text:
Google Is Making Us Forgetful, But Does It Matter?
Research studies by Betsy Sparrow of Columbia University "support a growing belief that people are using the Internet as a personal memory bank: the so-called Google effect." Yes, the awareness that we can look things up easily later makes our memories worse. But when it comes to retrieving that online data, she notes, "We're remarkably efficient."


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- Which version of Windows Phone do I have?
- How do I update my phone software?
- Phone updates FAQ
- Copy and paste
- Switch between apps
- What do the icons on my phone mean?
- Tips to help keep my phone secure
- Keyboard
- Accessibility on my phone
- Lock screen
- Use Speech on my phone
- Find a lost phone
- My Phone FAQ
- How can I minimize my data usage?
- Battery: making it last
- SD cards and my phone
- Use a PIN to lock my SIM card
- Privacy resources
- Feature and service availability
Windows Phone 7 update history
We think even great software can always get better. That's why we periodically release Windows Phone software updates to add new features you've asked for and to maximize your phone's performance.
Below is a summary of what we've included in each update so far. The update number refers to the Windows Phone operating system (OS) version. The updates are listed in reverse chronological order (the most recent is listed first).
Because updates are cumulative, when you install the latest update, you'll also get all the previous updates if your phone doesn't have them already. Only updates that apply to your phone will be downloaded and installed.
When it's available, we'll also pass along software from phone manufacturers that improves the performance of specific phone models. If you have questions about what's included in a phone manufacturer update, contact your phone manufacturer.
To learn how to install updates, check if there's an update available for you to download, and determine which version of Windows Phone you have now, see Phone updates FAQ. For information about improvements to Windows Phone 8, see Windows Phone 8 update history.
Update 7.10.8862.144
Also known as Windows Phone 7.8*.
Start. Provides resizable small, medium, and large Live Tiles so you can customize your Start experience in new ways.
Accent colors. Expands the number of available accent colors to 20.
Lock screen. Improves the lock screen experience with accidental wipe protection features and the Bing image of the day wallpaper.
Marketplace and Xbox. Expands Windows Phone Marketplace and Xbox support to new countries and regions.
Fonts. Enhances the Chinese font and improves the appearance of Arabic and other languages.
Live Tiles. Fixes performance issues from a previous update.
Other improvements. Includes many other improvements to Windows Phone.
This update is not available in all markets or for all phones. To learn more about what's included in this update, see Windows Phone 7.8.
*Windows Phone 7.8 is the official product name we use to describe this release. However, due to a quirk of software development, the actual OS version is identified as 7.10.8862.144. You'll see both of these names on your phone in Settings > About > More info.
Update 7.10.8773.98
Messaging. Adds new messaging capabilities to your phone. You can now attach multiple pictures, videos, audio notes, and ringtones to text messages.
Other quality improvements. Includes many other improvements to Windows Phone.
This update is not available in all markets or for all phones.
Update 7.10.8107.79
On-screen keyboard. Fixes an issue to prevent the keyboard from disappearing during typing.
Email. Fixes a Google mail syncing issue.
Location. Fixes a location access issue. With this fix, the Me feature in the People Hub sends anonymous information about nearby Wi-Fi access points and cell towers to Microsoft only if you agree to allow the Check In function to access and use location information.
Security. Revokes digital certificates from DigiCert Sdn Bhd to address an encryption issue.
Email threads. Fixes an email issue related to Microsoft Exchange Server 2003. With this fix, when you reply to or forward a message, the original message is now included in your response.
Voicemail. Fixes a voicemail notification display issue that occurs on some European and Asian networks under certain conditions.
Update 7.10.7740.16
Email threads. Fixes an email issue related to Microsoft Exchange Server 2003. With this fix, when you reply to or forward a message, the original message is now included in your response.
Voicemail. Fixes a voicemail notification display issue that occurs on some European and Asian networks under certain conditions.
This update is available only in certain markets.
Update 7.10.7720.68
Also known as Windows Phone 7.5*.
Hundreds of new and improved features. Based on your feedback, we've scoured Windows Phone from top to bottom looking for ways to make it easier for you to connect and share with friends, discover and use smarter apps, and tap the power of the web.
*Windows Phone 7.5 is the official product name we use to describe this release. However, due to a quirk of software development, the actual OS version is identified as 7.10.7720. You'll see both of these names on your phone in Settings > About > More info.
Update 7.0.7392.0
Fix for fraudulent third-party digital certificates. This update includes a critical fix to an industry-wide issue with nine untrusted digital certificates that were issued by one root certificate authority. These third-party digital certificates are used to access popular websites and email portals.
Although this is not a Microsoft security vulnerability, these untrusted certificates may be used to spoof content, perform phishing attacks, or perform man-in-the-middle attacks against all web browser users. This update moves the affected certificates to the "Untrusted Publishers" certificate store on Windows Phone, which helps ensure that these fraudulent certificates are not inadvertently used. For more info, see Microsoft Security Advisory (2524375).
Update 7.0.7390.0*
Also known as the "NoDo" update.
- Copy & paste. Tap a word and drag the arrows to copy and paste it on your phone. You can copy text from emails, text messages, web pages, and Office Mobile documents, and paste it anywhere you can type. To learn more, see Copy and paste.
- Faster apps and games. Nobody likes to wait. That's why we've whittled down the time it takes for apps and games to start up and resume. It's all part of our focus on getting you to the things you love, easier and faster.
- Better Marketplace search. We've streamlined Marketplace search to make it easier to find specific apps, games, or music. Press the Search button in the Apps or Games section of Marketplace and you'll see only apps or games in the results. Press Search in the Music section of Marketplace to search just the music catalog.
- Other Marketplace improvements. We've improved the stability of Marketplace while you download apps. We've also improved the experience of downloading apps larger than 20 megabytes, upgrading from trial apps to paid apps, sharing links to apps via email, sorting Xbox LIVE games by release date, and creating an Xbox LIVE account from within the Games Hub.
- Wi-Fi improvements. We now display your phone's Media Access Control (MAC) address in Settings. (You might need this info if you try to connect to a Wi-Fi network that uses MAC address filtering. To learn more, see Connect to a Wi-Fi network.) We've also removed the limit on the number of Wi-Fi profiles that you can store and reduced the time it takes to start your phone if you've stored lots of Wi-Fi profiles.
- Outlook improvements. We've improved the experience of viewing iPhone photo attachments you receive from a non-Exchange-based email account (such as a Google Mail, Hotmail, or Yahoo! Mail account), using the Global Address List (GAL) when connecting to Exchange Server 2003 using Exchange ActiveSync, and working with email display names that contain brackets (for example, "David Alexander [Contoso]").
- Facebook integration. We've improved the experience of syncing Facebook accounts.
- Camera improvements. We've improved the stability of switching between camera and video modes.
- Audio improvements. We've improved the experience of using a Bluetooth headset to make calls when you're playing music or videos.
- Other performance improvements. This update also includes software from several phone manufacturers that improves the performance of specific models. Naturally, if you don't have one of the affected models, we won't install this portion of the update on your phone.
*New phones with OS version 7.0.7389.0 include all of the features and improvements that are included in OS version 7.0.7390.0.
Update 7.0.7008.0
Update process improvements. This behind-the-scenes update improves the update process itself.

subset: commoncrawl


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In addition to credit cards, we also accept Paypal.
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The TYR™ Swedish Lo Pro Goggles are low profile for less drag and more swimming.
Tyr goggles are nice.
Nice, because they don't leave goggle eye marks. Comfortable, but they did fog and then cleared.
marilyn f.
Fleetwood, PA
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Very Comfortable!
These are the most comfortable, low profile (Lo Pro), inner socket, Swedish style goggles I have ever worn. I am a fan of the Swedish style and don't usually need any rubber. I was worried about thse because I had tried the Speedo Socket Rockets and the rubber gasket really hurt my nose by the inside of my eyes. I was amazed how comfortable these are! They are also super low profile. The only drawback for me is the view, it is a bit of tunnel vision. I noticed this because I got these at the same time as the Arena Swedix which have superior forward and side view, but I love these goggles.
Coach Doug
Gladstone, Mo.
Get an alert when we add new styles of TYR! Simply sign up and we'll notify you.
Founded in Southern California in 1985, TYR™ has since developed a reputation for high-quality products and equipment. TYR competition swimwear and triathlon gear have been a dominant force in their respective industries. The company is also known for its TYR goggles, swim apparel, triathlon wetsuits and a wide variety of swimming equipment.
TYR was the first company to introduce a pair of goggles designed to fit a woman's face (the TYR T-72). TYR was also responsible for the famous red bathing suits featured on the hit television series "Baywatch." TYR consults with current and former athletes when developing its products. Swimmers know that TYR is a leader in swimsuits, warm-up suits, and swim training equipment. The TYR Tracer Series is one of the most advanced technical suit lines on the market. The TYR Hurricane wetsuits and the TYR Torque collections include top-of-the-line suits for the competitive swimmer.
TYR has also moved into competitive running equipment. From running shirts to shorts, its apparel is designed with the runner in mind. Built with moisture wicking fabric and antimicrobial material, TYR running apparel is designed to give the athlete the most comfortable, dry clothing on the market.
The name "TYR" is derived from the Norse god of warriors, who is said to have embodied victory and glory. Much the same can be said about the athletes who started TYR. Executive Vice President, Steve Furniss, was an Olympian who competed in the 1972 and 1976 Summer Games, and captained the 76th U.S. Olympic Swim Team.
On YourFirst Purchase


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A new profile for the Vulnerable Big Bear Valley woollypod.
Related species for the Christmas frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi)
By Habitat
« Back to the Christmas frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi)
Hawaiian petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis)
A large, oceanic bird, the Hawaiian petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) is confined to just a few of the Hawaiian Islands. Both the male and…
More about the hawaiian petrel »
0 videos
Henderson petrel (Pterodroma atrata)
Named after the only island on which it is known to breed, the Henderson petrel is a medium-sized, slightly built gadfly petrel (Pterodroma…
Ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres)
The ruddy turnstone is a small, stocky, brightly-patterned shorebird, named for its habit of turning over objects such as stones, shells and…
Abbott's booby (Papasula abbotti)
Abbott's booby is a large slender-bodied, black-and-white seabird. The head, neck and underparts are white whilst the black upperwing has…
Christmas Island red crab (Gecarcoidea natalis)
Information on the Christmas Island red crab is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly.…
Great frigatebird (Fregata minor)
With the largest wing area to body mass ratio of any bird, frigatebirds are wonderfully adapted for an aerial lifestyle. These birds have a…
Snares crested penguin (Eudyptes robustus)
This medium-sized species has the immediately recogniseable pattern of most penguins of snowy-white underparts and dark blue-black…
Southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus)
The southern giant petrel is, as the name suggests, a very large bird, with impressive long, pointed wings and a huge bill. Like all species…
Chilean skua (Stercorarius chilensis)
Information on the Chilean skua is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly.…
0 videos
Erect-crested penguin (Eudyptes sclateri)
Erect-crested penguins are perhaps some of the most mysterious of all penguin species. This species is one of the largest of the crested…
Waved albatross (Phoebastria irrorata)
The waved albatross is unique in being the largest bird in the Galapagos Islands, and the only albatross species found entirely within the…
Southern skua (Stercorarius antarcticus)
Information on the southern skua is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly.…
More about the southern skua »
0 videos
Masked booby (Sula dactylatra)
Information on the masked booby is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly.…
Christmas shearwater (Puffinus nativitatis)
A medium-sized, slender-bodied shearwater of the Procellidae family, the Christmas shearwater (Puffinus nativitatis) has a uniformly sooty…
More about the christmas shearwater »
0 videos
Great black-backed gull (Larus marinus)
The largest of the gulls, the great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) is a dominating predator that has been described as a "merciless…
Black tern (Chlidonias niger)
A small, graceful tern species, the black tern is unmistakable during the breeding season, when it displays the distinctive dark plumage for…
South polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki)
A widespread and prominent bird of the Antarctic, the south polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) has a rather notorious reputation as a…
More about the south polar skua »
0 videos
Lava gull (Larus fuliginosus)
There are less than 800 lava gulls alive, making this the rarest gull in the world. The name comes from its dark sooty-grey plumage, which…
Brown skua (Stercorarius lonnbergi)
Information on the brown skua is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly.…
0 videos
Great skua (Stercorarius skua)
Information on the great skua is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly.…
0 videos
Cape cormorant (Phalacrocorax capensis)
The most distinctive feature of this southern African seabird is the bright orange-yellow patch of bare skin at the base of its bill, which…
Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)
The black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) is a small, graceful, cliff-nesting gull, named for its loud, nasal 'kitti-wake' call. As its…
Swallow-tailed gull (Creagrus furcatus)
Information on the swallow-tailed gull is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly.…
Tristan albatross (Diomedea dabbenena)
With an enormous wingspan that can exceed three metres, the huge Tristan albatross is well adapted for gliding the ocean airs. Previously…
Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)
The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the largest of all crocodilians, and the largest reptile in the world, with unconfirmed…
Grey petrel (Procellaria cinerea)
Despite being called petrels, Procellaria species are thought to be more closely related to Calonectris shearwaters than to other petrels…
0 videos
Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)
The Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) is named in honour of the maritime explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who first recorded it…
Lesser noddy (Anous tenuirostris)
The lesser noddy (Anous tenuirostris) is a small, tropical tern species with dark plumage and a long, slender black bill. The wings of this…
0 videos
Ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea)
This distinctive gull is most striking in appearance when in its pure white adult plumage, which blends beautifully into its icy, Arctic…
Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis)
Named after one of the islands on which it breeds, the Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) is a large bird with extremely long wings…


text: Almost 30 times I heard it. Literally hundreds of times I saw it. No one apparently got the memo, especially the stadium public address announcer, who said it with gusto. Many proudly wore it like a badge of honor. I'm referring to the Washington NFL football team's longstanding racist nickname and equally racist logo — the "R" word. Continue Reading →


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Oseltamivir or Zanamivir
|Generic Name
|Brand Name
Oseltamivir is taken as a pill twice each day for 5 days.
Zanamivir is inhaled through a device called a Diskhaler. This inhaler device delivers the medicine to the lungs, because that is where the influenza (flu) virus multiplies. It is inhaled twice a day for 5 days.
How It Works
Oseltamivir and zanamivir are medicines known as neuraminidase inhibitors. They help prevent influenza A and influenza B viruses from multiplying in the body by interfering with the production and release of virus from cells that line the respiratory tract. This may slow the spread of the infection within the airways and lungs.
Why It Is Used
Oseltamivir and zanamivir may be used to treat flu caused by both the influenza A and B viruses.
- Both medicines are given twice a day for 5 days.
- Oseltamivir is used to treat flu in people age 1 and older.
- Zanamivir is used for people age 7 and older.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also approved oseltamivir to prevent flu in adults and children age 13 and older. Zanamivir is approved for use to prevent the flu in adults and children age 5 and older.
How Well It Works
Oseltamivir and zanamivir may help prevent or treat the flu.1, 2 Using one of these medicines typically shortens the course of influenza A or B by about 1 day.1, 3
Zanamivir may prevent flu among household members when a member of the family is infected.4
Oseltamivir and zanamivir may not be as effective for people who do not have a fever or do not have severe flu symptoms. And more study is needed to find out how well these medicines work to prevent the flu in people who have severely impaired immune systems.
Side Effects
All medicines have side effects. But many people don't feel the side effects, or they are able to deal with them. Ask your pharmacist about the side effects of each medicine you take. Side effects are also listed in the information that comes with your medicine.
Here are some important things to think about:
- Usually the benefits of the medicine are more important than any minor side effects.
- Side effects may go away after you take the medicine for a while.
- If side effects still bother you and you wonder if you should keep taking the medicine, call your doctor. He or she may be able to lower your dose or change your medicine. Do not suddenly quit taking your medicine unless your doctor tells you to.
Call 911 or other emergency services right away if you have:
- Trouble breathing.
- Swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
- Confusion or delirium.
- A change in behavior, or thoughts of harming yourself or others.
Call your doctor if you have:
- Hives.
Common side effects of these medicines include:
- Diarrhea.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Swelling of the sinuses (sinusitis).
See Drug Reference for a full list of side effects. (Drug Reference is not available in all systems.)
What To Think About
Oseltamivir and zanamivir work best when started within 48 hours of your first flu symptoms.
Some people who have asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and use zanamivir may experience reduced lung function and have trouble breathing. If you have these conditions, talk to your doctor about whether you should use this medicine.
Although influenza viruses A and B have not yet developed resistance to oseltamivir and zanamivir, resistance is possible with increased use of these medicines.
Taking medicine
Medicine is one of the many tools your doctor has to treat a health problem. Taking medicine as your doctor suggests will improve your health and may prevent future problems. If you don't take your medicines properly, you may be putting your health (and perhaps your life) at risk.
There are many reasons why people have trouble taking their medicine. But in most cases, there is something you can do. For suggestions on how to work around common problems, see the topic Taking Medicines as Prescribed.
Advice for women
If you are pregnant, breast-feeding, or planning to get pregnant, do not use any medicines unless your doctor tells you to. Some medicines can harm your baby. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, herbs, and supplements. And make sure that all your doctors know that you are pregnant, breast-feeding, or planning to get pregnant.
Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It's also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.
Complete the new medication information form (PDF)(What is a PDF document?) to help you understand this medication.
- Shun-Shin M, et al. (2009). Neuraminidase inhibitors for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in children: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. Published online August 11, 2009 (doi: 10.1136/bmj.b3172).
- Hsu J, et al. (2012). Antivirals for treatment of influenza: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 156(7): 512–524.
- Jefferson T, et al. (2012). Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults and children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1).
- Monto AS, et al. (2002). Zanamivir prophylaxis: An effective strategy for the prevention of influenza types A and B within households. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 186(11): 1582–1588.
Last Revised: July 9, 2012
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & Christine Hahn, MD - Epidemiology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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Kitchen Storage
The kitchen is the busiest room in the house and often the hardest to keep clutter free. In large or small spaces, kitchen storage and pantry organizers will help you see and find everything with ease. Drawer organizers, cabinet shelves, under cabinet organizers and pantry storage will help simplify meal planning and prep for the whole family. More
Dymo Label Maker and Refill TapeItem# 33500
- Large thirteen character LCD screen
- Five different fonts, seven print styles and eight box styles
- Nine label memory, two line printing
Availability: OUT OF STOCK$ 34. 95


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Tampa Hazards
Emergency experts recommend that you prepare for emergencies using an "All-hazards approach". The preparedness steps you take, for any type of emergency, will go a long way in minimizing the negative impacts of almost any disaster situation that you may encounter.
Disasters disrupt hundreds of thousands of lives every year. Each disaster has lasting effects, both to people and property. If a disaster occurs in your community, local government and disaster-relief organizations will try to help you, but you need to be ready as well. Local responders may not be able to reach you immediately, or they may need to focus their efforts elsewhere. You should know how to respond to severe weather or any disaster that could occur in your area - hurricanes, extreme cold, flooding, or terrorism.
You should also be ready to be self-sufficient for several days. This may mean providing for your own shelter, first aid, food, water, and sanitation.
The most vital key to successfully managing any type of disaster, natural or manmade, is to be properly prepared.


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Date: 10/04/2013
Time: 5:30pm - 7:00pm
Cost: $40
Come celebrate fall with an evening of herbal fun.
Learn how to spice up your favorite mixed drinks with herbal infusions, zesty simple syrups and a twist of fresh herbs. There are many herbs that are naturally warming and will compliment your favorite fall drinks. Best of all many of the herbs we will talk about are easy to grow in your garden or pots and will grow year 'round. There will be many cocktail recipes including my salted caramel apple cider.In class we will make an herbal infused vodka or brandy, a zesty simple syrup, an aromatic cider or a chamomile hot toddy, and a simple bitters apertif. There will be alcoholic and non alcoholic drinks.
This would be a great class to share with friends !!
Join us for a toast at our herbal happy hour.
All materials provided.
Ages 21 +Call the shop to sign up at 503-233-8691.


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The browser you are using is out of date and is no longer supported. To view and use this site correctly, please update your browser to the latest version.
We have created a new public body, Historic Environment Scotland. While we work on shaping our future we can reassure you that all services and products will continue as normal. Please follow our progress and find out more about our new organisation.
22 December 2008A spokeswoman for Historic Scotland said: "This was a major fire in the heart of Edinburgh's historic Old Town and the fire services have done a fantastic job in protecting the public and containing the blaze within the shell of the damaged building. Victoria Street is a key setpiece in the Edinburgh World Heritage Site. The restaurant was housed in a B-listed building, a 19th Century church converted many years ago to commercial use. Historic Scotland will work closely with Edinburgh City Council to assess the situation and to advise on the way forward for this important site. The fire in Frederick Street, in the New Town has also damaged a small part of the extensive World Heritage Site. Again, Historic Scotland will discuss the situation with Edinburgh City Council."
For further information


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Last Updated: Apr 27, 2016
Installation of your AIRAVE® Access Point should be simple plug and play. AIRAVE uses standard ports to connect to the Sprint Network through the Internet. These ports are open by default on the integrated router within the AIRAVE and will not need additional configuration.
If your AIRAVE cannot connect to the Sprint network due to a unique network configuration, you may need to open the following UDP ports on your switch or router that the AIRAVE is connected behind:
Contact your broadband Internet provider, router manufacturer or network administrator for detailed instructions to open ports on your equipment.


text:
What I usually do is try to make some nice symbols and then get really frustrated and just up using a white circle with a stroke and a slight bevel.
I tried to make some icons this one time but they just didn't turn out right. One was a tower that ended up looking more like a broken tooth.
Alchemical symbols sound interesting. Things that give maps more character and identity are always worth trying.


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Become the heroic Jedi Knight from George Lucas' movies with this Men's Deluxe Luke Skywalker Costume. The outfit features a white tunic, as well as a belt and a pair of gray pants with attached boot tops. For good measure, you can add on to this costume by checking out some accessories that are sold separately. Some great ideas would be a blue Star Wars lightsaber or a brown Jedi robe. You can get your friends in on the Star Wars action by having them dress up as the other characters from the movies. Be sure to take a look at the other Star Wars costumes we have to offer on our site, including Han Solo, Chewbacca, Obi Wan Kenobi, and of course, Darth Vader.
Our Price: $44.07
Our Price: $11.97


text:
Please choose a country or other area, Region, or U.S. State.
Home »
Under Secretary for Management » Foreign Service Institute » Transition Center » Overseas Briefing Center (OBC) » Publications and Online Resources
Transition Center e-News
Overseas Moves
Cultural Resources
Job Search
Reference Materials and Recommended Reading
-Protocol for the Modern Dipomat (2011)
The Office of Website Management, Bureau of Public Affairs, manages this site as a portal for information from the U.S. State Department.
External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein.
Do you already have an account on one of these sites? Click the logo to sign in and create your own customized State Department page. Want to learn more? Check out our FAQ!
OpenID is a service that allows you to sign in to many different websites using a single identity.
Find out more about OpenID and how to get an OpenID-enabled account.


text:
items tagged with Renee Zellweger
Written By: Mike Schulz
Section: Movies
Category: Reviews
2000-06-28 12:00:00
To discuss the numerous, simple joys of Chicken Run is to risk ruining what's great about the film; how beautifully it's underplayed, and how sly and gentle its considerable streak of humor is. Using Nick Park's miraculous Claymation, the film tells the story of a group of miserable, caged English chickens who are trying, in vain, to escape from their evil human captor (voiced by Miranda Richardson). Their days appear numbered until the arrival of Rocky (Mel Gibson), an American circus-escapee known for his "Flying Rooster" act. The chickens' hope is that he'll teach them to fly away to safety; Rocky's hope is that they won't discover he's a fraud.
Read More About Funny Business: "Chicken Run," "Me, Myself, & Irene," And "Boys & Girls"...
There are 21 items tagged with Renee Zellweger. You can view all our tags in the Tag Cloud


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this wiki
The Yakuza Stinger is the Yakuza customized gang car. The car appears in the three Liberty City based games: Grand Theft Auto III, Grand Theft Auto Advance (as the Yakuza) and Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories. Prior to the release of GTA III, the car was also known as the "Yakuza"; this name remains in use on the official Rockstar North website.
The Yakuza Stinger is a variant of the Stinger, sporting a red and white paintjob in both GTA III GTA Liberty City Stories (a red and baby blue paintjob in the beta version) as well as an additional spoiler. It also appears only in hardtop form, as opposed to some Stingers, which are depicted as rag-top convertibles with or without a top up. It was possibly resembling Porsche Boxster S due to raised performance.
In GTA Advance, the Yakuza Stinger can appear with three paintjobs - a red and white one, a yellow and red one, and a blue and green one. It has also a different engine sound than in the other three Liberty City related games.
Performance of the Yakuza Stinger in GTA III and GTA Liberty City Stories is equivalent to the Stinger's, if not better. Its speed is considerably moderate by sports car standards, coupled with stable handling and good grip. The Yakuza Stinger in GTA III is also all-wheel-drive, in comparison to a conventional Stinger, which is rear-wheel-drive (The GTA Liberty City Stories rendition only has rear wheel drive). The Yakuza Stinger is thus less prone to tailspins than the Stinger, which is ideal for street racing.
Asuka's Yakuza
In Grand Theft Auto Advance the player can receive Asuka Kasen's Yakuza (dubbed the "Asukamobile") in the mission Down The River. To get the car you need to complete the mission with at least 19 Mafia thugs. The car has an unique metallic blue color, and it handles much better than the normal Yakuza. It is the second fastest vehicle in the game along with the FBI Car, their maximum speed is 187 MPH. If the player gets the car to Pay 'n' Spray it will lose it's unique color. It also should be noted that it's impossible to store the vehicle until the end of the game, since the player can't use garages to store vehicles.
- The GTA III rendition has the same engine sound as the Sentinel and the Police, which is odd for a sports car.
- In Grand Theft Auto Advance music played in this it Numb - "How It's Done" from KREZ, Grand Theft Auto 2.
- It's strange that in GTA III the car is only turbocharged, but in GTA Liberty City stories it is supercharged, despite Liberty City Stories passing in 1998 and III in 2001.
- In Asuka Kasen's condo parking lot in Newport, Staunton Island. There will be 2 of them; one near the entrance to the porch, another near the main entrance of the building.
- Car park of the AMCo. building in Torrington, Staunton Island
- Kenji's Casino in Torrington, Staunton Island (sometimes locked)
- Staunton Plaza in Fort Staunton, Staunton Island (after Grand Theft Aero). There will be 3 Yakuza Stingers, 2 in front of the 2nd building that houses a health and armor pickup, and another near the lift.
- The vehicle also spawns anywhere in Torrington, be careful by jacking the cars because, like other gang members, if another Yakuza Stinger is nearby, he will pursue you and crash in your car, and Yakuza members will/may shoot at you.
GTA Liberty City Stories
- Asuka Kasen's Condo in Newport, Staunton Island
- Car park of the AMCo. building in Torrington, Staunton Island
- The car also spawns anywhere in Torrington, Belleville Park and Aspatria (Staunton Island), as well as Pike Creek and Wichita Gardens (Shoreside Vale)
- Can be obtained during the mission More Deadly Than the Male and Cash in Kazuki's Chips, in which one of them will belong to Toni Cipriani.


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Restaurants + Travel
How Did Airport Food Suddenly Get So Good?
When it came to dining, airports used to be no more than shopping-mall food courts. Today, they're hubs of good local grub, from Texas BBQ to Shake Shack
Restaurants + Travel
New York Beer Scene Travel Guide
In the late 19th century, Brooklyn alone boasted nearly 50 breweries and Queens had close to 300 leafy beer gardens. But post-World War I anti-German sentiment, then Prohibition, squelched Big


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Criminal Justice
Degree Options
Shoreline graduates have been employed in the following capacities:
Fall (recommended), Winter, Spring
Program Advisor
Linda Forst
Room 5378
Find us on Facebook
Learn from Leaders
All Criminal Justice faculty members are either former or current law-enforcement professionals. Students learn about the world criminal justice, taught and guided those are working in the field right now. Sharing their real-world experience is an invaluable addition in preparing students for either employment now or transfer to a four-year college or university.
An advisory board of working professionals, from street-level to command-level officers, meets regularly to make sure the program reflects the needs of the real world.
Credit for Experience
Are you already working in the the criminal-justice field and looking to move up the ladder? Are you a veteran with applicable military experience? After review by faculty, you may be eligible to receive academic credit for the skills you gained on the job.
Two Degrees & One Certificate
Depending on their goals, students can choose from two degrees and one certificate:
On Campus and Online
Students have the option of completing either of the two criminal justice degrees through on-campus classes, online classes or a combination of on-campus and online classes.
Online classes are perfect for those who want the convenience of online learning, proven quality and great value. All online students can receive support from Shoreline's eLearning Services department. On-campus classes are great for those looking for a traditional classroom setting The Child Advocacy Studies Training certificate is available online.


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Are there any photos out there of the Aeronaut in Steel Dyneema/Wasabi? Only thing I've been able to find is that unboxing video by the Scottish gentleman.
Are there any photos out there of the Aeronaut in Steel Dyneema/Wasabi? Only thing I've been able to find is that unboxing video by the Scottish gentleman.
Do these help?
I think that the first pic looks a bit odd. I stuffed my pillow in to the main compartment to just fill it out a bit, but it's the wrong shape. Hopefully they'll give you the idea. In the last one you can see the full set of matching packing cubes (i.e. two end pocket cubes, one large packing cube and a packing cube back pack).
Oh, and by the way, I think this is probably my favourite of all my bags (not just my Tom Bihn collection of six)... though, when some new bags in 400d wasabi Dyneema appear I might just change my mind! A larger Synapse or some café bags, please?
Thanks Eric! Much appreciated!
It's a beauty of a bag! Still wish that was Solar on the inside by the Wasabi isn't bad-looking at all. How do you feel about the Steel Dyneema color for world travel? Do you feel it stands out a lot or would stand out in a foreign country? Thanks!
I like solar, but wasabi is my favourite.
I think that with the flash, the white tends to scream out at you. In the real world, they settle down a bit, but if you're unsure, go for the Ballistic steel, it's great too! Here's mine - two years old and still pristine :) I've only used the Dyneema one once so far, but didn't feel at all self-conscious. I think I prefer the Dyneema, partly because it feels much lighter, but I actually like the fabric... call me weird!


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A bit expensive but they have a monopoly — So you've downloaded the view only version and now you want to edit your documents, here is where this download key comes into play. First of all, the price for the key is expensive but that's because DataViz is the ONLY company doing anything like this of this quality and caliber. Therefore...


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Seven teens charged in connection with Tottenham riots
12:15 01 June 2012
Seven teenagers have been charged with offences during last summer's riots in Tottenham after yesterday's dawn raids.
Six of the teenagers were arrested during two waves of early morning raids at 11 addresses across Haringey, Hackney, Walthamstow and Enfield in the early hours of Thursday morning.
The last boy - a 15-year-old from Hornsey - was arrested at a north London police station later the same day.
Officers from Operation Withern believe they were all involved in the early stages of the riots in Tottenham on August 6 and 7 last year.
Unemployed Leanne Mills, 19, of Lansdowne Road, Tottenham, is charged with burglary amd will appear at Highbury Corner Magistrates Court on June 13.
Student Dean Suragh, 19, of Kitchener Road, Tottenham, is also charged with burglary, but will appear at the same court in custody on June 1 with unemployed Shaun O'Neil, 18, of Griffin Road, Tottenham, charged with robbery, and violent disorder.
The 15-year-old student from Hornsey has also been remanded in custody to appear on the same date charged with burglary and violent disorder.
Also appearing with the three Haringey teenagers on June 1 are a 17-year-old student of Palmers Green who has been charged with violent disorder; a 17-year-old student from Stoke Newington charged with burglary and violent disorder and a 17-year-old student from Chingford, who has been charged with two counts of burglary and violent disorder.


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Pumpkin Patch Crewel Embroidered Pillow Cover
No longer available
Dazzling hand embroidery adds visual interest to this pillow cover's classic pumpkin and vine motif.
20" square
Woven of pure cotton.
Hand-embroidered French knots.
Button closure with hidden placket construction.
Insert sold separately; down blend or synthetic.
Machine wash.
Internet only.


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Valdivian temperate forests
Alerce trees, Lenca, Chile. (Photograph by Marco Cortez)
Lesser Rhea foraging in a clearing, Chile. @ C. Michael Hogan The Valdivian temperate forests and the more hygrophilous vegetation of the mediterranean climate zone of central Chile, represent a veritable biogeographic island, separated from climatically similar areas by the extensive Pacific Ocean barriers and flanking deserts. Rainfall varies so dramatically within the ecoregion, that some of the sub-units can be considered dry forests, with others classified as rainforest.
The Valdivian temperate forest is characterised by its extraordinary endemism (e.g., 90 percent at the species level and 34 percent at the genus level for woody species) and the great antiquity of its biogeographic relationships. However, faunal species richness is only modest, with only 290 vertebrate taxa having been recorded, in spite of the broad latitude niche available.
Its taxons show close philogenetic relationships dating to the early Tertiary, with Gondwanic taxons of Oceania forming more recent relationships with Neotropical taxons, separated from other biotas in South America by the great mountainous barrier of the Andes. The region's ecosystems are frequently threatened and degraded. Urgent action has been recommended to restore the ecoregion's ecology and to preserve its remaining natural habitats.
Location and general depiction
This ecoregion is located in the southern cone of South America. It covers a rather narrow continental strip between the western slope of the Andes and the Pacific Ocean, running from approximately 35° to 48° south latitude.
Valdivian temperate forests (Note: there are smaller patches eastward into western Argentina). Source: WW
The tree-line elevation occurs at around 2400 metres (m) in central Chile (35°S), descending to 1000 m in the south of the Valdivian region. The Andean mountains at these latitudes rise above 3000 m. At these higher elevations the temperate forests disappear and are replaced by high Andean vegetation. Maximum annual average temperatures vary between 21°C and 13°C in the northern and southern ends of the ecoregion, respectively. Minimum annual average temperatures range from 7°C to 4°C. The most pronounced variations in average temperatures occur from west to east, due to an increase in altitude toward the Andes. This change in temperature often occurs in less than 160 km of longitude, with more moderate temperatures on the coast and more extreme temperatures in the Andes. Annual precipitation varies between 1000 mm in the north and more than 6000 mm per year in the southern part of the ecoregion. Rain-fronts correspond chiefly to the belt of westerly winds arriving from the Pacific Ocean, with their activity concentrated on the Chilean slope of the Andes, where high mountains create a rain-shadow effect on the eastern versant. Precipitation decreases significantly on the eastern slope of the Andes in Argentina, where rainfall of less than 200 mm is recorded only 100 km east of the Andean peaks. These rains are seasonal due to the Mediterranean-like climate with concentrated rains in the winter months. This seasonality declines from north to south.
Three major geological circumstances define this ecoregion:
- The Andes range, with heights above 3000 m and frequent volcanic and seismic activity, has been the center of glaciation processes which transformed the biota of the temperate forest during the Pleistocene (previous two million years).
- The coastal range is a mountainous belt approximately 100 km to the west of and parallel to the Andes. This range is from the Jurassic age, formed on a metamorphic rocky basement from the Paleozoic age. It has moderate heights at a maximum of 1300 m, breaking off toward the south of the Chiloé Archipelago (43.5°S).
- The intermediate depression or central valley is a lower fault zone (100 to 200 m) covered by volcanic ash and glacial morainic fields lying between the two ranges. The soils of both ranges are poorly developed because the Andean slopes are young and the coastal range is severely weathered. The soils of the intermediate depression have been formed by sedimentary deposits from both mountain ranges.
The temperate forests of southern South America have been isolated from other continental forest biomes since the mid-Tertiary. The connection with other forest ecosystems in South America was probably broken by the end of the Tertiary, and has remained so during the entire Quaternary. Phytogeographic analyses of the Tertiary fossil record in Chile show that about 60 percent of the tropical genera in Chilean forests during the early Tertiary disappeared from the territory during the latter half of the Tertiary. These extinctions were due to a remarkable contraction of the tropical vegetation belts in the Southern Hemisphere that transpired in the mid to late Tertiary.
In the Quaternary, a succession of climate change cooling and warming cycles produced massive mountain glaciers that advanced during the cool glacial periods, causing repeated contractions of the geographic range of temperate forests on the western edge of southern South America. These processes were followed by expansions of the forest during briefer and warmer interglacial periods. Immigration of species from tropical latitudes was no longer possible due to the extreme aridity established in the subtropical latitudes on the western edge of South America, and the Andean mountain barrier to the east. The increased aridity, reduction in area, and isolation of temperate forests led to the extinction of many congeneric plant species, resulting in the presently high number of monotypic genera in the austral forest flora.
Climate change during those prehistoric times combined with geographic isolation resulted in a net loss of species, particularly taxons with tropical ancestry. At the time when glaciers reached their maximum extension in the southern hemisphere, species-rich rainforests survived near the northern limit of their present distribution. Rainfall in this northern area was probably higher during the glacial period and temperatures were moderate due to oceanic influences. Some areas in the coastal range between 38°S and 40°S including specific places in Argentine Patagonia could have remained free of ice and periglacial processes that restricted the persistence of vegetation in the proximity of glaciers. These plant communities may have represented the sources for the recovery of regional biodiversity following deglaciation.
Biogeographic events, temperature and precipitation gradients, the long history of isolation and recent great climatic changes have produced a heterogeneous mosaic of forest types in the ecoregion. The forest ecosystems from north to south were based primarily on a classification proposed by Gajardo and the scheme of Veblen. There are five types of forest ecosystems:
- Deciduous forests of Maule Province (Chile) representing the transition between Mediterranean-type schlerophyllous forests and wet temperate forests further south. These forests are characterized by the dominance of deciduous species of Nothofagus, with many of these species endemic to this area.
- Valdivian laurel-leaved forests dominated by a variety of tree species, including Tepa (Laureliopsis philippiana), Tique (Aextoxicon punctatum), Ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia), Caldcluvia paniculata, and Weinmannia trichosperma.
- Northern Patagonian forests with a predominance of evergreen species such as Coigue (Nothofagus dombeyi), Chilean Podocarp (Podocarpus nubigena) and Winter's Bark (Drimys winteri).
- Patagonian Andean forests, include Monkey Puzzle Tree (Araucaria araucana) and other taxa of high Andean scrublands with deciduous Nothofagus, which are widely distributed latitudinally.
- Evergreen forests and bogs consist of evergreen forests of Guindo Beech (Nothofagus betuloides) and bogs of Sphagnum spp.
The Valdivian temperate forests ecoregion can be subdivided based on criteria of vegetation and woody formations, leading to eleven distinct units or sub-ecoregions. Three of these cover both east and west versants of the coastal range, and two are basically found in the intermediate depression. These five units or sub-ecoregions are found only in Chile. Six sub-ecoregions are confined to the Andean slopes, one of them entirely in Argentina (xeric cyprus forests), and the remaining five are shared by Chile and Argentina.
Biodiversity characteristics
There is an unusually high diversity of plant families represented in South American temperate forests (nearly 50% of the plant families in the Chilean flora are found in temperate forests), which contrasts with the lower species richness (only 7.8 percent of the flora of Chile). The main biological value of the southern temperate forests resides in their high endemism. A high number of taxonomically isolated genera belong to monogeneric families including Aextoxicaceae, Gomotergaceae, Desfontaineaceae, Eucryphiaceae, and Misodendraceae. The high percentage of endemic species, close to 90% of the seed plants, suggests geological antiquity, long isolation, and high rates of extinction during the cooler Pleistocene. The entire ecoregion contains 700 to 800 species of vascular plants, representing more than 200 genera. Of the 32 genera of trees exclusive to the Valdivian forest, twenty-six (81%) are monotypic. At least one-third of the woody plants are of Gondwanic origin, with their closest relatives being found in Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Tasmania.
For the temperate forests of southern South America, endemism at the species level is estimated to be 50% for vines, 53% for hemiparasites, 45% for all vertebrates, 76% for amphibians, 50% for freshwater fish, 36% for reptiles, 33% for mammals, and 30% for birds. A number of special status taxa are found in the ecoregion, such as Near Threatened Species (NT), Vulnerable Species (VU), Endangered Species (EN), Critically Endangered Species (CR).
Faunal species known to be extinct in this ecoregion are two crustacean species within the genus Aegla and some species of the family Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Both groups of invertebrates previously inhabited woody habitats of the coastal range, one of the most critically endangered sub-ecosystems in the ecoregion.
There is a highly diverse set of anuran species Many of the amphibians in these forests have very narrow distribution ranges, particularly in the coastal range. Amphibians limited to the Nahuelbuta Range at 38°S include Bullock's False Toad (Telmatobufo bullocki CR), an endemic anuran to the Valdivian temperate forests. Also limited to the Nahuelbuta Range and endemic to the Valdivian temperate forests are Vanzolini's Spiny-chested Frog (Alsodes vanzolinii CR), Cabreria Spiny-chest Frog (Alsodes barrioi VU), and Contulmo Toad (Eupsophus contulmoensis VU). Other species found further south in the coastal range with narrow distributions ranges include: the ecoregion endemic Barrio's Frog (Insuetophrynus acarpicus CR), the ecoregion endemic (Eusophus vertebralis NT) and Pelado Mountains False Toad (Telmatobufo australis NT).
The Chile Darwin's Frog (Rhinoderma rufum CR); Rosy Ground Frog (Eupsophus roseus NT); Mocha Island Ground Frog (Eupsophus insularis CR); Miguel's Toad (Batrachyla antartandica EN); Olive Spiny-chest Frog (Alsodes verrucosus); Red-spotted Frog (Rhinella rubropunctata); Nibaldo's Wood Frog (Batrachyla nibaldoi); Nahuelbuta Ground Frog (Eupsophus nahuelbutensis); Alsodes australis, Batrachyla fitzroya, and Malleco Spiny-chest Frog (Alsodes vittatus) are also anurans endemic to the Valdivian temperate forests; moreover, the Chile False Frog (Telmatobufo venustus CR) is endemic to the ecoregion and found only on the Chilean western versant of the Andes. The Challhuaco Frog (Atelognathus nitoi VU) has only been collected in a very narrow environment on the Andean slope at the edge of the ecoregion. Another non-threatened endemic is the Emilio's Ground Frog (Eupsophus emiliopugini).
Special status but non-endemic anurans are: Darwin's Frog (Rhinoderma darwinii VU); Portozuelo Frog (Atelognathus salai VU); Chilean Giant Frog (Calyptocephalella gayi VU). Achala's Four-eyed Frog (Pleurodema kriegi NT), a taxon chiefly known to the Cordoba Province of Argentina, but catalogued by WWF as occurring in the Valdivian region.
Other non-endemic, non-threatened anurans found in the Valdivian temperate forests are: Banded Wood Frog (Batrachyla taeniata); Chile Four-eyed Frog (Pleurodema thaul); Tonchek Spiny-chest Frog (Alsodes gargola); Chiloe Island Ground Frog (Eupsophus calcaratus); Emerald Forest Frog (Nannophryne variegata); Concepcion Toad (Rhinella arunco); Patagonian Toad (Nannophryne variegata); Gray Wood Frog (Batrachyla leptopus); Island Spiny-chest Frog (Alsodes monticola); Marbled Wood Frog (Batrachyla antartandica); Warty Toad (Rhinella spinulosa); and the Yellow Cururu Toad (Rhinella icterica).
There are a number of reptilian taxa present in the Valdivian temperate forests, especially within the Tree Iguana group; example ecoregion endemics here are: the Curicen Tree Iguana (Liolaemus curicensis) and the Cyan Tree Iguana (Liolaemus cyanogaster).
Not only are there forest birds present in the ecoregion, but there are terrestrial avian species such as the Lesser Rhea (Pterocnemia pennata). The Slender-billed Conure (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) is endemic to the Valdivian temperate forests, and whose range extends from Chiloe Island to the heights of Mount Aconcagua.
Endemic mammal species are also biologically interesting because of their kinship to geographically remote groups. This is the case with Dromiciops gliroides, an arboreal marsupial found in this ecoregion, located in the basal trunk of Australasian and American marsupials. Another Valdivian temperate forests ecoregion endemic is the Chilean Climbing Mouse (Irenomys tarsalis). An endangered herbivore found in the ecoregion is the Chilean Guemal (Hippocamelus bisulcus). The Chilean Shrew Opossum (Hippocamelus bisulcus NT) is another Valdivian temperate forests endemic.
In general, the southern temperate forests are characterized by flora with one of the highest incidences of pollination and dissemination by animals recorded in any temperate biome, particularly in comparison with the northern hemisphere. In temperate forests of southern South America, the flowers of about 85 percent of woody plant genera are visited and presumably pollinated by animals. This ecoregion has extremely singular bees, in which many important neotropical subfamilies like Meliponinae and Euglosinae are entirely absent, but characterised by the presence of endemic and possibly relict groups such as Xeromelissinae, Diphaglosa, Cadeguala, Corynura, Neofidelia, Manuelia, and Eucerinoda.
Around one fifth of the woody plant genera produce red tubular flowers that are visited by Sephanoides sephaniodes, the only species of hummingbird that lives in these forests. About 50% to 70% of the woody plant species or genera produce fleshy fruits; these percentages indicate the importance of the seed dissemination by fruit-eating vertebrates.
Current status
Upon the arrival of the Spaniards, most of the area defined as the Valvidian ecoregion was effectively covered by forests with few open areas being cultivated by indigenous Mapuche groups. Currently, the forest cover has declined by one-third of the estimated area at the arrival the Spanish colonists, with a current area of about 12,600,000 hectares. The remaining forested area corresponds to an area (about one half) of secondary forests. There are few remaining primary forests, especially in the coastal range. If the current rates of deforestation outside the areas of protection continue, the forest will disappear within the next 20 years.
The National Parks in the temperate forests of Chile and Argentina are considered pioneer protected areas in Latin America. Some of these Parks were established in the early 1900s. There are more than fifty parks, reserves and monuments protecting more than 10 million hectares in the temperate region of Chile. There is a great disparity between the distribution of these protected areas and the geographic distribution of trees and vertebrate species. The lowest percentage of protected areas (less than ten percent) is found in the areas with the highest biodiversity in Chile, between 35.6° and 41.3°S. Most of the protected areas within these latitudes contain the greatest wealth of species found above 600 m, where physical processes that produce impoverished speciation and endemism are accentuated. In addition, the areas with the greatest wealth of species are found precisely in areas with high human density, and thus there is great pressure from agriculture and plantation forestry. The protected areas in the Andes of Chile and Argentina represent 99% of the total surface area protected in the southern part of South America, in contrast to protected areas in the coastal range at the same latitude. The Andean forests are more impressive than the coastal forests, due to vistas of imposing volcanoes, great lakes, and small mountain lagoons, based on the prevailing landscape criteria used when creating Andean parks. There are no protected areas in the intermediate depression, with the exception of a small municipal park near Puerto Montt.
Types and severity of threats
The main threats to the Valdivian temperate forest include logging for commercial purposes and firewood. Agriculture is replacing the species-rich native forests with monocrops of exotic species. Areas are deforested for kindling large road works such as the southern coastal highway and the bridge over the Chacao Channel that will link the continent and the Island of Chiloé. Deforestation in the foothills of the Andes and in the coastal range has been one the most massive and rapid in Latin America prior to 1980. About 15,000 to 49,000 hectares of natural vegetation were burned each year between 1970 and 1990. Reptile exports intensified and the number of reptile specimens exported grew from 3548 to 60,000 between 1985 and 1992. Approximately 24,064 specimens of amphibians were exported between 1985 and 1992. In Argentina, the main threats are pressure from tourism, replacement and invasion by alien species, the impact of the European deer, and the introduction of freshwater fish.
Justification of ecoregion delineation
The forests of Valdivia represent the a unique assemblage of ancient species, both floral and faunal, which today persist as relicts of Gondwanaland. This ecoregion is also host to many endemic species. The forests are bound to the north by one of the most arid deserts on the continent (Atacama), traverse the southern Andes and are bound on the east by grasslands, and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. The southern delineation marks the gradual change in tree species composition to a Nothofagus-dominated forest, which are termed the Megallanic subpolar forests. The initial linework for these southern temperate rainforests follow a variety of sources and have undergone a number of modifications to reach this final polygon. Expert opinion during several ecoregion priority setting workshops (Valdivia, Chile [April 19-21, 1999], Bariloche, Argentina [October 19 & 20, 1999], and Concepción, Chile [March 24, 2000]) resulted in Chilean winter-rainforests being lumped in with Valdivian forests, and the western linework was extended further into Argentina to encompass the historic range.
Further reading
- For a shorter summary of this entry, see the WWF WildWorld profile of this ecoregion.
- Aizen, M.A., and C. Ezcurra. 1998. High incidence of plant-animal mutualisms in the woody flora of the temperate forest of southern South America: biogeographical origin and present ecological significance. Ecología Austral 8: 217-236.
- Armesto, J., R. Rozzi, P. Miranda and C. Sabag. 1987. Plant/frugivore interactions in South American temperate forest. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 60: 321-336.
- Armesto, J., & R. Rozzi. 1989. Seed dispersal syndromes in the rain forest of Chiloé: evidence for the importance of biotic dispersal in a temperate rain forest. Journal of Biogeography 16: 219-226.
- Armesto, J., J.C. Aravena, C Villagrán, C Pérez & G Parker. 1996. Bosques templados de la cordillera de la costa. En: Ecología de los Bosques Nativos de Chile. Eds. J. Armesto, C. Villagrán & M Kalin, Editorial Universitaria Santiago, Chile.
- Armesto J, R Rozzi, C Smith, Ramírez & MTK Arroyo. 1998. Conservation targets in South American temperate forests. Science 282: 1271-1272.
- Armesto J., R. Rozzi and J. Caspersen. 2001. Past, present, and future scenarios for biological diversity in South American temperate forest: contrasts with North America. In: Future Scenarios of Global Biodiversity. Editors: F. Stuart Chapin, III, Osvaldo E. Sala, Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald. Springer Verlag, N.Y. (in press).
- Arroyo, M.T.K., L. Cavieres, A. Peñaloza, M. Riveros and A.M. Faggi. 1996. Relaciones fitogeográficas y patrones regionales de riqueza de especies en la flora del bosque lluvioso templado de Sudamérica. En: Ecología de los Bosques Nativos de Chile, Editorial Universitaria. Eds. J. Armesto, C. Villagrán & M Kalin, Santiago, Chile.
- Axelrod, D.I., M.T.K. Arroyo and P.H. Raven. 1991. Historical development of the temperate vegetation in the Americas. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 64: 413-446.
- Benoit, I. 1989. Libro Rojo de la Flora Terrestre de Chile. Corporación Nacional Forestal, Ministerio de Agricultura, Santiago, Chile.
- Cabrera, A.L. 1976. Regiones fitogeográficas Argentinas. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería, Second Edition, Vol. II, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Claude, M. 1997. Una vez más la miseria, Es Chile un país sustentable? LON Ediciones Ltda. Santiago, Chile.
- Conama. 1999. Estadísticas del Medio Ambiente 1994-1998. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. Santiago, Chile.
- Daniele, C., and C. Natenzon. 1994. Regiones Naturales de la Argentina. Draft map. Argentina National Parks Department, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Experts workshops for ecoregional priority setting: Valdivia, Chile (April 19-21, 1999), Bariloche, Argentina (October 19 & 20, 1999), and Concepción, Chile (March 24, 2000).
- Formas, R.J. 1995. Anfibios. En : En: J Simonetti, MTK Arroyo, A Spotorno & E Lozada, editors. Diversidad biológica de Chile. CONICYT, Santiago.
- Gajardo, R. 1994. La vegetación Natural de Chile. Proposición de un sistema de clasificación y representación de la representación de la distribución geográfica. Departamento de Silvicultura, Universidad de Chile.
- Huber A. 1979. Estimación empírica de las características hidrológicas de Chile. Agro Sur 7: 57-65.
- INFOR. 1997. Estadísticas forestales 1996. Boletín estadístico Num. 50 INFOR-CORFO.
- Jara, C. 1982. Aegla bahamondei, new species (Crustaceae: Decapoda: Anomura) from the Coastal Mountain Range of Nahuelbuta, Chile. Journal of Crustacean Biology 2(2): 232-238.
- Morello, J. 1968. La vegetación de la República Argentina, No. 10: Las grandes unidades de vegetación y ambiente del Chaco Argentino. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Palma, E., and A. Spotorno. 1999. "Molecular systematics of marsupials based on the rRNA 12S mitochondrial gene: the phylogeny of Didelphimorphia and of the living fossil microbiotheriid Dromiciops gliroides Thomas." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13: 525-535.
- Perez, C., L. Hedin and J.J. Armesto. 1998. Nitrogen mineralization in two unpolluted old-growth forests of contrasting biodiversity and dynamics. Ecosystems 1:361-373.
- Riveros, M. 1991. Aspectos sobre la biología reproductiva en dos comunidades del sur de Chile, 40°S. Tesis de Doctorado. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile.
- Sieving, K., M.F. Willson, and T.L. de Santo. 1996. "Habitat barriers to movement of understory birds in fragmented south-temperate rainforest." Auk (113): 944-949.
- Sieving, K., M.F. Willson, and T.L. de Santo. 1999. Definig corridor functions for endemic Birds in Fragmented South - Temperate Rainforest. Conservation Biology 14: 1120-1132.
- Simonetti, J.A., and J.J. Armesto. 1991. "Conservation of the temperate ecosystems in Chile: coarse versus fine filter approaches." Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (64): 615-626.
- Smith-Ramírez C. 1993. Picaflores y su recurso floral en Chiloé, Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 66:65-73.
- Smith-Ramírez, C., and J.J. Armesto 1994. Plant phenology in a South American Temperate rain forest, Chiloé, Chile. Journal of Ecology 82: 353-365.
- Veblen, T. T. 1983. Degradation of native forest resources in southern Chile. History of Sustained-yield forestry: a Symposium. H. K. Steen. Durham, North Carolina, Forest History Society: 344-352.
- Veblen, T.T. 1984. Degradation of native forest resources in southern Chile: In: HK Steen (Ed.) History of Sustained-Yield Forestry: A Symposium, Forest History Society, Durham, North Carolina.
- Veit, H., and K. Garleff. 1996. Evolución del paisaje Cuaternario y los suelos en Chile centro, Sur. En: Ecología de los Bosques Nativos de Chile. Eds. J. Armesto, C. Villagrán & M Kalin. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, Chile.
- Veloso, A., J.C. Ortiz, J. Navarro, H. Nuñez, P. Espejo and M.A. Labra. 1995. Reptiles. En: J Simonetti, MTK Arroyo, A Spotorno & E Lozada (Eds.) Diversidad biológica de Chile. CONICYT, Santiago.
- Villagrán, C. 1990. Glacial cliates and their effect on the history of vegetation of Chile. A synthesis based on palynological evidence from Isla de Chiloé. Rev Paleobot palyn 65: 17 - 24.
- Villagrán, C. and F. Hinojosa. 1997. Historia de los bosques de Sudamérica II. Fitogeografía. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 70: 241 - 267.
- Willson M.F., T. del Santo, C. Sabag & J.J. Armesto. 1994. "Avian communities of fragmented south temperate rainforest in Chile." Conservation Biology 8: 508-520.
- Willson, M. F., J.L. Morrison, K.E. Sieving, T. De Santo, L. Santisteban, and I. Díaz. 2001. "Patterns of predation risk and survival of birds nests in a Chilean agricultural landscape." Conservation Biology. (submitted).
- World Wildlife Fund et al. 2001. A Biodiversity Vision for the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Ecoregion. Washington, D.C.
Disclaimer: This article contains some information that was originally published by the World Wildlife Fund. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth have edited its content and added new information. The use of information from the World Wildlife Fund should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.


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Peter Weir
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Born on Aug. 21, 1944 in Sydney, Australia, Weir was raised by his father, Lindsay, a real estate agent, and his mother, Peggy. Weir attended a private and very conservative boarding school, Scots College, before moving on to the University of Sydney to study criminal law. But school failed to agree with him, leading to Weir dropping out when he was 19 and going to work for his father. At 21, he had saved up enough money to finance his way to England via a Greek ship, a five-week voyage that resulted in his meeting future wife, production designer Wendy Sites, whom he married in 1966. He also began taking his first steps toward a filmmaking career when he found a close-circuit television cam... Continue Bio >>
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May 6, 2016
A Maryland teacher and coach, who was a former ECU star pitcher, is accused of having a sexual relationship with a student.
Foye Minton, Jr. has been charged with child abuse by the Baltimore County Police Department.
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Shostakovich: The Nose / Gergiev, Mariinsky Orchestra, Et al
2 Super Audio CD / Mariinsky / 2009-06-09Works: Dmitry Shostakovich: The Nose, opera, Op. 15
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Weapons in The Ballad of Gay Tony
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The Ballad of Gay Tony introduces seven new, military-grade weapons, and also introduces the parachute to the HD Era. The weapons from Grand Theft Auto IV are still available.The Grenade Launcher is the only weapon to return from The Lost and Damned, with minor changes; its grenades have a shorter fuse and explode on impact with people and vehicles.
Like The Lost and Damned, the new weapons can only either be purchased from Armando Torres' Cavalcade or spawned at Luis' apartment after completing a certain number of Drug Wars. Unlike TLAD however, the player can also acquire the new weapons by inputting the "Advanced Weapons Set" cheat code.
Thrown weapons
Sticky Bombs (Satchel charges/C4)
- Cost: $800 per unit
- Carrying Capacity: 25 units
- Rate of Fire:
- Standard: 30 RPM
- When Drive-By Shooting from car: 75 RPM (normally), 50 RPM during the chase in Frosting on the Cake
- When drive-by shooting from a motorcycle: 130 RPM
Explosives used to tag vehicles or objects for remote detonation. Unlike the Satchel Charges in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, these bombs don't stick to people. An explosive charge detonates when the player press down on the d-pad or shoots the charge. Also, 90 seconds after a sticky bomb is placed, it will explode on its own if not detonated or shot at. However, in online multiplayer, you can shoot another player's already thrown bomb and it will instead disappear. After completing 40 Drug Wars, some are sent to Luis' apartment. They pack the explosive punch of a Pipe Bomb, but with the ability to stick to vehicles, buildings, etc. Even though it act likes a satchel charge/C4, a detonator isn't used.
Pistol .44 (AMP Automag Model 180)
- Cost: $640 + $50 for each additional magazine
- Magazine Size: 8 rounds
- Carrying Capacity: 1,500 rounds (1,492 + 8)
- Rate of Fire:
- Standard: 150 RPM
- When drive-by shooting: 200 RPM from a car, 130 RPM from a motorcycle
- When falling or being burned: 170 RPM
- When blind firing from cover: Varies between 150-300 RPM, depending on the player's stance
A new type of handgun. It is a high velocity handgun for quick and accurate kills. Using the .44 Magnum cartridge, it is more powerful and accurate than the Combat Pistol, however the Pistol .44 has the lowest rate of fire of any handgun, and takes longer to reload. After 10 drug wars, one is sent to Luis' apartment.
You can also get one in the mission Boulevard Baby after killing Vic.
Submachine guns
Assault SMG (FN P90)
- Cost: $6,725 + $150 for each additional magazine
- Magazine Size: 50 rounds
- Carrying Capacity: 1,200 rounds (1,150 + 50)
- Rate of Fire:
- Standard: 650 RPM
- When drive-by shooting: 300 RPM
- When falling or being burned: 750 RPM
- When blind firing from cover: 550 RPM
A light, accurate, silenced and compact sub-machine gun. The weapon's 50-round magazine and accuracy makes it a good ground combat weapon; however, the weapon has less stopping power than the standard SMG and takes longer to reload. Unlike other SMGs, the Assault SMG cannot be used in cars without either a glitch or hack. Several NOOSE and FIB officers carry the Assault SMG rather than the SMG or Carbine Rifle. Despite having a silencer attached, even just a single shot will alert anyone around you. One way to fire this gun while driving is to activate the advanced weapon pack from the original GTA IV. After activating the gun pack cheat scroll through the guns until you find the SMG. After finding the SMG, activate the advanced gun pack from TBOGT which includes the Assault SMG. This will cause a glitch that will let you fire this gun from a car, but only burst fire. If you exit the car and enter again, you will not be able to fire the Assault SMG and will have to redo the process. And there is another way to do a drive_by with the assault SMG (PC only) by pressing 5 while in car.
Gold SMG (IMI Uzi)
- Cost: $5,000 + $60 for each additional magazine
- Magazine Size: 30 rounds
- Carrying Capacity: 1,200 rounds (1,170 + 30)
- Rate of Fire:
- Standard: 1000 RPM
- When drive-by shooting: 450 RPM
- When falling or being burned: 750 RPM
- When blind firing from cover: 650 RPM
A Gold-plated SMG. Yusuf Amir is often seen carrying this weapon. There are four possible ways to obtain it in the game. It is given to the player as a reward alongside Yusuf's Super Drop Diamond as a reward for completing all his missions. It can also be purchased from Armando after completing the game and it will spawn in Luis' safe house after completing 50 drug wars. The weapon has a high rate of fire and superior stopping power compared to other SMGs; however it is less accurate because Luis fires it from the hip.
Automatic/Explosive Shotgun (AA-12)
- Cost: $1,250 + $80 for 20 standard shells or $160 for 20 explosive shells
- Magazine Size: 20 shells
- Carrying Capacity:
- Standard: 250 shells (230 + 20)
- Explosive: 600 shells (580 + 20)
- Rate of Fire:
- Standard: 130 RPM
- When falling or being burned: 40 RPM with regular shells, 400 RPM with explosive rounds
- When blind firing from cover: 50 RPM
A low recoil automatic shotgun with semi-auto fire to take down multiple targets easily. It uses either standard shotgun shells, or special explosive rounds (based on the Frag-12 explosive shell) which destroy almost any target. Standard shells are red whereas explosive rounds have a green casing. The Tactical Response Unit of NOOSE and the FIB use the Auto Shotgun with standard shells in place of the Pump Shotgun. As any other shotgun in this game, when blind firing, each shot requires the weapon to be pumped. But with this gun, there's no pump and the actual way of having it pumped is that a part on top of the gun is pulled back, but the game does the pump as it was a pump shotgun or combat shotgun. After completing 30 drug wars, one with explosive rounds is sent to Luis' apartment.
NOTE: If the player switches from the Automatic Shotgun to either the Pump Shotgun or Combat Shotgun, the player loses any extra shells beyond 80. Also, if the player switches between explosive rounds and standard shells, the player loses all units of the previous ammunition type.
Machine guns
Advanced MG (M249 SAW)
- Cost: $7,550 + $400 for each additional ammo belt
- Magazine Size: 200 round belt
- Rate of Fire:
- Standard: 750 RPM
- When falling or being burned: 400 RPM
- Carrying Capacity: 600 rounds (400 + 200)
A powerful weapon that fires 750 rounds per minute, taking enemies down fast. The Advanced MG is placed in the Assault Rifle slot since it uses 5.56x45mm NATO rounds. The weapon's magazine capacity and rate of fire makes it perfect for engaging multiple enemies; however, it has less stopping power than either assault rifle and is less accurate due to the weapon being fired from the hip. LCPD and NOOSE officers in The Ballad of Gay Tony use the Advanced MG from helicopters instead of the Carbine Rifle. After completing 20 drug wars, one is sent to Luis' apartment.
Sniper rifles
Advanced Sniper (DSR-1)
- Cost: $4,750 + $200 for each additional magazine
- Magazine Size: 10 rounds
- Rate of Fire:
- Standard: 70 RPM
- When falling or being burned: 170 RPM
- Carrying Capacity: 50 rounds (40 + 10)
Greatly increased range, rate of fire and sniper zoom make this the ideal long range weapon. Like the Automatic Shotgun, it can use either standard or explosive rounds, however explosive rounds are only available in multiplayer or single player with a cheat code. The explosive rounds have the explosive capability of a grenade in single player. In multiplayer, however, the explosive rounds are only as effective as Explosive Shotgun shells.
- Cost: $100
The Parachute returns in The Ballad of Gay Tony. Its steering system is the same as in San Andreas. It is first used in High Dive, and in parachute checkpoints. The parachute is automatically, infinitely available in multiplayer.
See also


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- Familiarity:I've put it through the wringer
It's extremely difficult for me to find a helmet that fits my large noggin well, this helmet has fit the bill for me
It's nothing spectacular really (is any helmet?), but it seems relatively light, ventilates well, accommodates ANON goggles perfectly, love the chin clasp as it's very easy to manage with big gloves on, and the ear flaps handle drop in speakers well
Chrome dome
Perfect helmet for my dome
- Familiarity:I've put it through the wringer
I LOVE this helmet. I was never into the whole helmet thing, coming from skating where it's hot and sweaty, but after getting on the mountain, it didn't seem like such a sacrifice. Searched for a while for a helmet that looked simple, was inexpensive, protected well, and was comfortable. This was it. It fits my dome perfectly, it's ridiculously warm yet well-vented, and fits any goggle you put on it. It looks swag too.
Perfectly Comfortable and Light
Only got to use this helmet once on the mountain, but it's the lightest helmet I've ever used. Great impact protection because I caught an edge and flipped backwards and hit the ground hard, which hurt, but would've been much worse without a helmet. Highly recommend the HiFi to all levels of experience.
Good helmet, sub par headphones
- Familiarity:I've put it through the wringer
Fitmit and looks are departments where this helmet doesn't lack. Mine is a few years old and has the Skullcandy head crushers built in and while the head phones have great bass, the ear pads hurt your ears after only a few hours of use and they wtick out a ways and look kind of goofy.