text:
X-FAB Expands Sales Activities in North America and AsiaErfurt, Germany, Texas, USA, 2월 9, 2004.
Citing increased demand in mixed-signal applications and value-add manufacturing, X-FAB Semiconductor Foundries, the Erfurt, Germany-based mixed-signal foundry, today announced it has bolstered its sales presence and technical support in the US and added distributors in the Asia Pacific market.
Thomas Hartung, X-FAB's VP of Marketing & Sales explains the recent expansion activities: "Our company's strategy it is to provide our customers with the highest level of support. The logical consequence of satisfying the growing market demand and our customers requirements for high performance analog / mixed-signal foundry
processes and services is the addition and expansion of the sales and support offices in the US and Asia. The recently established co-operation with our Asian representatives will guarantee a higher market penetration and even more importantly, a closer relationship with our customers in one of the fastest growing regions of the world."
The company recently opened a new sales office in Boston, MA, strengthening its sales force and technical support for existing customers on the East Coast. Tom Riedl, a 20-year veteran of the semiconductor industry, heads the Boston office. In addition, X-FAB has hired Aaron Pollock as a sales person for its Silicon Valley office. Both professionals bring extensive foundry experience gained from corporate positions at TSMC and Dongbu. With the new office, X-FAB now has sales offices in California, Arizona, Texas and Massachusetts (USA) as well as in Germany and the United Kingdom.
X-FAB has also expanded sales in the Far East and has recently signed on distributors for several Asian countries: Nano Connections(s) Pte Ltd now represents X-FAB in Malaysia, Singapore and India; based in Tokyo, Star Electronic provides representation in Japan; and ED & C (Electronic Design & Communications Limited) are representatives for Korea.


text:
48 U.S. Code § 1421r - Port of Guam Improvement Enterprise Program
prev | next
(a) In general
The Secretary of Transportation, acting through the Administrator of the Maritime Administration (in this section referred to as the "Administrator"), may establish a Port of Guam Improvement Enterprise Program (in this section referred to as the "Program") to provide for the planning, design, and construction of projects for the Port of Guam to improve facilities, relieve port congestion, and provide greater access to port facilities.
(b) Authorities of the Administrator
In carrying out the Program, the Administrator may—
(1) receive funds provided for the Program from Federal and non-Federal entities, including private entities;
(2) provide for coordination among appropriate governmental agencies to expedite the review process under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) for projects carried out under the Program;
(3) provide for coordination among appropriate governmental agencies in connection with other reviews and requirements applicable to projects carried out under the Program; and
(c) Port of Guam Improvement Enterprise Fund
(1) Establishment
There is established in the Treasury of the United States a separate account to be known as the "Port of Guam Improvement Enterprise Fund" (in this section referred to as the "Fund").
(2) Deposits
There shall be deposited into the Fund—
(A) amounts received by the Administrator from Federal and non-Federal sources under subsection (b)(1);
(3) Use of amounts
Amounts in the Fund shall be available to the Administrator to carry out the Program.
(4) Administrative expenses
Not to exceed 3 percent of the amounts appropriated to the Fund for a fiscal year may be used for administrative expenses of the Administrator.
(d) Transfers of amounts
Amounts appropriated or otherwise made available for any fiscal year for an intermodal or marine facility comprising a component of the Program shall be transferred to and administered by the Administrator.
(e) Limitation
Source(Pub. L. 110–417, div. C, title XXXV, § 3512,Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4770; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(e)(20),Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4375; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1114(b)(2)(C),July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 468.)
References in Text
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§ 4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.
Section was enacted as part of the Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 and not as part of the Organic Act of Guam which comprises this chapter.
2012—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–141substituted "section 165" for "section 215".
2011—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 111–383inserted period at end.
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) ofPub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Test. Test. Test: How wooga turned the games business into a science Magazine Features 05 January 12 by Tom Cheshire This article was taken from the January 2012 issue of Wired magazine. Be the first to read Wired's articles in print before they're posted online, and get your hands on loads of additional content by subscribing online.The first task for Jens Begemann each morning is to check the numbers. On his iPhone, the wooga founder reads an email sent at 4.04am. It shows charts for Magic Land, the Berlin-based company's newest release: the number of users active in the last 24 hours; the number of new users and bookings; the proportion of unique users who came from Facebook requests or from links on friends' feeds; how many batches of 15,000 Gold or 545 Diamonds, the game's currency, were sold. Begemann can see how many made it to the second stage, "Configurations loaded"; how many completed the tutorial; and where those who didn't dropped off. He checks the geography of players, broken down into new users, one-day retention and bookings per daily active user.In total, Begemann studies 128 data points. He does the same for the six other games that wooga has released. "Some differences are obvious, like Wednesdays are better than Thursdays," Begemann says. "But if I still can't make sense of the reports, I forward the question to the respective product lead of the game." Then he puts away his phone, takes his two-year-old son to kindergarten and walks to wooga's Prenzlauer Berg offices in east Berlin.Wooga is a new type of game developer, one that emphasises metrics over creativity. Its core discipline is A/B or split testing, in which new features are introduced to a selection of users, and their reactions measured. Features remain only if users engage with them. If they don't respond, wooga tries new features until they do. Each wooga title is updated weekly; the initial release is just another stage in development. "After launch we become very metrics-driven," says Begemann. "During the first two weeks of Brain Buddies [wooga's first game], we did four or five A/B tests. It was very fast -- almost daily iterations."The result is a rigorous process that practically automates the creation of a social game, and maximises each title's chance of success. "We A/B test everything, we optimise everything," says Stephanie Kaiser, a lead game designer. "In the product department, it's very simple," says Thorbjörn Warin, a former employee. "They have all of their KPIs [key performance indicators] and metrics. It's really, 'This week, we focus on nothing but retention, let's identify ten activities that can increase that.' In the first 60 seconds of Monster World, there are 13 to 15 tracking points. For a new user, when they start playing, every three or four seconds, Stephanie and Jens can see what is happening. Usually something has to be improved, and that's when creativity comes in." Wooga's users don't just play a game; they design it.This paint-by-metrics approach has proved successful. Founded in 2009, wooga is now the third most popular games developer on Facebook (it was briefly number two, ahead of EA, before the launch of The Sims Social). Wooga games have 32 million active monthly users from 231 countries; seven million of these play a wooga game every day. The majority of its games have more than a million users who play daily; only Zynga and EA have managed the same feat. In the last year, the number of wooga users grew by 300 percent.Wooga doesn't make money from advertising, but by selling virtual goods. Using Begemann's statements and public information, wired estimates annual revenue, after Facebook's 30 percent, at between £12.9 million and £20 million. Last summer, the company raised $24 million (£14.8m) from Highland Partners (who invested in Digg), taking its total backing to $32 million. At the time, Roberto Bonanzinga, a partner at Balderton Capital and one of wooga's first investors, said of Begemann: "He's obsessed by consumer feedback. These guys release a new version of each game every week, based on testing and feedback. It's a huge testing lab."In 2008, Begemann didn't have a company, or even an idea, nor did he know what a social game was. But he did know that a games studio should be no different from any other web service, and that data comes before art.At 10am on a Tuesday morning in August, 35 people are gathered in the wooga offices. Drussila Hollanda, the new lead on Monster World, a Facebook game like FarmVille but with beasts instead of humans, is holding her first weekly meeting. She is explaining the game's latest updates: the introduction of a long-worked-on windmill feature, how the game is faring on Google+, scheduled A/B tests of different loading screens and currencies, and the number of daily active users (DAU) over the week. Wooga holds six weekly meetings, one per game. Begemann asks if the windmill was A/B tested, or introduced wholesale. Hollanda replies that all users have the new feature. Begemann frowns: "We could also have A/B tested that. But OK. That's fine."Behind his desk is a sign: "Be fast and be bold. Only do features that increase DAU monetisation." He's expecting his second child within a fortnight. A week earlier, he launched Magic Land, which already has about 800,000 users. Loud and large, he leans forward and explains how a company he founded two years ago is taking on giants.Begemann grew up in Barkhausen, a tiny village in west Germany. His parents were farmers and also taught in the local school. When Begemann was ten, they gave him his first computer, an Apple II, and he began coding. After studying business at the University of Applied Sciences in Berlin, he wanted to join a startup. In 2001 he joined Jamba, known as Jamster in the UK. "The vision was to be the Yahoo! for mobile," says Begemann. "It didn't work out." Jamster sold premium-rate SMS content, ringtones and games. It earned a reputation for misleading customers with its ads and contracts, as well as for its low-rent content. "Remember the Crazy Frog?" he says. "I'm sorry for that. Very, very sorry." In mid-2008 he left the company, determined to be an entrepreneur, but unsure what sort. He travelled to TechCrunch50, a tech conference in San Francisco, in search of an idea and returned with a vision. "The games industry has become perfect at creating games for a niche," he says. "Maybe ten percent of the population. My dream was creating a company that would specialise in games for the rest, for everybody." And Facebook now offered the perfect platform for reaching everybody. Begemann also saw that distributing games through Facebook changed the nature of publishing. Games no longer needed boxes to ship. They didn't even need to be finished before release, and in fact could incorporate live user feedback as part of a continuous design process: each wooga title is released as a "minimum game", then updated every week. Begemann combined this insight with another he learned in the US: that some of the most successful web companies conduct split testing. Read page 2 123 Read on one page Latest on wired.co.uk


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ARLINGTON, Va. (WUSA) -- Arlington police say six people were arrested after a fight that injured several people on Wednesday morning.
The fight happened in the 4200 block of N. Wilson Boulevard at 1:35 a.m. Wednesday. After the fight, some people were taken to Virginia Hospital Center for injuries ranging from swelling to lacerations, say police.
The following people were arrested:
All six are being held in jail without bond.


text:
The Democratic appointees will join their Republican counterparts in reviewing and redrawing the state's legislative district lines, as required every 10 years under Maine's Constitution.
AUGUSTA, Maine (AP) _ Maine Democrats have named their party's representatives on the committee that will review and redraw legislative district lines.
The state law requires district maps to be updated every 10 years based on census changes.
The Democratic appointees announced Thursday by the presiding officers of the House and Senate include Sens. Troy Jackson of Allagash and Emily Cain of Orono, and Reps. Jeff McCabe of Skowhegan, Mark Dion of Portland and Joan Welsh of Rockport.
The public member appointed by the Democrats is Cathy Newell of Oxford County, who served on the congressional apportionment commission in 2011. Maine Democratic Chairman Ben Grant also will serve on the commission. A final member to be agreed to by both parties has yet to be named.
The Republicans appointed their members earlier this week.


text:
Peoria's history, population, vision/mission statements, sustainability efforts, redistricting, and construction projects. Info on the P83 district, schools, the Peoria Leadership Institute seminar, and diversity.
Information on the City Council including agendas , the Mayor, the Municipal Court, City Manager and ADA along with the city's various initiatives.
News from the city of Peoria, press releases from the Office of Communications, links to RSS feeds and E-News signup. View programming on Channel 11, PeoriaTV.
Information on the employment process, a listing of current open jobs, how to apply on-line and a list of all jobs and salaries at the city.
A listing of links to directories of city services, including all online e-services.
The city of Peoria Municipal Complex is home to City Hall, the Council Chambers, the Main Library, the Development and Community Services Building, the Public Safety Administration Building, and the Municipal Court.
A listing of links to maps available on the city of Peoria Website.
The City of Peoria budget is managed by the Management and Budget Division. Find copies of the latest Program Budget and the CIP here.
The City Code and Zoning Ordinace, with updates are located here. Also, find the City Charter, and legal statements related to the website, including our Privacy Notice.
City Manager's Message on Diversity and Inclusion
How to pay bills you may have with the city, including water, sewer and trash collection fees, recreation program and class fees, traffic fines and more. Setup water and sewer service.
Home and Property Resources includes information on trash pickup,water conservation, swimming pool issues and recycling, along with other relevant information for homeowners.
Neighborhood Resources includes information on dealing with graffiti removal, block parties, animal control, street repairs, odors and other neighborhood related quality of life issues.
Helpful services provided by the fire and police departments. Report criminal activity, locate crime information, register alarms, and learn about crime prevention.
Search for scheduled events and meetings in the city including documents relating to city council meetings and other meetings.
This section contains information and links to the Peoria Public Library's website, the Arts Commission, the Center for Performing Arts, and Annual Arts festivals and Celebrations.
Information on recreation programs and classes, afterschool and preschool programs, sports leagues and locations and amenities of city parks.
Information on bus routes, park and ride, dial a ride and bicycle paths. Also, road closures and lane restrictions.
Use this page to find information on the city of Peoria website of interest to builders and developers.Included are inspections, zoning and zoning ordinance, the city code, general plan, permitting, and impact fees.
How to get a business license, tax license, sales tax schedules/forms, register to use the online eTax system, pay taxes and fees. Bidding on contracts with the city and auctions, trash collection, recycling, traffic counts.
Links to the Building Development Division and the Site Development Division of the Engineering Department
Information on Building Permits. Find out about permits for signs, temporary use of property, filming, and alarms. Download forms and track applications for development, building, planning and engineering permits.
The city's main document portal for development related documents including planning and zoning, building, engineering and fire prevention.
Economic Development Services offers Business and Real Estate Development, and other assistance for businesses and developers, on the website PeoriaAZSmart.com.
The Seattle Mariners and the San Diego Padres conduct spring training at the Peoria Sports Complex each February and March. Everything you need to know is at PeoriaSpringTraining.com.
A listing of area hotels, motels and RV Parks, listed by distance from the Peoria Sports Complex.
The city of Peoria, Arizona is proud to be the "Gateway to Lake Pleasant," one of the finest water recreation areas in Arizona.
Links to Items of interest to tourists, including VisitPeoriaaz.com, our official tourism website.
The Peoria Center for the Performing Arts consists of a 280 seat main stage auditorium and an 80+ seat black box theater, designed to bring award winning community theater to downtown Peoria.
City of Peoria hiking trails information, directions and maps.
Special Events, sponsored and hosted by the city, held throughout the year at the Peoria Sports Complex, Oldtown Peoria and other areas.
The Peoria Sports Complex is home to the San Diego Padres and Seattle Mariners during spring training, and many other events throughout the year.
eCitation System
The City of Peoria Municipal Court and the Police Department have partnered on a new citation system that will improve the efficiency and accuracy of citations issued by the Peoria Police Department.
"eCitation" is a program where the officer carries a hand-held unit to complete the citation. The unit scans the magnetic strip or bar code on the driver's license and registration and automatically fills in the information on the citation. It also uses a drop down menu for the officer to pick the violation from. We often hear from citizens that have been cited that they can't read the officers writing thus leading to confusion. This problem also occurs with the Municipal Court staff and makes helping the citizens through the process much more difficult. Nobody likes receiving a citation and this new system will help remove some of the confusion that makes the process so frustrating for all involved.
The "eCitation" system is currently being used by 15 officers assigned to the Peoria Police Department Traffic Services Section. This system uses the hand-held unit that the officers put in a docking station at the end of their shift and the citation information is down-loaded in to the computer data base at the court. The process removes the necessity of dealing with the multi-part citations and the need to manually enter the information by court staff.
What are the advantages to eCitation?
How are the two citations different? There are two major differences.
City of Peoria8401 W. Monroe StreetPeoria, Arizona 85345


text: Give pork, chicken and turkey added flavor and moisture with our custom blend of salt, aromatic herbs and spices. California garlic, Mediterranean rosemary and Pacific sea salt naturally complement the delicate flavors of white meat. Dalmatian sage, fennel and black pepper from India, and pink peppercorns add depth and complexity.


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This is for those of you regulars to Just a Thought in the faith community:
I like Joel Osteen, his ministry of "hope'' and his simply approach in trying to uplift folks spiritually.
I'm not a big fan of Sean Hannity, but when I saw this video of Joel and Victoria Osteen on Hannity's show, I had to take a peek.
I could not link you to the interview directly. So, I linked you to Fox News web site.


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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), United States
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (www.noaa.gov)
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a federal agency within the United States Department of Commerce. As a science-based operational agency tasked with monitoring climate and changes in the environment, NOAA is responsible for the study of the atmosphere and the oceans. The agency issues daily weather forecasts and storm warnings, restores coastline, aids the flow of marine commerce, and manages fisheries. NOAA's activities facilitate weather- and climate-sensitive economic activity that account for roughly one-third of the country's gross domestic product (GDP)[1]. The agency also responds to natural and man-made maritime disasters, operates a complex network of oceanographic, meteorological and atmospheric data-collecting products and services, and manages marine mammals, marine endangered species, highly migratory species, and anadromous fish species.
The Administrator of NOAA is the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere—reporting to the Secretary of Commerce. The Under Secretary is appointed by the President and must be confirmed by the Senate. The current NOAA head is Under Secretary Jane Lubchenco. Dr. Lubchenco was appointed by President Barack Obama and confirmed on March 19, 2010[2]. She is the first woman as well as the first marine ecologist to serve as the Administrator of NOAA[3].
NOAA operates through the following divisions:
NOAA formed in 1970 as a consolidation of a collection of scientific agencies and programs. Its creation was the culmination of a reorganization effort ". . .designed to unify the nation's widely scattered, piece-meal environmental activities and provide a rational and systematic approach to understanding, protecting, developing and enhancing the total environment"[4]
Agencies and Programs Merged into NOAA
|Previously part of/managed by:
|United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
|Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), of the Department of Commerce
|Weather Bureau
|ESSA, of the Department of Commerce
|Central Radio Propagation Laboratory
|National Bureau of Standards
|Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
|Department of the Interior
|Marine Sport Fishery Program
|Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, of the Department of the Interior
|Office of Sea Grants
|National Science Foundation
|United States Lake Survey
|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
|National Buoy Project
|U.S. Coast Guard
|National Oceonographic Data Center
|Department of the Navy
|National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center
|Department of the Navy
|Marine Minerals Technology Center
|Department of the Interior
Until 1976, NOAA's involvement with the fishing industry was limited mainly to research and data collection functions[5]. However, the passage of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MFCMA) assigned NOAA responsibility for the implementation of a new system of fisheries management[6]. Today, NOAA, through the National Marine Fisheries Service, coordinates the management, conservation, and development of fisheries within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone, within the migratory range of anadromous fish species, and of Continental Shelf fishery resources[7]. As part of its responsibilities and to fulfill the MFCMA goal of developing the economic value of fisheries[8] , NOAA has stimulated ". . .increased utilization of species not traditionally harvested by U.S. fishermen".[9]
NFMS duties include:
- monitoring fishery compliance with federal regulations;
- encouraging and assisting the adoption of sustainable fishery practices; and
- assessing the status of fish stocks.
NMFS balances NOAA's mission of environmental stewardship with economic needs for productive, sustainable fishing operations[11]. For instance, NMFS's Office of Protected Resources manages wildlife conservation efforts that can be related only tangentially to the Service's broader fisheries management responsibilities and are authorized primarily under such statutes as the Endangered Species Act and the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Other offices—for example, the Office of Habitat Conservation—promote the conservation and restoration of habitats that are valuable to the health (or condition) of protected species as well as to the nation's resource use and economic vitality[12]. The Office of Sustainable Fisheries (OSF) oversees the management of fisheries that are important for commercial, recreational, and subsistence purposes through the coordination and guidance of a network of Regional Offices and Regional Fishery Management Councils[13]. Also, OSF manages fisheries for NMFS's Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Division[14]. The NOAA Aquaculture Program is responsible for the development of a national aquaculture regulatory framework as well as for management and science-based improvement of the nation's fish farming enterprises through the coordination of regional Fisheries Science Centers[15]. The Aquaculture Program often helps enhance stock in fisheries through "restoration aquaculture"[16].
Food Safety
OSF operates the National Seafood Inspection Laboratory, which is among the "leading seafood chemical and microbiological testing and information transfer facilities in the United States"[17].
Annual Catch Limits
The Mangnuson-Stevens Conservation and Management Re-Authorization Act of 2006 mandated the imposition of annual catch limits to end overfishing in federally managed fisheries[18]. On Janurary 16, 2009, NMFS published final guidelines for compliance with the annual catch limit and for related accountability requirements[19].
International Cooperation
The Manguson-Stevens Conservation and Management Re-Authorization Act of 2006 placed an increased emphasis on international cooperation. The Act mandated that, where the United States is a party an international fisheries agreement, NMFS and its offices must take into account traditional participation in the fishery of U.S. fishermen and fishing vessels[20]. Also, the Act engendered in the United States a responsiblility to promote U.S. fishery management strategies to relevant international fisheries agreements if those fisheries do not have sufficient plans to halt overfishing practices and effects[21].
Wildlife Conservation
Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and the Endangered Species Act, NOAA has the specific responsibility to manage the conservation of most marine mammals as well as endangered marine species[22],[23]. About 1,850 marine species ar
e listed as threatened or endangered[24]. The Office of Protected Resources, a program office of NMFS, oversees the implementation of conservation measures[25], while the NOAA Office of Law Enforcement enforces statutory bans on the transportation of protected wildlife species.
Marine Mammal Protection Act
Under the Act, NOAA is responsible for issuing permits for the taking or importation of marine mammals and marine mammal products[26],[27]. Permits may be issued for incidental takings in the course of commercial fishing operations[28], for scientific research[29], for public display[30] (only for educational or conservation purposes[31]), educational purposes[32], to enhance a supply or stock[33], or at the discretion of the Secretary of Commerce with due regard for the requirements of the Act[34].
NOAA is responsible for instituting policies and regulations that govern the taking and importation of each species of marine mammal within its jurisdiction so that the takings do not work to the disadvantage of species and population stocks[35]. Such regulations could include yearly limits on the amount of animals that can be taken or imported[36]; restrictions on the age, size, or sex of animals that can be taken or imported[37], seasonal or other time period restrictions[38]; location restrictions[39]; restrictions on the manner in which species may be taken or imported, particularly on fishing techniques that cause undue fatalities in marine mammal fishery populations[40].
The NOAA Office of Law Enforcement (OLE) is responsible for enforcing adherence to the agency's policies and regulations under the Act[41],[42].
Dolphin Protection
Under the Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act, part of the MMPA, the agency participates in the regulation and enforcement of the international ban on purse seine net fishing and drift net fishing for yellowfin tuna[43],[44]. The Act and International Dolphin Conservation Program, through the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, work to reduce the frequency with which dolphins are killed in the course of tuna fishing operations[45],[46].
Reporting to Congress
The agency must make public the status of marine mammal species every twelve months in the Federal Register and must make yearly reports to Congress regarding such information[47].
The Marine Mammal Commission is authorized under Title II of the Act to review the activities of NOAA and other agencies with regards to marine mammals, as well as to provide continuing overview of those activities, coordinate agency efforts to fulfill the terms of the Act, and make recommendations to the Secretary for measures "deemed necessary or desirable" for the realization of the terms of the Act.
Endangered Species Act
NOAA is responsible under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) for listing marine species that the agency determines to be endangered or threatened by habitat changes, overutilization, disease, predators, inadequate regulations, or any other such factors (natural or manmade)[48],[49],[50]. Any listing determinations made by NOAA through the Secretary of Commerce must be submitted to the Secretary of the Interior for review before the species is placed on the endangered species list[51].
The Office of Protected Resources develops and implements recovery plans for wildlife on the endangered species list.
OLE enforce
s the Act's ban on the illicit importation, sale, capture, and transport of endangered species within the United States Exclusive Economic Zone[52].
Fur Seal Act
Under the Fur Seal Act (FSA), NOAA regulates the taking and transportation of the North Pacific Fur Seal and its parts. The Act provides that the seal may be captured by Alaskan tribes for subsistence use[53], or as otherwise permitted by NOAA for educational, scientific, or exhibition purposes[54].
Coasts and Oceans
NOAA manages and studies the nation's coasts and oceans through a number of offices and programs, the majority of which are coordinated through the National Ocean Service (NOS).
Coastal Zone Management
NOS's Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM) oversees the implementation of the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) through partnerships with state governments and manages the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. Also, OCRM manages the nation's Marine Protected Areas as well as the preservation and restoration of coral reefs[55].
National Coastal Zone Management Program
The National Coastal Zone Management Program is a "voluntary partnership between the federal government and U.S. coastal and Great Lake states and territories (states) authorized by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 to address national coastal issues"[56]. Under the program, states submit coastal zone management (CZM) plans to the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. If a plan is approved, the state may qualify for federal administrative funds as well certain grants under specific programs operated within the National Coastal Zone Management Program[57].
Coastal Resource Improvement Program
NOAA is responsible for issuing grants to state agencies for coastal resource improvement[58]. Grants may be issued for:[59]
- preservation or restoration of areas with recreational, aesthetic, or ecological importance;
- preservation or restoration of areas which contain resources of national significance;
- restoration or enhancement of shellfish production;
- the revitalization of urban waterfronts and ports;
- provision of access to public beaches or coastal waters; and
- the development of a state interagency process for permitting aquaculture facilities in the coastal zone.
Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program
The Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program was established by Congress in 1990 through the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA)[60]. The program, jointly administered by NOAA and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds [61],[62],[63], is designed to focus on pollution prevention rather than post-contamination cleanup[64]
The program addresses six main sources of runoff:[65]
- agriculture;
- urban areas;
- marinas;
- shoreline and stream channel modification (a.k.a. hydromodification);
- forestry; and
- riparian areas (wetlands and vegetated shorelines).
Participation in the program is required of all states that take part in the Coastal Resource Improvement Program[66]. States must submit a coastal nonpoint pollution management program[67], that NOAA and EPA review. The federal agencies may also review the state's inland coastal zone boundaries and can assess the proper parameters of such boundaries[68].
If NOAA and EPA approve a state's nonpoint pollution management program, that state qualifies for federal grants to assist in the implementation of the program[69]. If, after later review, the programs do not comply with the terms of the CZARA, the federal agencies may withhold funds[70].
Also, under the program NOAA provides technical assistance to the states[71]. The agency may, for instance, share methods for assessing the water quality impacts of coastal land use or development, or provide assistance in developing and implementing pollution control measures[72]. In addition, NOAA, in conjunction with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issues publications that provide guidance for specifying management measures for sources of nonpoint pollution [73].
Clean Marina Initiative
The Clean Marina Initiative is an incentive-based program that encourages boaters and marina operators to use environmentally responsible maintenance and operating practices[74]. The program is designed to achieve the goals of the Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program, with respect to runoff from marinas[75]. NOAA contributes targeted funding to the marina program[76].
Coastal Zone Enhancement Program
The Coastal Zone Enhancement Program encourages states to enhance coastal zone management programs within nine high priority areas:[77]:
- wetlands;
- coastal hazards;
- public access;
- marine debris;
- cumulative and secondary impacts;
- special area management planning;
- ocean or Great Lakes resources;
- energy and government facility siting; and
- aquaculture.
Under the program, OCRM works with state agencies to develop five-year strategies to enhance coastal management within those "key areas of national significance"[79]. States that properly conduct assessments of their high-priority management activities are eligible to receive federal assistance[80]. NOAA is responsible for regulating the criteria by which a state may qualify for such a grant[81].
Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program
The Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program, established in 2002, provides state governments with matching funds for coastal and estuarine land acquisition. The program encourages states to purchase and protect lands considered important for recreational, ecological, historical, or aesthetic values[82].
National Estuarine Research Reserve System
The CZMA established a National Estuarine Research Reserve System[83], that is maintained by OCRM. Currently, twenty-seven reserves are maintained under the program for "long-term research, education, and coastal stewardship"[84]. NOAA provides funding for the system by issuing grant
s to state agencies for maintenance of the reserves as well as for acquisition of any lands or waters whose management is necessary to the health of a reserve[85]. Also, the agency awards grants to public or private individuals for research within the reserves[86].
A state (usually represented by that state's governor) may submit a letter of interest for any land that may meet the criteria for ecological significance under the act[87]. NOAA may then allow the state to formally nominate the area as a national estuarine reserve and can fund the pre-designation process for up to $100,000 [88]. If NOAA approves the designation of the area as a national estuarine reserve[89], the state, with the agency's assistance, must prepare a draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) and a draft management plan (DMP) and will be eligible at this stage for matching federal funds on a 50/50 basis[90].
NOAA helps the state respond to comments on the DEIS and DMP before the final Environmental Impact Statement and management plan are submitted to NOAA for review. If the EIS and management plan are approved, a thirty-day waiting period follows before the agency submits designation findings to the Administrator. Once the Administrator signs on the designation findings and on a completed memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the state and NOAA, the designation is complete[91].
Aside from funding and designating the estuarine reserve system, NOAA promulgates guidelines for research within the system[92], evaluates the performance of each reserve[93], and provides technical assistance to the states lead management organizations[94],[95].
Walter B. Jones Excellence in Coastal Zone Management Awards
Under the authority of the CZMA, NOAA, through the NOS and OCRM, selects the annual recipients of the Walter B. Jones Excellence in Coastal Management Awards[96]. Each year, the Coastal Steward of the Year award is bestowed upon one individual, not employed by the federal government, who has made a significant contribution to the field of coastal zone management[97],[98]. The Excellence in Local Government award is given to five local governments who have made the most progress in implementing coastal zone management principles[99],[100]. Ten graduate students whose academic study will contribute to the field of coastal zone management are selected to receive the award for Excellence in Coastal and Marine Graduate Study[101],[102].
NOAA Coastal Services Center
NOAA's Coastal Services Center provides state and local coastal management organizations with current technologies and management assistance[103].
Oceanographic Research
As the nation's "premier science-based agency for oceans and coasts"[104], NOS monitors oceanic and coastal phenomena, distributes oceanographic predictions, assesses the effects of human activities in marine ecosystems, and interprets scientific data for public consumption[105].
The Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Servies (CO-OPS) collects and disseminates data and predictions on tidal activities, water level changes, currents, and other oceanographic processes[106]. Its research contributes to efficient navigation and hazard preparedness as well as to scientific knowledge on climate change effects[107],[108].
The National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) serves as NOS's "focal point for ocean science"[109]. It comprises five centers, each with a specific research expertise:
- Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research;
- Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment;
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research;
- Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research; and
- Center for Human Health Risk.
Together, the NCCOS conduct research and monitoring activities focused on five primary ecosystem stressors: climate change, extreme natural events, pollution, invasive species, and land and resource use[111]. Primarily, they address how these stressors affect coral reef and estuarine ecosystems, coastal ocean regions, and National Marine Sanctuaries[112]. In addition, the NCCOS issue Ecological Assessments that predict how various management strategies would affect future environmental conditions and are intended to give guidance to ecosystem managers[113].
Another project, the Integrated Ocean Observing System, is an effort to coordinate multiple sources of potentially incompatible data from among different agencies, organizations, and research institutions[114]. Also, the system serves as the U.S. contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), a component of the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS)[115].
Oceanographic Survey
NOAA's Geodetic Survey, a component of NOS, is responsible for defining and maintaining the National Spatial Reference System, a coordinate system which facilitates navigation, transportation, and mapping of the nation's oceans and coasts[116]. In addition, the Survey sets federal standards for geodetic surveys[117].
The Office of Coast Survey (OCS) is the modern incarnation of the Survey of the Coast—established during the administration of President Thomas Jefferson[118]. OCS maintains nautical charts for safe navigation, surveys the ocean floor, dispatches response teams to survey damage to ports following maritime disasters, and provides expertise and tools for marine spatial planning and coastal projects[119].
Marine Protected Areas Center
The National Marine Protected Areas Center—managed jointly with the Department of the Interior—is a program of the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management. It was established in 2000 under the authority of the Marine Protected Areas Executive Order (Executive Order 13158)[120] and oversees the science-based management of a system of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)[121], ". . .area[s] of the marine environment that [have] been reserved by federal, state, territorial, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein".[122] The Center develops and implements the framework for the MPA system, collects data for the marine protected areas inventory and other planning needs, and supports the MPA Federal Advisory Committee[123].
The Center and the MPA system were established to "protect the significant natural and cultural resources within the marine environment for the benefit of present and future generations"[124]. The Center's MPA framework puts forth three overarching goals of the program:
- to preserve the natural heritage of the nation's oceanic ecosystems, habitats, and biological communities;
- to preserve the cultural heritage of the nation's maritime history and "traditional cultural connections to the sea"; and
- to encourage the sustainable production of the nation's renewable living resources.
Nominations submitted to the Center must demonstrate that the protection of a specific site would contribute to at least one of these priority conservation objectives[126].
Coral Reef Conservation Program
NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) is a cooperative effort among the agency's offices that work on coral reef issues, mainly the National Ocean Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), and the National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS)[127]. National Ocean Service, as the coordinating office[128], handles planning and budgetary activities and project implementation, while also contributing to coral reef mapping and monitoring efforts[129]. NMFS, as part of the duties assigned to NOAA by the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, researches the effects of fishing activities on coral reef ecosystems and works to prevent overfishing[130]. OAR conducts coral reef ecosystem research, and NESDIS coordinates the remote sensing system through which coral reef indices are monitored[131].
CRCP was established following the passage of the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000[132]. It serves as the Secretariat for the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, an interagency and multiple state partnership established by Presidential Executive Order in 1998[133],[134].
CRCP coordinates two grant programs that were established under the Coral Reef Conservation Act. The NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Grants Program awards matching grants to government agencies, non-government organizations, and academic institutions[135]. The Coral Reef Conservation Fund—managed jointly with the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation—functions as a funding source for public-private partnerships that seek to prevent coral reef degradation[136].
Disaster Response and Environmental Remediation
NOAA responds to environmental hazards primarily through the NOS Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R)[137]. OR&R works to reduce threats to coastal and ocean ecosystems and attempts to mitigate harm from environmental hazards[138]. While OR&R is the chief office for hazard response, other offices also play a role following natural or man-made disaster. For instance, the Office of Coast Survey (OCS) examines the coasts and sea floor after disasters to determine if ports may be safely operated[139]. The Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) collects data on currents and tides in the oceans and Great Lakes, including any post-disaster changes to these patterns[140].
Weather and Climate
National Weather Service
The National Weather Service (NWS) is the chief federal organization for weather observation and data collections and predictions. The Service maintains field offices in nearly all fifty states (excluding Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, and New Hampshire), as well as in Puerto Rico, Guam, and American Samoa. Also, NWS comprises six regional headquarters (Alaskan, Central, Eastern, Pacific, Southern, and Western Regions) and thirteen River Forecast Centers (Alaska/Pacific, Arkansas-Red Basin, California-Nevada, Colorado, Lower Mississippi, Middle Atlantic, Missouri River Basin, Northcentral, Northeast, Northwest, Ohio, Southeast, and West Gulf)[141].
The National Data Buoy Center maintains a network of buoys and Coastal Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) stations to collect oceanographic and atmospheric data, including wind speed and direction, wave height, barometric pressure, conductivity, air temparature, and water current[142].The Office of Science and Technology is responsible for formulating NWS's science and technology plans and coordinating scientific development and implementation[143]. The Office of Climate, Water, and Weather Services manages the transmission of hydrometeorological data[144].
National Centers for Environmental Prediction
The Service includes the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), collectively managed by the NCEP Office of the Director, that issue water, weather, and climate warnings and predictions to NCEP users and partners[145]. Centers include:
- the Aviation Weather Center;
- the Climate Prediction Center;
- the Environmental Modeling Center;
- the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center;
- the Ocean Prediction Center;
- the Space Weather Prediction Center;
- the Storm Prediction Center; and
- the Tropical Prediction Center.
Hydrologic Data and Predictions
The Hydrologic Information Center disseminates information about river observations, drought predictions, water supply, and flooding[147], while the National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Data Center collects data and issues predictions on snow and snowpack[148]. The Office of Hydrologic Development (OHD) conducts hydrologic research, develops new hydrologic products, and offers guidance to field offices in instituting new products and services[149]. OHD includes the Hydrology Laboratory, the principal venue for scientific research and investigation of new hydrologic forecasting products[150].
Specialized Centers
The Service operates a number of additional specialized centers, including:
- the Alaskan Aviation Weather Unit;
- the Central Pacific Hurricane Center;
- the Internatonal Tsunami Information Center;
- thr Pacific Tsunami Warning Center;
- the Spaceflight Meteorology Group; and
- the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center.
Outside of the National Weather Service
Certain offices and centers outside of the National Weather Service also contribute to the federal meteorological and hydrologic research and predictions. Within the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), the Physical Sciences Division of the Earth Systems Research Laboratory operates a Climate Analysis branch[152]. In addition, OAR runs the National Severe Storms Laboratory[153]
The National Satellite and Information Service runs the National Climatic Data Center, which is the world's largest archive of climate data[154].
National Weather Center
The National Weather Center is a joint effort between NWS, OAR, and the University of Oklahoma. The Center satisfies the research and data collection needs of a number of NOAA programs, specifically the:
- National Severe Storms Laboratory;
- NWS Weather Forecast Office;
- Storm Prediction Center (part of NCEP);
- Radar Operations Center; and
- Warning Decision Training Branch.
Proposed Climate Service
In February of 2010, NOAA and the Department of Commerce proposed the establishment of a NOAA Climate Service to allow the agency to increase its focus on climate change observation and predictions. As of June 2010, the National Academy of Public Administration is engaged in a Congressionally-commissioned study to determine the viability of NOAA's proposed organizational restructuring[156], [157].
Laws Administered by NOAA
Federal Laws
- Anadromous Fish Conservation Act
- Animal Welfare Act
- Antarctic Marine Living Resources Convention Act
- Clean Water Act
- Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA, or Superfund)
- Construction in Floodplains Executive Order
- Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000
- Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act
- Dolphin Consumer Protection Information Act
- Endangered Species Act (ESA)
- Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations (Exec. Order 12,898)
- Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
- Fur Seal Act (FSA)
- Global Change Research Act
- International Dolphin Conservation Program Act
- Lacey Act
- Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992
- Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
- Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)
- Marine Protected Areas Presidential Executive Order
- Maritime Pollution Prevention Act of 2008
- National Acid Precipitation Program Act
- National Aquaculture Act of 1980, United States
- National Climate Program Act
- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
- National Marine Sanctuaries Act
- National Sea Grant College Program Act
- Oceans Act
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conservation Act
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990
- Park System Resource Protection Act
- Rivers and Harbors Act
- Tsunami Warning and Education Act
- Weather Service Organic ActNational Aquaculture Act of 1980
International Conventions/Treaties
- Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic (proposed Congressional legislation pending)
- Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (proposed Congressional legislation pending)
- Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Combat Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing
- Antarctic Treaty
- Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
- Convention on Biological Diversity
- Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
- Convention on the International Hydrographic Organization
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of WIld Fauna and Flora (CITES)
- FAO Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas (Compliance Agreement)
- FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
- Guidelines for Ships Operating in the Arctic
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
- Law of the Sea Convention
Response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
See: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
NOAA continues to play a major role in the federal response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Its offices, services, and centers have been engaged in a number of different areas:
|Response Activities
|Active NOAA Divisions
|Oceanographic modeling
|National Ocean Service (NOS); Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR, or NOAA Research)
|Spill trajectory forecasting
|Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R); National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Services (NESDIS)
|Contaminant monitoring
|Fishery closures
|National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
|National Estuarine Reserve System support
|Management of marine mammals, fish, and sea turtles
|Coast Guard liaison
|Office of Marine and Aviation Operations
|Planning future technical strategies for cleanup, resource restoration, and community assistance
|OR&R (Emergency Response Division); OR&R (Assessment and Restoration Division); OAR (through the Gulf of Mexico Sea Grant Programs)
|OR&R (Assessment and Restoration Division)
Further Reading
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service
NOAA's National Weather Service
NOAA's Office of Marine and Aviation Operations
NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
NOAA's Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service
Current oil spill trajectory maps from NOAA Office of Response and Restoration
- ^ http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/20090319_lubchenco.html. Accessed June 3, 2010.
- ^ http://www.history.noaa.gov/noaa.html. Accessed June 3, 2010.
- ^See 16 U.S.C. § 1362(12)(A)(i).
- ^16 U.S.C. § 1533(4)(a)(2)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1371(a)(5)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1373(a)(1)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1374(c)(2)(A)(i)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1374(c)(5)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1371(a)(3)(A)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1373(a)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1373(c)
- ^ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/about/. Accessed June 4, 2010.
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1373(f)
- ^ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ole/ole_about.html. Accessed June 4, 2010.
- ^ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ia/intlagree/aidcp.htm. Accessed June 4, 2010.
- ^ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/conservation/. Accessed June 4, 2010.
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(1)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(2)
- ^ 84 Stat. 2090-93 (1970)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(2)(A)
- ^ http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/czm/czm_act.html. Accessed June 7, 2010.
- ^ http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/programs/czm.html. Accessed June 7, 2010.
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1455a
- ^ http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/nonpoint/welcome.html. Accessed June 7, 2010.
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1455b
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1455b(c)(3)-(4)
- [159] 16 U.S.C. § 1455b(d)
- [160] 16 U.S.C. § 1455b(g)
- [161] http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/marinas.html. Accessed June 7, 2010.
- [162] http://www.epa.gov/owow/. Accessed June 7, 2010.
- ^ http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/enhance.html. Accessed June 7, 2010.
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1456b
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1456b(d)
- ^ http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/land/welcome.html. Accessed June 7, 2010.
- ^ http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/programs/nerr.html. Accessed June 7, 2010.
- [163] 16 U.S.C. § 1461(e)
- [164] 16 U.S.C. § 1461(e)(1)
- [165] 16 U.S.C. § 1461(b)
- [166] http://nerrs.noaa.gov/BGDefault.aspx?ID=362. Accessed June 7, 2010.
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1461(c)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1461(f)
- ^ http://nerrs.noaa.gov/BGDefault.aspx?ID=61. Accessed June 8, 2010.
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1456c(b)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1460(b)
- ^ http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/programs/ocrm/jones-noaa-awards.html#wbj. Accessed June 8, 2010.
- ^ http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/about/authorities.html. Accessed June 8, 2010.
- ^ http://mpa.gov/aboutmpas/mpacenter/. Accessed June 8, 2010.
- ^ Exec. Order No. 13,158, 65 FR 34909 (May 31, 2000).
- ^ http://mpa.gov/pdf/national-system/final_pco_factsheet.pdf. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://mpa.gov/nationalsystem/nominationprocess/. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://mpa.gov/resources/faqs/. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcrcp/whoweare/. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/programs/coral.html. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ Exec. Order No. 13, 089, 63 FR 32701 (June 16, 1998).
- ^ http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/about/. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/about/nos_overview.pdf. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/about.html. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/mission.html. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- [167] http://coastalscience.noaa.gov/about/welcome.html. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://ioos.gov/about/basics.html. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://ioos.gov/partners/global.html. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://www.csc.noaa.gov/text/gen.html. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/WhatWeDo.shtml. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/staff/aboutus.htm. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aboutus.htm. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat/. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/sfweb. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/about/structure.html. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/us/stockenh.html. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/sfweb/nsil/NSIL%20brochure.pdf. Accessed June 9, 2010.
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(6)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1812(b)
- ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1812(c)
- ^ http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/msa2007/catchlimits.htm. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://nws.noaa.gov/organization.php. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://wwwt.ncep.noaa.gov/. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.weather.gov/ahps/hic/index.php/index/. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.nohrsc.nws.gov/. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.weather.gov/ahps/hic/index.php/index/. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/tour/virtr1.shtml. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hrl/. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.weather.gov/ost/. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.weather.gov/os/org.shtml. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ncdc.html. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/psd1/. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://nwc.ou.edu/nwcprograms.php. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ http://www.noaa.gov/climate.html. Accessed June 10, 2010.
- ^ Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2010, H.R.3288 (December 16, 2010).
- ^ http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_id(entry_subtopic_topic)=811&subtopic_id(entry_subtopic_topic)=2&topic_id(entry_subtopic_topic)=1. Accessed June 10, 2010.


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- July 17, 2015, 01:00
One time an announcement by three sitting TDs that they were launching a new political party would have been a big news story. This week, when Catheri(...)
Another new alliance surfaces on the Irish political landscape
- Editorial
- July 14, 2015, 00:00
The promise of "an exciting new political venture" loses much of its bite when only three elected representatives are involved. As things stand, the l(...)
Miriam Lord: Marie Louise tells Mattie the jig is up for his jibes
- Oireachtas
- June 13, 2015, 01:00
Revenge, they say, is a dish best served cold. Mattie McGrath discovered this to his cost on Thursday morning when he was eaten alive by a Senator (...)
It all began with a silly quip from a Taoiseach high on scones and jam. And then the situation escalated rapidly until chaos and confusion engulfed th(...)
Labour Senator evicted from Leinster House office says he wants to build new party
- Politics
- March 11, 2015, 15:35
A Senator who claims he was "evicted" by the Labour Party from his office in Leinster House, after voting against the government on a number of import(...)
Regulating alcohol abuse by way of new legislation is to be welcomed
- Editorial
- February 6, 2015, 00:00
There has been much handwringing about the damage caused by the abuse of alcohol in this society. The effects are there for all to see: late night pub(...)
Opportunity knocks but not on doorsteps
- Politics
- May 30, 2014, 22:04
Here's the real result of the elections: the doorsteps have spoken and they think politicians are talking to the wall.Humility was the order of the da(...)


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Each week we scour the web for insightful articles to share with the Founder Institute network.
This week's top articles include the secret to figuring out your entrepreneurial strengths and weaknesses; how to thank your team this holiday season; why you're going to fail if you don't ask users to pay; and more.
Check out our must read articles for the week of November 24 - November 30:
|What Kind of Entrepreneur are You?
|The other day I read an interesting book called Entrepreneurial DNA, by Joe Abraham, the founder of BOSI Global, an operating partner to venture-backed and owner-operated companies. The book is based on Joe's study of over 1,000 entrepreneurs. The research confirmed the discovery that all entrepreneurs are not all wired the same way.
|How to Give Thanks to Your Team, Customers and Vendors this Thanksgiving
|Every entrepreneur knows how lucky she is to find the best partners, employees and customers, but how often do we thank these fine folks wholeheartedly for putting their faith behind us? Your employees, in particular, have dedicated a large percentage of their day to your vision. It's important to remind every aspect of your company's DNA that they are valued.
|Your Product is Bullshit and You're Going to Fail if You Don't Ask Users to Pay
|It's true. I'm sorry I have to be the one to tell you. Most people don't want to hurt your feelings.
|The Origin of the Entrepreneurial Species
Inc. editor-in-chief George Gendron and Amar BhidÉ, author of The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses, discuss BhidÉ's surprising conclusions about risk taking, bootstrapping, and successful start-ups.
Like this article?


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Wednesday May 04 2011
Placer County's District 4 Assembly turnout sinks to new lows
By: Gus Thomson, Journal Staff Writer
Voters claim fatigue over elections costing $1.2 million
In terms of turnout, the District 4 Assembly election on Tuesday was dismal. Placer County elections chief Jim McCauley said that his pre-election forecast was holding up, with voter turnout – both from mail-in ballots and Election Day votes – failing to reach 30 percent. "It will come in at 28 or 29 percent, maybe," McCauley said. In 18 years as Placer County Clerk-Registrar-Recorder and dozens of elections, McCauley said he had never before experienced such a low turnout. As recently as the 2008 presidential election, McCauley's office recorded an 88 percent voter turnout. But after five elections in the District 4 Assembly and District 1 state Senate districts since last June, McCauley is citing voter fatigue and perhaps a little anger and frustration mixed in, as a common feeling among the electorate. "Why are you spending over $1 million for nothing?," was a common comment from voters, with some writing it on their ballots, McCauley said. The March 8 primary and Tuesday's special election runoff will cost about $1.2 million in Placer County, he said. Voters were upset that now-state Sen. Ted Gaines, R-Roseville, ran for both Assembly and Senate posts, McCauley said. Also angering some was the decision by his wife, Beth Gaines, to run to replace him in the Assembly after Ted Gaines won a special election in January for the vacated Senate post, he said. Ted Gaines has said he had planned to run exclusively for the Assembly but that his plans changed after the death of District 1 Sen. Dave Cox in the summer. El Dorado, Sacramento and Alpine counties will also have to absorb costs for the election, McCauley said. The Secretary of State released semi-official election results for 100 percent of precincts partially reporting that further consolidated Beth Gaines' lead over Democrat Dennis Campanale. The two, both Roseville residents, emerged March 8 from a field of eight candidates as the top two vote-getters. They moved on to Tuesday's runoff. Gaines won with 55.4 percent of the vote. Campanale garnered 44.6 percent. By the numbers, Campanale polled 31,387 votes in District 4 to Gaines's 38,958. In Placer County, District 4 voted 53.53 percent for Gaines, while Campanale attracted 45.27 of the vote. The figures are considered semi-official both at the state and county level. McCauley said about 2,500 to 3,500 ballots remain to be counted in Placer County. Once counted, they could add another 6 percent to 9 percent to the final turnout figures.