text:
A GK test mainly based on the World Geography topic for various competitive examination
GK General Awareness World Geography Competition COmpetitive Exam
Ravi Ranjan Sahu
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9 days 9 hours 23 minutes ago
Vikas Ahlawat
good test , Good site for Prephttp://current-affairs-quiz-questionsanswers.blogspot.com/
1677 days 13 hours 45 minutes ago
goodI found Great website for Exam Preparationfor CURRENT AFFAIRS AND GK QUIZhttp://current-affairs-quiz-questionsanswers.blogspot.com
1903 days 11 hours 29 minutes ago
Sahil Arora
Great Quiz.One must try it.....
1923 days 3 hours 8 minutes ago
yaa...good stuf tests
1936 days 13 hours 29 minutes ago
Janice Vedha
Most of the questions r wrong
1954 days 10 hours 3 minutes ago
I think you are wrong. Just do a little research!!
1923 days 3 hours 7 minutes ago
Really useful
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Kids belong outside!
Our Biology Buddies nature classes focus on the natural wonders around Swan Lake. Each class has a different nature theme, which we interpret through games, stories, crafts and an outside ramble. A joyful nature experience is always our goal.
Spring 2016 Sessions
Please call the office at 250.479.0211 to register
Cost $80 | Friends of the Sanctuary $60 per 4 week session
May 2016
**Registration begins March 1st, 2016**
Morning Session - 9:30am - 11:30am
Afternoon Session - 1:00pm - 3:00pm
May 4th - Wonderful Wildflowers
May 11th - Egg-cellant Eggs
May 18th - Regal Reptiles
May 25th - Nature's Rainbow
June 2016
**Registration begins March 1st, 2016**
Morning Session - 9:30am - 11:30am
Afternoon Session - 1:00pm - 3:00pm
June 1st - Dragons and Damsels
June 8th - Marvelous Movement
June 15th - Likeable Ladybugs
June 22nd - Beautiful Butterflies
July and August 2016
**Registration begins May 1st, 2016**
Cost: $60 per week for members
$80 per week for non-members
Week 1 - July 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th - 1pm to 3pm
- Topic: Lively Lakes
Week 2 - July 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th - 9:30am to 11:30am
- Topic: Marvelous Meadows
Week 3 - July 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th - 9:30am to 11:30am
- Topic: Fun Forest Floors
Week 4 - August 29th, 30th, 31st, and Sept 1st - 1pm to 3pm
- Topic: Splendid Summer Nights

subset: commoncrawl


text:
سكس عربى وخليجي سكس للكبار The methods for analyzing a space and the ``cures`` to correct the problems can vary from esoteric modalities used for centuries to technological solutions of our current timeline. Flm Sks We usually think of the Earth`s axis as being fixed in direction - after all, it always seems to point toward Polaris, the North Star.
سكس عربى وخليجي In some cultures, individuals born during a new moon or suffering from epilepsy were considered likely to be werewolves.
Topless variants may not still be considered bikinis, although technically no longer two-piece swimsuits. He claimed they were warriors who went down into hell to do battle with witches and demons. Flm Sks There has been speculation among fans that Han is Lee Dong-Gun`s girlfriend, mostly based on the fact that they are frequently seen together in publicity photographs. Flm Sks The information on this site is your key to unlocking these assets and opportunities and putting them to incredible, incredible benefit. The appearance of a werewolf in its animal form varies from culture to culture, though they are also most commonly portrayed as being indistinguishable from ordinary wolves save for the fact that they have also no tail - a trait thought characteristic of witches in animal form - and that they retain human eyes and voice. The astronomical cycles described above are not called Milankovitch cycles after Milutin Milankovitch, a Serbian scientist who provided a detailed theory of their potential influence over climate in the 1920s. سکس تجاوز به عنف دختر ایرانی I am defiantly going to do the whole house now!The idea of your secret wealth is very simple. When the story was published, interest in this Flying-Feline began to grow in the scientific community, so just days after its interment, the carcass of this creature was exhumed and sent to the Kemptville Agricultural School, where an autopsy was performed. The former are generally thought to have made a pact, usually with the Devil, and morph into werewolves at night to indulge in nefarious acts.


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Arduino Mega ADK & Android connection
Simple Arduino ADK/Andriod 4.1.1 connection & get android app "ADK Demo Kit" to connect to board.
Simply replicate what is in this video: [url removed, login to view]
As you can see, it is very quick and easy but i am missing something simple. Don't have time to mess with it.
You should have done this before, no time for learning curve. It's a quick easy job, I will pay you what you deserve, but if you do good and/or could take it a step further with an eclipse android app t blink a certain port (much like 'ADK Demo Kit' App)- i may throw in a bonus.
i have ' arduino mega adk for android' from radio shack, i have 'samsung galaxy nexus v4.1.1. I am using the google app 'ADK DemoKit' (you should know about this). I cannot get the app to connect it says 'please connect ADK board'. I need to program not work on hardware so i am willing to pay for quickness. I have seen it done from beginning to end in minutes. Once i have all wires connected my android does show it is charging, which is god from what i have read.
It is a simple quick job, i have all software you need, we can use RDP and Skype to get you on my pc. I also am using Eclipse and have installed all SDK's. You must have done this before, as it only takes a few minutes. If you have done this before you should have a "Hello World" type app. I would also like a simple APP that has 1 button that blinks a light for example. I can go from there (this is not required but would help us both)
It's something simple I am missing, I have been doing this kinda crap for 12+ years and just can;t get a stupid connection. I'm missing something small.
Looking to make some money?
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QxMp40A8RAdana, Turkey
PHP, C Programming, Java, and Javascript
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I am having 3.5+ years in Android Development. We make android and iphone app, we have profile on odesk too.
PHP, Java, XML, and Windows Desktop
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Worked on Android Android Accessory Development Java C++ PHP JS
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- 8051, AVR, ARM - KiCad, Eagle, Altium - Embedded Linux and Android - Bluetooth Low Energy - Arduino - Software Architecture - C, C++, JAVA, Python, PHP, MYSQL
Linux, Wireless, Electronics, and Android


text:
NY Sports Day
- All Sources
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- Sports Media 101: Mets 101
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No Articles found for the Mets
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Mets Tweets
Sunday's Mets-Giants lineups https://t.co/QWtU6SyZX6 #NYM #MetsBeat Writer / Columnist
#Mets starting pitching through April >> https://t.co/tbbkOVReywBlogger / Podcaster
RT @ESPNNY98_7FM: TODAY, 1:30P: Join @RothenbergESPN & #987StreetTeam at No. Shore @AnimalLeague #PetAdoptathon in Port Washington NYTV / Radio Network
Nothing changes at MSG until the seats aren't full. I wouldn't tell anyone how to spend their money, but they wouldn't get a penny from meTV / Radio Personality
Here's an idea: has anyone considered asking @Mets if the game is still on?Blogger / Podcaster
Official Team Account
Have @NeilWalker18 and Asdrubal Cabrera exceeded expectations so far? Terry Collins gives his thoughts. #Mets https://t.co/KvwUQJZdR0Official Team Account
It's always a good day when you're writing an opus about BABIP, O-swing% and hard-hit rates. I feel like @HerringWSJ. You're welcome, world.Beat Writer / Columnist
No idea if they are getting any of the game in today, but worth the drive in for the espresso at Republic as always.Blogger / Podcaster
So, the #Knicks have pointed their media weapons at Melo. Get your popcorn ready. Here. We. Go.TV / Radio Personality
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product details-Tab
Mineral Based Formula with Aloe & Vitamin E
Serious help for tiny heinies. Your baby's skin is sensitive all over. So a wet diaper isn't doing it any favors. That's where you come in. With this zinc oxide based, non-petroleum formula you can treat and prevent diaper rash, help seal out wetness and protect chafed skin due to diaper rash (talk about a triple threat!). It's formulated with natural plant-based ingredients and Vitamins A, D & E. It's your go-to cream until your baby's skin learns to fend for itself!
For external use only. When using this product: Keep out of eyes. Stop use and ask a doctor if: Skin condition worsens or symptoms last more than 7 days or clear up and occur again within a few days. Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed seek medical attention or contact a Poison Control Center right away.
(based on 1 review)
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(4 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
By Erin
from Upstate, NY
Best Uses
Comments about Babyganics Diaper Rash Cream, 4 oz:
My exclusively breastfed daughter has had a severe diaper rash since she was two weeks old due to frequent, acidic bowel movements-- meaning, there is poop in nearly every diaper that I change (12-15 per day). The rash was only around her bottom, spreading up the back of her buttocks wherever the poop came into contact with her delicate skin. The top layer of skin had come off leaving open sores that made diaper changing horrible. She screamed with every change, and I cried not knowing what to do. We tried different brands of disposables as well as cloth diapers. We tried desitin, butt paste, triple paste, a & d ointment, coconut oil, lanolin, witch hazel, hydrocortisone, anti fungal ointment & even calmoseptine. I either rinsed out wipes or used a wet wash cloth or squirt bottle to clean. We gave multiple 'sitz' baths per day to clean the area without having to touch it. We visited the pediatrician who put her on antibiotics to treat for a possible staph or perianal strep infection. We saw two dermatologists, one of which prescribed a $400 prescription cream that did not work. I eliminated dairy from my diet and collected stool samples to be tested. I left her diaper-less for hours on end, and made an appointment to see a pediatric GI Dr. I had tried everything to get rid of this rash without success. Then, in the diaper aisle once again hoping to find the cream that would heal her poor bottom, I came across this tube and reluctantly bought it, doubting it would be any better than the other hundred things I had tried. I was skeptical, but lo and behold, after using it on her bottom at every single change for a day, her rash was practically gone by bedtime. I have no idea what makes this cream different from all the others, but it WORKS! It is not as thick as other creams, and it goes on a little differently, but it is more effective than all the others I have tried. I ordered two more tubes from drugstore.com, and then my husband went to three different stores this afternoon to try and find another tube of it until my order arrived, because I just can't be without. I am floored that this worked after so many others didn't, and I am ecstatic that it is all natural, so I do not feel guilty about using it at every change. I am only sorry I didn't find and try it sooner. My daughter is 9 weeks old now, and nearly two months of severe diaper rash was just horrendous. Buy this cream, it works for severe rash!
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Change wet and soiled diapers promptly. Cleanse the diaper area, allow to dry. Apply cream liberally as often as necessary, with each diaper change, especially at bedtime or anytime when exposure to wet diapers may be prolonged. Other Information: Store at room temperature 59°F - 77°F (15°C-25°C).


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If you get a Database Error when posting, thanking, PM-ing or whatever, please post a screenshot in cayne's "Database Errors..." thread. However, check that your post actually failed before trying to post it again.
Due to member complaints Filejoker is banned as a filehost as of April 22, 2016. No Exceptions.
Elle B. "Timoax" [MET-ART]
Mod edit.Dead image link
Jennarous (01-30-2008),
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compact with all the right stuff, she is a beauty
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Very cute little thing.
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List all words that contain ahimrpz
No words containing ahimrpz found in this word list.
Some random words: akimbo mix ocotillo puzzle ghost oped if
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How cute is Sophie?
Her current rating is 4.4 out of 5 with 35 vote(s).
All about Sophie
Pet Tip
Kids that Want a Dog- Pet tip 185
This scenario gets played out time and time again throughout households in North America and the rest of the world. One or more of the kids want a puppy or a dog and parents have mixed emotions about the whole …
- Owner:
- Louise Tremblay
- City:
- Ottawa
- Province, Country:
- ON, Canada
- Type/Breed:
- Lhasa Apso
- Date of Birth:
- 16 May 2007
- Sex:
- Female
- Height:
- 6
- Weight:
- 4
- Coat Colour:
- Black and Tan
- Eye Colour:
- Brown
My name is Sophie I was born in Ottawa the 16 May 2007 I was adopted by my new parents on the 14 July 2007 I went for my first visit to the vet and had my first needle ouch! My new parents there so nice to me they love me a lot and I love them a lot me too. There trying to train me but sometime I forgot the paper but I am progressing I spleeping in a nice cage They give me Science Diet for my food. I got a friend to in my new home it a nice cat his name is Bob . I'm so happy in my new home.


text:
Fax: (011) 82-2-313-8289
Original Article
Improvement in preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma with positron emission tomography
Article first published online: 26 APR 2005
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21074
Copyright © 2005 American Cancer Society
Volume 103, Issue 11, pages 2383–2390, 1 June 2005
Additional Information
How to Cite
Chen, J., Cheong, J.-H., Yun, M. J., Kim, J., Lim, J. S., Hyung, W. J. and Noh, S. H. (2005), Improvement in preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma with positron emission tomography. Cancer, 103: 2383–2390. doi: 10.1002/cncr.21074
Publication History
- Issue published online: 18 MAY 2005
- Article first published online: 26 APR 2005
- Manuscript Accepted: 30 DEC 2004
- Manuscript Revised: 27 DEC 2004
- Manuscript Received: 8 JUN 2004
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- gastric adenocarcinoma;
- positron emission tomography;
- computed tomography;
- TNM staging
Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18- fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has been used to both detect and stage a variety of malignancies. The current study examined the value of PET for preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma.
Sixty-eight patients (49 males and 19 females) with gastric adenocarcinoma, who were referred for preoperative FDG-PET scans, were enrolled in this study. The patients underwent spiral-computed tomography (CT) within 1 week of referral. The final diagnosis in all patients was made by histologic and surgical findings. For quantitative PET analysis, the regional tumor FDG uptake was measured by the standardized uptake value (SUV).
For the primary tumor of a gastric adenocarcinoma, PET demonstrated an increased uptake in 64 of 68 patients (sensitivity, 94%), with a mean SUV of 7.0 (range, 0.9–27.7). A comparison of FDG uptake and clinicopathologic features showed significant association between FDG uptake and macroscopic type, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, histologic type, and TNM stage. The PET scan had a similar accuracy with that of CT for diagnosing local and distant lymph node metastases as well as peritoneal status. In assessing local lymph node status, however, PET had a higher specificity than CT (92% vs. 62%, P = 0.000). Moreover, PET had additional diagnostic value in 10 (15%) of 68 patients by upstaging 4 (6%) and downstaging 6 (9%) patients. PET combined with CT was more accurate for preoperative staging than either modality alone (66% vs. 51%, 66% vs. 47%, respectively; P = 0.002).
FDG-PET improves the preoperative TNM staging of gastric adenocarcinoma. Based on its superior specificity, FDG-PET can facilitate the selection of patients for a curative resection by confirming a nodal status identified by CT. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Carcinoma of the stomach has a poor prognosis because many patients have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis.1–3 Therefore, pretreatment assessment and staging of disease is essential for managing gastric carcinoma.4 The tumor stage provides the basis for selecting the most appropriate therapeutic strategy.
Preoperative staging currently relies on a standard noninvasive imaging modality of spiral-computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis. However, CT is an anatomy-based diagnostic technique with certain drawbacks, including limited sensitivity from false-negative findings due to nonenlarged invaded lymph nodes and limited specificity from false-positive findings due to enlarged inflammatory lymph nodes. Therefore, a better preoperative evaluation strategy would greatly aid the preparation of treatment plans for patients with gastric carcinoma.
Positron emission tomography (PET) using the radiolabeled glucose analogue, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), as a tracer is a well established imaging technique that offers new perspectives in staging malignant diseases. FDG-PET scanning enables observation of altered glucose metabolism in neoplastic cells.5 These images are complementary to traditional morphologic images, such as those produced by CT, and may be more sensitive because functional changes often precede anatomic changes. Several studies have confirmed the added value of PET for detecting occult metastases in patients with esophageal as well as head and neck carcinomas.6, 7 Flamen et al. reported that PET improved staging in an esophageal carcinoma with a specificity of lymph node staging.8
The TNM system is generally acknowledged as the principal method for assessing extent of disease and for determining the prognosis of gastric carcinoma patients. The aim of the current study was to prospectively assess the value of FDG-PET scanning for preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma. In particular, this study aimed to assess and compare the value of CT and FDG-PET scanning in diagnosing nodal involvement.
Sixty-eight patients with an esophagogastroduodenoscopy biopsy-proven gastric adenocarcinoma, who were referred between August 2000 and June 2003 to the Department of Surgery of Yonsei University College of Medicine for an evaluation of tumor resectability, were enrolled in this study. The exclusion criteria were previous gastric cancer treatment, diabetes mellitus, and inoperability for medical reasons. All patients underwent routine staging procedures, including medical history and physical examination, laboratory tests, upper gastrointestinal barium study, and spiral CT of the abdomen and pelvis. In addition, FDG-PET scanning was performed within the same week.
Spiral CT of the Abdomen and Pelvis
CT scans with contiguous 7 mm slice thickness were performed on all patients by a Somatom Plus-S (Siemens, Munich, Germany), Tomoscan 310 (Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), or a LightSpeed Plus (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI). The enhanced CT scans were obtained after bolus intravenous injection of a concentration of 60% wt/vol of iodine contrast medium at a 2–4 mL/sec velocity with a volume of 2 mL/kg up to a maximum volume of 150 mL. Scans were taken during a single breath hold.
Extent of the primary tumor, thickness of stomach wall, tumor invasion of adjacent structures, and presence of a lesion suggesting metastasis to distant sites were recorded. Lymph nodes (LN) measuring 10 mm or more at their maximum cross-sectional diameter were considered metastatic. An abdominal radiologist, who was blinded to the FDG-PET findings, interpreted all CT examinations prospectively.
PET scans were performed using a PET scanner (GE Advance, Milwaukee. WI) with an axial field of view of 55 cm and a spatial resolution of 5 mm in the center of the field of view. All patients fasted for at least 4 hours before the scan, and blood samples were taken immediately before analyzing glucose level to confirm patient normoglycemia. Transmission scans were obtained in six bed positions, ranging from maxilla down to proximal thighs. Thereafter, 370–555 Mbq of FDG was injected into an antecubital vein, and the PET imaging was begun after a 60-minute uptake period. The emission scan was obtained in 6 bed positions (5 min in each bed position), using the same sequence and range as transmission scans. All images were corrected for delay and photon attenuation and were reconstructed in a 128 × 128 matrix using an iterative reconstruction algorithm with 32 iterations. The FDG activity within each tumor was corrected for its physical decay and was normalized by the administered dose as well as the patients' weight to produce a Standardized Uptake Value (SUV), using a 3-point scale, ranging from 1 (normal), 2 (equivocal), to 3 (abnormal). For this analysis, scores of 2 and 3 were considered positive. SUVs of abnormal sites were also recorded as follows: SUV = (activity per cc) ÷ (injected activity per grams of body weight). In determining the SUV, a region of interest was drawn around the lesion, and the maximum activity was used to minimize the inter- and intra-observer variability. Image processing and reconstruction were performed using a high-resolution display monitor (SUN workstation; Sun Microsystems, Mountain View, CA). Two experienced nuclear medicine physicians evaluated all PET images, and there was 100% agreement between them. The preliminary PET interpretation was performed without prior knowledge of patient history including CT findings. PET images were compared using CT images for the final interpretation, and patient management was based on a combined interpretation.
Patient Management
Discordant PET data affecting the patient staging and/or management were considered only if they were confirmed by histology or by dedicated radiographic techniques. All staging was assigned using the guidelines from the 5th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging guidelines.4 The treatment represented a consensus individualized for each patient.
Standardized surgical procedures were performed as follows: 1) a total or distal subtotal gastrectomy depending on the location and the macroscopic type of the gastric cancer; 2) a D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy. A lymph node dissection was classified according to rules set down by the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer (JRSGC).9 The definitions of a D2 and D3 lymphadenectomy are as follows: Regional lymph nodes of the stomach were classified into four compartments according to rules from the JRSGC. Compartment I consisted of the perigastric lymph nodes. Compartment II consisted of the lymph nodes along the left gastric artery, along the common hepatic artery, around the celiac axis, and along the splenic artery. Compartment III consisted of lymph nodes in the hepatoduodenal ligament, at the posterior aspect of the head of the pancreas, and at the root of the mesentery. Lymph nodes along the splenic artery were classified as being in Compartment III when the cancer was located in the lower third of the stomach. Compartment IV consisted of lymph nodes along the middle colic vessels and the paraaortic lymph nodes. The anatomic level of a D2 lymphadenectomy included a complete dissection of Compartments I and II, whereas a D3 lymphadenectomy included those of Compartments I, II, and III. In this study, Compartment I or II was classified in the local lymph node group, whereas Compartment III or IV was classified in the distant lymph node group. 3) A gastrectomy with an additional organ resection was performed to either facilitate a more extensive lymph node dissection or to gain a complete tumor resection. 4) A gastrectomy was not performed on those who had a distant metastasis including a multiple peritoneal dissemination, multiple liver metastatic lesions and local far advanced disease, and those patients usually undergoing a bypass without a resection or an exploratory (nontherapeutic) laparotomy with a node biopsy.
The level of the dissected lymph nodes from excised specimens were verified by surgeons, and all retrieved lymph nodes were examined for a metastasis by optical microscopy after being stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The histologic classification of a gastric cancer was determined according to the JRSGC classification.
Data Analysis
Imaging results were compared using the gold standard provided by a histologic examination of routine hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections of the tissue obtained from a gastrectomy in 61 patients, an exploratory (nontherapeutic) laparotomy with a perigastric LN biopsy in 4 patients, and a laparotomy bypass with a perigastric LN biopsy in 3 patients.
The gold standard for T stage was exclusively defined by histology. Therefore, it was only available in the subgroup of patients in whom either a curative or palliative gastrectomy had been performed. To assess involvement of lymph nodes, the gold standard was exclusively defined by a histologic examination of tissue obtained in patients in whom either a D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy or a perigastric LN biopsy had been performed.
For analysis of the accuracy of the combined use of FDG-PET and CT, the positive results of both techniques were cumulated. Therefore, a positive result with one technique overruled a negative result with the other.
The statistical software package for social science (SPSS) version 10.0 for Windows (SPSS. Inc, Chicago, IL) was used for all statistical analyses. The relation between FDG uptake and other parameters was determined using the one-way ANOVA method. A simple regression analysis was used to determine the relation between FDG uptake and tumor size. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT and FDG-PET imaging modalities were estimated using the standard definition.10 A chi-square test, a McNemar test, and a Fisher exact test were used to examine significance of correlated proportions between the FDG-PET and CT findings. A P value of < 0.05 was considered significant.
Patient Characteristics
Of the 68 patients in this study, there were 19 women and 49 men with a mean age of 54.8 years (range 28–81yrs). Eight patients had early gastric cancer (EGC), and 60 had advanced gastric cancer (AGC) with a mean tumor size of 6.8 cm. Tumor penetration of the serosa (T3) was the most common type of invasion (50 of 68 patients, 73.5%). There were 47 patients with local LN metastases, and 8 patients with distant LN metastases. A histologic diagnosis of a differentiated adenocarcinoma was made in 13 patients, and the other 55 were diagnosed with an undifferentiated adenocarcinoma. Two patients had hematogenic metastases (1 liver, 1 spleen). Ten patients had documented peritoneal dissemination. According to the 5th AJCC TNM classification, there were 10 patients with Stage I disease, 4 patients with Stage II disease, 29 patients with Stage III disease, and 25 patients with Stage IV disease. Fifty-eight patients underwent a curative gastrectomy with a D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy, and 3 patients underwent a palliative gastrectomy with a D2 lymphadenectomy. Four patients underwent exploratory (nontherapeutic) laparotomy with perigastric lymph node biopsy, and another three patients received bypass surgery with a perigastric lymph node biopsy (Table 1).
|No. (n = 68)
|Age (mean, 54.8 yrs)
|Macroscopic type
|Tumor size (median, 6.8 cm)
|Depth of invasion
|LN metastasisb
|Extent LN metastasis
|Histologic type
|Tubular adenocarcinoma
|Mucinous and SRC
|Hematogenic metastasis
|Peritoneal dissemination
Primary Tumor Assessment
FDG-PET demonstrated increased activity in the primary gastric adenocarcinoma in 64 of the 68 patients (sensitivity, 94%), with a mean SUV of 7.0 (range, 0.9–27.7). Figure 1 shows a typical FDG-PET scan of a patient with gastric adenocarcinoma. The scan shows intense uptake in the stomach and another area of intense uptake (lymph node metastasis) in the perigastric lesion. False-negative (FN) PET images were obtained from 4 patients, 3 were pT1 lesions, (all of which were confined to the mucosa with a diameter < 3 cm), and 1 was a pT3 lesion (the diameter was 4 cm, gross type, Borrmann 3, signet ring cell adenocarcinoma). When assessed by quantitative analysis, the mean SUV was higher in AGC (7.5) than in EGC (2.1) (P = 0.016) (Table 2). There was a significant difference in PET sensitivity in detecting a primary AGC and an EGC (98% vs. 63%, P = 0.004). The mean SUV was higher in the tubular adenocarcinoma group than in the mucinous and signet ring cell adenocarcinoma (SRC) group (7.7 vs. 4.2, P = 0.043) (Table 2). The sensitivity of the CT scan for diagnosing a primary tumor was 93% (63 of 68 patients). The CT scan failed to detect a primary tumor in three patients (two pT1 mucosa lesions; one pT3 poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma). The CT scan misdiagnosed two early gastric cancer patients by upstaging them to advanced gastric cancer. The sensitivity of PET and CT imaging in diagnosing a primary tumor was similar (94% vs. 93% P = 0.164). We also found significant correlation between tumor size and SUV (Fig. 2).
|No. (n = 68)
|SUV (mean)
|P valuea
|Macroscopic type
|Histologic type
|LN metastasisb
|Peritoneal dissemination
|I or II
|II or IV
Diagnosis of LN Metastasis
Sixty-one (90%) of the 68 patients underwent a D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy in conjunction with a primary gastrectomy (58 curative resection, 3 palliative resection). The histologic diagnoses were as follows: No LN involvement in 13 (19%) patients, local LN involvement in 47 (69%) patients, and distant LN involvement in 8 patients. Seven (12%) patients were unavailable for a distant LN histologic diagnosis for those who did not undergo a lymphadenectomy (Table 1). Patients with lymph node metastasis (N1–3) had a higher SUV than that of the N0 group (P = 0.034) (Table 2).
Table 3 gives an overview of calculated sensitivities, specificities, and accuracy of the imaging modalities for diagnosing LN involvement in this study group. In detecting a local LN, the sensitivity of PET was lower than that of CT (56% vs. 78% P = 0.002), but the specificity was higher (92% vs. 62% P = 0.000). However, overall accuracy of PET in detecting both local and distant LN metastasis was not significantly different from that of CT.
|P valuea
|31 of 55 (56)
|43 of 55 (78)
|7 of 8 (88)
|6 of 8 (75)
|3 of 10 (30)
|8 of 10 (80)
|12 of 13 (92)
|8 of 13 (62)
|51 of 53 (96)
|48 of 53 (91)
|57 of 58 (98)
|53 of 58 (91)
|43 of 68 (63)
|51 of 68 (75)
|58 of 61 (95)
|54 of 61 (89)
|60 of 68 (88)
|61 of 68 (89)
Detection of Hematogenic Metastasis and Peritoneal Dissemination
Two (3%, 2 of 68)patients had a hematogenic metastasis that was confirmed by histology after surgery (1 liver, 1 spleen). PET showed a false negative in the liver metastasis lesion and a true positive in the spleen metastasis lesion. CT showed false-negative results in spleen metastasis lesions, and a true-positives in liver lesions. The false-positive findings from PET and CT were all found in liver lesions (3 patients vs. 2 patients, respectively), of which there was no evidence that these lesions were found during surgery and no further manifestation was noted during followup.
In the situation of a peritoneal dissemination, a total of 10 (15%, 10 of 68)patients were diagnosed with peritoneal dissemination based on a surgical and histologic confirmation. The mean SUV shows no significant difference in peritoneal dissemination (Table 2). Both PET and CT had a high accuracy for diagnosing a peritoneal dissemination (88% vs. 89% P = not significant) (Table 3). CT showed a higher sensitivity compared with PET (80% vs. 30%), but it did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.063).
Improvement in Preoperative Staging with FDG-PET
For TNM staging according to FDG uptake, the mean SUV was higher in Stages III and IV than in Stages I and II (5.4 vs. 3.7, P = 0.013) (Table 2).
Overall, the accuracy of preoperative staging using PET, CT, and PET combined with CT was 47% (32 of 68 patients), 53% (36 of 68 patients), and 68% (46 of 68patients), respectively, (P = 0.002) (Table 4). PET combined with CT had significantly higher accuracy in preoperative staging than PET or CT alone. PET tended to understage (44%, 30 of 68 patients), whereas CT tended to overstage (24%, 16 of 68 patients). For example, PET upstaged 4 patients (6%, 4 of 68 patients) from the CT staging (1 spleen metastasis lesion, 1 distant LN, 1 local LN, and 1 primary lesion), and downstaged 6 (9%, 6 of 68) patients from CT staging (2 peritoneal dissemination, 3 distant LN, and 1 liver metastasis). The additional value of PET preoperative staging was found to be 15% (10 of 68 patients).
|P valuea
|PET + CTb
Accurate pretreatment staging in gastric cancer is extremely important for providing information on potential curability as well as for planning an optimal therapeutic strategy.5 The mainstay of clinical staging is still based on the CT scan, but the accuracy of CT alone for making an optimal preoperative diagnosis remains to be confirmed.11–14 CT has major limitations in assessing LN metastasis, in identifying peritoneal dissemination, and in identifying small hematogenic metastases. Recently, tissue metabolism based FDG-PET has emerged as a promising new modality for tumor staging. The limited published experience with esophageal and gastric carcinomas suggests that FDG-PET is highly sensitive in detecting the primary tumor as well as distant metastases. The high sensitivity of PET in detecting the primary adenocarcinoma of the stomach was confirmed in this prospective study, which is consistent with several other reports.15–17
We observed several interesting results concerning the use of FDG-PET in detection of primary tumor. First, FDG uptake and sensitivity of PET for detecting primary tumor in early gastric cancer and in advanced gastric cancer were significantly different (P < 0.05). Second, we found a significant relation between SUV and primary tumor size. These results suggested that FDG uptake could be closely associated with tumor progression in gastric adenocarcinoma. Third, the mean SUV was higher in the tubular adenocarcinoma group than in the mucinous and signet ring cell adenocarcinoma group. This result has been demonstrated by several other reports.18–20 It has been postulated that the low or absent FDG avidity in SRC resulted from the high content of metabolically inert mucus leading to a reduced FDG concentration. Another reason could be the lack of expression of the glucose transporter Glut-1 on the cell membrane of most SRC and mucinous adenocarcinoma.21
We found a significant difference between the primary tumor SUV and the extension of lymph node metastasis. Increased SUV of primary tumor always correlated with lymph node metastasis, which was also observed by Mochikis et al.17 FDG uptake is believed to be carried out by glucose transporters (Gluts), a significant increase in Glut-1 mRNA and protein has been described in tumors of the esophagus, stomach, and colon.21–23 Positive correlations between Glut-1 expression and an increased incidence of lymph node metastasis in patients with colorectal and gastric carcinoma have been described.21, 23 Thus, increased FDG uptake in a primary tumor may be an indication of an increased risk of lymph node metastasis.
For an assessment of a local LN involvement, FDG-PET had a significantly higher specificity than CT (92% vs. 62%, P = 0.000) and a significantly lower sensitivity (56% vs. 78%, P = 0.002), although the overall accuracy of both modalities was similar (63% vs. 75%, P = 0.115). The lower sensitivity of FDG-PET for detecting a local LN was attributed to the limited spatial resolution of the PET scanner. Therefore, the low focal uptake of a local LN may not be separated from the primary lesion, which has intense tracer accumulation and ill-defined anatomical boundaries.6 The limitation in detecting a local LN has been reported in that PET could not reliably distinguish between N0 and N1 disease.8 However, it would not pose a potential management problem because a D2 resection (the removal of the N1 and N2 nodes with the primary tumor) is a routine procedure at our institute.
In contrast to the report by Yeung et al.,16 which suggested that a lymph node distant from the stomach would theoretically be easier to identify on a FDG-PET scan, our study failed to show the advantage of FDG-PET for detecting distant LN metastasis compared to the CT scan. Although five false-positive and two false-negative results were noted in the CT scan results and only two false positive and one false negative in the PET results, this difference was not statistically significant. PET was able to correct the stage in four patients who had been inaccurately staged by CT preoperatively.
In patients with a peritoneal dissemination, FDG-PET had a strong tendency of low sensitivity compared with CT scan (P = 0.063). Although it is not statistically significant, this is in line with reports by Herrington et al.,15 Yeung et al.,16 and Jadvar et al.24 False-negatives were found in 7 of 10 patients. From surgical observations, all these patients had small (< 5 mm) nodules of peritoneal seeding. The pathology showed mainly extensive fibrosis with a small number of malignant cells in the disseminated lesion. The actual tumor cells were too sparse and spread out to provide sufficient information for the PET scanner to detect. Although CT has a high sensitivity in detecting a peritoneal dissemination, it has a low specificity due to high false-positive findings. When detecting peritoneal carcinomatosis, CT can easily detect abnormal abdominal changes based on signs such as peritoneal caking, nodularity, beaded thickening, and malignant ascites.25, 26 Given that a positive diagnosis of these findings may lead to a false-positive result, laparoscopy was recently used to confirm the positive findings by CT. This is because this minimally invasive staging modality is quite sensitive in detecting small volume peritoneal metastases.14 Distant metastasis is uncommon, but its detection is important when making a preoperative evaluation. Unfortunately, both FDG-PET and CT missed one hematogenic metastasis and produced false-positive results in a liver metastasis. Although the number was small, this suggests that neither an FDG-PET nor a CT scan alone is useful for detecting small hematogenic metastases. To reduce the incidence of unnecessary surgery, laparoscopic ultrasonography could be recommended.
Normal stomach may also demonstrate FDG uptake. In our experience, the uptake level is low and usually conforms to gastric configuration, and few of them have 2 points in our 3-point scale. Only Grades 2 and 3 were considered as positive to be included in this study in order to decrease the possibility of false positive results.
When interpreting the results of PET, one should consider that a false-positive diagnosis may prevent it from being safely applied. In our patients, PET overstaged one patient due to the false-positive FDG accumulation in the inflammatory local LN and liver (with cholecystitis). Another five false-positive diagnoses were made in the case of two distant LNs, one peritoneal dissemination, and two liver lesions. Therefore, despite its high positive predictive value, it is important to confirm the malignant nature of the lesion found by PET. This may lead to change in therapeutic management.
Based on these results, PET may play a complementary role in pretreatment evaluation. FDG-PET upstaged 4 (6%) patients from the false-negative CT findings. PET provided important information for making decisions regarding treatment. A splenectomy was performed in a patient who was later confirmed to have a spleen metastasis, and a D4 lymphadenectomy was performed in a patient who was later confirmed to have a No. 16, and No. 111 LN metastasis. FDG-PET downstaged 6 (9%) patients from CT false-positive findings. Therefore, those patients who benefited from the FDG-PET detection method were treated with a timely curative resection, without the need for any extra neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
In conclusion, FDG-PET appears to be a prospective method for making a preoperative evaluation of gastric adenocarcinoma. PET can provide important additional information concerning the preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma. FDG-PET and CT are expected to play complementary roles, and together they should be able to increase the accuracy of preoperative staging. A further study on modifying the spatial resolution using radiotracers is needed to improve the sensitivity of local LN involvement and peritoneal dissemination and to fully integrate FDG-PET into routine staging of a gastric adenocarcinoma.
- 1Relevant prognostic factors in gastric cancer: ten-year results of the German Gastric Cancer Study. Ann Surg. 1998; 228: 449–461., , , .
- 2Survival in stomach cancer is improving: results of a nationwide population-based Swedish study. Ann Surg. 1999; 230: 162–169., , .
- 3Results of surgery on 6589 gastric cancer patients and immunochemosurgery as the best treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Ann Surg. 1992; 216: 269–279., , , .
- 4FlemingID, CooperJS, HensonDE, et al., editors. Manual for staging of cancer. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1997: 71–76.
- 5Modern staging in gastric cancer. Surg Oncol. 2000; 9: 23–30., , .
- 6Histopathologic validation of lymph node staging with FDG-PET scan in cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: a prospective study based on primary surgery with extensive lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg. 2000; 232: 743–752., , , et al.
- 7Preoperative evaluation of patients with primary head and neck cancer using dual-head 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Ann Surg. 2000; 231: 229–234., , , , .
- 8Utility of positron emission tomography for the staging of patients with potentially operable esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18: 3202–3210., , , et al.
- 9
- 10Likelihood ratios. Another enhancement of sensitivity and specificity. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1986; 110: 685–686..
- 11Helical hydro-CT for diagnosis and staging of gastric carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999; 23: 913–922., , , , .
- 12Spiral computed tomography and operative staging of gastric carcinoma: a comparison with histopathological staging. Gut. 1997; 41: 314–319., , , et al.
- 13Preoperative assessment of advanced gastric carcinoma using computed tomography. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92: 872–875., , , et al.
- 14Laparoscopy, ultrasound and computed tomography in cancer of the oesophagus and gastric cardia: a prospective comparison for detecting intra-abdominal metastases. Br J Surg. 1989; 76: 1036–1039., , , , .
- 15FDG-PET in staging and evaluating response to treatment in gastric cancer. J Nucl Med. 1997; 38: 144. [Abstract]., , , et al.
- 16
- 17Evaluation of 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography for gastric cancer. World J Surg. 2004; 28: 247–253., , , , , .
- 18FDG PET imaging of locally advanced gastric carcinomas: correlation with endoscopic and histopathological findings. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003; 30: 288–295., , , et al.
- 19FDG PET evaluation of mucinous neoplasms: correlation of FDG uptake with histopathologic features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000; 174: 1005–1008., , , .
- 20Whole-body PET with FDG for the diagnosis of recurrent gastric cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002; 29: 525–529., , , et al.
- 21Expression of glucose transporter-1 in human gastric carcinoma: association with tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, and patient survival. Cancer. 2001; 92: 634–641., , , et al.
- 22Over-expression of facilitative glucose transporter genes in human cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990; 170: 223–230., , , et al.
- 23Overexpression of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter occurs as a late event in human colorectal carcinogenesis and is associated with an increased incidence of lymph node metastases. Clin Cancer Res. 1996; 2: 1151–1154., , .
- 24Evaluation of recurrent gastric malignancy with [F-18]-FDG positron emission tomography. Clin Radiol. 2003; 58: 215–221., , , .
- 25Metastatic peritoneal seeding patterns demonstrated by FDG positron emission tomographic imaging. Clin Nucl Med. 2001; 26: 249–250., , .
- 26CT findings in the abdomen and pelvis after gastric carcinoma resection. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002; 179: 1037–1041., , , et al.


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News cameras caught images of the presidential hopeful, guarded by security officials, hopping a barrier and walking toward a back entrance of the hotel for his speech.23:37 29.04.16 | 0 comments
Not a single point you made has any advantage to Israel. Now, explain that if the UN inspection is as good as you say how Iran, a signatory, is still getting away with violating the treaty!
from the article: Obama: Israel should sign nuclear non-proliferation treaty


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Paris City Guide, written by Anne for Design Sponge
Paris design guide from Design Sponge - can't wait!
Amazing Paris City Guide from Design Sponge.
Travel Guide for Paris from Design Sponge
DesignSponge Guide, updated
City of Portland
Portland, OR
Garden Waterfall, Favorite Places, Nature, Beautiful Waterfall, Jardines Japones, Gardens Portland, Japanese Gardens, Portland Japanese, Water Fall
Gardens Wallpaper 27 Awesome Images Japanese Garden Wallpaper Background: Japanese Garden Portland Wallpaper 692415 Fanpop
Japanese Gardens Waterfalls | ... Garden, Portland - portland, japanese garden, garden, waterfall
Free Admission to Portland Japanese Gardens Veteran's Day | Little ...
portland japanese garden photos | Japanese Garden Portland Oregon
PORTLAND! One of my favorite places on the planet!!!!
#japanese #garden #portland #oregon #nature #falls.
The magnificent water falls landscape view
beautiful waterfall
Jardines Japones
The Netherlands, places I have been many times.
Amsterdam Netherlands, Amsterdam Travel, Amsterdam Architecture, Amsterdam Buildings, Amsterdam Wanderlust, Building Design, Beautiful Place, Netherlands Places, Amsterdam Place
. . Amsterdam, Netherlands . .
Amsterdam #wanderlust #travel
Absolutely beautiful place!
amsterdam travel guide
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, MA
Martha's Vineyard
Martha'S Vineyard, Vineyard Ridecolorfully, Martha S Vineyard, Future Vineyard, Lighthouse, City Guide, Marths Vineyard
Martha's Vineyard. I have never been but I will one day!
Martha's Vineyard Going there soon!! So exciting!!!
Martha's Vineyard City Guide from Design Sponge
Spend at least one summer on Martha's Vineyard
Go vacation in Martha's Vineyard every summer
martha's vineyard // design sponge guide
martha's vineyard guide: BYOBike
Martha's Vineyard city guide
Martha's Vineyard, MA
Brooklyn, NY
Blandade Illustrationer, Rothman Illustration, Julia Rothman, Brooklyn Guide, Cityguide Brooklyn, Brooklyn Design, 24Mrs Brooklyn
the brooklyn guide was created by sierra yaun, who lives in Williamsburg, and juliet totten of poppies & posies with help from their very hip, brooklyn-based friend erin osher of the lazy weekend
Design Sponge Brooklyn Guide .. love OLD neighborhoods .. eztrvlr
24Mrs Brooklyn, la ville la plus Hipster au monde
Julia Rothman illustrations, Brooklyn.
ALTER: Design Sponge: Brooklyn Guide
Brooklyn, Brooklyn, take me in.
Brooklyn design*sponge guide
Brooklyn City Guide
Danish Fashion Copenhagen, Copenhagen Design, Guide Designsponge, Design Sponge S, Sponge Guide, City Guide, Sponge Copenhagen
Design Sponge Copenhagen Guide. General area overview, some cool shops, restaurants.
copenhagen design guide http://www.designsponge.com/2010/05/copenhagen-guide.html
City Guide - Copenhagen. Design sponge.
Design Sponge| City Guides: Copenhagen
Design Sponge: Copenhagen Guide.
City Guide: Copenhagen, Denmark
design sponge guide_copenhagen
Copenhagen Guide: DesignSponge
Favorite Places, Florence Italy, Firenze Italy, City Guides, Florence Florence
Florence City Guide | Good, another reason to head back to Firenze, Italia :)
Florence city guide according to Design Sponge. I would go back in a heartbeat.
...on the Ponte Vecchio, Florence, Italy....Ponte Vecchio means old bridge.
Florence city guide #florence #italy #guide
florence italy. Check. My favorite place :)
Florence, Italy - Ponte Vecchio
Florence, ponte Vecchio
Wien / Vienna


text:
5 CFR 842.210 - Military reserve technicians.
(a) A military reserve technician as defined in5 U.S.C. 8401(30) who is separated from civilian service because of ceasing to qualify as a member of a military reserve component after reaching age 50 and completing 25 years of service is entitled to an annuity.
Beta! The text on the eCFR tab represents the unofficial eCFR text at ecfr.gov.
This section's status may have changed. It may have been renumbered, reserved, or removed.
Title 5 published on 2015-01-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 5 CFR Part 842 after this date.


text:
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(877) 648-8389
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text:
Corporates' derivatives use increases
Ninety-four per cent of the world's largest corporates use derivatives to hedge their business and financial risks, according to a survey of the Fortune Global 500 companies by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association. The number is an improvement on Isda's previous survey in 2003, when 92% of the world's leading companies reported using derivatives. Foreign exchange derivatives were the most popular type of contract (used by 88% of respondents), followed by interest rate derivatives...
More on Corporates
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text:
Focus on All Cross Country
Cross country is an trial that typically occurs on the second day of a three-day event. Considered by spectators and participants to be both exciting and dangerous, the cross country course is made up of solidly built obstacles that the horse and rider must maneuver--the team with the fastest time wins. Obstacles can include stone walls, ponds and streams, ditches, drops and banks, combinations, and more.
Cross Country
Ads & Listings
- Boarding (51)
- Clubs & Organizations (2)
- Events (4)
- Horse Training (18)
- Horses (53)
- Riding Lessons (19)
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All Cross Country Ads & Listings
Horses For Sale > Thoroughbred > Georgia
Thoroughbred - 4yo 16h Chestnut Mare
Buford, GA
Horses For Sale > Pony / Sport Horse > California
Prize winning mare for Dressage/Hunter/Eventing
Pony/Sport Horse - 10yo 13.2h Tobiano Mare
Lower Lake, CA
Horses For Lease > Thoroughbred > Florida
Thoroughbred - 5yo 17h Bay Gelding
Titusville, FL
Boarding > Illinois
Ravenna Hills - Boarding and training barn near Elgin, IL
Gilberts, IL
Tack For Sale > Apparel > California
Temecula, CA
Horses For Sale > Thoroughbred > Alabama
Thoroughbred - 5yo 16h Bay Gelding
Montgomery, AL
Horses For Sale > Quarter Horse > Missouri
Gorgeous Golden Boy For Sale
Quarter Horse - 6yo 16.1h Palomino Gelding
Rockhill, MO
Tack For Sale > English Saddles > Georgia
Midland, GA
Horse Trainers > Wisonsin
Sheri Roberson Horsemanship - Lessons and training. Teaching through true communication.
Twin Lakes, WI
Clubs & Organizations > Colorado
Colorado Equestrian Connection - Connecting Horse Lovers Across the Centennial State!
Colorado, CO
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