text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 17, 2006
|Filing date
|Sep 17, 2001
|Priority date
|Mar 17, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Suntje Sander-Struckmeier, Claus Rudolf Steinborn, Martin A. Rudmann, Diethard Schwanitz, Friederike Henniges
|Original Assignee
|Solvay Pharmaceuticals Gmbh
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (29), Classifications (14), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP00/02261, filed Mar. 15, 2000 designating the United States of America, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Priority is claimed based on Federal Republic of Germany patent application No. DE 199 11 778.0, filed Mar. 17, 1999.
The present invention relates to the use of physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity, but especially of mixtures of digestive enzymes such as pancreatin, for the treatment of diabetes and for the manufacture of medicinal products suitable for this treatment. The invention relates especially to the use of these enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity, but especially of pancreatin or mixtures of digestive enzymes containing pancreatin, for the adjuvant therapy of both type I and type II primary diabetes.
As used herein the term "diabetes" is understood to mean diabetes mellitus, the so-called "sugar sickness". In addition to other, e. g. secondary forms of diabetes that can occur as sequelae of other primary diseases, two main groups of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism are distinguished, i. e. type I diabetes due to insulin deficiency and type II diabetes due to reduced insulin effectiveness, the course of the disease depending on the type concerned, among other factors. Diabetes is furthermore a chronic disease with a variety of pathological manifestations and is accompanied, for example, by disorders of lipid metabolism, circulation and glucose metabolism. The typical symptoms of this disease include elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia), excretion of sugar in the urine (glycosuria), tendency to infections and pruritus. Diabetes tends to be a progressive disorder and in many cases is also accompanied by various complications. Known complications include, for example, neurologic and vascular diseases. It is therefore necessary to adjust the therapy to meet each patient's individual requirements in every phase of the illness and to select the suitable medicinal product for each individual case. It may also be desirable for this therapy to supplement the selected primary medications with other medicinal products in the form of an adjuvant treatment which can exert a supporting effect on the therapy and beneficially influence the further course of the illness.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide a new method for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
It is another object of the invention to provide new pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
It is a particular object of the invention to provide new pharmaceutical preparations for adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes which exert an additional supportive effect on the treatment and beneficially influence the further course of the diabetic illness, for example by reducing the incidence of late complications.
According to the invention, physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity, such as suitable enzyme mixtures of microbial origin and/or especially mixtures of digestive enzymes of animal origin such as preferably pancreatin or pancreatin-like mixtures of digestive enzymes, are used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in larger mammals and humans, and for the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations for such treatment.
For the present invention, physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity can be used that are of any animal or microbiological origin. The enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity used for the invention can be both of purely microbial origin, purely animal origin or may also be a mixture of enzymes of animal and microbial origin.
In one variant of the invention, the enzyme mixture used is of purely microbial origin. Especially enzymes produced by bacteria, i. e. by the Bacillus or Pseudomonas strains, or by fungal cultures such as moulds, for example of the Rhizopus and Aspergillus strains, are especially suitable as microbial enzymes. Examples of such physiologically acceptable bacterial and/or mould fungi enzymes are already described in the state of the art, e. g. in connection with their synthesis and use for the treatment of maldigestion. Lipases may be derived from, for example, Bacillus or Pseudomonas strains, amylases and lipases from mould fungi, for example of the Rhizopus strain, and proteases, for example, also from Aspergillus.
Another preferred variant of the invention, however, involves the use of mixtures of digestive enzymes with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity that in their properties closely resemble pancreatin. For the present invention, mixtures of digestive enzymes containing pancreatin and especially pancreatin itself are preferably used, and one or more microbial enzymes, i. e. enzymes synthesized by microorganisms, of the group of lipases, proteases and amylases may if desired be added to the pancreatin or the mixtures of digestive enzymes containing pancreatin.
Pancreatin is a known enzyme mixture with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity which is available for example, under the trade name Creon�, in the form of granules, pellets or capsules containing enteric coated microspheres and is used medically for enzyme replacement, for example in pancreatic insufficiency, digestive insufficiency after stomach operations, liver and biliary diseases, cystic fibrosis and chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatin is generally obtained as a mixture of natural enzymes by extraction from porcine pancreas, for example according to the process described in German patent applications DE 25 12 746 and DE 42 03 315, and is then converted into the desired galenical form in a manner known in the art. The pancreatic enzymes are usually administered orally in the form of solid preparations.
In one variant of the invention, the pharmaceutical preparations manufactured and/or used in accordance with the invention contain preferably pancreatin or mixtures of digestive enzymes containing pancreatin. These pharmaceutical preparations manufactured according to the invention can contain pancreatin or mixtures of digestive enzymes containing pancreatin and if desired in addition to pancreatin one or more physiologically acceptable enzymes from the group of lipases, proteases and amylases, of the kind that can be obtained from microorganisms. Microbial enzymes suitable for use as this supplement include especially the bacterially synthesized enzymes already mentioned above, for example by the Bacillus or Pseudomonas strains, or by fungal cultures such as mould fungi, for example of the Rhizopus or Aspergillus strains. The lipases added to the pancreatin or the mixtures of enzymes containing pancreatin may originate, for example, from Bacillus or Pseudomonas strains, added amylases and lipases from mould fungi, for example of the Rhizopus strain, and added proteases, for example, also from Aspergillus.
It has now been found that the physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity which can be obtained from microbial and/or animal sources and described with reference to this invention, can be used not only for the treatment of digestive enzyme deficiency states—of the kind associated for example with pathological changes of the pancreas due to chronic pancreatitis, digestive insufficiency after stomach operations, liver or biliary diseases—but surprisingly are also suitable for the treatment of primary diabetes mellitus in larger mammals and humans. In particular, the aforementioned physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity, preferably however, for example, pancreatin itself or mixtures of digestive enzymes containing pancreatin which also contain microbial enzyme supplements, such as one or more microbial lipases, proteases and/or amylases, are suitable for adjuvant therapy in the management of diabetes, exert an additional effect supporting the diabetes therapy and beneficially influence the further course of the diabetic illness, i. e. especially by helping reduce the late complications of the diabetic disease.
The use of the physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures, preferably, for example, pancreatin or mixtures of digestive enzymes containing pancreatin where appropriate with further microbial enzyme supplements in accordance with the invention also exhibits advantages in patients who in addition to the primary diabetes mellitus have complications relating to coexisting exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
The pharmaceutical preparations manufactured and/or used according to the invention can contain in addition to the described microbial enzyme mixtures and/or mixtures of digestive enzymes of animal origin, such as especially pancreatin or mixtures of digestive enzymes containing pancreatin, pharmaceutical excipients and/or additives and, if appropriate, stabilizers.
For example, the enzyme mixtures may be contained in an effective quantity (in each case determined on the basis of the active units of the lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic components) together with conventional pharmaceutical excipients and/or vehicles in solid or liquid pharmaceutical preparations. The lipolytic activity per dose unit may be generally within a range of 5000 to 45000 Ph. Eur. lipase units, the proteolytic activity generally within a range of 200 to 3000 Ph. Eur. protease units and the amylolytic activity generally within a range of 3500 to 45000 Ph. Eur. amylase units (Ph. Eur.=European Pharmacopoeia). Examples of typical dose units are, for example, enzyme mixtures with the following activities: a) approx. 10000 Ph. Eur. lipase/approx. 8000 Ph. Eur. amylase/approx. 600 Ph. Eur. protease; b) approx. 25000 Ph. Eur. lipase/approx. 18000 Ph. Eur. amylase/approx. 1000 Ph. Eur. protease; and c) approx. 40000 Ph. Eur. lipase/approx. 40000 Ph. Eur. amylase/approx. 2600 Ph. Eur. protease units. Examples of solid formulations are preparations such as tablets, coated tablets, capsules, powder, granules or pellets for oral administration. These solid preparations may contain conventional inorganic and/or organic pharmaceutical vehicles such as lactose, talc or starch as well as conventional pharmaceutical excipients such as glidants or tablet disintegrants. Liquid preparations such as solutions, suspensions or emulsions of the active ingredients may contain the usual diluents such as water, oils and/or suspending agents such as polyethylene glycols and the like. Further excipients such as preservatives, flavouring agents, stabilizers (e. g. complex lipids) and the like may also be added.
The enzyme mixtures can be mixed and formulated with the pharmaceutical excipients and/or vehicles in a manner known to the art. To manufacture solid dosage forms, the enzyme mixtures may, for example, be mixed with the excipients and/or vehicles in the usual manner and wet or dry granulated or pelleted. Granules, pellets or powder can be filled directly into capsules or sachets or compressed into tablet cores in the usual manner. If desired, these cores can be coated to a dragee in the manner known to the art. Liquid preparations can be obtained by dissolving or dispersing the components and, if required, further excipients, in a suitable liquid vehicle, in the form of solutions or suspensions.
The antidiabetic effects and the beneficial influence on the course of the diabetic illness, especially in adjuvant therapy as part of an antidiabetic regimen, can be demonstrated for the physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity used in accordance with the invention, such as, for example, the microbial enzyme mixtures and especially pancreatin or mixtures of digestive enzymes containing pancreatin described above, by determining the effect on pharmacological parameters of the kind generally used to evaluate diabetic diseases. Such parameters may, for example, be an improvement, i. e. decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), a decrease of blood glucose level, a reduced number of hypoglycaemic attacks and a decrease in hyperglycemia.
A double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled, parallel group study with pancreatin in the form of Creon� 10000 Minimicrospheres (minimicrospheres in capsules) was conducted in insulin-dependent diabetic patients (IDDM=type I) with coexisting exocrine pancreatic insufficiency to demonstrate the positive effects of the described enzyme mixtures on glycaemic control. The patient sample (male/female) was randomly assigned to groups each comprising 74 patients. Treatment was given over a period of four months at an oral dosage of 16 to 18 Creon capsules daily. Four capsules were administered with each of the main meals (3 daily) and two capsules with snacks (2 to 3 daily). One capsule of Creon� 10000 minimicrospheres contained 150 mg of pancreatin with the stated enzyme contents of 10000 Ph. Eur. lipase units, 8000 Ph. Eur. amylase units and 600 Ph. Eur. protease units. The placebo group received corresponding placebo minimicrosphere capsules without enzyme activities.
The efficacy of the enzyme mixture used in terms of the glycaemic control was determined by measuring the glycosylated hemoglobin level (HbA1C). In this context a positive influencing of the HbA1C level as a clinically relevant improvement in the diabetes mellitus status is desired. Further diabetic parameters used were blood glucose levels (insulin/glucagon), evaluation of hypoglycaemic attacks, status of lipid soluble vitamins (A, D and E), daily insulin dose, body weight index and hyperglycaemic episodes.
Following a preliminary assessment for selection of the patient sample, the patients completed an initial start-up phase of 8 weeks (without administration of enzyme mixture/placebo) to establish the patients on individual insulin dosages. Before commencing the double-blind parallel groups study period of 4 months, a baseline assessment was carried out. The insulin dose was to remain as stable as possible during the study (�10%) with the exception of the first month of treatment in which an adjustment of the insulin dosage was allowed. Insulin adjustment required after randomization resulted in exclusion of the patient from the study, but short-term adjustments due, for example, to acute illness were allowed. The patients underwent two interim assessments in the first month of the study. Further assessments were carried out after six weeks of treatment and at the end of the study. Gastroenterologic parameters such as fecal fat, stool characteristics, coefficient of fat absorption (CFA) and clinical symptoms were evaluated separately from the diabetic parameters.
The above study showed that diabetic parameters are beneficially influenced by the administration of pancreatin, both in terms of a decrease of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) as well as improved blood glucose control manifested, for example, by stabilization of blood glucose curves (smoothing) and, for example, reduction of the hypoglycaemic attacks and of hyperglycemia. The results of the study therefore demonstrate that the administration of physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity according to the invention can bring about an improvement in diabetes mellitus status. It was demonstrated independently of these findings that in the group of diabetic patients with coexisting exocrine pancreatic insufficiency the gastroenterologic parameters such as fecal fat, stool characteristics, CFA and clinical symptoms are also beneficially influenced and that the overall nutritional status of these patients is improved. Physiologically acceptable enzyme mixtures with lipolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic activity—especially pancreatin or mixtures of enzymes containing pancreatin, also with the microbial enzyme supplements described—are therefore suitable for the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, especially for the adjuvant therapy of diabetes mellitus; in these cases the diabetes mellitus may also be accompanied by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
The pharmacological beneficial effects of the used enzyme mixture on the diabetic parameters and on the improvement of the diabetes mellitus status shall be further elucidated by the clinical study described in the following and by the results achieved therewith.
For evaluating the efficiency of Creon� 10000 Minimicrospheres� in comparison to placebo on the glycaemic control of insulin dependent diabetic patients (IDDM=insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) with exocrine pancreas insufficiency a double-blind multicenter placebo-controlled parallel group study was conducted.
I. Study Design
The following clinical investigational report is an interim evaluation of a study on the efficacy of Creon� 10000 Minimicrospheres� in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetic patients (IDDM) by glycaemic control. Thus, the report gives an overview on the study and on the interim results achieved after recruitment of about half of the required patients.
Study Objective
The main aim of this study was the evaluation of Creon� 10000 Minimicrospheres� on the glycemic control in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.
Several variables are available to evaluate the glycemic control. The most important parameter is HbA1C which should be lower under the treatment group compared to the placebo group. This parameter was chosen as the main parameter. Additional parameters which were investigated include the number of hypoglycaemic attacks and hyperglycaemic episodes, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, daily insulin dose, body weight, plasma levels of fat-soluble vitamins (A/Dand E). Furthermore parameters of the exocrine dysfunction of the pancreas were assessed, including stool frequency and consistency, abdominal pain, meteorism, flatulence, clinical global impression of the disease rated by the patient and the investigator. Tolerability and safety were assessed by means of standard tests.
Patient Population
In this study patients with an insulin dependent diabetes mellitus were recruited. This patient population was chosen as a model sample for diabetes mellitus patients as this group is most clearly defined. It was planned to include 74 patients per treatment group leading to an overall sample size of 148 patients.
Patients should have had an onset of the disease before the age of 30 and should have started insulin therapy within the first year after diagnosis. Patients with proven non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus were excluded.
To ensure that the patients being randomised had a certain degree of an pancreatic exocrine insufficiency the faecal elastase-1 values were evaluated. This parameter is a measure to determine the presence of an exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. To enter the study the value of elastase-1 had to be below or equal to 100 μg/g stool. Patients having values above were excluded from the study. Patients with an pancreatic exocrine insufficiency due to any other reasons than an insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (e.g. chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis) also were excluded from the study.
Other inclusion criteria were: male and female gender and age of at least 18 years.
Further exclusion criteria were any other severe diseases which would have limited the participation in or completion of the study (exclusive of findings related to the underlying disease), known allergy to pancreatin and/or porcine insulin, any type of malignancy involving the digestive tract within the last five years, any type of gastrointestinal surgery and short bowel syndrome, haemachromatosis, any history of drug abuse including alcohol, positive urine pregnancy test or existing pregnancy or lactation (in females), severe allergy or any history of severe abnormal drug reactions, suspected non-compliance or non-cooperation, intake of any experimental drug within 4 weeks prior to the entry of the study and any other reason, in the investigator's opinion, that would prohibit the participation of the patient in the study.
All patients having signed the informed consent form underwent the pre-screening of elastase-1 in stools. If elastase-1 values were lower or equal to 100 μg/g stool and patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were not barred by exclusion criteria they could been entered into the run-in period of at least 8 weeks.
During the initial start-up period the patient should achieve a stable insulin dosage including no change in number of insulin injections and type of the insulin, no switch from standard treatment to intensive treatment or from injections to use of pumps. HbA1C levels should be in a range of 0.07 to 0.10 in metric units. Body weight had to be stable with not more than 5 kg difference between the assessments.
At the end of the initial start-up period suitable patients were randomised to either Creon� 10000 Minimicrospheres� or placebo. The treatment period was scheduled for 16 weeks with several interim assessments after 1, 2, 4 and 10 weeks and a final assessment at 16 weeks. During the first 4 weeks insulin adjustments were allowed. After 4, 10 and 16 weeks a wide range of investigations for glycaemic control were performed (see study objective).
Treatments and Dosages:
Patients were randomly allocated to Creon� 10000 Minimicrospheres� or to placebo. Patients were scheduled to receive 16 to 18 capsules/day. The number of capsules were fixed per meal. For the three main meals 4 capsules and for additional snacks (2 to 3) 2 capsules were taken by the patients.
This equals 40000 lipase Ph. Eur. units per main meal and 20000 lipase Ph. Eur. units per snack. A total daily dose of 160000 to 180000 lipase Ph. Eur. units was administered. This reflects the dose which has been used in clinical trials in chronic pancreatitis patients and should therefore be adequate for the treatment of patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.
The analysis of the primary parameter was an analysis of covariance using a linear model with baseline as the covariate, the fixed main effects treatment and center, the measures followed over time, and the interaction of treatment by center. The alpha-level for the testing was 5%. The analysis was performed on the test group intended to be treated which consisted of all randomised patients having at least one HbA1C measurement under stable insulin dose after 4 weeks of treatment. As subsequently only the resulting interim analysis will be reported a peer-protocol sample has not been defined.
The sample size was calculated to be 74 patients per group using an alpha-level of 5%, a standard deviation for HbA1C of sigma=0.015 and a power of 80% to detect a difference of 0.007.
An interim analysis was planned as soon as half the patients completed the study (37 patients per group).
II. Results of the Clinical Study
Patient Group:
Due to low recruitment the interim analysis was performed with 71 patients being randomised to either Creon� 10000 Minimicrospheres� or placebo. The 71 patients were included in the safety sample and received at least one dose of study drug.
Based on the criteria for the test group intended to be treated (intent-to treat sample,=ITT) 65 patients could be used for the analysis of HbA1C (Table 1).
TABLE 1 Patient Test Group Placebo Creon Total N N N Safety sample 36 35 71 ITT sample 36 29 65 ITT = intent-to treat
Demographic Data:
The following Table 2 gives an overview on the most important demographic data.
Demographic Data
Sex [N(%)]
21 (58.3)
23 (65.7)
44 (62.0)
15 (41.7)
12 (34.3)
37 (38.0)
Ethnic origin [N(%)]
36 (100.0)
34 (97.1)
70 (98.6)
1 (2.9)
1 (1.4)
Age [years]
Mean � SD
42.7 � 10.0
46.6 � 8.9
44.6 � 9.6
male (mean � SD)
44.7 � 10.4
45.7 � 9.7
45.2 � 10.0
female (mean � SD)
40.0 � 9.0
48.3 � 7.3
43.7 � 9.2
Weight [kg]
Mean � SD
74.5 � 11.8
79.2 � 12.9
76.8 � 12.5
Male (mean � SD)
79.8 � 9.0
84.7 � 9.3
82.4 � 9.4
Female (mean � SD)
67.0 � 11.5
68.6 � 12.5
67.7 � 11.8
Height [cm]
Mean � SD
171.1 � 10.1
173.2 � 10.0
172.1 � 10.0
Male (mean � SD)
Female (mean � SD)
176.3 � 7.4
179.1 � 6.4
177.8 � 7.0
163.8 � 8.7
161.8 � 3.6
162.9 � 6.9
BMI [kg/m2]
Mean � SD
25.4 � 3.0
26.4 � 3.6
25.9 � 3.3
Male (mean � SD)
25.7 � 2.6
26.5 � 3.2
26.1 � 3.0
Female (mean � SD)
24.9 � 3.6
26.1 � 4.3
25.5 � 3.9
SD = Standard Deviation
BMI = Body Mass Index
As can be seen from the table, both treatment groups were comparable concerning demographic data, although some more males were randomised in the Creon group which subsequently led to slightly higher values for height, weight and BMI in the Creon group. However, these differences can be regarded as not being important for the interpretation of the efficacy results.
The same is true for the age of onset of diabetes, duration of the disease or duration of insulin treatment. In all cases there are only small differences in the mean or median values between the two treatment groups. Therefore, the disease severity can be regarded as similar in both treatment arms.
The elastase-1 values at pre-screening were also not significantly different between the two groups (57.3�26.5 for Creon versus 62.0�29.8 for placebo).
Efficacy Parameter:
The results of the most important parameter the HbA1, are summarised in Table 3. The table contains the data from the ITT sample.
HbA1c - ITT sample
Week 4
Difference between
Mean: 0.00187 SEM: 0.00086
Week 10
Difference between
Mean: 0.00254 SEM: 0.00112
Week 16
Difference between
Mean: 0.00238 SEM: 0.00138
SEM = Standard Error of the Mean
Table 3 shows that Creon leads to statistically significant lower levels of HbA1C after 4 and 10 weeks and a clear trend even after 16 weeks. This indicates that Creon has the potential to improve glycaemic control in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
This is underscored by Table 4 showing the number of patients being improved, unchanged or worsened compared to baseline HbA1C values.
Number of patients improved, unchanged or
worsened compared to baseline concerning HbA1c
Week 4
Week 10
Week 16
Many more patients under placebo treatment had a worsening of their HbA1C levels over time compared to the Creon-treated group. The tendency to worsen was relatively small under Creon treatment, whereas under placebo the majority of patients got worse. This is again a clear indication that Creon is effectively able to improve the glycaemic control of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The reason why many patients worsened is based on the study design which requires a nearly optimal treatment before randomisation which leads under normal condition to a rapid deterioration of the glycaemic control as seen by the placebo group. The test show that Creon is able to reduce this deterioration.
Similar findings were observed for the occurrence of the number of mild to moderate hypoglycaemic attacks (Table 5).
Change of number of hypoglycaemic attacks
Week 4
Week 10
Week 16
<0 less number of attacks compared to baseline
=0 same number of attacks compared to baseline
>0 greater number of attacks compared to baseline
Table 5 shows that nearly 50% of the patients receiving Creon had fewer mild and moderate hypoglycaemic attacks compared to the placebo group where only 39% had this finding.
For the number of increased glucose levels per week—an indicator of hyperglycaemic periods—a similar but slightly weaker effect was found.
Fasting and non-fasting blood glucose levels were not significantly different as well as the dosage of insulin needed by the patients.
The number of adverse events was not different between the two treatment arms. Some more adverse events were observed in the digestive system under Creon treatment and more adverse events in the metabolic/nutritional disorder and respiratory system group of adverse events were noted under placebo treatment. The number of patients dropping out for adverse events were the same in both groups.
III. Conclusion
Overall, there is strong evidence that Creon is beneficial in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetic patients having exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and leading to a better glycaemic control. This means that Creon should be added to the treatment of those patients in order to improve the most important factor in their treatment.
As insulin-dependent diabetic patients have been used a model it can be estimated that the same beneficial effects will be seen in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients as long as they would have a pancreatic exocrine insufficiency as well.
The following example illustrates the manufacture of a pharmaceutical preparation containing pancreatin which is suitable for the treatment of diabetes, and especially for adjuvant therapy of diabetes, without, however, restricting the scope of the invention.
120 kg of pancreatin were mixed in a conventional mixer with 30 kg of polyethylene glycol 4000 and thoroughly moistened with about 20 kg of propan-2-ol. The mixture was pressed through an extruder fitted with a perforated plate with holes of 0.8 mm internal diameter and a downstream cutting device. This arrangement produced strands of extruded material with a length of up to 20 mm. The strand sections were crushed in portions of about 15 kg in a rounding machine (type Caleva) and rounded into spherically shaped pellets, whereby 300 g of liquid paraffin and, depending on the time spent by the material in the rounding machine (3 to 6 min), about 300 to 700 g of propan-2-ol was added to each portion. After drying in a conventional tray drier, a yield of about 90% of pancreatin microsphere cores with a diameter of 0.7 to 1.4 mm, screened through a 0.7 mm sieve (separation of undersized particles<0.7 mm) and a 1.4 mm sieve (separation of oversized particles>1.4 mm), with a pancreatin content of about 78% was obtained. The bulk density was 0.7 g/ml. The microsphere cores were then provided with an enteric coating in the manner known to the art in a conventional film coating apparatus, using a solution of hydroxypro-pylmethyl-cellulose phthalate (type HP55), dibutyl phthalate, liquid paraffin and silicon oil (Dimethicone 1000) in acetone. The resulting yield was about 90% enteric-coated pancreatin microspheres with a diameter ranging between 0.7 to 1.6 mm, screened with a 0.7 mm sieve (separation of undersized particles<0.7 mm) and a 1.6 mm sieve (separation of oversized particles>1.6 mm) with a content of about 60% pancreatin, with reference to the film-coated microspheres, and a bulk density of 0.8 g/ml. The microspheres were then filled into conventional hard gelatin capsules or sachets.
The foregoing description and examples have been set forth merely to illustrate the invention and are not intended to be limiting. Since modifications of the described embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed broadly to include all variations falling within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 19, 1972
|Apr 9, 1974
|Rolland A Lab
|Process for obtaining extracts from pancreas
|Mar 22, 1975
|Sep 23, 1976
|Kali Chemie Pharma Gmbh
|Verfahren zur herstellung von keimarmem, faserfreiem pankreatin
|Feb 6, 1992
|Aug 20, 1992
|Kali Chemie Pharma Gmbh
|Recovery of pancreatin from aq. pancreas tissue suspension autolysate(s) - by cross-current ultrafiltration to give retentate enriched in amylase, lipase and protease which is then spray dried
|Title not available
|Copy of the International Search Report.
|D. D'Costa, "Diabetic Neuropathic Cachexia Associated with Malabsorption" Diabetic Medicine, 1992.
|Fallis et al., Annals of Surgery, Oct. 1948, pp. 639-667.
|Goodman and Gilman's "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", 8<SUP>th </SUP>ed. Pergamon Press 1990: p. 1471-1477.
|H. P. Klotz, Lyophilized Pancreatic Extract, an Aid in the Treatment of Mild Diabetes, La Nouvelle Presse medicals, Oct. 1975 (in French and English, abstract.
|I. Simek, "Substitution Therapy in Insufficient External Pancreatic Secretion" Online Medline Database, 1993.
|M. Delhaye, "Comparative Evaluation of a High Lipase Pancreatic Enzyme Preparation and a Standard Pancreatic Supplement for Treating Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Chronic Pancreatitis" European Journal of Gastronenterology and Hepatology, 1996.
|Murlin et al., Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 14, pp. 8-9, 1917.
|Nakamura et al., Pancreas, vol. 16, No. 3, 329-36.
|Printout of the online "Diabetes Dictionary" of the American Diabetes Association(R).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 8, 2003
|Apr 24, 2012
|Curemark Llc
|Methods for treating pervasive development disorders
|Jun 19, 2009
|Jul 3, 2012
|Curemark, Llc
|Method for identifying individuals having a pervasive development disorder amenable to digestive enzyme therapy
|Nov 27, 2012
|Curemark, Llc
|Pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of the symptoms of addiction and method of diagnosing same
|Jul 31, 2012
|Jul 16, 2013
|Curemark Llc
|Pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of the symptoms of addiction and method of diagnosing same
|Aug 12, 2011
|Nov 12, 2013
|Curemark, Llc
|Methods for diagnosing pervasive development disorders, dysautonomia and other neurological conditions
|May 25, 2012
|Dec 24, 2013
|Curemark Llc
|Method for treating pervasive development disorders
|Mar 13, 2008
|Feb 25, 2014
|Curemark Llc
|Compositions and use thereof for treating symptoms of preeclampsia
|Aug 8, 2011
|Mar 18, 2014
|Curemark, Llc
|Use of lactulose in the treatment of autism
|Mar 11, 2008
|Jul 15, 2014
|Curemark, Llc
|Methods of treating and diagnosing Parkinson's disease and related dysautonomic disorders
|Apr 16, 2012
|Aug 26, 2014
|Curemark Llc
|Method for treating pervasive development disorders
|Sep 26, 2013
|Dec 30, 2014
|Curemark, Llc
|Methods for diagnosing pervasive development disorders, dysautonomia and other neurological conditions
|Apr 20, 2012
|Mar 17, 2015
|Curemark Llc
|Methods of treatment of schizophrenia
|Jun 25, 2013
|Apr 28, 2015
|Curemark, Llc
|Pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of the symptoms of addiction and method of diagnosing same
|Sep 26, 2013
|May 5, 2015
|Curemark, Llc
|Method of treating toxemia
|Apr 13, 2009
|Jun 16, 2015
|Curemark Llc
|Enzyme delivery systems and methods of preparation and use
|Jan 9, 2013
|Jun 23, 2015
|Curemark Llc
|Methods and compositions for the treatment of symptoms of prion diseases
|Jan 6, 2010
|Jul 21, 2015
|Curelon Llc
|Compositions and methods for the treatment or the prevention of E. coli infections and for the eradication or reduction of E. coli surfaces
|Jan 6, 2010
|Aug 18, 2015
|Curelon Llc
|Compositions and methods for treatment or prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections and for the eradication or reduction of Staphylococcus aureus on surfaces
|Aug 15, 2006
|Dec 1, 2015
|Abbott Products Gmbh
|Delayed release pancreatin compositions
|Sep 23, 2014
|Jan 12, 2016
|Curemark, Llc
|Method of treating and diagnosing Parkinson's disease and related dysautonomic disorders
|Jul 28, 2011
|Jan 26, 2016
|Curemark, Llc
|Enzyme delivery systems and methods of preparation and use
|Jun 26, 2009
|Apr 26, 2016
|Curemark Llc
|Methods and compositions for the treatment of symptoms of Williams Syndrome
|Oct 8, 2003
|Apr 15, 2004
|Fallon Joan M.
|Methods for treating pervasive development disorders
|Aug 15, 2006
|Jun 28, 2007
|George Shlieout
|Controlled release pharmaceutical compositions for acid-labile drugs
|Nov 15, 2006
|Nov 22, 2007
|Ultraflex Systems, Inc.
|Ambulating ankle & knee joints with bidirectional dampening and assistance using elastomeric restraint
|Mar 11, 2008
|Jun 26, 2008
|Fallon Joan M
|Methods of treating and diagnosing parkinsons disease and related dysautonomic disorders
|Nov 14, 2008
|May 21, 2009
|Solvay Pharmaceuticals Gmbh
|Process for separating and determining the viral load in a pancreatin sample
|Dec 31, 2009
|Fallon Joan M
|Methods and compositions for the treatment of symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome
|Oct 5, 2009
|Apr 15, 2010
|Fallon Joan M
|Methods and compositions for the treatment of symptoms of prion diseases
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 12, 2001
Owner name: SOLVAY PHARMACEUTICALS GMBH, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SANDER-STRUCKMEIER, SUNTJE;STEINBORN, CLAUS RUDOLF;RUDMANN, MARTIN A.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:012363/0071;SIGNING DATES FROM 20011029 TO 20011112
|Apr 19, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 21, 2012
Effective date: 20100325
Owner name: ABBOTT PRODUCTS GMBH, GERMANY
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:SOLVAY PHARMACEUTICALS GMBH;REEL/FRAME:028416/0018
|Mar 26, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
The hotel receptionist I believe was called George went out of his way to help u's with a late check out and kept our bags safe as we were not flying until late that evening. He was exceptionally friendly and helpful and is a credit to the hotel.
cost and location
Location was great, hotel was clean, very nice room, better than I thought, I booked a twin but got 2 queen beds, was a beautiful room
was next to the staff laundry or tea room or something which was very loud on sat morning
Mainly the location and the fact that there was parking eventhough it was a bit tight for medium size sedans and anythig bigger
The meals were budget and reflected as much in the flavor
Although it is situated near a big road , it still was quiet which is positive
The basin was all marked but the worst was what happened in the middle of the night. Our toilet systern shattered on the floor during the night without reason . We called the night concierge and told him that it was dangerous to leave the debris on the floor as we needed to use the toilet during the night .He told us where the public toilet was in the hotel . When we said we would still need to use the bathroom to have a wash in the morning and we could get hurt, he went away and came back with a broom that he handed to us. We had to sweep the bathroom floor ourselves. It's inadmissable. He should at least have cleaned the floor and perhaps try to get us a discount to keep a customer happy.
Staff very friendly and helpful. Sizeable and quiet Rooms.
Interior of the rooms look tired. Only continental breakfast starting from 07.30. No Lunch, Dinner, or Room Service available. 1 Channel reception on TV.
Very close to university, very kind people. I booked a wrong room which was changed without extra fees.
Uncomfotable bed. Very limited facilities.
Quiet central location in Randwick.Close to beach,shops, restaurants.Good size room and lovely court yard.
The hotel was in a good location. I could walk to any attraction that I wanted or walk to the train station which was right across the street. The view from the roof-top pool was really amazing. I did not think it would be that good. The breakfast at the bar was above average; however, it was pricey. I liked the ambiance of the restaurant. You could sit and people watch. Overall, the hotel was average for the price. Their cleanliness was slightly above average. If you book this you will not be disappointed.
I did not like the bathroom. They do not show a good picture of the bathroom for a good reason. The shower has a glass enclosure that runs only half the length of the shower. The floor of the shower is only recessed by no more than a 1/4 inch for the rest of the floor. So, what does mean? Water would go everywhere. The floor seemed to be continually wet. However, they would come in and clean it every morning. They had to or I would have been thoroughly annoyed.
very convinient location
front desk was under staffed during our stay. waited for 15 minutes to check-out
Great location walking distance from train station
We stayed at the hotel because of its convenience in being located close to Sydney International airport
Nothing - all AOK
Very central to Darlinghurst and Surry Hills
Pool noise, but was not an issue for me. I was a heavy sleeper.
I liked the value and that they had rooms for a maximum of six people, since we have four adults traveling.
This hotel was not very clean. I am an avid traveler and have stayed in many different hotels and don't have what I would call high standards. But the room was tiny and smelled. The comforters had large stains on them, and beds were not sturdy. The lobby looks very nice and the downstairs restaurant seems nice (we didn't eat there) but then you get to the rooms and they are not as nice. The location is also troublesome, located on Anzac Parade which is a heavily traveled road that is hard to cross. I would recommend somewhere closer to a train station.
Value for money, convenient to shops, airport, racecourse etc
the design of the rooms
we booked online for 3 people for $239 and when we went to the counter she charged us $274est and didnt have a reason why.I feel like we were trying to be ripped off
Staff were friendly and knowledgable.
Nothing.... Everything was to the standard we were expecting.
I stopped by the hotel several times throughout the day, but the door was always locked--The main door, the one that says to ring the bell for help. I couldn't get anyone via email or the phone and so had to walk all my luggage to a new hotel. Terrible!
Lodge is located close to shopping centre and cafes, so finding a place to eat at was no problem. Within walking distance of beach and easy to source local transport.
Rooms on lower level was a bit small.
It was very convienient to what we had planned for the w/e. close to public transport, shops and the wonderful beaches. thank you
room a bit small, but that was ok, we only needed it to sleep.
Close to airport
The room and bathroom needed a good cleaning. Room was minuscule , bed and pillow disappointing and hallway dark dingy and dirty. Glad I couldn't sleep and went to eat at mcdonalds.
It's very convenient to the Sydney airport; otherwise nothing too special. If you just want somewhere to stay before an early flight, it fits the bill, though staying near Central Station or Redfern would be almost as convenient.
They really nickel-and-dime you: charging for wifi, for breakfast ($12 is way too much for what they provide, even in Sydney) and charging for a shuttle for the airport. I hate it when hotels do that.
Here's why:
We're not the seller
At KAYAK we don't set prices, so it's not possible for us to guarantee what other companies are selling.
We aggregate tons of data for you
Our service lets you quickly and easily compare results from hundreds of travel sites at once. In this sense, KAYAK is a search engine and we don't guarantee prices we find.
Why aren't prices accurate 100% of the time?
Prices on airline seats, hotel rooms and car rentals can change frequently. Several people may also be trying to buy the same travel option simultaneously. As a result, you may find on occasion that certain prices are no longer available.
More questions or if you have a bad price to report to us
Please send us an
and someone from our team will get back to you promptly.
KAYAK is part of The Priceline Group, the world leader in online travel & related services.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Caddy Close
Visitor Information
Welcome to our guide for the area around Caddy Close in Runnymede District. Below we present a selection of upcoming events, local attractions and great places to eat and shop.
The nearest station to Caddy Close is
Further articles featuring Caddy Close on LondonTown.com
Find out the best London 2016 events with our comprehensive guide to the top entertainment in the city throughout the year. From January through to December, 2016 is packed with unmissable events - so read on to get the best out of London town.
Pubs near Caddy Close
London > Nightlife > Pubs
Alma Road, Esher, KT10 | 9 miles from Caddy Close
This picturesque pub is an out-of-town hidden gem, perfect for a Sunday jaunt or if you're visiting nearby Hampton Court. Marney's Village Inn is the kind ... More
London > Nightlife > Pubs
Riverside, Twickenham, TW1 | 9.7 miles from Caddy Close
With probably one of the most idyllic settings of any of London's pubs, the White Swan is well worth a visit if you're in this neck ... More
London > Nightlife > Pubs
2 The Avenue, Ealing, W13 | 11.3 miles from Caddy Close
Escape the cabin fever of central London with a trip westwards to Ealing's impressive Drayton Court pub (just ten minutes on the train from Paddington Station). ... More
Alternate names and popular misspellings for Caddy Close
London Hotels
From cheap budget accommodation to luxury 5 star hotels see our discounts for CADDY CLOSE hotels, including Grange St Paul's Hotel London from 58% off.


text:
Additional Menu Selections
Search Twinstrivia.com
Subscribe to Twinstrivia.com RSS feed
Click on the numbers for current Twins Stats
About Us
I am John Swol and I run this site, if you want to know more about me, you can go here.
AL Central Division Standings
Team W L Pct. GB White Sox 19 10 .655 - Indians 13 12 .520 4.0 Royals 14 13 .519 4.0 Tigers 14 13 .519 4.0 Twins 8 20 .286 10.5
Last updated: 05/06/2016
Twins official web site
Twins Coming's & Goings
Twins Minor League Affiliates
- A – Cedar Rapids Kernels Midwest League
- A – Fort Myers Miracle Florida State League
- AA – Chattanooga Lookouts Southern League
- AAA – Rochester Red Wings International League
- Dominican Summer League Twins Rookie ball
- Elizabethton Twins Rookie ball – Appalachian League
- Gulf Coast League Twins Rookie ball
Down On The Farm
In highway rescue, umps make the right callOn April 14, a routine ride to the ballpark turned into anything but for umpires Brock Ballou and Cody Clark. The duo jumped ...
Toolshed: Hader showing starter capabilityBrewers No. 4 prospect Josh Hader could be an incredibly effective left-handed reliever, but he's been thriving as a starter ...
Quick learner De Jong dominates for TulsaChase De Jong, the Dodgers' No. 18 prospect, allowed just one hit over seven shutout innings as Double-A Tulsa rolled to a 7-...
Unsworth takes no-hit bid into seventhDylan Unsworth didn't allow a hit through his first six innings and wound up yielding two singles and a walk over seven frame...
Guerrero delivers unusual no-hit outingJordan Guerrero tied a career high with 11 strikeouts and allowed two earned runs over six hitless innings on four walks as B...
Drive's Espinoza whiffs career-high 11Boston's No. 4 prospect Anderson Espinoza, who is just 18 years old, pitched like a polished veteran Thursday as Class A Gree...
Athletics' Alcantara hurls six hitless framesOakland right-hander Raul Alcantara smoothed out a mechanical flaw and put aside a few rough outings to dominate in Double-A ...
Lora ends hitless week in style for SunsMired in an 0-for-11 slump, Edwin Lora amassed four hits and four RBIs while Rhett Wiseman was 4-for-5 as Class A Hagerstown ...
Dominant Goudeau nixes Blue Rocks' skidAshton Goudeau struck out a career-high 11, scattering six hits over eight frames as Class A Advanced Wilmington snapped a 12...
Even-keeled Pujols powers up for BlueClawsJose Pujols, Philadelphia's No. 25 prospect, homered, doubled and drove in five runs in Class A Lakewood's 13-6 victory over ...
Mets shred Miracle, 8-3, to open season seriesFORT MYERS, Fla. (May 5, 2016) - The St. Lucie Mets pounded out eight runs on 11 hits to knock off the Fort Myers Miracle, 8-...LOOKOUTS BATS GET TEN HITS TO NO AVAIL
Loons Blank Kernels Thursday, 3-0MIDLAND, MICH. - The Great Lakes Loons took a no-hitter into the sixth inning Thursday at Dow Diamond before settling for a 3...
Mateo ties career high with four-hit gameYankees' No. 1 prospect Jorge Mateo went 4-for-5 with a triple in Class A Advanced Tampa's 7-5 loss to Clearwater on Thursday...
MiLB announces April Players of the MonthMinor League Baseball today announced the Player of the Month Award winners for each of the 10 full season leagues for the mo...
The Show Before the Show: Episode 57Triple-A Indianapolis pitching coach Stan Kyles joins the podcast to talk about Tyler Glasnow, Jameson Taillon and the rest o...
Prospect Roundup: Games of May 4First-rounders from the 2015 Draft highlighted Wednesday's action with Tyler Jay (Twins), Kyle Tucker (Astros) and D.J. Stewa...
Delays forcing Hartford to play in NorwichThe Eastern League is moving home dates for the Hartford Yard Goats that were scheduled to be played in Hartford during the p...
MWL notes: Gatewood gets his footingA first-round pick by the Brewers in 2014, Jake Gatewood has always seen himself as a big league shortstop. His 6-foot-5 fram...
SAL notes: Rodgers raking in AshevilleRockies No. 1 prospect Brendan Rodgers had a solid 2015 showing in Rookie ball, but he has taken a big step forward this year...
- .
Twins News & Blogs
Get the most up-to-date Twins news right here.
- Nolasco matched up with Latos in opener vs. White Sox (MIN Homepage News)
- Circumstance forged Plouffe's bond with mom (MIN Homepage News)
- Jay among top prospect performers Wednesday (MIN Homepage News)
- Dozier's homer not enough after pitchers falter (MIN Homepage News)
- Decision to use bullpen early doesn't pay off (MIN Homepage News)
- Graham called up for short stint with Twins (MIN Homepage News)
- Brunansky, Molitor waiting for bats to spark (MIN Homepage News)
- Series tied after lead gets away from Twins (MIN Homepage News)
- Meyer struggles in 1st start, sent to Triple-A (MIN Homepage News)
- Issues identified, Dozier showing improvement (MIN Homepage News)
- Santana on track to face White Sox Saturday (MIN Homepage News)
- Hit in 57 games, win $5.6 million (MIN Homepage News)
- Two big frames help Twins end losing streak (MIN Homepage News)
- Berrios outpitches Keuchel for first MLB win (MIN Homepage News)
- Patience pays off for Twins against Keuchel (MIN Homepage News)
Powered by Simple RSS Feeds Widget
Twins Territory Blogs
This Date in Washington Senators HistoryMay 6 1967 – Behind 9th inning solo homers by Bob Chance and Paul Casanova, the Senators win their 3rd straight by shutting o...This is baseball math: 8-20 -- the Twins' won-lost record -- and 16-4 -- the score of Wednesday night's debacle --add up to 1...
Tommy Milone and Casey Fien placed on waiversMike Berardino of the Pioneer Press reports that the Twins have placed the two wayward pitchers on waivers after their...
Nolasco matched up with Latos in opener vs. White ...Mat Latos and Ricky Nolasco are off to surprising starts this season, and the two are set to square off in the series opener ...
Minnesota Twins Minor League Stars of the WeekWe are back with this week's installment of the Minnesota Twins Minor League Stars of the Week. In this week's article, w...
Fixing the Twins Isn't That ComplicatedSo this season has certainly de-escalated quickly, hasn't it Twins fans? Ask any group of Twins fans what went wrong and you'...
Series Preview: Twins at White SoxThe floundering Twins head to Chicago for a three game series. In case you haven't been keeping up on things, the Whi...
Circumstance forged Plouffe's bond with momTrevor Plouffe was a freshman in high school when he heard the life-changing news. His mother, Diane, had been diagnosed with...
Twins getting bang for their buck with Byung Ho Pa...Many scratched their heads when Terry Ryan signed Korean first baseman Byung Ho Park last fall, but check out who looks s...
This Date in Washington Senators HistoryMay 5 1904 – After losing their first 13 games of the season, Washington finally picks up its first win by defeating the NY H...It takes a lot to get me to tune out of a Twins game. but Wednesday's was an easy one for me to abandon. And since I paid alm...
Jay among top prospect performers WednesdayA new month has already brought better results for Tyler Jay, who, on Wednesday, fired a season-high 6 1/3 scoreless innings....
Dozier's homer not enough after pitchers falterJose Altuve, Jason Castro and Carlos Correa each homered, with Altuve and Correa adding a single and a double, to lead the As...
Decision to use bullpen early doesn't pay offPhil Hughes clearly didn't have it on Wednesday, so Paul Molitor made the decision to pull him early. But the bullpen didn't ...
Graham called up for short stint with TwinsJ.R. Graham joined the Twins on Wednesday, giving the club another arm in the bullpen after Alex Meyer was optioned to Triple...
Hopefully You Went To Bed Already, Twins Decimated...Michael Scott: "NO GOD! NO GOD! PLEASE! NO! NO! NO! NOOOOOOOO!" Greetings from outer space. It's a bit cold here, a lit...
Brunansky, Molitor waiting for bats to sparkHitting coach Tom Brunansky said the offense has been better recently, but he's far from being satisfied with the way the sea...
Characters in Star Wars if they were played by Twi...In honor of Star Wars Day, here is the cast of Star Wars if they were Twins players. George Lucas: Terry Ryan You had a...Photo Credit: Troy Taormina- USA Today Sports One start... That's all Minnesota wanted to see fr...
Questions & Answers with The Crawfish Boxes' R...Better late than never! Since the Twins are in Houston taking on the Astros this week, I exchanged a few question...
What do you look for in the Twins broadcasters?In which I rant about the Twins broadcast teams yet still ask for help. Thanks to a fast game at Inside Edge last night...
This Date in Washington Senators HistoryMay 4 Senators Birthdays Larry Francis Drake B May 4, 1921 D Jul. 14, 1985 An outfielder with a very short career, Larry Drak...Alex Meyer reaches for the return throw from Kurt Suzuki as George Springer scores on Meyer's third-inn...
Series tied after lead gets away from TwinsGeorge Springer homered for the second game in a row, hitting a two-run shot over the railroad tracks high above Minute Maid ...
Meyer struggles in 1st start, sent to Triple-AAfter two solid frames to begin his first Major League start, Alex Meyer faltered in the third. He took the loss, and after t...
Issues identified, Dozier showing improvementBrian Dozier is showing signs that he's emerging from his early-season slump, and he credits working with hitting coach Tom B...
Santana on track to face White Sox SaturdayErvin Santana threw a 30-pitch simulated game before Tuesday's game against the Astros and remains on track to be activated f...
Hit in 57 games, win $5.6 millionJoe DiMaggio amassed a 56-game hitting streak 75 years ago. Top that in Beat the Streak, and $5.6 million is yours.
This Date in Washington Senators History – Happy B...May 3 1952 – The Senators and Yankees make a 6 player trade, the Senators receive Jackie Jensen, Frank (Spec) Shea, Archie Wi...Paul Molitor gets between catcher John Ryan Murphy and home plate umpire Jerry Layne after Murphy was ...
- 1500 ESPN – Twins 0
- 6-4-3 0
- A Fan's View 0
- Aaron Gleeman 0
- Baseball Outsider 0
- Bollinger Beat 0
- CBS Sports – Twins 0
- Clark Griffith Blog 0
- Coffeyville Whirlwind 0
- D.C. Baseball History 0
- Fort Myers News-Press ST coverage 0
- Kevin Slowey was Framed! 0
- Knuckleballs 0
- MLB Rumors – Twins 0
- New York Times – Twins 0
- North Dakota Twins Fan 0
- Puckett's Pond 0
- The Tenth Inning Strech 0
- Twinkie Town 0
- Twins Baseball Love 0
- Twins Daily 0
- Twins Fan from Afar 0
- Twins Insider 0
- Twins Now 0
- Two Men On 0
- VoteTonyO 0
A wonderful site about baseball back in the 1960s, one of my favorite baseball sites.
Interesting Baseball Sites
- Arizona Fall League
- Australian Baseball League
- Back to Baseball
- Baseball Almanac
- Baseball Savant
- Baseball-Reference
- Baseball: Past and Present
- Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame
- Caribbean Baseball
- Caribbean Series
- Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame
- Dick Perez Sports Artist
- Elias Sports Bureau
- Kaat's Korner
- MLB Network
- MLB Players Alumni Assoc.
- MLB Players Association
- Seamheads.com Ballparks Database
- Stadium Page
- The Biz of Baseball
- Twins Fantasy Camp
- Twins home opener weather
Top Posts & Pages
TagsAaron Hicks Ben Revere Bert Blyleven Blue Jays Bob Allison Brian Dozier Byron Buxton Calvin Griffith Camilo Pascual Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Francisco Liriano Glen Perkins Harmon Killebrew Jason Kubel Jim Kaat Jim Perry Joe Mauer Johan Santana Josh Willingham Justin Morneau Kansas City Royals Kent Hrbek Kirby Puckett Los Angeles Dodgers Max Kepler Metrodome Met Stadium Michael Cuddyer Miguel Sano New York Yankees Oakland A's Paul Molitor Red Sox Rod Carew Ron Gardenhire Scott Baker Target Field Terry Ryan Tom Kelly Tony Oliva Torii Hunter Trevor Plouffe Washington Senators
A proud member of
Contact usYou can contact us at email@example.com. Thank you
Tag Archives: Tom Kelly
Checking out the pitchers and catchers
When I left our Cape Coral condo yesterday morning it was overcast but no rain was predicted as I started the 12 mile drive to the CenturyLink Sports Complex but shortly after crossing over the bridge to Ft. Myers the … Continue reading
Checking in with the Twins
When you visit the CenturyLink Sports complex when there are no games going on it can be kind of boring. I know, I know, I have nothing to complain about as I watch the Twins prepare for a new season in the … Continue reading
No red carpet but the uniforms were red
I missed the Minnesota Twins open house this past Sunday because I was feeling under the weather but I was feeling fine again on Monday so I headed out to the CenturyLink Sports Complex to check out the Twins pitchers … Continue reading
Hughes – Jekyll & Hyde
For many years now the Minnesota Twins organization has always looked unfavorably at pitchers that issue too many bases on balls. If you eliminate 2011 and 2012 the Twins have been in the top three teams in the American League … Continue reading
The 2014 Twins Turkey of the Year winner is –
Only three teams in major league baseball lost more games than our Minnesota Twins did in 2014 when they lost 92 times, their four straight 90 plus losing season. You would think that a team that Forbes listed this past … Continue reading
A vote for Torey Lovullo
Terry Ryan continues in his quest to find just the right man to become the Minnesota Twins thirteenth manager. Ryan has not had to perform this task since late in 2001 and this will only be his second hire of a … Continue reading
Twins searching for a new manager
I was driving up to Duluth to enjoy a short two-day getaway when I heard the first reports over the radio that Ron Gardenhire was going to be dismissed as the Twins manager after 13 seasons at the helm of … Continue reading
From 50-game suspension to All-Star
Is baseball sending another mixed message by naming Orioles outfielder Nelson Cruz to the American League All-Star team? I know, the fans elected Cruz to be the AL starting DH but Bud Selig and MLB could have stopped that dead … Continue reading
According to Elias
Chris Colabello drove in four runs in Minnesota's win in Cleveland yesterday, increasing his total this season to 11 RBIs. That's the most RBIs any Twins player has had in the team's first six games of a season since Bobby … Continue reading
Twins starters and pitch limits
The Twins have had a reputation for protecting their starting pitchers for many years and their method of choice for accomplishing this is to limit the number of pitches that their starters throw in a game. The Twins are not alone in counting … Continue reading
Here and there
Yesterday the Minnesota Twins announced that they have added Minnesota native and former Twins player Paul Molitor to their major league coaching staff. Molitor will oversee base running, bunting, infield instruction and positioning, plus assist with in-game strategy from the dugout … Continue reading
Home plate can be hard to find
Some days home plate seems the size of a postage stamp to Twins pitchers and here are some of those days. The most walks a Twins pitcher has issued in one game stands at nine and five Twins pitchers have met … Continue reading
2013 Twins draft summary
Each year after the June amateur draft is completed I try to put together a draft summary that shows at a quick glance how the Twins drafted. The Twins first pick (fourth over-all) this year is RHP Kohl Stewart from … Continue reading
Twins striking out at a record pace in 2013
The Twins played their 50th game of the season last night when they beat the Milwaukee Brewers 4-1 at Target Field and their record now stands at 22-28. Last night they struck out 7 times, the night before they struck … Continue reading
Twins pitchers with great ERA's
The Twins finished with a 66-96 record in 2012 and the teams starting pitching was blamed for the teams poor play. The teams starting pitching had a league worst 5.40 ERA and the starters posted a 39-75 record. As a … Continue reading
How Twins have fared against other AL opponents
The Washington Senators played in Washington D.C. from 1901 through 1960. During those 60 years the team played 9,188 games and had 4,223 wins, 4,864 losses and 101 ties to show for their efforts. Excluding the tie games the Senators had … Continue reading
Twins fill coaching vacancies
Twins General Manager Terry Ryan announced today that he had filled the three open coaching staff positions by naming Tom Brunansky as the hitting coach, Bobby Cueller as the bullpen coach and Terry Steinbach as the bench coach and catching instructor. Brunansky who had a 14 … Continue reading
Congratulations to Tom Kelly
Jay Thomas Kelly will have his number 10 retired on Saturday and we here at Twins Trivia would like to add our congratulations for a well deserved honor. Kelly was originally drafted by the Seattle Pilots in round 8 of … Continue reading
This Day in Twins History – September 5
9/5/1978 – The Twins Danny Ford costs his team a run during a 4-3 loss to the White Sox at Met Stadium. Trailing 4-0 in the seventh, Ford is on third with the bases loaded when Bombo Rivera singles, Ford … Continue reading
Spending some time with Dave McCarty
Dave McCarty was born in Houston, Texas on November 23, 1969. Dave grew up playing the three major sports and attended Sharpstown High School in Houston. Like most Texas athletes, McCarty grew up thinking he would attend the University of Texas … Continue reading
Checking on the minor league side
When I arrived at Hammond Stadium today there was not a lot going on the big league side with a lot of the Twins preparing to play Tampa at Port Charlotte today. A little BP for a couple of players, several … Continue reading
Another beautiful day at the ballpark
A new day, a new month and another trip to the ballpark and another great day in Southwest Florida. I parked my car on Kelly avenue today and walked over to the nearest field and I saw Gardy conducting a drill … Continue reading
Checking on the Twins progress
It is a warm and sunny day here in Fort Myers with the temperatures in the mid 80's and as I check out the Minnesota weather forecast I find it says that the area could get a foot or more … Continue reading
Checking on those pitchers and catchers
Today was my first opportunity to observe all those pitchers and catchers since they started official workouts yesterday and I will tell you, there are a lot of guys out there fighting for a few open slots. Lots of pitchers … Continue reading
Tsuyoshi Nishioka – where are you?
Leading into the 2011 season the Twins big news was the signing of Japanese star shortstop Tsuyoshi Nishioka. The man was going to solidify the infield and lead the Twins to the promised land of getting past round one of the playoffs. … Continue reading
This Day in Twins History – January 4, 2002
In spite of the Minnesota Twins franchise uncertain future due to possible contraction, Ron Gardenhire is named as the Minnesota Twins 12th manager. Gardenhire, 44, replaces the Twins winningest manager, Tom Kelly who had resigned earlier saying that it was time for … Continue reading
Some old newspaper clips about the Twins
The Minnesota Twins have had their ups and downs over the years and I ran across a variety of press clippings that pertained to the home-town nine and I thought that I would share them with you. Some are sad, some … Continue reading
February 25, 2011 – Another day and another trip to the ballpark today to watch the Twins as they prepare for their spring training opener just two days away. On a beautiful albeit a windy late February day the fans were … Continue reading
Fast and furious or slow and steady?
January 17, 2011 – After just one season of calling Target Field home, the Twins brain trust has determined that they have a need for speed. The Twins are coming off of a season where they stole just 68 bases. The … Continue reading


text:
"Gerhard Richter, one of the world's most acclaimed artists, has worked feverishly for decades, continually exploring new subjects and approaches in paintings that shimmer as elegant attempts at distancing. Born in the lovely, doomed city of Dresden a year before Hitler became chancellor, Richter came of age in East Germany, where his remarkable talents harnessed to Soviet-imposed social realism. Disciplined and ambitious, Richter made the most of oppressive circumstances, then defected to West Germany, where he achieved success first as a pop-art star with his strikingly blurred photo-paintings, works in sync with yet far more poetic than Andy Warhol's silk screens. Although Richter is orderly and reserved, curator and confidant Elger, director of the artist's archives, writes knowledgeably and insightfully about the personal experiences and deep feelings underlying the polished surfaces of Richter's mysterious portraits, complex abstractions, and beautiful landscapes and seascapes. Elger also elucidates Richter's aesthetics of detachment and ambiguity, use of photographs, and pursuit of what Richter calls 'pure picture.' An enlightening foundational portrait of an artist who will stand the test of time."
Gerhard Richter: A Life in Paintingby Dietmar Elger
Gerhard Richter is one of the most important and influential artists of the post-war era. For decades he has sought innovative ways to make painting more relevant, often through a multifaceted dialogue with photography. Today Richter is most widely recognized for the photo-paintings he made during the 1960s that rely on images culled from mass media and pop culture… See more details below
Gerhard Richter is one of the most important and influential artists of the post-war era. For decades he has sought innovative ways to make painting more relevant, often through a multifaceted dialogue with photography. Today Richter is most widely recognized for the photo-paintings he made during the 1960s that rely on images culled from mass media and pop culture. Always fascinated with the limits and uncertainties of representation, he has since then produced landscapes, abstractions, glass and mirror constructions, prints, sculptures, and installations.
Though Richter has been known in the United States for quite some time, the highly successful retrospective of his work at the MoMA in 2002 catapulted him to unprecedented fame. Enter noted curator Dietmar Elger, who here presents the first biography of this contemporary artist. Written with full access to Richter and his archives, this fascinating book offers unprecedented insight into his life and work. Elger explores Richter's childhood in Nazi Germany; his years as a student and mural painter in communist East Germany; his time in the West during the turbulent 1960s and '70s, when student protests, political strife, and violence tore the Federal Republic of Germany apart; and his rise to international acclaim during the 1980s and beyond.
Richter has always been a difficult personality to parse and the seemingly contradictory strands of his artistic practice have frustrated and sometimes confounded critics. But the extensive interviews on which this book is based disclose a Richter who is far more candid, personal, and vivid than ever before. The result is a book that will be the foundational portrait of this artist for years to come.
Editorial Reviews
"Gerhard Richter, one of the world's most acclaimed artists, has worked feverishly for decades, continually exploring new subjects and approaches in paintings that shimmer as elegant attempts at distancing. Born in the lovely, doomed city of Dresden a year before Hitler became chancellor, Richter came of age in East Germany, where his remarkable talents harnessed to Soviet-imposed social realism. Disciplined and ambitious, Richter made the most of oppressive circumstances, then defected to West Germany, where he achieved success first as a pop-art star with his strikingly blurred photo-paintings, works in sync with yet far more poetic than Andy Warhol's silk screens. Although Richter is orderly and reserved, curator and confidant Elger, director of the artist's archives, writes knowledgeably and insightfully about the personal experiences and deep feelings underlying the polished surfaces of Richter's mysterious portraits, complex abstractions, and beautiful landscapes and seascapes. Elger also elucidates Richter's aesthetics of detachment and ambiguity, use of photographs, and pursuit of what Richter calls 'pure picture.' An enlightening foundational portrait of an artist who will stand the test of time."
"Among the many triumphs of Dietmar Elger's landmark first biography of the artist, Gerhard Richter: A Life in Painting, written with full access to his archives, is to show how Richter's apparently neutral tones are part of a long, complicated fight against traditional German emotionalism. . . . Elger creates a splendid portrait of Germany's postwar amnesia refracted through the prism of Richter's rapid developments. Although over-discreet – obscure, even – about the artist's private life, he unravels a psychologically compelling story: how across the decades Richter's art of restraint and non-commitment reaches its high points when he dared let flamboyance or emotion in by stealth."
Product Details
- 9780226203232
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- Publication date:
- 02/15/2010
- Pages:
- 389
- Sales rank:
- 963,153
- Product dimensions:
- 7.20(w) x 10.20(h) x 1.30(d)
Read an Excerpt
By DIETMAR ELGER
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSCopyright © 2002 FÜR DIE ABGEBILDETEN WERKE VON GERHARD RICHTER BEIM KÜNSTLER
All right reserved.
Chapter OneDRESDEN
The city of Dresden is one of Germany's oldest urban centers. Located near the country's eastern border, it was, before World War II, a charming baroque city and an important government seat, internationally renowned as a place of great culture and learning. It was in Dresden that the great Romantic painter Caspar David Friedrich had plied his trade in the early nineteenth century, and by 1900 the city had become a bustling hub of contemporary art.
Dresden is also the birthplace of Gerhard Richter, one of Germany's most important postwar painters and, indeed, one of the most esteemed artists in the world today. Richter was born on February 9, 1932, in the Hospital Dresden-Neustadt, not far from the city center. Of course 1932 is important in German history for other reasons as well. Within months of Richter's birth, Adolf Hitler's National Socialist German Workers' Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, or national parliament, and on the eve of the boy's first birthday, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany. Taking advantage of a fire set in the parliament building, possibly by his own people, Hitler then hastened to consolidate his power and to launch the radical military regime that came to be known as the Third Reich. There is no need to dwell here upon the countless atrocities committed by Hitler and the Nazi military, which very nearly extinguished whole cultures and their communities. Suffice it to say that Dresden was a singular tragedy. By the end of the war, it would lie in rubble, irremediably transformed, first by Hitler and his drastic policies, and then by Allied bombing, which left vast sections of the city in cinders and many thousands of its inhabitants dead.
Richter was still only a boy when the war ended in Europe. Yet the artist recalls growing up an ordinary child in an ordinary household struggling to cope with the extraordinary pressures of National Socialism. His childhood, he says, was largely pleasant if uneventful—though he is quick to admit that his memories are shaped by the self-absorbed perspective of youth and may not always reflect the facts (fig. 1.1).
Gerhard's mother, Hildegard Richter, neé Schönfelder, was twenty-five years old when the future artist, her first child, was born. Hildegard came from a solidly middle-class family who were the proprietors of a large brewery in the Bavarian city of Kulmbach, but throughout her life, first as a daughter and then as a wife, she never quite attained the elevated lifestyle she desired. Her father, Ernst Alfred Schönfelder, had been a talented concert pianist who unfortunately demonstrated little talent for brewing. Within a few years of giving up his vocation to take the helm of the family enterprise, he had propelled it into bankruptcy. Herr Schönfelder then moved his family to Dresden with the idea that they could live on their investments while he pursued a new career in music. This project never amounted to anything more than a hobby, but still, the Schönfelders were in Dresden, which suited Hildegard. She adored the bustling city and growing up there together with her younger sister, Marianne, and older brothers, Alfred and Rudolf.
In Dresden Hildegard trained as a bookseller, a highly esteemed profession in Germany. She had a passion for literature and music and, like her father, played the piano well. "My mother had such an elitist way about her," Gerhard said decades later. "To be a meaningful person, from her perspective, one had to be a writer or artist or intellectual." However, she never displayed any particular affinity for the visual arts.
Gerhard's father, Horst Richter, had studied mathematics and physics at the Technische Hochschule in Dresden and taught at a gymnasium, the equivalent of an American high school. Horst and Hildegard married in 1931, but it was not a happy match: the couple's interests and values were entirely different. Hildegard enjoyed a brisk social life, was a voracious reader, and had many cultural interests, while Horst seems to have been more of a homebody and less driven to succeed. Dogged by chronic unemployment in the late 1930s, as Germany's social, economic, industrial, and educational systems were transformed under National Socialism and as the country ramped up for war, Horst finally landed a teaching position in Reichenau, a town today called Bogatynia and located in Poland, about eighty kilometers south of Dresden. When the Richters moved there, Reichenau had a population of about 7,400 and supported a variety of industries, including cement manufacturing, coal mining, and textiles. The most attractive thing Richter recalls about Reichenau was that it had a public swimming pool. Gisela, Gerhard's younger sister, was born there in November 1936.
The move from the lovely, bustling metropolis of Dresden, with its theaters, concerts, and cinemas, to Reichenau, a drab locale steeped in heavy industry, was a blow to Hildegard—although it very likely saved her life and those of her children. The small town offered little stimulation, and to make matters worse, she regarded her husband as her intellectual inferior. Horst was a deeply religious man who sustained himself by attending Protestant Evangelical services every week. Hildegard countered his piety with her own fierce beliefs, absorbed from the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche.
Because Horst was a teacher, he was forced to join the National Socialist Party, though, as Gerhard remembers it, his father never bought into its ideology. In fact Richter does not recollect that anyone in either of his parents' families was an avid supporter of Nazism; like so many other German families at the time, the Richters and the Schönfelders were apolitical. In the countryside, in little towns like Reichenau and the even smaller town of Waltersdorf, where his parents later moved, they were spared the necessity of attending party rallies or participating in special deployments. Later, in 1942, with the war in full force, Gerhard was conscripted into the Pimpfen, the program that prepared children to become members of the Hitler Youth. Still, he managed to avoid most of the odious paramilitary field exercises and tent camps thanks to his mother, who willingly filled out and signed his absence forms, claiming illness.
Gerhard, who went by the nickname Gerd, was his mother's favorite, and Hildegard projected the full sum of her unfulfilled hopes and ideals onto her son. She encouraged his early interest in Nietzsche and in Goethe, Schiller, and other classic writers, whose books she kept about the house. She had nothing but reproach for Horst, given his failure to distinguish himself, going so far as to intimate to young Gerd that Horst may not even have been his father (fig. 1.2).
On September 1, 1939, when Gerd was seven, Hitler's troops invaded Poland, marking the start of World War II. Almost immediately, Horst Richter was drafted into the military and mobilized to the eastern front. He served in Hitler's military for the duration of the European campaign, with the result that he was absent during the most crucial years of his son's development. The war was hard on the Richters, as on other families, in ways that belie a little boy's cheerful memories; it touched them in ways Gerhard would begin to comprehend only much later, as an adult. His mother's brother Rudi was killed early in the war. Her sister, Marianne, was first sterilized and then starved to death by the Nazis in the Psychiatrische Landesanstalt Großschweidnitz, a hospital for the mentally disabled. Richter would commemorate the two in paintings from 1965: Uncle Rudi (CR 85; fig. 5.9) and Aunt Marianne (CR 87; fig. 5.5).
In 1943 Hildegard moved her children out of Reichenau to the even smaller town of Waltersdorf (population 2,500), in the extreme southeast corner of Germany, on the border with the current Czech Republic, about twelve kilometers from Zittau. There the family lived on the village's eastern edge, in subsidized housing, which Richter would later recall as "depressing." The austerity of the Richters' financial situation made it necessary for Hildegard to sell her beloved piano.
As fighting raged on, Horst Richter was shifted to the western front, where he was captured by the Allies. He spent the rest of the war in an American prisoner of war camp. Finally released in 1946, he made his way home to an indifferent wife and to children who greeted him as a stranger. As with many returning veterans, Horst's presence served only to disrupt the harmony of the family. Through a series of moves and good fortune, Gerhard and his sister had been spared any direct experience of the horrors of war. In fact, thirteen-year-old Gerd found the end of the campaign to be a great adventure, replete with genuine rifles and pistols. He and his friends discovered discarded weapons everywhere and held target practice in the woods surrounding Waltersdorf. "I always found that interesting—when things go bang," he later told Jürgen Hohmeyer of the Hamburg-based newsmagazine Der Spiegel. Even today, with unusual candor, Richter stands by his youthful enthusiasm: "That was the most exciting time of my life, and I think of it fondly."
For a long time after the war, groceries were hard to come by. Waltersdorf, located in eastern Germany, had come under the control of the Soviets as a result of the Potsdam Agreement, drafted by the USSR, the United States, and the United Kingdom to regulate the postwar occupation and reconstruction of Germany and other territories. Gerd and his father would take to the road, sometimes for days, trying to sell various household objects or trade them for food. As a former Nazi Party member, Horst would never again be allowed to teach. Desperate for employment, he finally went to work as a laborer in a textile mill in Zittau.6
Gerd had already begun to commute to Zittau to attend a college-preparatory school. But, alas, he failed nearly every subject; he even brought home poor grades in drawing. After a year he was forced to drop out and instead enrolled in a vocational school, also in Zittau, that offered courses in stenography, bookkeeping, and Russian. Two years later, in 1948, he graduated.
The months and years immediately following the war were, on the one hand, chaotic and difficult but, on the other, characterized by an atmosphere of political awakening, possibility, and intellectual freedom—at least for a while. The provisional government, the Sowjetisches Besatzungs-Regime, donated many books expropriated by the Soviets from private collections to public libraries, which put long-forbidden literature again within reach. In the local library in Waltersdorf, Gerhard devoured books by authors who had been persecuted by the Nazis: Thomas Mann, Lion Feuchtwanger, Stefan Zweig. Their writings awoke in him a nascent literary ambition, and the teenager tried his hand at romantic verse. At the same time, an endless supply of illustrated books prompted his own first drawings. Richter vividly remembers a nude figure copied from a book in 1946 as his earliest serious effort. And he recalls his parents' reaction when they found the drawing under his bed. For once, Horst and Hildegard agreed on something: both were shocked at the work's erotic content—but enormously proud of their son's obvious talent.
When Gerhard heard one day that Hans Lillig, an artist from the region, had come to Waltersdorf to paint a mural at the elementary school, he rushed over to see. It was his first encounter with a professional artist, and he was allowed to watch Lillig work. He marveled at the painter's technique and the progress of the mural, a fascination that may have lingered and perhaps even affected his decision later in art school to specialize in the genre. Meeting Lillig also afforded the budding artist the chance to show some of his own drawings to a "colleague" for critique.
By 1947 things were starting to come together for Gerhard: by day he attended vocational school in Zittau, and at night he took a painting class. Before the end of the course he realized, with a certain satisfaction, that no one at the school had the skill to teach him anything more. He began to concentrate intently on art, experimenting with various media, painting watercolors, and collecting old master prints published by E. A. Seemann Verlag in Leipzig (fig. 1.3). In one self-portrait from 1949 (fig. 1.4), Richter painted himself brimming with confidence. The gleaming right eye fixes the viewer as if to proclaim the young artist's talent, while the left side of the face and the shoulder recede into darkness. "It had to do with being an introvert. I was alone a great deal and drew a lot." He remembers having grown increasingly private after his family moved to Waltersdorf. "Automatically I was an outsider. I couldn't speak the dialect and so on. I was at a club, watching the others dance, and I was jealous and bitter and annoyed. So in the watercolor all this anger is included.... It was the same with the poems I was writing—very romantic, but bitter and nihilistic, like Nietzsche and Hermann Hesse."
By the time Gerhard finished vocational school in 1948, he had moved out of his parents' house in Waltersdorf and was living in a residence for trade apprentices in Zittau. Though deeply preoccupied with art and art history, he was also a pragmatist and thus decided to pursue a more sensible vocation. He considered various options, including becoming a forest ranger; that inspiration was short-lived, however, as the program involved a course of intense physical training and, according to Richter, he simply was not strong enough to qualify. Lacking a gymnasium diploma meant professions such as medicine and dentistry were also out of the question, so his mother tried to arrange a place for him in a printing plant. This he rejected after the first interview, repulsed by the strong smell of chemicals.
With his talent for drawing, young Gerhard finally secured a position with a sign painter in Zittau. He spent about six months cleaning and priming shop signs, preparing them for repainting by other employees. Bored, he quit the job in February 1950 and hired on as an assistant set painter at the municipal theater in Zittau, where he painted the sets for productions of Goethe's Faust and Wilhelm Tell. This was much more to his liking. "I enjoyed the work, which had at least something to do with art when we painted the large backdrops." When the season ended, as was customary, the employees were assigned less glamorous jobs such as tending to the building's upkeep. Told to repaint the stairway, Gerhard refused. By then, five months into the job, the apprentice saw himself as a full-fledged artist and above such things. He was abruptly fired.
Somewhat later Richter would claim that he had also apprenticed with a photographer—a bit of misinformation that still occasionally makes it way into his biography. He did actually receive a simple plate camera from his mother as a Christmas present in 1945, and the father of his friend Kurt Jungmichel operated a photography lab in Waltersdorf, where Gerd was allowed to develop film and work on his own pictures. The 1965 painting Cow II (Kuh II; CR 88) is based on one of his earliest photographs. As this and other of Richter's gray photo-paintings began to attract attention in the mid-1960s, critics and collectors frequently asked if the images were personally significant. Some in fact were, but for many years Richter would deny it, or dismiss any personal association as irrelevant. Not only did he want to protect his private life—Richter has always been a deeply private person—but by then he wanted the public to engage with the issues of media and reality that had come to preoccupy him in his practice.
But that would all come later. In 1950, after two aborted apprenticeships, Gerhard was just deciding to become a professional artist, and not everyone was as impressed with his talent as he was. When he applied for admission to the Dresden Art Academy (Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden) for the winter semester of 1950–1951, his portfolio was summarily rejected. His work was deemed too bourgeois for his country's socialist sensibilities, but he received a valuable suggestion: if he really wanted to train at the academy, he was told, he should first get a job at a state-run business and then reapply. State employees apparently received preferential treatment when it came to competitive admissions. So Richter went to work as a painter at the Dewag textile plant on October 2, 1950. The following spring he again applied to the Dresden Art Academy and this time was promptly accepted. He quit the textile plant on May 31, 1951, and packed his belongings. After sixteen years he was on his way back to Dresden, his hometown, to pursue a career in art.
Excerpted from GERHARD RICHTER by DIETMAR ELGER Copyright © 2002 by FÜR DIE ABGEBILDETEN WERKE VON GERHARD RICHTER BEIM KÜNSTLER. Excerpted by permission of THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Meet the Author
Dietmar Elger is the director of the Gerhard Richter Archive and chief curator at the Galerie Neue Meister, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden. He is the former curator for painting and sculpture at the Sprengel Museum in Hannover. Between 1984 and 1985 he was the secretary in Gerhard Richter's studio. He has organized numerous exhibitions on modern and contemporary art and has written and edited their accompanying catalogs.
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
and post it to your social network
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews >


text:
Forgot Password? | Not a User? Sign up
Your browser does not support iframes.
A two-vehicle crash in the northbound lanes of Interstate 65 near the 108-mile marker in Bullitt County resulted in one person being transported to a Louisville hospital and traffic being re-routed on Ky. 61 to Clermont.
The Vine Grove Women's Club is cooking up a new plan to raise money for scholarships and donations, attract new members and celebrate the club's 80th anniversary.
The club is compiling recipes for a cookbook to sell to Vine Grove residents and visitors. Club members hope to have the book ready for sale during the Vine Grove Autumn Daze festival in September.
The book also is expected to include pictures and snippets from Vine Grove history, such as photos of past club presidents and the presidents' favorite recipes donated by their families.
Three Louisville teenagers indicted on charges of complicity to murder and tampering with physical evidence pleaded not guilty Tuesday morning in Hardin Circuit Court.
Ryan Wilt, Jason Gowers and Connor Galenski are accused of driving Mackenzie Smyser to Patriot Lane near Ky. 313 in November. He was shot once in the face and later was shot three times in the chest to make sure he was dead, authorities say.
Two Hardin County residents arrested on sex charges involving a minor pleaded not guilty Tuesday and will remain free on bail.
Jeffrey Mark Farmer, 46, of Elizabethtown, and Christin Nicole Dague, 26, of Radcliff, entered separate pleas Tuesday morning when they were arraigned in Circuit Court.
Both defendants were arrested Feb. 8 at their residences and charged with Class B felonies of complicity to commit use of a minor in a sexual performance and complicity to commit promoting a sexual performance by a minor.
The topic: Passing of Dottie Hansen
Our view: She was a beloved community icon
All you have to know about the kind of person Dottie Hansen was is this: Often when there were people in need for food or shelter in the middle of the night, she would be called to offer help.
She always answered and always helped.
That's just who the 91-year-old community icon was. Hansen died early Monday morning after a battle with cancer.
She leaves a legacy of serving with many, many organizations.
Kyu Reisch may stand just under five feet tall, but the long list of ways she's served her community makes her one of the tallest women in town.
She's logged more than 17,000 hours of volunteer service with the American Red Cross, donated another 5,000 volunteer hours to Army Community Service, provided her bilingual skills as a volunteer translator and has somehow found time along the way to run a restaurant and stand out athletically.
"My friends, no one, not in my situation, can appreciate my feeling of sadness at this parting. To this place, and the kindness of these people, I owe everything."
These were the words of President-elect Abraham Lincoln upon leaving Springfield, Ill., for Washington, D.C. Since President Lincoln is Kentucky's most famous son, I believe it's only appropriate I adopt his words as I turn over the reins of the United States Army Recruiting Command to Maj. Gen. David Mann.
As the petition drive begins to place expanded alcohol sales in voters' hands come summer, opposition to the drive has surfaced.
The newly formed Hardin County Christian Coalition publicly denounced the plan and is in the process of developing a strategy to counter the push. Proponents of expanded sales say loosening the law could benefit the county economically and retain revenue seeping into neighboring counties' bars and package liquor stores.
Lyndsay Whitlock and the LaRue County Lady Hawks can cross one of their preseason goals off the list.
Whitlock scored 15 points and had six assists, five rebounds and five steals as the Lady Hawks broke the school record for wins with a 48-29 victory over 5th Region rival Washington County on Monday night.
The homestanding Lady Hawks (23-3) broke the record set by the 1994-95 team, which went 22-8 and reached the 5th Region Tournament semifinals.
Good thing for the North Hardin Lady Trojans, games aren't won after the first quarter.
Visiting Meade County jumped out to a nine-point lead after the first period, but North Hardin took control after that.
The Lady Trojans used a 23-6 run over the second and third quarters and never relinquished the lead for a 58-49 victory Monday night at Ron Bevars Gymnasium.
Copyright © 2016
The News-Enterprise is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Elizabethtown, KY, Hardin County and the surrounding area.


text:
In my opinion,this is by far one of the best nursery's in central Florida.The owner,Doug,has a vast knowledge of palm trees and other plants and trees, for your home or business.There is no job too big or too small for them to handle.The crew is always professional,friendly ...moreand knows how to make your property look fantastic!!! I would recommend them highly!!!view less
Malabar The Palm House
1. The Palm House
Love the selection and the staff is very helpful. We bought a Bismarck two years ago and this year we bought a coconut palm and royal poinciana. Thi…
2. Palm Bay Estate
3092 Indian River Dr NEPalm Bay, FL 32905
3. Whispering Palms MHC & RV Resort
10305 US Highway 1Sebastian, FL 32958
4. Palm Lake Clubhouse
39 Treasure CirSebastian, FL 32958
5. Palm Paradise Park
7945 US Highway 1Vero Beach, FL 32967
6. Palm Island Plantation
The Palm Island Plantation is placed on a tremendous location. They offer beautiful homes. Great place to live!
7. Vero Palm Estates
1400 90th AveVero Beach, FL 32966
8. River Palms Mobile Home Park
Up and coming property! You can get in on the ground floor of something amazing before the prices go up! Hurry won't last long! Great community! …
9. Palm Shores Nursery & Garden Supplies
5120 Commercial DrMelbourne, FL 32940
10. Sod Depot
1378 Malabar Rd SEPalm Bay, FL 32907
From Business: Welcome to Sod Depot, the company where we focus on our customer needs! We offer exceptional sod and landscape supply & services to keep your home or business beaut…
11. Emerald C's Wholesale Nursery
Serving the Malabar Area.
From Business: We are a Wholesale family owned and operated nursery located just outside the town of Sandy. Our company is based on the belief that our customers' needs are of the…
12. Jones Nursery Landscaping & Irrigation
2007 Dunbar AveMelbourne, FL 32901
13. Team Waterbury LLC Landscaping
Waterbury had everything I needed for my land clearing project. Their expertise really made for a quick and efficient project.
14. Eau Gallie Wholesale Nursery
3100 Ranch RdMelbourne, FL 32904
15. FOUR C's NURSERY
242 Alcantarra St NWPalm Bay, FL 32907
From Business: At Four C's Nursery, we have a team of professional technicians and staff members that are knowledgeable, prepared and experienced with the expertise to enhance the…
16. Kirk and Company Inc
2265 Weber RdMalabar, FL 32950
17. Sunscape East Inc
2665 Weber RdMalabar, FL 32950
From Business: The largest collector of specimen and unique palms in the Southeast. Sunscape professionals are involved from purchase, delivery to installation. Collectible trees …
18. Emma's Flowers
Wonderful customer service and felt I had the utmost care with my order as it was a sympathy . I had no idea what I was going to order and felt at e…
19. Sun Splash Of New Smyrna Beach - CLOSED
617 Buckingham AveMelbourne, FL 32935
20. Coastal Gardens Inc - CLOSED
2951 Pat McKee PlMelbourne, FL 32940
21. A Giving Tree ~ Gifts of Life
2585 Saint Michel AveMelbourne, FL 32935
22. Nathan Williams Exotic Plant - CLOSED
Indian Hrbr Bch, FL 32937
23. Coastal Wholesale Florist Inc
1300 Morningside DrMelbourne, FL 32901
24. New Life Nurseries Inc - CLOSED
2951 Pat McKee PlMelbourne, FL 32940
25. Barrett's Landscaping & Garden Center
2713 Aurora RdMelbourne, FL 32935
26. Elbow Creek
1482 Pineapple AveMelbourne, FL 32935
27. Reel Changes Inc
4290 S US Highway 1Grant, FL 32949
28. Economy Landscaping & Lawn Care
4450 Philodendron CtMelbourne, FL 32934
29. Micco Tree Farms
Serving the Malabar Area.
30. Nelson's Wholesale Nursery
4850 Berry RdGrant, FL 32949
Love the selection and the staff is very helpful. We bought a Bismarck two years ago and this year we bought a coconut palm and royal poinciana. This is the place!!! Prices are reasonable as well.


text:
'Harris' Flip Flop (Men)
Product not available
Have questions?
Chat with us or call 1.888.282.6060.
HideDetails & Care
Woven leather adds texture to a cool flip-flop fitted with an XL® Extralight sole.
- Leather upper and lining/rubber sole.
- By Tsubo; imported.
- Men's Shoes.
'Harris' Flip Flop (Men)
Write a Review0 Reviews
Enter a valid first name.
Enter a valid last name.
Enter a valid email address in the format: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Close modal