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49 U.S. Code § 32903 - Credits for exceeding average fuel economy standards
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(a) Earning and Period for Applying Credits.— When the average fuel economy of passenger automobiles manufactured by a manufacturer in a particular model year exceeds an applicable average fuel economy standard under subsections (a) through (d) ofsection 32902 (determined by the Secretary of Transportation without regard to credits under this section), the manufacturer earns credits. The credits may be applied to—
(1) any of the 3 consecutive model years immediately before the model year for which the credits are earned; and
(2) to the extent not used under paragraph (1) [1] any of the 5 consecutive model years immediately after the model year for which the credits are earned.
(b) Period of Availability and Plan for Future Credits.—
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, credits under this section are available to a manufacturer at the end of the model year in which earned.
(A) Before the end of a model year, if a manufacturer has reason to believe that its average fuel economy for passenger automobiles will be less than the applicable standard for that model year, the manufacturer may submit a plan to the Secretary of Transportation demonstrating that the manufacturer will earn sufficient credits under this section within the next 3 model years to allow the manufacturer to meet that standard for the model year involved. Unless the Secretary finds that the manufacturer is unlikely to earn sufficient credits under the plan, the Secretary shall approve the plan. Those credits are available for the model year involved if—
(B) If the average fuel economy of a manufacturer is less than the applicable standard under subsections (a) through (d) ofsection 32902 after applying credits under subsection (a)(1) of this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall notify the manufacturer and give the manufacturer a reasonable time (of at least 60 days) to submit a plan.
(c) Determining Number of Credits.— The number of credits a manufacturer earns under this section equals the product of—
(1) the number of tenths of a mile a gallon by which the average fuel economy of the passenger automobiles manufactured by the manufacturer in the model year in which the credits are earned exceeds the applicable average fuel economy standard under subsections (a) through (d) ofsection 32902; times
(d) Applying Credits for Passenger Automobiles.— The Secretary of Transportation shall apply credits to a model year on the basis of the number of tenths of a mile a gallon by which the manufacturer involved was below the applicable average fuel economy standard for that model year and the number of passenger automobiles manufactured that model year by the manufacturer. Credits applied to a model year are no longer available for another model year. Before applying credits, the Secretary shall give the manufacturer written notice and reasonable opportunity to comment.
(e) Applying Credits for Non-Passenger Automobiles.— Credits for a manufacturer of automobiles that are not passenger automobiles are earned and applied to a model year in which the average fuel economy of that class of automobiles is below the applicable average fuel economy standard under section 32902 (a) of this title, to the same extent and in the same way as provided in this section for passenger automobiles.
(f) Credit Trading Among Manufacturers.—
(1) In general.— The Secretary of Transportation may establish, by regulation, a fuel economy credit trading program to allow manufacturers whose automobiles exceed the average fuel economy standards prescribed under section 32902 to earn credits to be sold to manufacturers whose automobiles fail to achieve the prescribed standards such that the total oil savings associated with manufacturers that exceed the prescribed standards are preserved when trading credits to manufacturers that fail to achieve the prescribed standards.
(2) Limitation.— The trading of credits by a manufacturer to the category of passenger automobiles manufactured domestically is limited to the extent that the fuel economy level of such automobiles shall comply with the requirements of section 32902 (b)(4), without regard to any trading of credits from other manufacturers.
(g) Credit Transferring Within a Manufacturer's Fleet.—
(1) In general.— The Secretary of Transportation shall establish by regulation a fuel economy credit transferring program to allow any manufacturer whose automobiles exceed any of the average fuel economy standards prescribed under section 32902 to transfer the credits earned under this section and to apply such credits within that manufacturer's fleet to a compliance category of automobiles that fails to achieve the prescribed standards.
(2) Years for which used.— Credits transferred under this subsection are available to be used in the same model years that the manufacturer could have applied such credits under subsections (a), (b), (d), and (e), as well as for the model year in which the manufacturer earned such credits.
(3) Maximum increase.— The maximum increase in any compliance category attributable to transferred credits is—
(4) Limitation.— The transfer of credits by a manufacturer to the category of passenger automobiles manufactured domestically is limited to the extent that the fuel economy level of such automobiles shall comply with the requirements under section 32904 (b)(4), without regard to any transfer of credits from other categories of automobiles described in paragraph (6)(B).
(5) Years available.— A credit may be transferred under this subsection only if it is earned after model year 2010.
(6) Definitions.— In this subsection:
(A) Fleet.— The term "fleet" means all automobiles manufactured by a manufacturer in a particular model year.
(B) Compliance category of automobiles.— The term "compliance category of automobiles" means any of the following 3 categories of automobiles for which compliance is separately calculated under this chapter:
(h) Refund of Collected Penalty.— When a civil penalty has been collected under this chapter from a manufacturer that has earned credits under this section, the Secretary of the Treasury shall refund to the manufacturer the amount of the penalty to the extent the penalty is attributable to credits available under this section.
[1] So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.
Source(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e),July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1061; Pub. L. 110–140, title I, § 104(a),Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1501.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|15:2002(l)(1)(B), (4).
|Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, § 502(l); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, § 6(b), 94 Stat. 1826.
In this section, various forms of the words "apply credits" are substituted for various forms of "credits are available to be taken into account" to be more concise and to make more clear the distinction between when credits are available and to what years they may be applied.
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 15:2002(l)(4) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). The words "any adjustment under subsection (d) of this section" are omitted because 15:2002(d) is omitted from the revised title as executed. The words "calculated under subparagraph (C)" (which apparently should be "calculated under subparagraph (D)") are omitted as surplus. In clauses (1) and (2), the words "with respect to the average fuel economy of that manufacturer" are omitted as surplus. The words "year for which the credits are earned" are substituted for "year in which such manufacturer exceeds such applicable average fuel economy standard" to eliminate unnecessary words.
Subsection (b)(1) is substituted for 15:2002(l)(1)(A) to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b)(2)(A) is substituted for 15:2002(l)(1)(C)(i)–(iii) to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (e), the words "as provided in this section for passenger automobiles" are substituted for "as provided for under paragraph (1)" for clarity. The text of 15:2002(l)(2) (last sentence) is omitted as expired.
2007—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–140, § 104(a)(1), substituted "subsections (a) through (d) ofsection 32902" for "section 32902 (b)–(d) of this title" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 110–140, § 104(a)(2), substituted "paragraph (1)" for "clause (1) of this subsection," and "5 consecutive" for "3 consecutive".
Subsecs. (b)(2)(B), (c)(1). Pub. L. 110–140, § 104(a)(1), substituted "subsections (a) through (d) ofsection 32902" for "section 32902 (b)–(d) of this title".
Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 110–140, § 104(a)(3), (4), added subsecs. (f) and (g) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (h).
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 ofPub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.
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subset: commoncrawl


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The BirdLife Partnership are calling on the parties to the Climate Change Convention to six key asks.
Europe and Central Asia
Adaptation strategies aim to reduce the impact and cost of climate change by decreasing vulnerability and increasing resilience.
Local knowledge, motivation, sustainability, efficiency, legitimacy and empowerment are all benefits of working locally.


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- Description
AC Output: Rated / Max (Watts) 6000 / 6500 W Continuous Run Time (hr)(Full Load / 1/4 Load) 5.3 / 12.8 hrs Dry Weight (lbs) 186 lbs Generator Dimensions 29.5"H x 28"W x 32"D Noise Level @ 23 ft. (Zero Load / Full Load) 73 / 78 dB Automatic Low Oil Shutdown Yes Certifications EPA, CARB, CETL, ISO Choke Auto/Electric DC Output 12 V - 8.3 A Electric Circuit Breaker Inverter Controlled and Panel Mounted Engine Type Single Cylinder, 4-Stroke OHV, Air-Cooled, Gasoline Fuel Economy Switch Yes Fuel Type Unleaded Gasoline Fuel Tank Capacity (gal) 5.8 gal Horsepower (hp) / Displacement 11.6 hp / 420 cc Ignition System Electronic Ignition Max Current (A) 54 A Max Output (kW) 6.5 kW Oil Capacity (oz) 37.2 oz Oil Type 15W-40 Overload Reset Switch Yes Primer Bulb No Rated Current (A) 50 A Rated Frequency (Hz) 60 Hz Rated Output (kW) 6.0 kW Rated Voltage (V) 120/240 V Receptacles One 120 V 20 A 5-20R split duplex, one 120 V 30 A L5-30R, and one 120/240 V, 30 A L14-30R Starting System Remote, Electric
The PH6500Ri Inverter Generator is designed with the professional tradesman and high-demand recreational user in mind. It delivers 6000 watts of continuous power and 6500 watts of maximum power. Ideal for running high demand tools and equipment from compressors to welders or as a central power supply for multiple users of hand power tools. It™s inverter equipped making it safe for use with sensitive electronic equipment like lap tops and cell phones.
The PH6500Ri has remarkable functionality and comes with great features at an affordable price. Standard features include remote electric start, a 120/240 V switch, four power outlets and a 12 V utility connection. It has a powerful 11.6 hp engine and can run up to 12.8 hours on a single tank of gas.
Remote Electric Start
Start from up to 75 feet away
Quiet Operation
Very quiet for a generator of this size and output
Inverter Equipped
Safe for use with sensitive electronic equipment
Folding/Locking Handles
and pneumatic wheels for convenient 1-person movement
120V/240V Capable
flexability for variable power requirements
- 6000 Watts continuous / 6500 Watts surge
- One 120 V 20 A 5-20R split duplex, one 120 V 30 A
- L5-30R, and one 120/240 V, 50 A L14-30R
- Built-in hour meter to track the total run time
- Continuous run time 5.3 hrs at full load; or 12.8 hrs at 1/4 load
- Folding/locking wheelbarrow style handles and 2 pneumatic tires
- Remote electric start to 75-feet away
- Internal circuit breaker, fuel gauge, automatic low oil shutdown and emergency stop control
- Dimensions: 29.5"H x 28"W x 32"D
- EPA, CARB, CETL and ISO 9001 compliant
- 2-year consumer / 1-year commercial warranty
Included Accessories: Oil Jug, 12 V Charge Cable, Spare Spark Plug, Spark Plug Wrench & Handle, Screw Driver, 1 Owner™s Manual (English, French, Spanish), 3 Quick Start Guides, Keys & Remote, Spare 20A ATC style fuse, Spare 30A ATC style fuse.
- Customer Reviews


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Spring has officially sprung – though judging by the sub-arctic temperatures here in Boston, I would be inclined to disagree. In addition to some much-needed spring cleaning, I've decided to jump-start the seasonal transition by switching up my routine in as many ways as possible. Take a peek at one week of daily tweaks, designed to break me out of my winter blues.
Monday: Instead of going to the gym after work, I opted for a 6:15AM spin class. Let me just say – endorphins before 7 are the new coffee-with-four-shots-of-espresso. I felt great well into the afternoon – and bonus? I had plenty of leisure time on my hands post-work.
Tuesday: I challenge you to find a transportation system worse than Boston's. My answer to eliminating morning subway stress? Taking the bus instead. I actually found it made for a (relatively) quicker commute, and I had the added challenge of actually paying attention to where I was going.
Wednesday: I set my alarm a full hour earlier and went to a neighborhood café (a.k.a. not a Starbucks, a.k.a. one major daily adjustment) to sit down with coffee and read my book for a whole thirty minutes. There's seriously nothing like a change of scenery and a bit of relaxation in the morning to put you in the best frame of mind for the rest of the day.
Thursday: In an effort to change the soundtrack of my day, I overhauled my media consumption. I swapped my normal morning playlist for a podcast and perused new websites and blogs instead of glancing at my RSS feed. Pros? Learned something new. Cons? Realized I've let my knowledge of current events fall by the wayside.
Friday: You know those perfume samples that get tossed into your shopping bag every time you re-stock your favorite scent? I am a legitimate hoarder of these things. Instead of reaching for my signature scent, I tried one of these little babies on a whim. The result? I actually fell in love with my random selection, which resulted in a weekend trip to the nearest Sephora.
By Lauryn Paiva, Staff Writer
Have any good ideas when it comes to switching up your daily routine? Let us know in the comments below, or tweet us at @ruelala.
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Loans are borrowed funds that you must repay with interest. There are two types, federal and private. Federal student loans allow students and their parents to borrow money to help pay for college through loan programs supported by the federal government. They have low interest rates and offer flexible repayment terms, benefits, and options. For subsidized Stafford loans, the government will pay the interest while the student is enrolled at least half-time in a degree-seeking program.
A private student loan is a nonfederal loan issued by a lender such as a bank or credit union. Private student loans often have variable interest rates, usually require a credit check and do not provide the same benefits as federal student loans.
Students and parents should always exhaust federal student loan options before considering a private loan. Federal student loans offer borrowers many benefits not typically found in private loans. These benefits include low fixed interest rates, income-based repayment plans, loan forgiveness and deferment options as well as deferment of loan payments when a student returns to school.
Financial Awareness Counseling provides tools and information to help you understand your financial aid and assist you in managing your finances. This does not satisfy entrance or exit counseling requirements.
Select a loan type below to learn more:
Student loans are the major form of self-help aid available to students who are enrolled at least half-time (6 credits per semester for undergraduates/5 credits for graduates). The University of Idaho is a Direct Lending school which means our students borrow directly from the Federal government. There are two types of Direct Stafford Loans, Subsidized and Unsubsidized, which are available to both undergraduate and graduate students. For Subsidized Stafford loans, the government will pay the interest while the student is enrolled at least half-time in a degree-seeking program. For Unsubsidized Stafford Loans, the student is responsible for the interest payment while in school, but like all forms of Direct Loans payments it can be deferred until after college graduation. Amounts can vary depending on grade level and both have annual as well as lifetime borrowing maximums.
This program was not renewed by Congress; only students who received a Perkins disbursement prior to June 30, 2015 and are enrolled in the same institution and major are eligible to receive future Perkins funds.
A Federal Perkins Loan is a low-interest (5 %) loan for full-time undergraduate students (12 credits per semester) with high financial need. The University of Idaho is the lender but is serviced through www.mycampusloan.com . The loan is made with government funds and a share contributed by the school.
Federal Direct Graduate PLUS Loans help graduate and law students pay for educational expenses. There is no annual limit for Graduate PLUS loans but students cannot borrow in excess of their cost of attendance minus any other financial aid that they receive. Graduate PLUS loans require creditworthiness (a credit check will be performed). A cosigner may be obtained for students who are unable to be approved on their own credit. The federal government charges interest from the date the first disbursement is made but can be deferred (along with the regular payment) while the student is enrolled at least half-time (5 credits).
The Parent Loan for Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is a Federal Direct Loan that parents apply for on behalf of their dependent undergraduate student(s). It enables parents with good credit history to assist their children who are enrolled at least half time (6 credits). The loan's interest rate is currently 6.41% for 2013-14. Interest rates for 2014-15 will be 7.21%. Parent PLUS loan applications are available online. Be sure to select the correct year.
These loans are given through a private lender such as a bank. Be advised: terms and conditions can vary considerably. The best advice is to search through the various lenders to find the loan that fits with the student's needs. The University of Idaho requires a student to be attending at least half time before certifying a private loan. As a general rule, students should only consider obtaining a private education loan if they have exhausted their Federal Stafford Loan eligibility. As a Direct Lending school, the University of Idaho does not maintain a list of lenders, but the link below has several banks that may help (list is near the bottom of page).
Caution: some lenders are now requiring monthly payments while you are in school.
The Vandal loan is a long-term loan funded from donations and an endowment to provide assistance to students with dire need who have exhausted all other federal aid options. The loan has a 5% interest rate, a nine months grace period, and a maximum 10 years for repayment. The Student Financial Aid Office makes the determination to award the funds; Student Accounts administers the promissory note, disburses the funds, and collects loan repayments.
This long-term loan was established by Benjamin O. Braham (BOB) to assist students who are graduates of Kellogg High School, Kellogg, Idaho. The loan has a 3% interest rate, a nine months grace period, and a maximum 10 years for repayment. The Student Financial Aid Office makes the award determination and includes it in the financial aid packaging for those students who qualify. Student Accounts administers the promissory note, disburses the funds, and collects loan repayments.
Short-term loans are designed to bridge an emergency shortfall between expected resources and payments that may fall due before a resource is available. Short-term loans are available at 7% simple interest to students enrolled on at least a half-time basis (half-time enrollment is a minimum of six credit hours for undergraduates and five credit hours for graduates) and are in good academic standing. To be eligible to borrow, a student must demonstrate the ability to repay the loan within 90 days. $600 is the typical maximum loan amount. Short-term loans are not designed to be a supplemental source of financial aid. Excessive use of the short-term loan program may require a student to participate in budget counseling in order to help get their expenditures and resources back into balance.


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May 6, 2016
The University of North Carolina-Wilmington has settled with the family of a college student shot in 2006 by a New Hanover County Sheriff's deputy.
Eighteen-year-old Peyton Strickland of Cape Fear Community College was shot when deputies tried to serve a warrant for UNC-Wilmington police at his home.
The warrant concerned the theft of a video game console from a UNC-Wilmington student.
Under the settlement, the university acknowledges Strickland had good character and no criminal record. The state will pay his estate $150,000 and use $100,000 to accredit UNC-Wilmington police officers.
Strickland's estate is dropping all other claims against the state, the university, its police department and several people.
In 2008, the sheriff's office settled with Strickland's family for $2.5 million.
(Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
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Geez my post titles are getting longer than Japanese mascara names (almost.).
So this Suqqu palette was originally exclusive to Hankyu department store in Umeda, Japan. A limited number of units went on sale in Selfridges on the 22nd of November, and I snapped one up as soon as I saw it. I haven't had a chance to fully experiment with looks yet, but rest assured that this is most likely going to be the only eyeshadow palette I'll be wearing this week.
For now, I give you pictures and swatches.
hana – 花 – flower
mari – 毬 – ball
The Palette
The palette is made up of 4 shades, and unlike most other Suqqu palettes, it is missing the white/off-white shade that is used as a base. Hanamari has a sheer sparkly shade at the top left that goes over the other shadows to jazz them up, a dark warm brown to act as an accent or liner shade, and then the pink and the green as versatile mid-tones.
I mostly bought this palette because of the fantastic green, it's a kind of khaki with gold undertones, but then it also has these grey silver overtones (is that a thing?) that make it very unique. I was wary about the pink, but it layers so fantastically with the other shades to produce another two shades that I'm completely in love with.
Without Flash
From left to right:
Top left sparkle shade, green shade, brown, pink, layered green and pink, layered green and brown, layered pink and brown
With Flash
The layering is one of my favourite things about this palette, the pink mixed with the brown (far right) and the pink layered over the green (3rd from right) make such beautiful shades. When buying this palette I had a suspicion it might be a little limiting mostly because of the pink shade, but because of the way the colours play together it's actually one of the most versatile quads I own.


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Always cool to see a nice well done CC map.
This is one of my recently created dungeon maps. Feel free to stock and modify it for personal, non-commercial use. My apologies for the poor resolution.
Designer's Map Notes
- Upper elevations are shaded light gray.
- Some statues are actually stone/clay/iron/flesh guardians/golems.
- Adventurers arrive in area 1 via teleport (trap), tunnel + trap door in ceiling, or as GM desires.
- Area 3 (& a-c in the cavernous area) is filled with icy water from a source I neglected to illustrate. Feel free to make something up.
- Area 12 alcoves: contains ceramic and crystal urns and vases.
- The right side of the dungeon complex can only be accessed through 1 or 2 of 3 secret doors, or the stairs on the other side of the chasm in area 13.
- The stairs in area 13 allow for dungeon expansion to an upper and lower level.
- Area 15: summoning chamber of a high priest. That's his/her consecrated altar in area 14. The sculptures depict avatars of the priest's deity.
- 17, 37 & 45 are crypts.
- The false door at 22a (or 24a, depending on how the labeling is interpreted ) teleports victims to an airtight, sealed cell (33). The possibility of suffocation might be a concern.
- Area 28 has a low ceiling (8'), contains a pressure plate (placed at GM's discretion) that causes a pair of portculli (thin black lines - again, apologies for the poor quality) to seal off the exits, and the chamber to fill with water (or acid, if the GM is feeling particularly unforgiving). The water will not reach beyond the top of either staircase but will be sufficient to drown the room's occupants.
- Area 30: contains a statue at the center of a dais or fountain.
- The passage between area 32 & 35 suffered a cave-in. That dark glob is rubble.
- Area 39 contains one-way doors that open inward and forcefully slam shut; to change the direction they open, see below. Additionally, the pillars are randomly trapped.
- The "hot side" of the fire wall in area 39 faces outward and it guards a magical device at the center of the room that switches the direction the doors open (inward/outward).
- The wall near the middle of area 44 contains 2 spy holes/arrow slits.
- Area 49: contains a large, un/holy water fountain that should match the un/holy sanctuary in area 50.
Always cool to see a nice well done CC map.
Daniel the Neon Knight: Campaign Cartographer User
Never use a big word when a diminutive one will suffice!
Any questions on CC3? Post them with CC3 in the Subject Line!
MY 'FAMOUS' CC3 MAPS: Thunderspire; Pyramid of Shadows; King of the Trollhaunt Warrens; Demon Queen's Enclave
Nice combo of old-style cyan with a newer CC 'flair'
My Finished Maps | My Challenge Maps | Ghoraja Juun, my largely stagnated campaign setting.
Unless otherwise stated by me in the post, all work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 United States License.
Thanks for the comments! I just "finished" level 2; I don't have ideas for another level so this project is done for now. Both maps were exercises in layout and design so they will probably remain unpolished. I won't bore anyone with feature commentary as before . Thanks for looking.
Nice Dungeons. I love old school crawls.
Maps encourage boldness. They're like cryptic love letters. They make anything seem possible.
-Mark Jenkins
Rather than start a new thread, I will add maps to this one. Here are two versions of the same map, with and without labels.
Last edited by mrrkyl; 10-20-2009 at 10:32 AM. Reason: Reference added: This is Map #3.
This is a larger dungeon complex (with and without labels) that has varying depths. The three rivers slope downward toward the lakes but I left those details and the height of each waterfall to the discretion of the GM. The dotted turquoise lines (1a) in the central caverns indicate low ceilings.
Unless otherwise noted, each square on my dungeon maps is 10'x10'.
Real nice maps there. I feel in a repping mood...
ViewingDale Map maker and VTT . Recent CG posts . Keyword Index . Intros Index . Member Locations . CWBP Place Index
Bonk! I dub thee repped. I'd shudder to think what a two to four page sized megadungeon of yours would look like....


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Gary and Martha Hall, along with Hurshel and Edith Hall purchased the historic home of Dr. Ruhl in 1989 to make into the Arcadian Inn. In 1990, they opened the Arcadian with 5 rooms which eventually grew into 8 rooms. The Arcadian Inn has won many awards, being named Reader's Choice #1 Bed and Breakfast since 2000.
Gary, along with Martha's brother Matt, keeps up the cottages and grounds. That means either a lot of mowing, weed-eating or snow removal. Matt and his wife, Wendy, prepare your cottage for your stay and clean up after you.
Breakfast is prepared by Hurshel and Edith at the Arcadian Inn. You don't want to miss Edith's "to die for" Vanilla butter sauce on your fresh waffles! There is a bottle of that syrup in your fridge along with either waffle or pancake batter for your breakfast plus a seasonal egg dish and fruit.
The "land" as we call it is untouched so hike at your discretion. We are particular about not disturbing other guests so "walk away from the cottages"!!!
The Hall Dynasty began with Hurshel and Edith Hall who fell in love and married in 1952 over 60 years ago. Hurshel has been cooking since he was 13 years old. He retired from Deaconess Hospital after nearly 30 years of his famous fried chicken, chili, and Thanksgiving dressing.
Gary and Martha married in 1979 after growing up together around Deaconess where both our folks worked. Celebrating almost 35 years of marriage and friendship, it is our desire to encourage and strengthen the bonds of love and marriage for our guests as well.
When we opened the Inn, Mark was 7 and Stephen 2! They grew up at the Inn, even home-schooled there. Mark lives next to the Inn with his wife, Danyell and their children, Allie age 12 and Christian, age 8. Stephen and his wife, Jenn, live just a few blocks from the Inn. Jenn manages the massage clinic that serves our guests.
As you can tell from our "Dynasty" pic, we enjoy riding together as well. The boys have graduated from dirt bikes to the big ones. Now the grandchildren get to ride the dirt bikes. It's a big treat when everyone can take off and go for a motorcycle ride together!


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Entering the automated distribution zone
MED goes underground with new commercial development
Published In: Intelligent Utility Magazine July/August 2010
IN A PERFECT WORLD, THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM HAS intelligent equipment that easily handles two-way power flow and receives distributed generation like renewables. Operators have advanced voltage control integrated with smart meters to manage energy, reduce losses and lower customer bills. Distribution quickly heals itself from assaults by nature and equipment failures while limiting outages to as few customers as possible. Power surges no longer destroy expensive equipment.
What's a dream at most utilities is becoming a reality at others and being built out in various stages.
''Substation automation is getting to the point where operators can view status, performance and loading of all major substation equipment and control it for improved relability, efficiency and asset management,'' said Mark McGranaghan, director of distribution research at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). ''The penetration of substation automation is between 40 to 60 percent and growing. Going out to automated distribution circuits, (it's) probably 10 to 15 percent of the circuits in the country.''
Underground distribution driving automation
A major force driving automation is underground distribution, especially for large, new commercial developments where outages can cause serious financial losses. While more expensive than overhead distribution, the aesthetic advantages and fewer faults of underground are cursed with the problems of pinpointing faults when they do happen.
Take the case of Murfreesboro, Tenn., one the fastest-growing cities in the country, with a population that mushroomed from 46,000 in 1990 to more than 100,000 today. Murfreesboro Electric Department (MED), a city-owned utility serving more than 50,000 customers, was asked to provide extensive underground service for a major city development project.
''A few years back, the town fathers decided to build a new gateway into Murfreesboro - a new access highway off the interstate called Medical Center Parkway - with plans to do a business park, hospital, hotel and convention center, a 100-acre mall and a lot of restaurants, retail and commercial buildings. And they wanted all electric service underground,'' said Mark Kimbell, MED's chief engineer. ''We wanted a good way to protect it, isolate it quickly if we had a problem and a way to keep as many customers on as we could.''
Kimbell pointed out that the area is a very busy one, so traffic is a problem if there is an outage. ''If traffic signals go down, we couldn't get into the area quickly. We looked at all the factors and decided we would invest in automation. We've spent upward of two million dollars on it to the present day,'' he said.
Early adopter
MED was one of the earliest utilities in Tennessse to implement automated distribution on this scale, over six miles of underground infrastructure. The system has been operational for three years and Kimbell characterized performance as ''great, outstanding.''
Two of the utility's 10 substations are automated over several circuits that generally cover the new commercial area.
''In general, there are some advantages to pulse closing in terms of not exposing the circuit to multiple faults when you are reclosing,'' McGranaghan said. ''That helps other customers by not exposing them to multiple voltage sags and it is less damaging to transformers due to a reduced fault current exposure. But there are a lot of companies that make automated switch gear that are part of these automated systems for reconfiguration. There's a lot of competition in this market right now.''
Restoring power quickly
MED started with underground, expanded to overhead and now has about half of each with approximately 10 percent of its entire distribution automated. The utility currently uses radio communications but is working on a fiber loop to speed up response time.
''We had a fairly large tornado here a little over a year ago that destroyed both feeds of a 46-kV transmission to a substation,'' Kimbell said. ''With automation, we could have restored power to 5,000 to 6,000 customers within a minute. Without automation, it took several hours. Because of that we are looking at automating transmission lines to all of our 46-kV substations. We are also looking to expand automated distribution to the rest of our commercial areas.''
He added: ''Before, we would have a circuit go out to 2,000 customers and we would have to rely on someone calling in to say we have trouble. Then we would have to go to that spot and it could take a long while to ride out the circuit to find the problem. With automation it narrows it down. We break down the circuit to about five or six 100-amp sections. You can concentrate more people to find a fault quicker and fix it. I would say it's about 75 percent faster to find a fault.''
Managing the distribution system connection
McGranaghan takes a broader view of smart grid development: ''Automated distribution is absolutely critical because that's the connection to the customer, and the smart grid is all about making the customer integrated with pricing, being able to use demand response to control loads and allowing customers to provide generation. It's not possible unless we manage the distribution system connection to the customer.''
Leading the industry toward a more intelligent automation is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Smart Distribution Working Group and its task force on volt/VAR control.
The group is working to advance the design guidelines for the optimization of smart overhead and underground distribution, and looking at how volt/VAR control needs to change.
The march toward automated distribution appears inevitable. As protection equipment ages, it will naturally be replaced with digital relays with capabilities that can be integrated with automation systems. Meanwhile, utilities are building automation from both ends of the line. Some are concentrating on advanced metering and are building outward. Others are focusing efforts on advanced control systems for reconfiguring substations and circuits and waiting for the latest meters.


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Ronald McDonald House donates to St. Mary's Guest House project
Above, Derek Kung, president of Ronald McDonald House Charities of Richmond, (far right) presents a check for $175,000 to build a pediatric wing at the St. Mary's Guest House. Pictured left to right are: Dr. Billy Lennarz, VP of medical affairs, Bon Secours Children's Services; Toni Ardabell, CEO of St. Mary's Hospital; Ilona Scanlon and Kathryn Knierim, both child life specialists at St. Mary's. Ronald McDonald House Charities of Richmond also gave $75,000 to establish three family rooms in the hospital.
"We are profoundly grateful to Ronald McDonald House Charities for these generous gifts," said Toni R. Ardabell, CEO of Bon Secours St. Mary's Hospital. "It is invaluable not only to have financial support from Ronald McDonald House Charities, but also their expertise in providing a home away from home for patient families."
The house will offer families a quiet place to relax and recharge with 14 guest rooms, two family suites and common areas. The Bon Secours Richmond Health Care Foundation has raised $2.3 million toward their $3 million goal for construction of the guest house, which is set to open its doors in late fall 2013. For details, visit http://www.bsvaf.org/guesthouse.
"RMHC is honored to be a part of the heroic efforts of Bon Secours' pediatric health care providers," said Derek W.H. Kung, president of the board of the Ronald McDonald House Charities of Richmond, VA, Inc. "We are proud to be teaming up with an organization and be part of a Richmond community that feels so passionately about the health and well-being of sick children and their families."
Anthem LemonAid registration opens
Citizen Staff Reports 04/29/2016
Every week, another child is diagnosed with cancer in Central Virginia. Last summer, six-year-old Caroline Morris was one of them.
Diagnosed in June 2015 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common type of childhood cancer, Morris has been receiving treatment at Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU (CHoR) ever since.
"It's not my hair that makes my beauty," said Morris, who lost her hair as a chemotherapy side effect, "it's my heart." > Read more.
Richmond Solar Co-op sign ups end April 30
Citizen Staff Reports 04/25/2016
The sign up period for the Richmond Community Solar Co-op will close on April 30. Nearly 150 homeowners and businesses have joined the group to save money and make going solar easier. The group has started installations and is working with VA SUN to learn about solar technology and the process of going solar.
"If you've ever thought about going solar, this is a great opportunity to do so," said Sekar Veerappan Co-op member and the group's first installation. "Working with the group helps members learn about going solar and make an informed decision." > Read more.
Weekend Top 10
Another great weekend of outdoor activities awaits you in Henrico! Walk MS, an annual charity run for multiple sclerosis, and the third annual Movin' & Shakin' 5K, to benefit the VCU Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Center, both take place in Innsbrook tomorrow. Another charity event, the CASA Superhero Run, will be held at St. Joseph's Villa. On Sunday, live music can be found at Belmont Recreation Center, featuring the John Winn Quartet, and at Shady Grove United Methodist Church, where pianist Sylvia Cooper will be performing. For all our top picks this weekend, click here! > Read more.
2 Henrico student safety patrols honored
Fairfield meeting May 5 to focus on public health, community engagement
Varina District meetings to detail progress on Varina Area Library
Business in brief
Henrico DPU flushing lines in Lakeside to clear discolored water
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Apr. 21, 2016Click here to read the print edition.
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Obituary – Betty J. Schnell
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CalendarThe Virginia Home for Boys & Girls Youth Triathlon will take place Aug. 20 at VHBG, 8716 W. Broad St. Registration opens at 6:30 a.m. with the first wave (for… Full text


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By Meg Favreau
When the weather is hot and humid, turning on the air conditioner at full blast or sticking your head in the freezer sure feels nice –- but neither is energy-efficient or particularly frugal. The 15 ideas below, however, will help keep your temperature down without sending your electric bill up.
1. Freeze your pillowcase
If it's still hot out when you're going to bed, stick your pillowcase in the freezer for a bit before you hit the hay. That way, you'll be able to fall asleep on a nice, cool pillow.
We all know that eating and drinking cold things can help cool us down. But you might be surprised to learn that eating very spicy foods can also help you chill out because they help induce sweating.2. Eat strategically
3. Take a shower – and don't towel off
A cool shower is already a great way to help beat the heat. But when you're done, dry yourself in front of a fan instead of using a towel -– the evaporation will help cool you down. You can also use a spray bottle to spritz yourself and get the same effect.
If you're not at home, keep the curtains drawn and the blinds down. This helps stop sunlight from getting in and heating up your house.4. Keep the curtains drawn during the day
Light colors reflect light instead of absorbing it, like dark colors do. So why the sunscreen? While wearing light colors will keep you cooler, they're not as effective at blocking the sun's harmful rays from your skin. Consider applying a daily lotion that contains SPF 30 so you remain protected.5. Wear light colors (and sunscreen)
Unlike air conditioners, fans are usually most effective at cooling people directly, not cooling entire rooms. Try positioning two fans in your windows so that one pushes hot air out, and the other brings cool air in.6. Use your fans right
The library is filled with free books, magazines, movies, Wi-Fi and, most likely, air conditioning. Instead of reading or surfing the Internet at home on a hot day, do it at the library instead. Also look for children's programs such as story time or book clubs.7. Go to the library
Another place that pumps in air conditioning is movie theaters. If you're planning to see a new movie anyway, make it a matinee. The ticket price will be cheaper, and you'll be able to get out of the heat while the sun is shining.8. See a matinee
9. Open your windows at night
Opening your windows during the day can just make your house hotter. Instead, wait until the evening to open your windows to let the cool air in.
Using the oven can drastically increase the heat in your kitchen. Instead, plan for meals that only use the stove top, microwave or grill.10. Don't use the oven to cook
11. Keep bottles of water in your freezer
A few bottles of frozen water can do a lot. Put one behind your neck when you're watching TV or in your bed with you when you sleep at night. If you're going out and about, bring it to drink -– the water will melt slowly, leaving you with something extra cold to sip on.
Incandescent light bulbs use more energy and emit more heat than compact fluorescent light bulbs, so if you haven't already, replace your old bulbs.12. Replace your light bulbs
Loose cotton and linen will help keep you cool; synthetics will usually make you sweat. So dress accordingly.13. Wear the right fabrics
Staying hydrated is one of the best ways to keep cool. If you're bored by regular water, try infusing it with fresh fruits, vegetables and herbs. Some refreshing combinations include cucumber with lemon and orange with mint. Infusing is easy –- just slice up the elements you want to use for flavor, put them in a pitcher with some water and keep it in the fridge.14. Drink lots of water
Setting your air conditioner at 78 degrees instead of 72 degrees could decrease your cooling bill between 6 and 18 percent, according to energy.gov. If 78 degrees sounds warm to you, don't worry –- when it's 90 degrees or hotter outside, 78 will feel plenty cool.15. If you do use AC, don't go too cool
More from DailyFinance
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If you've been diagnosed with esophageal cancer, maintaining good nutrition will be a crucial part of your treatment program. The esophagus is the swallowing tube that connects the back of your throat to your stomach.
Treatment for cancer of the esophagus may include surgery, chemotherapy (cancer drugs), or radiation therapy (X-ray treatments). All of these treatments can affect your ability to get the level of nutrition you need.
Cancer of the esophagus can narrow your esophagus. This can make it difficult or painful to swallow and take in the nutrition you need. You can get help with this from an important member of your treatment team: the nutrition specialist. Here are some of the concerns a nutritionist can help you with:
Loss of appetite during treatment with cancer drugs
Dryness and narrowing of the throat and esophagus from radiation therapy
Inability to swallow while recovering from surgery
The treatment you receive for esophageal cancer will depend on the stage of your cancer and your overall health. Here are some of the nutrition options you may face:
You may be able to eat the regular way — taking food by mouth. In some cases, even if swallowing is difficult, you may be able to use strategies, such as consuming a diet of soft, high-protein foods, to make eating easier.
Tube feeding may be needed if you just can't eat enough food by mouth or are recovering from surgery. This is when a tube is inserted through your nose and into your stomach for short periods of time.
If you need tube feeding for a long time, a tube called a gastrostomy tube can be inserted directly into your stomach during a short surgical procedure. This type of tube can be taken out if you are able to start swallowing by mouth again.
Parenteral nutrition is nutrition you get through an intravenous (IV) drip and doesn't depend on swallowing or digestion. You may need this type of nutrition after surgery or when you don't get enough food by mouth. Fluids that contain proteins, fats, and vitamins are given through a catheter placed directly into a vein in your upper chest or in an arm.
If you need tube or IV feedings, your medical team will select the type of nutrition you get.
Many people with esophageal cancer have trouble maintaining a normal weight and the following tips can help. If on the other hand, you are overweight, talk to your doctor or nutritionist before adding some of these high calorie foods into your diet.
If you are able to take foods by mouth before, during, or after treatment, these tips can help with discomfort and increase nutrition intake:
Eat foods with the most calories and proteins, such as whole dairy products, nut products, and meats. Examples include milkshakes, smoothies with protein powder, peanut butter, beans, eggs, cheese, and yogurt.
If swallowing is still difficult, soften your foods with gravies or sauces. Chop up meat into small pieces. Examples of nutritious soft foods include scrambled eggs, pasta, custard, pudding, and soups and stews made with ground meat.
If you have had surgery, your stomach may be smaller and you may find that you fill up quickly. It may help to eat frequent smaller meals, avoid drinking fluids before meals, and keep lots of snacks around for between meals. Examples of tasty, calorie-dense snacks include cheese and crackers, toast with peanut butter, crackers and hummus, yogurt and fruit, and cereal with whole milk and bananas.
You may need to sip fluids while you are eating to assist in swallowing comfort. This can also promote the passage of food through the esophagus.
Add butter, margarine, or oil to your foods whenever you can.
Nutrition is important before, during, and after treatment for esophageal cancer. Learn as much as you can about nutrition and work with your medical team to make sure this part of your cancer treatment is well managed.
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The thing people are overlooking here is Nikon were the official camera of London 2012, that is why there were more Nikon cameras then Canon. I read an article about it somewhere before the games and they had a video showing loads of Nikon cameras being installed on big scaffolding frames. I would say it is safe to bet that all the official Olympic photographers were given Nikon cameras and the only photographers using Canon cameras were freelance or working directly for sports publications and press.
Canon were the official camera of the world championships in Russia earlier this month that is why there were more Canon cameras there then there were Nikon cameras.
At the end of the day the best camera is the one that's best for you, for me that's Nikon.


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Gerald Harris must feel like he's all over the news lately. On Saturday, he hopes he's being talked about for reasons beyond his nickname.
As Hurricane Sandy bears down on the East Coast, "Hurricane" Harris is preparing to bear down on the World Series of Fighting and is looking for a fifth straight victory. Harris (21-4) meets fellow UFC vet Josh Burkman (23-9) in the promotion's debut.
World Series of Fighting 1 takes place Saturday at Las Vegas' Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino. The show is headlined by a heavyweight fight between Andrei Arlovski and Devin Cole, and the main card airs live on the NBC Sports Network. The Harris-Burkman fight is part of the preliminary card, which streams at Sherdog.
For Harris, his WSOF debut has been a rare opportunity for a mostly full fight camp. For his previous two fights, Harris fought a new opponent on a day's notice and another on less than a week's notice. For Burkman, he'll have had two months.
"This is everything I've asked for," Harris on Monday told MMAjunkie.com Radio (www.mmajunkie.com/radio). "I'm hoping for the best in this one. I've been through the mess. I've been through it all. Anything can happen. If there's an opponent change, it doesn't bother me. We'll look at the video and we'll take the fight. There's no such thing as a perfect camp, but in my eyes, this was great. Everything's coming together."
Harris' road to the upstart WSOF has been an interesting one. After going 3-1 in the UFC with a pair of "Knockout of the Night" bonuses, Harris was infamously cut after just one loss. Four months later, he dropped a decision to current UFC welterweight James Head.
Since then, though, he's gone on a four-fight run of decision victories for Tachi Palace Fights, DREAM and Legacy FC. But it was his face-to-face meetings with the WSOF brass that convinced him signing was the right move.
"We just got away from fighting and just talked and laughed … it was just crazy how everything went," Harris said. "I think without that meeting, I wouldn't have signed because it would have seemed like just another organization. But I was really impressed. It wasn't sweet talk. I kind of felt like I was in high school again getting recruited for college."
Harris dropped from middleweight to welterweight for his most recent victory, a split-decision win over Mike Bronzoulis at Legacy FC 11 in May. But he said despite his impressive 21-4 record it's a new beginning at 170 pounds.
"To me, I'm 0-0," he said. "At 170, I consider myself starting my career over. A lot of things have happened that I don't want to happen again, like the injuries and stuff. But it's a good fight. It's what I wanted."
Harris made news recently when he said his hope was that he and his opponent for any future fights could undergo in-camp random drug testing through the Voluntary Anti-Doping Association. And though nothing official came of his letter-writing campaign to VADA and the Nevada State Athletic Commission, he remains hopeful for the future, saying he's a clean fighter and knows he's not alone – but that fighters using performance-enhancing drugs are making the entire sport look bad and tarnishing the innocent, who become guilty by association.
That's been a mild frustration for Harris, as was the news a week ago that his fight against Burkman was no longer part of the televised main card at WSOF 1, as he thought it was. ("I was a little pissed about that," he said. "If I express my personal feelings, it wouldn't be professional. So I'll just leave it at that.")
But those little annoyances don't seem to have gotten in the way of the reality of his fight against Burkman, who with two straight wins likely is just as eager to continue his win streak as Harris is.
"You can say that we're hungry," Harris said "But I don't ever lose my hunger no matter where I'm at, whether I'm at the top, at the middle or at the bottom."
For more on World Series of Fighting 1, stay tuned to the MMA Rumors section of MMAjunkie.com.
MMAjunkie.com Radio broadcasts Monday-Friday at noon ET (9 a.m. PT) live from Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino's Race & Sports Book. The show is hosted by "Gorgeous" George Garcia, MMAjunkie.com lead staff reporter John Morgan and producer Brian "Goze" Garcia. For more information or to download past episodes, go to www.mmajunkie.com/radio.


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Credit: © Amanda Edwards/Getty Images
Sherri Saum (Aug 22nd, 2012)
Sherri Saum went with her natural curls at the 2012 Voice Awards at Paramount Studios.
Styling Tip
Step 1: After using a hydrating conditioner, add a moisturizing gel to wet curls.
Step 2: Comb a natural oil throughout hair with your fingers.
Step 3: Air dry or use a diffuser on a low setting while scrunching curls for added volume.Try on celebrity hairstyles in the Makeover Studio!


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St. Petersburg, FL (Sports Network) - David Phelps pitched into the eighth
inning and Brett Gardner clubbed a two-run homer, as the New York Yankees
topped the Tampa Bay Rays, 9-4, at Tropicana Field.
Phelps (3-2) was charged with six hits and four runs over 7 2/3 innings, but
the right-hander was forced to leave the game after being drilled on his right
forearm by a line drive off the bat of Ben Zobrist.
Yankees outfielder Curtis Granderson suffered a fractured knuckle on his left
pinkie. Granderson's injury, which was a fractured left fifth metacarpal,
occurred in the fifth inning when he was hit by a pitch from Cesar Ramos.
Granderson stayed in the game and scored on a walk to Jayson Nix, but then was
replaced in the field by Ichiro Suzuki in the bottom of the frame.
Lyle Overbay and Nix each drove in two runs, as the AL East leaders avoided
their first three-game skid of the season.
Roberto Hernandez (2-5) gave up six hits and five runs over four innings in
Tampa Bay's third consecutive home defeat.
The Sports Network


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this wiki
(covers information from several alternate timelines)
|Native Species:
Humpback whale
|Sol system
Sector 001
Alpha Quadrant
|United Earth
Coalition of Planets
United Federation of Planets
- "An abysmal place, Earth. Oh, don't get me wrong. A thousand years ago it had character: the Crusades, the Spanish Inquisition, Watergate. Now it's just mind-numbingly dull."
Earth (or Sol III or Terra) was the inhabited third planet of the Sol system. It was a M-class planet and had a single natural satellite, Luna. Earth was the homeworld of the Humans and the Voth, amongst others, and was the capital planet of the United Federation of Planets.
In 2150, with the last nation-states joining, the planet was unified under the United Earth government. It was a founding member of the Coalition of Planets in 2155, and of the United Federation of Planets in 2161. The President's office, the Federation Council, as well as Starfleet Headquarters and the main branch of Starfleet Academy were located on Earth. During the Dominion War, Earth's strategic importance was on par with worlds like Andor, Berengaria VII, and Vulcan. (Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, TNG: "Conspiracy", "The Best of Both Worlds", DS9: "Homefront", "Paradise Lost", "In the Cards", VOY: "In the Flesh", ENT: "Broken Bow", "Zero Hour", "Home")
Planetary Data
Earth was a spheroid-shaped planet with a circumference of 24,874 miles, a mass of 6°F and consisted of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen as well as smaller percentages of krypton, neon, and argon. (TOS: "Miri", "Metamorphosis", "Bread and Circuses")×1021 and a mean density of 5.517. Its atmosphere had an average temperature of 75
Astronomical data
The location and orbit of Earth inside the Sol system was depicted on several ancient and modern planetary system charts (Star Trek: Enterprise opening titles; TOS: "The Cage", "The Changeling") and the location of the Sol system in relation to other stars in the galaxy was depicted on several star charts. (Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan; Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country; TNG: "Conspiracy")
|The Sol System
|Sol • Mercury • Venus • Earth (Luna) • Mars • Asteroid belt • Jupiter (Io; Ganymede) • Saturn (Mimas; Titan) • Uranus • Neptune • Pluto
- See also: Human history, Federation history, List of Earth conflicts
The first life was formed on Earth from a group of amino acids that combined to form the first proteins approximately 3.5 billion years ago. From this humble start, at least three known corporeal sentient species evolved on Earth, Human, Voth, and Humpback whales. The first two species shared the basic humanoid appearance, which may be the result of the genetic seeding that occurred long ago by the first sentient species to inhabit the galaxy. Tens of millions of years prior to the development of modern man, the Voth society abandoned the Earth, thrusting itself towards the stars, leaving no apparent trace on Earth of the civilization that existed. (Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home; TNG: "The Chase", "All Good Things..."; VOY: "Distant Origin")
Earth had been the birthplace of several major religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Judaism. Some of these religions, in one form or the other, have survived to the 23rd and 24th century. (TOS: "Balance of Terror", DS9: "Penumbra", VOY: "The Killing Game")
In the 17th century, the scientist Galileo Galilei taught the masses that the Earth moved around the sun. For these teachings, he was tried and convicted of heresy by an inquisition, and his books were burned. (DS9: "In the Hands of the Prophets")
Earth has also been visited, observed, and occasionally manipulated during its history, prior to official First Contact by the Vulcans. One of the earliest extraterrestrial visits was by a race known as the Sky Spirits, originally native to the Delta Quadrant. These also included an ancient humanoid species, the Preservers, descendants of Humans abducted around 4000 BC, and Vulcans themselves, although there is still dispute about this as there was no proof or evidence offered by the Vulcan High Command. The Humpback whales were being observed by an unknown entity, who upon loss of contact with the species, sent a probe to investigate the absence of whale song. In the 19th century, a race called the Skagarans abducted several thousand Humans from the American west and then used them as slave labor. The El-Aurian Guinan also stayed discreetly on Earth. In the 1930s the Briori visited Earth and abducted several individuals including famous pilot Amelia Earhart. In the 1950s a team of Vulcan explorers were temporarily stranded on Earth. (TOS: "Assignment: Earth", "The Paradise Syndrome"; Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home; TNG: "The Chase"; TNG: "Time's Arrow"; ENT: "Carbon Creek"; VOY: "The 37's"; VOY: "Tattoo")
From the mid-20th century onwards, manned and unmanned spacecraft have been launched from either the surface or the orbit of Earth. Several prominent craft that have been launched from Earth include Apollo 11, Nomad, Phoenix, Friendship 1, Enterprise, and the USS Enterprise, (TOS: "The Cage", "Where No Man Has Gone Before", "The Changeling"; Star Trek: First Contact; VOY: "Friendship One"} Starting in the 22nd century and continuing on into the 24th, there was major construction projects on the surface and in the orbit of Earth that supported the burgeoning expansion of Humans into space. Some of these projects were the Warp Five Complex, the San Francisco Fleet Yards, Spacedock, and Earth Station McKinley. (ENT: "Broken Bow"; TOS: "Where No Man Has Gone Before"; Star Trek III: The Search for Spock; TNG: "Family")
In 2063, with the successful flight of the Phoenix, Earth became warp capable. (Star Trek: First Contact)
Attacks on Earth
During its long history, the existence of the planet had been threatened by both natural disasters and actions of alien intelligences.
- In 2153, Earth was preemptively attacked by the Xindi, who were unwittingly helping a faction fighting the Temporal Cold War. Using a smaller, prototype version of the planned Xindi superweapon, the weapon destroyed a section of the planet stretching from Florida to Venezuela, killing seven million people. This event began what was later known as the Xindi crisis. (ENT: "The Expanse")
- On February 14th of 2154, a working version of the Xindi superweapon entered Earth orbit to destroy the planet. The weapon was destroyed by Captain Jonathan Archer before it could complete its task. This marked the end of the Xindi crisis. (ENT: "Zero Hour")
- In 2155, Terra Prime - under the command of John Frederick Paxton - used the verteron array on Mars to attack Starfleet Headquarters. Thanks to the efforts of Commander Charles Tucker III, the array fired harmlessly into the San Francisco Bay. (ENT: "Terra Prime")
- In 2273, a massive machine lifeform called V'Ger threatened to destroy all biological life on Earth if its demands were not met. The attack was narrowly averted by the crew of the USS Enterprise. (Star Trek: The Motion Picture)
- In 2286, a alien probe of unknown origin wreaked ecological havoc while trying to contact an extinct species of Humpback whale by transmitting massive amounts of energy into Earth's oceans and unintentionally caused them to begin evaporating. The threat was ended when the former crew of the USS Enterprise, having used a stolen Klingon Bird-of-Prey to travel back in time to before the species' extinction, returned to the present with two Humpbacks, and after the two whales gave a response to the probe, it departed the Solar System with little, if any, real harm done to the planet. (Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home)
- In 2367, a Borg cube entered Earth orbit following the Battle of Wolf 359 with the intention of assimilating the planet and its population. It was destroyed by the USS Enterprise-D before it could attack the planet. (TNG: "The Best of Both Worlds, Part II")
- In 2373, a second Borg cube attacked Earth, and after a devastating battle was destroyed in orbit by a Starfleet armada. As the cube exploded, a Borg sphere escaped from within the craft and subsequently traveled into the past, where its complement of Borg drones attempted to prevent Humanity's First Contact with Vulcans in 2063. (Star Trek: First Contact)
- In 2375, the Borg decided to create another strategy, since all direct assaults on Earth had failed thus far. They planned to detonate a biogenic charge in Earth's atmosphere, infecting all lifeforms with nanoprobe viruses, triggering a gradual assimilation. According to the Borg Queen, half the population would be drones before the effects were discovered. (VOY: "Dark Frontier")
- Also in 2375, the Breen Confederacy attacked Earth in a surprise attack on Starfleet Headquarters in San Francisco during the Dominion War. (DS9: "The Changing Face of Evil")
- In 2379, Praetor Shinzon attempted to destroy all life on Earth using a thalaron weapon built into the Reman warbird Scimitar. The Scimitar was destroyed by the USS Enterprise-E, IRW Valdore, and an unidentified Template:ShipType warbird in the Battle of the Bassen Rift. (Star Trek Nemesis)
Climate and geography
From at least the dawn of Humans, Earth had been a Class M world by 23rd century planetary classification standards. Earth had several major landmasses and a wide variety of climatic and surface conditions, ranging from tundra to desert. By the 24th century, Humans had installed a weather modification network to alter the natural weather patterns of Earth, including dissipating destructive weather phenomena such as tornadoes. (TNG: "True Q")
Land features, geographical markers, and formations
- Alps
- Caspian Sea
- El Capitan
- International Date Line
- Mount Cook
- Mount Everest
- Mount McKinley
- North Pole
- Pacific Ocean
- Tibetan plateau
- Tropic of Cancer
- Ural Mountains
- Yosemite National Park
See also: Geopolitical Regions (Countries and States), Cities and Towns
|Continents of Earth
|Africa • Asia • Antarctica • Australia • Europe • North America • South America
In Art
Once Humans began leaving Earth in the 20th century, they photographed and drew pictures of the planet for various reasons. These pictures were then displayed in homes, offices, and recreation facilities. The earliest depictions of Earth were from the space agencies which sent Humans into space. These included official mission photos and insignias. Many of these images were preserved into the 22nd century and beyond. (TOS: "The Cage", ENT: "First Flight"}
Human-created points of interest
Parallel universes and alternate timelines
Alternate timelines
Earth devastated
Earth was devastated in several alternate timelines. Accidental time travel from 2371 led to the premature death of Gabriel Bell in 2024, an altered future was created where the more inhumane wars of the 21st century left Earth a pre-warp civilization that never even expanded to the solar system. (DS9: "Past Tense, Part I", "Past Tense, Part II")
When the temporal agent Daniels was instructed to remove Jonathan Archer from the timeline in 2152 and bring him to the 31st century, an alternate future was created where the United Federation of Planets was never formed and Earth was almost completely destroyed. (ENT: "Shockwave", "Shockwave, Part II")
In 2370, a new past was created for Earth by the anti-time eruption, where 3.5 billion years ago, amino acids never combined with the first proteins, and life never formed on the planet. This was how the Q Continuum fulfilled its judgment to deny Humans existence. (TNG: "All Good Things...")
In two alternate timelines, the history of Earth was significantly altered when Nazi Germany was not defeated in World War II. In one, Doctor McCoy saved the life of Edith Keeler in 1930. Keeler went on to form a massive pacifist movement in America, delaying the country's entry into World War II, allowing Nazi Germany time to develop the A-bomb first and take over the world. (TOS: "The City on the Edge of Forever")
In another alternate timeline, Lenin was assassinated in 1916, preventing Russia from turning to communism. This allowed Hitler to concentrate his war effort on the West. With assistance from the Na'kuhl, France and England were conquered before the American East Coast by 1944. (ENT: "Storm Front", "Storm Front, Part II")
In an alternate timeline, the Borg were successful at preventing First Contact in 2063 and assimilated the Earth. In 2373, the assimilated Earth had an atmosphere containing high concentrations of methane, carbon monoxide and fluorine. It had a population of approximately nine billion Borg drones. (Star Trek: First Contact)
Earth destroyed
The Earth was completely destroyed in two alternate timelines. In one of the timelines, Jonathan Archer's brain was infected by interspatial parasites and Earth was destroyed by the Xindi superweapon in 2154. This timeline was erased in 2165 when the parasites were destroyed by a subspace implosion aboard Enterprise - because the organisms existed outside normal spacetime, their elimination prevented Archer from ever being infected in the first place. (ENT: "Twilight")
In another alternate timeline, Earth and the entire solar system was destroyed by a massive temporal explosion in the 29th century. The explosion was caused by Henry Starling, when he used the stolen timeship Aeon to travel from the 20th century into the 29th century through an unstable temporal rift. (VOY: "Future's End", "Future's End, Part II")
Alternate reality
In the year 2258 of the alternate reality, the Romulan mining vessel Narada fired on Earth using a drill platform. Nero was attempting to dig a hole to Earth's core and create a black hole using red matter to destroy the planet. Luckily, Spock was able to destroy the drill well before it could reach the planet's core. (Star Trek)
Mirror universe
In the mirror universe, Earth's counterpart was the capital of the Terran Empire. History followed a similar yet skewed course on this Earth, by comparison to the history of Earth in the United Federation of Planets, with a more violent, war-ridden past. According to Jonathan Archer, the Empire existed "for centuries" prior to 2155. As a result of the official First Contact with the Vulcans in 2063, Earth gained interstellar technology, allowing the Empire to expand. (ENT: "In a Mirror, Darkly")
The Klingon-Cardassian Alliance conquered the Terran Empire sometime before 2370. (DS9: "Crossover")
Professor Jennifer Sisko had an image of Earth on a uniform she wore while working for the Alliance in 2371. (DS9: "Through the Looking Glass")
Reverse universe
In the reverse negative antimatter universe, where the flow of time was reversed, Arret was Earth's counterpart. In 2270, Karla Five and her son Karl Four helped the crew of the USS Enterprise to return back to the prime universe. (TAS: "The Counter-Clock Incident")
A list of all actual appearances of planet Earth (excluding holodecks, simulations, visions, opening credits, etc.)
- TOS films:
- TNG films:
- "Caretaker"
- "Non Sequitur"
- "Death Wish"
- "Future's End"
- "Future's End, Part II"
- "11:59"
- "Pathfinder"
- "Inside Man"
- "Endgame"
Related topics
Background Information
Star Chart
This chart naming stars within 20 light years of Sol was drawn by Rick Sternbach for the Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology in the late 1970s. Found on page 77, this chart showed Earth commercial and exploration routes after the use of warp drive began. This chart would be seen in the episodes The Naked Now, The Last Outpost, and Conspiracy.
The Explored Galaxy
This chart was first seen, chronologically, in 2293. (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country) This chart was also seen in several Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes set in the 24th century, from the year 2364 to 2370. These were: TNG: "Conspiracy", "The Measure Of A Man", "The Emissary", "The Mind's Eye", "The Game" and DS9: "In the Hands of the Prophets", "Cardassians".
Star Trek: Star Charts
From 2113, Earth had been governed by the uniglobal United Earth government. The government of Earth was divided into six major regional powers that were governed by their respective capitals. These capitals were San Francisco (North America), Paris (Europe), Kyoto (Asia), Lima (South America), Cape Town (Africa), and Christchurch (Oceania). In 2161, Earth was a founding member of the United Federation of Planets. The dominant species were Humans and Cetaceans. In the census of 2370, there were counted 4.2 billion Humans and 8.1 million Cetaceans living on Earth. Points of interest included the UFP Council Chambers, Starfleet Headquarters, Starfleet Academy, Cochrane Memorial, Yosemite Valley, and Angel Falls.
Earth was a hub world on the mid-22nd century Earth trade routes. It traded with Alpha Centauri, Altair, Andoria, Denobula Triaxa, Draylax, Ophicus Colony, Tellar Prime, Trill, Vega Colony, and Vulcan. In 2378, Earth was a hub world on the major space lanes. This planet's name was used interchangeably with Sol when referring to the Sol system. (TOS: "The Cage"; TAS: "How Sharper Than a Serpent's Tooth") (Pgs. 32, 36-37, 56-57, "United Federation of Planets I")
- According to Gene Roddenberry's novelization of Star Trek: The Motion Picture, there is a dam across the Straits of Gibraltar. This allowed the level of the Mediterranean Sea to be lowered, creating new farm and park land along the coast, and the world's largest hydro-electric project.
- In the alternate future in the Deep Space Nine book series Millennium, Earth was destroyed in 2388 by the violent Grigari. Among the casualties were William T. Riker, Deanna Troi, Geordi La Forge, Beverly Crusher, Tom Paris, B'Elanna Torres, and the USS Enterprise NCC-1701-F.
- In the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - Dominion Wars video game, if the player plays as the Dominion, the Founders destroy the Federation, bombard Earth, and then declare it to be a secondary homeworld from which to rule.


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Winston-Salem, NC -- Police are looking for an armed robbery suspect after an incident at a Rite Aid late Wednesday afternoon.
Police were called at 4:52 p.m. for the reported armed robbery on Reynolda Rd. Employees told them that a white man in his mid-20s went to the pharmacy and demanded drugs. He told workers that he had a gun, but he never showed one. The man is believed to have left in a red pickup truck.
No injuries were reported.
Police ask that anyone with information call Crime Stoppers at (336) 727-2800.
Winston-Salem Police


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If Americans 'Vote Their Wallets,' What'll That Mean in November?
Voters are expected to "vote their pocketbooks" -- incumbents tend to win in good economies, and challengers in bad ones. If that holds true, 2012 could be a bad year for President Obama. But -- no surprise -- the realities are a bit more complicated.


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- Dec 30:
- Broncos fans reveling in Denver's ascent to top of NFL playoff seeding
- Broncos notes: Denver coaches get tough again on fumbles
- Broncos receivers Thomas, Decker shining for Peyton Manning
- Mark Kiszla: Road to Super Bowl runs through Peyton Manning's house
- Opposite Peyton Manning, Broncos defense holding up its bargain
- What they said: Broncos' Champ Bailey wants more for NFL playoffs
- Peyton Manning carries Broncos past Chiefs, Denver has No. 1 seed for playoffs
- Klis: For Broncos, and with Elway's help, 2012 has been 7th heaven
- Peyton Manning competing with Adrian Peterson for MVP award in NFL
Like Seabiscuit and War Admiral, Affirmed and Alydar, the Broncos and the Colts, so closely coupled in the past, race to the finish line Sunday.
Even though the two stables aren't running against each other in the stretch, the frisky young horses can help, or hinder, the spirited steeds' stampede.
One more time for glory.
If both teams win, the Broncos will be No. 1 in the land of the AFC.
And the Colts can proclaim: "Have we done enough for the Broncos, already?"
The Broncos got John Elway in a trade with the Baltimore Colts in 1983.
Peyton Manning, released by the Indianapolis Colts this year, decided, at the subtle urging of Elway, to become the quarterback of the Broncos in 2012. You made a wise choice, Mr. Manning.
(But the Colts had Johnny Unitas and have Andrew Luck.)
Of course, the horses of a different color, the Colts, beat the Broncos in the postseasons of 2003 (Manning's first playoff victory) and 2004.
Now, what matters is that if the Colts defeat the Texans and the Broncos take the Chiefs, the Broncos would have the home-field advantage — and it most certainly is — until the Super Bowl.
And, just maybe, along the way, the elder Manning, MVP and comeback player of the year, and the rookie Luck, the successful successor, could meet in a match race in Denver — with the old War Horse, Elway and his famous smile, watching.
The Broncos have won 81 percent of their home games in the playoffs.
They have lost 75 percent of their road games in the playoffs.
Major difference, huh?
Up first, though, the Broncos must TCB on Sunday. It is well to remember that in the final regular-season game of 2011, the Broncos lost at home to the Chiefs and a former Broncos quarterback. This year the Broncos again play the sad-sack Chiefs with former Broncos clipboard carrier Brady Quinn at quarterback. This is no time for timidity. The Broncos have to seize a sizable halftime lead and let the second-stringers — Brock's breakout — take over and take care of business.
At game's kickoff, the Broncos will know what the Colts have done against the Texans. If the Texans win, they end up with the No. 1 seed, and should the Broncos win their home playoff game, they would have to play the AFC championship game in Houston.
The Colts would appear to have no serious motivation in the finale because they have clinched a wild-card position and are locked in as the No. 5 seed. However, coach Chuck Pagano, who is recovering from cancer, will be on the sideline for the first time this season since Week 2. There's inspiration.
The Broncos only want to be at home throughout. No matter what they might say, there is no place like home, Aunty Em.
A history lesson for the Broncos and their loyalists:
Blog: First-and-Orange
The Denver Post's NFL reporters post analysis, notes and more on this blog focusing on the Denver Broncos.
The Broncos will advance to their 35th postseason game (including six Super Bowls) in a 35-year span from 1977-2012. Their first victory was over the Steelers on Christmas Eve of '77. Their last victory was over the Steelers on Jan. 8, 2012, in dramatic fashion on the first play of overtime.
In between they have won 18 other postseason games.
The Broncos are 13-3 at home, 3-9 on the road and 2-4 in Super Bowls.
Thus, the importance of the home fields (the old and new stadiums at Mile High).
They haven't won a road game in the playoffs since Jan. 11, 1998 (Pittsburgh). They also had won the previous week at Kansas City.
The third was the memorable, magnificent Jan. 11, 1986, AFC championship game in Cleveland — which featured "The Drive" by Elway. Some forget the 98-yard drive's touchdown actually tied the game. The Broncos prevailed 23-20 in overtime. And some don't know that "The Drive" began when guard Keith Bishop told his teammates: "We've got them right where we want them." Bishop spent nine years with the Broncos and more than two decades with the Drug Enforcement Agency before retiring following a long stint in Afghanistan. This year he was named the Broncos' director of security. (People have asked me who is the guy who always is with Elway at games. Bishop still has his back.)
The Broncos have lost at home in the playoffs to the Steelers in 1984 and in the AFC championship game of the 2005 season.
The third was the memorable, miserable Jan. 4, 1997, upset loss to Jacksonville in the first round. Both Elway and then coach Mike Shana- han called that defeat the most devastating of their careers.
In both 1996 and 2005 the Broncos were 13-3 in the regular season. They will be 13-3 on Sunday evening.
Where do the Broncos go from here in the postseason?
It's a horse race.
Woody Paige: 303-954-1095, email@example.com or twitter.com/woodypaige


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33 U.S. Code § 1365 - Citizen suits
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(a) Authorization; jurisdiction
Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and section 1319 (g)(6) of this title, any citizen may commence a civil action on his own behalf—
(1) against any person (including (i) the United States, and (ii) any other governmental instrumentality or agency to the extent permitted by the eleventh amendment to the Constitution) who is alleged to be in violation of (A) an effluent standard or limitation under this chapter or (B) an order issued by the Administrator or a State with respect to such a standard or limitation, or
(2) against the Administrator where there is alleged a failure of the Administrator to perform any act or duty under this chapter which is not discretionary with the Administrator.
The district courts shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce such an effluent standard or limitation, or such an order, or to order the Administrator to perform such act or duty, as the case may be, and to apply any appropriate civil penalties under section 1319 (d) of this title.
(b) Notice
No action may be commenced—
(1) under subsection (a)(1) of this section—
(A) prior to sixty days after the plaintiff has given notice of the alleged violation
(B) if the Administrator or State has commenced and is diligently prosecuting a civil or criminal action in a court of the United States, or a State to require compliance with the standard, limitation, or order, but in any such action in a court of the United States any citizen may intervene as a matter of right.
(2) under subsection (a)(2) of this section prior to sixty days after the plaintiff has given notice of such action to the Administrator,
(c) Venue; intervention by Administrator; United States interests protected
(1) Any action respecting a violation by a discharge source of an effluent standard or limitation or an order respecting such standard or limitation may be brought under this section only in the judicial district in which such source is located.
(2) In such action under this section, the Administrator, if not a party, may intervene as a matter of right.
(3) Protection of interests of united states.— Whenever any action is brought under this section in a court of the United States, the plaintiff shall serve a copy of the complaint on the Attorney General and the Administrator. No consent judgment shall be entered in an action in which the United States is not a party prior to 45 days following the receipt of a copy of the proposed consent judgment by the Attorney General and the Administrator.
(d) Litigation costs
The court, in issuing any final order in any action brought pursuant to this section, may award costs of litigation (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees) to any prevailing or substantially prevailing party, whenever the court determines such award is appropriate. The court may, if a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction is sought, require the filing of a bond or equivalent security in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
(e) Statutory or common law rights not restricted
Nothing in this section shall restrict any right which any person (or class of persons) may have under any statute or common law to seek enforcement of any effluent standard or limitation or to seek any other relief (including relief against the Administrator or a State agency).
(f) Effluent standard or limitation
For purposes of this section, the term "effluent standard or limitation under this chapter" means
(1) effective July 1, 1973, an unlawful act under subsection (a) ofsection 1311 of this title;
(3) standard of performance under section 1316 of this title;
(4) prohibition, effluent standard or pretreatment standards under section 1317 of this title;
(5) certification under section 1341 of this title;
(6) a permit or condition thereof issued under section 1342 of this title, which is in effect under this chapter (including a requirement applicable by reason of section 1323 of this title); or
(g) "Citizen" defined
For the purposes of this section the term "citizen" means a person or persons having an interest which is or may be adversely affected.
(h) Civil action by State Governors
A Governor of a State may commence a civil action under subsection (a) of this section, without regard to the limitations of subsection (b) of this section, against the Administrator where there is alleged a failure of the Administrator to enforce an effluent standard or limitation under this chapter the violation of which is occurring in another State and is causing an adverse effect on the public health or welfare in his State, or is causing a violation of any water quality requirement in his State.
[1] So in original.
Source(June 30, 1948, ch. 758, title V, § 505, as added Pub. L. 92–500, § 2,Oct. 18, 1972, 86 Stat. 888; amended Pub. L. 100–4, title III, § 314(c), title IV, § 406(d)(2), title V, §§ 504, 505 (c),Feb. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 49, 73, 75, 76.)
References in Text
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, referred to in subsec. (d), are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
1987—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–4, § 314(c), inserted "and section 1319 (g)(6) of this title" after "subsection (b) of this section" in introductory text.
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100–4, § 504, added par. (3).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–4, § 505(c), inserted "prevailing or substantially prevailing" before "party".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–4, § 406(d)(2), added cl. (7).
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29 U.S. Code § 796 - Purpose
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The purpose of this part is to promote a philosophy of independent living, including a philosophy of consumer control, peer support, self-help, self-determination, equal access, and individual and system advocacy, in order to maximize the leadership, empowerment, independence, and productivity of individuals with disabilities, and the integration and full inclusion of individuals with disabilities into the mainstream of American society, by—
(1) providing financial assistance to States for providing, expanding, and improving the provision of independent living services;
(2) providing financial assistance to develop and support statewide networks of centers for independent living; and
(3) providing financial assistance to States for improving working relationships among State independent living rehabilitation service programs, centers for independent living, Statewide Independent Living Councils established under section 796d of this title, State vocational rehabilitation programs receiving assistance under subchapter I of this chapter, State programs of supported employment services receiving assistance under part B of subchapter VI of this chapter, client assistance programs receiving assistance under section 732 of this title, programs funded under other subchapters of this chapter, programs funded under other Federal law, and programs funded through non-Federal sources.
Source(Pub. L. 93–112, title VII, § 701, as added Pub. L. 105–220, title IV, § 410,Aug. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1217.)
Prior Provisions
A prior section 796,Pub. L. 93–112, title VII, § 701, as added Pub. L. 102–569, title VII, § 701(2),Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4443; amended Pub. L. 103–73, title I, § 114(a),Aug. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 728, related to purpose of program to provide assistance for independent living for individuals with severe disabilities, prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 105–220.
Another prior section 796,Pub. L. 93–112, title VII, § 701, as added Pub. L. 95–602, title III, § 301,Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2995, provided Congressional statement of purpose of former subchapter VII, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 102–569, § 701(1).
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The main treatments for heart failure are making lifestyle changes and taking your medicines. However, there are procedures and surgeries that may help.
A heart pacemaker is a small, battery-operated device that sends a signal to your heart. The signal makes your heart beat at the correct pace.
Pacemakers may be used:
When your heart is weakened, gets too large, and does not pump blood very well, you are at high risk for abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden cardiac death.
The most common cause of heart failure is coronary artery disease (CAD), which is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. CAD may become worse and make it harder to manage your symptoms.
Watch this video about:Coronary artery disease
After performing certain tests your doctor may feel that opening a narrowed or blocked blood vessel will improve your heart failure symptoms. Suggested procedures may include:
Blood that flows between the chambers of your heart, or out of your heart into the aorta, must pass through a heart valve. These valves open enough to allow blood to flow through. They then close, keeping blood from flowing backward.
When these valves do not work well, blood does not flow correctly through the heart to the body. This problem may cause heart failure or make heart failure worse.
Heart valve surgery may be needed to repair or replace one of the valves.
Some types of surgery are done for severe heart failure when other treatments no longer work. These procedures are often used when a person is waiting for a heart transplant.
You may need a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) if you have severe heart failure that cannot be controlled with medicine or a special pacemaker.
Intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) help maintain heart function in people who are waiting for transplants. They can also help patients who have a sudden and severe decline in heart function. The IABP is a thin, implanted balloon. Most often, it is inserted into the artery in the leg and threaded into the artery leading from the heart (aorta).
Mann DL. Management of heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 28.
Otto CM, Bonow RO. Valvular heart disease. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 66.


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AlumnA AWARD
Sarah D. Jerome, Ph.D., Supt. Cert. '90
Sarah is superintendent of the Arlington Heights (Ill.) school district and current president of the American Association of School Administrators.
counseling and educational psychology Achievement Award
James D. Larson, Grad '90
An author and a leader in school violence prevention, Jim is professor of psychology and director of the School of Psychology Training Program at the University of Wisconsin – Whitewater.
educational policy and leadership achievement Award
George R. Lowery, Grad '80
George is professor of secondary education at Roosevelt University (Ill.). He has worked as a consultant and served as a visiting lecturer for universities around the country.
young alumnA
Tina Manzo Owen, Arts '98
Tina is lead teacher for The Alliance School of Milwaukee, a charter school she helped to start that provides safe harbor for students who are harassed.


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LOS ANGELES -- The 2013 Rock Hall class of inductees has been announced and for the first time, music fans had a vote in the selections.
The 2013 class of inductees:
Performer Category
- Heart
- Albert King
- Randy Newman
- Public Enemy
- Rush
- Donna Summer
Ahmet Ertegun (non-performer) Award
- Lou Adler
- Quincy Jones
The Induction Ceremony will be held on April 18, 2013 at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles. It's the first time since 1993 the ceremony has been held on the West Coast.
The ceremony will be open to the public. Tickets go on sale January 25 at http://rockhall.com/. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum members will have the chance to buy advance tickets. Memberships must be active by January 1, 2013.
The inductees were chosen by more than 500 voters of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation. This year's class, for the first time in history, was also voted by fans. The public was able to vote online and the results were tallied into a fans' ballot that was included in the selection process.
The Rock Hall Induction Ceremony will be broadcast on HBO on May 18.


text: Gently Loved. The vachetta leather has a moderate patina and is lightly water marked. The bottom corners and piping are lightly worn and the edges of the front pockets are slightly curled. The hardware is noticeably scuffed and the lining is lightly stained. There is a small slit on the central looping belt. SIZE: Medium.


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The thing about birthdays is that they only come once a year.
For me, well, I'm starting to like the fact I only turn one year older every 12 months.
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Two veteran reporters with nearly 40 years of combined experience working for MPBN have been recognized by their journalistic peers for the quality of their reporting. Irwin Gratz, a radio news reporter who hosts MPBN's local broadcast of the NPR program Morning Edition, is one of four recipients of this year's Yankee Quill Award, which recognizes career contributions to the betterment of journalism in the New England states. And on a national level, Susan Sharon was awarded third place in the small market category by the Society for Environmental Journalists for her coverage of environmental issues in Maine.
MPBN will premiere two new original half-hour television productions about a new way of combining biophysical sciences with social science and economics to study Maine's changing landscape, and how to sustain it for future generations, on Tuesday, September 27 at 8:00 pm. The first two episodes of "Sustainable Maine" focus on Maine fishermen, loggers and scientists from the University of Maine, USM, Bates College and Bowdoin College as they work together to balance economic growth with environmental sensitivity and local traditions of land and water use in Maine.
The Maine Public Broadcasting Network is taking its award winning radio news program – Maine Things Considered – on the road. The public broadcaster will originate its daily program live from Millinocket on Friday, September 16.
The Maine Public Broadcasting Network is proud to announce its upcoming broadcast of the opening night of the 2011 Portland Chamber Music Festival on Thursday, August 11th at 8pm, live on MPBN Radio and online at MPBN.net. This broadcast is part of a brand new MPBN initiative titled "Maine Arts Live."
Bob Lorenz, an organic gardener from Sidney, Maine, picked up his brand new Honda Fit on Wednesday from Lee Auto Mall in Auburn after being chosen at random as the winner of the Maine Public Broadcasting Network's third annual "Life is Better with MPBN" contest.


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Thomas Riddle (1880–1943) was a very wealthy Muggle who owned most of the town of Little Hangleton. He and his wife Mary had a son named Tom. The Riddles were snobby and looked down on most other people in town, in particular the poverty-striken House of Gaunt that lived nearby, becoming very unpopular amongst the locals.
The elderly Riddle couple suffered a great scandal when Tom eloped and married Merope Gaunt, the daughter of "tramp" Marvolo Gaunt. The pair left for London, but Tom soon returned to his parents' home, claiming to have been "hood-winked" and "taken in" by Merope. This may have referred to her being a witch and probably using a Love Potion on him to obtain his affections, or to her pregnancy.
In 1943, Tom was confronted by the son he had abandoned — Tom Marvolo Riddle, who had been left in an orphanage after his mother's death and who was a very powerful wizard. Thomas was murdered by his grandson with the Killing Curse, as were his wife and son. Riddle then framed his uncle Morfin Gaunt for the crime, and Morfin was imprisoned in Azkaban. While the Muggle authorities could not figure out how the Riddles had died, many people suspected their gardener, Frank Bryce, of being the killer. Thomas was buried in the Little Hangleton graveyard along with his son and wife, but their deaths were not mourned by the town due to their snobbishness.
Behind the scenes
- In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Albus Dumbledore refers to Riddle's child, Tom (senior) as "the squire's son." "Squire" is a British term referring to the leader of an English village, often a justice of the peace or a member of Parliament, indicating Thomas's status in Muggle society.
The name "Thomas" is the Greek form of the Aramaic name תָּאוֹמָא (Ta'oma') which meant "twin".
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) (First identified as Thomas Riddle)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Mentioned only)