delivered at the end of this stage of labor.
Third Stage of Labor
The third stage of labor comes after your baby is born. This is when the afterbirth (placenta) comes out of your uterus. Your uterus will continue to contract. But the contractions are much milder than before.


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Incipio Dual PRO Hardshell Case for iPhone 5 and 5S - Various Colors
by Incipio | Item #: 16562 | Model #: IPH-815 |(2) |
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About this item
Exceptional protection for your device: Rigid Plextonium™ shell with impact resistant absorbing silicone core and a soft touch finish. An innovative hybrid design with two layers of defense for your iPhone 5 or 5S.
Additional protection for your device screen: To further protect your device, there is (1) clear screen protector, microfiber cleaning cloth, and applicator card included with this case.
Additional protection for your device screen: To further protect your device, there is (1) clear screen protector, microfiber cleaning cloth, and applicator card included with this case.
Product Specifications:
Case for iPhone 5 and 5S
Rigid Plextonium™ shell
Impact resistant absorbing silicone core
Excellent shock absorption
Soft touch finish
Includes (1) clear screen protector, microfiber cleaning cloth, applicator card
Dimensions: 2.50"W x 5.00"L x 0.50"D
Weight: 1.11 oz
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Incipio's Limited One Year Warranty: Incipio products are warranted to be free from defects in materials and craftsmanship under normal use for a period of one year from date of purchase. Exclusions: Incipio's Limited One Year Warranty does not cover misuse, accident, or abuse; damage to any non-Incipio product; shipping or other costs associated with returning the product; or incidental or consequential damages. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you.


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this wiki
|This article is missing an image.
Please help the Pokémon Wiki by adding one.
Faraway Island is an island situated outside of the Hoenn Pokémon region in Pokémon Emerald. This island is the location of Mew. To get to this island you need the Old Sea Chart event item, which could be obtained in 2005.
|This article is a stub. Please help the Pokémon Wiki by expanding it.
To get to faraway island, you first need to be in posetion of the old sea chart (which can be obtained by eather an event that has ben over for some time, or mix records with some one who had it). You then head to the ship house in eather Lilycove City or Slateport City to talk to the lady that asks you where you want to go, there should be a third option besides Lilycove (if your in slateport and vice-versa), and the Battle Frounter. At first it will seem as if you won't be able to get there, however, your old friend Mr. Briney will come out of the ship to say that he will take you to the island.


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If you are looking for Plings - the service to help you find activities for young people - we are sorry, but due to the Government's changing funding priorities, this service is no longer supported. You can find out more about what happened to Plings on the Substance website or if you want to browse an archived version of the Plings site you can do so here. However, please note that there is currently no further future data contained and you need to look prior to June 2012 to view any activities.
Thanks for your interest in Plings.
This activity has already taken place.
You should always double-check the details of any activity before turning up. Talk to your parents of guardians about any activities you are planning on taking part in
More info about staying safe
This data was provided by Newcastle City Council - Children's Services Directorate
If you think something is wrong with this data you can report it. We will work with the data provider to correct it.
Get directions to Army Cadet Force Gosforth, Newcastle upon tyne by
Public Transport (TransportDirect)
Cycling (CycleStreets)
Walking (WalkIt)
Plings is all about helping you discover amazing activities and inspiration so you can unlock your true potential.
We want to make sure everyone aged 13-19 can find Plings wherever they are!
Frequently Asked Questions


text: Like the linens used in fine hotels, our cotton table runner comes in neutral colors that complement any table service and is made to stand up to everyday wear and tear. With a single- or triple-initial monogram in your choice of white, ivory, red or navy, the runner creates a personalized table service. The runner is excellent for layering with our other hotel linens and is suitable for both formal and informal occasions. It has full hems and mitered corners. Machine-wash. 90" x 16". Made in China. A Williams-Sonoma exclusive.


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January 14, 2013
Danny West
Arkansas' staff was spread from Hawaii to Florida last Friday and Saturday, and on Sunday they wrapped up the recruiting weekend by sitting down with several of the Natural State's top prospects.Today's notebook features number of top targets and what they had to say about the time they spent with the Hog coaches.Collins enjoys in-home with Partridge, ThomasArkansas assistants Charlie Partridge and Joel Thomas visited with Plantation (Fla.) South running back Alex Collins on Saturday, and the Hogs appear to still be in good shape heading into the four-star's official visit on January 25.Collins, 5-11, 207, 4.4, said he and his mother had a nice time discussing a number of topics with the two coaches... ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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Colin Redner lives in rural Michigan. He is a member of MichLUG. When not building Lego, he can be found having switching sessions on his Model Railroad.
LEGO® is a registered trademark of the LEGO Company, which does not sponsor, authorize or endorse this site. All other trademarks, service marks, and copyrights are property of their respective owners.
RAILBRICKS thanks the LDraw community for the software it makes available, which is used for making instructions and renderings found in the magazine. For more information on LDraw, please visit http://www.ldraw.org.
RAILBRICKS is a nonprofit hobby organization that relies on support from its fan community. If you are interested in supporting RAILBRICKS, please click here.


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this wiki
|This article or section needs to be cleaned up to meet the standards of GTA Wiki
The Grotti/Shitzu Squalo (spelt Squallo in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories) is a go-fast boat in the Grand Theft Auto series available in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, Grand Theft Auto IV, and Grand Theft Auto V.
Throughout its appearances before GTA IV, the Squalo is depicted with a long sleek hull, and, in GTA Vice City and GTA San Andreas, are specifically given "Squalo II" and "Squalo III" names, respectively, suggesting a series of Squalos were released over time. The Squalo II is based on the Chris-Craft Stinger 390x, which was a vehicle used in Miami Vice. GTA IV's rendition of the Squalo, on the other hand, assumes a more curved and modern design, but is comparably shorter than its earlier counterparts. The Squalo is initially given a distinctive spoiler mounted over the occupants' seats in GTA Vice City, but was not present in the GTA San Andreas rendition. GTA Vice City Stories saw the return of the spoiler, while GTA IV features Squalos with or without a spoiler. Color variations may also vary between games. In its original appearance in GTA Vice City, the boat comes with a combination of a constant white with a variable bright color, while later renditions feature more flexible color choices.
The Squalo is difficult to obtain, as the player is required to purchase a property, complete a set of missions, or complete Boat School, as GTA Vice City and GTA San Andreas has demonstrated.
The Squalo, like any high-end speedboat, possess excellent speed and handling, second only to the Jetmax. Like any high performance boat, the Squalo is capable of turning in a dime when the throttle is applied.
- In GTA IV, the player can cause the spoiler of a Squalo, if there is one, to detach as a result of a violent crash.
- Brucie Kibbutz owns a black and green Squalo, which is drivable when you select the Boating activity with him.
- "Squalo" is Italian for 'Shark'.
- If you look closely to the artwork of the Squalo, you may notice that Sonny Forelli is standing in it.
- In GTA San Andreas, on Squalo's back there are written letters San Andreas Co. 90210, which might be reference to Beverly Hills 90210 TV Drama series.
GTA Vice City
- Docked at the Boatyard, once it has been purchased. Activates the side-mission "Checkpoint Charlie" when entered.
GTA San Andreas
- Docked at Bayside Marina, next to the Boat School, after the player achieves silver in all lessons.
- Under Garver Bridge, San Fierro.
- On water near Gant Bridge, San Fierro Bay. This one usually has a special black and red paintjob.
GTA Vice City Stories
- Docked at the Marina in Ocean Beach, at the north dock.
- It can be bought by the player for around $4000 after you have finished Phil Cassidy missions at a small pier near the Vice City Junkyard in Little Haiti, Vice City.
GTA IV + Episodes from Liberty City
- Brucie Kibbutz owns a Squalo, if you do the Boating activity with him, you commander the boat to a destination. However the player cannot steal it, if the player kills Brucie, you can be found back on land.
- Found docked near the abandoned casino in Alderney.
- Found docked just north of Colony Island.
- Commonly found on the waterways of Liberty City.
- Occasionally spawns in the waters near the beach in Westdyke, Alderney (normally different boats spawn there).
- It's used by Niko in the missions Babysitting, Catch the Wave, and A Revenger's Tragedy (Deal only).
- Can be bought on the DockTease website for $196,621.
See also
- Jetmax and Violator, similarly classed boats.
- Cruiser, Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars equivalent.


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As a four-year residential campus, Denison University is committed to the learning process that takes place both inside and outside the classroom. Staff members in the Office of Residential Education and Housing provide students with a reasonably safe, comfortable, and well-maintained living space, in an academically conducive environment. Residential education and housing policies and regulations are established with that in mind.
The Document Finder is a one-stop shop for forms, policies and publications that may be used by faculty, staff, students, alumni, vendors, parents, and prospective students. They are sorted several ways for your convenience—alphabetically and by category.


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You can't put a price on a face to face catch up. So we didn't.
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I stumbled across this over on the Consimworld website, where they were talking about making up maps for board wargames.
Its an archive of icons developed by Gerd Arntz for maps made up in the 1930s to 60s. Some of these look really useful! I"m not sure if anyone has posted this link here yet. If they have, then my apologies for the duplication.
Gerd Arntz Web Archive


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This will be my first chat and I can't wait to learn more about shadows.
Printable View
This will be my first chat and I can't wait to learn more about shadows.
Bumping - the first post in this thread now contains the Drop Shadow tutorial from last night's chat!
Thank you for a wonderful tip & tutorial!!!! :biggrin:
Beckie this is wonderful!! Thanks so much for sharing with everyone!
Beckie - thank you for sharing this with us - I know I can get better at shadowing myself - will try this out later - thanks!
For those of you who are fairly new to digital scrapbooking, adding shadows to your page gives it a really nice realistic effect.
The first post in this thread is a little outdated, so I thought perhaps some of you might want something that is a little more current.
If you check out this blog http://sahlinstudio.com/tutorial-how...istic-shadows/ it gives you a nice tutorial on creating shadows in Photoshop.
Also - I found a great Pinterest page that gives you ideas for many other tutorials. Check this out http://pinterest.com/heartofwisdom/d...ook-tutorials/
Great tips Darlene, shadows make a layout!
I love tutorials. And shadow tutorials are always a wonderful help!
thanks so much for sharing!
Ah right - I was wondering about putting shadows on elements
I'll certainly have a look at those


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May 4, 2016
CROSBYTOWN, TX - - Law enforcement has issued an Amber Alert for a missing child from West Texas.
Texas Department of Public Safety is looking for 2 year old Leah Marie Aguirre from Crosbyton.
She is a Hispanic female with brown hair and brown eyes and was last seen January Third.
Authorities say a man who called himself Miguel posed as a C.P.S. worker and took the child.
There are reports that the mother was trying to sell this child to someone in Mexico for $2,000.
The suspect was last seen driving a red Ford Focus.
If you have information, please contact Crosbyton Police Department, 806-368-1926
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Registration for New students to OUSD K-12
Hello Oceanside Parents. Oceanside Unified School District is offering parents the convenience and ease of registering or confirming enrollment for the 2016-2017 school year online.
Parents can register new students online at any time. Simply visit the Online Registration website.
- Login to the Online Registration website
- Complete all required data fields
- Print and sign the enrollment confirmation form.
- Take the required documents to the school office (please see school website for specific times).
For Support please see the following links:
- Support for Registration
- Video showing how to register online
- Online Enrollment information
- Inscripción por internet paso a paso
Parents who wish to confirm data or register their students in the traditional paper process may still pickup packets at the school or the district office.
New Student Registration Example
Data Confirmation = Currently enrolled OUSD students
The Data Confirmation Window is currently closed.
Returning Student: Data Confirmation (Re-Registration)
You will need a Parent Portal to complete data confirmation
If you need directions, click here
Frequently Asked Questions about Enrollment
1. What is "Pre-registration"?
Pre-Registration is the first step to a successful enrollment process.
2. Do I need to know what school my child will be attending in order to Pre-register?
No, Aeries Air Registration will determine the School of Residence automatically according to the address you provide online.
3. Which school should my child attend?
Select the school based upon your Residential address. If you have any questions regarding School of Choice or Inter‐district request please contact Student Services at 760‐966‐4443
4. Can I enroll in a school other than my assigned school?
No the system allows only enrollment in your school of residence. If you have an approved school of choice or inter-district complete the registration based on your residential address then please take your approved form to the school of choice or inter-district site after your on line enrollment. The office staff at the school can retrieve your students info for enrollment.
5. What documents are required to enroll in school?
Enrollment confirmation (from on line enrollment), birth certificate, immunization record, current address verification (utility bill, mortgage or rental agreement)


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Topic: Jane Goodall
Friday, September 7, 2012
Though women hold nearly half of all the jobs in the US, they still only hold less than 25% of STEM jobs. The Museum is a place for girls to dream about the possibilities of their future!
Topics Covered: Idea Factory, science, Woman, Women in Science, Groundbreakers, science museum of virginia, science museum, stem, technology, engineering, Math, Mathematics, smv, RVA, Data, Scientific Method, Marie Curie, Jane Goodall, Histoyr, Civil Rights, Women's Suffrage, People, Careers, Employment, Occupation, Jobs, Logic, Teaching


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June 2, 2012
Eddie Radosevich
SoonerScoop.com was there as the OU staff kicked off their first camp session of the summer. Check out the early standouts in HD. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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Learn how to use the vast library of KOMPLETE sounds for songwriting and music production in MASCHINE.
Virtual Instruments
Learn to use digital audio workstations like Logic, Ableton Live, Reason, and Pro Tools to shape, play, and program virtual instruments such as virtual piano, drums, basses and synthesizers.
Preview the new features in Logic Pro 10.1–10.2.1, including Alchemy and Gobbler integration, flex pitching, the Drum Machine Designer, an enhanced Mixer, and improved MIDI editing and sequencing features. Learn how to integrate the latest Logic features into your production workflow as quickly as possible.
Learn how to use Operator, Ableton Live's virtual synthesizer, to create unique synth sounds.
Get up and running with Ableton Live's virtual synthesizer, Analog. Learn how to create sounds using oscillators, sculpt the sounds with filters, and add motion to the sounds using modulation.
Producer JK Swopes demonstrates how to create beats using MASCHINE's built-in sounds, expansions, and samples.
Take advantage of the advanced instruments and effects in REAKTOR, including MONARK, PRISM, and THE FINGER.
Learn how to use the sound libraries and powerful sound manipulation tools in Spectrasonics Omnisphere.
Learn about amplification, mic'ing, effects processing, and building racks for live performance with GUITAR RIG.
Learn about everything from signal flow and patching to advanced signal processing in ABSYNTH, the semi-modular synthesis tool and powerful effects plugin included with KOMPLETE.
GarageBand is free and comes with every Mac. Learn how to lay down tracks with its built-in loops or record your own music with real instruments.
Learn advanced techniques for customizing instruments and creating sounds with KONTAKT, the cutting-edge sampler from Native Instruments.
Create awesome beats and explore new sounds with this cutting-edge drum and percussion sampler from Native Instruments.
Get up and running with FM8, the next gen FM synthesizer from Native Instruments.
Learn how to create out of this world sounds with MASSIVE, using its flexible and powerful filters and routing, audio processing, and modulation features.
Learn how to use REAKTOR as a synth, a drum machine, a sampler, a sound generator, and a multi-effects processor.
Get up and running with ABSYNTH 5, a powerful synthesizer that allows for almost unlimited combinations of oscillators, modulations controls, and filters.
Get up and running with FM8 and its main sound-making components, including the Browser, Master, Effects, Arpeggiator, and Easy/Morph windows, in this quick FM8 training course.
Get a brief overview of the features, signal routing, and effects offered in KONTAKT 5.
Take your ideas and turn them into epic recordings and live performances—fast—with Bitwig Studio, the next-gen DAW designed specifically for electronic music.
Learn how to create unique sounds for guitar, bass, drums, synths, and even vocals, with the GUITAR RIG effects processor from Native Instruments.
Learn how to create drum sounds, beats, and effects with these tutorials for Native Instruments BATTERY 4.
Discover the power of MASSIVE, Native Instrument's popular and flexible soft synth for creating colossal-sounding basslines, leads, pads, and more.
JK "saintjoe" Swopes—educator behind MaschineTutorials.com—shows how to get started creating your own beats, hooks, and harmonies with Maschine.
Get up and running with Reason 8. Learn how to record, edit, mix, and master audio tracks with this professional-level music production software.
Expand Ableton Live's music-production and live-performance capabilities with the collection of instruments, effects, and tools in Max for Live.
Make electronic dance music that stands out from the rest, with these extreme sound-mangling techniques. Learn how to use vocoders, flangers, distortion, and more, to create a unique sound.
Take a look at the best new features in Reason 8, from the redesigned interface to the Softube Amps.
Move beyond the basics of synth programming, and learn techniques for creating big moving basslines, evocative percussion patterns, and rich synth pads.
Learn how to create super-pro basslines for your electronic dance music (EDM) tracks.
Learn how to create super-pro drum sounds for electronic dance music (EDM) productions.
Learn how to write, record, and mix a song in GarageBand in 9 simple steps.
Turn your laptop into a live-performance instrument, and learn to play backing tracks, process vocals, and loop sounds with MainStage.
Learn how synthesis actually works, how to sculpt sound with filters and envelopes, and how to craft your own synth patches, including leads, pads, drums, and bass.
Start making music with Logic Pro X. Author and Logic Pro insider Dot Bustelo walks through every facet of basic drum programming in Logic Pro, including choosing the right drum kit for the beat, recording, quantizing, sampling, and slicing as well as using the new Logic X beat-making features of Drummer and Arpeggiator.
Learn how to make beats for house, dubstep, drum and bass, juke, trap, and hip-hop tracks, with Ableton Live.
Discover the top 10 new features in GarageBand for Mac OS X 10.9, and how they can lead to better recordings.
Learn how to make music with Reason, and bring the features of a professional recording studio right into your home.
Harness Logic Pro X's powerful features to make music in brand-new ways.
Presents GarageBand for the iPad—an inexpensive app that allows you to record and edit music with both real and virtual instruments.
Dive into the new streamlined, modern interface and creative tools for musicians and producers, in this tour with a Logic Pro X insider.
Guides you through the process of making beats for hip-hop, electronic dance, or any other commercial genre of music in Logic Pro.
Shows how to use Ableton Live on stage for performing original music with or without other musicians, recording live performances, and taking your DJ set to the next level.
Shows how to improve music and audio productions using virtual instruments in Logic Pro.
"I'm completely blown away by the quality and quantity of training you offer. I feel like Neo in The Matrix when they would insert a training program and within a few minutes he could say, "I know jiujitsu!"" —Zolla M.Try it free
more from our members »


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Jason H. Rogers, M.D.
Clinical Interests
Director, Cardiovascular Research Unit
Director, Interventional Cardiology
Center/Program Affiliation:
Vascular Center
4860 Y St., Suite 2100
Sacramento, CA 95817
Driving Directions
Phone: 916-734-3800
Additional Phone:
A.B., Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1991
Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, 2002-2003
Board Certifications:
American Board of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, 2002
American Board of Internal Medicine, Interventional Cardiology, 2003
American Board of Vascular Medicine, 2005
Professional Memberships:
Fellow, American College of Cardiology
Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions
Select Honors and Awards:
First place, Sixth Annual AstraZeneca Cardiovascular Young Investigators' Forum, 2000
Knowlton Incentive for Excellence Award, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 1998
Internal Medicine Grand Rounds Speaker, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 1997
American College of Physicians' William M. Fogarty Jr. Book Award, 1995
Member, Alpha Omega Alpha (awarded junior year medical school), 1993
Select Recent Publications:
Herrmann H, Kar S, Siegel R, Fail P, Loghin C, Lim S, Hahn R, Rogers JH, Bommer WJ, Wang A, Berke A, Lerakis S, Kramer P, Wong SC, Foster E, Glower D, Feldman T. Effect of Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair with the MitraClip Device in Mitral Valve Area and Gradient. EuroIntervention. 2009 Jan;4(4):437-42.
Rogers JH, Rahdert DA, Caputo GR, Takeda PA, Palacios IF, Tio FO, Taylor EA, Low RI. Long-Term Safety and Durability of Percutaneous Septal Sinus Shortening in an Ovine Model. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2009 Mar 1;73(4):540-8.
Yeo KK, Rogers JH. Tips and Tricks: Side Branch Access. Cardiac Interventions Today. 2009; 3(2):22-24.
Yeo KK, Rogers JH, Laird JR. Use of Stent Grafts and Coils in Vessel Rupture and Perforation. J Interv Cardiol 2008;21(1):86-99.
Kwa A, Rogers JH. Current Update on Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa and Direct Thrombin Inhibition: Balancing Bleeding Risk and Antiplatelet Efficacy. J Interv Cardiol 2008;21(2):107-17
Babaliaros VC, Liff D, Chen EP, Rogers JH, Brown RA, Thourani VH, Guyton RA, Lerakis S, Stillman AE, Raggi P, Cheesborough JE, Green JT, Block PC. Can Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty Help Determine the Appropriate Sizing for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv. October 2008; 1: 580 - 586.
Bolling SF, Rogers JH, Babaliaros V, Piazza N, Takeda PA, Low RI, Block PC. Percutaneous Aortic Valve Implantation Utilizing a Novel Tissue Valve: Preclinical Experience. EuroIntervention 2008;4:148-153.
Devaraj S, Rogers JH, Jialal I. Statins, and biomarkers of inflammation. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 9:1, 2006.
Palacios IF, Condado JA, Brandi S, Rodriguez V, Bosch F, Silva G, Low RI, Rogers JH. Safety and feasibility of acute percutaneous septal sinus shortening: First-in-human experience. Circulation, 2006. (In Submission)
Rogers JH, Calhoun RF. Diagnosis and management of subclavian artery stenosis prior to coronary artery bypass grafting. Journal of Cardiac Surgery, 2006. (In Press)
Rogers JH, Wegelin JA, Harder K, Valente RJ, Low RI. Assessment of FFR-negative intermediate coronary artery stenoses by spectral analysis of the radiofrequency intravascular ultrasound signal. Journal of Invasive Cardiology, 18(10):448-453, 2006.
Rogers JH, Laird JR. Laser-assisted angioplasty: A promising therapy for critical limb ischemia. Interventional Cardiology, 2006. (In Press)
Rogers JH, Low RI. Embolic protection devices in aortocoronary saphenous vein graft intervention. Endovascular Today, 5(10):72-78, 2006.
Rogers JH, Macoviak JA, Rahdert DA, Takeda PA, Palacios IF, Low RI. Percutaneous septal sinus shortening: A novel procedure for the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation. Circulation, 113:2329-2334, 2006.
Rogers JH, Lasala JM. Current review: Coronary artery dissection and perforation complicating percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of Invasive Cardiology, 16:493-499, 2004.
Rogers JH, Caruthers SD, Williams T, Lin SJR, Meyers D, Lanza GM, Kovacs S, Lasala JM, Wickline SA. Clinical utility of rapid prescreening magnetic resonance angiography of peripheral vascular disease prior to cardiac catheterization. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 6(1):25-31, 2004.
Rogers JH, Chang D, Lasala JM. Percutaneous repair of coronary artery bypass graft-related pseudoaneurysms using covered jostents. Journal of Invasive Cardiology, 15(9):533-5, 2003.


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Find a Practitioner
We are delighted to offer a two week extension on our AACMAC Brisbane 2012 Early Bird Rates. Instead of closing on 31 March 2012, you now have until Friday 13 April 2012 to secure your conference ticket at this reduced rate.
We have more than 225 delegates already registered for the annual AACMAC conference held this year at the Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre from 25 - 27 May. You do not want to miss this event!
To register, please click here.
Did you know Chinese medicine students can join AACMA as a Student Member for free? Find out more about joining AACMA.


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Despite strong winds, crews were able to wrangle an 800 acre fire under control in a matter of hours.
According to the Kiowa County Sheriff's Office, the fire started in a field around 1 p.m., got into a canal, and spread to the Upper and Lower Queens reservoirs. Firefighters were able to contain the flames in one of the reservoirs within an hour.
The entire fire was contained by 10 p.m. Saturday. Six agencies responded to the fire.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
If you believe that any of the comments on our site are inappropriate or offensive, please tell us by clicking "Report Abuse" and answering the questions that follow. We will review any reported comments promptly.powered by Disqus
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This lesson covers how to use Venn diagrams to solve probability problems.
A list of student-submitted discussion questions for Venn Diagrams.
To organize ideas, increase comprehension, synthesize learning, demonstrate understanding of key concepts, and reinforce vocabulary using a Quickwrite.
To encourage students' critical thinking about vocabulary concepts, to allow students to reflect on their knowledge of individual vocabulary words, and to increase vocabulary comprehension using the Vocabulary Self-Rate.
Summarize the main idea of a reading, create visual aids, and come up with new questions using a Four Square Concept Matrix.
To activate prior knowledge, to generate questions about a given topic, and to organize knowledge using a KWL Chart.
Students conduct a survey of ten friends about the types of social media that they use. Then students represent the results of the survey in a Venn Diagram and answer questions about their Venn Diagram.
These flashcards help you study important terms and vocabulary from Venn Diagrams.


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WASHINGTON (AP) -- Updated advice from a government panel says healthy men shouldn't get routine prostate cancer screenings.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force panel found PSA blood tests do more harm than good. The panel proposed the guidance last fall and stuck with it despite strenuous protests from urologists.
The guideline isn't a mandate. The task force stresses that men who want a PSA test still can get one, but only after the doctor explains the uncertainties. The group says too many men are harmed from treatment of tiny tumors that never would have killed them.
The advice though isn't likely to end an annual ritual for many men 50 and older.
The guidance was published Monday in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
If you believe that any of the comments on our site are inappropriate or offensive, please tell us by clicking "Report Abuse" and answering the questions that follow. We will review any reported comments promptly.powered by Disqus
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Visit ZSL London Zoo for your next day out and enjoy our fantastic group discounts!
Groups and Youth groups can enjoy special prices as they get up close to animals and learn more about the environment and conservation. You can even upgrade your group tickets to include exclusive discovery sessions.
Groups of 10+ save 25% on advance tickets and 15% at the gate
Benefits for Groups
- Discounts for groups of 10+ paying visitors
- Additional savings for advance purchases
- Special rates for Youth Groups
- Free entry for Blue Badge Guides*
- Free entry for one essential carer with paying disabled visitors
- Posters and leaflets to promote your group visit
*Terms & conditions apply
Group visit information
Group café vouchers
Groups visiting ZSL London Zoo can purchase catering vouchers that can be exchanged at the Terrace Restaurant.
Find out more about group cafe vouchers
Plan your Day
With so much to see and do, a visit to ZSL London Zoo is the perfect day out for people of all ages.
Our Visitor Information page has all the information you need to plan your day.


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Washington's Waterleaf Spa Celebrates the Holidays with Two De-Stressing Treatments
The holidays can be very hectic with activities including shopping, social events and viewing the decorations in and around the Portland and Skamania areas. It is important to remember to take care of yourself during this busy season and a visit to Skamania Lodge's Waterleaf Spa is the perfect solution. This holiday season, we have created two ways to de-stress.
We invite you to pamper yourself with one of our Waterleaf Spa Holiday Specials:
"Peppermint Dream" Body Polish with Massage
$99 (50 minutes)
Ultra-moisturizing Vanilla and Peppermint is whipped together to create this simply amazing treatment.
"The Devil Made Me Do It"
Pedicure $65 and Manicure $55 (60 minutes)
This rich chocolate scrub smells just like a warm gooey brownie! We will finish each nail treatment with a Peppermint Shea Butter application. Our version of the Peppermint Mocha!
To request specific services, treatments or holiday season specials please call 509-427-2529 or visit our website to fill out our reservation request form. A representative will contact you shortly to arrange the details. Advance reservations are highly recommended.
Want to share the pampering? Gift cards to Waterleaf Spa are now available online!