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Most significant solar cooking projects
- A refugee camp in Kenya was the first to receive a large scale solar cooking project - The Kakuma refugee camp was formed in 1972 when Sudanese refugees first arrived in Kakuma, Kenya. Introducing solar cooking to the camp was Solar Cookers International's first and largest refugee project, beginning in January 1995. Kakuma had considerable refugee turnover, but by 2004, when Solar Cookers International (SCI) concluded the project, the camp had tripled in size to nearly 90,000 refugees. Though rapid growth posed problems for assisting all those who wanted to solar cook, SCI ultimately served over 15,000 families. The program also extended solar cooker technology to schools, especially primary school, through demonstrations, poems, songs and drama.
- See other Most significant solar cooking projects worldwide.
News and recent developments
- May 2013: San Diego, California, USA Rotary Clubs have partnered with Rotary Clubs in Kenya to provide three hundred Haines Solar Cookers, designed by California resident Roger Haines, for a pilot project with a community in Kenya. Director of the Kenya-based Natural Resources and Waste Management Alliance (NAREWAMA) Faustine Odaba is supervising this project. This new solar cooker design is made from commercially available, reflective bubble insulation. The plastic bag has been replaced by a clear strip of polycarbonate film, which is rolled into a cylinder and secured with clips to support the cook pot.
- May 2013: Safe water packages helping in Kenya - Solar Cookers International released information on the their latest efforts to offer safe water packages to low-income families in Kenya. The package contains all the necessary components to use the integrated cooking approach, which means using the solar panel cooker to heat water and kill pathogens when it is sunny, and using an efficient fuel stove when it is not. A heat retention basket, or "fireless cooker" is included to keep cooked food warm, and to extend cooking times. Working with their partners, who provide the training and follow-up, they have distributed 212 safe water packages from November 2012 through April 2013. These packages have provided over 1,000 people a virtually cost free way to maintain a healthy water supply and prepare their meals. SCI has set a goal to increase the number of packages they fund from 35 per month to 100 per month through the fall of 2013. Please consider donating to SCI to help reach this goal.
- March 2013: John Amayo, with SURE, reports that the Ministry of Agriculture in Kenya recently held a farmers field day, providing an event for local farmers to come and see new ideas. SURE participated, and were able to demonstrate solar cooking using the CooKit, a parabolic solar cooker, and a Pulsee Solar Cooker. The farmers were pleased with the meat stew prepared in the box cooker, the roasted meat on the parabolic, and water pasteurization with the Pulsee. We also used the heat retention basket on this particularly windy day. It was rewarding to be able to show how the water available was not safe for drinking, and how solar water pasteurization can make it safe.
- February 2013: Kisumu County receives water pasteurization information - Former SCI Kenya staffer John Amayo runs Sustainable Utilization of Renewable Energy (SURE) in the Kadibo division of Kisumu County. With the help of Solar Cookers International and Bob Metcalf's portable microbiology lab, SURE has been able to test local water sources and has distributed thirty safe water packages to the vulnerable in the community. The safe water packages provided by SCI which SURE distributes, like the ones received by FOTO beneficiaries, are accompanied by programs to educate the community on hand washing, food safety, cleanliness around the home, and solar pasteurizing or chemically treating all drinking water. SURE also has plans to harness wind power for lighting and promote the use bio-fuels like biogas for lighting and cooking.
- November 2012: Student Solar Cooking Science Projects, USA and Kenya - What began as a pilot project in Eldoret, Kenya has evolved into two sister organizations, Student Solar Cooking Science Projects, founded by Sharon Cousins in the USA and a sister organization in Kenya founded by Camily Wedende. Ongoing fundraising goals include renting a small work facility. Because of limited funding, the group is always looking for ways to produce a reasonable solar cooker for $10 USD or less. The partnership that led to these projects began when Camily Wedende of Eldoret read about an American youth project advised by Sharon Cousins, and contacted Sharon asking for advice on working with young people. The pilot project, which involved twenty students ages 10-18, was a stunning success. The innovative approach teaches skills that will help the students in many areas of life. They hope to create a replicable model for the harnessing the tremendous energy and enthusiasm of young people for the advancement of solar cooking in their communities and beyond.
- November 2012: Integrated Cooking Method promoted in Kenya - Ingelore Kahrens reports that last summer she went to Kenya again for five weeks to celebrate the birthday of the newly founded Mount Kenya Integrated Community Development Organization (MKICDO). The Gaketha Laura Energy Saving Group, which was founded after Ingelore's first visit in 2009, is promoting the use of fuel-efficient stoves and basket cookers, as well as promoting soil and crop management practices. A LAZOLA 3 solar box cooker was introduced, which was approved by the board members of MKICDO. The group is planning to train artisans at a training center near Chogoria on how to build the cooker. On September 28th, the Lazola 3, along with a basket cooker and a fuel-efficient stove, was taken for demonstration to a divisional show. The County Commissioner from Kitui, the Assistant Minister for Agriculture and many other people were delighted to eat rice that was cooked with the sun." Read more: Gaketha Laura Energy Saving Group update, November 2012
- November 2012: Students with Eldoret Student Projects have designed a new solar cooker called the Hexagon Solar Cooker. The bottom portion of the cooker has six angles, with a two foot tall reflector at the rear. It a powerful cooker that cooks food in less than three hours with good sunshine. The students used paper cardboard, aluminum foil and glue. Each student earns the materials for their cooker by helping to build and test prototypes and keeping good records of their observations. New students have registered to begin making the new solar cooker design.
- February 2012: Camily and Gaudenziah Wedende have started the Seeing is Believing Cafe in Eldoret, Kenya. They are cooking cakes, tea, and other solar-cooked goodies, and selling them in front of their Sun Cookers International business. Tanya Cothran, Director of Spirit in Action, writes about their cafe on the Spirit in Action's blog.
- February 2012: Peter Mwathi has been developing an inexpensive solar water heating system, designed to provide warm water for domestic tasks. The water is stored below ground, and has stayed warm enough to use for as long as three days. It is not intended to be a water pasteurization system. He says a system costing Sh. 20,000 can heat water for up to 200 people, while another with measurements of 30 m. by 3 m. can heat water for 600 people. Read more...
- February 2011: Student success shows independent spread of solar cooking - The Eldoret Student Projects in Kenya, spearheaded by Camily Wedende of Sun Cookers International, and aided by long-distance advisor, Sharon Cousins, of Solar Cookers International, have taken an important step in that spread with a student team who not only learned how to cook with sunshine but also learned to take a creative and scientific approach to solar cooking. Students researched existing solar cookers on the Solar Cookers World Network site. They put their heads together and came up with new ideas to try. They performed comparative tests on an existing model and two of their prototypes. While all three reached cooking temperatures, one innovation showed the strongest performance at their location. All twenty students built durable solar panel cookers to take home to the camps where they live, and have been using them to prepare food and provide water pasteurization for their families. They keep records of their progress and experiments, amazing the neighbors who stop by to see food cooking in a stove powered by sunshine, a stove that children in their community helped to invent. Camily and the team hope that other schools and clubs can use the example of their pilot project to help more youth become scientists for solar cooking, to aid in the spread of this bright idea whose time has come.
- January 2011: African solar cooking partnership project visited by Dr. Jill Biden, wife of the U.S. Vice President. Lift Up Africa is a strong believer that partnering and sharing resources is a key to successful implementation and sustainability. This project was designed to introduce solar cooking and related technologies to ten communities in Kenya. The partnership relied on Africa HEART, a Kenyan-based NGO recently visited by Vice President Biden's wife Dr. Jill Biden, to identify three community groups in each district, the fifty trainees in each community, and training venues. Africa Heart covered expenses and handling logistics related to transport for the solar cooking equipment, distribution venues, and follow-up on usage and other needs. Solar Cookers International East Africa Office (SCI-EA) provided the trainers and supplies, written reports, and conducted the training. Lift Up Africa provided a grant to cover direct expenses related to equipment purchase and SCI-EA's travel, partnership connections, and worked with Africa Heart on follow-up and project evaluation. This project was a success and 150 families, approximately 1,200 people, have benefitted from their new training and solar cooking equipment. This project demonstrates the value of independent organizations working together, each providing their area of expertise, to achieve substantial results. Hopefully, this will be a continuing pattern for projects initiated by members of the Solar Cookers World Network.
- September 2010: The necessary fund having been raised by project consultant Sharon Cousins and transferred to Kenya, Camily Wedende and the student team of the pilot project for Eldoret Student Projects are busily constructing the new model of solar panel cooker that is the result of the team's research and experiments. Each student will be taking a Panel Stove Cooker home to the camps where they live, where the cookers will be used to improve the lives of their families, and where the students will continue to keep records of their progress. Mr. Wedende promises more photos soon, and reports that, "It's a wonderful project!"
- August 2010: A year in review included a number of solar cooking and water purification activities within Kenya, done by Global Roots in partnership with Solar Cookers International. Training occurred in five communities with 85 individuals. See more details..
- July 2010: Awareness is rising amongst the residents of Machakos District, in the Eastern Province of Kenya. that one can cook using direct solar energy. In July, during the annual agricultural fair, the Mayor of Machakos witnessed the sun cooking and tasted the food, he exclaimed; "Wonders will never cease - you mean to tell us that all these foods were cooked out here in the sun without any fire or smoke!?" "Definitely Sir." replied Stella, the Solar Cookers International project Officer of the province. The guest of Honor was the Assistant Minister for Agriculture, Hon. Mututho, who on seeing the cooked food said "This would be very brilliant for the IDPs in Naivasha who are causing havoc on the environment."
- July 2010: Solar Cookers International (SCI) is working in collaboration with Practical Action in the Kadibo region of Kenya considered to have a total service area population of 49,000. The project description as concerns SCI in agreement with US-EPA is to increase market access to clean cooking technologies (solar cookers, Upesi Stove, fireless cookers) for health and wealth in rural, Kadibo Division of Nyanza province, Kenya. One of the participants, Jane, saved all the money she would have spent on fuel for 3 months. She saved her money faithfully, in her words she "wanted to prove it to myself that using the interventions is for "health and wealth" as it said in the fliers." The interventions are the solar cooking technologies. Jane saved Kshs. 2,060! This is the equivelant to $25.42 US dollars. Jane publiclly counted her saving to show everyone just how using clean cooking technologies gave her wealth! "Everyone clapped; others had their hands in their mouths with faces of utter marvel!!! What could I do with the money – many things but one returning it into the tin! I thought of paying back a loan, but no, of shopping with it but no, of sending some to my mother but no….. for the first time had money that I could make a decision on. Wow!"
- June 2010: Peter Mwathi is shown demonstrating his creation, the Kenya Solar Concentrator. Peter is an agricultural economist as well as solar inventor. He sees a market for this design with local farmers. It will help facilitate the sterilization of soil before the planting of seedlings. Currently, wood fires are set on top of the soil, creating air pollution and depleting the limited timber resouce.
- May 2010 Camily Wedende, of Sun Cookers International, and Sharon Cousins, of Solar Cookers International, began a small pilot project involving middle/secondary age students at a school in Eldoret, Kenya. When approached by Camily for advice on solar cooking projects with school children, Sharon encouraged a simple scientific approach, so that students can learn to experiment and observe critically and innovate as well as learning the skill of solar cooking. With Camily to help and advise them, students helped with construction, experimentation, and comparison observations that involved three types of solar cookers: a CooKit, a bowl/basin type cooker with a small vertical reflector, and a variation that Camily and the students came up with for Sharon's invention the EZ-3 Solar Cooker. Now, having experimented and compared, 20 enthusiastic students have chosen the model they would like to construct to take home—the variation on the EZ-3— if a small fund can be arranged for materials. In recognition of the work the students have done in helping with model development and comparison tests, Sharon is trying to raise the needed resources. Sharon says, "We are under-utilizing the power of young people in spreading the good news about solar cooking and making it more accessible. These twenty special young people are showing the whole world that young people can make a big difference. I am proud of them all and grateful to Camily Wedende for giving me the opportunity to be a part of this special solar cooking science project."
- April 2010: Seat Partnership Foundation support of the HARMONY Center in Kenya - in Malava village, near the Kakamega forest our associates coodinated with the local governmental organization to build the HARMONY awareness center http://hadeg.org/. The project is to contribute to solving the energy crisis in western Kenya due to population growth and inefficient use of natural resources. Along with promoting the planting of trees is necessary to teach the villagers to reduce the consumption of wood for cooking, because cooking is still commonplace on fire with three stones. We therefore support the production and use of clay stoves and solar cookers. It currently offers local people the center HARMONY solar cookers, clay ovens with low consumption of firewood as well as advice on how to fertilizing the soil and tree planting
- March 2009: Sunny Solutions for Real - Solar Cooker Review
- March 2009: As Solar Cookers International (SCI) expands its reach in eastern Africa and beyond, it must grow and strengthen its collaborations with community-based and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), as well as governmental entities. During a trip to eastern Africa in January Karyn Ellis was fortunate to meet with a number of like-minded organizations, nurturing valuable relationships in SCI's efforts to expand its influence in the Lake Victoria region. She also met extensively with SCI's Nairobi staff, led by Margaret Owino, about goals for the year and plans for project expansion out of SCI's new Kenya offices in Kisumu, Kakamega and Machakos. While in Nairobi I attended two inspiring solar cooking demonstrations: the first was in the Kangemi slum outside Nairobi, where children from the Hamomi Children's Centre were served a solar lunch — their first lunch in many months; the second was for a women's group in the new SCI community of Machakos, where young mothers learned to use the sun to cook food and save money normally spent on cooking fuel.
- March 2009: Indiana native Dusty Breeding first visited Africa in 2006, working with orphans and other malnourished children. He was so moved by the heartbreaking conditions he experienced that he decided to put his culinary arts background to use to help the children learn to bake bread for their own nourishment and to help lift themselves out of poverty. The nonprofit organization Breeding founded, LifeBread, Inc., is dedicated to empowering the people of impoverished nations through nutritional education and food preparation training as a means to curb the severity of world hunger. Breeding is enthusiastic about the use of solar ovens in his programs, and hopes to eventually equip an orphanage with a large commercial model capable of baking 400 loaves of bread daily. During one trip to Uganda, Breeding planned to use a solar oven made out of a 50-gallon drum to help students bake rolls for 200 campers.
- February 2009: The photo on the right shows a community group in the Siaya District of western Kenya that just had a demo by the Solar Cookers International East Africa Office. The demo was given in a local market place with local authority figures present and these wonderful "guardians" of nearly 350 orphans.
- November 2008: The Amani Solution Self Help Group began promoting solar cookers in mid-2006 through a series of seminars and demonstrations they conducted in and around Nairobi, including Kiberia and Waithaka. The group had been producing two to three wooden solar box cookers per month, but it has struggled to keep up with demand. Coordinator Henry Ogola Oloo says the group was inspired and moved by four orphans whose parents had died in a car accident. The eldest child, 14-year-old Apiyo, is responsible for cooking for her younger brothers and sisters. The Amani Solution Self Help Group donated a solar cooker to the family, taught them how to use it, and have been monitoring its use and the family's progress. "It is wonderful and very much different," says Oloo. "The children say 'It is just as when our mother was alive. We eat our lunch early and go back to school. Even our supper we eat as early as 7 p.m.'" Prior to owning a solar cooker, the children had to gather firewood before they could begin cooking, delaying their evening meal until about 10 p.m.
- June 2008: Solar Cookers International (SCI) has begun the Safe Water Project in Kenya led by SCI founder and board president Dr. Bob Metcalf, a professor of Biological Sciences at California State University, Sacramento. Bob's development of a Portable Microbiology Laboratory (PML) will allow rural health workers and community members to test water quality in the field by assessing levels of Escherichia coli contamination. The revolutionary PML can be used anywhere by practically anyone, and it will liberate government ministries in charge of water analysis who have had difficulties gauging water quality in rural areas due to travel limitations and technical expenses. Anticipated outcomes from the project include significant reductions in the incidence of waterborne diseases in over 20 communities, and broader community awareness of simple and effective water testing and water pasteurization techniques. A training was begun in June 2008 with officials and representatives from the Kenya Water Resources Management Authority and the Kenya Ministry of Health. This is the first time that these two government ministries have collaborated on a project like this, and we are thrilled to have their participation and support. Major funding for this program has come from the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund, for which we are very grateful! See August 2008 article in Solar Cooker Review. A photo blog of this project is also available.
- March 2008: Catherine Scott's documentary film SUNCOOKERS, about Solar Cookers International's efforts to spread solar cooking and solar water pasteurization in Kenya, won the alternative energy category at the 2008 EarthVision International Environmental Film Festival in Santa Cruz, California. Organizers state that the festival "seeks to raise consciousness about environmental issues, educate people and mobilize support. The films … instill concern for the issues they raise, and they seed enthusiasm for change in the audience. The festival encourages filmmakers to continue with their hard work, while providing a venue in which they can witness their accomplishments being celebrated." More than 5,000 people have attended the events and screenings. Winning films are also shown throughout the year on community television, available to tens of thousands of households.
- March 2008: Louise Meyer reports on a group of internally displaced persons that are students at the Culinary Institute of Africa. As part of their curriculum they are learning how to solar cook. Meyer sent photographs of several students taking "Masters of Solar Cooking" classes at the Institute's school in Juba, Sudan. Based in Lokichoggio, Kenya, the non-profit Culinary Institute of Africa is a community service division of the AFEX Group, which provides a number of management and catering services to camps throughout Kenya, Sudan, and elsewhere. The Institute began in 2004 when Terry Light, chief operating officer of AFEX, asked Nancy Crooks to train local Turkana with skills that could gain them employment at various camps and other institutions in the region. With technical assistance from Solar Cookers International (SCI), Crooks was able to incorporate solar cooker use and construction into the curriculum. The Institute offers an accredited, professional culinary education leading to a diploma in food production. SCI also provided training services and helped Crooks secure funding from the Lift Up Africa organization for a solar cooker project to teach Turkana women how to make and use solar cookers, heat-retention devices, and Water Pasteurization Indicators (WAPIs), as well as start a small solar cooker shop.
- March 2008: Princeton University's informal motto ends "… in the Service of All Nations," an ideal being pursued by two undergraduate engineering students spreading solar cooking skills in Kenya and beyond. In 2005, Ishani Sud and Julianne Davis traveled to Laikipia, Kenya to introduce solar box cookers designed by Sud and classmate Lauren Wang, and to build solar cookers with appropriate local materials. To facilitate technology transfer, Sud and Davis chose to work with primary school students and hold special events to spark interest with parents. Covering topics in science, conservation and renewable energy, Davis taught elementary students in the Mpala Research Centre school, while Sud taught middle school students at the Lekiji public school. Lessons for the older students included a series of experiments, such as comparing black metal and white metal temperatures when exposed to sun, that helped them understand how solar cookers work and select appropriate construction materials. The locally available materials chosen for these cookers were Cyprus wood, aluminum sheet metal, glass, and black cloth as a box liner to absorb sunlight. Time was set aside each week for students to work on constructing their own solar cooker. More recently, Sud has returned to Kenya to continue her work on the project, and has launched a similar project at the Aang Serian school in Monduli, Tanzania.
- November 2007: Award-winning filmmaker Catherine Scott has completed an inspiring documentary titled SUNCOOKERS, now available on DVD. SUNCOOKERS follows Margaret Owino on a journey across western Kenya, visiting Solar Cookers International's solar cooking projects in the Kakuma refugee camp and the community of Nyakach. Numerous DVD extras make this a must-have resource for solar cooks, educators, and advocates. SUNCOOKERS can be purchased on-line.
- November 2007: Solar Cookers International (SCI) will undertake a two-year pilot project to increase water quality awareness and introduce the Portable Microbiology Laboratory and the Safe Water Package to communities in western Kenya. The effort will be led by SCI founder and board member Dr. Bob Metcalf, professor of Biological Sciences at California State University, Sacramento. (More information.)
- November 2007: Camily Wedende, of Eldoret, Kenya, received a grant from Spirit in Action in support of his solar cooker shop. Wedende builds and sells durable plywood solar box cookers, and stocks various solar cooking supplies such as pots and instruction manuals in his shop. He also conducts solar cooking demonstrations and gives out samples.
- July 2007: Solar Health and Education Project (SHEP) reports holding workshops in both Zambia and Kenya for newly trained teachers preparing to go to remote villages on assignment. The workshops were five days long. The first day was used for basic education about solar cooking and solar water pasteurization, while the other four days were used to practice and implement solar cooking skills. The 70 participants all built their own solar cookers. Based on the success of these workshops two more have already been scheduled. SHEP has developed a relationship with Tetra Pak International — manufacturer of aseptic drink containers — whereby SHEP uses Tetra Pak's excess foil-lined paper for solar cooker construction. (The foil-lined paper is printed in wide rolls, sometimes resulting in excess material begin generated.) According to SHEP, Tetra Pak is willing to accept proposals from other nongovernmental organizations that may want to use the reflective material as long as the material will be used for workshop participants to construct solar cookers.
- April 2007: Representatives of Sun Fire Cooking attended January's World Social Forum in Nairobi, where they organized a group of activists to plan a three-part campaign of education, mobilization and networking for solar cooking. Sun Fire plans to open a solar cooking promotion center in Nairobi with support from Horn Relief, a nonprofit organization in Somalia. Meanwhile, Sun Fire Cooking continues its work spreading solar cooking in Puntland, Somalia, and plans to expand to the Hargeisa area. The organization also has experience in Djibouti, having sold 25 solar cookers there. Contact: Jim Lindsay
- February 2007: HEDON Household Energy reports on use of "cooking baskets" (retained heat cookers) in Kenya.
- November 2006: Based in Nairobi, AltEner is a "business with a philosophy" that promotes renewable energy and delivers custom solar energy solutions. In addition to solar cooking, the company works in the fields of solar water heating, solar electricity, wind energy, and energy planning and management. AltEner has installed large scale, concentrator-type cooking systems, based on the Scheffler community kitchen concept, in several countries. The company can also design high temperature trough solar cooking systems. Charles Onyango-Oloo, the principle force behind AltEner, wrote an interesting paper titled "The Special Challenges of Solar Cooking." In his paper, Onyango-Oloo urges solar cooking promoters to endorse a mix of technologies instead of only one type of cooker. "Because technology can be intimidating to the uninitiated, the technological simplicity or sophistication of the solar cooker should match the background of the prospective user as closely as possible to avoid 'socio-technologic disconnect.'… Where promoters of particular technologies aim to justify their choices by playing down the role of other technologies in the appropriate technological matrix, the end result usually is an overall loss of faith in the entire process of solar cooking amongst the intended beneficiaries." Onyango-Oloo's paper also urges that projects be designed in phases, so that lessons learned in early stages can be applied to later stages as the project grows. Contact: AltEner Energy Technologies, P.O. Box 8876-00300, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: +254 721-727830, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
- June 2006: Solar Household Energy, Inc.'s Director of Programs for Latin America and East Africa, Camille McCarthy, traveled to Kenya and Tanzania to meet with governmental agencies, NGOs, and private sector representatives to explore the feasibility of cooperative solar cooking ventures. Many groups expressed interest in SHE pilot solar cooking projects. SHE expects to conduct initial solar cooking training, marketing and sales projects in Kenya and Tanzania in early 2007.
- November 2004: Solar cooking takes off in Rae Girls Secondary School
- November 2004: Final Kakuma evaluation: solar cookers filled a critical gap
The History of Solar Cooking in KenyaKenya is the center of solar cooking activity in East Africa. A number of organizations are endeavoring to promote the technology in this country, which has been the commercial hub of the area for several decades. Its capital, Nairobi, is also well served by air, making access to the nation and region readily available, using Nairobi as entry point.
The promotion of solar energy is decades old in Kenya. As far back as 1977, GTZ (the Germany's official technical aid agency) initiated and later abandoned a project in Nairobi. The reason given had to do with the fact that products used were made in Germany and not available in East Africa. Two different Catholic missions in rural Kenya seem to have tried solar cooking, but no information is available on outcomes. As early as 1991, some ovens were exported to Tanzania (through Trans World Radio, perhaps), indicating that the product presented a business opportunity. In 1992, an Earthwatch grant permitted an academic, Dr. Daniel Kammen, to initiate a multi-year study of renewable energy technologies, including solar cookers, using volunteers in short-term Earthwatch projects.
Other early efforts included the work of Trans World Radio to promote solar use, promotion within the Girl Guide organization, a large project under the auspices of the Institute for Cultural Affairs, and the activities of a remarkable Peace Corp Volunteer. In the mid-1990s, with assistance of Solar Cookers International (SCI) a national coordinating body for the purpose of sharing information and strengthening progress by collective action around the topic of solar cooking was formed in Nairobi.
Among those early efforts was the activity of Trans World Radio (TWR). TWR work began in the early 1990s. A conference proceedings on Renewable Energy Policies in East Africa, held in 1993, includes a paper by TWR coordinator [[Clive Wafukho]] on their work in solar cooking. This organization promoted solar cooking on its radio programs, made and sold box cookers in the Nairobi environs, and worked also in a distant refugee camp. They pioneered solar cooking in Kakuma Refugee Camp, where SCI later established another project. TRW estimates that in the period between 1992 and 2001, they distributed a total of 2,350 cookers in the camp and other localities in Kenya. Logistics and staff support were always problems in the remote areas. In 2000, an attempt to solve that problem was the training of refugees as carpenters to build the cookers in the camp itself. TRW reports the production of 400 cookers in that manner.
The cookers are large and well suited to the needs of the Sudanese population that lives in extended family compounds, requiring cooking for 10-20 people daily. Trans-World Radio has demonstrated remarkable staying power in this difficult to serve area, with a population that could not afford to buy the expensive box cookers. Therefore most were given away free, with funds raised for the most part outside of Africa. TWR estimate that two-thirds of the cookers are used regularly.
In roughly the same time period, a U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer named Barbara Ross was assigned to an area in western Kenya. Her responsibilities were varied, but, outside of her assigned tasks, more or less on her own initiative, she began the promotion of solar cooking. Ms. Ross recruited and trained a number of women in the locality to which she was assigned, who then formed themselves into a Housewives' Club, and proceeded in turn to teach others. They made box cookers of cardboard, which worked very well in a propitious climate, and solar cooking was on its way in this part of Kenya.
The interest of Girl Guides in solar cooking also goes back to roughly the same time period. An early training program had been initiated in Kenya by Barby Pulliam, chief promoter of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. Little remains of that one-shot demonstration, but it did serve as a foundation for later work that developed more fully in the latter 1990s. An interesting offshoot of that program is a unique program, a Girl Guide troop in Kakuma refugee camp, run by individuals originally inspired by the work of Ms. Pulliam. In few places can Girl Scout/Guide activities be more welcome!
The other major early actor on the Nairobi scene was the Institute for Cultural Affairs, (ICA) which had a long term presence in the development community, focused on empowering local communities to define their own needs and plan their own development strategies. Solar cooking was a kind of side interest for ICA, though obviously related to its larger issues. To carry out the solar cooking mission, a Swiss volunteer, long interested and skilled in the technology and in training others, joined the Nairobi staff of ICA, for the specific purpose of promoting solar cooking. ICA created a solar box cooker construction course at a local technical school, which ultimately produced all the cookers used by ICA in the communities where they worked. ICA used a rather classical community development approach in their work. In community meetings, workers facilitated community members in defining their needs and existing barriers, which prevent meeting those needs. Fuel shortage was a major problem, and hence solar cooking promotion became an ongoing part of the program in many areas of Kenya. However, the solar activity more or less ceased after the very effective volunteer returned to her home.
The agencies described above formed the corps of the solar cooking consortium formed in 1994, with some financial help from SCI. The purpose of the consortium formed around solar cooking was to share information with one another, and to enlist additional person power for promotional efforts. SCI provided financial and moral support to the effort for some years. One conference was held in Nairobi, and one in outstate Kenya, in the hope of involving additional people in the effort. Ultimately, the logic of solar power dictated that purveyors and promoters of photovoltaic technologies would be included in the group. Over time, and after finally achieving NGO status in Kenya (not an easy task), the organization came to be dominated by the larger and considerably-more powerful community of business and industrial photovoltaic personnel in Kenya and thus of less value to solar cooking promoters.
Shortly after the creation of the consortia arrangement described above, in 1994, SCI accepted an invitation from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to embark on a demonstration project in a refugee camp. The story of the project in Kakuma refugee camp is recounted elsewhere; therefore recounting here will be brief. The program was carefully planned (insofar as that was possible for an organization which had not previously worked in an overseas setting) and carefully monitored throughout the project. Kakuma is located in the semi-arid Rift Valley in the far northeast corner of the nation, reachable only by air (or 20 hours on a rickety bus). The camp grew from what seemed a very large 28,000 initially to almost 100,000 at one point, with major changes in the ethnic makeup. Logistical problems were always difficult, as the camp, being so remote, was not easily accessible. Eventually, a Kenyan staff was formed, and the camp work was, in 2004 (8 long years later), phasing into a refugee-run cooperative with similar purposes to the original SCI project, i.e., a demonstration that persons in need can and will adopt solar cooking, save fuel and scarce financial resources, while inflicting less harm on the already fragile environment.
After a successful start at Kakuma camp, Solar Cookers International was invited to initiate a similar project at remote Aisha refugee camp in Ethiopia.
The November 2003 issue of Solar Cooker Review carries a small article] about a woman refugee, Mumina Baraka, who now operates a small scale bakery in Kakuma, selling in small quantities to make a living, and to provide baked goods for other refugees to purchase. She plans to take her CooKit back to Ethiopia with her when that becomes feasible.
A number of other projects, mentioned above, were established in roughly the same time frame, as described above, in the activities of TWR, the Girl Guides and ICA. (Somewhat later, a Rotary project in Nairobi was started, but turned out to be less than wholly successful, perhaps showing the difficulty of working in urban areas. Need is considerable, but space, security of food and cooker, etc. are difficult issues in congested poorer urban areas.)
During the early years of the Kakuma camp program, the solar cooking program generated considerable interest in refugee circles. All visitors were taken to the training sites and, when advance notice made it possible, given a meal cooked by the sun. SCI's refugee coordinator, a Zairean woman who spoke excellent English, became almost a camp staff person, and was frequently called on to accompany visitors, to translate for them, and to provide demonstrations. One of the visitors in the early years was a UNHCR staff person from the head offices of the UN agency in Geneva. He was integral to beginning the program in Ethiopia. In addition, he discussed the possibility with SCI of working in Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya, located on the Somali border, to the east and north of Nairobi. That camp, almost entirely Somali in population, was far bigger than Kakuma (with about 100,000 residents) and differently structured, with three separate sub-camps, each located at a distance from the central offices of the organizations serving the camp.
The camp administrator in Dadaab was enthusiastic about starting a solar cooking program. Activities concerned with energy conservation were well underway in the camp, under the direction of the German technical assistance agency, Deutsche Gemeinshaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) which had been implementing an improved stove program for some years. That program used an interesting model of "work for a stove" in which individuals were given 25 tree seedlings to plant and cultivate at their own homestead. At the end of three months, if they had successfully nurtured the seedlings, the "gardener" was given a voucher to obtain a stove. The devices used were a somewhat larger version of a charcoal stove in use in Kenya for some years, one in which the fire bed was made of ceramic, then encased in a metal shell. The stoves were "manufactured" in a workshop run by GTZ and were considerably more efficient than traditional three-stone fires. Trained "animatrices" were assigned to various parts of the camp where they did extensive workshops showing people how to use the new equipment.
By the time GTZ heard about the solar program, Dadaab staff had already provided stoves for over 90% of the camp's residents, using the distribution method described above. Both GTZ and SCI agreed that adding solar cookers to the mix would be one more way to cut down on the use of wood fuel, which by that time had been declared unlawful by the Kenya government, but was still occurring routinely. The team of GTZ extension workers, already trained in promotion of wood stoves were given additional training in solar technologies, thus adding another tool to their fuel saving repertoire. Eventually, SCI trained additional Dadaab women as trainers, in order to proceed at a faster rate in this huge camp.
An unfortunate event occurred next in Dadaab, one that effectively put an end to the solar cooking project and considerably dampened the improved stove project as well. A delegation of American congresspersons visited the camp. They were told stories of the dangers women were exposed to in the collection of wood (unlike Kakuma, refugees were allowed to collect wood in the area, even though it was unlawful by order of the government). Dadaab is located only about 15 miles from the border with Somalia; the lawlessness of that country spilled over into the nearby camp. Cars were routinely hijacked, necessitating convoy travel to the campsites. Security was certainly a high concern. Some refugees had been robbed, a few killed, and some women raped and murdered while searching for wood. Naturally, this gained the sympathy of the congresspersons. On return to the US, they managed to add a rider to legislation already in process that provided several million dollars for the purchase of fuelwood for Dadaab.
Both GTZ and SCI were horrified at this well meaning, but ultimately destructive, act, which harmed the fuel-efficient stove program and effectively ended the solar cooking project. Obviously, free fuelwood was a far more attractive option. Two years later, the money for fuel was finished, and the programs promoting alternatives to fuelwood were no longer present in the camp. In the US, SCI attempted to protest, but was unsuccessful in obtaining a hearing on this emotional issue, taken up in good faith by ill-informed U.S. representatives. The solar cooking program in Dadaab program of SCI was closed and has not been restarted.
A Swiss woman named Alison Curtis, working for an NGO called the Solar Health and Education Project(SHEP), has provided a number of workshops in the coastal and other regions of Kenya. The first workshop was held in the Kenya Marine National Reserve locality, a protected part of the spectacular coast of that nation. The initial group trained was made up of teachers and public health workers, in order to encourage the introduction of simple solar technologies into school curricula and thus into everyday life. Both cooking and water pasteurization techniques were demonstrated and the required skills taught to participants. A second group of new solar cooks was simply introduced to the concept and practice of solar cooking in a basic training workshop, while a third group of experienced cooks reviewed progress in their respective villages (based on earlier training and promotion).
A second cluster of workshops was held in an area with a pastoral population that had not been exposed at all to solar cooking previously. The group made their own CooKits from recycled Tetra pack cartons (small boxes used to hold milk, lined with foil, which becomes the CooKit's shiny surface). After construction of the CooKits, smaller groups cooked their meals, with the assistance of the trainers. As is common, amazement was the hallmark of the day! They loved the food and could hardly believe it had been cooked with the sun. In good pastoral style, one of the participants told Ms. Curtis 'this initiative is like a cow given to us. We, the Masai, consider the cow the greatest gift one can offer. Let's utilize it". After the praise a promotion committee was appointed to create an action plan to spread the technology in their area.
An exercise not common in the solar cooking world was executed in Kenya in 2002. Working on behalf of the NGO, Solar Household Energy, Inc. (SHE, Inc.]] a team of graduate students from the University of Michigan, as a part of an assignment for a class in their MBA program, conducted an extensive market survey re solar cookers in Kenya. The students, supported by a generous donor to the school, conducted both phone and in-person interviews with knowledgeable sources in the U.S., Mexico, and in Kenya itself. The result is a comprehensive review of past and present solar cooking projects in Kenya, their market strategies, successful or failing, along with the views of a large number of opinion leaders from government, the non-governmental community, entrepreneurs and manufacturers on the topics. In conclusion, the students brought their knowledge from Business School courses to bear on the problem, resulting in a useful document for promotion of solar cooking in the country. The document can also serve as a model for other related market research endeavors. Sponsored by SHE, Inc., this unusual effort concerning solar cooking turned out to be not only an excellent learning experience for students but also a document useful for multiple purposes.
And, lastly, and perhaps of most interest, is a different program of SCI. The project, called Sunny Solutions, was first established in an area near Lake Victoria. The project is located in Upper and Lower Nyakach divisions, in Nyando district, in Nyanza province, not far from Kisumu, the third largest city in Kenya. Local organizations were recruited as partners and an intense awareness campaign involving a range of stakeholders from government, women's groups, churches, and so on, was initiated. Initially, 150 women were invited to try the solar cooking at home; they were provided with CooKits, the cardboard cooker used in areas where families have limited resources, and were given intensive training and an extended follow-up. In early 2003, a team of research consultants conducted an evaluation exercise to serve as a baseline for later program assessment of accomplishments in terms of fuel savings and health benefits.
In May 2003, fifteen women were recruited as trainers from the original pool of 150 solar cooks and sixteen women's groups. The trainers learned to solar cook all types of foods, carry out sales and home visits, keep sales records, and test and pasteurize water.
In July of 2003, the formal kickoff of the program began, with a proper Kenya style community celebration, including solar cooked food, singing and dancing, visits from government officials and community leaders, with banners strung over the site touting the wonders of the sun. The project was well organized with continuous careful monitoring to assure that the project remained on course as it moved towards its goals.
In 2005, hand-assembled CooKits were introduced in the community and given the nickname used to describe people of Nyakach - OYWA. Hand-assembly meant an increase in the profit margin received by the seller and a lower retail price for each cooking kit (a Cookit, plastic bags, WAPI, and instruction booklet). Those involved in the assembly process also received commissions for each well-assembled unit. By the end of 2006, the sales team had grown to 23 expert women, called Solar Cooker Representatives (SCOREPS); 4000 CooKits were sold; over 95% of the people of Nyakach were aware of the benefits of solar cooking; and Sunny Solutions had grown to include two more sites, Kadibo, a flood-prone area just outside Kisumu and Kajiado, a drought prone area on the main highway from Nairobi to Tanzania.
Reports of other small scale programs exist in Kenya; the ones desribed above are the longest lasting and largest known currently.
[Information for this section was taken originally from State of the Art of Solar Cooking by Dr. Barbara Knudson. Edits and updates may have occurred since that time.]
Climate, Culture, and Special Considerations
Solar Cookers International has rated Kenya as the #13 country in the world in terms of solar cooking potential (See: The 25 countries with the most solar cooking potential). The estimated number of people in Kenya with fuel scarcity but ample sun in 2020 is 5,900,000.
Fuelwood provides 79% of Kenya's total energy use. Each day Kenyans burn 37 million kilos of wood and 6 million kilos of charcoal.
Statistics indicate that nearly 25 per cent daily income of urban folks is spent on fuel. This money could be channeled into more pressing needs like education, medicine, housing or other investments if this new technology were to be embraced. Margaret Owino, formerly of Solar Cookers International wrote: "In Kenya it has to be an area with sunshine for at least 6-9 months a year for the technology to be deemed useful. Highlands are often cloudy and overcast and so people tend to go back to their old ways."
See also
- Solar Cookers International's former East Africa Office produced a CD of local recipes.
Possible funders of solar cooking projects in Kenya
- Kenya Agency for Development of Enterprise and Technology (KADET)
- Faulu Kenya
- Small and Micro Enterprise Programme (SMEP)
- Spirit in Action
- June 2010: Solar Cooking Demonstration at the Mara in Narok; Kenya
- July 2008: East Africa Report - Karyn Ellis
- May 2008: SCI's Kenya Program: Sunny Solutions and Beyond - Karyn Ellis
- September 2006: The Special Challenges of Solar Cooking
- June 2006: Lasting Impacts of Solar Cooking in Kenya - Melanie Szulczewski, Ph. D.
- A page with chronological reports from the Solar Cookers International solar cooking project in the Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya.
- May 2003: A Market-Based Strategy for Introducing Passive Solar Ovens in Kenya
Articles in the media
- October 2009: Kenya: Entrepreneurs Cashing in on Green Campaign - Business Daily (Nairobi)
- June 2009: China and Kenya setting up a joint venture for solar energy products - Chinaafrica.asia
- April 2009: Inventor turns cardboard boxes into eco-friendly oven - CNN (Solar Cookers International alerted CNN that this invention is not new. CNN then updated the story to mention the work of SCI and others.)
- March 2009: The five fighters of climate change - Financial Times
- April 2008: Kenyans Tap Sun to Make Dirty Water Sparkle - Women's eNews
- November 2007: Kenya safe water project to include innovative testing, pasteurizing tools - Solar Cooker Review
- November 2007: Kenya: Solar power on the rise - East African Standard
- May 2007: Sacramento's Solar Cookers International uses the sun to improve quality of life, one village at a time - Sacramento News Review
- February 2007: Rural Kenyan women on vanguard of African solar revolution - Agence France Presse
- December 2006: Student sows seeds of community-helping technology in Africa - News@Princeton
- November 2006: Kenyan women look to the sun for cooking - Mail and Guardian
- March 2006: Truckee Rotary clubs heat things up in Kenya - Sierra Sun
Audio and video
- August 2012: Solarkocher für Kenia - WDR (English version)
- November 2009: Solar cooking comes of age in Kenya - Al Jazeera
- 2008
- September 2006: A video interview with Margaret Owino (High bandwidth or low bandwidth)
- September 2006: An interview with Margaret Owino that was broadcast on WBAI in New York (WMA: 22k or MP3: 24k)
Documents in local languages
Manufacturers and vendors
Government agencies
Educational institutions


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Credits Include
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"I have a lot of growing up to do. I realized that the other day inside my fort." Zach Galifianakis
"I came here in peace, seeking gold and slaves." Jack Handey
"A black C student can't do shit with his life. A black C student can't be a manager at Burger King, meanwhile a white C student just happens to be the President of the United States." Chris Rock
"You don't know anything about pain until you've seen your own baby drowned in a tub and you definitely don't know anything about how to wash a baby." Anthony Jeselnik
"They lie about marijuana: 'Marijuana makes you unmotivated.' Lie. When you're high, you can do anything you normally do just as well. You just realize it's not worth the fucking effort. There's a difference." Bill Hicks
"Who has connections to Connecticut? That's where rich people go to live the rest of their life in the woods." Patrice O'Neal
"I think it's wrong that only one company makes the game Monopoly." Steven Wright
"Onions make me sad. A lot of people don't realize that." Mitch Hedberg
"I looked up my family tree and found out I was the sap." Rodney Dangerfield
"I am originally from Indiana. I know what most of you are thinking: Indiana - mafia." Jim Gaffigan
"I did a gig in the U.S. once for the homeless. I said 'It's nice to see so many bums on seats.'" Jimmy Carr
"The worst time to have a heart attack is during a game of charades" Demetri Martin
"There's a reason it's called 'girls gone wild' and not 'women gone wild'. When girls go wild, they show their tits. When women go wild, they kill men and drown their kids in a tub." Louis CK
"I have a friend. He keeps trying to convince me he's a compulsive liar, but I don't believe him." Ben Bailey
"I taught Sunday School for two years. And I got fired. I abused my authority. I used to teach class like this, 'OK, if one more person talks, everybody is going to Hell.' Maragaret Cho
"It's not that I'm afraid to die, I just don't want to be there when it happens." Woody Allen
"Thirty ways to shape up for summer. Number one: eat less. Number two: exercise more. Number three: what was I talking about again? I'm so hungry." Maria Bamford
"I'm on a whiskey diet. I've lost three days already." Tommy Cooper
"In Seattle, they have a saying: 'If you don't like the weather, wait five minutes and then shoot yourself in the face.'" Doug Benson
"There's no such thing as addiction, there's only things that you enjoy doing more than life." Doug Stanhope
"I don't worry about terrorism. I was married for two years." Sam Kinison
"I had to stop drinking, cause I got tired of waking up in my car driving 90." Richard Pryor
"The liberals can understand everything but people who don't understand them." Lenny Bruce
"Honesty may be the best policy, but it's important to remember that apparently, by elimination, dishonesty is the second-best policy." George Carlin
"Starbucks says they are going to start putting religious quotes on cups. The very first one will say, 'Jesus! This cup is expensive!'" Conan O'Brien
"The New England Journal of Medicine reports that 9 out of 10 doctors agree that 1 out of 10 doctors is an idiot." Jay Leno
"I can't wait till Sunday, I'm gonna see my favorite niece and my other niece" Sarah Silverman
"According to most studies, people's number one fear is public speaking. Number two is death. Death is number two. Does that sound right? This means to the average person, if you go to a funeral, you're better off in the casket than doing the eulogy." Jerry Seinfeld
"The people voting for the Oscars are so old. I haven't seen one Academy Award voter with a tampon in her purse." Joan Rivers
"I had a wonderful childhood, which is tough because it's hard to adjust to a miserable adulthood." Larry David


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Thank you from the Alzheimer's Association
Your special Father's Day tribute gift will bring hope and help to those living with Alzheimer's and their families. It will also help us fund important research to help bring about the day when Alzheimer's disease can no longer rob us of what we hold most precious: our memoriesof loved ones.
Dad we love and miss your smiling face so very much. 1st Father's Day w/o U!
Contact us|Privacy policy|www.alz.org|24/7 Helpline: 1.800.272.3900
Alzheimer's Association National Office, 225 N. Michigan Ave., Fl. 17, Chicago, IL 60601-7633
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October 12, 2015:
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First Class Touring
River Cruising
Vacation Packages
This comprehensive vacation takes in the best of Western, Central, and Southern Europe. Start with two nights in London, then cross the English Channel by Eurostar train bound for Paris (except where specified). Among the highlights: see the Champs-Elysées in Paris, French Châteaux Country, Plaza Catalunya in Barcelona, the glamorous French Riviera, Pisa's Leaning Tower, Renaissance Florence's Duomo, the Colosseum in Rome, and the Pompeii archaeological site. Enjoy an overnight ferry crossing to Greece and a visit to Athens' Acropolis and Olympia. Return to Italy by ferry, first to the oldest state in the world, San Marino, then to romantic Venice with St. Mark's Basilica and Square. Enjoy Vienna's imperial city center, the majestic Swiss Alps, and Germany's Rhineland. The vacation ends amidst the remarkable canals of Amsterdam.
Individual headsetsInside visits and special features: Shown in UPPERCASE in the tour description including admission charges where applicable.Sightseeing:Visits to Tours, Bordeaux, Carcassonne, Arles, French Riviera, Pisa, Sorrento, Olympia, San Marino, Venice, Velden, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Liechtenstein, Lucerne; Rhine cruise
Scenic Highlights: Châteaux Country, Bordeaux Wine Country, French and Italian Rivieras, Bay of Naples, Peloponnese, Lake Wörth, Carinthia, Tyrolean Alps, Swiss Alps, Rhineland
Host service in London; Local Guides for city sightseeing in Paris, Barcelona, Florence, Pompeii, Rome, Athens, Vienna, Amsterdam; professional Tour Director while touring
NOTES:Security cruise regulations require first and last name, date of birth, gender, nationality, and passport number at time of booking.December 13 Departure - Christmas lunch in RomeDecember 28 Departure - New Year's Eve in Paris including Reveillon dinner
Check into your hotel. In the afternoon, you may want to start exploring the lively British capital. Uniformed hosts are available to help you make the most of your stay.
Enjoy free time for independent activities: take a panoramic tour of London's famous landmarks; consider Madame Tussauds or a ride on the London Eye. Your local host will be on hand to assist. (B)
Transfer to the railway station and board the EUROSTAR TRAIN to Paris. Here, you'll be met by your Tour Director and transfer to your overnight hotel. (B)
Included sightseeing with a local expert shows off many of the best-known Parisian sights: La Sorbonne, Arc de Triomphe, Opéra, Madeleine, the Eiffel Tower, the Pyramid near the Louvre, the Invalides, and Champs Elysées. (B)
Start the day by motoring south to Blois and then parallel to the Loire River past the castles of Chaumont and Amboise for a short stop in Tours. Take the comfortable Autoroute L'Aquitaine as far as Poitiers, beautifully situated on a rocky plateau. South again to Saintes, then the Grand Champagne wine-growing area. Another 60 miles and you'll be in Bordeaux on the banks of the Garonne. (B,D)
From the vineyards of the Gironde and the Garonne, travel eastwards, bypassing Toulouse to Carcassonne in the foothills of the Pyrenées. Stop and admire what is perhaps the best-preserved medieval fortified town in Europe. Later, reach the Spanish border and motor through Catalonia. Once across the Ter River, you'll soon be in Barcelona. (B,D)
This morning's sightseeing with a Local Guide includes a drive around Montjuïc to see the Olympic Stadium and a panoramic view of the port and city. The drive continues to the city center to Plaza Catalunya and Paseo de Gracia to admire the greatness and eccentricity of Gaudi's architectural masterpieces in the Houses Batlló and Mila and the Sagrada Familia (entrance fees not included). (B)
Retrace your drive to the French border, then into the vine-covered region of the Herault for a stop in Arles. Later, motor east across the Rhône towards the Mediterranean shores for an overnight on the French Riviera. (B)
Today, travel along the high coastal road to visit a PERFUME WORKSHOP in Èze. The day is highlighted by the drive along the French and Italian Rivieras and into hilly Tuscany for a visit to Pisa to see the Leaning Tower and the SQUARE OF MIRACLES. (B,D)
This morning, don't miss the included walking tour of Florence with a Local Guide, featuring most of the city highlights. Leave Florence, and travel south on the Autostrada del Sole through the sunlit valleys of Chianti Country to Sorrento. (B)
An optional excursion today to the legendary island of Capri. The island is surrounded by a rocky coastline, where the crashing sea has formed awe-inspiring caves. The town, with its pretty piazzetta, maze of streets, fashionable boutiques, and smart restaurants, is a mecca for the jet set. Return to Sorrento. (B,D)
Today, travel north, with the Vesuvius volcano in the distance. Then, to POMPEII, where time stopped in 79 AD, when the Vesuvius eruption totally destroyed it. On the included visit you can see the remains of luxurious villas, temples, theater, and forum. Later, head towards Rome for two overnights. (B)
The "Eternal City," Rome is a city steeped in history, vibrantly alive and exciting, and absolutely unique! Included sightseeing with a Local Guide starts in St. Peter's Square, followed by a visit to the COLOSSEUM and ROMAN FORUM. (B)
Drive across the rugged Apennine Hills towards the coast for embarkation on the OVERNIGHT FERRY to Greece. (B)
Enjoy some daylight cruising towards the Greek coast before reaching Patras. Then, drive to Olympia for an overnight in the Peloponnese. (B,D)
Today, join the optional sightseeing tour and learn more about the history of the original Olympic Games, when athletes competed with each other to honor the king of deities. Then, motor into the mountains of Arcadia and over the Corinth Canal to Athens. Time later for an evening in the lively Plaka area. (B)
A full day to enjoy one of the optional excursions or explore the shops and museums. (B)
Take advantage of the included morning sightseeing, which features the highlights of this ancient capital and a visit to the fascinating ACROPOLIS. Later, leave Athens and journey to Patras for embarkation on the FERRY for the Ionian Sea crossing back to Italy. (B)
Disembark, then proceed north for an overnight in San Marino, one of the world's smallest and most ancient states, perched on Monte Titano. (B,D)
Take a short walk through the main gate and up to Government House in the very heart of this tiny ancient republic. Later this morning, travel along the Adriatic coastline through the Po Delta towards the Venice area. (B)
The included orientation starts with a BOAT RIDE to St. Mark's Square and is followed by some time at leisure to absorb the atmosphere of this unique city, and a chance to watch Venetian GLASSBLOWERS. Don't miss the optional gondola trip. (B,D)
Today, leave the flat and fertile plains of Venetia and journey by way of Tarvisio Pass into the grand mountain and lakeland scenery of Austria for a stop in Velden on Lake Wörth. Northwards through the Styrian landscape to Vienna. This evening, enjoy a special dinner at a local restaurant. (B,D)
There's so much to see on your included sightseeing tour: the State Opera, Parliament, and the Town Hall. Stop for a stroll in Heroes' Square to view the majestic Hofburg. (B)
Westwards, almost parallel with the Danube, to Mozart's Salzburg. Time for a stroll down the charming Getreidegasse, the town's elegant main shopping street. The last leg of today's drive takes you into the very heart of the Tyrol to its capital, Innsbruck. (B,D)
Time this morning to get acquainted with Innsbruck. The orientation tour includes the famous GOLDEN ROOF. Later, drive through the valleys and villages of the mountainous Tyrol to the Arlberg tunnel, descending into Switzerland. Stop briefly in Vaduz, Liechtenstein's capital, before heading for the Lucerne area. (B)
Sightseeing in one of Switzerland's finest cities takes in the impressive city walls, CHAPEL BRIDGE, ornate patrician houses lining cobblestone streets, and the LION MONUMENT. A selection of optional activities completes the day: a cruise on the fjord-like lake or an excursion to the top of one of the most beautiful mountains. (B,D)
More of Switzerland and its quaint little villages, farms, and chalets before crossing into Germany to use its Autobahn on the journey northwards to the shores of the Rhine. Today's highlight is the included RHINE CRUISE past the legendary Lorelei rock, hilltop castles, terraced vineyards, and half-timbered villages. Overnight in the Rhineland. (B,D)
North today, first through the industrial Ruhr and then into the green, canal criss-crossed countryside of Holland to the Amsterdam area. Enjoy a CANAL CRUISE to see the city from water level, then watch the cutting and polishing of precious stones at a famous DIAMOND CENTER. Later, sightseeing includes an orientation drive with a Local Guide. (B)
Your vacation ends with breakfast this morning. (B)
Transportation: Eurostar London-Paris; on the Continent, private, first-class, air-conditioned motorcoach; two-berth cabins with private shower and toilet on overnight ferries Italy-Greece-Italy; canal transfer boat in Venice; Rhine cruise
Buffet breakfasts daily; 11 dinners, including a dinner at a local restaurant in Vienna
The following UNESCO World Heritage Sites can be seen or visited on the European Masterpiece:


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Events Calendar
One of the most anticipated events at Sage in the spring semester. Snowtubing is a hit every year and it never gets old. It is loved by all and everyone participates.
Date: Saturday, February 9th, 2013
Time: 9:00 am
Duration: 6 hours
Location: West Mountain
Sponsored by: ACE, Student Life
Contact: Mike Duignan, firstname.lastname@example.com, Student Life - Albany
For more information, visit: https://skiwestmountain.securem2.com/tubing.cfm.
Tickets: http://tickets.sage.edu/art_details.php?aid=121
Sage Student - $10
Guest - $20
Price includes transportation and 4 hours of tubing
Bus pickup at 9:00am in front of Admin Building
Please limit guests to 3.
*If you have any special needs or required accommodations, please notify us 2 weeks in advance. For questions or concerns, please contact: Student Life (518) 292-1753 or email us at email@example.com
Snow tubing at Ski West Mountain's Tubing Park gives you even more opportunity to play in the snow!
Snow tubing is very similar to a winter-time Alpine slide. Just add snow and specially designed snow tubes and its "tubes away" as guests glide effortlessly down the slide. With 6 tubing chutes FOUR, 700' chutes and TWO, 1000' chutes, the fun is never ending and there is no need for any special equipment or experience. The snow tubing park is located to the left side of the face slope, and features two dedicated lifts that will carry guests to the top time and time again!
Ski West Mountain is one of the few New York ski resorts to offer this fun family-oriented winter recreation. So get dressed in warm clothing and get ready to experience snow from a whole new perspective at West Mountain's Tubing Park!


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5 Hated Earnings Stocks That Deserve Your Love
Stockpickr) -- Short-sellers hate being caught short a stock that reports a blowout quarter. When this happens, we often see a tradable short squeeze develop as the bears rush to cover their positions to avoid big losses. Even the best short-sellers know that it's never a great idea to stay short once a bullish earnings report sparks a big short-covering rally. This is why I scan the market for heavily shorted stocks that are about to report earnings. You only need to find a few of these stocks in a year to help enhance your portfolio returns -- the gains become so outsized in such a short time frame that your profits add up quickly.>>5 Stocks Poised for Breakouts That said, let's not forget that stocks are heavily shorted for a reason, so you have to use trading discipline and sound money management when playing earnings short-squeeze candidates. It's important that you don't go betting the farm on these plays and that you manage your risk accordingly. Sometimes the best play is to wait for the stock to break out following the report before you jump in to profit off a short squeeze. This way, you're letting the trend emerge after the market has digested all of the news. Of course, sometimes the stock is going to be in such high demand that you risk missing a lot of the move by waiting. That's why it can be worth betting prior to the report -- but only if the stock is acting technically very bullish and you have a very strong conviction that it is going to rip higher. Just remember that even when you have that conviction and have done your due diligence, the stock can still get hammered if The Street doesn't like the numbers or guidance. >>5 Toxic Stocks You Need to Sell If you do decide to bet ahead of a quarter, then you might want to use options to limit your capital exposure. Heavily shorted stocks are usually the names that make the biggest post-earnings moves and have the most volatility. I personally prefer to wait until all the earnings-related news is out for a heavily shorted stock and then jump in and trade the prevailing trend.MADISON, Wis. (
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After indefatigably fundraising since 2010 for Mankato's ALS Walk, Bill Brown, family, and friends will participate in the Twin Cities ALS Association SuperHero Dash Saturday--their first walk since Bill's wife, Corinne Brown, died from ALS August 27 at age 56.
Brad Keselowski Racing driver Austin Theriault was transported to University Medical Center in Las Vegas during the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race at Las Vegas Motor Speedway.
Tim Kaeding came from 14th to win the final National Sprint League event of the 2015 season in convincing fashion on Saturday night at I-80 Speedway. The series also crowned its first champion in Danny Lasoski.
John Wes Townley scored his first career NASCAR Camping World Truck Series win in Saturday night's Rhino Linings 350 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway.
After walking into the house from a long day at work, you can't even begin to think about the mess that lies before you.
Less than a month after he took over The Late Show,
As anyone who uses Tumblr knows, Tom Hiddleston does great celebrity impressions. But the Avengers...
St. James Directory
Business Name
Location, ST | website.com


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Posted on 8/7/2014
Zach Leonard
Interested in learning sign language?Work with individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing? We have the perfect workshop for you. Join us every Wednesday from August 20th to September 10th for our Sign Language workshop series with Barry "Johnny AppleSign" Geller. Barry is a retired professor from Forsyth Technical Community College and continues to provide sign language translation at his home church. Barry's method of teaching Sign Language is easy to learn and filled with fun. The classes will last for 90 minutes with additional time to practice. We welcome you to learn sign language at your library! Free and no reservations required.
Sign Language Workshop SeriesEvery Wednesday from August 20, 27, September 3, 10.6:30pmCentral Public Library Auditorium
For more information, please call 336-703-3064 or Zach Leonard .
201 North Chestnut Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
Copyright © 2016 Forsyth County | Contact the Webmaster | Site Map


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This can be seen from the above that first of all, Register uptime is checked for the last 24 hrs. to know the capacity of the servers and their performance they offered for one day to their clients.
1. Register last 24 Hours Uptime Report :-
It is known that Register is having total no. of 966 IP's and among which 0 IP's are currently down, there is a total outage of 4 IP's and total downtime is 55 hrs, 36 min, 0 sec. This clearly shows that max no. of IP's work as the IP's which are down are very few in no. and thus it indicates the great performance of the Register servers. Great Uptime offered for one day.
2. Register Weekly Uptime Report :-
After analysing the Register uptime for one day, now the above graph and table is showing the data of uptime analysis done on weekly basis.
In the 3rd last week i.e. from 09 Apr, 2016 to 15 Apr, 2016, it is concluded that the Register offers Average uptime of 99.89% to their clients. The min uptime offered is 99.8% and max 99.9%.
In the 2nd last week i.e. from 16 Apr, 2016 to 22 Apr, 2016, Register offers Average uptime of 99.93% to their clients. The min uptime offered is 99.9% and max 100.0%.
In the last week i.e. from 23 Apr, 2016 to 29 Apr, 2016, Register offers Average uptime of 99.9% to their clients. The min uptime offered is 99.8% and max 100.0%.
3. Register Monthly Uptime Report :-
The above data is showing the monthly uptime analysis of the Register. From the above data it is concluded that the company offers Average uptime of 99.9% for the last month. It is to be noted here that if server goes down then company instantly resolve the issue and servers are up on the next day or on the second day. This shows that their customer and hosting services both are good. At the end, Register offers great web hosting solutions which comprises of the features especially their great uptime and their excellent customer support which always assist their customers in a prompt way and thus deliver max customer satisfaction which leads the company to achieve their main objective.


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Skip to Main Content
Presents the cover/table of contents for this issue of the periodical.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest professional association for the advancement of technology.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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Retailigence, a graduate of the Silicon Valley Founder Institute, recently announced they have raised $5.7 million funding. The round was announced this week by the Silicon Valley Business Journal, however, more details have not yet been disclosed. After raising their Series A round in September of 2011, the retail-focused marketing platform has expanded their business, picking up big-name customers like Radio Shack, The North Face, and Best Buy.
The Silicon Valley based startup specializes in increasing foot traffic in retail stores, increasing sales, and helping retailers navigate the mobile space. They also focus on providing hyperlocal ads, expanding the likelihood that customers will opt to purchase in-store as opposed to online.
The company was recently mentioned in the Forbes Article "Can An Hour-Long Aptitude Test Predict Startup Home Runs? Adeo Ressi Thinks So" and was touted as one of the Founder Institute's Best Graduates in the Summer of 2011. Click here to read the investment news on the Silicon Valley Business Journal and be sure to look out for more exciting news from this hot startup.


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Nursing home billionaires ante up for UCSD naming rights
Geriatric emergency-room sponsorship yields major cash for university fundraisers
Matt Potter 6:30 p.m., May 5
These guys really know what they want out of life.
Posted July 14, 2012
Matt Potter 6:30 p.m., May 5
Garrett Harris 4 p.m., May 5
Don Bauder 2:30 p.m., May 5
Scott Marks 1 p.m., May 5
Delinda Lombardo 11:30 a.m., May 5
Barbara Zaragoza 9:30 a.m., May 5
Don Bauder 7:30 a.m., May 5
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Events Calendar
Carnival and the Gator Gladiator Challenge
inflatables, free food, and more. Then at 5pm create teams of 4 to face off against each other in a "Wipe Out" theme events.
Date: Wednesday, April 25th, 2012
Time: 3:00 pm
Duration: 4 hours
Location: Kahl GYM/Outside
Sponsored by: News + Events
Contact: duignm


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Posted on 1/6/2014
Laura Weigand
The Forsyth County Public Library is excited to announce our new Supplies for Fines campaign. In partnership with Forsyth Education Partnership, the Library will sponsor this program in January, allowing customers to pay off any movie fines they may owe the Library while performing a great community service at the same time. Throughout January for every school supply item brought in to a library location, we will forgive a dollar in DVD/VHS fines from your account. Bring in two items and we'll forgive two dollars and so on. Suggested school supplies include packs of paper or pencils, crayons, composition books, or gently used books for young people. All collected supply items will be donated to the Educator Warehouse where WSFC teachers acquire much needed classroom supplies. For more information, please contact Laura Weigand. or call 703-3047.
3185 Buchanan Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27127
(336) 703-2980
1:00 - 5:00 Sunday
(Closed on Sundays Memorial Day Weekend - Labor Day Weekend)
10:00 - 9:00 Monday
10:00 - 9:00 Tuesday
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10:00 - 6:00 Friday
10:00 - 5:00 Saturday
Hours for All Locations
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Events Calendar
SCA Baccalaureate Ceremony
This annual ceremony is held on the Albany Campus to honor and celebrate all graduating SCA and SAW graduates. Faculty will be attendance in full academic regalia. Family and guests welcome. A reception follows the ceremony.
Date: Friday, May 11th, 2012
Time: 10:45 am
Duration: 1 hour, 30 minutes
Location: KCC Gym
Sponsored by: News + Events
Contact: email@example.com, SCA Dean's Office
For more information, visit: https://www.sage.edu/sca/baccalaureate/.
Graduating students from August 2011, December 2011 and May 2012 are expected to attend this important event. For more information please contact the SCA Dean's Office, firstname.lastname@example.com, 292-1704.


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order by phone... 1-800-828-4548
order by item number...add items to my cart
Browse more:
No name in metal frames is more respected than Nielsen. Each style is available in even inch increments from 6" to 42" (15 cm to 107 cm).
Hint — click a thumbnail to enlarge.
Please select one of your Lists or create a new List.
Your cart is currently empty.
™ Nielsen Bainbridge is a trademark.
Dick Blick Art Materials®, Blick®, Blick Studio®, and Artists Pick Blick® are registered trademarks of Dick Blick Holdings Inc.
© Copyright 1999-2016 Dick Blick Holdings Inc. All rights reserved.


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1. Some place
2. Some other place
3. Some other place near by
Show Crimes on the map by checking the box under the crime type you want to see.
First, select a starting date "From" and an end date "To". Then, click Apply or collapse the tab.
Focus your search around an address.
View only the crimes reported by the agency selected in the list:
Browse the national map by choosing an agency from this list:
To copy: CTRL + C, Command + C, or right-click and choose "Copy"
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order by phone... 1-800-828-4548
order by item number...add items to my cart
Browse more:
These versatile colors are ready for direct application with brush, stamp, squirt bottle, airbrush, or whatever. They are absolutely colorfast on both natural and synthetic fabrics.
Hint — click a thumbnail to enlarge.
Please select one of your Lists or create a new List.
Your cart is currently empty.
® Jacquard is a registered trademark.
Dick Blick Art Materials®, Blick®, Blick Studio®, and Artists Pick Blick® are registered trademarks of Dick Blick Holdings Inc.
© Copyright 1999-2016 Dick Blick Holdings Inc. All rights reserved.


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Properties in over 36 countries in 11 languages
Find office, industrial, retail and other commercial real estate
Moving quotes, tips, supplies,and tools
Find assisted living, nursing homes,and senior communities
Start your homebuying process
Harley E Rouda started HER Realtors in the basement of his home after working three years in the residential real estate industry. With a build-a-better-mousetrap drive and determination, he created a tried-and-true real estate model that has withstood the test of time.At the heart of his business philosophy, and to which the company credits its enviable growth path, was hiring the most professional and educated associates available. Other competitive advantages included the ability to forecast, flexibility in the wake of change, a caring spirit and the addition of affiliated services, such as title, mortgage, warranty and relocation.
All information regarding specializations, designations and certifications, languages spoken, and fields of business is based on self-reporting by participating REALTORS® Neither Move, Inc. nor National Association of REALTORS® makes any representations or warranties with respect thereto.
Login to the Control Panel to update your profile.
HER Realtors is a real estate agency or office with licensed real estate professionals. Whether you are buying or selling a property, HER Realtors is qualified to help. The real estate process can be hard for some homebuyers or sellers. Having a real estate agency guide you through the process is crucial. HER Realtors is the right choice for the job. With a single search, you can find out more about HER Realtors real estate agency and other real estate companies here. Realtor.com® gives you key stats and info for brokers or agents within the company. You even get a glimpse of the listings these professionals represent. Let realtor.com® help you find the best real estate agencies today. Discover what HER Realtors real estate agency can do for you.
A real estate agency is easy to find on realtor.com®. With just a click, a real estate company or office is available for you. You can browse thousands of profiles here for these agencies, but HER Realtors is likely the right choice. To know more about HER Realtors real estate agency, there is comprehensive info listed on the profile. Contact info like e-mail, phone number, and workplace address are naturally on the profile. A link to HER Realtors's business website may be available too. Real estate stats and other key information for HER Realtors are also right in front of you. Having this kind of access to HER Realtors real estate agency is the real estate experience you have been searching for online.
Finding the right real estate agency is important. There may be concerns or questions only a real estate company can answer. From managing small and large deals, to explaining legal and real estate terms, you want a real estate agency that knows the industry by your side.
Connect with HER Realtors real estate agency on realtor.com® today. Let this professional real estate company help you with what could be the most important decision of your lifetime.
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realtor.com® is the official site of the National Association of REALTORS® and is operated by Move, Inc., a subsidiary of News Corp.
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Party, Craft & School Supplies
Brainy Toys for Kids of All Ages
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UKMore Tours and Circuits
Compare Players
Compare two or more players' graphs. Go to each player profile and add them to your comparison basket (cookies must be enabled, how?). See their relative perfomances in the graphs tab.
No players selected for comparison. Go to a player's profile and click the link on the bottom left of the screen to add them.
Top Movers
Top players with the biggest increase in unique hits in the last 7 days.
- Farid Yachou +2400%
- Mustapha Kanit +244%
- Ole Schemion +167%
- Samantha Abernathy +83%
- Chance Kornuth +495%
- Nancy Birnbaum +1137%
- Maurice Hawkins +53%
- David Paredes +174%
- Vlad Darie +172%
- Melanie Weisner +235%
Phillip Long
Social Tools
Rankings & Key Statistics
|England All Time Money List
|All Time Money List Current Rank
|All Time Money List Best Rank
|Popularity Ranking
Other Phillip Long s (1)
Ranking History
All available ranking graphs are listed below. Click a title to see the graph(s). You can click on a graph to bring up a larger image.
You can have up to 10 players in your comparison basket. Click on 'Add player' in the section on the left-hand-side below the menu.
Click on the title to see the graph. Show all available graphs. Hide all graphs.
All Time Money List
All Time Money List (Excluding Buyins of More Than $50K)
All Time Money List (Excluding Invitational Events and Buyins of More Than $50K)
All Time Money List (Excluding Invitational Events)
All Time Money List (Inflation Adjusted)
All Time Most Popular Players
England All Time Money List
England Number of Cashes
Europeans All Time Money List
Events in Europe All Time Money List
GB and Ireland All Time
Tournaments in England
UK & Ireland Poker Tour (UKIPT) All Time Money List
UK & Ireland Poker Tour (UKIPT) Cashes
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GPI® is a registered trademark in the United States under Registration No.4635015.


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HOME NBA Los Angeles Clippers Gear Los Angeles Clippers Ladies Los Angeles Clippers Ladies Jerseys (8 items) Product ID: 1189128
Main Content
Don't miss out on the thrill of another buzzer-beater without displaying your personalized team flair. This adidas® LA Clippers women's custom replica alternate jersey features your favorite team's name and logo printed on the front, and is customizable to display your name or your favorite player's name and number across the upper back. This feminine-cut sleeveless jersey includes stretch side panels to ensure a flattering fit.
- 100% Polyester flat-back mesh
- Customize the chest and back with heat-sealed graphics of your favorite player's name and number
- Embroidered NBA and adidas® logos on the lower left jock tag
- Made in Honduras
- NBA team logo printed on the upper back
- Officially licensed
- Sleeveless jersey
- Team logo heat-sealed on the front
- Customized items are final sale and cannot be cancelled, changed, returned or refunded after order has been placed
- Imported
- Brand: adidas
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Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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MysteryMan wrote:We now give rewards to the first person to report a bug. Rewards for bugs already submitted will be applied retroactively.
What: Typo or minor translation issue, bad documentation on the website, broken link on the website. Crash that only happens in circumstances that normal behavior will never produce.
Reward: 1 Point Card
What: Functionality not working as intended with a workaround.
Reward: 10 Point Cards
What: High traffic functionality not working as intended with workaround. Low traffic functionality not working as intended with no workaround.
Reward: Standard (Set) 3* Card of your choice
What: High traffic functionality not working as intended with no workaround.
Reward: Standard (Set) 5* Card of your choice
What: Bug that can take down the entire server, corrupt data, or have otherwise global implications.
Reward: Standard EX (from a numbered EX Set), Standard of any rarity, or any Seasonal Card. OR you may make a special request of ANY card, which we will fill if we are able.
Note: Reporting cheats or exploits are rewarded at one level higher than normal bugs.
CainHyde wrote:Reporting bugs give us a reward?
Callonia wrote:A bug is a bug. It gives you big sp advantage while oneshotting enemy units. Its urgent level for me.
And to knowingly exploit the bug repeatedly just makes you sad in my eyes.
ZeroX1999 wrote:Callonia wrote:A bug is a bug. It gives you big sp advantage while oneshotting enemy units. Its urgent level for me.
And to knowingly exploit the bug repeatedly just makes you sad in my eyes.
This, one shotting enemies that you talk about costs 3 sp and a card from file to use. -2 from that start skill, -1 sp to revive, -1 card from file to revive. The action skill only gives back +2sp+[level of unit] which means that you lose field presence for the cost of the unit itself and the original +2 sp at the beginning of next turn... do you know why return is bs? It is because you lose field presence. And a CF Zalagul alone on the field is pretty much dead. He can't do anything before he dies....
The bug only give +2 sp, which you should get anyway from the beginning of a turn. So... it is not that big of an sp advantage when you factor in the death of a card and it's revival.
Callonia wrote:Actually yes its a big advantage to have 4spt.
WK operate on basis of always having 3spt because of owl sage.
And having 4 spt = lvl 4 spam every turn.
I'm glad they fixed that bug. I know all too well now on how having little bit more sp can influence alot. I never noticed it in refess because they have 0 sp generators worth a darn that's lvl 1. Only noticed it after i used archer scout and paid attention to owl sage.
Instead of generating sp while killing stuff your sp pool now stays static instead of going up and up.
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Dress up a bare wall with the Carnotaurus Canvas Wall Art from Oopsy Daisy. Canvas wall art is perfect for adding color and style to bedrooms, playrooms, nurseries and even bathrooms! Your little one is sure to love this canvas art piece from Oopsy Daisy!Features of this Oopsy Daisy Canvas Wall Art:
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Stockmar decorating wax sheets can be used for candle decorating, as well as many handcraft activities including decorating tins, boxes, and jars. The wax sheets are made of a pliable, easy to knead mixture of wax that has been dyed with color-fast pigments.
Choose either Narrow Decorating Wax which is 1.5" x 8" long (shown on the left), the Wide Decorating Wax is 4" x 8" long (shown on the right). Both sets have the same 18 colors. Made in Germany.
"Thank you ......my 8 year old daughter will be so thrilled she can now decorate her First Holy Communion candle. Thanks for your help. Victoria, The Woodlands, Tx 11/8/2012"