text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 20, 2010
|Priority date
|Jun 10, 2004
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Kamakshi Sridhar, Gerardo A. Gonzalez, James Talley, Donald P. Zriny
|Original Assignee
|Alcatel Lucent
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (7), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to an interface between a single channelized input and multiple outputs. More particularly, and not by way of any limitation, the present invention is directed to system and method for implementing flow control with dynamic load balancing in such interfaces.
2. Description of Related Art
Currently, there exists an interface device for translating System Packet Interface level 4.2 ("SPI4.2") to Generic Media Independent Interface ("GMII"). A single channelized input, such as is the case with SPI4.2, means one input port (e.g., a SPI4.2 port) with many channels, where each channel might carry traffic of a particular priority.
As illustrated in
Additionally, an SPI4.2-to-GMII interface, such as the circuitry 100, requires load balancing amongst the GMII ports 104 a-104 c to ensure that traffic is equally distributed therebetween. Dynamic load balancing is required in the event that traffic to one of the GMII ports 104 a-104 c becomes excessive. Without dynamic load balancing, new incoming traffic flows would continue to be assigned to heavily loaded ports, resulting in inefficient use of resources and bandwidth waste.
Currently, there is no known mechanism for performing flow control with dynamic load balancing in protocol translation interfaces. One chipset, referred to herein as "Vitesse7321", maps SPI4.2 to GMII; however, each SPI4.2 channel is mapped to a single GMII port. Moreover, the Vitesse7321 does not implement true flow control. Rather, excess traffic coming in on the SPI4.2 channel, at rates beyond 1 Gbps, is dropped without sending any backpressure mechanism to the SPI4.2 interface. Additionally, designs that implement SPI4.2 to SPI3 bridges translate Quad SPI3 to SPI4.2; however, these do not require flow control because no rate mismatch is encountered. Also, it is known that problems such as these are commonly encountered in implementing other protocol translation interfaces in general.
One embodiment is an interface between a high speed data signal input and N lower speed data signal outputs. The interface comprises a receiver core for separating the high speed data signal into M channels each having a different priority; an Interface Logic Unit ("ILU") comprising M interface logic subunits each for processing one of the M channels. Each of the M interface logic subunits comprises means for separating the individual channel into N intermediate signals; and means for providing feedback to the receiver core regarding a condition of one or more of the N intermediate signals. The interface further comprises a multiplexer unit comprising N multiplexers ("MUXes") each receiving one of the N intermediate signals from each of the M interface logic subunits and multiplexing the received intermediate signals to create one of the N lower speed data signals.
Another embodiment is an interface between a high speed data signal input and N lower speed data signal outputs. The interface comprises receiver means for separating the high speed data signal into M channels each having a different priority and interface means comprising M subunits each for processing one of the M channels. Each of the M subunits comprises means for separating the individual channel into N intermediate signals; and means for providing feedback to the receiver means regarding a condition of one or more of the N intermediate signals. The interface further comprises N multiplexer ("MUX") means each for receiving one of the N intermediate signals from each of the M subunits and multiplexing the received intermediate signals to create one of the N lower speed data signals.
Yet another embodiment is a method of providing an interface between a high speed data signal input and N lower speed data signal outputs. The method comprises separating the high speed data signal into M channels each having a different priority; processing each of the M channels by separating the individual channel into N intermediate signals and providing feedback to a receiver core regarding a condition of one or more of the N intermediate signals; receiving at each of N multiplexers ("MUXes") one of the N intermediate signals from each of the M interface logic subunit means, wherein each of the received intermediate signals has a different priority; and multiplexing the received intermediate signals to create one of the N lower speed data signals.
A more complete understanding of the present invention may be had by reference to the following Detailed Description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
In the drawings, like or similar elements are designated with identical reference numerals throughout the several views thereof, and the various elements depicted are not necessarily drawn to scale.
For purposes of illustration herein, it will be assumed that SPI4.2 operates at a quarter rate (2.5 Gbps) and supports four priority traffic types, including High Priority ("H"), Medium Priority ("M"), Low Priority ("L"), and Control ("C"), on its channels.
Each of the channels 210(0)-210(3) is input to a respective datapath FIFO 212(0)-212(3). Data may arrive at the FIFOs 212(0)-212(3) at a rate of up to 2.5 Gbps, but the FIFOs are emptied out at a rate of 1 Gbps, with excess data packets being dropped. Each FIFO 212(0)-212(3) has associated therewith a respective control FIFO 214(0)-214(3) for storing error and end-of-packet information about the packets in the respective datapath FIFO. The control FIFOs 214(0)-214(3) send this control information to a respective parser 216(0)-216(3). The control FIFOs 214(0)-214(3) do not hold data packets.
The parsers 216(0)-216(3) route packets to an appropriate one of a number of downstream datapath FIFOs 218(0)-218(11), based on the GMII destination within the packet. The parsers 216(0)-216(3) simply act as a demultiplexer; specifically, it routes each packet to a particular one of three GMII ports 219(0)-219(2), depending on the address contained therewithin. There are four parsers 216(0)-216(3), one for each of the four traffic priorities (H, M, L, and C). For the purposes of example and illustration herein, it will be assumed that the parser 216(0) is the H traffic parser, the parser 216(1) is the M traffic parser, the parser 216(2) is the L traffic parser, and the parser 216(3) is the C traffic parser.
There are three 4×1 multiplexers ("MUXes") 220(0)-220(2), each of which correspond to a GMII port 219(0)-219(2) destination. Each MUX 220(0)-220(0) multiplexes data with different traffic priorities received from four of the downstream FIFOs 218(0)-218(11) connected thereto and sends the multiplexed traffic to the corresponding one of the GMII ports 219(0)-219(2). A scheduler 224 controls the operation of each of the MUXes 220(0)-220(2). Since each of the MUXes 220(0)-220(2) takes out only one packet at a time from the downstream datapath FIFOs 218(0)-218(11), each MUX is effectively operating at 1 Gbps effective throughput. In contrast, all circuits upstream from the FIFOs 218(0)-218(11) operate at 2.5 Gbps or higher. Optional Deformat blocks 226 are used to implement functions not related to flow control.
More specifically, when a preset threshold in one of the downstream FIFOs 218 (0)-218 (11) is crossed, it is considered "FULL". Each downstream FIFO has two binary states, including FULL (1) and not FULL (0). With n FIFOs (one for each GMII port destination) per parser, there are 2n combinations of FULL/not FULL status. Accordingly, 2n hash algorithms are devised a priori and programmed into the HASH function 500 of the parser. These hash algorithms are devised to ensure equitable traffic distribution to all of the GMII ports 219(0)-219(2). In the embodiment illustrated in
Several different scenarios and the reaction of the IL circuitry 200 will now be considered in detail.
For example, in a first scenario ("Scenario 1"), as best illustrated in
A second scenario ("Scenario 2") illustrates a special case of flow control in which one of the GMII ports is left unconnected. In accordance with the features of one embodiment, in Scenario 2, traffic to other GMII ports is not blocked. In particular, referring to
In this manner, traffic to other GMII ports 219(1), 219(2), will continue unimpeded. Thus, blocking of one GMII port will not cause traffic to the other GMII ports to be blocked; however, packets in the downstream datapath FIFOs corresponding to the port will be dropped. This results in some initial packet loss due to packets being sent to a GMII port when it cannot be emptied out.
In a third scenario ("Scenario 3"), errored packets are detected as follows. For purposes of example, it will be assumed that an errored packet arrives at the end of the packet in the FIFO 212(0). The goal is to minimize the processing of such errored packets, since the processing results in wasted computational effort on a packet that will eventually be dropped. As best illustrated in
Accordingly, the parser 216(0) will be informed as to which packets it reads from the FIFO 212(0) are errored and simply drops all such packets. In this manner, bandwidth is not wasted at the MUXes 220(0)-220(2) in reading errored packets, resulting in more efficient multiplexing.
A fourth scenario ("Scenario 4"), shown in
It will be recognized that once a particular flow is assigned to a certain GMII port, it will remain there until the flow is terminated. Additionally, when a chipset containing the IL circuitry is first powered up, the HASH function 500 distributes traffic evenly to all three GMII ports 219(0)-219(3). With static load balancing, the algorithm for the HASH function 500 remains the same regardless of the feedback AF00, AF01, AF02 received from the downstream FIFOs 218(0)-218(11). For dynamic load balancing, the HASH function 500 will include a function where it periodically gauges the buffer occupancy of the FIFOs 218 (0)-218 (11) to determine where one or more GMII ports 219(0)-219(2) is heavily or lightly loaded. Accordingly, newer incoming traffic flows will be assigned to those GMII ports that are the least heavily loaded. This is accomplished by appropriate selection of on of the 2n algorithms programmed a priori into the chipset, as mentioned above.
Referring again to
In step 808, a control signal is generated by the control FIFO 214(0) in response to an error packet or end of packet in the first FIFO 212(0). In step 810, load balancing is implemented among the N second FIFOs 218(0)-218(2) in response to the feedback signal. In step 812, the receiver core 202 is signaled to implement load balancing between the GMII data signal outputs 219(0)-219(2).
The embodiments described herein comprise an SPI4.2-to-GMII interface that provides a flow control mechanism that supports multiple traffic priorities and results in minimal packet loss. In addition, if one of the GMII ports is left unconnected, traffic to all other GMII ports remain unblocked. Errored packets (e.g., packets with bad CRCs) do not result in wasteful computation. The architecture allows for dynamic load balancing across multiple GMII ports. The principles of these embodiments are illustrated through application to a SPI4.2-to-GMII interface, although it will be recognized that these principles may also be applied to any two protocols that require flow control with an additional option of dynamic load balancing. The flow control mechanism is independent of the load balancing mechanism. The IL circuitry described herein provides both these sets of features, each of which may operate independently of each other.
It is believed that the operation and construction of the present invention will be apparent from the Detailed Description set forth above. While the exemplary embodiments of the invention shown and described may have been characterized as being preferred, it should be readily understood that various changes and modifications could be made therein without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 18, 1984
|Nov 4, 1986
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Load balancing for packet switching nodes
|Sep 24, 2002
|Apr 15, 2008
|Consentry Networks, Inc.
|Multi-threaded packet processing engine for stateful packet processing
|Sep 24, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Melvin Stephen W.
|Multi-threaded packet processing engine for stateful packet processing
|"Meigs-II-1×10 Gigabit and 10×1 Gigabit Ethernet MAC Chip"; Vitesse; Advance Product Information; VSC7321 Data Sheet; Apr. 1, 2003; 227 pages.
|"SPI-4.2 to Quad SPI-3 Pre-Architected ASIC Bus Bridge"; Flextronics Semiconductor; Version 2.1a; Preliminary Data Sheet; Jan. 9, 2003; 40 pages.
|"System Packet Interface Level 4 (SPI-4) Phase 2"; Altera; 1995; 2 pages; http://www.altera.com/products/devices/stratixgx/features/sgx-spi.html.
|"VSC7321 Meigs-II-10×1G and 10G Ethernet MAC Chip"; Vitesse; Ethernet Product VSC7321; 2002; 2 pages.
|"Meigs-II—1×10 Gigabit and 10×1 Gigabit Ethernet MAC Chip"; Vitesse; Advance Product Information; VSC7321 Data Sheet; Apr. 1, 2003; 227 pages.
|"VSC7321 Meigs-II—10×1G and 10G Ethernet MAC Chip"; Vitesse; Ethernet Product VSC7321; 2002; 2 pages.
|Cam, Richard et al.; "System Packet Interface Level 4 (SPI-4) Phase 2 Revision 1: OC-192 System Interface for Physical and Link Layer Devices"; Implementation Agreement: OIF-SPI4-02.1; SPI-4 Phase 2; Oct. 15, 2003; 61 pages.
|U.S. Classification
|370/235, 370/543
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 10, 2004
Owner name: ALCATEL, FRANCE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SRIDHAR, KAMAKSHI;GONZALEZ, GERARDO A.;TALLEY, JAMES;ANDOTHERS;REEL/FRAME:015466/0683
Effective date: 20040608
|Jun 2, 2010
Owner name: ALCATEL LUCENT, FRANCE
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Owner name: ALCATEL LUCENT, FRANCE
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG;REEL/FRAME:033868/0001
Effective date: 20140819


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Your Desire to Get Things Done Can Undermine Your Effectiveness
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Western Digital My Book VelociRaptor Duo
Yes, a $900 2TB external hard drive strikes us as being a little crazy, but it's hard to argue with something named after a dinosaur. Along with announcing USB 3.0 updates for some of its portables, Western Digital just launched My Book VelociRaptor Duo, and this thing is as beastly as the name suggests: two 1TB, 10,000 RPM drives are packed inside the enclosure, and a Thunderbolt connection lets you make the most of them.
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For me, personally, this could not have been better said. No matter how much time has passed, no matter the circumstances, YOU will forever have a special place in my heart. ALWAYS. There's not 1 day that goes by that I don't think of you in some way or another. After all, you never forget or stop loving your forever love. I know I never will, even if I wanted to. omg this makes me so sad :(
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If only I could have one day for closure. He broke my heart more than the one that this should be about. I owe him my freedom and my life though. For making me know I was beautiful and worthy of so much more.
For me, personally, this could not have been better said. No matter how much time has passed, no matter the circumstances, YOU will forever have a special place in my heart. ALWAYS. There's not 1 day that goes by that I don't think of you in some way or another. After all, you never forget or stop loving your forever love. I know I never will, even if I wanted to.so true....
As much as you honestly broke my heart in the end...and you left a whole inside of my heart that aches every time I think of you...... .I will say that I don't regret anything, you thought me a lot of things....you were my rock and my best friend and I'll never forget what we had...because you were my first love and there will always be a place for you in my heart...I really do wish you the best
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There is still much to be done. Let's not lose sight.
Loose Sight, Greater Things, Lose Sight, My Life, Stay Focused, Keep Going, Brent Schoepf, Don T Lose, Thought
Something to remember during this time in my life. I can't lose sight of what I need to do just because so much is changing around me. It's time for strength, and unwavering devotion to what I want in life.
I will never loose sight of where my life is capable of going. Loving every minute
There is still much to be done, let's not lose sight... stay focused #motivation
don't lose sight. Brent Schoepf
Don't Lose Sight. Stay focused.
Greater things are yet to come
My thoughts exactly.
Keep going strong!
So true. True friendship = seeing the strangeness in each other and whole-heartedly embracing it (literally and figuratively)! :)
My Friend, True Friendship, Strangest Person, Brian Andreas, Long Time, I Love, Best Friend, Bestfriend
My Favorite Artist. Brian Andreas You're the strangest person I ever met. She said & I said you too & we decided to know each other a long time.
You're the strangest person I ever met,s he said & I said you too & we decided we'd know each other a a long time. -Brian Andreas
"You're the strangest person I ever met, she said & I said you too... & we decided we'd know each other a long time." ~Brian Andreas #couples #friendship #relationship #sign #quote
Brian Andreas: 'You're the strangest person I ever met,' she said & I said 'you too' & we decided we'd know each other a long time. StoryPeople.com
Brian Andreas/Story People. I love his work.
Brian Andreas and the three best friends.
Ah I love my friends. This is true !!!
Me and my bestfriend
Love this quote.
Words Of Wisdom, Emily Mcdowell, Inspirational Quotes, So True, Favorite Quotes, Oscar Wilde Quotes, Wise Words, My Style
Be yourself, everyone else is taken - Oscar Wilde quote, art by Emily McDowell #typography #art #inspiration #posters
Simple but true, the Be Yourself ($28) Oscar Wilde quote never loses | Wise Words: 26 Pretty Prints to Inspire You This Summer | POPSUGAR Fitness
'Be yourself. Everyone else is taken'. Inspiring quote from Oscar Wilde, illustrated poster by Emily McDowell.
Be yourself, everyone else is taken - Oscar Wilde quote, art by Emily McDowell #typography #art #inspiration | http://cutegreetingcards.blogspot.com
Be yourself. Everyone else is taken! #inspirationalquote #oscarwildequote
Words of wisdom. By Emily McDowell.
.Oscar Wilde quote. So true!!!
One of my favorite quotes!!!!
be yourself. define my style
HAPPY NEW YEAR! (Wabi Sabi Style)
the ultimate list... just try your best
Bucket List, Years Resolutions, Year S Resolution, Newyear, Wise Words, New Years, Ultimatelist, New Year'S Resolutions
New Years Resolutions // 2014, from The Feisty House. "Just try your best." #resolution #newyear #wellness
new year's resolutions - the ultimate list. What a great Idea to have a Bucket list to do more of the little things that count.
new year's resolutions - the ultimate list Please like, comment, and share! :) <3 I'm also on facebook, find me at www.facebook.com/alovingmom29
the ultimate list of New Year's resolutions - forget doing more and just do your best (original source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/91338698665940737/ )
Here are some probable New Year's Resolutions which you could do for 2016. #NewYear #Resolutions
the ultimate list... just try your best. New year's resolutions. Good ideas. Get more sleep...i wish! Drink more water...need to! Get more exercise...definitely should! Read more...would love to! Get more organized...I'm always trying, clean more often...not so sure about this one. Explore more...sounds fun. Relax more...if only!! Have more patience...yeah, i need to improve on this for sure. Forget doing more...that's my kind of to do!
Need a New Year's resolution? Any of these will do!
#UltimateList My New Year's Resolutions
Wise Words.
some people suck, avoid them
Life Motto, Mean People, Suck Avoid, Some People, People Suck, Sucky People, Thought, So True, Good Advice
Some people DO suck. And you SHOULD avoid them. You are worth far more than to be tainted by their ickiness. So true mean people are very mean!
Some people suck. Avoid them. And it's pretty much as simple as that.
My life motto. Some people are assholes. Wish I had known earlier.
wise thought: some people really suck, avoid them
Mean people suck. Avoid them like the plague.
Some people suck. Avoid them. I wish!!!
Some people suck! Avoid them.
Sucky people suck!
good advice ;)
I Can & I Will / Able Design
Thought, Inspirational Quotes, Optimism Success, Wise Words
Learning how to meditate properly can enable you to acquire essential problem solving techniques. A couple of minutes of meditation will enable you to unearth things which your analytical mind would not have thought of. Meditation allows you to tap into your hidden wisdom, thereby enabling you to overcome some of the struggles you are facing in life.
I CAN & I WILL there is always a positive sense of Community at powersharing.com Anyone can if they thing they can and it comes with a cheerleading section in your corner...
Inspirational quotes- I Can & I Will just as You Can & You Will.
I Can & I Will goood idea!!! for positive thinking!!
the motto at my camp CCSC. I Can & I Will
Optimism -- Success
Wise | Words
Audrey Hepburn "I Believe" Print - Pale Pink Background (11.75x36 inches)
This is why i love Audrey Hepburn ♥
Audrey Hepburn Quote, Being A Girl, Dust Wrapper, Favorite Quote, My Life, Girly Girl, Happy Girls
One of my favorite quotes. Audrey Hepburn quote life quotes I believe In pink. Laughing. Kissing. being strong when everything seems to be going wrong. Happy girls are the prettiest girls. Tomorrow is another day. I believe in miracles.
audrey hepburn quote life quotes quotes quote girl pink life quote girly quotes audrey hepburn quotes Love being a girly girl
"I believe ... happy girls are the prettiest girls." #pink #quote #Audrey Hepburn
Absolute favorite quote ever. "Happy girls are the prettiest."
Audrey Hepburn quote. Being a girl is truly fabulous.
favorite quote of all time and my life <3
Favorite Quote, Wedding Ideas, Brothers Murder, The Avett Brothers, Brothers Lyrics, Married Life, Avett Bros, Favorite Lyric, Avett Lyrics
The Avett Brothers- Murder In The City Art Print - should put in a photo frame - some of our favorite lyrics.
Get a $500HnM Gift card The Avett Brothers "Murder in the City" Print #avettbrothers #avett #print #poster #typography #murderinthecity #design #lyrics sarahchiarot
The Avett Brothers "Murder in the City" Print #avettbrothers #avett #print #poster #typography #murderinthecity #design #lyrics http://goo.gl/2N2Xz
Everyone, I just got some amazing brand name purses,shoes,jewellery and a nice dress from here for CHEAP! If you buy, enter code:atPinterest to save http://www.superspringsales.com - The Avett Brothers "Murder in the City" Print #avettbrothers #avett #pr
The Avett Brothers "Murder in the City" Print #avettbrothers #avett #print #poster #typogr
oh #Wedding Ideas #romantic Wedding #Wedding| http://weddingideasplanning.13faqs.com
the avett brothers. Favorite quote ever... hppens to be an awesome song besides
the avett brothers #lyrics. Had this at our wedding.
Clever Avett lyrics.Love the Avett Bros
My Friend, True Friendship, Bff, So True, Best Friend, Bestfriend
Top 100 Friendship Day Quotes in English to Share with Best Friends with Images "Your friend is the man who knows all about you, and still likes you." Elbert Hubard "True friendship is like sound health; the value of it is seldom known until it be lost." Charles Caleb Colton
"A friend is someone who knows the song in your heart, and can sing it back to you when you have forgotten the words." --- So true. I really do appreciate some of my friends who sang my song back for me. #friend #friendship #BFF #quote #sparrow
This is one of my favorite friendship quotes of all time because it's so true.
This is one of the prettiest best friend quotes that I've ever heard!!
so true, thank you for being my sister and my friend.
My favorite friend quote. Beautiful and so true!
#friendship #quotes #bestfriend #friend
Love this, friend quote + printable tag
This is so true. To my friends...
Words to live by
Self Love Quotes Affirmations, Prove Them Wrong Quotes, Self Affirmations, Inspirational Quotes, Positive Vibes Quotes, Positive Life Quotes, Powerful Quotes, Self Affirmation Quotes
Actually, I can. #wisdom #quote #motivation #inspiration #quotes #sayings #word #words #life #affirmations #true #wordstoliveby
I can! Inspiring #quotes and #affirmations by Calm Down Now, an empowering mobile app for overcoming anxiety. For iOS: http://cal.ms/1mtzooS For Android: http://cal.ms/NaXUeo
Fit Moms For Life uses Pinterest to keep motivating, funny, inspirational quotes, pics and recipes. www.fitmomsforlife.com
Words to live by!. #quote #quote on success #sucess #words #inspiring quotes #Motivational quotes
Actually, I can. #wisdom #affirmations. Yes, I can!
We all can // #inspiring #quote | #clairetaylormua
Actually, I can. #wisdom #affirmations
actually, I can #inspirational #quotes
Positive vibes #Quotes #Inspirational
Take a BERRY Beak (40 photos)
so true
Love You, So Cute, Sotrue, My Life, My Husband, My Heart, So True, I Love, True Stories
You still make my heart race..... My stomach get butterflies..... My thoughts go crazy..... My knees go weak....you are so Amazing to me baby. I love you, miss you, want you, need you and on and on.....459 always and forever!
I will always be here for you, I will wait for you, come find me when you need me, or even when you don't, just find me. I love you, to infinity and beyond.
If you could just trust that WE are the best thing for our families....I will always be here for you, I will wait for you, come find me when you need me, or even when you don't, just find me. I love you, to infinity and beyond.
*Someone flirts with Ember* *Logan and Ember kiss* "I-I... I'm sorry. I just- I just... Ember, when I see you my heart beats faster. It races. I get butterflies in my stomach and my mind just goes blank. Ember, I think I'm in love with you. I love you. I freaking love you." Logan says. Ember smiles. "I love you, too."
For my husband: When I see you or when I'm near you, it still happens after 24 years of married life. I'm still googley eyed! Love you lots
This is what my husband does to me... I love you so much baby.
so cute! I love you Allen! ツ
so true. Story of my life!
Soul Mates Poem
Soul Mate Poems, Love Poems For Him Soul Mates, Anniversary Poems For Him, Wedding Day Quotes, Cotton Anniversary Gifts, Wedding Poems, Soulmate, Anniversary Quotes For Him, Love Poems For Boyfriend
Budget Wedding Ideas Love Poem Gift for Wedding Day Soul Mates Poem Vintage Typed on Cotton Paper by Christy Ann Martine on Etsy $10.00 -repinned from LA County ceremony officiant https://OfficiantGuy.com #marriage
Budget Wedding Ideas Love Poem Gift for Wedding Day Soul Mates Poem Vintage Typed on Cotton Paper by Christy Ann Martine
Budget Wedding Ideas Love Poem Gift for Wedding Day Soul Mates Poem Vintage Typed on Cotton Paper by Christy Ann Martine on Etsy $10.00 Repin & Like. Thank you . Listen to Noel songs. Noelito Flow.
Soul Mates Poem Vintage Typed on Cotton Paper by Christy Ann Martine on Etsy $10.00
Cotton Anniversary Gift for Him Romantic Love by ChristyAnnMartine
Soul Mates Poem by Christy Ann Martine
Soul Mates Poem - My J xo
For my soulmate
Wedding poem
The best day
Life Quotes, Favorite Quote, Quotes Inspiration, My Life, Inspiration Quote, Inspirational Quotes, Quotes Sayings, Positive Quote
"The best day of your life is the one on which you decide your life is your own. No apologies or excuses. No one to lean on, rely on, or blame. The gift is yours - it is an amazing journey - and you alone are responsible for the quality of it. This is the day your life really begins" Bob Moawad #motivation #motivational #inspiration #inspirational #quotes #quote #life #lesson
So #Famous Quotes #Inspirational quotes #Quotes #Inspiration quotes #Motivation quotes| http://smalldailymotivationquotes.blogspot.com
Love this #Motivation quotes #Famous Quotes #Quotes #Inspirational quotes #Inspiration quotes| http://inspirationquotes28.blogspot.com
The best day of my #Quotes #Inspirational quotes #Inspiration quotes #Famous Quotes| http://inspirational-quotes-albertha.blogspot.com
One of my all-time favorite quotes. In the spirit of this, my life really began about 2 years ago.
Positive quote about life <3 Ive decidedi owe no one an explanation. My life is my own.
The best day of your life ... quotes. advice. wisdom. life lessons.
Love this #Inspiration quotes #Quotes #Inspirational quotes
best day of your life quote sayings-quotes
love this quote.
Starry Night Tattoo, Beautiful Quote, Favorite Quote, Galileo Quotes, Night Galileo, Katie Daisy, Stars Galileo
This is one of my favorite quotes. "I have loved the stars to fondly to be fearful of the night." - Galileo by Katie Daisy
"I have loved the stars too fondly to be fearful of the night." -- Sarah Williams; by Katie Daisy galileo
Katie Daisy - some debate about the origin of the quote...it is also said to be by Sarah Williams from the poem The Old Astronomer to His Pupil. It is quite romantic the believe that it was Galileo though.
"I have loved the stars too fondly to be fearful of the night." -- Galileo; by Katie Daisy @ http://www.flickr.com/photos/thewheatfield/6896310195/in/pool-1080914@N20/
A beautiful quote, beautifully done by Wheatfield by Katie Daisy. tat inspiration?
Not fearful of the night (Galileo quote by Katie Daisy)
Starry starry night #galileo #stars #quote
Sarah Williams :: Stars (by Katie Daisy)
love this quote. Stars Galileo quotes
My Wish For You - Wall Art Print (Quote) for my girls room =)


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InPro Corporation has again been recognized as a Green Master, the highest level in the Green Masters program. The 2012 honor came at the recent Wisconsin Sustainable Business Council Conference held in Madison, Wis.
Launched in 2011 by the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Business, the Green Masters program defines a range of sustainable actions that companies can take in the areas of: waste management, energy efficiency, water use, transportation, natural resources, purchasing, education, outreach and social equity. This leads to a "systemic evaluation" of a company's operating practices. Companies scoring in the top 20 percent are named Green Masters.
InPro leads its industry in materials innovation, including the first biopolymer interior protection products. Launched in March 2010, InPro's G2 BioBlend™ products were the first to combine PETG with biopolymer. In 2012, InPro also introduced a new rigid vinyl compound as a part of a broader sustainability initiative, which focuses on the replacement of heavy metal stabilization by using an organic-based stabilizer package.
"For the last several years, we've been engaged in ongoing efforts to reduce the overall environmental impact of our operations," said Phil Ziegler, InPro's CEO. We've made great strides in reducing energy, water and paper usage to name just a few. Green Masters allows us to benchmark our efforts, and we're honored to be recognized for that success."
InPro Corporation, headquartered in Muskego, Wis., is the nation's premier manufacturer of door and wall protection, washroom systems and commercial surfaces, expansion joint systems, cubicle track & privacy curtains and signage. Since 1979, InPro has been making and servicing products with an obsessive commitment to protecting the safety, healthiness, and appearance of buildings.
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text:
OC residents walk to raise funds for wells in Uganda
FOUNTAIN VALLEY – Hundreds of Orange County residents participated in the fourth annual Walk 4 Water Saturday to raise funds to drill wells in Uganda.
This year's walk included someone who spent her childhood in Uganda, walking every day about 3 miles each way to fetch water.
Lydia Natoolo, 33, said seeing Americans all the way across the world from Uganda getting out of their comfortable homes on a Saturday morning and walking to raise funds gives her hope.
"It keeps me excited and dreaming bigger," she said. "It's life to me. That's what makes me excited."
In Uganda, water isn't easily accessible. Women and children are usually the ones who must walk miles to retrieve it, and the water they get is typically muddied, and has diseases that make adults sick and kill some children, Natoolo said.
The walk, which took place this year at Mile Square Regional Park in Fountain Valley, began four years ago after Huntington Beach resident Gene Toth took a trip to Uganda with Hope 4 Kids International, a nonprofit organization that raises funds to drill wells in Uganda and other nations among other charity work.
After getting back, Toth and his wife, Elaine, decided to help by organizing the walk to raise funds and drill wells near schools and orphanages so children there don't have to walk for water.
Proceeds are sent to Hope 4 Kids, which coordinates drilling the wells and maintaining the wells.
It costs $10,150 to drill a well that can last for 50 years if maintained properly, according Angie Simon of Hope 4 Kids.
This year's walk was organized with the goal of raising funds for New Hope Orphanage in Uganda. Before the walk, the Toths raised enough to drill two wells, Gene Toth said.
Saturday's walk attracted more than 300 people and raised $30,000, Walk 4 Water spokeswoman Robyn Williams said.
Natoolo, a Mission Viejo resident who is studying to be a nurse, plans to go back to Uganda to help after completing her education. She praised the Toth's efforts.
"They create a sense that God is answering my prayer," she said.
Contact the writer: 949-454-7363 or email@example.com
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Letters to Juliet (film)
Related topics
Letters to Juliet is a feel-good movie with an easy plot and happy ending. Sophie Hall (Amanda Seyfried) heads to Verona, Italy, with her chef fianc? Victor (Gael Garcia Bernal) for a pre-honeymoon. When Victor gets too busy, Sophie explores on her own.
She comes across a house where one Juliet Capulet is said to have lived. People write letters about their love lives to 'Juliet' and leave them in a wall. Sophie finds a 50-year-old letter from a woman and decides to write back. This leads to her meeting Claire Smith (Vanessa Redgrave) and her grandson, Charlie Wyman (Chris Egan) who, despite his initial rudeness, she ends up falling for.
The film sets out to be romantic, but it fails to tug at the heartstrings. The storyline is predictable and without suspense. The young leads' acting is stale and unconvincing. Redgrave, on the other hand, looks amazing and manages to make her role and situation credible. When her letter to Juliet is 'answered', we see one of the few genuinely touching moments in the whole film.
The relationship that is most successfully portrayed is that of Sophie and Victor. They are in love at first, but they follow their own passions, which eventually separates them. Compared to the shallow, Hollywood-style bond between Sophie and Chris, it is far more believable and subtle.
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Sydney: The Australian military is facing another sex scandal just weeks after it handed down wide-ranging reviews into defence culture, including sexual abuse and the treatment of women.
According to the Sydney Morning Herald, a 23-year-old male soldier has been arrested and charged with raping a 21-year-old female civilian.
He is due to be presented before the ACT Magistrates Court tomorrow.
ACT Police said they arrested the man after responding to a report of a sexual assault at Canberra`s Royal Military College, Duntroon early yesterday.
Police said the 21-year-old alleged victim contacted them at 2 am to report that a man known to her had entered her house and sexually assaulted her before fleeing.
Police later located a man in the grounds of Duntroon with the help of military police and charged him with two counts of sexual intercourse without consent.
A defence spokesman confirmed that a member of the Australian military had been charged with the assault.
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True Deliverance Ministries, Inc. was founded by Bishop Floyd & Pastor Tonya Renee Cogburn. TDM was established in July 2011 on the committment to reach the world with the Gospel of Jesus Christ and to build a Body of Believers that will become More Than Conquerors to win and bring souls to Christ at any cost. If you have been searching for the keys that would bring deliverance to the congregations, God has equipped our church with a biblical and special knowledge to train believers to utilize the weapons found in the scripture passages of the Word of God to help them fight the good fight of faith and live a victorious and overcoming life.
May 1, 2016 Sunday School
May 4, 2016 Bible Class
May 7, 2016 Women Conference/Wounded but Not Defeated This event is hosted by Pastor Carol Jones of Unity Community Outreach. Location: Renaissance Montgomery Hotel & Spa 201 Tallapoosa St, Montgomery, AL 36104


text: 5 Fulfilled Commitments progress newest views recent Japanese Language For students, teachers, and linguists wanting to discuss the finer points of the Japanese language. define commit beta English Language Learners For speakers of other languages learning English. define commit beta Skeptics For skeptics, rationalists, free thinkers, or anyone who questions woo and pseudoscience. Skeptics is aimed at *applied* skepticism -- researching specific areas of woo or pseudoscience. It is not for philosophical discussions about skepticism. define commit beta closed Atheism For the skeptics of a higher power. define commit beta 24 days Language Learning For students, teachers, polyglots, and anyone interested in the techniques of second-language acquisition. define commit public beta


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541 Views 3 Replies Latest reply: Nov 21, 2012 9:10 AM by den.thed
den.thed Nov 19, 2012 6:46 PM
in response to Marcussch
As per > How to Troubleshoot iSight
Check iMovie and other app's that use the iSight, it can only be used by one app at a time.
Try another User Account.
Reset the SMC > System Management Controller (SMC)
1. Shut down the computer.
2. Unplug the computer's power cord.
3. Wait fifteen seconds.
4. Attach the computer's power cord.
5. Wait five seconds, then press the power button to turn on the computer.
Marcussch Nov 20, 2012 8:35 PM
in response to den.thed
tried the above several times no improvment still the same situation


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What Can I do To Improve The Quality Of My Interior Images?
April 11th, 2016
This is a follow on post from yesterday. It turns out that Annette in Pennsylvania already has some of the best real estate shooting gear you can get (Canon 6D with Canon 16-35mm f/2.8L II). So her real question was , "what can I do to improve the quality of interior images?"
My answer to her was, "spending time and energy on composition and lighting would do the most improve the quality of your images." Annette picked up on the composition part of my suggestion and was anxious to improve her composition. Here are some suggestions for improving your composition: Continue Reading »


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Check with Baldwin Community Chapel about which type of funeral services and products the funeral home, mortuary or memorial chapel provide at their Bay Minette, Alabama location.
Contact the Baldwin Community Chapel Funeral Director to ensure the services they provide match your personal needs. Call the Funeral Director at (251) 937-6817.
If there is a religious preference, make sure that Baldwin Community Chapel can accommodate your religious practices before, during and after the funeral ceremony and at any graveside service.
Kevin Lamberth, of Bay Minette, Alabama, is a former enlisted Airman and command pilot ... Lamberth is a 1983 graduate of Baldwin County High School in Bay Minette. He completed basic training in April 1984 and served as an enlisted target intelligence ... (AF.mil)
Mikey was born in Mobile and was a resident of the Pine Grove Community in Bay Minette ... AL. 36579. Online condolences may be made to www.norrisfuneralservice.com. See the Press-Register's weekly life stories here. See below for other Mobile/Baldwin ... (Al.com)
AL (WALA) - Bay Minette police said an investigation will begin Monday after several of their officers were attacked while attempting to making an arrest at a large party in the Douglasville community. Sergeant Raymon Dixon with the Baldwin County Police ... (WSFA 12)
Green Veterans' Home in Bay Minette on Tuesday, March 17 ... Smith retired in 1980 from Ingalls Shipbuilding and settled in Tensaw, Alabama in 1985. He was active in his community as a Deacon of the Mongtomery Hill Baptist Church, president of the Fort ... (Al.com)
Ethel Marshalene Bowdoin King, 82, of Daphne, passed away on Monday, Jan. 26, 2015 at Oakwood North Baldwin Center for Living in Bay Minette. Funeral services will be at 2 p.m. Thursday, Jan. 29, in the Chapel of Sorrells Funeral Home and Crematory of ... (Southeast Sun)
I've had a couple of close friends that have lost their mothers in the past few years. We've had many long talks about the loss they feel. What will I do without my cheerleader? Who do I talk to when I struggle with my rebellious child? How can I bring a new child into this world without my mom to s...
The stages of grief are well known. Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance It's helpful to know the stages if you've lost a loved one through death. Understanding the stages assists in healing and is beneficial in understanding that the feelings you may be experiencing are normal. Some pe...


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It been taking the pill for two weeks and have been having unprotected sex.what ate the chances of pregnancy? I also had to switch the time I was taking it because it was making me very sleepy could that effect it as well?
Is it possible to get pregnant on lo seasoniquebirth control?
- Posted:
- 17 Apr 2011 by tikayoung
- Topics:
- birth control, pregnancy, loseasonique, sex
Answers (1)
17 Apr 2011
please go here. there is alot u should know about this birth control. I believe u are safe with switching the times u take it becAUSE it is in yyour system already as long as u didnt miss days taking it. just got to that link please i believe u should know sone of that stuff. BTW I am on mirena and it si the best birth control i have ever been on u dont get your mensy u dont have to worry about forghetting taking ti and such it last 5 years it is an IUD
lol always janaymak
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- LoSeasonique Information for Consumers
- LoSeasonique Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of LoSeasonique (detailed)
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Avoiding enemy planes for Red Baron ArcadeHome / Playstation 3 /
This page contains Red Baron Arcade Hints for Playstation 3 called "Avoiding enemy planes" and has been posted or updated on Apr 22, 2009 by raibislar.
- Developer: Stainless Games
- Publisher: Sierra Entertainment
- Genre: Simulation Flight
- Release: Sep 18, 2008
- ESRB: Teen
Avoiding enemy planes
Fly very low to the ground or just above the water. The enemy planes will ignore you, and you can attack other objectives while your squad will fight the enemy planes. Using a slow plane will also let you land and drive along the ground, as long as your throttle is all the way down.
Please submit a problem for any incomplete, non-working or fake cheat listed above.Back to all Cheats
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
From: kefence
Posted on: 04-24-2010
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- Starlight Drifter, (PC)
- Uncharted 4: A Thief's End, (PS4)
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Relevant offers
Track & Field
The world's fastest man, Usain Bolt, could be steaming in from the Members End at the MCG this summer with an audacious plan hatched to have the Jamaican track superstar play in the Twenty20 Big Bash League.
The Melbourne Stars franchise has confirmed it is in negotiations with the six-time Olympic gold medallist and his management company and spin king Shane Warne, the team's marquee player, launched a campaign via social media on Sunday in an effort to build support for the recruiting coup. The move has the formative backing of Cricket Australia.
Bolt, who repeated his treble of gold medals in Beijing with victory in the 100 metres, 200m and 4x100m relay at the London Olympics, played junior cricket before ruling the track and has long voiced his love for the game. He famously clean bowled then West Indies captain and good friend Chris Gayle in a charity match in 2009, having earlier belted him down the ground for six, and the vision became popular on YouTube.
The 25-year-old was first approached about joining the Stars before the Games by the franchise's president Eddie McGuire, who was interviewing him in his capacity as a broadcaster at the London OIympics with Foxtel. Bolt said Warne had now spoken to him about playing in the BBL and he would consider whether to take up the offer.
"He (Shane Warne) contacted me and asked me about if I am serious and if I really want to do it then he can put in a few words that should get it done," Bolt told Channel Nine.
"So we will see if I get the time off. I will try. Twenty20, I love it. Just the fact that it is so exciting, it's about going hard the whole time, not just about playing shots. It's about being aggressive and I like that style of batsman.
"If I get the chance I will definitely try because I know it's going to be a lot of fun. I don't know how good I am. I will probably have to get a lot of practice in."
Melbourne Stars chief executive Clint Cooper said he would continue talks with the Jamaican, who claims he is an all-rounder, once the dust has settled on his brilliant campaign at the Olympic Stadium in London. "We're going to wait until the Olympics is over and re-engage with him and his management company," Cooper said. "We've got a couple of spots left on our list."
There was tentative support for Bolt's signing on Sunday by Cricket Australia's BBL project manager, Mike McKenna, although he would need assurances the sprinter was being picked on merit not as a novelty inclusion to attract spectators and television viewers.
"We'd be very keen to have someone like Usain Bolt involved in some way in the BBL," McKenna said. "He's very keen on cricket, he's been close to the Australian cricket team and I'd imagine he is pretty quick between the wickets.
"But we would want to make sure that any athletes can play another code to an appropriate level. The competition has gone beyond the novelty factor. We had Andrew Johns play (for NSW) a few years ago and that was good fun in those days but it's taken more seriously now. We've moved forward at a domestic level and it's an international sport with a World Cup. He'd need to be able to stand on his own two feet, both in terms of talent and from a safety point of view."
Rival teams would be unlikely to cut Bolt any slack, given the financial rewards on offer particularly for those that qualify for the Twenty20 Champions League and the fact that Australian players in the competition are auditioning for a place in the national T20 team. McKenna said Bolt would have to weigh up the potential impact on his athletics career as well.
"Whether it's a risk he wanted to take standing in front of Brett Lee and Patrick Cummins I don't know," he said. "If he plays for Melbourne Stars and there's a crunch game against the Renegades no one is going to hold back. There won't be any place to hide if you're Usain Bolt. But he's obviously a very talented athlete so he may be able to do it."
- FFX Aus
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Michael Laws chooses not to renew contract at Craighead Diocesan School


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I'm a student of biotechnology, like drawing and games.
OK, that's enough random info about me...
for those interested, I also have an deviant-art account: packie1984.deviantart.com
You are not logged in, your comment will be anonymous unless you join the community. Or sign in with your social account:
more drawings of mine


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Discover a selection of top forums random code on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums random code and meet other fans of random code. Then, why don't you create your own forum of random code ?
Lifeclan is a clan built on the vast meadows and forest of the place these cats call home. It is a lush clan with many cats and many good times. The clan rules well with the warrior code to tank for that, as every cat follows it. They are not like th
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A 3d role playing game using the open source code from the previously hit game Impressive Title. With more customization, better map system, but no items or hunting.
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A place for IMVU homepage & product page tutorials and basic HTML/CSS support. This forum is open to any and all that want to learn the art of IMVU homepages and product pages.
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Just some random rp based on different video games and anime. Strange, huh?
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A forum for nonsense and other random things.
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The E. P. T. C. pokemon forum is your destination for a dedicated community made of members just like you!
pokemon, forum, forums, friend, #code, exhange, friendcodes, safaris, friendcode
Random Discourse, Lunacy, and Mayhem
Free forum : We are a fun drama free group that loves to have fun. Tagging, sharing, games, challenges.
drama, free, group, loves, tagging, sharing, games, challenges


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When you think about social media stars, you might think about teenagers on YouTube or the Kardashians on Instagram. But there is a whole other world out there of people who share their expertise and express their creativity through social channels and make a living from it. People such as Tati Westbrook. She's the makeup artist and stylist behind GlamLifeGuru, a YouTube channel with 1,167,897 subscribers (as of this writing), where she posts beauty product reviews, tutorials, hauls, and more.
Dec 16, 2003
DataPower Technology, Inc. has partnered with Computer Associates International, Inc. (CA) to support its Unicenter Web Services Distributed Management (WSDM) solution. As a provider of XML Web services security and XML application acceleration devices that support Web-based management interfaces, DataPower now provides support for the performance, security, and reliability of Web services in conjunction with the unified management via CA Unicenter WSDM. Unicenter WSDM is designed to enable IT organizations to track a range of performance indicators and respond to service interruptions.


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04.30.2016 | 22 Nisan, 5776
Hamas: 'There will be an explosion' unless Israel lifts Gaza blockade
Two Palestinian teens attempt to stab IDF soldier at West Bank checkpoint
Palestinians clash with IDF forces as Jewish worshipers visit Joseph's Tomb
Exclusive: Israeli envoy slams Austria's hosting of Palestinian hijacker terrorist
IDF soldier who shot subdued Palestinian driven by 'twisted ideology'
Palestine, ISIS flags banned from Eurovision song contest
In Depth: ZAKA founder explains why Haredim entering the workforce is a Torah value
NYT: Israel denies waiting for Obama successor to strike defense aid deal
Gal-On endorses Berko to head key Knesset panel
Mimouna all night long
Katz: We can't count on US at UN
Music maestro Zubin Mehta remains young at heart
ISRAELI OPERA Gounod: Romeo and Juliet TA Opera House, April 18
Dining: A roadside attraction
J'lem wraps up first place and home court in postseason
Rajkovic suspended following Sakhnin brawl
Tensions run amok as Mac TA, Sakhnin brawl in rematch
Sinai Says: New horizons open up for Casspi following breakthrough season
Your investments: Omer and building wealth
COLUMN ONE: Defeating Hamas in America
Israel's economy: Reasons to be cheerful – and some for concern
MIDDLE ISRAEL: Should we visit Auschwitz?
Terror victims' kin have no right to sue Iran in US courts, Zarif says
Fragile economy forces Iran's top leaders to form alliance
From petrol to pesco: ISIS turns to 'non-traditional' terror funding
Italy nabs four suspected in ISIS plot to attack Israeli embassy, Vatican
Analysis: The limits of the Iran-Russia alliance
Report: Iran looks to deploy Hamas in the battle to liberate Mosul from ISIS
VIDEO: ISIS forces withdraw from strategic town under Assad's protection
Boston-area men charged in ISIS-inspired beheading plot against police
UK Labor leader announces new initiatives to curb anti-Semitism within party
Chelsea soccer club warns fans against anti-Semitism before Tottenham match
After claiming Hitler was Zionist, ex-London mayor refuses to back down
'I'm ashamed I did nothing to stop injustice,' ex-Nazi SS officer says
How much money is the life of the world's richest Jew worth?
Rx for Readers: Attending to hygiene in geriatric homes
Country feels heat, wildfires break out in Jerusalem, Galilee
Tech Talk: Start in Germany
Haifa and NY researchers collaborate on treatment for two deadly cancers
TA pub fined NIS 50,000 in anti-tobacco suit
Optical guide will keep orthopedic procedures on target
Something strange in the air at Haifa Earth Day
Nation celebrates spring festival at natural wonders
'Israel needs to invest in Negev, Galilee for future population hike'
In 5 years, driverless cars based on Israel's Mobileye tech
TECH TALK: Women's Empowerment
Country's young computer innovators create apps at HackTrack TLV
'Ban anyone from Middle East - but not Israelis,' says US Senate candidate
Journalist hit with anti-Semitic hate mail after profile on Trump's wife
US Republican Cruz names Fiorina as running mate
Trump on foreign policy: Iran deal allowed it to become a 'great power' at Israel's expense
VIDEO: A 'Hassidic Jew' and 'devout Muslim' walk the streets of New York
This week in 60 seconds: Priestly blessings and religious brawls
Grapevine: Finally, a family center
Just Torah: Passover: A means – not an end in itself
Briefing: The Democratic showdown on Israel
Podcast: Is Bibi the worst option except all the rest?
Briefing: Bernie Sanders, Monica Lewinsky, and an uneventful cyber attack
Exclusive: Some Trump Vodka, popular as kosher for Passover spirit, may not be kosher
WATCH: Superman's got nothing on Israel!
Can you match the President to his opposing candidate?
Animals are just the best.
Can you solve this riddle?
Peace train building up steam
Hezbollah at a crossroad
A survivor's story
A year after quake, Israelis still helping Nepal recover
Necessary Stories: Grasping at the void
Trees for grandchildren
Bellicose culture mogul
In the heart of Africa
Veterans: Comic timing
Books: Seeing God's face
Books: Between tribalism and universalism
Hot off the Arab press
A musical journey back to the Holy Temple
Hello, goodbye Jerusalem
This week in Jerusalem
Seen by engagement
Turning the (Seder) tables
'Seas' the day
Worn out with your workout?
The secret of the lost color
שִיר הַחֵירוּת
יוּמֵיְיק רִימֵיְיק
אִיתַי פִּנְקָס
הַצַלָמִים – יְרוּשָלַיִם בְּעֵינֵי צַלָמֶיהָ
Palestinian Christians slam PA for refusal to recognize Easter
Orthodox Christians mark Palm Sunday at Jerusalem church
Israeli brewery resurrects beer recipe from time of Jesus
A different Passover Seder
Eurovision Contestants Plant Trees in Israel
KKL-JNF and The Italian State Forestry Corps Sign a Memorandum
Cornerstone Ceremony for ANZAC Museum in Beersheba
The 19th Walk for Water: Touring the Desert, Loving Israel
A Tree Avenue for the Mashabim Air Force Base in the Negev
Greek President Plants Olive Tree in Jerusalem Grove of Nations
Italian Environment Minister Discovers Negev Agriculture
Kenyan President Plants an Olive Tree in Jerusalem
Italy-Israel Friendship Tree Planted in Italian Ambassador's Garden
Hugging a Tree? Beware of the Pine Processionary Caterpillar!
UN World Water Day 2016: Better Water, Better Jobs
International Forest Day 2016: Saying Thank You to the Trees
US Forestry Service Shares Remote Sensing Tech with Israel
JNF USA & Alexander Muss High School in Israel
Both Receive Charity Navigator's Highest Rating
First-Ever Birthright Israel Trip for Jewish Law Enforcement Announced
90 Year-old Giuditta Matalon Embraces the Children of Israel
Peonies and Pineapples in the Negev Desert
An Interview with Israel Prize Winner Prof. Yossi Katz
Arava Open Day 2016
The Acacia Tree Stars in the Arava Ecosystem
Bright September
Appeasement for Peace?
Just look at Miriam now
It's The Jews Fault, They Could Have Prevented WWII!....
Weizmann scientists bring nature back to artificially selected lab mice
Health Scan: The 'memory' of starvation is in the genes
Looking young in old age
Medical Corps training, improved technologies saved lives in Gaza
German 'reneges' on optional fluoridation of drinking water
Ministry urges taking preventive measures against West Nile virus
Religious Zionists, ultra-Orthodox men free to pursue nursing degree
*Health Scan: Upgrading the stethoscope*
*Danger: Viruses may trump mankind*
MDA urges adherence to safety rules to prevent drowning
Health Ministry instructs public hospitals to return to routine
*Rx for Readers: Is alarmist ad campaign's vaccine as necessary as its sponsors say?*
Health & Science
06/01/2014 03:04
(photo credit:TAU)
The Israeli sand rat, which thrives in the Negev and is an excellent model for the study of type 2 diabetes and obesity, is a favorite of Prof. Paul Zimmet – one of the world's leading researchers into the disease who predicted almost a quarter of a century ago that it would become a worldwide epidemic.Although they are native to other parts of the Middle East and North Africa, those from the south of Israel have been most extensively raised and studied here and elsewhere (although the US refused to allow them in for fear that they would spread parasitic disease). Zimmet himself studied the sand rats for 15 years.Unlike other small rodents, this species is active during the day and can easily acquire diabetes when they are fed a normal laboratory diet of grains. This type gerbil has very efficient kidneys, surviving the blistering heat of the desert with little water and producing very concentrated urine. As they can get depressed when there is less light, they are also useful for studying the widespread seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
Zimmet, who has visited this country over 30 times since 1965, recently received an honorary doctorate from Tel Aviv University, handed to him by its president, Prof. Joseph Klafter.The honor was bestowed on him "in recognition of his contribution to world medical progress as a foremost expert in diabetes mellitus; his illustrious career as scientist, educator, physician and public health leader, for which he has been recognized in his native Australia and internationally; his tireless efforts to raise awareness of diabetes as a global health emergency and shape the health policy response; his prolific published works related to diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome; his extensive public service record, including his roles at the World Health Organization, the International Diabetes Federation and, most recently, as chairman of the World Diabetes Congress."Klafter also cited Zimmet's "outstanding collaborative research with Israeli scientists in the genetics of diabetes and obesity, which has led to the identification of new genes associated with diabetes; and his generosity, together with his wife, Vivien, in establishing and supporting for over two decades the very first fund dedicated to rewarding excellence in diabetes research at Tel Aviv University."Zimmet, who is director-emeritus of the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute in his native country, spent 15 years studying diabetes in the fat sand rat and has been in touch with TAU zoology Prof. Noga Kronfeld- Schor and her colleagues on SAD research on the furry little rodents. He is planning joint research with colleagues at TAU on why diabetics have a higher prevalence of depression.Zimmet established and for years directed Australia's International Diabetes Institute, his country's first research center devoted exclusively to the disease. Now an emeritus professor, he was appointed to the Australian government's executive committee for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and its prevention task force for obesity, tobacco and alcohol.He has been amazingly prolific during his long scientific career, published more than 800 scientific papers, chapters and reviews in peer-reviewed journals and books. He also co-edited two major texts, the International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus and The Epidemiology of Diabetes.Captivated by a 1965 medical journal article by a New Zealand epidemiologist about a high prevalence of diabetes among Pacific islanders, in 1955, Zimmet flew seven hours from Melbourne to the isolated island of Nauru, where he tested the indigenous Micronesian population. On just day one of his research, he tested 100 residents and and found that one-third of them suffered from diabetes.Originally, they had consumed a healthful diet, but when they became sedentary, ate processed fatty and sugary foods and gained weight, their metabolic system was unable to cope. "After years of modernization, the residents of Nauru had 5 times the diabetes levels as the general population in Australia."When Zimmet, who gave an interview to The Jerusalem Post during his latest visit to Israel, understood the implications of a traditional people who became Westernized, he predicted the world "diabesity" epidemic.Borrowing the term "coca-colonization," he suggested then that by now there would be 200 million people with diabetes; in fact, it has nearly reached 400 million.Zimmet now estimates that by 2035, which is little more than two decades away, the number of type 2 diabetes in the world will reach 600 million. The financial costs to the world's health systems are already prohibitive, but in a few decades, it could cause economies to collapse."Diabetes is likely to be the biggest health problem, the largest epidemic in human history," he said. Yet it is not inevitable, as patients in the pre-diabetes stage when their metabolism has veered from the normal can prevent its development into disease by exercising, losing weight and eating right.He led Australia's first national study on diabetes and obesity – the AusDiab Study – the first national diabetes and obesity study in Australia and one of the largest national diabetes research project in the world.A more recent finding is that type 2 diabetics also have a higher risk of sleep apnea. This condition, in which there are pauses in breathing or shallow breathing for at least 10 seconds during sleep, can lead to inadequate oxygen and excessive carbon dioxide in the body. Although the sufferer is rarely aware of these episodes, they suffer from them by feeling chronically sleepy during the day and slow reactions that could lead to work and road accidents. However, if the problem is identified in a sleep lab, it can be treated with CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) devices worn during sleep to pump air into the lungs. "I am doing a new collaboration with Noga Kronfeld," said Zimmet. "About 40 percent of diabetics have sleep apnea or are at high risk of it. Overweight is one factor, but there is an independent association even in lean people."ZIMMET WROTE about his family's past in an article published five years ago in the Medical Journal of Australia.Called "The Power of One," the article begins with his father Jacob in the small Polish town of Tarnopol. He studied medicine in Vienna and graduated in 1935. Realizing that as a Jew he had no future in his native country, Jacob applied for a visa to Australia and the US two years later.The Australian visas were the first to arrive. His mother Anna was so reluctant to leave that she considered burning the documents. But Jacob persuaded her, and in the nick of time, in December 1938, they and their daughter Rena sailed for Sydney, Australia and arrived a month later. In September, World War II broke out.Since Jacob's medical degree was from Austria, it was not recognized by the Australian authorities because it was earned under Nazi occupation, and he had to requalify. The family moved to Adelaide because there it would take him just three years to earn his MD degree. Paul was born in 1941 in the small Jewish community of Adelaide. In 1966, Paul settled in Melbourne to "find A Jewish bride."One of the reasons why he and Vivien have come so often to Israel is that her late uncle, Aaron Gutwirth – who owned Champion Motors – died and left his money to the Gutwirth Foundation, which provides academic and research scholarships. So we've had a long association with this country. My Hebrew, though, is still from my bar mitzva."Zimmet had thought of going into general practice, "but the only job I could get in Melbourne so he could stay and court his future bride was at the diabetes unit at Alfred Hospital, a large one with 1,500 beds."There he completed a clinical residency in diabetes while treating patients suffering from ketoacidosis, a pathological metabolic state involving high concentrations of ketone bodies formed by the breakdown of fatty acids. He was then sent to do a doctorate at Monash University in Melbourne in the Australian state of Victoria."In 2000, my colleagues and I did the first Australian national obesity study – that found 60 percent of the population were overweight or obese and 7.5% of adults had diabetes. Now it has probably reached 65%, not far below America's rate of 70%." He noted that the diabetes rate among Indigenous Aborigines in Australia is four times higher than the general population.Zimmet wrote an editorial on bariatric (weight-loss) surgery and diabetes two years ago in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). In bariatric surgery, the capacity of the stomach is reduced with a gastric band, by cutting out part of the stomach or by resecting and re-routing the small intestines to a small stomach pouch. Amazingly, bariatric surgery can much improve and in 70% to 80% of cases even reverse diabetes in the obese. Bariatric surgeons thus claim that they can treat the metabolic condition better than physicians who give pills or insulin injections.Zimmet explained that "the re-plumbing of intestines raises the level of a hormone called incretin, which improves pancreas's ability to make insulin. Amazingly, while the lap band works for diabetics by helping them to lose weight as they have less room to digest food, gastric surgery to make the stomach smaller starts improving diabetics' blood sugar control within a few hours."There are studies in Asia showing that bariatric surgery works even in people who are not overweight, "but i wouldn't recommend it. It is very drastic. To have an operation, you need very good medical indications," he insisted.The doctor/scientist noted optimistically that if diabetics control their blood sugar, blood pressure and blood fats, and if they exercise and maintain normal weight, "They should live an almost-normal lifespan.Treatment today is much better than it was." Yet, unfortunately, 40% to 50% of patients are not adequately controlled, and diabetes in the developing world "is a disaster."He testifies to his eating "a reasonably healthy diet like vegetables and chicken. I ride a bike and jog nearly every day. Like most people, I believed that obesity and diabetes were due solely to lifestyle. But there is research now showing that what happens to the baby in utero may cause epigenetic changes [heritable changes in gene activity that are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence] that can result in diabetes."As a result, Zimmet believes that one can prevent type 2 diabetes not only in adults or children but through maternal healthcare."Breastfeeding appears to have a positive effect on reducing risk. Pregnant women need better advice. Certainly, they should not smoke or drink alcohol. Chemical changes in the DNA don't smoke, don't drink alcohol. Chemical changes in the genes are intergenerational."The resultant infant grows up and herself becomes a mother, and the changes can develop into a vicious-cycle type 2, causing diabetes in the next generation. He recalls that a famine in China in the late 1950s led to epigenetic effects on babies born at that time leading to the development of diabetes 40 to 50 years later in adult life when the population began to eat a more Western diet. There are now 120 million diabetics in that country.Hearing that an Israeli company, Oramed, is working on an oral insulin pill, Zimmet said that "we are still a long way off from such a wonderful thing, but I wish them luck. One of the problems is ensuring that the insulin survives the digestive system, but also that you are getting the right amount. With an injection or a pump attached to a vein, you know more precisely how much insulin you get."Although insulin was discovered only in 1921, the condition was recognized much before that. He noted that Jewish sage and physician Maimonides (the Rambam, who was born almost 900 years ago) "was one of first people to describe diabetes in his writings. He was a very wise person."
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Supporting the Most Exciting and Meaningful Missions in the World Electrician Technician Reports to:. The candidate will work on construction and maintenance...
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Mystic Island
Follow the lives of a bunch of stranded sticks on a remote deserted island!
Mr. Boomba
Mr. Boomba tries to impress the girl of his dreams, but always seems to find a way to humiliate himself!
The Grim Reaper Show
Death finally gets his own show and a chance to speak his mind.


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News Flash: Jobs kills realtime feed of Macworld keynote speech?For the first time in several years, Apple Computer may not provide a live feed of its opening keynote presentation at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco.
Apple chief executive Steve Jobs, reportedly miffed over a series new product leaks, has abruptly pulled the plug on the realtime webcast and satellite broadcast of his Macworld Expo keynote, according to an Apple memo forwarded to the MacInTouch website.
The message reads, in part, \"Apple will not be making satellite coordinates available. Although the keynote WILL be available on our web site - it will NOT be available until sometime AFTER the keynote is over. They do NOT have a time determined, so it may not be immediately after the keynote is over. \"
For the past several years, Apple has provided its loyal fans and customers with a webcast video stream of Jobs\' Macworld keynote speeches. The company has also broadcasted the event at its retail stores through satellite.
Inquires at several Apple retail stores confirm that, sadly, no broadcast is scheduled to take place next Tuesday; leaving all those who are unable to attend the expo — as well as the millions of folks who do not read Apple rumor sites — on the edge of their seats for at least a couple hours longer.
On Topic: General
- Apple's Tim Cook flying to meet Chinese officials later in May - report
- AppleInsider podcast talks 'Apple Pencil 2,' smart voice assistants, 'iPhone 7' and more
- Apple eyeing 800,000-square-foot property for autonomous car project, report says
- Apple hires former Google inventor with background in electric vehicle charging
- New Immersion lawsuit adds Apple's iPhone 6s, MacBook to patent infringement row


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If you're a top recruit in the software industry, chances are likely that you run from two things like they are the plague: bureaucracy, and hand-holding.
You want the freedom to see your ideas come to fruition. And you also want boatloads of trust, and support from management—not oversight and excessive amounts of control.
Spend some time … Continue reading →


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We expose slave masters and people smugglers in suburban Britain.
Is there more to life than money?
22 Jul 2014 22:45 GMT | Politics, Media, Middle East, Israel, Journalism under fire
Gunshots have been fired into Al Jazeera's bureau in the Gaza Strip amid an intensified bombardment campaign on the Palestinian enclave.
The shots caused panic among the civilians living in the same building but no casualties were reported in the incident on Tuesday morning.
Live Box 20147813544572927
"Two very precise shots were fired straight into our building," Al Jazeera's Stefanie Dekker, reporting from the bureau, said.
"We are high up in the building so we had a very strong vantage point over the area. But we have evacuated.
"Our office building also has many residential apartments. People [are] leaving, panicked."
The bureau is situated in a residential area of Gaza City.
Al Jazeera response
The attack came a day after Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman was quoted by local media as saying his country will work to close down Al Jazeera's operations in Israel.
Al Jazeera "has abandoned even the perception of being a reliable news organisation and broadcasts from Gaza and to the world anti-Israel incitement, lies, and encouragement to the terrorists," Lieberman said.
The network has been covering the Israeli offensive against the Gaza Strip that started on July 8.
In a statement issued by its lawyer Carter-Ruck, Al Jazeera said: "The sole purpose of those [Al Jazeera] journalists since the commencement of the current conflict has been to convey what is happening in Gaza to those outside that area and to do so without fear or favour.
"They are entitled to do this, as journalists, under international law and the Government of Israel has a duty, under international law, to provide them with protection and most certainly not to target them in the manner threatened by Mr Lieberman yesterday and put into effect today by Israeli soldiers."
The death toll in Israel's 14-day assault has climbed to more than 607 Palestinians, including dozens of women and children. More than 3,700 others have been injured.
On the Israeli side, 27 troops and two civilians have been killed.
On Tuesday, the Israeli army said one of its soldiers was missing in Gaza, local media said Sergeant Oron Shaul, 21, was presumed dead.
Source: Al Jazeera
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