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Thread: DIS Pros and Cons?
DIS Pros and Cons?
I am going to go out tomorrow to purchase everything I need to begin with.
Was wondering if there are any pros/cons/major differences between the main DIS's - Corel Paint Shop Pro or Adobe Photoshop / Photoshop Elements.
Just not sure which one might work better for me. Of course, I like simplicity and the main concern is the easy of the manual and of course, taking the tutorial here.
Any suggestions/helpful hints for a VERY newbie scrapper here?
Thanks, Nancy
The best advice really is to download trials first. Both corel and adobe offer one month trials - I suggest you download them and see which one you prefer.
I personally use Paint Shop Pro as when I used the trial versions, I found it much easier to use. It also does text on a path which as far as I am aware PSE doesn't do. Although it isn't something that I necessarily use on every LO, it was important to me to be able to do it. Other than that, I think PSE is very similar in its capabilities.
Photoshop CS has far more capabilities than PSE and PSP, with the price tag to match!! Whether you would need all the bells and whistles that it has, I don't know - II have always managed to do what I want to do with my LOs in PSP, including designing, although with designing, somethings probably took me longer to do than if I used PSCS.
Sorry, maybe a bit biased, but as it is all I have ever used, I do prefer PSP, but others prefer PSE/CS
I really do suggest you download the trial versions b4 deciding.
01-11-2010, 08:02 AM #3GDS Dabbler
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I am a brand newbie, too, and I bought the Wacom Pen/Touch Bamboo Craft tablet for 119.00 at Best Buy. It came with BOTH PSE 7 (I know, 8 is out, but in reading the reviews, it didn't seem like I would even miss not having 8) and Corel Painter Essentials 4 (which, to be honest, I haven't even looked at). I think this will give me a chance to learn about both, then when I have at least some idea of what I am doing, I can buy the bigger/better/newer version of either one later. New editions seem to come out every year, anyway.
I have been using the PSE 7, and while it has a very steep learning curve, I like it a lot!
Good luck, HTH,
I agree with Twirlyjoy - get the trial versions of each of the programs and try them out. Mind you Photoshop will be a little more daunting until you actually do the tutorials and take some classes but the classes are sooooo worth it!.. And there is the cost consideration too. It all boils down to what you want, like and are willing to spend.
I have PhotoShop CS3 and after taking the classes here LOVE IT. It's so much more powerful than I expected so I'm glad I went with it. I don't know what the capabilities of the other programs are though as this program was a gift so I didn't get to try the others out first .
01-11-2010, 03:36 PM #5GDS Dabbler
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Agree with what is said above.
I use Photoshop Elements so not familiar with PaintShop. Love it.
So powerful.
Layers, filters, effects, frames.
Not sure what it can't do. (Maybe brushes and styles?)
Can do even pretty good photo editing, although I think there other sw which does just photo editing software
Only problem I've had is how to do a text box and have the journalling align with normal spacing. No matter how small (12-14 font size), when enter to go to the next line, it places it like an inch away. Importing text also gives same results.
To get around, need to place each line manually.
Mine came with a flatbed scanner purchased maybe 5 years ago.
So might want to go that route -- a Pen tablet certainly is useful.
See also if a new camera or other hardware might come with either....
Sounds like you are a PC, not a Mac?
Thanks everyone for your answers. I know it really is up to each individuals likings. Just wanted to see/hear what some of the differences are that you like about each one.
I can't wait to get started.
01-19-2010, 04:49 PM #7Banned
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Microbiomes and Environmental Health
Source: NIEHS
This article, written by Kellyn S. Betts*, appeared first in Environmental Health Perspectives—the peer-reviewed, open access journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
The article is a verbatim version of the original and is not available for edits or additions by Encyclopedia of Earth editors or authors. Companion articles on the same topic that are editable may exist within the Encyclopedia of Earth.
A Study in Balance: How Microbiomes Are Changing
the Shape of Environmental Health
The excitement around this field was obvious at a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) workshop on the interplay of the microbiomes, environ-mental agents, and human health held 27–28 April 2011,1 where talks by researchers working in this area inspired numerous "eureka!" moments. New findings about the ways in which human microbiomes transform arsenic and mercury—two of our most prevalent and well-defined external human health hazards—suggest the role of commensal bacteria may equal or exceed that of genetic polymorphisms that regulate metal transformations within the body, says Ellen Silbergeld, a professor of environmental health sciences at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The implications of these new insights are staggering. Environmental health scientists may need to expand the toxicokinetics of metals and other environmental agents, as well as associated biomarkers, to include the microbial component. "This is a huge thing that has never been thought of before in environmental health sciences," Silbergeld told workshop attendees.
Emerging findings also demand a re-examination of what it means to be exposed to environmental agents, Silbergeld says. To a toxicologist, she explains, a contaminant is only "in the body" once it has crossed from the external environment into circulating blood, or a cell, or an organ. But new findings suggest biologically relevant transformations may take place prior to absorption, when contaminants interact with the microbiome in the mouth, intestines, or other tissues. Because of the metabolic processes mediated by microbiomes, a great deal of what toxicologists attribute to human metabolism—such as methylation of arsenic—may actually take place at least in part before contaminants cross into the internal environment of our bodies.
Our Microbiomes: Works in Progress
All body sites—including the mouth, hair, nose, ears, vagina, lungs, and skin—have their own unique microbiomes. A person's microbiomes are at least partly transferred at birth from the mother; scientists have documented differences in the microbiomes of infants born vaginally and by caesarean section.2 Microbiomes go through several transitions during the first years of life, then remain relatively constant throughout much of a person's life until about age 65.3
In adulthood the composition of microbiomes is influenced not only by host genetics but also by the environment, diet, and other factors.4,5,6,7 If the composition of a microbiome changes, the range of services it provides its human host also may shift. Lita Proctor, coordinator for the National Institutes of Health's Human Microbiome Project,8 says the key bacterial organ is the intestinal microbiome; variability in this microbiome may be an important source of individual variability in human health and disease.
Margaret McFall-Ngai, a comparative animal biologist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, says recent evidence from evolutionary biology suggests the evolution of many human genes was likely driven by interaction with the microbiome.33 Tom Van de Wiele of Ghent University, Belgium, adds, "Many of these genes were 'invented' in a time when the first higher organisms developed and were forced to interact with the omnipresent microorganisms."
In fact, Jeremy Nicholson of Imperial College London recently published a landmark article documenting that the intestinal microbiome played a key role in promoting the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which break down xenobiotic substances such as toxic chemicals.9 Nicholson's team showed that when "germ-free" mice born and raised in sterile environments were colonized with intestinal microbes, their expression of cytochrome P450s increased. In addition to indicating the intestinal microbiome enhances the host's metabolic capacity for processing nutrients and drugs, the authors speculate "microbiota manipulation" may someday help improve drug delivery in personalized health care.
The human intestinal microbiome appears to fall into one of three distinct enterotypes, or bacterial profiles, first defined in 2011 by the European Commission's Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract consortium.10 Analysis of 39 intestinal microbiome metagenomes of adults from four European countries, the United States, and Japan indicates individuals have one of these three enterotypes, which are characterized by higher proportions of Bacteroides, Prevotella, or Ruminococcus species.11 The enterotypes cross international and continental borders, as well as race, ethnicity, sex, and age. It is too soon to know how the three enterotypes differ in their ability to process environmental agents.
Scientists have long known that human intestinal bacteria synthesize important substances such as vitamin K. New evidence indicates our microbiomes are, in fact, "chemical factories" that produce a complex set of molecules, including druglike compounds and peptides that act as neurotransmitters, says Michael Fischbach, an assistant professor at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Pharmacy. Among other things, Fischbach is studying whether some of the compounds produced by the intestinal microbiome bind the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. This is potentially important because this receptor's activation can lead to changes in gene expression that adversely affect many human cellular processes.
Other conversions performed by gut microbes can be beneficial, such as metabolization of phytoestrogen precursors from a wide variety of plants into more biolog-ically active components associated with certain health benefits. For example, isoxanthohumol is a phytoestrogen precursor occurring in hops that microbes can convert into 8-prenylnaringenin, which has known anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective properties.12 Recent work has documented variability in the ability of individuals to convert isoxanthohumol into 8-prenylnaringenin, a phenomenon Tom Van de Wiele, an assistant professor in the Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology at Ghent University, Belgium, says may be due in part to differences in the composition of their intestinal microbiomes.13
One family of microbes may biotransform contaminants into a new form, whereas another group may transform that new form back into its previous form or into something completely new with completely different biological activity, according to Van de Wiele. For example, he points out the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene do not typically exhibit estrogenic properties in the body. However, he conducted experiments that showed incubating these four compounds, particularly the latter two, with bacteria from the human colon resulted in the formation of compounds with estrogen-like activity.14 "The number of chemical conversions [in bacteria] is tremendously large. In fact, the metabolic potency is thought to exceed even that of the liver," Van de Wiele says.
The implications of all this are dramatic when one considers how little geography matters to bacteria. "People who haven't worked with bacteria that much tend to under-estimate what they can do," Silbergeld says. In 2007 researchers at the U.S. Geological Survey published research documenting both the global movement of dust across continents and oceans15 and the fact that bacteria can hitch transcontinental rides on these dirt particles.16 Microbes can also just as easily travel by plane, as documented in the case of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that traveled from hospitals in India to the United Kingdom.17
Microbiomes and Metals
Scientists have known for decades that certain bacteria in the environment alter metal compounds in ways that make the metals more bioaccessible to humans. The evidence that certain microbes in the human gut also can transform metals has been steadily accumulating, although only recently have environ-mental health scientists begun to grasp the implications.
One of the catalysts for this shift in thinking was the 2010 publication of a study in which Van de Wiele and his team used a "human gastrointestinal simulator" to analyze how human intestinal bacteria metabolize inorganic arsenic from contaminated soils. Different arsenic species vary widely in their toxicity, so it matters a great deal how arsenic is transformed within the body. Van de Wiele's team showed the bacteria transformed inorganic arsenic to methylated arsenicals and thioarsenicals, including the first known observation of metabolically derived monomethylmonothioarsonic acid, whose toxicokinetic properties are unclear.18 When considered together with other recent research, these results suggest interindividual differences among human microbiomes may make a significant difference in the toxicity of metals and their contributions to chronic diseases associated with these metals, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Scientists agree that re-examining environ-mental exposures through the lens of the microbiome is likely to yield more insights into bacterial impacts. For instance, the ability of intestinal bacteria to demethylate methyl-mercury19 is important because the process could result in unexpected exposure to toxic inorganic mercury. "It is possible that [many people] may be internally exposed to inorganic mercury much more than we have ever calculated because of demethylation of the mercury we take in through fish consumption," Silbergeld says.
It's personal
Microbiome composition can vary widely among individuals and between different sites on a person's body. In adulthood, the composition of any given microbiome is influenced not only by host genetics but also by the environment, diet, and other factors.
The intestinal microbiome is thought to be a key player in health. Human intestinal microbiomes appear to have one of three distinct enterotypes, or bacterial profiles, characterized by prominence of a certain genus.11
Our microbiomes play key roles in immunity and digestion. New data suggest they also mediate metabolic processes such as methylation of potentially toxic metals. Interindividual differences in the composition of our microbiomes may be an important reason why people vary in their response to environmental stressors.
Source: adapted from Costello et al. (2009)
Many people worldwide are already regularly exposed to inorganic mercury during gold-mining operations.20 A major percentage of Americans also may be exposed to high levels of the element via silver amalgam dental fillings in their teeth, according to an analysis by Mark Richardson, a risk assessment specialist at consulting firm SNC Lavalin.21,22 On the basis of an analysis he presented at a 14–15 December 2010 meeting of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Dental Products Panel, Richardson estimated that one-quarter to one-third of Americans may be regularly exposed to concentrations of inorganic mercury from amalgam fillings that exceed recommended exposure limits set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California EPA.
Thousands of studies have shown that mercury affects many metabolic processes and organ systems in humans and experimental animals. Silbergeld says research by her laboratory and others indicates inorganic mercury can also impact the mucosal immune system, for instance by increasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and serum levels of biomarkers of immune alteration related to autoimmunity. 23,24,25,26 On top of that, contact between mucosal cells of the immune system and the intestinal microbiome means each will affect the other, she says. To Silbergeld, this suggests interactions between environmental contaminants and the microbiome may be bidirectional.
|Gary Huffnagle, a professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Michigan, is studying microbiomes of the lungs—a relatively new area of study even for microbiomes, because lungs were long thought to be a relatively sterile environment. "When we look at [the lung microbiome] in terms of its composition at a genus level, the first thing you will see is that there are some individuals that have . . . very limited diversity in their lung microbiome, and others that have quite a bit of diversity,"34 Huffnagle told participants at the April NAS meeting.
The implications also further strengthen the argument for including immunology and infectious disease under the umbrella of environ-mental health.27 Linda Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of the Environ-mental Health Sciences (NIEHS), says the institute's research is repeatedly uncovering new interactions between the immune system and diseases she says clearly have environmental components, such as autism and breast cancer. "We know there are numerous and complex relationships between the microbiome and our immune system," Birnbaum says.
Metals and Antibiotic Resistance
One reason microbes are so successful on this planet is that they don't limit their gene exchange to reproduction. Instead, Proctor says, "They promiscuously share genes across all kinds of habitats and under all kinds of conditions." They do this by sharing snippets of DNA known as plasmids, a process known as horizontal gene transfer that has nothing to do with reproduction.28 "Microbes do it very, very well, and they do it a lot," Proctor says.
Plasmid sharing is one way bacteria develop resistance not only to antibiotics but to any agent that threatens their survival, including metals. In situations where intestinal bacteria are continuously exposed to a metal such as mercury, those bacteria with the genetic machinery that enables them to tolerate the metal are more likely to survive and reproduce. Anne Summers, a microbiologist at the University of Georgia, explains, "In the high-impact environments there are more complex plasmids, but the underlying machinery for generating that complexity has been enabling bacterial evolution for eons." She says humans have generated unprecedented environments with high concentrations of antibiotics and metals, especially mercury, inside our bodies.
Summers says bacterial exposure to metals such as mercury can contribute to antimicrobial resistance because many transferrable plasmids carry genes for multiple types resistance. In other words, in the process of developing metal resistance, a bacterium may also become resistant to an antibiotic it hasn't even encountered. This is important because the result of our collective microbiomes' gene transfers may not always be as good for us as they are for our microbiomes, says Les Dethlefsen, a staff scientist at Stanford University. As Silbergeld puts it: "We may exist at the pleasure of the microbes."
Analysis of the core intestinal microbes of elderly subjects compared with younger adults showed differences between the two age groups in proportions of phyla, genera, and clusters of highly diverse Clostridium species.3 Better understanding of the unique characteristics of the elderly intestinal microbiome may lead to recommendations for dietary interventions to improve elders' health.
In studies conducted using monkeys with amalgam fillings, Summers demonstrated that exposure of the primates' oral and intestinal microbiomes to inorganic mercury from their teeth was associated with a large increase in bacteria that were resistant both to mercury and to multiple antibiotics.29 Similarly, researchers at the Technical University of Denmark studying Staphylococcus aureus from Danish swine reported that the plasmid containing a gene for methicillin resistance also contained a gene that conferred resistance to zinc and cadmium.30 The authors point out that zinc oxide is widely used to prevent diarrheal diseases in livestock, and they say that both human and animal exposures to metals such as zinc and cadmium may perpetuate the spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
Indeed, similar results are turning up in studies in human populations, such as an investigation by a team of researchers led by David Skurnik, who is affiliated with the Université Paris-Diderot and Harvard Medical School.31 The study involved two groups: French subjects consisting of pig farmers and bank insurance workers, and French Guyanan subjects consisting of city-dwelling French expatriates and members of the indigenous Wayampi tribe living in an isolated area. The Wayampi were heavily exposed to mercury used in artisanal gold mining, whereas all the other subjects lived in environments with low levels of mercury.
The researchers reported finding mercury-resistant Escherichia coli significantly more frequently in the pig farmers than in the bank insurance workers; the farmers also had higher carriage rates of antibiotic-resistant E. coli. In parallel, the scientists found the Wayampi participants had greater numbers of antibiotic-resistant E. coli than the expatriates, even though the tribe members used fewer antibiotics.31
Microbiomes form one component of a new concept known as the "exposome," or the measure of all of an individual's exposures over his or her lifetime and how those exposures affect disease risk. In the words of Stephen Rappaport and Martyn Smith, we should "consider the 'environment' as the body's internal chemical environment and 'exposures' as the amounts of biologically active chemicals in this internal environment. Under this view, exposures are not restricted to chemicals (toxicants) entering the body from air, water, or food, for example, but also include chemicals produced by inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, infections, gut flora [microbiomes], and other natural processes."32
Building New Knowledge
Steve Rappaport, a professor of environmental health sciences at the University of California, Berkeley, says the environ-mental health community is now beginning to embrace a new concept that goes beyond the microbiome. This new concept is the "exposome," which the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health defines as the measure of all of an individual's exposures over his or her lifetime and how those exposures affect disease risk. Rappaport says the environmental exposures that affect human health may include "all kinds of endogenous processes that have so far escaped our interest in finding the environmental causes of disease"—including the microbiome and inflammatory processes.32
The concept of the exposome blurs the distinction between exposure and response. "For years we talked about biomarkers, and we differentiated between biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of response," Rappaport says. "But when you really start drilling down into that concept of a biomarker, it can become difficult to make that differentiation."
A recent example of this blurriness is a discovery by a group led by Stanley Hazen of the Cleveland Clinic's Department of Cell Biology. The researchers reported identifying trimethyl-amine N-oxide (TMAO) as a biomarker that is highly predictive of cardio-vascular disease in Americans, and they provided evidence the intestinal microbiome plays a role in generating TMAO.33 The process begins with choline, an essential micronutrient, which intestinal bacterial transform catabolically to trimethylamine (TMA). TMA can be absorbed into the blood, where it is transported to the liver and metabolized to produce TMAO. But it is still unclear whether TMAO is a biomarker of the presence of choline, a particular intestinal bacterium, metabolism of TMA in the liver, factors related to arterial inflammation, or some combination of all of these, Rappaport says.
From a regulatory perspective, Rita Schoeny, senior science advisor for the EPA Office of Water, says revelations at the April NAS conference about the potential role of the microbiomes in disease risk raise many questions. For instance, EPA regulations for arsenic, and to some extent for mercury, are based on what scientists understand to be "a lovely progression of reduction and methylation with more reduction and methylation"—none of which, she says, considers microbial metabolism. Schoeny says the EPA Office of Water regulates microbes as something to be avoided, particularly in drinking water, under the assumption that the "only good bug is a nonexistent bug"; the microbiome is currently not on the agency's radar in terms of policy making.
Vincent Cogliano, director of the EPA's Integrated Risk Information System, told participants at the April meeting he is concerned about the absence of microbiome information in the interpretation of toxicity testing results. "Regulatory agencies are putting a lot of effort into understanding the sequence of mechanistic events that lead to disease. It looks like we have been ignoring a big number of these events that could be there," he said. He likened the current approach to trying to write a novel without any prepositions. "You can put some coherent thoughts together," he said, "but you cannot tell a story that is very complex or very interesting."
How might our growing awareness of microbiomes inform public health policy? Bruce Fowler, assistant director for science in the Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine at the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, says it comes down to translational risk assessment. "We recognize that there are individuals within the population who are especially sensitive to chemicals as a result of age, life stage, diet, nutrition, what have you," Fowler said at the April meeting. "I think the microbiome just quite simply hasn't been plugged into this, and I think it should be."
Lisa Helbling Chadwick, the NIEHS liaison for the Human Microbiome Project, says the institute is increasing its focus on the impact of microbiomes on toxicology. "One thing we are really interested in at NIEHS is understanding how individuals respond differently to exposures, what makes one person more susceptible to adverse health outcomes from an exposure than another," she says. "Genetics only partially explains this." Birnbaum adds, "We recognize the enormous implications of the growing awareness of interactions between chemical exposures and the microbiome, and we have begun exploring these issues."
References and Notes
1. NAS. Interplay of the Microbiome, Environmental Stressors, and Human Health [workshop], 27–28 April 2011, Washington, DC. Washington, DC:National Academies of Sciences (2011). Available: http://tinyurl.com/4xotab3 [accessed 19 Jul 2011]
2. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(26):11971–11975. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002601107 Find this article online
3. Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: suppl 14586–4591. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000097107 Find this article online
4. The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biology 6(11):e280. 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280 Find this article online
5. Castagnini C, et al. 2009. Br J Nur. Reduction of colonic inflammation in HLA-B27 transgenic rats by feeding Marie Ménard apples, rich in polyphenols. pp. 1620–1628.
6. Rapid and noninvasive metabonomic characterization of inflammatory bowel disease. J Proteome Res 6(2):546–551. 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr060470d Find this article online
7. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457(7228):480–484. 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07540 Find this article online
8. The Human Microbiome Project is an NIH program intended to characterize microbial communities at several different sites on the human body (nose, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and urogenital tract) and to investigate their role in health and disease.
9. Claus SP, et al. 2011. mBio. Colonization-induced host-gut microbial metabolic interaction. pp. e00271–10.
10. The European Commission's Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract consortium investigates associations between human intestinal microbiota, human health, and disease.
11. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 473(7346):174–180. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09944 Find this article online
12. Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health! Phytochemistry 65(10):1317–1330. 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.025 Find this article online
13. The prenylflavonoid ioxanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is activated into the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin in vitro and in the human intestine. J Nutr 136(7):1862–1867. 2006.
14. Van de Wiele T, et al. Environ Health Perspect. Human colon microbiota transform polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to estrogenic metabolites. pp. 6–10.
15. Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust. Trends Ecol Evol 21(11):638–644. 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.004 Find this article online
16. Atmospheric movement of microorganisms in clouds of desert dust and implications for human health. Clin Microbiol Rev 20(3):459–477. 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00039-06 Find this article online
17. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis 10(9):597–602. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70143-2 Find this article online
18. Arsenic metabolism by human gut microbiota upon in vitro digestion of contaminated soils. Environ Health Perspect 118(7):1004–1009. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901794 Find this article online
19. Phylogeny of mercury resistance (mer) operons of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the fecal flora of primates. Appl Environ Microbiol 63(3):1066–1076. 1997. PMID:9055422.
20. UNEP. Mercury Use in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining. Nairobi, Kenya:United Nations Environment Programme (2008). Available: http://tinyurl.com/3exdsvx [accessed 19 Jul 2011]
21. Mercury exposure and risks from dental amalgam in the US population, post-2000. Sci Total Environ. ; . in press
22. This information is also available through links on the website of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Richardson GM, et al. Final Report. Mercury Exposure and Risks from Dental Amalgam, Part 1: Updating Exposure, Re-examining Reference Exposure Levels, and Critically Evaluating Recent Studies. Ottawa, Ontario:SNC-Lavalin Environment (2010). Available: http://tinyurl.com/3pf55zz [accessed 19 Jul 2011]. Richardson GM, et al. Final Report. Mercury Exposure and Risks from Dental Amalgam, Part 2: Cumulative Risk Assessment and Joint Toxicity: Mercury Vapour, Methyl Mercury and Lead. Ottawa, Ontario:SNC-Lavalin Environment (2010). Available: http://tinyurl.com/439agey [accessed 19 Jul 2011]
23. Differential immunotoxic effects of inorganic and organic mercury species in vitro. Toxicol Lett 198(2):182–190. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.06.015 Find this article online
24. Fetal and maternal immune responses to methylmercury exposure: A cross-sectional study. Environ Res 111(4):584–589. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.010 Find this article online
25. Mercury induces an unopposed inflammatory response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 117(12):1932–1938. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.090085 Find this article online
26. Low-dose exposure to inorganic mercury accelerates disease and mortality in acquired murine lupus. Environ Health Perspect 111(10):1273–1277. 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6064 Find this article online
27. A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm. Environ Health Perspect 118(8):1165–1172. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901866 Find this article online
28. Genetic linkage and horizontal gene transfer, the roots of the antibiotic multi-resistance problem. Anim Biotechnol 17(2):125–135. 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495390600957217 Find this article online
29. Mercury released from dental "silver" fillings provokes an increase in mercury- and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in oral and intestinal floras of primates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37(4):825–834. 1993. PMID:8280208.
30. Cloning and occurrence of czrC, a gene conferring cadmium and zinc resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54(9):3605–3608. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00058-10 Find this article online
31. Is exposure to mercury a driving force for the carriage of antibiotic resistance genes? J Med Microbiol 59(7):804–807. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.017665-0 Find this article online
32. Environment and disease risks. Science 330(6003):460–461. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1192603 Find this article online
33. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature 472(7341):57–63. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09922 Find this article online
34. An ancient evolutionary origin of genes associated with human genetic diseases. Mol Biol Evol 25(12):2699–2707. 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn214 Find this article online
35. Analysis of the lung microbiome in the "healthy" smoker and in COPD. PLoS ONE 6(2):e16384. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016384 Find this article online
36. Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science 326(5960):1694–1697. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1177486 Find this article online
Editor's Notes
- *Kellyn S. Betts has written about environmental contaminants, hazards, and technology for solving environmental problems for publications including EHP and Environmental Science & Technology for more than a dozen years.
- Citation: Betts KS 2011. A Study in Balance: How Microbiomes Are Changing the Shape of Environmental Health. Environ Health Perspect 119:a340-a346. doi:10.1289/ehp.119-a340
- Online: 01 August 2011

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Power of Independent Thinking
Ivan Eland on Russian Aid to Ukraine
Recorded: Wednesday, December 18, 2013
Sr. Fellow Ivan Eland appears on CCTV to discuss Russias relationship with Ukraine. Eland discusses Ukraine's interests in dealing with Europe vs Russia.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Culture/ Society, Economic History and Development (International), Economic Policy, History (International), Politics
David J. Theroux Discusses Libertarianism on WichitaLiberty.TV
Recorded: Sunday, December 1, 2013
Independent Institute Founder and President, David J. Theroux discusses libertarianism and gives liberty-based perspectives on current events with host Bob Weeks on WichitaLiberty.TV.
Experts: David J. TherouxType: TelevisionIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Culture/ Society, Free Market Economics, Freedom, Political Ideology and Philosophy
C.S. Lewis Challenge in our Secular Age
Recorded: Saturday, September 14, 2013
David Theroux and panel members Andrew Dósa and Roy Carlisle speak on C. S. Lewis perspectives at the "To Everyone an Answer: 10th Annual EPS Apologetics Conference" at Biola University. David is President of the C. S. Lewis Society of California.
Experts: David J. TherouxType: TelevisionIssues: Culture/ Society, Entertainment
Ivan Eland on the Syrian Crisis and White House Leadership
Recorded: Tuesday, September 10, 2013
Senior Fellow Ivan Eland appeared on the RT Global News Channel program Crosstalk speaking about the crisis in Syria and President Obama's effectiveness as a world leader.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics
Ivan Eland Discusses Syria on ARNN
Recorded: Tuesday, September 3, 2013
Sr. Fellow Ivan Eland appears on the nationally syndicated "America's Radio News Network" program with Lori Lundin discussing the debate on American intervention in Syria.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: RadioIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Government Power, Terrorism and National Crises
Ivan Eland on the Crisis in Syria
Recorded: Thursday, August 22, 2013
Sr. Fellow Ivan Eland discusses the use of chemical weapons by the government of Syria and the ongoing civil war there. Originally aired
Aug. 22, 2013 on CTV News Channel.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Defense and Foreign Policy, Terrorism and National Crises
Ivan Eland, Anthony Gregory, and Mary Theroux on the Steel on Steel Show
Recorded: Saturday, August 10, 2013
Anthony Gregory, Mary L. G. Theroux and Ivan Eland discuss the expansion of the military state in the U.S. on the "Steel on Steel" radio show with host John Loeffler.
Experts: Ivan Eland, Anthony Gregory, Mary L. G. TherouxType: Radio
Ivan Eland Discusses TSAs New PreCheck Program on ARNN
Recorded: Thursday, August 8, 2013
Senior Fellow Ivan Eland talks with host Ernie Brown about airport security and the TSAs new PreCheck program on Americas Radio News Network.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: RadioIssues: Culture/ Society, Terrorism and National Crises, Transportation


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Weekend Top 10
By Sarah Story, Citizen Events Editor 11/08/12
Nearly three dozen Lakeside Avenue merchants will host the eighth annual Holly Jolly Christmas event Nov. 9-10. Shoppers will be able to take free trolley rides to and from shops along the avenue from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. Nov. 9 and 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Nov. 10. Participating shops will stay open late, and many will offer special deals for holiday shoppers. All participating businesses also will have special containers to collect donations for the Lakeside Volunteer Rescue Squad, the event's beneficiary. On Nov. 10, Nutzy, the Richmond Flying Squirrels' mascot, will appear at the Lakeside Farmers' market from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. and an antique car display will be held at the site of the Lakeside Community Christmas Tree, between Hilliard Road and Dumbarton Road. There also will be a "food truck court" at the Rescue Squad lot Nov. 10 with a variety of food options and live music. For details, visit http://www.lakesideavenue.net .
The University of Richmond continues its fall International Film Series with "Elena" at 3 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. Nov. 9 and at 7:30 p.m. Nov. 11 at the Robins School of Business, Ukrop Auditorium. "Elena" is a gripping modern twist on the classic noir thriller. All films in the series are shown in their original languages with English subtitles. Admission is free and open to the public. For details, visit http://tinyurl.com/urfilm .
Celebrate what makes Virginia special at Taste The Local, being held from noon to 7 p.m. at West Broad Village, 2005 Liesfield Pkwy. in Short Pump. Taste The Local features area restaurants, local bands, vendors and 10 of Virginia's finest breweries. All proceeds benefit Fetch A Cure. Well-behaved, leased dogs are welcome. Admission is free. For details, visit http://tinyurl.com/tastelocal .
The Epilepsy Foundation of Virginia - Central Virginia Chapter will host Epilepsy Awareness Day, an educational opportunity for persons and families living with epilepsy, from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. at Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden, 1800 Lakeside Ave. Continental breakfast and lunch are provided and help with transportation and childcare is available. Admission is free. For details, call 751-1505 or visit http://www.epilepsyvirginia.org .
Circle Center Adult Day Services, 4900 W. Marshall St., will host Art for All Ages from 7 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. A silent auction of affordable works of art from local artists will benefit frail or functionally impaired older adults and their caregivers. There will also be desserts, wine, music and raffles. Admission is $25. For details, call 355-5717 or visit http://www.circlecenterads.org .
New Castle Productions, featuring local actors ages 5-60, will present "Man of Honor" at 1 p.m. at Henrico Theatre, 305 E. Nine Mile Rd. "Man of Honor" tells the story of Second Lt. Henry Ossian Flipper, the first African American to graduate from West Point and become an officer in the US Army. He received this honor in 1877 and within only four years, he was falsely accused and put on trial for a crime he did not commit. Tickets are $10 to $25. For details, visit http://www.newcastle-koaproductions.com .
Ages 11-13 are invited to a workshop on the basic techniques of archery from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. at Deep Run Recreation Center, 9900 Ridgefield Pkwy. Compound bows will be used and the course will be taught according to NASP specifications. A session for seniors age 50+ will be held from 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. and a session for ages 14-17 will be held from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m. Equipment is provided. Appropriate for beginners. Cost is $6. For details, call 290-0305 or visit http://www.henricorecandparks.com.
Boys ages 13-17 and an accompanying adult are invited to the Boys-to-Men Forum from 9 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. at Eastern Henrico Recreation Center, 1440 N. Laburnum Ave. The forum will address issues such as loyalty, honesty, friendship, education, sports and the impact of their actions. Admission is free. For details, call 225-2056 or visit http://www.henricorecandparks.com.
If you have ever wondered how historically accurate Hollywood movies are, come watch 1951's "Red Badge of Courage" from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. at the Henrico Theatre, 305 E. Nine Mile Rd. A discussion highlighting the major historic themes, including fear, courage and Civil War soldier experiences will follow the film. Admission is free. For details, call 652-3409 or visit http://www.henricorecandparks.com
Anthem LemonAid registration opens
Citizen Staff Reports 04/29/2016
Every week, another child is diagnosed with cancer in Central Virginia. Last summer, six-year-old Caroline Morris was one of them.
Diagnosed in June 2015 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common type of childhood cancer, Morris has been receiving treatment at Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU (CHoR) ever since.
"It's not my hair that makes my beauty," said Morris, who lost her hair as a chemotherapy side effect, "it's my heart." > Read more.
Richmond Solar Co-op sign ups end April 30
Citizen Staff Reports 04/25/2016
The sign up period for the Richmond Community Solar Co-op will close on April 30. Nearly 150 homeowners and businesses have joined the group to save money and make going solar easier. The group has started installations and is working with VA SUN to learn about solar technology and the process of going solar.
"If you've ever thought about going solar, this is a great opportunity to do so," said Sekar Veerappan Co-op member and the group's first installation. "Working with the group helps members learn about going solar and make an informed decision." > Read more.
Weekend Top 10
Another great weekend of outdoor activities awaits you in Henrico! Walk MS, an annual charity run for multiple sclerosis, and the third annual Movin' & Shakin' 5K, to benefit the VCU Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Center, both take place in Innsbrook tomorrow. Another charity event, the CASA Superhero Run, will be held at St. Joseph's Villa. On Sunday, live music can be found at Belmont Recreation Center, featuring the John Winn Quartet, and at Shady Grove United Methodist Church, where pianist Sylvia Cooper will be performing. For all our top picks this weekend, click here! > Read more.
2 Henrico student safety patrols honored
Fairfield meeting May 5 to focus on public health, community engagement
Varina District meetings to detail progress on Varina Area Library
Business in brief
Henrico DPU flushing lines in Lakeside to clear discolored water
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Print Edition
Apr. 21, 2016Click here to read the print edition.
Weekend Top 10
Henrico students star in 'The Enchanted Toy Shop'
Weekend Top 10
Weekend Top 10
Reynolds CC hosting student art show
- More Entertainment
Obituary – Betty J. Schnell
Obituary – Cleon Alvin Roberts
Obituary – Nancy Rose Creath Lewis
- More Obituaries
Anthem LemonAid registration opens
Richmond Solar Co-op sign ups end April 30
YMCA branches to host 'Healthy Kids Day' Apr. 29-30
- More Community
Of character and parenting
Opinion: Rename school for late Henrico officer
Of car chats and grocery games
- More Opinions
Strawberry visits Tuckahoe Little League
Athlete of the Week – July 3: Kayla Sell
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Reader Survey | Advertising | Email updates
Place an Ad | More Classifieds
CalendarThe Virginia Home for Boys & Girls Youth Triathlon will take place Aug. 20 at VHBG, 8716 W. Broad St. Registration opens at 6:30 a.m. with the first wave (for… Full text


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(WUSA) -- Friday morning, we received reports of up to 4" of snow in parts of Culpeper County as we had a Winter Weather Advisory west and northwest of D.C.
Brenda Tharp Cubbage provided a photo from Rixeyville, Va. showing approximately 4 inches of snow. See her photo above.
Are you seeing snow in your area? Snap a photo and send it to us!
Email your photo to email@example.com, tweet it to us @wusa9 or post it on our Facebook page, like Cubbage did, www.facebook.com/wusa9.


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Mentoring, Advocacy and Peer Support
Student Focused
The Office of Mentoring, Advocacy and Peer Support supports an inclusive, student-centered environment at UCM by providing students with one-on-one academic, social and peer support.
- Academic Responsibility Coaches- Provide academic support and introduce students to a variety of support strategies and tools to boost their college success
- Academic Tutoring - Provides trained tutors for athletes, at-risk and Suspension Waiver Program students
- Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Questioning Outreach- Available for any students who may be experiencing difficulties relating to their identity
- Mentorship Program - Pairs upper-class, student mentors with first-year students from traditionally underrepresented populations
- Student Outreach - Provides essential support and resources as students progress toward graduation
- Suspension Waiver Program - Program for high-potential students who have previously been suspended due to low grades
- Victim Advocacy - Provides support to any victim of sexual assault
Common reasons students use MAPS services.
If you:
- Need guidance or moral support in academic or social areas.
- Need periodic help or motivation.
- Have concerns with academic policies, discrimination, professor/student misunderstandings, financial aid, housing, parking or more.


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Since its founding in 1990, Turtle Point Press has delighted readers with new fiction, poetry, memoirs, translations and rediscovered classics. In the last few years, our books were reviewed in The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Wall Street Journal, Time Out, Bookforum, TLS, Poetry, Lambda Literary Review and many other distinguished journals and smartly written literary blogs.
In Fall, 2014, we published a new collection of short stories by Marek Waldorf. Widow's Dozen is a mind bending, genre blending short story collection — eleven coruscating stories from a past that never was to a future too late to forestall. Subtle lives — nostalgia lit, lovingly textured — bridge the currents in catastrophe from impossible to remote to inevitable. Shya Scanlon wrote, "In Widow's Dozen, Waldorf achieves something of a fiction trifecta: unexpected stories told in inventive language about unique and interesting characters."
Pulitzer Prize winning author Richard Howard's new collection of poems is entitled A Progressive Education. Publishers Weekly named it one of ten most eagerly awaited poetry books of that season. With this book, a master translator and poet reflects on his own youth in Cleveland through the voices of delightfully precocious, ironic children who are as sophisticated as any characters in poetry. "The sixth-graders here are as much fun as any characters in any poetry this year, even as their improbably long sentences ask, seriously, "how the system we're trying/ to live by operates."
In Fall, 2013, Turtle Point Press published The Short Fall, Marek Waldorf's debut novel. Jonathan Baumbach wrote, "The Short Fall is a rhetorical triumph, a novel about the presidency built architecturally on language and skyscraper sentences, an impressive, high flying debut." Filled with lively effusions of wit and unexpected humor, this novel, driven by the voice and wordplay of a wheelchair confined narrator, is as much a Washington insider novel as it is a novel about recovery.
In the same season, we released David Trinidad's Peyton Place: A Haiku Soap Opera. A number of poems from this collection were included in Best American Poetry 2013. Artforum named Peyton Place one of the Best Books of 2013. The book is the continuing story of Peyton Place in seventeen irrepressible and irreverent syllables — one for each prime time soapy episode.
Considerations on the Death of a Dog is a forgotten book by Jean Grenier, the much loved teacher of Albert Camus. Never before available in English, this is a collection of short, poignant and spiritual observations by a dog owner and philosopher whose beloved Taïaut has taken his last breath. "Considerations has great stateliness, recalling Hafiz and The Rubaiyat...the language is economical, direct and just formal enough to confer dignity." –– The Antioch Review
Looking back, a number of Turtle Point Press titles received special notice. Without Saying by Richard Howard was nominated for a National Book Award and Sources by Devin Johnston was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award. Broken Irish by Edward J. Delaney was the Grand Prize Winner of the New England Book Festival and was the only small press novel to have been given starred reviews in all four trade magazines —Kirkus, Publishers Weekly, Booklist and Library Journal. The book was on the Top Book of the Year list of Booklist and was selected as one of the Ten Best Books of the Year by the Boston Globe. Years earlier The Deposition of Father McGreevy by Brian O'Doherty was shortlisted for a Man-Booker Prize. And more recently, Charles North's What It Is Like: New and Selected Poems (co-published with Hanging Loose Press) was named one of the Best Books of the Year by National Public Radio. Dear Prudence: New and Selected Poems by David Trinidad, was named one of the two best poetry books of the year by BOOKLIST and was a Publishers Weekly top ten selection.
Publishers are constantly asked to name a favorite author, the author whose work they are most proud of publishing. Although I love all the books I've published, there are two authors — polar opposites in every conceivable way — whose work represents the seriousness and the frivolity of this entire publishing enterprise — Julien Gracq and Lord Berners.
In an obituary of Julien Gracq that appeared in The Independent, James Kirkup called Gracq "the last of the great universal writers." He concludes his essay about this mysterious, solitary man, who refused the Prix Goncourt with the following sentence, "He and his works are lessons to our expiring humanity." Here are the works by Julien Gracq available from Turtle Point Press:
- Reading Writing — Shortlisted for the French American Translation Award, the book is a personal meditation on the links between literature and two visual arts: painting and cinema.
- The Shape Of A City (on demand from Ingram/Lightning) — A travelogue, a book of literary criticism, a work of history and a contemplation on urban design.
- King Cophetua — With a title taken from a painting by Edward Burne-Jones, this haunting novella begins with a Proustian evocation of fading youth. By the end of the story it all comes clear: this is the condition of both war and what in such times passes as love.
- The Narrow Waters — In fluid associative prose, Gracq navigates — this time in memory — the magical Evre and the terrain through which it coursed in his youth.
Lord Berners (1883-1950) was one of the most flamboyant personalities of his day. A composer, writer, painter, and eccentric ( famous for dying his pigeons into rainbow hues), he knew everyone in the world of the arts and society in the first half of the twentieth century and was the model for Lord Merlin in Nancy Mitford's The Pursuit of Love. He was admired by Stravinsky, collaborated with Diaghilev and Gertrude Stein, and his five ballets were choreographed by Balanchine and Frederick Ashton.
Turtle Point Press is so devoted to the whimsical fiction and amusingly candid autobiographies of this colorful figure, "the very model of the minor artist" that we have posted excerpts of his works in a special drop-down section of the web site. "To delight, to charm, to entertain, such are the goals the minor artist sets himself, and, when brought off with style and verve and elegant lucidity, they are — more than sufficient — wholly admirable." –– Joseph Epstein
Jonathan D. Rabinowitz


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Floods can damage carpet, flooring, drywall, furniture and clothing — follow these tips for what to do until a pro arrives or for DIY clean up.
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Local Articles in Shawnee
Did a leaky sink cause water damage to your bathroom vanity? Don't throw in the towel just yet.
Carpet cleaning can be tricky, especially after a flood. Learn when you can salvage water-logged flooring, and when it's best to get a new carpet.
House fires are a disaster that no one wants to experience. Learn the steps to help limit further damage to your home after a fire and to get through the claims process.
Angie's Answers
You have every right to fire the GC, but it may cost you money in legal fees to fight any leins he has on the property. If you do insurance work you should know that you have to do part of the work out of your own cash reserves and wait for disbursement from the insurance company. His crews errors are not your problem, they are his. If you have problems you should include your insurance company in the problems you are having. If he is running into problems with extras they should only be related to things the adjuster missed and not his or his crews incompetence. If upon rip out he finds hidden water damage that would be an example. An example was a flood job I did not too long ago where we found termite damage that could not be seen untill after demo. Since it was not related to the flood it was not covered. Unless this is his first insurance job he should know the procedures and not be expecting money before it is due, stick to your guns and make sure he is doing the right job. If not include your insurance company and possibly even your mortgage company in any problems. A lein is not that big a deal though in the long run as long as you pay off the agreed amount as per contract. Just make sure if you stay with this guy he has a lien release with him when you give him the finnal check!
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This print of artist Carol Padberg's original painting is part of west elm's collaboration with 20x200. Inspired by codes and symbols found in everyday life—from barcodes to modernist fonts and logos—Carol creates crisp, graphic abstractions that feel textured and highly dimensional.
• Engineered wood frame with black matte finish; removable, acid-free paper mat.
• Designed in collaboration with 20x200. More about 20x200.
• Frame: 24" x 30"; mat opening 18" x 18.8".
• Coordinates with west elm's other 20x200 Wall Art.
• Wipe clean.
• Imported.


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Leos Janacek: The Cunning Little Vixen / Quinn Kelsey, Judith Christin, Dennis Petersen, Kevin Langan, Gustav Belacek. Seiji Ozawa [DVD]
1 DVD Video / Arthaus / 2013-10-29Works: Leos Janácek: The Cunning Little Vixen
Performers: Belacek, Gustav; Christin, Judith; Kelsey, Quinn; Langan, Kevin; Lepre, Federico; Petersen, Dennis; Polidori, Marcella
Conductors: Ozawa, Seiji
Ensemble: Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Chorus; Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Orchestra
The Cunning Little Vixen has been seldom staged in Italy, and this Florence production stars Seiji Ozawa as conductor and Laurent Pelly as stage director...continue...
Run Time: 103 min.
Region: 0
Picture Format: NTSC, 16:9, Color
Sound Format(s): PCM Stereo, DD 5.1
Subtitles: German, English, French, Spanish, Italian, ...continue...
read more Login or Create an Account to write a review


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Learn What I Can Bring on the Plane
Each time you enter into an airport, a number of precautions are taken to ensure your flight is safe. By following the procedures below and ensuring that your baggage meets Transportation Security Administration (TSA) standards, the airport screening process can be much faster and easier.
Start Here
TSA and our security partners conducted extensive explosives testing since August 10, 2006 and determined that liquids, aerosols and gels, in limited quantities, are safe to bring aboard an aircraft. The one bag limit per traveler limits the total amount each traveler can bring. Consolidating the bottles into one bag and X-raying them separately from the carry-on bag enables security officers to quickly clear the items.
- 3-1-1 for carry-ons = 3.4 ounce (100ml) bottle or less (by volume) ; 1 quart-sized, clear, plastic, zip-top bag; 1 bag per passenger placed in screening bin. One-quart bag per person limits the total liquid volume each traveler can bring. 3.4 ounce (100ml) container size is a security measure.
- Be prepared. Each time TSA searches a carry-on it slows down the line. Practicing 3-1-1 will ensure a faster and easier checkpoint experience.
- 3-1-1 is for short trips. If in doubt, put your liquids in checked luggage.
- Declare larger liquids. Medications, baby formula and food, and breast milk are allowed in reasonable quantities exceeding three ounces and are not required to be in the zip-top bag. Declare these items for inspection at the checkpoint. Officers may need to open these items to conduct additional screening.
- Duty Free Travel Information - To avoid the risk of having to abandon your liquid duty free items in the U.S. and abroad know the rules at home and abroad.
- Prohibited Items - Sharp items, sporting goods, guns and firearms, tools, martial arts and self defense items, explosive and flammable materials, chemicals, and other dangerous items are strictly prohibited. Check the online database if you have questions.
- Traveling with children - You are encouraged to travel with only as much formula, breast milk, or juice in your carry-on needed to reach your destination.
- Travelers with Disabilities and Medical Conditions - All disability-related equipment, aids, and devices continue to be allowed through security checkpoints once cleared through screening.


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Region 5 ETA Staff
Staff Links
- Most links will yield a three column table displaying staff name, phone number and responsibilities.
Office Structure
- Note: the chart below is an image map with Office/Division staffing links. There is no link to the Earmark Center.
Access Chart
- Staff Directory
Listing of employees of the Employment and Training Administration, Region 5.
Program Functions and Leads
Listing of employees, including Job Corps and ATELs, who are the leads for a particular program at the Region 5 level of the Employment and Training Administration.
Office Listing
Contains listings of employees who are the lead contacts for USDOL-ETA sponsored programs in Region 5. Note: the chart below is an image map with Office/Division staffing links. There is no link to the Earmark Center. Skip map and go to text Office listing.
Office Listing
- Office of the Regional Administrator - Region 5 Front office.
- Division of Financial, Management and Administrative Services - responsible for the administrative and management functions that support program offices by providing assistance to ETA staff and to grantees for performance management and reporting, financial management and workforce information functions. It also includes staff who support office technology, regional budgeting and accounting and other support.
- Office of State Systems - Responds to grantees operating within the workforce system at the state levels.
- Division of Workforce Investment - Includes State awards for WIA formula programs, Wagner-Peyser, Trade Act training, National Emergency Grants, Workforce Information and the Community Service Employment Program for older workers.
- Division of Workforce Security - Includes State and Program leads for Unemployment Insurance programs, DUA and Trade benefits.
- Office of Special Initiatives and Demonstrations - supports the non-system grantees to enhance performance/outcomes and to better connect them with the workforce system. This office maintainsd grant management responsibilities for all special initiatives as well as the section 167 Migrant and Seasoinal Farmworker Grants, and granbts to assist disabled workers.
- Division of Demonstration Grants - responsible for grants that are considered temporary in nature, including Congressional Earmarks, High Growth Job Training Initiative awards, Community Based Training Grants to Community Colleges, Faith and Community Based Training Grants, Responsible Reintegration for Youth Offenders and most other grant programs not targeted for state delivery.


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Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
Meet the StaffFind a directory of doctors and departments at all Mayo Clinic campuses. Visit now.
Research and Clinical TrialsSee how Mayo Clinic research and clinical trials advance the science of medicine and improve patient care. Explore now.
Visit Our SchoolsEducators at Mayo Clinic train tomorrow's leaders to deliver compassionate, high-value, safe patient care. Choose a degree.
Professional ServicesExplore Mayo Clinic's many resources and see jobs available for medical professionals. Get updates.
Give to Mayo ClinicHelp set a new world standard in care for people everywhere. Give now.
Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations.
The Mayo Clinic payment process includes private insurance companies, managed care plans and government payers such as Medicare, Medicare Advantage Plans and Medicaid. Mayo Clinic contracts with some of these insurance companies. It's your responsibility to consult with your insurance company to determine whether Mayo Clinic's bill will be covered in whole or in part, or what portion of your charges will be your personal responsibility. This may include any pre-existing exclusions and limited benefits policies. In these cases Mayo Clinic may ask you to pay a pre-service deposit based on scheduled services.
If you have insurance, Mayo Clinic will file primary insurance claims in all cases, which means that Mayo Clinic will send the bill directly to your insurance company. Because each insurance company has its own benefits plans and requirements, it's vital that you understand exactly what your health care insurance policy provides, including whether the company has a contract with Mayo Clinic. If you would like an estimate for a specific procedure, Mayo Clinic's estimating service can explain the charges to you.
Your insurance company decides how much it pays for a medical service by establishing its own fee schedule, which insurers often refer to as "usual, customary and reasonable" (UCR) fees. Any balance remaining after your insurance pays is your responsibility.
Suppose Mayo Clinic charges $3,000 for a treatment and your insurer pays 60 percent of its established fee schedule — the UCR amount. In this instance, you would be responsible for 40 percent of the UCR amount, in addition to any amount not covered by your insurance company.
If you have secondary or supplemental insurance, you must provide copies of both sides of your secondary insurance card. Coverage by secondary insurance companies generally is based on what is owed after your primary insurance company has paid. Mayo Clinic will file claims directly with your secondary or supplemental insurance company. Most, but not all, secondary insurance companies send checks directly to you.
If Mayo Clinic has a contract with your primary insurance company, Mayo Clinic agrees to accept the contracted fee schedule. Under this agreement, your out-of-pocket costs usually will be lower than if your insurance company wasn't contracted. The contracted insurance company pays its portion of the total amount to Mayo Clinic.
Insurance payments sent directly to you, whether from primary or secondary insurance companies, should be used to pay outstanding charges to Mayo Clinic. Please deposit these checks into your bank account and issue a payment to Mayo Clinic. Include the lower portion of the first page of your billing statement with your payment.
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.


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Hey Rosetta! was the final act of an impressive, high energy rock night.
The band played nearly 115 minutes, introducing an appreciative audience to some new material and playing a number of old tunes.
Yes! Yes! Yes! from their first album was the highlight of the entire evening, with the thousand or so in attendance going beserk with arms waving and feet dancing.
After the band wrapped up its set, the crowd stuck around, clapping their hands and chanting Hey Rosetta!
The band returned for a two-song encore.
They were obviously trying the new songs out on an audience
During the set, singer Tim Baker noted how they were leaving Sunday to try their luck at recording a new album.
Before that, they'll play a JunoFest show at the Majestic tomorrow night with Rich Aucoin and the fabulous Great Lake Swimmers.
* * *
Another 45 minutes of big sound with no shortage of decibels and distortion from The Novaks.
The trio played their known tunes Goodbye Rock and Roll Band, Destroyer, etc. plus some new ones from their forthcoming EP, Big World, which is being released April 20.
They sounded awesome and it's too bad they never played longer.
The Novaks play again at The Ship tomorrow night as part of JunoFest.
* * *
At Ruckus on the Edge's rock night, The Idlers just wrapped up a 45-minute set that would have moved cinder blocks.
The 10-piece band led by former mayoral candidate and organic farmer Mark Wilson had a growing crowd at the Delta jumping to their reggae sounds.
They'll be busy over the Juno weekend with shows at The Levee Friday and The Rockhouse Saturday.
The latter is the site of the MusicNL showcase.
The Novaks are up next and they'll be followed by Hey Rosetta!
The venue is sold out.


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Tickets: $15/$12 students
Todd Marcus - bass clarinet
Lyle Link - tenor
Tim Green - alto sax & flute
Russell Kirk - alto sax
Alex Norris - trumpet
Darent Polk - trombone
Alan Blackman - piano
Eric Wheeler- bass
Kush Abadey - drums
Check out this article on NPR, which selected Todd's new album as one of the top 10 jazz albums of 2012: http://www.npr.org/blogs/bestmusic2012/2012/12/07/166760734/top-10-jazz-albums-of-2012
The Todd Marcus Jazz Orchestra is an emerging nonet ensemble composed of six horns, piano, bass, and drums. The ensemble is unique for being led by Marcus bass clarinet, a rarely used instrument in straight-ahead jazz. It is featured as a lead solo and ensemble horn in the ensemble rather than the more traditional roles it tends to have as a textural woodwind double or as an avant-garde capacity.
Started in 2003, the ensemble includes musicians from Baltimore, NY, and Washington, DC. In 2006 the ensemble released its debut album In Pursuit of the 9th Man on Hipnotic Records and over the years has featured guest artists including tenor saxophonists Bennie Maupin, Tim Warfield, Gary Thomas, Joel Frahm, and Ralph Bowen, trumpeter Sean Jones and pianist Orrin Evans.
The ensemble's work tends to focus on straight-ahead playing and classical influenced thematic composition. Recent works however have increasingly presented compositions by Marcus that feature the fusion of jazz with Middle-Eastern music and reflect Marcus' Egyptian-American heritage.
"[an] incredible bass clarinet player, arranger, and composer"
- The Urbanite, February 2012
"Marcus, a musical autodidact, plays the clarinet and bass clarinet (rarities in
the jazz world) with sharp ease. His tidy but sprawled-out compositions have
a similar preternatural comfort about them. As a result his swingin' punchy post-
bop often comes off both comforting & challenging." --- CapitalBop, July 2011
"...masterfully performed solos...If you need to get your blood pumping, this
[music] will fit the bill." --- Examiner.com, November 26, 2010
"Powerful, intricate jazz flowing through a bass clarinet"
--- The B Daily, February 2010
"One of the area's finest jazz musicians." --- Baltimore Times, September 2008
"...a fabulous ear and brain cleaner...Truly refreshing in a world of sameness."
--- Linda Yohn, WEMU Music Director, February 2007
"[Marcus'] bass clarinet playing has an original sound, and his arranging has a
style of his own
[The band's] energy is awesome and the ensemble has a
bright future." --- Jazz Radio 247.com, February 2007
"[T]he Baltimore-based Marcus has fashioned a career on the bass clarinet of
blending traditional bebop and swing with some world music touches that make
him deserving of wider recognition." --- Jazzreview.com, October 2005
Todd Marcus (bass clarinet) is one of the few jazz artists worldwide to focus exclusively on use of the bass clarinet as a primary soloing instrument. While use of bass clarinet in jazz typically tends to lean heavily towards avant-garde and free-jazz styles, Marcus playing presents the instrument with a modern straight-ahead jazz approach. His music swings hard with both fiery and introspective intensity but also maintains a strong lyrical sensibility.
He actively leads small ensembles such as the Todd Marcus Quartet, Trio, and Duo as well as his nonet, The Todd Marcus Jazz Orchestra.
Self taught in jazz theory and composition, Marcus compositions draw largely on straight-ahead jazz and classical influences but over recent years have also increasingly explored the Middle-Eastern sounds from his Egyptian-American heritage. His work includes international performances, clinics, and radio play and he has worked with other jazz artists such as Bennie Maupin, Larry Willis, Don Byron, Odean Pope, Tim Warfield, Sean Jones, Xavier Davis, George Colligan, Orrin Evans, Joel Frahm, and Gary Thomas. Marcus was also a featured guest at the 1st World Bass Clarinet Convention in Rotterdam, Holland where his work was recognized for both his compositions and unique solo voice.
Marcus balances his music career by running Newborn Holistic Ministries, a nonprofit addressing poverty related issues in his Baltimore, Maryland neighborhood. The organization runs an art program providing children and adults with alternatives to drugs and violence in the community, a recovery program for women overcoming drug addiction and homelessness, and has achieved significant community revitalization by renovating abandoned buildings and vacant lots.


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A woman and child are dead after a rollover accident on I-25 just north of Trinidad.
Five people, all from Raton, New Mexico, were riding inside the Toyota Camry Sunday night as it headed southbound on I-25. According to the Colorado State Patrol, driver Shannon Romero suddenly went off the road and collided with a guardrail. She then over-corrected and rolled three times.
Romero, 30, and two children, 10 and 12, were all wearing their seatbelts and survived the crash with minor to moderate injuries. Romero was airlifted to Colorado Springs, while the two others were taken to Mount San Rafael Hospital in Trinidad.
A 12-year-old boy, who was not wearing a seatbelt, was ejected from the vehicle and died at the scene. A 68-year-old woman was airlifted to St. Mary Corwin Hospital in Pueblo, where she later died.
Alcohol and drugs are not considered factors in the crash.
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Carry this color and show your support for breast cancer research. Learn more about the Vera Bradley Foundation for Breast Cancer.
This style can be Personalized!
Learn more about Personalization
The ultimate in eyeglass protection, this structured case is covered with quilted cotton and lined with super-soft, non-scratch fabric to protect lenses.
6" x 2¾" x 1"
Spot clean with a damp cloth.


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Getting Lost
Arthur Lost and Found
When Arthur and Buster try to take the bus to Arthur's swimming lesson, they fall asleep and end up in a strange part of town.
Little Rabbit Lost
On his birthday Little Rabbit thinks that he is now a big rabbit, until he gets lost at the Rabbit World amusement park.
La La Rose
La La Rose, a young girl's stuffed rabbit, gets lost in Luxembourg Gardens.
Patches Lost and Found
Jenny draws, then writes, a story about losing and finding her pet guinea pig.
Oliver Finds His Way
Oliver the bear becomes lost when he chases a leaf to the edge of the woods, but then he comes up with an idea to find his way back home.
Mama's Little Bears
The Little Bears explore their forest home but never stray too far from their Mama.
Tiny's Big Adventure
Katy Mouse teaches her younger brother, Tiny, the names of some of the things they see, including a boot, a snail, and a pheasant, when they go to the cornfield to play games.
Knuffle Bunny: A Cautionary Tale
After Trixie and daddy leave the laundromat, something very important turns up missing.


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Wed., Feb. 20, 8 pm: 18+
Fine Line Music Café
318 1st Ave. N., Mpls., 612-338-8100 or www.finelinemusic.com
Born and raised in Columbia, South Carolina, Chaz Bundick has been toying with various musical projects since early adolescence. Having spent his formative years playing in punk and indie rock acts, his protean Toro Y Moi solo project incorporates electronics and allows for a wider range of influences such as French house, Brian Wilson's pop, '80s R&B, and Stones Throw hip-hop. WITNESS: Marian Anderson
Sun., Feb. Continue Reading →


text: The corners were touched up and look good now. There are some scratches on the front exterior towards the top and the metal hardware is tarnished. Also, there is a small ink mark on the back of the bag new the top. Otherwise, the rest of this handbag is still in good condition. It does not ship with a designer dust bag.


text:
Quick Find
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52mm Circular Polarizer Glass Filter
Model No. ZE-CPL52
UPC No. 811709010371
Product Specifications
The Circular Polarizing filter allows you to remove unwanted reflections from non-metallic surfaces such as water, glass etc.
It also will enable colors to become more saturated and appear clearer, with better contrast.
This effect is often used to increase the contrast and saturation in blue skies and white clouds.
The Zeikos Polarizing filter does not affect the overall color balance of a shot.
Click to enlarge
Copyright © 2016 Zeikos Inc.. All rights reserved.


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Leather Belts
2 Item(s)
5.11 Tactical Black Leather Casual Belt 59501 019
$39.99 7 Reviews 20
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Rewards Points can be used to redeem gift codes that are used as currency on a future order.
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Just wanted to let you know that my nice new boots arrived yesterday! In fact, I've got them on as I send this message! Really just wanted to say a very big thanks to you and yours for great service... and a fantastic pair of boots! And hey... you should set up in the UK... there's nothing like it here... the stuff we get is crap!"
Craig S. from London


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Manyoni West MP John Lwanji (CCM) has proposed a law to force eligible voters to vote during the general election.
Lwanji said one of the reasons of the low turn-up during the general election in October 31 last year was lack of seriousness among many Tanzanians. "Honourable Speaker, some people are laissez-faire. They tend to engage in their daily cores even on the voting day. I propose to have a law to force such people to vote," he said.
He explained that it was not true that people were tired of the government but the poor turn-up during the last general election was caused by lack of civic education and lack of seriousness among Tanzanians," he stressed.
Lwanji also challenged fellow MPs to stop using a lot of time reviewing Parliamentary Standing Orders since Tanzanians were only interested in social services like water, health care, road infrastructure and education. "Voters won't eat the Parliamentary Standing Orders. Let's not spend a lot of time talking about things, which are irrelevant to the people," the vividly annoyed MP said.
He urged legislators, who were law experts to shift legal debate to other platforms as the National Assembly was a place where MPs presented people's problems.
Special Seats MP Magdalena Sakaya (Chadema) complained over rampant corruption at the Dar es Salaam Port. She said big businesspeople unscrupulously evaded tax without being held accountable.
She said corruption practices at the port denied the Treasury a lot of money.
Kisesa MP Luhanga Mpinga (CCM) said there was no need for seminars and workshops, instead the money should be sent to development projects.
Nzega MP Dr Hamis Kigwangallah (CCM) was surprised to see the people living in areas where minerals were found because they lived miserably.
"Why can't they benefit from the minerals?," he asked.


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Gla Nature Lip Balm
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Campaign Donations: The Donors You Know, and Those You Don't
Two years ago, nobody knew anything about Foster Friess, Sheldon Adelson or Frank VanDerSloot. Today, these deep-pocketed money men are household names. But while super PAC supermen are exciting, they're hardly the only folks giving to political campaigns, and you can find out about the less-known names too.


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- Nov 18:
- Report: Black Forest fire was human-caused, but not necessarily arson
- Jun 5:
- Black Forest now 2nd costliest Colorado wildfire, insurance tally hits $420.5M
- May 11:
- Wildfire-damaged Royal Gorge Park gets new seedlings
- May 7:
- Voters oust Black Forest fire board incumbents
- Apr 17:
- Black Forest board changes firefighter jobs
- Apr 10:
- Colorado wildfire air fleet proposal heard in Senate committee
- Apr 5:
- Panel discusses ideas to reduce future wildfire risks in Colorado
- Mar 28:
- Report recommends $33 million to fight Colorado wildfires
- Mar 14:
- Black Forest fire: Report says crew diverted, sheriff calls it "garbage"
- Black Forest board releases fire report
- Feb 19:
- Black Forest fire probe clears chief; residents unimpressed
- Agency: Report clears chief in Black Forest fire
- Jan 24:
- As Colorado wildfires continue to worsen, only moderate laws proposed
President Barack Obama declared the Royal Gorge fire zone a major disaster Friday and ordered federal aid to supplement the recovery efforts.
The declaration comes a month after the state's congressional delegation asked the president to declare Colorado a federal disaster area .
The disaster declaration makes federal funds available for individuals, the state, eligible local governments and certain nonprofit organizations in Fremont County, where the Royal Gorge fire burned from June 11-16.
The fire charred about 3,220 acres and destroyed 48 of the 52 structures at the historic Royal Gorge Park, which is a major economic driver in Fremont County.
"We are grateful for the federal support in the wake (of) the Royal Gorge fire and other fires this summer," Gov. John Hickenlooper said in a written statement. "This assistance will help Coloradans recover and begin to rebuild some of what was lost."
A preliminary assessment estimated the destruction in the Royal Gorge area at $26.9 million, said Micki Trost, spokeswoman for the Colorado Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management.
Royal Gorge Bridge & Park laid off 150 employees in June, and some other businesses in the area either hired fewer employees or laid some off due to a severe decrease in tourism, park spokeswoman Peggy Gair said.
Disaster Unemployment Assistance is available for some people who lost jobs as a result of the fire in Fremont County, according to a White House news release.
"City and county governments will be getting together early next week," Cañon City Mayor Tony Greer said. "We want that money into the hands of the people that need (it) as quickly and efficiently as possible."
Federal funding for emergency work and the repairs or replacement of damaged facilities in Fremont County also has been made available, the release said.
However, the state or local governments must provide a 25 percent match to access the money, Federal Emergency Management Agency spokesman Jerry DeFelice said.
Local governments statewide also can apply to have 75 percent of the cost of hazard mitigation measures covered by FEMA, DeFelice said.
"The point of the mitigation fund is to minimize or protect against future disaster," DeFelice said. "These eligible costs are always provided for uninsured losses or damages to public infrastructure."
In addition to the federal assistance, History Colorado — formerly known as the Colorado Historical Society — has offered Cañon City four grants totaling $40,000 to stabilize three stone structures and the incline railway, State Historical Fund director Steve Turner said.
"Stabilization is really doing what you need to do to keep building until a more thorough restoration can be undertaken," Turner said. "The purpose of the State Historical Fund is to help preserve Colorado's historical places. The Royal Gorge is one of those places."
Cañon City has not decided whether to accept the grants, Turner said.
In a joint statement released Friday, the Colorado congressional delegation said it is not done seeking federal aid for burn zones.
"We will continue to advocate for other areas of the state that have suffered similar devastation of wildfire, including the Black Forest region," the statement said.


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hexagram wrote:broken virus is a very limited purchase card justifying its strength. It was pretty expensive plus will not be sold again in same form and limited people have it
AngelicDeath wrote:If your opp doesn't have undeads then the talismans's are almost just dead space- not totally since i think 10 def at 1 sp is fine when compared to magic weapon and invisibilty edge and other 1 sp buff grims.
Erratas are not good for business though sometimes a necessary evil.
AngelicDeath wrote:Honestly, since Gon admits he doesn't have time to really do playtesting perhaps you can sub for him until he can make time available.
Callonia wrote:Eitherway Talismans shouldn't be nerfed, its just a waste of space if yer not facing undeads. And gives +10 def for 1 sp.
It helps units live bit longer against undead's snowballing but that's basically what it does. Godforbid you have to snowball two more turns just to kill an talisman buffed.
Funny you called Crest Regenrator knight bad because didn't Refess qq about him back in the day about lawtia getting one of the best tanks that basically can heal self for 50% in a single turn?
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49 U.S. Code § 303 - Policy on lands, wildlife and waterfowl refuges, and historic sites
prev | next
(a)It is the policy of the United States Government that special effort should be made to preserve the natural beauty of the countryside and public park and recreation lands, wildlife and waterfowl refuges, and historic sites.
(b)The Secretary of Transportation shall cooperate and consult with the Secretaries of the Interior, Housing and Urban Development, and Agriculture, and with the States, in developing transportation plans and programs that include measures to maintain or enhance the natural beauty of lands crossed by transportation activities or facilities.
(c) Approval of Programs and Projects.— Subject to subsection (d), the Secretary may approve a transportation program or project (other than any project for a park road or parkway under section 204 [1] of title 23) requiring the use of publicly owned land of a public park, recreation area, or wildlife and waterfowl refuge of national, State, or local significance, or land of an historic site of national, State, or local significance (as determined by the Federal, State, or local officials having jurisdiction over the park, area, refuge, or site) only if—
(d) De Minimis Impacts.—
(1) Requirements.—
(A) Requirements for historic sites.— The requirements of this section shall be considered to be satisfied with respect to an area described in paragraph (2) if the Secretary determines, in accordance with this subsection, that a transportation program or project will have a de minimis impact on the area.
(B) Requirements for parks, recreation areas, and wildlife or waterfowl refuges.— The requirements of subsection (c)(1) shall be considered to be satisfied with respect to an area described in paragraph (3) if the Secretary determines, in accordance with this subsection, that a transportation program or project will have a de minimis impact on the area. The requirements of subsection (c)(2) with respect to an area described in paragraph (3) shall not include an alternatives analysis.
(C) Criteria.— In making any determination under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider to be part of a transportation program or project any avoidance, minimization, mitigation, or enhancement measures that are required to be implemented as a condition of approval of the transportation program or project.
(2) Historic sites.— With respect to historic sites, the Secretary may make a finding of de minimis impact only if—
(A)the Secretary has determined, in accordance with the consultation process required under section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (16 U.S.C. 470f), that—
(B)the finding of the Secretary has received written concurrence from the applicable State historic preservation officer or tribal historic preservation officer (and from the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation if the Council is participating in the consultation process); and
(3) Parks, recreation areas, and wildlife or waterfowl refuges.— With respect to parks, recreation areas, or wildlife or waterfowl refuges, the Secretary may make a finding of de minimis impact only if—
(A)the Secretary has determined, after public notice and opportunity for public review and comment, that the transportation program or project will not adversely affect the activities, features, and attributes of the park, recreation area, or wildlife or waterfowl refuge eligible for protection under this section; and
[1] See References in Text note below.
Source(Pub. L. 97–449, § 1(b),Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2419; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, § 133(d),Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 173; Pub. L. 109–59, title VI, § 6009(a)(2),Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1875.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 2(b)(2), 80 Stat. 931.
|49:1653(f) (1st sentence).
|Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 4(f), 80 Stat. 934; restated Aug. 23, 1968, Pub. L. 90–495, § 18(b), 82 Stat. 824.
|49:1653(f) (2d sentence).
|49:1653(f) (less 1st, 2d sentences).
In subsection (a), the words "hereby declared to be" before "the policy" are omitted as surplus. The words "of the United States Government" are substituted for "national" for clarity and consistency.
In subsection (b), the words "crossed by transportation activities or facilities" are substituted for "traversed" for clarity.
In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "After August 23, 1968" after "Secretary" are omitted as executed. The word "transportation" is inserted before "program" for clarity. In clause (2), the words "or project" are added for consistency.
References in Text
Section 204 of title 23, referred to in subsec. (c), was repealed and a new section 204 enacted by Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, § 1119(a),July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 473, 489.
2005—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, § 6009(a)(2)(A), inserted heading and substituted "Subject to subsection (d), the Secretary" for "The Secretary" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, § 6009(a)(2)(B), added subsec. (d).
1987—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–17inserted "(other than any project for a park road or parkway under section 204 of title 23)" after "program or project".
Treatment of Military Flight Operations
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title X, § 1079,Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1916, provided that: "No military flight operation (including a military training flight), or designation of airspace for such an operation, may be treated as a transportation program or project for purposes of section 303 (c) of title 49, United States Code."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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This frustration with running and aerobic exercise followed me through the rest of my years in school. In college I would take aerobic classes and even asked a friend to "teach me to run". And I would last about a week or two and then give up. I always felt terrible after exercise, and when others said, "I get MORE energy when I exercise" or "those endorphins make me feel wonderful", I would quietly roll my eyes.
{Disclaimer: I do like to be active! I love hiking and camping and swimming. Just at my own pace and not for the purpose of exercise...I just enjoy being out in it all!}
I started believing that my body just couldn't handle much.
In 2003 I started reading about midwives and natural childbirthing after feeling dissatisfied with my three birthing experiences. I decided that if I ever had another baby I wanted to give natural childbirth a go. When I got pregnant in 2005 with my 4th child, I knew that my time had come. In 2006, after a labor of only 4 hours, I peacefully had a waterbirth in my own bedroom. My labor wasn't too difficult or long and I felt very empowered. In 2009, I gave birth to another baby naturally...after only being at the hospital for 40 minutes. My active labor went by so quickly and I was very much in control of myself, the pain and birthing. Again I felt very strong and proud that I was able to overcome my fear that I wouldn't be able to birth naturally in a hospital setting.
Last year I became pregnant with my 6th child and believed that my birth would be natural, quick and fairly easy like the last two had been. However this pregnancy ended up being the most tiring pregnancy on my body...my joints and muscles hurt so much and I just ached most of the time. I was so ready to give birth and to get rid of all the achiness I had struggled with for so many months. When I went into labor, my body didn't fall into the groove of laboring fast. This labor ended up being 15 exhausting hours. I felt as if I just couldn't do it because I was SO tired. It was will-power and sheer physical endurance to make it to the blessed moment of birthing Henry. My attitude stunk most of my labor, but I kept going. I felt the Lord whisper to me later, "You can do hard things, Aimee!" That was the biggest lesson I learned from that birth. A very deep and vital lesson after living since childhood with a belief that I can't.
As I am inching my way closer to 40 and also continuing to feel the body-blues after having six children, I decided I would give "exercise" another chance in 2012. I remembered a friend doing Couch to 5K last year and decided I would give it a go. Let me tell you, this is huge for me. I am very anti-exercise :) So my dear husband said that he would do it with me and we began.
About 2 and 1/2 weeks into the program, I began to hate it. The jogging made me feel horrible and I had less energy for my family the day after exercising. My body hurt and I just thought, "See, I can't do this!" My husband kept encouraging me on and I begrudgingly continued. A few days ago, the program increased our jog time. That old rotten mindset of "you just can't do this, Aimee" began to taunt me. But then I remembered Henry's birth. The 15 hours of laboring when I didn't have any strength within me. And the Lord whispered, "You can do hard things, Aimee!"
And in that moment I knew that I CAN do this. I CAN complete this program. I can jog and soon run. I realized just how much of the battle to overcome something is mental. We have to speak truth to ourselves and remind ourselves of what God says about us and to us. And now? I actually began looking forward to the jogging segments. I began to look forward to pushing myself a little harder and seeing that my will makes my body move on.
I can do hard things.