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Twenty young women living under extreme poverty and ex-commercial sex workers in Arusha municipality have been trained on a number of entrepreneurial skills, and were handed 300,000 /- start- up capital each.
The handing over is part of a two-year project meant to make them earn a decent living, whereby in the first phase, 20 young women formerly were engaging in commercial sex and those living in difficulties are the first batch to benefit from a well-tailored empowerment programme.
"This programme will be instrumental to me and my colleagues. I commend Jitegemee Vijana Tanzania Foundation (JVTF) for coming up with this idea," says Irene Moshi, one of the beneficiaries.
Irene has been working in a small salon, but her business wasn't growing for lack of capital. "But, with this capital I have been given, I'm sure my business is going to flourish and meet my daily demands," she says.
One of the repentant ex-commercial sex workers also listed for capital donation says that the programme unveiled for her a number of business opportunities.
"I am sure that this programme will give me mileage in my life. I encouraged other unemployed ladies, and those engaging in commercial sex, to disengage from the vice and take up proper business ventures," she says.
JVTF managing director Raymond Mashambo said that the two-year project involved 40 participants, 20 awardees in the first phase and 20 in the second phase.
The first group had already undergone unique training on entrepreneurship and business skills, he said, noting that participants were trained on a wide-range of issues on entrepreneurship, whereby everybody was able to identify a line of business which she would pick up after the training.
"After undergoing the training every participant was able to identify small-scale business projects, and thereafter started running their own business. And those who had business projects before were taught on how to improve them," he said.
Conditions were included to ensure that after five months individuals begin returning 15,000/- each month for a period of one year.
"We're going to leave them do their businesses freely for five months. After that they will start contributing 15,000/- every month for 12 months and the amount accumulated will be 180,000/-, out of which we will deduct 60,000/- as start-up capital for the next batch of 20 new group of participants in the project," he elaborated.
"We are not going to dictate the kinds of business they would do but we shall be monitoring their progress so that they can stand on their own feet."
JVFT is committed to ensuring the successful establishment and running of business initiatives of the beneficiaries.
The director noted that the target of the project is to impact 40 women living difficult lives and those engaging into commercial sex in Arusha and its environs.
Under the project arrangement, women of different ages were taken off the streets in a campaign launched by the JVTF as part of rehabilitation and re-integration measures to reduce the burden young women face due to massive unemployment in the country.
He noted that the initiative is meant to give entrepreneurial skills so that at the end of the day they earn their living decently.
Mashambo said the training programme will also spill-over into other red-hot areas for commercial sexual in the region, which include Mto-wa-Mbu, Karatu and Namanga.
Arusha-based business management trainer, Alphonce Massaga said the programme was designed to encourage women living in extreme poverty to avail themselves of the opportunity of acquiring skills and living decently.
Massaga, the managing director of the Alpha Associates, said: "This, we hope, will improve their means of life and keep them away from the streets."
"It is our belief that when this becomes a success story it will encourage others to avail themselves the opportunity of being trained in meaningful and sustainable skills to earn a decent living and empowerment," he further noted.

subset: commoncrawl


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Difference between revisions of "Html-bidi-isolation-new"
(→Proposal B)
(→Proposal A)
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* not require that users understand or appreciate the concept of isolation in order to mark up up their text
* not require that users understand or appreciate the concept of isolation in order to mark up up their text
==Proposal A==
==Proposal A==
The very best solution would be to simply change the styling associated with the current dir attribute, so that it applies isolation by default.
The very best solution would be to simply change the styling associated with the current dir attribute, so that it applies isolation by default.
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|Line 45:
* Nothing special is needed to cover the transition period while browsers adopt the new semantics: the code will work better in browsers that have implemented the change, but just work the same as before in browsers that haven't.
* Nothing special is needed to cover the transition period while browsers adopt the new semantics: the code will work better in browsers that have implemented the change, but just work the same as before in browsers that haven't.
* Problems with existing legacy pages (such as badly rendered inserted names before numbers) will be fixed automatically by this change.
* Problems with existing legacy pages (such as badly rendered inserted names before numbers) will be fixed automatically by this change.
Revision as of 15:28, 22 March 2013
- 1 Proposals to add isolation for bidi content in HTML5
- 1.1 Read this first
- 1.2 Proposal A: change the dir semantics
- 1.3 Proposal B: new values for dir
- 1.4 Proposal C: A new 'direction' attribute
- 1.5 Other alternatives that were rejected
- 1.6 Background
Proposals to add isolation for bidi content in HTML5
Read this first
Unicode 6.3 will shortly be released, and will contain new control codes (RLI, LRI, FSI, PDI) to enable authors to express isolation at the same time as direction in inline bidirectional text. The Unicode Consortium recommends that isolation be used as the default for all future inline bidirectional text embeddings. The CSS Writing Modes specification has already been adapted to accommodate this new development, and now we need to ensure that HTML5 encourages and enables content authors to adopt and apply isolation as the default whenever they set direction on inline content, and discourage future use of
dir=rtl or
There are three proposals on the table currently.
Proposal A is to change the semantics of the
dir attribute so that isolation is always applied to the content surrounded by the element with the dir attribute.
Proposal B is for new values for
dir, specifically
r and
l. It is offered as an alternative if Proposal A is not acceptable.
Proposal C is for a new
direction attribute. It is also offered as an alternative if Proposal A is not acceptable.
The Internationalization Working Group supports Proposal A. This is by far the cleanest approach and the most author-friendly.
If you are new to the idea of bidi isolation, you may want to start with the Background material at the end, then read about each proposal.
For a more in depth overview of inline direction in HTML, and a description of current capabilities in HTML4 and HTML5, see What you need to know about the bidi algorithm and inline markup.
Key objectives
Note that any proposed solution must:
- move all authors in time to using markup that isolates by default while setting base direction.
- support backwards compatibility with dir as currently used in older pages, and as used during the transition.
- be intuitive enough for authors to readily use in place of dir=ltr/rtl
- not require that users understand or appreciate the concept of isolation in order to mark up up their text
Proposal A: change the dir semantics
The very best solution would be to simply change the styling associated with the current dir attribute, so that it applies isolation by default.
In other words, the HTML default stylesheet specification for dir="ltr" and dir="rtl" should be changed to result in unicode-bidi:isolate (or, for , unicode-bidi:isolate-override), instead of unicode-bidi:embed (or, for , unicode-bidi:bidi-override).
Unfortunately, we can't do this since it may break . These are not very common, but changing the default stylesheet would break those pages. For more information see 'Do we still need non-isolate embeddings?' in the Background section below.
- Content authors don't need to learn to do anything different, nor do they need to understand isolation vs. embedding or different usage for block vs. inline elements. Their code just simply works better.
- Nothing special is needed to cover the transition period while browsers adopt the new semantics: the code will work better in browsers that have implemented the change, but just work the same as before in browsers that haven't.
- Problems with existing legacy pages (such as badly rendered inserted names before numbers) will be fixed automatically by this change.
- Once a browser supports isolation it is trivial to implement the change in semantics for dir in the default stylesheet.
- It is possible that a small number of web pages would behave differently as a result of this change, but this only affects the uncommon cases where people have put in place undesirable workarounds (hacks) in the past. On the other hand, it appears that version 8 and above of Internet Explorer are likely to be breaking those pages already. Furthermore, this change would probably fix other parts of such pages that currently don't work well.
Proposal B: new values for dir
Keep the "dir" attribute, add values "L" and "R" (uppercase used here for readability - value is case-insensitive, as usual).
Convince people to move away from using the ltr and rtl values completely in time.
Transition plan
- If CSS can be assumed, trivial - just add the following to your stylesheet:
[dir='l' i] { unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: isolate; direction: ltr; } [dir='r' i] { unicode-bidi: embed; unicode-bidi: isolate; direction: rtl; }
- If CSS can't be assumed, use markup: "dir=ltr/rtl" for blocks and use "<bdi dir=ltr/rtl>...</bdi>" or "<element><bdi dir=ltr/rtl>...</bdi></element>" for inlines.
We can speed up the transition period by getting the required CSS fragment into libraries.
- Keeps the existing "dir" attribute, which is reasonably well-known among authors, which reduces teaching burden.
- New values are even shorter than existing values, which helps encourage people to use them.
- Avoids the risk of transposition typos that the "lri/rli/rtl/ltr" proposal had.
- The transition plan works slightly better in the future - the block fallback can't be used at the same time as the new markup, so switching forces you to abandon the old stuff; the inline fallback can technically be used at the same time, but it's less convenient than just dropping the element entirely, so people are more likely to do just the new stuff as it's less work.
- The transition markup for this is actually less characters than for the "direction" attribute in proposal C's transition markup, in both cases.
- If an implementation already has support for isolation, making it accept new "dir" values is completely trivial - even less work than making it recognize a new "direction" attribute.
- Content authors need to learn to use the new values and move away from the old ones.
- The bdi workaround for inline elements is cumbersome and requires authors to be aware of and use different approaches for inline vs. block elements.
- You can't assume CSS is available in all situations, eg. for blog or tweet aggregators, etc. This means that the CSS-only approach needs to be used with care.
- Authors need to decide when the transition period is sufficiently complete to allow them to only use the new values.
The value names
Initial feedback from discussion during the i18n telecon was the question about whether there is a better alternative than r and l as value names.
Note that we need to choose value names that are sufficiently distinct from rtl and ltr to avoid confusion and simple mistakes, and yet need to be intuitive and similar enough to be readily understandable.
One suggestion was to use rl and lr, although it's not clear whether these are far enough removed from rtl/ltr to avoid confusion.
Proposal C: A new 'direction' attribute
This is a proposal for a new attribute for HTML5 called "direction" with values "ltr", "rtl" and "auto". The new attribute can be used on both block and inline elements, but for the latter automatically applies isolation. The existing "dir" attribute retains its current non-isolate semantics, but its use should be discouraged and the intention is that eventually for new content dir will be completely replaced by the direction attribute. In the interim, dir and direction can be used side by side to manage the transition: when both are given the browser should use the direction attribute if it supports it.
The use of the bdi element to achieve isolation can continue, and is particularly handy when the direction of the content is unknown. However, it can not continue to be the only way to achieve isolation in markup, since it relegates isolation to being a little-known power tool instead of the default for bidi content, and since using a special element for this purpose is impractical in some scenarios
- The use of the name 'direction' is clearly understandable by content authors, matches the direction property in CSS, and does not rely on them making choices based on understanding the value of isolation.
- Using two attributes makes it possible to transition in a way that provides a guaranteed fallback for browsers that don't support the new attribute. If direction is not supported, dir takes over. There is no need for CSS to produce the expected outcome.
- The name "direction" is significantly longer. This is significant for "plumbing"/"structural" attributes, which should get out of the way and not distract from the "meaningful" attributes and content. It also means that the transition from "dir" to "direction" will be harder, since people like short names.
- Having two attributes that do the same thing is confusing. We've already suffered through this with things like "lang", and it's painful and confusing to tell exactly which attribute authors should be using.
- The transition plan (add both "dir" and "direction") makes for ugly markup, which means it's less likely to be used by authors (see the argument about "plumbing" attributes, above). Also, this kind of advice is precisely the kind of thing that is nearly certain to be cargo-culted FOREVER, since there's no functional downside to doing it long after all browses support the new stuff.
Other alternatives that were rejected
This section lists alternative ideas that were considered, and why they were rejected.
Use of bdi
Currently, HTML5 requires the use of <bdi dir="ltr|rtl"> to get a bidirectional isolate when the first-strong auto-direction heuristics of dir="auto" are inappropriate. To get a bidirectional embedding, on the other hand, one does not need to use an additional element; all you have to do is put a dir="ltr|rtl" on an existing "inline" element. When one considers that bidi isolates are what embeddings should have been all along, and should be used in new documents instead of using the old-style non-isolate embeddings, the fact that it is more difficult to set up an isolate than to set up an embedding begins to look quite strange.
This lack of symmetry is unique to HTML5. In CSS3, the choice between unicode-bidi:embed vs unicode-bidi:isolate, and in Unicode, the choice between LRE|RLE...PDF vs LRI|RLI...PDI is entirely symmetrical.
But, after all, what's an extra element between friends? Yes, it is easier to write
פיצה
than to write
<bdi dir="rtl">פיצה
פיצה
but who cares?
We care:
- As long as isolates are more difficult to set up than embeddings, embeddings will be the default, and isolates the exception; the use of isolates will not replace the use of embeddings.
- A single attribute has historically been and should continue to be sufficient to do all the bidi in HTML. Why should the preferred way to embed opposite-direction content inline now require the use of both a special-purpose element () and a special attribute (dir)?
- HTML document authors must be instructed that when a "block" element like
 gets opposite-direction content, they should indicate it by putting a dir attribute on that element. For "inline" elements, however, it depends. An element like <textarea> or <input> or <option> whose content is inherently "out-of-flow" and thus directionally isolated can also get the dir attribute directly on it. However, when an "ordinary" "inline" element like  gets opposite-direction content, they should not just put the dir attribute directly on it, but on a special <bdi> element especially inserted for that purpose either within the  or around it. (Which, by the way?) As for , put the dir attribute directly on it if it has "block" descendants, but add a <bdi> otherwise. The distinctions are impossible to justify or explain!
- When an HTML or XHTML document tags a data item with microformatting or some other form of data export, it makes good sense to also indicate the data item's direction using an attribute on the tagged element, so that consumers of the data will know how to display it properly. It makes little sense to put it on a surrounding element, where consumers of the data will ignore it (unless they bother to ask for the tagged element's computed direction style) or on an element especially introduced within the tagged element for the purpose of carrying the attribute, suddenly turning what had been a nice plain-text data item into HTML. If the attribute goes on the tagged element, and it happens to be inline, we want it to be isolated, so now the tagged element suddenly has to be <bdi>. Do we need to update the RFCs on microformatting to require the use of <bdi> for all microformatting (except where a "block" element is used)?
In brief, we must make it possible to set up bidi isolates by using a direction attribute alone.
New values for the dir attribute
We initially proposed that two new values, rli and lri for the dir attribute should be defined in HTML5, versions of "ltr" and "rtl" with isolate semantics. The whole difference between the new values and the old old values is that the default stylesheet assigns elements with the new dir attribute values unicode-bidi:isolate (and, on , unicode-bidi:isolate-override) instead of unicode-bidi:embed. The use of the existing "ltr" and "rtl" values with non-isolate semantics would be discouraged (for all elements, whether "block", "inline", or something in between).
(The directionality of elements remains limited to just two values, ltr and rtl. The LTR-isolate dir value gives an element the same ltr directionality is dir="ltr", and the RTL-isolate dir value gives an element the same rtl directionality is dir="rtl".)
To address the problem of backwards compatibility, we suggested adding the following two lines to a CSS stylesheet.
- [dir=rli] { unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl; }
- [dir=rli] { unicode-bidi: isolate; direction: rtl; }
Older browsers and those that don't yet support rli will treat a span with dir=rli in the same way as dir=rtl (this is actually the CSS proposed in the HTML5 spec to define the behaviour of rtl). Newer browsers will apply the isolation desired, since the second line overwrites the first.
The following drawbacks became apparent:
- authors would need to use a CSS hack during the transition phase to ensure that their markup produces results. If they don't use the hack, or the hack doesn't work or isn't available (eg. in aggregators), then neither will their content.
- some authors already introduce typos when dealing with rtl vs ltr - introducing two very similar but slightly different values (rli and lri) is likely to produce more typos. Authors may also be unsure about which they need to use - particularly if they are unfamiliar with the importance of isolation (which is probably the majority), and use of rtl and ltr may continue, in which case we will fail to move people en masse to isolating forms.
- rtl and ltr still sound like the default values - the reasons for using rli and lri are difficult to understand, and so authors may continue to use ltr/rtl without understanding why they should change.
Using a new attribute altogether has the following advantages:
- it can be used alongside dir until adoption is complete, providing a fallback for content on lagging browsers that ensures that their content works at least as well as it did in HTML4.
- it allows for a clean break in usage from dir without supposing that authors understand the value of isolation and choose the right values. All advice about how to manage bidi text can simply recommend use of the direction attribute, rather than the dir attribute, and deprecation of dir will encourage authors to make the switch.
- authors continue to use rtl and ltr values, so this is intuitive and easy.
- it doesn't rely on CSS being available.
Use dir plus an additional isolate attribute
Another possibility is to create a new attribute such as isolate, which would be used to complement dir. This ensures that lagging browsers display the new-style markup at least as well as HTML4.
One problem with using an additional attribute (such as in ...) is that it doesn't encourage use of isolation by default. It also adds a significant, permanent burden for the author creating bidi text since this markup will be used anywhere there are directional changes in pages written in right-to-left scripts (and that's a lot). The additional effort required to create extra markup is no longer insignificant in such a context. It also appears to place a choice before authors which requires them to understand the concepts related to isolation vs. non-isolation: this is actually not something they need to concern themselves with.
Bidi isolation applied by styling
If new pages should be using bidi isolates, and we want to make it possible to set up a bidi isolate via the dir attribute alone, but can not break backward compatibility by making dir="ltr" and dir="rtl" themselves define isolates by default, perhaps the answer is to recommend to content authors to do so in their own custom stylesheets. It's easy enough, something like
[dir] {unicode-bidi: isolate} pre [dir=auto], textarea [dir=auto] {unicode-bidi: plaintext} bdo [dir] {unicode-bidi: bidi-override} bdo [dir=auto] {unicode-bidi: isolate-override}
Obviously, to avoid breaking existing documents, document authors should only do this for new documents built to use bidi isolates.
Unfortunately, this old/new dichotomy is extremely inconvenient for document authors with a large existing codebase. Any software library that generates HTML that may use the dir attribute must either use it as an isolate or as a non-isolate embedding. Thus, it can not be used to generate both "old" and "new" pages. The move from "old" to "new" thus can not be made gradually: either a page and all the software used to generate it is "old", or the page and all the the software used to generate it is "new". There is no middle ground.
This approach is also problematic when HTML needs to be converted to plain text, since the choice between LRE|RLE...PDF and LRI|RLI...PDI is no longer apparent in the mark-up, but must be relegated to consulting the style.
Alternative names for the direction attribute
The name direction is a little on the long side, and we considered various alternatives, such as bdi, bd, idir, etc. The alternatives were all rejected either because they assumed a knowledge of and interest in bidi isolation on the part of the author, or because it didn't work as well on block elements as on inline.
The name 'direction' is a very simple and intuitive name, which can be used anywhere, and, moreover and usefully, it appears to mean the same as dir. in fact, for some authors, 'direction' will be a lot more meaningful and memorable than 'dir'.
Bidirectional isolation
Over the last couple of years, the CSS3 and HTML5 standards have added a new feature to ease dealing with bidirectional text: bidi isolates. Bidirectional isolates are expected to make it much easier to insert text data that contains (or may contain) text of the direction opposite to the context, e.g. Hebrew or Arabic text in an English or Russian-language page, and vice-versa, without unduly affecting the display of the content around it.
A bidirectional isolate directionally isolates its contents from its surroundings:
- The content inside the isolate has no effect on the bidirectional ordering of the content surrounding the isolate.
- The content surrounding the isolate has no effect on the bidirectional ordering inside the isolate.
- The element as a whole has the effect of a neutral character on the visual order of surrounding content, regardless of its dir attribute value.
In HTML, this feature is currently exposed primarily via the new <bdi> element. Thus,
<bdi dir="rtl">פיצה: 5 reviews
is quite unsurprisingly displayed as:
פיצה: 5 reviews
This contrasts to the effect of a traditional bidi embedding, which is what one gets when one puts a dir="ltr" or dir="rtl" on an inline element other than <bdi>. An embedding usually has the same effect on the visual ordering of the surrounding content as a strong character of the same direction. Thus, for example,
פיצה: 5 reviews
displays the same as without the  i.e. the rather more surprising and quite useless
פיצה: 5 reviews
where the number "stuck" to the RTL text preceding it by the rules of the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm for embeddings (as opposed to isolates).
HTML5 also directionally isolates any element that uses the new "auto" value of the dir attribute, which also sets its direction according to its first strong character. And, in fact, dir="auto" is the default for <bdi> (unless it is given an explicit dir="ltr" or "dir="rtl"). Despite the considerable overlap in functionality between the <bdi> element and dir="auto", bidirectional isolation and automatic direction are functionally distinct. While dir="auto" does provide bidirectional isolation, it should only be used for content of unknown direction. When the direction is known (e.g. a phone number is always LTR) or when an estimation method other than dir="auto"'s first strong must be employed, the dir attribute must be given an explicit "ltr" or "rtl" value, but bidirectional isolation is still equally important.
For both dir="auto" and <bdi>, bidirectional isolation is actually achieved via the new "isolate" value of the CSS property unicode-bidi. In other words, the exact and only difference between  and <bdi dir="..."> is that the former is by default assigned unicode-bidi:embed, while the latter gets unicode-bidi:isolate.
The Unicode technical committee is currently in the process of adding bidirectional isolates to Unicode 6.3, with new bidi classes that are the isolate equivalents of LRE, RLE, and PDF: namely LRI, RLI, and PDI. There is also FSI, "first strong isolate".
Do we still need non-isolate embeddings?
Over the past year it has become increasingly clear that if the concept of bidirectional isolation had been around and its benefits understood at the time that bidirectional embeddings were being worked into the Unicode standard back in 1999, bidirectional embeddings would have been defined with isolate semantics. LRE and RLE (and thus dir="ltr" and dir="rtl" on any inline element) would have been behaving as bidi isolates all along. This statement is not controversial. In fact, it is the current consensus.
The reason that embeddings were originally defined to have (basically) the same effect on the text surrounding them as that of strong characters is that, after all, they wrap strong text. But the only reason that strong characters have such a strong effect in the first place is to heuristically arrive at a reasonable implicit ordering for bidirectional text. These implicit heuristics are misplaced when the exact boundaries of directionality have been explicitly indicated. Thus, it makes perfect sense to make embeddings have the same effect on surrounding text as a neutral character.
Here are a couple of examples of edge cases where authors have put workarounds in place that try to make embedded text behave like isolated text. This bidi cruft only works given the old embed semantics.
Example 1
Let's take a real-life example. In an LTR UI, one data item is followed inline by another, and one or both of them can on occasion be RTL. Depending on the what's around them, it is often important to make sure that the first item remains to the left of the second, even if both are RTL. (For example, the two fields could be an email's subject and a "snippet" of its text; when a list of such lines is presented, it is better to have all the subjects on one side, even if some emails are LTR and some are RTL.) Well, one popular way of doing so is to wrap the separator between them (e.g. a dash) in a . Would applying isolation to this span break the page? It depends. If each of the two fields is itself wrapped in a , and isolation applies to those spans too, then the page will continue to work. But if neither field is inside an element with dir="rtl", then isolating the dash span will break the page.
Does that mean that we really need the old embed semantics for this page? No, the  around the dash is cruft. It doesn't even work unless one puts neutral characters (e.g. spaces) on both sides of the dash. And conceptually, the things that need some sort of bidirectional treatment are the RTL data items - not the innocent dash. The right way to do this page is to put each of the fields in a span declaring its direction, with no span around the dash. An LRM between the two fields - or isolation on their spans - will prevent them from "sticking" to each other, and they will come out in the desired order.
Example 2
In a converse example, also taken from a real web page, it is sometimes highly preferable that two fields like the ones above do "stick" to each other, i.e. that the first data item appear to the right of the second when both are RTL. (Why would it be preferred here when the exact opposite was important above? Because on this page, we do not have a whole list of such lines, so we want the first character of the subject at the start of the line, not somewhere in the middle, and the end of the subject to be followed by the start of the snippet, since the latter could easily be a continuation of the former.) In such cases, pages currently often simply do nothing special between the two data items (i.e. no LRM and no  around the separator). With current non-isolating embed behavior, even if each of the fields is wrapped in a separate dir="rtl" element, the two "stick" to each other and appear in the desired order. If isolation were to be applied to these elements, however, they would no longer stick, and the page would look broken. Does that mean that we really need the old embed semantics for this page? No, the right way to do this page is to explicitly make the two fields a single directional unit that, at least when they both have the same direction, flows in that direction. To achieve that, one simply puts the element of one of the fields inside the element of the other, e.g. subject snippet. This gives the intended display under both embed and isolate semantics.
Thus, while we do not really need the old embed semantics in new documents, and should deprecate their use, we can not substitute them with the new isolate semantics in existing documents without breaking them.
Internet Explorer behaviour
In Internet Explorer versions 7 and below, as well as in IE8 and above when working in quirks mode or IE7 mode, inline elements bearing the dir attribute affect the visual ordering of their surroundings just like a strong character of the element's directionality. Thus,

א ==> *

is displayed as
* <== א

* ==> ב

* ==> 123

is displayed as
123 <== *
This is because the RTL span forms a single RTL run with the RTL character before or it or the number or RTL character after it, even when separated from it by some neutrals.
Since this is usually the effect that directional embedding is supposed to have under the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm (and since its exceptions, like empty embeddings and nested embeddings where the inner embedding is at the very beginning or at the very end of the outer embedding, are not commonly encountered), it is fair to say that IE7 closely approximates embedding semantics for the dir attribute on inline elements.
This is no longer true in IE8 and above (except, of course, when working in quirks mode or in IE7 mode). Here, an inline element bearing the dir attribute affects the visual ordering of its surroundings as if it were immediately preceded by an invisible character of the element's directionality, but immediately followed by an invisible character of the parent element's directionality. Thus,

א ==> *

is displayed as
* <== א
which is the same as IE7 and below, but

* ==> ב

* ==> 123

is displayed as
* ==> ב * ==> 123
which is the opposite ordering from IE7, and from all other major browsers.
This unusual approach cannot be said to approximate the standard embedding semantics. While it certainly is not isolation either, its effects are actually the same as isolation when both of the following conditions are satisfied:
- The dir attribute value assigned to the inline element is the opposite of its parent element's directionality.
- If the first strong character preceding an inline element with a dir attribute has the same directionality as that element, it too is inside an inline element with a dir attribute.
These conditions are actually more commonly satisfied than not, because:
- It is usually redundant to put a dir attribute on an element if its parent already has that directionality.
- If a software application creating a web page bothers to declare the directionality of one piece of opposite-direction text that it needs to display inline, it is likely to do the same for another.
Thus, once could say that under the most common circumstances, the behavior of IE8 and up is closer to isolation than to embedding. But even if that seems like a stretch, it is quite safe to say that currently there is a lack of interoperability in the behavior of the dir attribute between the current versions of IE and of the other major browsers (which continue to follow the current HTML specification and give the dir attribute embedding semantics).
Given that:
- The currently specified semantics of the dir attribute, embedding, are known to be inferior to (and are deprecated by Unicode in favor of) isolation, and
- There is already a lack of interoperability in dir attribute behavior between major browsers, and
- The behavior of one major browser is, under the most common citrcumstances, akin to isolation
then it seems like the best solution to the dir attribute semantics problem is to simply change the HTML specification for the dir attribute to use isolation instead of embedding.
In other words, the HTML default stylesheet specification for dir="ltr" and dir="rtl" should be changed to result in unicode-bidi:isolate (or, for , unicode-bidi:isolate-override), instead of unicode-bidi:embed (or, for , unicode-bidi:bidi-override).


text:
Michael Kors
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Michael Kors
Michael Kors Watches
In 1981 Michael Kors began his career in fashion. He designed a collection for Lothars in New York before starting his own Michael Kors label. Fashion and style are a major focal point for Michael Kors Watches. Every Michael Kors timepiece shares additional features such as water-resistance, and stainless steel or leather straps. He uses Swarovski crystals or mother of pearl on the dial face and plated over stainless steel in black, silver, two-tone, gunmetal, rose gold or yellow gold metals. Michael Kors does everything with style and finesse, the logo is inscribed throughout the design details of each watch. You will find a wide variety of Michael Kors watches on sale at Dexclusive.com
Whether you are shopping for yourself or looking for a great gift, Dexclusive.com provides you with an excellent selection of products at unbelievable prices. We also have a team of friendly customer service personnel available to assist you if you have any questions about any model you see at Dexclusive.com. Please call our Toll Free Number 1-866-537-3953 or you can click on the Live Online Chat button located on the right panel and one of our agents will be happy to assist you with any questions or concerns you might have. Don't forget to follow us on Twitter @dexclusive or become a fan on Facebook for the latest news and deals from Dexclusive.com.
The History Of Michael Kors Watches
Watch Collections Manufactured By Michael Kors Watches
Silver, Gold Tone, Rose Gold, Tortoise, Horn, Ceramic, Silicone, Leather, Glitz, Two Tone, Layton, Runway, Chronograph


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Storage Credenzas
Hyperwork Mobile Office Buffet Credenza
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Bedford Executive Office Credenza File Cabinet
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Bedford Storage Credenza with Sliding Doors
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Park Lane Locking Storage Credenza File Cabinet
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A great office credenza can provide the extra space you need for anything that just won't fit in your executive desk. If you need a space for an extra desktop, we have computer credenzas as well. Whether your office is classic or contemporary Hertz Furniture has a storage credenza to fit your taste and budget.
Looking for an office storage solution that won't interrupt the elegance and flow of your work space? When office desk drawers just aren't enough to hold everything you need, a storage credenza offers an easy solution. This attractive piece can fit behind an office desk of any shape, or against an extra empty wall. You can even order multiple units if you have lots of space and many things that need to be stored.
What kind of office credenza should I get?
Not all credenzas offer the same combination of storage features. Your selection should depend on style as well as functionality. If you need to store larger items, binders or books, cabinets are extremely helpful. If, however, you have a lot of small office supplies and spillover files that you need to keep close at hand, drawers are necessary. Some units have a combination of cabinets and drawers so you can get the best of both worlds. The truth is, even if you know what you need at the moment, your needs very well might change so it's always helpful to have a flexible accommodation in your storage credenza.
What kinds of storage credenzas can I get for my office?
Our storage credenzas have many different kinds of cabinets and shelving. Sliding doors are an attractive choice that provides easy access. If you want to display cabinet contents, you might choose a unit with some open shelving. Many of the choices include adjustable shelving so you can configure cabinets according to what they are needed for, and reconfigure them when you want to modify the contents. Flexibility is always desirable, no matter where you want to put in the credenza.
Many executives and professionals store sensitive materials and valuable equipment in their offices. You want to make sure that you don't have to worry about leaving things in your personal workspace overnight, or even when you step out for a few minutes. A locking credenza will keep your contents secure, yet conveniently available to you through keyed access.
A credenza file cabinet is perfect for a company president's office or executive suite. It looks nicer than a plain file cabinet and blends in perfectly with other office furniture. When there are extra documents to store and they need to be kept within reach, credenza file cabinets are a natural fit in a classy space.
Where is a good place to put an extra computer in the office?
Some professionals like to keep an extra desktop computer in the office. A computer credenza provides the perfect space for this extra piece. Computer-friendly features offer the support that is needed for anyone to pull-up a chair and work comfortably, even if it is only for a short amount of time. A computer credenza is classier than a regular computer desk but still has all of the modern features you need.
Our selection of storage credenzas includes many models that are part of larger office furniture collections. This enables you to coordinate all of your furnishings for an elegant work space. If you already have most of what you need and are just looking for some extra office storage space, our credenzas come in a choice of elegant finishes so you can match them to your current furniture.
A great storage credenza can make anyone's work experience much more pleasant. When your office has all of the space you need for everything you require throughout the day, you can work more efficiently. If you need help coordinating your space or choosing the best configuration, contact the Hertz Design Center for free design and project assistance.


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Events Calendar
ACM Student Chapter Debate
Date: Wednesday, March 6th, 2013
Time: 6:30 pm
Duration: 1 hour, 30 minutes
Location: Kahl Campus Center - Room 224 - Albany
Sponsored by: Sage College of Albany's Computer Science Department and Association for Computing Machinery Student Chapter
The Sage College of Albany's Computer Science Department Presents
The 1st Sage Albany ACM Student Chapter Debate
Come take part & learn what IT initiatives are trending in the Computing Community
The debate will be held on March 6 from 6:30 – 8:00pm.
Kahl Campus Center room 224
The Spring 2013 topic is "Physical vs. Virtual Appliances"
Sage College of Albany vs. UAlbany ACM
Check us out on Facebook & Twitter
Twitter Hash Tag #sageacm
We are also on The Sage Channel digital signage in the Kahl dinning area.
Sign Up on Facebook to reserve your seat for the event.
Act Fast, Space Is Limited. Doors will open to the registered participants at 6:25pm.


text: This iconic Louis Vuitton Neverfull MM tote is in PRE-LOVED condition (light use). It is made from Damier azur coated canvas trimmed in natural leather and accented with golden brass hardware. The leather has darkened to a honey color and is especially dark at the tops of the handles. The top edges and bottom corners show light wear. There are several marks on the interior.


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Products Details
Fusion Hardware AG-A5
Rope Lever with Ketme Rose- Rope Lever with Ketme Rose
- Shown in Oil Rubbed Bronze
- Door thickness is adjustable from 1 1/4 to 2 inches. Please specify for a thicker door in the comments.
- All concealed Screw Mounting
- Grade 2 Certified.
- Adjustable Backset.
- Fast Installation. Pre-mounted Levers to Roses with Spring assisted Roses.
starting at
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our showroom customer service shipping info testimonials door handing & glossary contact us privacy policy site map links


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Like - Click this link to Add this page to your bookmarks Share - Click this link to Share this page through email or social media Print - Click this link to Print this page
Venezuela - Tax Treaty Documents
The complete texts of the following tax treaty documents are available in Adobe PDF format. Please read the entire documents. If you cannot view all the pages of any pdf document, download the most recent free version of Adobe Acrobat Reader. For further information on tax treaties refer also to the Treasury Department's Tax Treaty Documents page.
Income Tax Treaty - 1999
Technical Explanation - 1999
Page Last Reviewed or Updated: 01-Mar-2016


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Thanks mysteryman, and, I think the reason why prebuilts lost alteil money is cuz they was being sold for 500 gran for the first week.
Everyone who wanted them, got it during the first week. Later comers just shrugged and bought it at full price.
AqvasFire2 wrote:The whole "we sold prebuilts for 500 and net revenue went down", well, no sh!t? They're in range of free spenders (the entire bloody point) with some recycling, and anyone who wants to spend won't wait for them to go up to $15, which is a massive ripoff. The entire point is for the average spending per spending user to go down, since that means you're making the game more accessible.
Look, if you want to run a F2P, you can't simply have a game in which spending's a massive gamble and you need to spend hundreds or even thousands of dollars to get some viable tier-1 meta going. Also, you can't just errata cards that people shelled out exorbitant resources to obtain and give them no compensation for their loss, either.
GonFreeces31 wrote:Players in other game forums call Alteil players "cash warriors" or something like that.
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Events Calendar
Work Study Job Fair
Date: Wednesday, August 28th, 2013
Time: 11:30 am
Duration: 2 hours
Location: KCC 224
This is a job fair that will have many new and exciting opportunities. People from all sorts of careers will be there to help you chose which future you want to chose for yourself. For more information please contact the Career Planing office at 518-292-1793
11:30 – 1:30
Khal Campus Center
Room 224
|Practice your networking skills and meet employers who want to hire students for work-study on campus.


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Check your product warranty
How Do I Find My Product Number and Serial Number?
The Serial Number (s/n) is a ten-digit alpha-numeric number that is unique to your product.
The Product Number (p/n) is a six or seven-digit alpha-numeric number that identifies your product. If there is a pound sign (#) or a dash (-) in the p/n, enter only the letters and numbers before the # or - sign.
Both numbers can be found on the Universal Product Code (UPC) or Service Tag sticker located on the back, side, or bottom of your product (see picture below).
STICKER EXAMPLE (Your sticker may look different)


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Events Calendar
2013 NYS Teacher of the Year Greg Ahlquist: Teaching is a Measure of My Gratitude
3rd Annual Esteves School of Education Spring Speakers Series Presenters' published books will be available for sale at each event through the M.O.S.S. College Bookstore. Authors will sign books following their presentations.
Date: Thursday, March 28th, 2013
Time: 7:30 am
Location: Bush Memorial
Sponsored by: Esteves School of Education
Contact: Nancy Leren | (518) 244-2326 | firstname.lastname@example.com
Greg Ahlquist, the 2013 New York State Teacher of the Year, is committed to giving back to the communities that invested in him. A teacher at Webster Thomas High School for 12 years, he currently teaches sophomore AP World History and AP European History and is an adjunct lecturer at SUNY Geneseo. Viewing his role as a guide, Ahlquist works with his students to create intellectual and creative space for them to understand history and how past pattern and trends shape today's world and events.


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Crema di Sapone Shave Soap - Menthol
Act fast! Items with prices ending in $0.99 are final sale.
No longer available
One close shave. Crema di Sapone Shave Soap is handcrafted in small batches from a pure soap base that's seasoned for several months then hard-milled six times with vegetable oils, pure essential oils and vitamins. The end result: a lathery, fragrant and moisturizing shave that leaves skin smooth and refreshed.
Handcrafted soap shaving bar.
Menthol scented.
5.2 oz.
Each bar is wrapped in original vintage packaging.
Made in Italy.


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Why this ad?
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Tell FedEx to Stop Shipping Shark Fins!
Shark finning is a brutal, and deadly practice that are endagering sharks the world over! Sign To Help!
Tell Craigslist Pets Aren't Products!
A loophole in the Craigslist terms of use means the only requirement one must meet in order to deal in animals is to list a rehoming fee. This lax approach leads to a multitude of extremely serious issues. Backyard breeders trading in sickly animals appear reputable to the unsuspecting eye.
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Casting Call Open For Underwater Puppies
Jul 18, 2013
Underwater Dogs photographer Seth Casteel is heading back to the pool to photograph puppies. Would your puppy qualify?
Furry Friends Can Be Diabetic Too!
May 28, 2013
Pets are known to be human's best friend. We've found them to be a source of comfort, companionship, and even a friend who experiences life's struggles with us. From cancer to diabetes, not only have they been there for us when we've been diagnosed but they can develop these conditions as well.
Alert! Bellyrubitis is spreading. And it's about time!
Apr 1, 2013
It's contagious. It crosses species lines. Is it dangerous? Well, only if you're headed out of the door and late for an appointment. It's bellyrubitis!
Kittens at play!
Mar 20, 2013
Kittens are little balls of explosive energy, and for a healthy, happy kitten, almost everything during waking hours is a game. Watch as this little guy finds the best toy ever.
Parvo outbreak seen in Western Washington
Nov 27, 2012
Dog owners are urged to make sure that their puppy's shots are up-to-date.
Getting Along Like Cats And Dogs?
Nov 21, 2012
Raining cats and dogs. Fighting like cats and dogs. We've all heard the sayings, but how did these popular pets come by such a reputation?
$31,150 Raised Toward Goal of $50,000 For Animals!
Aug 9, 2012
$31,150 raised toward our goal of $50,000 to help shelter animals. Meet Montana, and the kids who love her.
Pets may help children with autism
Aug 3, 2012
But experts caution that families need to plan the addition of a pet to their household very carefully.
The Animal Rescue Site and GreaterGood.org partner with Rover.com
Jul 31, 2012
Sit a Dog, Save a Life™ enables participating Rover.com pet sitters to make a donation to a pet-related charity.
FDA Issues Warnings on Chicken Treats Made in China
Jun 1, 2012
The FDA has issued a third warning about chicken treats made in China. Nearly a thousand unexplained illnesses and deaths associated with the treats have been reported to the FDA.
Major Brand Pet Foods Recalled Due To Salmonella
May 7, 2012
Dry cat and dog food produced by a major Diamond Pet Foods plant is being recalled for possible salmonella contamination. Brands include Diamond Pet Foods, Kirkland Signature (Costco brand), Natural Balance, Wellness, and Apex Pet Foods.
Basset hound saves himself from accidental strangulation
Mar 29, 2012
Many dogs are bred to save human lives, but one basset hound saved its own in an altercation with a phone cord in England recently, The Week reports.
Biblical dog at center of battle in Israel
Mar 29, 2012
A dog that was likely looked upon by Jesus, Moses and many other biblical characters is now the center of a land, religion and animal rights dispute in Israel, The Washington Post reports.
Toddler gets unique service dog to help her with rare disease
Mar 26, 2012
Alida Knobloch plays on the playground and takes walks in the park like any other 2-year-old, but she has to carry around an oxygen tank with her at all times because of a rare disease called neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI), The Walton Tribune reports.
Animal advocates ensuring no puppies sold on Facebook Marketplace
Mar 23, 2012
You can rent an apartment or buy a used laptop on Facebook, but soon enough, you won't be able to buy puppies bred in puppy mills.
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12" Inch Joist Spacing
Designed to be installed between the joist bays under an existing floor, UnderFloor mats can be used to add heat to a floor that has already been installed. UnderFloor mats are manufactured for joists that are either 12" or 16" on center. They are very DIY friendly. Simply staple the mats up into the joist bay and add insulation under them. These mats are available in both 120v (the most commonly used voltage) and 240v (used for very large areas).
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SunTouch UnderFloor 12" x 10.5' long 240V 0.4AOur PriceOur Price: $149.00
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Periodic paralysis is a rare condition that is usually inherited. It causes occasional episodes of severe muscle weakness. The 2 most common types of periodic paralysis are hypokalemic and hyperkalemic.
Periodic paralysis is a condition that is present from birth. Periodic paralysis is caused by abnormalities of the electrolyte channels on muscles.
Familial periodic paralysis is inherited, but may occur without a known family history. With the inherited form of the disorder, only 1 affected parent is needed to transmit the gene to the baby. Rarely, the condition occurs as a result of a noninherited genetic defect.
Risk Factors
Factors that increase your chance of developing periodic paralysis include:
- Family history of periodic paralysis
- Thyroid disorder—high thyroid hormone levels, particularly in Asian males
Although muscle strength returns to normal between attacks, repeated episodes of weakness may lead to chronic muscle weakness later in life. The person remains alert and aware during attacks. There is no loss of sensation.
Episodes of severe weakness in the arms and legs are the major symptom. Typically, these episodes occur during sleep, early morning, or after strenuous activity. Cold, stress, and alcohol may also produce attacks. Other, less common, symptoms may include:
- Weakness in the eyelids and face muscles
- Muscle pain
- Irregular heartbeats
- Difficulty breathing or swallowing—This requires emergency care
Some features are specific to the type of periodic paralysis.
- Potassium levels are low during attacks
- Frequency of attacks varies from daily to yearly
- Attacks usually last between 4-24 hours, but can last for several days
- Attacks usually begin in adolescence, but they can occur before age 10
- Potassium levels are high or normal during attacks
- Attacks are usually shorter, more frequent , and less severe than the hypokalemic form; breathing and swallowing difficulties are extremely rare
- Between attacks, patients often experience muscle spasms or difficulty relaxing their muscles, a condition is known as myotonia
- Attacks usually begin in early childhood
Persons with some types of periodic paralysis are at risk for a condition known as malignant hyperthermia. This can occur during the use of general anesthesia. Anyone with a family history of periodic paralysis needs to notify the anesthesiologist of this history prior to any surgery.
Because this primarily is an inherited condition, the most important part of diagnosis is obtaining a family history. You will be asked about your symptoms and your medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Your doctor may want to bring on an attack during an office visit. This should only be done under careful monitoring by an experienced neurologist. If an attack is triggered, several tests may be done, including:
- Blood tests
- Thyroid tests
- Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
- Electromyography (EMG)
Your muscle tissue may need to be tested. This can be done with a biopsy.
Since there is no cure for periodic paralysis, lifelong treatment is usually required. Treatment focuses on preventing attacks and relieving symptoms.
Lifestyle Changes
There are a few behaviors you can adopt to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks:
- Eat a low carbohydrate, low sodium diet.
- Avoid strenuous exercise.
- Eat a low potassium diet.
- Stay warm.
- Avoid fasting, alcohol, and heavy exercise.
The type of medications prescribed depend on the type of periodic paralysis.
Medications for both hypokalemic and hyperkalemic include:
- Acetazolamide may prevent an attack by reducing the flow of potassium from the bloodstream into the cells of the body.
- Potassium may stop an attack; intravenous potassium may be prescribed for severe weakness.
- Avoiding certain commonly prescribed medications may help reduce the onset of attacks.
- If you have a thyroid condition, be sure to get treatment for it.
- Thiazide diuretics, or water pills, may be prescribed to prevent an attack.
- Glucose and insulin, or calcium carbonate may be prescribed to slow or stop an attack.
Familial periodic paralysis cannot be prevented. Because it can be inherited, genetic counseling may be advised for couples at risk of passing on the disorder.
For the hypokalemic type, attacks may be reduced by:
- Avoiding corticosteroids and glucose infusions
- Following a diet low in carbohydrates and sodium and rich in potassium
For the hyperkalemic type, attacks may be reduced by:
- Avoiding high potassium foods, fasting, and drugs known to increase potassium levels
- Engaging in regular, mild exercise
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Rimas Lukas, MD; Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 06/2015 -
- Update Date: 05/11/2013 -


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Events Calendar
Community Forum: Rubin Community Fellows Program
The Rubin Community Fellows Program is now accepting applications for grant funding to support non-profit organizations and government agencies in Rensselaer County by partnering with local educational institutions.
Date: Wednesday, February 29th, 2012
Time: 5:00 pm
Duration: 1 hour
Location: Cowee Hall, 4th Floor, Russell Sage campus
For more information, visit: http://www.sage.edu/rubin.
Established in June 1990 with a gift from the Louis Rubin Family to The Sage Colleges, the Louis and Hortense Rubin Community Fellows Program is a cooperative venture of The Sage Colleges, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Hudson Valley Community College, Emma Willard School, and participating agencies of Rensselaer County. The program and fund is administered by The Sage Colleges.


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Celebrating TV's most memorable dads
Published On: May 18 2012 06:57:41 AM PDT Updated On: May 14 2015 12:59:55 PM PDT
Here is just a sampling of some of the most memorable TV dads ever.
The views expressed are not those of this company or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to our Terms of Use.


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Tomorrow, the 21st of May Tanzanians will be commemorating 16 years since the sinking of mv Bukoba in 1996 in Lake Victoria, causing the deaths of nearly 800 people, arguably one of the worst marine accidents in East Africa, before the mv Spice Islander sank off the port of Zanzibar late last year.
The event should be commemorated and taken as a lesson on maintenance and use of marine vessels so as to stem avoidable accidents while out at sea or in lakes.
David Mziray, public affairs manager for the Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority (SUMATRA) said in an interview that, in order to strengthen and sustain safety of marine vessels and to avoid accidents like MV Bukoba from happening again, SUMATRA was strengthening security presence in every port as well as checking overloading of marine vessels.
SUMATRA is also engaged in raising awareness and education on travelers and cargo transporters on marine vessels through public meetings, radio programmes and television, advertisements and brochures.
Another aspect of current efforts is to update ship captains on weather conditions, with discussions continuing between SUMATRA and the Tanzania Meteorological Agency to set up a system of continual updating of weather conditions on the routes that the ships ply.
Although the transportation authority has strongly sought to provide education on how to avoid accidents there isn't much response in implementing what is being imparted to stakeholders, he said.
Overloading was still the cause of accidents of marine vessels, where one method of checking this trend is to ensure that Public Affairs Manager, marine vessels start their journey from the official port where security is well organized, he stated. Most overloaded marine vessels start their journeys from haphazard docking points without routine or adequate inspection.
Inspected vehicles are also insured and need to be furnished with rescue equipment like life jackets, life boats, with such equipment placed according to the number of passengers, plus extra provisions in case of error, where ten percent more of equipment in relation to passengers is supplied.
The SUMATRA official told The Guardian on Sunday that demonstration exercises to passengers before starting the journey is a challenge to the sector, he stated, advising marine workers to start placing such equipment and conduct demonstrations for security purposes.
Marine accidents occur often due to carelessness of the captain or port failure to perform its responsibilities like checking the vehicles before commencing a journey.
Marine vessels require detailed inspection once per year, but surprise inspections can be conducted to maker sure the vehicle is safe all the time, he said, noting that inspections also involve the qualifications or competence of ship captains and staff.
In commemorating the sinking of mv Bukoba, SUMATRA requests operators of marine vessels not to carry passengers if the ship engine is below capacity for such task. They should also take account of weather information, while taking care not to travel without getting permission from port authorities, leave vessel information to the port officer, plus taking note that small seagoing vessels are not allowed to travel at night.
SUMATRA was established in 2005 as the government sought to hive off certain ministerial activities to specialized agencies with greater autonomy and more presence on the ground, despite that the mv Bukoba accident contributed to the need for such agency.
MV Bukoba was a Lake Victoria ferry that carried passengers and cargo between Bukoba and Mwanza. On 21 May 1996 the vessel sank with great loss of life, with some reports putting the number of dead as reaching 1000 passengers when the vessel sank 25 metres (14 fathoms) of water, 30 nautical miles (56 km) off Mwanza.
Possible causes were identified by Captain Joseph Muguthi, formerly a captain in the Kenya Navy, and writing in the pages of the Daily Nation as a marine navigation consultant. He labeled it an accident waiting to happen, as Lake Victoria ferries disregarded safety regulations.
Specifically this involves provision of life jackets, life rings and life boats, while there is also a lack of fire fighting equipment and lack of distress signals. "What equipment there is, is not regularly checked; the vessels are not regularly dry docked for routine maintenance and repairs are not regularly inspected, while some of marine vessels staff are not licensed to navigate
The lack of equipment and divers was partially to blame for lethargic pace of salvage operations. Rescue teams from South Africa, including Navy divers, were flown in to salvage the ship and retrieve the bodies.
Then President Benjamin Mkapa declared three days of national mourning, with criminal charges brought against nine Tanzania Railways Corporation officials, including the captain of the mv Bukoba and the manager of the corporation's Marine Division.


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Today we are excited to announce the fourth member of our judging panel for the upcoming Founder Showcase, James Cham of Trinity Ventures.
James Cham is a Principal at Trinity Ventures where he focuses on consumer services, social media, and digital media. Prior to joining Trinity in 2010, James was a Vice President at Bessemer Venture Partners where he played active roles in numerous investments in consumer internet services and digital media sectors along with a number of seed investments. Before Bessemer, James was a consultant with the Boston Consulting Group where he developed marketing strategies for entertainment and IT companies. Earlier, he built web applications for startups as a Principle at Zefer and developed IT systems for Fortune 500 companies as a software developer at Andersen Consulting.
"What I love about this job is the chance to help entrepreneurs create something great", says James in regards to his role at Trinity," New ventures never grow in a linear fashion; they accelerate, rev, stall, and pivot all the time."
James Cham will be joining David Hornik, Katherine Barr, Noah Doyle, and one final member which will be announced tomorrow, on stage at the 12th Founder Showcase. These five Silicon Valley VCs will help us launch several early-stage startups to greatness as they provide feedback to our pitch competition participants.
The 12th Founder Showcase is scheduled to take place on November 7th in San Francisco, and in addition to the entertaining pitch competitions, guests will also hear talks from keynote speakers David Sacks (Founder & CEO of Yammer) and Justin Moore (Founder & CEO of Axcient). Don't miss out on what promises to be a memorable event, and quite possibly, our best Showcase yet.
Tickets are still available but will sell out soon, so purchase yours today and in the mean time, to hear more from James be sure to follow him on Twitter @JamesCham


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First Class Touring
River Cruising
Vacation Packages
Check into your hotel. In the afternoon, you may want to start exploring the lively British capital. Uniformed hosts are available to help you make the most of your stay.
A full day to savor our rich program of optional activities: take a panoramic tour of London's landmarks, visit the Tower of London, or choose an excursion to Windsor Castle. Tonight, maybe a leisurely cruise on the Thames River? (Breakfast)
Leave London in the early morning and head through the lush English countryside to the Channel port, where you embark on your FERRY for the Continent. Meet your Tour Director and board your luxury coach for the drive to the Amsterdam area. (Breakfast)
Today, enjoy a CANAL CRUISE to see the city from water level, then watch the cutting and polishing of precious stones at a DIAMOND CENTER in Amsterdam. Later, sightseeing with a Local Guide points out the city highlights. In the afternoon, travel southward to the Rhineland area for an overnight. (Breakfast, Dinner)
Drive through the scenic Rhineland this morning or, alternatively, take the optional Rhine River cruise and enjoy splendid scenery including the Lorelei rock. Next, drive into Germany's oldest university town, Heidelberg, nicely located at the confluence of the Neckar and Rhine Rivers, for a short visit. In the afternoon, travel by way of the Autobahn into Switzerland for two overnights in the Lucerne area. (Breakfast, Dinner)
One of Switzerland's finest cities, Lucerne is nestled amid its snowcapped Alps, surrounded by its lake, and graced by the clear mountain waters of the Reuss River. Your visit takes in the impressive city walls, CHAPEL BRIDGE, ornate patrician houses lining cobblestone streets, and the LION MONUMENT—a masterful stone sculpture in honor of the heroic Swiss Guard of Louis XVI. A grand selection of optional activities completes the day: a cruise on the fjord-like lake or a cable-car ride to the 10,000-foot summit of Mount Titlis. (Breakfast)
More wonderful Alpine scenery as you drive into the mountain ranges that surround the massive St. Gotthard. Once through its great tunnel, you'll start your scenic descent into the warmer and sunnier ambiance of Canton Ticino. Stop in beautiful Lugano and take a stroll along the lakeside promenade. Then, cross into Italy and drive across the Po Valley to Verona, medieval setting of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. See Juliet's house and balcony, and stroll around the picturesque market square. Tonight you are in the Venice area. (Breakfast)
Venice is more like a marvelous film set than a real-life city, with its criss-crossing canals, gondolas and water buses, arched bridges, and palaces. The included orientation starts with a BOAT RIDE to St. Mark's Square and is followed by some time at leisure and a chance to watch Venetian GLASSBLOWERS fashion their delicate objects as they did centuries ago. Don't miss out on the optional gondola trip, gliding along the picturesque canals with a local troubadour to serenade you. (Breakfast, Dinner)
An interesting drive southward, cutting across the Po Delta, and through the gentle Umbrian hills to Assisi, where St. Francis was born in 1182. Visit the world-famous BASILICA with its beautiful frescoes by Giotto, then head for Rome. (Breakfast)
The "Eternal City"—a city steeped in history, vibrantly alive and exciting, and absolutely unique! Included sightseeing with a Local Guide starts in St. Peter's Square, followed by a visit to the ROMAN FORUM and the mighty COLOSSEUM. (Breakfast)
Vistas of undulating hills, rows of cypress trees, terraced vineyards, olive groves, and rural villages form the backdrop of your journey through beautiful Tuscany. Take a break in Pisa to see the SQUARE OF MIRACLES and the amazing Leaning Tower, then on to Florence. (Breakfast)
This Renaissance gem and city of the Medicis will keep you enthralled for a whole day. Traffic is banned in part of the historic center, so visitors can wander at leisure and admire the city's timeless beauty in relative peace and quiet. Don't miss out on the included walking tour with a Local Guide that features most of the city highlights. You will see Piazza Santa Croce; beautiful Piazza Signoria; Palazzo Vecchio; Loggia dei Lanzi; and, to top it all, Piazza del Duomo and its cathedral with the Giotto Campanile, and the magnificent East Door of the Baptistry, known as the "Gate of Paradise." Tonight, enjoy dinner at a local restaurant. (Breakfast, Dinner)
An early start this morning for the journey northwest with views of the Italian Riviera. Continue to France for a visit to a PERFUME WORKSHOP in Èze before traveling along the celebrated Côte d'Azur. An optional Monte Carlo by Night excursion with dinner is available. (Breakfast)
Today's journey will take you through some of France's loveliest scenery, sun-drenched landscapes right out of Van Gogh's paintings, on the way through Provence. Stop for a visit in historic Avignon. Continue westwards to the impressive walled city of Carcassonne for an overnight. (Breakfast, Dinner)
Enjoy a visit of this almost-untouched piece of medieval fortified architecture, still standing in all its walled glory with drawbridges, towers, battlements, watch turrets, ramparts, and even arrow-slits to repel the enemy. Later, drive by way of Perpignan across the border into Spain, to arrive in Barcelona for two overnights. (Breakfast)
This morning's sightseeing with a Local Guide includes a drive around Montjuïc to see the Olympic Stadium and a panoramic view of the port and city. The drive continues to the city center to Plaza Catalunya and Paseo de Gracia to admire the greatness and eccentricity of Gaudi's architectural masterpieces in the Houses Batlló and Mila and the Sagrada Familia (entrance fees not included). (Breakfast)
See more of Catalonia as you drive northwest via Saragossa through the very heart of new Castille for two overnights in Spain's capital, Madrid. (Breakfast)
Not only because it's the capital of Spain, but also because it is situated 2,180 feet above sea level, the Spaniards say Madrid is the nearest thing to Heaven. Enjoy the main highlights on the included sightseeing excursion. The optional trip to Toledo is most rewarding, too. The splendid setting is like a great open-air museum of Spanish history and art. (Breakfast, Dinner)
Climb Somosierra Pass, the boundary between Old and New Castille, before stopping in Burgos to visit the beautiful cathedral. On through Basque Country to Bilbao, now famous for four contemporary architects: Norman Foster, Santiago Calatrava, Cesar Pelli, and Frank Gehry. (Breakfast, Dinner)
A change of scenery as you travel into France across Gascony for an orientation of Bordeaux, the wine capital of France. Travel farther north by way of the Cognac area to Poitiers, of Black Prince fame. (Breakfast, Dinner)
The autoroute L'Aquitaine will take you directly to Tours and along the Loire, passing the castles of Amboise and Chaumont. Stop in Orleans before reaching Paris in time to enjoy an optional excursion. (Breakfast)
One full day to explore the city that's known throughout the world for its fashions, art and museums, delicious food, and joie de vivre. Included sightseeing with a local expert shows off many of the best-known Parisian sights: La Sorbonne, Arc de Triomphe, Opéra, Madeleine, the Eiffel Tower, the Pyramid near the Louvre, the Invalides, and Champs Elysées. Optional excursions are also available to the Palace and Gardens of Versailles. (Breakfast)
Relax on your EUROSTAR journey back to London. (Breakfast)
Your vacation ends with breakfast this morning. (Breakfast)
Learn more about booking an air-inclusive vacation - the reasons why include, you'll receive free airport transfer on published dates and your air will be coordinated with your vacation.
Details about airport transfer times, prices and what's included with your vacation.


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Majestic Athletic Los Angeles Angels Albert Pujols Big & Tall Authentic Road Jersey
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For someone who has an allergy, a substance that is harmless to most people causes their immune system to react and cause symptoms that can range from annoying to life threatening. The substance that causes the body's immune system to react this way is called an allergen. Indoor allergens such as dust mites, mold or pet dander are present year-round.
You could be allergic to house dust if you sneeze and wheeze most of the year, but noticeably more in the winter when you're spending more time indoors. Mold could be your problem if you develop allergy symptoms when you're in a damp basement or raking wet leaves. You're probably allergic to cats and dogs if allergy attacks occur when you're around these animals.
You may need to see an allergist if you can't pinpoint the cause of your problems. Once you know what's causing your symptoms, the following strategies can help you avoid the most common indoor allergies.
Keep doors and windows closed to reduce indoor exposure to outdoor allergens, such as pollen.
Vacuum at least twice a week to control indoor allergens. Change bags often and consider purchasing a vacuum with a HEPA filter.
Remove wall-to-wall carpeting and cloth curtains, if possible. Clean them often if they can't be removed.
Consider treating carpets and upholstered furniture with tannic acid or benzyl benzoate to kill dust mites. Ask a professional furniture cleaner for rates.
Replace your upholstered furniture with wooden, vinyl, or leather furniture.
Exterminate regularly for roaches and other pests.
Cover all mattresses and pillows with impermeable, plastic covers. Use synthetic products instead of feather pillows and quilts. Wash sheets, mattress covers, and blankets in hot water.
Remove dust ruffles and heavy drapes from your bedroom. Also remove knickknacks and stacks of books and papers or keep them in covered storage units. Clean and dust the bedroom at least twice a week.
Keep dogs and cats out of the bedroom because pet dander is associated with greater numbers of dust mites. A lower room temperature and lower humidity help keep the dust mite population down.
Clean and disinfect bathrooms weekly. To reduce mold, always run the exhaust fan during and after a shower. Keep under-sink areas dry.
Eliminate carpet and upholstered furniture in bathrooms or basements. They provide a perfect environment for mold and mildew to grow.
Fix leaky faucets immediately.
Wash towels often using hot water. Dry large beach towels in the dryer after use.
If you have a damp basement, bathroom, or any other room, use a dehumidifier.
If possible, do not keep pets that have hair or fur. If you do have pets, keep them outside as much as possible and out of the bedrooms. Keep them off sofas, chairs, and other places where you sit, and away from coats and other clothing.
Wash your pets regularly. Wash your hands after playing with a dog, cat, or other pet.
Keep your distance from pet birds. Their cages contain numerous allergens.


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Register to the Pharo Mooc!
We created an online course about Pharo.
More information and registration here
Watch the Teaser
Follow us on Twitter: @pharoproject
Simple & powerful language
No constructors, no types declaration, no interfaces, no primitive types. Yet a powerful and elegant language with a full syntax fitting in one postcard! Pharo is objects and messages all the way down.
Feel a live environment
Feel the joy of having immediate feedback at any moment of your development: Developing, testing, debugging. Even in production environments, you will never be stuck in compiling and deploying steps again!
Amazing debugging experience
The Pharo environment includes a debugger unlike anything you've seen before. It allows you to step through code, restart the execution of methods, create methods on the fly, and much more!


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Credits Include
- 2009 San Francisco Comedy Competition
- B.E.T.'s Comic View
- Live at Gotham
- Just For Laughs International Comedy Festival
The House of Comedy in the Mall of America is one of Minnesota's Best Comedy Clubs. Rick Bronson's House of Comedy Bloomington showcases the absolute best in live stand-up comedy, including comedians featured on Leno, Letterman, Kimmel, Conan, The Daily Show, Comedy Central, Last Comic Standing, HBO and more. Some of our recent stand up live comedy acts include performances from comedians such as Norm Macdonald, Tom Green, Steve-O, Harland Williams, Kevin Nealon and more. Rick Bronson's House of Comedy quickly gained praise from comics near and far as one of the hottest comedy clubs on the globe. Your new home for laughs is located in the World-Famous Mall of America in Bloomington, MN. Search upcoming stand up comedy shows using our online calendar, or contact the box office for more information.


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Mini Pendant Lights & Lighting Kits
Mini pendant lights create flawless accent lighting in any room of the house. Easily incorporated into your design project, mini pendant lighting will add just the right touch of flair. Whether you choose to add one mini pendant light or several, your room will be instantly transformed.


text: Apply Application Process The application process is quick and easy. Please see your program for specific application and admission information and forms.+ More Apply online Pay application fee - Payment of nonrefundable application fee. Fee not required for alumni, students seeking readmission, or veterans and active military personnel. Payment amount may vary by program; please see the relevant program page for specific payment information. Provide official transcripts - Submit an official transcript issued to Saint Mary's University from each undergraduate college or university attended, including an official transcript from the institution posting the applicant's completed bachelor's degree. Transcripts must be received from the credit-granting institution in a sealed envelope. Saint Mary's cannot accept transcripts that have been previously scanned, faxed, e-mailed, opened, marked, or damaged in any way. To order your official transcripts, please contact the credit-granting institution directly. If you are submitting foreign transcripts, please visit the Admission page in the International Student section. Include extra documents - Your program MAY also require a personal statement, resume, program specific forms and/or letter(s) of recommendation. Please view your program page for specific application information. International students may also need to submit an academic credential evaluation and may need to provide evidence of successfully completing a university approved English Language Assessment exam. Please see the International Student Admission for specific information. Not all programs follow this format. Please contact the Office of Admission with any questions about your application process. Next Steps in the Admission Process You have taken that first step toward furthering your education, your career, and your life. Congratulations!+ More Check your Application Status - Login to the self-service portal to check your application status, pay fee, upload documents and submit completed application. Connect with Program Staff - The program you have applied for may require an enrollment interview. Once all of your application documents have been submitted to the Office of Admission your file will be sent to the program staff for review. You may be contacted by the program staff to schedule an enrollment interview either by phone or on campus. The structure of the enrollment interview is different for each program, although transfer credit will be discussed with the program staff during the enrollment interview if applicable. Acceptance and Course Registration - If you are accepted into a program you will receive an email notification of acceptance, as well as a paper acceptance packet sent via postal mail. Once you have received your acceptance information you will be able to register for courses online. Please contact the program staff if you have questions regarding course registration. You may view the course schedule at any time but may only register for courses after you have been accepted into a program. To apply online, please select your program of interest: Adult Undergraduate Degree Completion Undergraduate Certificate in Accounting B.S. in Accounting B.S. in Business Administration B.S. in Healthcare & Human Services Management B.S. in Human Resource Management B.S. in Information Technology B.S. in Marketing B.S. in Nursing (online) B.S. in Police Science B.S. in Psychology B.S. in Sales & Marketing Graduate School of Business & Technology M.S. in Accountancy M.A. in Arts & Cultural Management M.S. in Geographic Information Science M.A. in Human Development M.A. in Human Resource Management M.A. in Human Resource Management (Online) M.S. in Information Technology Management M.A. in International Business M.A. in Management M.A. in Organizational Leadership M.A. in Organizational Leadership (Online) M.A. in Philanthropy & Development M.S. in Project Management M.S. in Project Management (Online) Master of Business Administration (MBA) Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) Graduate Certificate in Geographic Information Science Graduate School of Education M.A. in Education M.A. in Education (Wisconsin) M.A. in Educational Leadership M.A. in Educational Leadership (Online) M.A. in English as a Second Language M.A. in Instruction (leading to initial licensure) M.A. in Instruction (additional credentials: licensure(s) and/or endorsements) M.A. in Lasallian Leadership M.A. in Literacy Education M.A. in Special Education M.A. in Special Education (Online) M.Ed. in Learning Design & Technology M.Ed. in Teaching & Learning Graduate Certificate in Culturally Responsive Teaching Graduate Certificate: K-12 Reading Teacher Ed.S. in Educational Administration Ed.D. in Leadership Graduate School of Health & Human Services M.A. in Counseling & Psychological Services M.A. in Health & Human Services Administration M.A. in Marriage & Family Therapy M.S. in Nurse Anesthesia Graduate Certificate in Addiction Studies Doctor of Psychology in Counseling Psychology Graduate Non-Degree Seeking Non-degree seeking coursework