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by Rawdon Wyatt
A & C Black London
The logging and manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the publishers. sustainable forests.com First edition published in Great Britain 2002 Second edition published in 2004 This third edition published in 2007 A & C Black Publishers Ltd 38 Soho Square. London W1D 3HB © Rawdon Wyatt 2007 All rights reserved.www. A CIP entry for this book is available from the British Library.acblack. renewable and recyclable. ISBN-10: 0 7136 8414 3 ISBN-13: 978 0 7136 8414 8 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0235-0 Text typeset by A & C Black Printed in Great Britain at Caligraving Ltd. It is natural. . Thetford. Norfolk This book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managed.
etc). For example. It also gives lots of vital information on the test itself and how it works. The second. It is better to choose areas that you are unfamiliar with. but is also useful if you are going to take the older. 1 . Structure of the workbook The workbook is divided into 2 sections. smaller section is topic-specific. and focuses on some of the topics that regularly appear in the TOEFL®. The first section deals with general vocabulary. you should read as much as possible from a different variety of authentic reading materials (books. The book has been written for the Internet-based TOEFL. They will help you to review. magazines. Extending your vocabulary Also remember that there are other methods of acquiring new vocabulary. or areas that you feel are of specific interest or importance to yourself. There is a comprehensive answer key at the back of the book. For basic vocabulary. from which many of the sample sentences in this book are taken. standard computer-based TOEFL. including synonyms. Each topic is accompanied by a typical TOEFL® Writing question. is ideal. which provides comprehensive practice for all sections of the exam. A greater command of vocabulary is one of the key factors that will help you raise your TOEFL® score. the Macmillan English Dictionary (ISBN 978 1 4050 2628 4). you will find the vocabulary exercises in this workbook very helpful.Introduction Introduction Introduction If you are going to take the TOEFL®. but we particularly recommend Barron's TOEFL iBT (ISBN 978 0 7641 3374 9). which will give you the chance to use the key vocabulary in an essay. Remember that you should keep a record of new words and expressions that you learn. practice and acquire a lot of the words and expressions that you might need to use in the Writing and Speaking sections. Practicing for the TOEFL There is a lot of TOEFL material available. as well as offering essential language skills development and useful studying strategies. There is a vocabulary record sheet at the back of the book which you can photocopy as many times as you like. and review these from time to time so that they become an active part of your vocabulary. For a more advanced and in-depth coverage of vocabulary. Use this to build up your own personal vocabulary bank. or that you might come across or be tested on in the Listening and Reading sections. idioms and phrasal verbs. It is essential to have a good dictionary with you when you are doing the exercises. newspapers. we recommend the American English Study Dictionary (ISBN 978 1 9016 5969 6). How to use the book You should not go through the exercises mechanically.
In addition. There are currently 16 books in the series: Check your Vocabulary for Academic English Check your English Vocabulary for TOEFL® Check your English Vocabulary for TOEIC Check your English Vocabulary for IELTS Check your English Vocabulary for FCE+ Check your Vocabulary for English for the PET Examination Check your English Vocabulary for Phrasal Verbs and Idioms Check your English Vocabulary for Business and Administration Check your English Vocabulary for Law Check your English Vocabulary for Medicine Check your English Vocabulary for Computers and Information Technology Check your English Vocabulary for Leisure. visit www. scholarship programs and licensing / certification agencies use TOEFL® scores to evaluate English proficiency.com 2 . Travel and Tourism Check your English Vocabulary for Human Resources Check your English Vocabulary for Banking and Finance Check your English Vocabulary for Living in the UK Check your Vocabulary for Natural English Collocations For more information. government agencies. An acceptable score depends on the particular institution or agency involved. About the Check your English Vocabulary series Check your English Vocabulary for TOEFL® is one of several books in the Check your English Vocabulary series. These books are designed to help students of English (and those who are working or who want to work in an English-speaking environment) to develop and practice the essential vocabulary that they would need to know or use on a day-to-day basis.acblack. Almost one million students every year from 180 countries register to take the TOEFL®: the majority of universities and colleges in North America as well as in other English-speaking countries require official TOEFL® score reports for admission. The test is also used by institutions in other countries where English is the language of instruction.Information about the TOEFL® The purpose of the TOEFL® is to evaluate a non-native English speaker's proficiency in the English language. or in order to get a better grade in an exam.
27. 26. 82. 38. Addition. 65. 49. 21. and belief Opposites: Verbs Opposites: Adjectives Phrasal verbs 1 Phrasal verbs 2 Phrasal verbs 3 Prefixes Presenting an argument Pronouns and determiners Similar meanings: Adjectives 1 Similar meanings: Adjectives 2 Similar meanings: Nouns Similar meanings: Verbs 1 Similar meanings: Verbs 2 95. 57. 67. 53. 63. 45. 23. 34. 12. 37. 77. 105. 47. 111. 112. 31. 43. attitude. Spelling Starting and stopping Task commands Time Word association: Adjectives Word association: Nouns Word association: Verbs Word forms: Nouns from verbs Word forms: Nouns from adjectives Word forms: Adjectives from verbs "Working" words Topics 1: Children and the family Topics 2: Education Topics 3: Food and diet Topics 4: The media Topics 5: Money and finance Topics 6: Nature and the environment Topics 7: On the road Topics 8: Science and technology Topics 9: Town and country Topics 10: Travel Topics 11: Work Mini topics Vocabulary record sheet Vocabulary record sheet sample Answers 3 . and conclusion "American" English Changes Comparing and contrasting Condition and requirement Confusing words and false friends Idioms and colloquialisms 1 Idioms and colloquialisms 2 Idioms and colloquialisms 3 Idioms and colloquialisms 4 Metaphors Numbers and symbols Obligation and option Opinion. 8. 17. 50. 86. equation. 11. 61. 51. 84. 110. 28. 19. 90. 40.Contents Contents Page Title 4. 93. 75. 98. Page Title 60. 69. 103. 101. 15. 5. 80. 97. 79. 88. 10. 72.
All power corrupts. ______________ you need to work really hard if you want to pass your exams next month. a verbal presentation or sometimes in everyday speech. ______________ pollution is slowly destroying the planet. or eat unhealthy food. ______________. 4 .General Vocabulary Addition. 10. tourism provides employment for the local population. the air in the cities is becoming too dirty to breathe. In most cases. ______________ weapons such as guns and knives. you need a passport. Tourism brings much needed money to developing countries. 4. You shouldn't smoke. 6. it provides employment for the local population. immunization shots. Exercise 1 Put the following words and expressions into their correct place in the table depending on their function. and conclusion This exercise will help you to review more of the important words that we use to join ideas in an essay. and our seas and rivers are no longer safe to swim in. 1. ______________. 2. ______________ bringing much needed money to developing countries. more than one answer is possible. 8. pollution from car fumes is poisoning the environment. 3. ______________ industrial waste. Drugs are banned in Britain. to sum up briefly along with as well as it can be concluded that likewise similarly also too in addition besides to conclude in brief in the same way thus what's more furthermore moreover along with to summarize therefore correspondingly Addition (For example: and) Equation (For example: equally) Conclusion (For example: in conclusion) Exercise 2 Complete these sentences with one of the words or expressions from above. Tourists should respect the local environment. ______________. ______________ they should respect the local customs. you should live a more healthy lifestyle. Your grades have been very poor all year. 7. 9. 5. In order to travel. ______________. take drugs. equation. The ozone layer is becoming depleted. you might need a visa. and written permission to visit certain areas. drink. absolute power corrupts absolutely.
37.A. the word will remain the same. it is important to use the "American" words rather than the "British" words in the TOEFL. with a short interval between the two.S. In my opinion. The theatre received an unexpected grant which helped to prevent it closing down. The M40 is closed. Write your answers in the crossword grid on page 7. __L_ The automobile company's first attempt to design a family saloon that ran on diesel was a resounding failure. I_T__M_____N _V__ If you make a mistake in your calculations. Decide what word North Americans would normally use in the same context. Government spending on defence was reduced by 23%. or university) A staff meeting has been called for two o'clock. 35. 30. (Informal) I really like Mr. "American" words are understood by "British" English speakers (largely as a result of imported television programs and movies). ___L _E_______ The government refused to recognise the new republic. with most of the letters removed. 24. As a result. 5 . The post normally arrives before lunchtime. ___V__O_ R__L__R_ __S 16.General Vocabulary American English This exercise looks at some common "American" words (words which are used in the U. and Canada). which all contain a "British" English word in bold. ___E___ __O__ 36. the word that you need has been put at the end of each sentence. Take the lift to the top floor. Goldberg. _H_____ The road outside the school is very busy. He's a great bloke. _N___P___ The oil crisis resulted in a 28% rise in the cost of petrol. the best time of the year is autumn. 32. with a break for lunch at midday. but there will be a difference in spelling. 20. 9. you'll need to do them again. but with some of the letters included. 29. 27. Look at the sentences below. 18. _U_ __C___Y _E__S_ _A__E 26. __D_N The campus has a shop where students can buy stationery and essential items. Across ( ) 2. The play is in two acts. H _ _ _ W _ _ Their request for a $2 rise in the hourly rate was firmly rejected by the management. 6. Estate agents are some of the most unscrupulous people in the country. The workshop will last for 6 hours. which is the main road connecting London with Oxford. college. (At a school. To help you. so students are advised to use the subway to cross it. Generally. 13. so you will need to take the A40. You might find it useful if you have been learning "British" English (the English which is spoken in the United Kingdom and in other countries around the world). 11. but many North Americans are unfamiliar with some "British" English words. 8. In some cases.
23. __B__Y Before buying a house. Do not leave a gap or use a hyphen in the crossword grid) He's a graduate of Berkeley College. 41. and use a rubber to remove any mistakes. Most Americans tend to stay in the country for their holiday. My favorite film of all time has to be the classic 1959 comedy 'Some Like It Hot'. there is a clear need for dialogue between the parents and their children. 17. ___MN__ 40. 15. 6 . The best way to get from one part of the city to another is to use the dual carriageway. These days it is not unusual to see children as young as five carrying a mobile phone to school. 39. when you are calling someone) Hello. R___D-___P (2 words. __E_W__ (On the telephone. You don't need to ask me for permission to use the toilet! V___T___ B___R___ _TT_____ __A___ 25. __V_E_ Have you got any change for a $20 note? B___ __B__ 5. T_R____ 3. _P__T_____ All travellers flying to the USA have to undergo strict security checks at the airport. 10. He gave me just enough money to buy a return bus ticket to Portland. 12. C______N_ Down ( 1. You should use a pencil to do the test. ) The postcode for the company is MA 04532. There are several museums and galleries in the city. 31. 21. 4.General Vocabulary 38. 7. 33. D__G_____ Services on the underground start at five in the morning and finish at half past midnight. is that Harrison Keane? ___S 22. In the event of a marital divorce or separation. it is essential to employ the services of a good solicitor. which are hyphenated. 28. The first thing the council did was dig up the pavement outside the front door. 19. the best place to start is by going to your local chemist. __A______ The Dean's office is on the ground floor. but most students prefer to spend their evenings at the cinema. 34. who in turn leased them to small companies. _ _ A _ _ _ If you want to stop smoking. __TT__ Several flats were leased to private agencies. _I___ __D_W___ __V__ 14. Strict labour laws have had an adverse effect on small businesses. I'm afraid we've got slightly behind schedule. _I_ _O__ (2 words: do not leave a gap between the words in the crossword grid) Classes start at nine o'clock every morning Monday to Friday.
General Vocabulary 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 7 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 25 27 28 26 23 21 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 32 37 38 39 40 41 7 .
The alliance are going to build up the number of weapons they have. American travelers abroad have discovered that they can buy more foreign currency with their dollar. 12. 12% of the population worked in industry and 10% worked in agriculture. 10. The government will spend less on the healthcare services next year. The number of exam passes achieved by the school's pupils has risen by almost 50%. We're increasing our stocks of coal before the winter begins. 17. and eat higher-quality food than they did twenty years ago. The pass rate for the exam was 3% lower this year than it was last year. There has been a tightening up of border controls. Unemployment has dropped by about 2% every year for the last six years. 16. There has been a deterioration in the national road system. There has been a general improvement in the standard of living. People live in better houses. Prices have gone up by about 4% every year since 1998. 14% of the population work in industry and 8% work in agriculture. 6. 15. Deflation has adversely affected industries around the country. It is now much easier to import goods into the country than it was a few years ago. Use the words and expressions in bold to help you decide. Our company has opened new factories in Detroit. 9. There has been a weakening of the dollar. There has been a steady decrease in the number of people out of work.General Vocabulary Changes Exercise 1 Look at these sentences and decide if the statement which follows each one is true or false. 8 . There has been a narrowing of the gap between those working in different sectors of the economy. Last year. drive nicer cars. Houston. 14. There has been a growth in industrial activity. Our company has witnessed considerable expansion in the last five years. 3. Some management roles in the company will not exist this time next year. There are going to be cuts in healthcare spending next year. There has been a decline in the number of exam passes. The rules are much stricter now than they were before. 19. 20. 1. There has been a constant rise in the rate of inflation. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of people living in the country. Americans nowadays want to see more of the world. We're running down our stocks of coal. 13. There has been a sharp fall in the pass rate. The population of the country has trebled in the last 25 years. There has been a relaxation of the rules. 18. There has been an upward trend in the number of people shopping in small local stores. 7. Her English is clearly better now than it was when she first arrived. 8. 11. There has been marked progress in her English. 2. The government has spent a lot of money improving roads around the country. This year. The alliance are going to reduce the number of conventional weapons in their armed forces. and Des Moines in the last five years. More people are shopping at large supermarkets rather than small local stores. 5. Americans nowadays want to narrow their horizons. Some management roles are going to be phased out. 4.
Separate these words. and they can be found by reading from left to right and from right to left. 7. by putting it into its past simple or past participle form). The discovery of oil _____________ the country from a small emirate to a major economic power. 6. it _____________. and the entire economy is in danger of collapse. In some cases you will need to change the form of the verb (for example. We have made radical changes to college regulations. Elastic becomes weaker the more it is _____________. These are all verbs. 8. but will remain open while building work is carried out. 3. a m s e a n g o u t r d r w p r e t t t s u a o i p v l h u s e c p f t a a n e c o r t t s c s r e n d u e u r n h i y t d n r d r e a r d r h e e c a e p r e r a g e m e r d l t n e i i p a d g o a e o t s e e e e p w c c v l e h n s t u n e u a a l e s i e e s e d t e o g h v r n i x e e t w r o e i i z p r e o e a r r o l e a e x m r l t h r m n t c e e n e c a a END d o h d x e n t t e p m a e t d s e e r r o n g e n t r s t 1. 10. and students are expected to _____________ to these over the next few weeks. then use some of them to complete sentences 1 – 10 below. 4. After only three weeks on the History course. Course fees will be _____________ on January 14: some will come down. 2. and goods can only be _____________ on production of a receipt or other proof of purchase. 9 . The economic situation is _____________ rapidly. 5.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 The box below contains 31 more words used to describe change in different situations. The science building is currently being _____________. she decided to _____________ to something more practical. As water freezes. 9. starting in the top-left corner and following the direction of the arrows. but most of them will go up. the more you pay. The company cannot refund customers' money. Fees _____________ according to the length of the course: the longer the course.
2. 5. faster. 10 . 14. The two courses are different in every way: there's absolutely no compare / comparison / contrast between them. The TOEFL covers a variety of academic and general English tasks. 13. unlike / whereas / whereby the pre-Raphaelites used a lot of detail and bright colors. In one case. There currently seems to be a large discrepancy / discrimination / differential between the number of people employed in service industries. and employees are now demanding equality in this area. 3. Likewise / Alike / Likeness.General Vocabulary Comparing and Contrasting Complete these sentences with the most appropriate word or expression in bold. 1. 11. 8. and those employed in the primary sector. 4. There's a clear distinguish / distinctive / distinction between studying at a college and working from home on a correspondence course. the TOEIC focuses more on business and professional issues. Nevertheless / Even so / However. 9. 6. all three options are possible. his attitude and commitment. Our digital photography course is similar to / alike / resemble our traditional photography course. except that it is obviously more computer-oriented. Serious computer hackers can access your personal files and destroy or alter them. There were several similarities / similarly / similar to between the two novels. 15. the college still has one of the best academic records in the state. Grades have not been good over the last semester. The contrast / compare / comparison in working conditions between our Denver department and our department in Chicago is very noticeable. except one was aimed at a younger market while the other targeted twenty-somethings. 7. Exactly / In the same way / Just as. The Impressionists used light and color to give the general feeling of a scene. The two engines differentiate / differ / different considerably from each other: one runs on gasoline. It is often difficult to differentiate / differ / contrast between students who are absent because they are genuinely sick. 12. The quality of his work is excellent. The new software program shared some common characters / characterizes / characteristics with those that were already on the market. 10. In contrast to / Although / By way of contrast. they can gain access to your Internet banking facility and steal your money. and have a much bigger memory. home PCs are cheaper. and those who are just enjoying a day in bed. and showed a romanticized view of life. Compared / Compare / Comparing with 15 years ago. and the other is a gasoline-electric hybrid.
break glass. 3. 8. 14. (Answer = As long as) 2. even if things get difficult. We agreed to sign the contract. sa nlgo sa there is sufficient demand for healthy food such as salads and soups in the school cafeteria. please telephone us at the number above. The first one has been done as an example. 10. His argument was based no teh autonmsspi hatt people are basically decent and honest. 4. We need to involve at least 20 people on this project. 16. it is important that you agree with the remst and ioctnsodin set out in the contract. 5. seusln I receive your assignment within the next couple of days. 6. 1. 9. we will meet you at LaGuardia airport at ten o'clock. send us a fax or email. If you have a query. I will have to give you a lower grade for the course. Students may use the college computers for personal emails no incotnido atth they agree to give up their computer if someone needs it for coursework. 11. we will continue to provide it. It is a nmreiretque of the college that students attend at least 95% of their course and complete all their assignments on time. (Notice on a fire alarm): ni eacs fo fire. The teachers have nidncoalitoun trust in their students: they know they will do their best at all times. the only aputonstili being that it would run for at least five years. 12. Good language skills are one of the quereesisitpr for a job in an international organization. 7. 15. 13.General Vocabulary Condition and requirement Rearrange the letters in bold to make words and expressions related to condition and requirement. The main retncopiinsod for a healthy economy are controlled consumer spending and low unemployment. ni het nvete fo a tie between the two teams in tonight's game. 11 . Everyone should get a good mid-term grade vogrnipid ttha they hand in all their work on time. sumsagin hatt the flight is on time. ehewotris it can't go ahead. Before you accept a job. there will be a replay on Saturday afternoon. niifagl ttha.
continual / continuous A ____________ trade embargo has badly affected the economic infrastructure. affect / effect Cuts in spending will have a serious ____________ on the healthcare services. Economic ____________ stagnated as the recession took hold. action / activity The police took immediate ____________ when they realised the situation was getting out of hand. 1. briefly / shortly ____________ before the conflict began. 8. 5. the army pulled down the border posts. 3.General Vocabulary Confusing words and false friends Confusing words are two or more words which have a similar meaning to each other but are used in a different way. 2. He's always trying to ____________ taking a decision if he can help it. The strike will seriously ____________ train services. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate word in bold. 7. avoid / prevent Rapid government reforms managed to ____________ a revolution taking place. ____________ workers should be rewarded for their hard work. advice / advise Can you ____________ me on the best course of action to take? He offered me some excellent ____________ . 10. or are related to the same topic. She was very ____________ of our efforts to help. 12 . 9. ____________ their regular daytime job. The senator spoke ____________ about the need for political reform. appreciable / appreciative There is an ____________ difference between manslaughter and murder. assumption / presumption They raised taxes on the ____________ that it would help control spending. The Suez ____________ was built in the second half of the nineteenth century. 4. 6. conscientious / conscious Most people are ____________ of the need to protect the environment. 11. but have a different meaning False friends are words in English which have a similar-looking word in another language but which have a different meaning. but have a different meaning or look similar. beside / besides The office is just ____________ the railway station. It's sheer ____________ for the government to suggest things have improved since they came to power. channel / canal The television ____________ received a formal complaint about the program. many people do extra work in the evening. The computer has given us ____________ problems ever since we installed it.
19. They received ____________ to attend the sessions as long as they didn't interrupt. We need to ____________ the problem carefully and decide if there is anything we can do about it. ____________. There's no ____________ in taking a break from your job now and then. it was clear from the beginning that it was going to be a success. If we act now. 17. many people are still looking for ____________. A lot of ____________ was caused to buildings along the coast during the storm. considerate / considerable He made a ____________ amount of money from his dotcom enterprise. 24. The government is ____________ of other political parties. criticism(s) / objection(s) They didn't raise any ____________ when we insisted on inspecting the figures. permission / permit I'm afraid we can't ____________ photography in here. The manager made it clear he intended to ____________ down some strict rules. The plan was excellent. we have a good ____________ of finding a cure for the disease. discover / invent When did he ____________ the telephone? Did Alexander Fleming ____________ penicillin? during / for / while Stores were closed ____________ the duration of the conflict. so she would never intentionally upset anyone. 14. 22. in practice it was extremely difficult to implement. She's a very ____________ person. The bomb went off ____________ the President was making his speech. The government plans to ____________ the price of meat to make sure it doesn't go up too much. 13. 15. ____________. Following the recession. however / moreover The plan was good in theory. possibility / chance There is always the ____________ that the government will reverse its decision. the country experienced severe strikes and riots. intolerable / intolerant I consider his behavior to be quite ____________. ____________ the transition from a dictatorship to democracy. 18. look at / watch We must ____________ the situation in Lugumba carefully. lay(s) / lie(s) The city of Quito ____________ near the equator. and be prepared to act if violence flares again. 21. 13 . 23. job / work Everybody has the right to a decent ____________ with good pay. 16. damage / injury / harm It was a severe ____________ which needed immediate hospital treatment. The government's plan was met with severe ____________. control / inspect Environmental health officers regularly ____________ kitchens and other food preparation areas. 20.General Vocabulary 12.
priceless / worthless ____________ paintings by artists like Van Gogh should not be in the hands of private collectors. Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrating ____________. complimentary / complementary In western societies. and hundreds died as a result. 27. All new students will receive a ____________ study pack and dictionary. we need some impartial advice from a / an ____________ third party. 26. 14 .General Vocabulary 25. 33. They want to bring up their children in an area which is considered to be ____________. respectable / respectful The delegates listened in ____________ silence as the chairman spoke. subjective / objective Your report should be as ____________ possible: just present the facts and try to avoid saying what you think about them. acupuncture and hypnosis are seen as ____________ medicines. The ____________ of the college is an ardent non-smoker. As inflation spiraled out of control. principal(s) / principle(s) Many people refuse to eat meat on ____________. 29. The country's ____________ products are paper and wood. 34. 28. imply / infer From what you just said. They were unable to ____________ the disease. 30. treat / cure Hospitals are so understaffed that they find it almost impossible to ____________ patients with minor injuries. I thought they would enjoy my talk. In response to the current oil shortage. I merely said that I needed a bit of time to myself. Not many people are familiar with the ____________ of nuclear physics. demand usually drops. disinterested / uninterested In order to end the dispute. most airlines plan to ____________ their fares. can I ____________ that you think I'm interfering? I didn't mean to ____________ that you were interfering. but they were completely ____________. paper money suddenly became ____________. The newspaper article was extremely ____________: the journalist more or less forced his own views and ideas on his readership. raise / rise As prices ____________. process / procession The ____________ made its way down the avenue. 31. 32.
A. It does nothing for me. I never thought I'd be able to do it. to be honest. _____________________________________ A. I promise to replace it. you'll fail your exams. In that case. _____________________________________ A. Right. A. B. I really don't mind. B. You're welcome. Shall we eat out or do you want me to cook something? B. 3. No way! Not a chance! You've got to be kidding! Why not? Go for it! Wow! Way to go! You should really get a life. _____________________________________ A. We're going to Mo's bar tonight. _____________________________________ A. I've passed all my exams – grade A's all round! B. All right. I find it really boring.General Vocabulary Idioms and colloquialisms 1 Idioms and colloquialisms (spoken expressions) are a common feature of the TOEFL Listening Comprehension. it is possible to identify the meaning of an idiom or a colloquialism from the context in which it is being used. I will. Often. A. Exercise 1 Complete the dialogs with an expression from the box. let's eat out. No. _____________________________________ A. _____________________________________ A. you should. and each one has to be learnt individually. Professor Parkhill sure seems to be absent a lot these days. _____________________________________ A. Let me sleep on it. Thanks. B. I'd rather you told me now. Me neither. 5. _____________________________________ A. I couldn't agree more. don't be like that! It'll be fun! A. A. Come on. 10. really. 12. The economics seminar has been canceled yet again. A. I know! You're not the first person to say that. Our history lessons are really boring. I really appreciate it. 7. A. Thanks. It's up to you. I'm really sorry that I lost your dictionary. I need a decision as soon as possible. If you don't work harder. A. Well. I couldn't care less. Perhaps we shouldn't have chosen it as an option. A. OK. Nevertheless. _____________________________________ A. A. B. 2. I spent most of the weekend lying in bed and watching TV. 1. B. The idioms and colloquialisms exercises in this book focus on some of the most commonly-used expressions. _____________________________________ A. Well. but it was nothing really. B. Your whole future might depend on them. B. 9. Are you interested in science? B. I'm afraid not. _____________________________________ A. Thank you so much for all your help. Do you think I should apply to the University of West Virginia? B. 4. 11. aren't they. but not always. Never mind. A. There are a lot of them. It can't be helped. Want to come? B. I couldn't have done it without you. A. 15 . 8. _____________________________________ A. 6.
6. Perhaps a barbecue. I was wondering if you could help me with my assignment. I'll go and get us some tickets. A. We're thinking of doing something to celebrate the end of the semester. _____________________________________ A. That's the spirit! Well. B. 5. not bad. Oh. _____________________________________ A. There goes our weekend. or something like that. I thought you might be a bit busy right now. _____________________________________ A. Can I have a look at your essay to get a few ideas? B. I'm not sure. A. but we'll make up for it next weekend. Want to come to the concert tonight? B . Oh. B. That's great. 12. 10. A. good luck. Yes. _____________________________________ A. Do you find it difficult getting up at 6 o'clock every morning? B. Are there any tickets left for tonight's show? B. I thought so. _____________________________________ A. 3. 4. A. Thanks. You've been doing it for so long. A. Don't be like that. _____________________________________ A. 2. A. _____________________________________ A. _____________________________________ A. I was only asking. never mind. Poor Sarah failed to get a good grade in her TOEFL once again. I'm used to it. _____________________________________ A. B. B.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. 11. Sure. 16 . We need to finish this assignment by Monday. I have to get the hall ready for tonight's lecture. I know. A. Where's Murai today? B. _____________________________________ A. That's really kind of you. She never seems to do any preparation for it. I'm fairly confident of passing. A. B. I'll do the same for you next time. A. Right. Let me lend a hand. I'm working really hard for my exam at the moment. A. I suppose you must be. I'm a bit tied up for the time being. _____________________________________ A. How should I know? Is it any wonder? What do you have in mind? I'm going to give it all I've got. A. How's it going? What a drag! You're out of luck. Do you think you'll pass your exams? B. 7. B. 9. Oh well. A. really. _____________________________________ A. Why not? You bet! 1. 8.
Would you mind looking after my bag while I go to the rest room? B. Sure. B. B. I'm all ears. Couldn't be better. __________________________________________________ A. 4. B. __________________________________________________ A. You're welcome. Be my guest. __________________________________________________ A. Congratulations. B. touch wood. 8. let's go to the theater instead. A. I'm keeping my fingers crossed. I'd love to. I've signed up for extra sociology classes with Professor Dullman. I hear that you're going to throw a surprise party for my birthday. I'd rather you didn't. I'd be really grateful if you didn't tell anyone about it. 3. __________________________________________________ 2. and now I've got a terrible stomach ache. The name doesn't ring any bells. It's wonderful. Take care and keep in touch. 6. A little bird told me. Fire away. 12. this is on me. B. B. I've managed to get a place on the Advanced Studies program. I'm having second thoughts. 5. __________________________________________________ I'd be glad to My lips are sealed. Hold on. Thanks. 11. __________________________________________________ A. I've got some really interesting news. __________________________________________________ A. I promise to work harder from now on. A. B. I can't afford to go to the concert tonight. __________________________________________________ A. 10. Now you're talking! Rather you than me. Thank you very much for all your help. __________________________________________________ A. I thought you were going to apply for a place on the Theory of Knowledge course. __________________________________________________ A. 4. __________________________________________________ A. Yes. __________________________________________________ A. B. B. 9. Oh wow! What a great room. __________________________________________________ A. That'll be the day! Who let the cat out of the bag? 1. How do you know the test has been canceled? B. 3. Exercise 2 Instructions as above. That'll teach you! 2. I've just eaten six hot dogs. Oh.General Vocabulary Idioms and colloquialisms 2 Exercise 1 Complete these dialogs with an appropriate expression from the box. Do you mind if I sit here? B. B. __________________________________________________ A. You don't want to work tonight? OK. Would you like to come to Gino's tonight? B. 5. 17 . B. __________________________________________________ A. that's too bad. Do you think you'll pass the exam? B. 7. __________________________________________________ A. 1. B. Oh. Make yourself at home. __________________________________________________ A.
__________________________________________________ A. and I have to do some research on the history of the U. 3. __________________________________________________ 8. I didn't do too well in the end of semester exams. I'm about halfway through my essay. Would you ever consider eating it? B. Don't kill yourself. __________________________________________________ A. A. Sure thing. We'd better leave now – our train leaves in half an hour. __________________________________________________ A. 5. Do you mind if I smoke in here? B. so you don't need to worry about not finishing it on time. How are you? B. Well. Aaachoooooooo! B. B. How's it going? Oh well. I have so much to do by Monday. That's the third time I've failed my driver's test. A. __________________________________________________ A. I thought the lecture on the Declaration of Independence was great. B. A. __________________________________________________ A. Let's get together again soon. Have you ever heard of the Darwin Awards? B. Take a seat. B. Did you know that our economics teacher has left the questions for tomorrow's test lying on his desk? B. See you Monday. So I guess you're in the doghouse again. 1. __________________________________________________ 7. Have a good time. it's not the end of the world. __________________________________________________ A. keep it to yourself. I'll say. 7. take it easy. __________________________________________________ A. 9. __________________________________________________ A. 4. B. That's a load off my mind. Professor de Gruchy has extended the deadline for our essays to Thursday. __________________________________________________ A. 12. Hi. 12. __________________________________________________ 2. 6.General Vocabulary 6. Could you give me a bit of help with this assignment? B. I'm off to Niagara Falls for the weekend. __________________________________________________ A. B. 18 . Tom. 10. two essays to write. __________________________________________________ A. 8. __________________________________________________ A. Snake is considered a delicacy in some countries. __________________________________________________ A. I forgot my boyfriend's birthday last week. Exercise 3 Instructions as above. 9. B.N. It's been nice seeing you again. Do you think you'll do well in tomorrow's test? B. Did you enjoy it? B. a presentation to prepare. B. I'm so depressed. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. 11. B. Well. 11. B. Gesundheit! Not on your life! Of course. 10. Can I come in? B. __________________________________________________ A.
6. 22. 14. 26. 7. but they never really got off… 19 . You're pulling my… It can be difficult to make ends… Try to make the most of your… I asked Ron to get the computer fixed. but I get mixed… Don't worry about the exam. 2. and then my coursework will be over once and… His lectures are generally really dull. 11. 17. Use the expressions in bold to help you make the connection. 8. but on the… Don't try to do everything at once. but once in… I've never been too… There are parts of the course which are a bit boring. but in the end I decided to go… I got a grade A for my first assignment of the year. could you please let me… I was rather unhappy when she made a… The project was more or… I just need to complete this essay. If you come late. 18. 5. it can take a while to learn the… I know you have a lot of work. 9. but look on the bright … The President can't be in his right… You shouldn't go over his… You're kidding.General Vocabulary Idioms and colloquialisms 3 Connect the first part of each sentence in the first box on this page with the second half in the second box on the next page. 16. 12. 15. and he promised to take… I understand the theory. 23. 4. 20. Try to do things step by… There's a chance that sooner or… When you first start a new job.D. 24. 21. then all at… Many people believe that it's about… I've changed… He had some excellent plans. 1. Just give it… I'm not sure whether to take a vacation this summer. 3. 19. 10. course. 25. That's a good… For years he was ignored. 13. I'll decide one way or… I wasn't sure whether to apply for a Ph.
…ropes and become familiar with the way things work. D. P. …up when I try to describe it on paper. …time more money was invested in education. …the other when I see my exam results. …for it and see what happens. …mind. Q. …once. Z. L. …big on science. M. …less complete when someone pointed out they had missed some details. isn't it? …all you've got and hope for the best. …start. …step until you've finished. H. I. Right? …my mind about attending Professor Malkovich's course. …time when you're in New York. …care of it at the earliest opportunity. I've always preferred the arts. making a stupid decision like that. J. …for all. U. O. F.General Vocabulary A. N. …side. …head and make your own decisions. …meet when you're a student on a low income. G. B. E. R. …point of reminding me about my previous bad grades. S. …leg. people began paying attention to what he had to say. …know in advance. 20 . at least you won't get bored this weekend! …a while there's something of interest. V. K. Y. …the ground. T. It'll be a real relief. X. …later the students will demand some real changes. W. C. …whole it's really good.
16. unacceptable) He gave us some information that was strictly off the books / record / list. 14. but once in a blue / red / green moon.General Vocabulary Idioms and colloquialisms 4 Exercise 1 Choose the correct underlined word to complete each of the idioms in bold. (slightly sick) He's a rather boring person. It will help to break the ice / mold / air. 15. 1. even when people oppose you) I only just passed my exam. usually when other people already know) 17. he'll come out with something really amazing. (to pay a lot of money) He knew that what they were doing was wrong. You shouldn't try to burn the match / lighter / candle at both ends. That should clear the room / air / feelings. (unofficial. (not possible. 21 . (to let somebody know what has happened. (to help end an argument or disagreement) It's very rude to talk shop / work / jobs when you're out with other people. (to become less successful than the others) Let's have a party at the beginning of the year. (a difficult and complicated situation) It was a difficult decision. stand your land / place / ground and tell him you won't change your mind. The meaning of each idiom is in brackets after the sentence. 9. (to deal bravely or confidently with a difficult situation) Some insurance companies make their customers pay through the ears / nose / mouth for their services. 4. (busy. 18. we can talk later. 8. 12. (to refuse to change your mind about something. you'll exhaust yourself. (to pretend not to notice. 7. (to make people feel more friendly and willing to talk to each other) Everybody should say exactly how they feel. but he decided to take the goat / cow / bull by the horns and tell his boss that he wanted to leave the company. (very rarely) I'm afraid your request is out of the answer / statement / question. It was a very far / close / exact thing. to ignore) Many people like to get off the beaten road / path / track when they take a vacation. usually in a social situation where there are others present) 13. (something almost did or didn't happen) What's happened? Put me in the picture / story / scene. to be kept secret) 2. 6. Don't let him stop you. but turned a blind / closed / cold eye to it. in a hurry) I've been feeling a bit under the thumb / weather / table recently. (somewhere quiet. 5. (to discuss your job with a coworker. but I'm feeling better now. 11. he realized what a can of worms / beans / beer they were opening. (to get up early in the morning and go to bed late at night on a regular basis) Once he started looking into the details. 3. We don't want to lose land / ground / place in the baseball competition. 10. where not a lot of people go) If you're pressed / crushed / squeezed for time.
everyone. (to owe money to the bank because you've spent too much) 2.) He knew I was friendly with his boss. You've really made a name / title / place for yourself. (extremely good. haven't you? (to become well known. 6. but my advice is to go with the snow / flow / glow and see what happens. so old Professor Clack really rained on my show / carnival / parade when he told me he thought it was terrible. 22 . 15. that's the third lecture she's missed this week. famous and / or respected) Have you seen his house? It's out of this planet / earth / world. (to use your influence with somebody in order to get something) Donna played / did / went hooky again today. It's time I had it in / out / over with him.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. wonderful. and explain why) His theories broke fresh earth / ground / land and changed the way people thought about science. I've completed three out of my five essays already. (not expensive) I can't talk to you now. I might be asked to leave the course. 9. (to do something original or innovative) He said that he had missed his lecture because he had to visit a sick relative. but by and big / large / huge he's OK. class. hear. 12. 14. and asked me to pull a few legs / strings / ropes for him. 16. (until now. (to have a short break) I don't know exactly what he's up to. (a special ability to feel things that you cannot see. for no good reason) My bank account's in the black / red / pink again. (generally) All right. 5. (to do what seems the easiest thing in a particular situation) I thought my last essay was really good. but I don't really think he was on the air/ ground / level. so good / fine / acceptable. 11. We've achieved a lot in the last hour or so. or taste) 18. (to be slightly later than normal) 7. 4. (to spoil something or make it much less enjoyable) The Dean has told me that unless I turn over a new leaf / book / paper. (to change your life by starting to be a better person or stopping a bad habit) There are some good restaurants nearby that won't bankrupt / break / rob the bank. etc. touch. 3. everything is going well) I'm really angry with Jerry. (to tell somebody you are angry with them. 1. Let's take three / four / five. etc. smell. 10.. He can be a bit unfriendly. (being honest and telling the truth) It wasn't my fault! Why am I always the one to carry the can / tin / box? (being the person who is considered responsible for something that has gone wrong) University life can seem strange at first. 17. 8. 13. I'm afraid. I'm running / walking / jumping a bit late. So far. but my fifth / sixth / seventh sense tells me he trying to get out of doing his assignment. (to miss a lesson.
The newspaper article threatened the whole ____edifice_____ of government. 23 . and nothing can change these beliefs. It means that Picasso was the person who started the Cubist movement. or that he was the first one to do it successfully. and theories are often seen as buildings. ideas. The business was started in 1986. all of which would be implemented over the next five years. achievements. The first one has been done for you. 8. The website is _______________. from the President all the way down to grass-roots politicians. and the failure of something being similar to the destruction of a building. He was the chief _______________ of the country's new economic policies. For example. 2. The new government _______________ for radical changes to the voting system. in the sentence "Picasso was the father of the Cubist movement". 9. Her ideas were carefully _______________ by a series of results showing that they had been put into practice and actually worked. but we hope to have it up and running by the end of the month. architect demolish blueprint edifice sow the seeds build on fertile build up fruitful buttress collapse construct deep-rooted ruins ground-breaking take root towering lay the foundations under construction stem from 1. 10. because the words and expressions are not being used with their literal meaning. and developing an idea is like getting plants to grow. 12. and theories Metaphorically. Superstitious beliefs are _______________ in many cultures. The invention of the microchip was a _______________ achievement. ideas are also like plants. Metaphorically. Exercise 1: achievements. with an idea or the process of achieving something being similar to the process of building. the word father is not used in its usual sense to mean someone's male parent. The following exercises look at some common metaphors that are used in different situations. The new constitution was _______________ traditional values and a desire for progress. but then early research and negative feedback began to _______________ of doubt in their minds.General Vocabulary Metaphor A metaphor is a word or phrase that means one thing and is used to refer to another thing in order to emphasize their similar qualities. 7. 3. 4. Father is being used in a metaphorical way. Metaphors are a bit like idioms (see pages 15 – 22). The company directors were convinced people would want their new product. His argument was carefully _______________ and was extremely difficult to dispute. The contract acted as a _______________ for future cooperation between the two organizations. ideas. and over the next 20 years was _______________ into one of the most powerful companies in the country. 11. 5. Complete sentences 1 – 20 with a word or expression from the box. In several cases you will need to change the form of the words. 6.
so please let me know what is happening. I put forward several ideas. (A) He is often regarded as the greatest writer of the twentieth century. (B) She didn't have the backbone to accept his challenge. Einstein was believed to have a rather dull mind. (A) You look confused: let me throw some light on the matter. (B) Would you mind lending me a hand with my assignment? (C) The government helped to prop up the college by offering it a financial grant. (A) They only succeeded by using their political muscle. but was initially seen as a simple novelty. The idea seemed good in theory. (C) I know it's difficult. (B) Her work greatly illuminated this aspect of the subject. (A) I was wondering if I could rely on your support. 20. Nobody believed him at first. (A) Your point of view is indefensible. and C in the following groups. (C) I don't want to be kept in the dark. (C) The team clashed over what steps to take next. Metaphorically. The more you have. B. but many people thought it was rather lightweight. and look especially at the words and expressions in bold. and something that is ntaprmotniu is small or light. 4. 3. (B) As a child. Her ideas __________ her belief in the existence of life on other planets. but it did not deter him from starting again. The first one has been done as an example. 6. and we all came away from it believing that at last we were going to achieve something worthwhile. Metaphorically. 16. Metaphorically. The new technology was revolutionary and __________. 17. (A) She was one of the brightest students in the class. Then rearrange the letters in italics in the final sentence to make another word or words. ngeelcneilti is like a light. (Answer = argument) 2. 24 . when you sitsas someone. an muntrage is like a fight or a war. with people "attacking" and "defending". The discussion was very __________. Note that two of the final sentences use the same word. (B) Everyone agreed that there were some weighty issues to be discussed at the meeting. 5. Look at sentences A. 15. Metaphorically. but you have to put your back into it if you want to succeed. Metaphorically. (C) The novel received some good reviews. His books were very popular because he had a __________ imagination and a talent for telling a good story. The final sentence should then explain what the metaphors in the first three sentences are describing. Exercise 2: Other metaphors. (B) There was a lot of conflict over what to do next. but a series of unexplained events meant that his ideas quickly __________ and people were more prepared to listen to him. the brighter the light is. but to my anger and disappointment each one was comprehensively __________ by the board. (C) She had a sudden flash of inspiration and began writing down her thoughts.General Vocabulary 13. it is like supporting them physically (for example. 19. making an trofef is like using a part of your body. with your body). but __________ when practical tests were first carried out. 14. something that is taprmotni is like something that is big or heavy. 1. 18. His life's work was in __________.
General Vocabulary
Metaphorically, when you have gwednloke about something, it is like shining a light on it (and when you lack this, it is like being in darkness). 7. (A) His new career opened the door to a whole new way of life. (B) Having a University degree is arguably the key to success in life. (C) Age should be no barrier to success. Metaphorically, having the roitpoytupn to do something is like having a door or other entrance opened for you. 8. (A) We unearthed some useful facts and figures. (B) Her latest book is a goldmine of useful information. (C) We left no stone unturned in our search for the truth. Metaphorically, when you oeidrvsc things such as facts and information, it is similar to finding them by digging or searching in the ground. 9. (A) He originally set out to become a priest, but became involved in politics instead. (B) At the age of 24, things took an unexpected turn for him. (C) After six years in the same job, I decided to move on. Metaphorically, a ilef or raecer path is like a journey. 10. (A) They put a lot of pressure on him to make change his mind. (B) The country was dragged reluctantly into war. (C) I'm sorry to press you for an answer, but we need to know your plans. Metaphorically, when you ecfro someone to do something, it is like putting physical pressure on them (for example, by pulling or pushing them). 11. (A) He was very sharp-witted and could always be relied on to come up with an astute comment when asked. (B) She has a keen intellect and makes sure that everyone knows it. (C) He was an incisive critic who always researched his subject thoroughly before passing comment on it. Metaphorically, eengintecill is like a knife, a blade, or another sharp object. 12. (A) We covered a lot of ground at the meeting. (B) I'd like to return to the point I was making earlier. (C) After three hours, we finally arrived at a decision. Metaphorically, a veoantcirosn or nosisidscu is like a journey, with the people who are speaking going from one place to another. 13. (A) We need to address the social ills that are at the root of crime. (B) The country was paralyzed by a series of natural and man-made disasters. (C) Drugs such as heroin and cocaine are seen as a cancer at the very heart of society. Metaphorically, a beprmol is like an illness. 14. (A) The speaker received a very warm welcome from the audience. (B) We had several good ideas, but they poured cold water on all of them. (C) I was disappointed because his response was rather lukewarm. Metaphorically, anesismuht and nicetxetem are like heat, and a lack of these is like cold or wet. 15. (A) The biography mainly dealt with his years at the top. (B) Many people commented on his rapid ascent up the ladder. (C) His greed and lack of integrity eventually led to his downfall. Metaphorically, being fucsuscsel is like being high up, and uraelfi is like falling or being low down.
General Vocabulary
Numbers and symbols
How do you say the numbers and symbols in bold in these sentences?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 2006 was the company's most profitable year since 1994. The advantage of Internet banking is that you can check your account 24/7. Despite a rigorous advertising campaign, demand has only risen by 0.8% in the last two months. We're meeting in his office at 3:45 this afternoon. Your flight for Zurich leaves at 1800 from Logan International Airport. I expect to be back in the country on June 30. Our next range of products will be released on 10/3. She completed the test in a record 27½ minutes. ¾ of all our employees think the canteen food could be improved. The new desk measures exactly 6ft. x 3ft. x 3ft. Is this printer really only $1.99? Oh, sorry sir, that's a mistake. The sticker should say $100.99. And that computer doesn't cost $120.75. It actually costs $1120.75. Please quote reference ACB81 - 25/B. Our new telephone number is (212) 909-7940. For more information, call 1-800-528-4800. Alternatively, ring 1-800-AXP-1234. The emergency telephone number in the U.S.A. is 911. In the U.K. it's 999. In Australia it's 000. To access the information you require, press the # key, followed by the 0 key, and finally the * key. He earns a salary of over $200K a year! In fact, he's making so much money that he plans to retire in his mid-50's. We have invested over $6M in new technology. The union held a ballot to see if the workers wanted to strike. The result was 2:1 in favor. My email address is firstname.lastname@example.com. Hi Todd. GR8 news on the promotion. I'm really :-) for you! CUL8R for a celebratory drink? He drives to work in a big, fuel-guzzling 4x4. The Denver Deadbeats won the match against the Washington Washouts by 2:0. In the game against the Los Angeles Layabouts the following week, they tied 3:3. At the last census, the population of the country was 37,762,418. It's important to send your 1099 form to the IRS on time. This book is © Rawdon Wyatt, 2007. The "Ultimafone®" has just won a "Product of the Year" award.
General Vocabulary
Obligation and option
Complete sentences 1 – 17 with a suitable word from the box. More than one answer is possible in some cases.
alternative compelled must compulsory need entail essential obliged exempt optional forced require have liable
mandatory 1.
A valid passport and visa are _____________ by all visitors to the country. Unless you have these, you will not be allowed in. Attendance at all classes is _____________. You may not miss a class without prior arrangement with your course leader. Note to new students: all fees _____________ be paid no later than one week before the commencement of the course. Your place on the course may be forfeited if you fail to satisfy this requirement. Before you make an appointment with the college doctor, you _____________ to register your name at the clinic, which you will find in the Administrative Block. If you cause any damage to property, whether accidentally or on purpose, you will be held _____________ for any costs incurred. The college was _____________ to refund part of its student fees after they announced that several of the course modules would no longer be running. Books, clothes, and food are currently _____________ from government tax, as they are considered necessities rather than luxuries. _____________ police security checks are carried out on all students and members of staff who will be working or associating with minors (i.e., those under 18). Entrance to the museum is free, but visitors are asked to make a _____________ donation of $5. Evening lectures and presentations are _____________: it is up to you whether you attend or not. 11. Unless your attendance improves, the college will have no _____________ but to ask you to leave the course.
9. 10.
Manufacturers of packaged foods are _____________ to list all the ingredients contained clearly on the box or package. This should include any artificial colorings and additives. You are under no _____________ to work overtime, but we hope that you would be prepared to work late at least once a week. When Professor Ranscombe was accused of making sexist remarks in his lectures, he felt _____________ to write a public letter of apology to those he had offended. The project is very exciting, but everyone realizes that it will _____________ a lot of work. There's no _____________ to make an appointment to see me. Just turn up at my office anytime after lunch. It is absolutely _____________ that the two liquids are kept separate, otherwise a chemical reaction could trigger an explosion.
15. 16.
Exercise 2 Hidden in the box on the next page you will find 40 more words related to opinion. A lot of people are atifalnac about sport in general and football in particular. This word can be used to complete sentence 13. 11. They come from a strongly taitoanrdil family who still believe in arranged marriages. 12. happiness is more important than money. and belief Exercise 1 Rearrange the letters in bold in the following sentences to make words that can be used to talk about opinion. 1. These words can be found by reading from left to right and from top to bottom only. 9. The government are ingerdgar the debt that is owed by developing nations as a major barrier to global economic progress. 7. He has very ____________ views and disapproves of change. 4. 7. Use the word in the shaded vertical strip to complete this sentence: 13. 10. 6. I butdo that the new government will keep all its promises. The first letter of each word has been underlined for you. 4. 10. technology is moving too quickly. We strongly pesctus that the proposal to develop the computer facilities will not go ahead. 11. If you do this correctly. 12. attitude. attitude. 5. 1. and belief. Find these words and then use them to complete definitions 1 – 40. 3. and belief.General Vocabulary Opinion. Write these words in the appropriate space in the grid that follows the sentences. 5. As far as I am enodccenr. 9. 3. 8. 6. 2. attitude. She aitainsmn that most young people would rather work than go to school. 2. Do you popvisread of smoking? The government are micedtomt to the struggle to end institutional racism in the police force. especially in the traditional values of society". you will reveal a word in the shaded vertical strip that means "not willing to accept much change. Scientists are cdnoevcin that human degradation of the environment is causing thousands of species to become extinct. 28 . In my nponioi. 8. I take strong etonepixc to people coming late or cancelling appointments at short notice.
General Vocabulary
Someone who is well educated and interested in art, science, literature, etc., at a high level: an ________________. Someone who believes that their country should have a king or queen: a ________________. A political system that aims to create a society in which everyone has equal opportunities and in which the most important industries are owned or controlled by the whole community: ________________. An economic system in which property, businesses, and industry are owned by individual people and not by the government: ________________. A political and economic system is which there is no private ownership of property and industry and in which people of all social classes are treated equally: ________________. Someone who chooses not to eat anything made from, or produced by, animals, including fish, eggs, milk, cheese, and honey: a ________________. Someone who chooses not to eat meat or fish: a ________________. An adjective describing someone who thinks about something all the time because they think it is extremely important, even if it is not, and even if other people believe they are thinking about it too much: ________________. A four-word adjective describing opinions, attitudes, styles, etc., which are not extreme: ________________. An adjective describing people who are willing to accept other people's beliefs, way of life, etc., without criticizing them (even if they disagree with them): ________________. An adjective relating to right and wrong and the way people should behave. It can be used to describe people who base their actions on what they believe rather than what rules or laws say is right: ________________. Someone who does not like or respect people who belong to races that are different from their own, and who thinks their race is better than others: a ________________. A two word adjective describing someone who is willing to consider new ideas: ________________. An adjective describing someone who is so sure that their beliefs and ideas are right that they expect other people to accept them: ________________. Someone who believes that there should be no governments or laws: an ________________.
2. 3.
7. 8.
13. 14.
General Vocabulary
16. 17.
An adjective describing someone who accepts bad things without complaining: ________________. An adjective describing someone who has opinions that most people think are unreasonable, especially about race, politics, and religion: ________________. An adjective to describe someone who bases their actions on achieving practical results rather than on theories and ideas: ________________. Someone whose opinions and actions are reasonable and not extreme, especially in politics: a ________________. An adjective to describe someone who has very strong opinions that they refuse to change, even when they are clearly unreasonable: ________________. In the U.S.A., a political party whose members usually have conservative views. Elsewhere, someone who believes that a government should have a president and representatives elected by the people: ________________. In the U.S.A., a member of the political party (with the same name) whose policies are usually more liberal than those of number 21 above. Elsewhere, someone who supports democracy as a political system: a ________________. The religion based on the ideas of the prophet Muhammad: ________________. Someone who is a follower of the religion in number 23 above: a ________________. The religion based on the ideas of Jesus Christ: ________________. Someone who is a follower of the religion in number 25 above: ________________. The religion based on the writings of the Torah and the Talmud: ________________. Someone who is a follower of the religion in number 27 above: a ________________. The main religion of India, which believes in reincarnation: ________________. Someone who is a follower of the religion in number 29 above: a ________________. The Indian religious group that separated from number 29 above in the 16th century: ________________. The set of religious beliefs based on the teachings of Siddharta Gautama: ________________. A Chinese system of religion and thought that says people should live a simple, natural, and honest life: ________________. An adjective used to describe a person, society, etc., that believes that everyone is equal and should have the same rights: ________________. A very right-wing political system in which the government is very powerful and controls the society and economy completely without allowing any opposition: ________________. Someone who does not believe in the existence of God: an ________________. Someone who believes that it is not possible to know whether God exists or not: an ________________. Someone who believes that people care only about themselves and are not sincere or honest: a ________________. Someone who believes that violence is wrong and refuses to fight in or support wars: a ________________. An adjective describing someone who believes in the power of magic or luck: ________________.
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
36. 37. 38.
General Vocabulary
Opposites: Verbs
Exercise 1 Replace the verbs in bold in sentences 1 – 26 with a word or expression from the box which has an opposite meaning in the same context. In many cases you will need to change the form of the word (for example, to its past simple form).
abandon abolish attack conceal decline demolish deny deteriorate exaggerate extend fall forbid gain hire lend loosen lower postpone refuse reject replenish reward set simplify succeed withdraw 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. They accepted the offer of a ceasefire. He admitted telling lies in his original statement. They agreed to meet to discuss the future of the organization. The senator defended his opponent's policies in a televised speech. The apartments blocks they built were the ugliest in the city. He complicated matters by rewriting the original proposal. They continued their plans to assassinate the king when he opened Parliament. He deposited $10,000 – half his college fees for the forthcoming year. Relations between the two countries have improved considerably in the last year. He permitted us to present our petition directly to the President. The members of the commune were punished for their part in the revolution. He raised the overall standards of the company within two months of his appointment. As soon as the sun rose, the demonstrators began to appear on the streets. Prices rose sharply in the first three months of the financial year. As soon as he had tightened the knots, he pushed the boat out. To everyone's surprise, she failed. Tomorrow's meeting has been brought forward. The management said that they would be happy to borrow the money. Several flaws in the design of the new model were revealed. The course has been shortened to 12 weeks. I don't want to underestimate his role in the club. Attendance has increased since the new professor took over the course. Fuel supplies have been exhausted. Despite having a bigger and cheaper choice of healthy foods, many Americans have lost a lot of weight. Following the revolution, the monarchy was restored. The company started seeing some success once they dismissed several employees.
The press have once again quote the President: he said that women were "America's hope for the future". and not "America's hopeless future". you should also need to change the end of the verb (by adding -s. im-.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Some verbs can be made into their opposite form. Once the film has been load from the camera. Then use your answers to complete the crossword on the next page. and in view of this he plans report you to the Principal. 2. make sure it is switched off. Employers have every right to trust interview candidates who are not able to provide adequate references or show proof of their qualifications. The college staff approve of students smoking on the premises. usually as a result of linguistic or cultural differences. -ing.g. 8. 4. they will be instantly suspended. ) We completely judge the time we had for the project. it needs to kept in a dark. In most cases. 5. Down ( 1. If any student use the college computers (e. and unfortunately we were unable to finish on time. The press deliberately tried to represent our college. Your lack of progress on this course has please your tutor. When one group of people understand another. 6. 32 . or un-. 22. and in some cases by also removing a letter). Across ( ) 2. 13. 12. by the addition of the prefixes dis-. or otherwise modified. change the verb in bold into its opposite form using one of the prefixes above. 14. 10. Before connect the copier from the power supply. 16. He was surprised that everyone had obey the rules. wrongly suggesting that we only recruit students whose parents make large financial donations to the college. 7. Students who are caught cheating will be immediately qualify. As the full extent of the disaster fold.. they should put their concerns in a letter to the Course Director.. In each of the sentences below. 20. astronomer Harvey Weiss claims to lock the secrets of the universe. -ed. 3. Despite recent rumors in the press. Kaput Computers is pleased to announce that it will not be continue its popular range of discounted computers for students. the government decided to take drastic action. for accessing undesirable websites). 23. If any students agree with the new regulations. physical conflict is often the result. In his new book "Stars in my Eyes". dry place until it can be processed. etc. mis-. The National Patients' Association is calling on Senators around the country to make doctors legally responsible for diagnose an illness.
A recent investigation has cover several cases of unauthorized Internet use in the library.000 for fire damage. 21. but not surprisingly. they will take every opportunity to behave. The huge increase in exports recently has prove the argument that the world has stopped buying American goods. 17. We regret that our trust in you was sadly place. 19. many of our students like the increased workload this semester. I accidentally calculate the amount we needed to spend on fees and accommodations. Unfortunately. It is a sad fact of college life that unless some students are properly supervised. but the claim was allow because we hadn't observed proper safety procedures. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 5 9 12 10 11 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 17 18 22 23 33 . 11.General Vocabulary 9. We claimed $20. 15. and therefore we will not be dealing with you in the future. 18.
Newspapers are saying a lot about the country's modern licensing laws. Add up all the odd numbers between 1 and 20 to get a result. The plans they presented were simple and well written. Attendance at afternoon classes should be voluntary. this is a very rare event. 20. 8. We need exact figures before we embark on a new venture. 4. 22. Despite the weather. approximate delicate negligible archaic artificial dim easy scarce clear even worthless 1. Many students believe that doing voluntary work for charities is a pointless cause. The confectionery contained several flavors. A close study of the painting by experts revealed it to be priceless. The jury decided he was guilty of the crime. Contrary to what many people think. When she first started dancing. 23. 21. commonplace feasible reluctant worthwhile compulsory graceful spontaneous considerable innocent tedious crude intricate vibrant detrimental flexible problematic smooth The meaning of his words was very ambiguous. What you are asking me to do is quite impossible. 34 .General Vocabulary Opposites: Adjectives Exercise 1 Replace the adjectives in bold in sentences 1 – 28 with a word or expression from the box which has an opposite meaning in the same context. 27. 28. The laws restricting pollution in the city are very rigid. she was very awkward. 7. According to his colleagues. 6. There is a slight difference in the way the company is run these days compared with a few years ago. 9. Her lectures are extremely interesting. 16. The bright light from the flashlight picked out details on the walls of the cave. 10. The spices used in the production of some international dishes have a very strong flavor. supplies of food after the harvest were plentiful. Organizing a fundraising event can be surprisingly simple. 11. 25. 14. 15. From a distance. 3. 17. The device is very sophisticated and should only be operated by someone who is familiar with it. 2. 5. Planned demonstrations and strikes took place all over the city. The new rules had a profound impact on everyone's behavior. 18. he's a very awkward person to deal with. 24. 19. all of them natural. The country displayed all the features of a stagnant economy. 13. A lot of students are willing to attend classes on Saturday morning. 12. 26. the surface of the planet appears to be very rough. His policies were beneficial to the economy as a whole.
the company offered (A) unlimited returns for their investors. dis-. 1.) to the beginning of the word. 3. In each one there is one word which has been given the wrong prefix. which she considered extremely (D) unfair. (B) incompetent. some thought the promises were (C) inconvincing and were (D) uncomfortable about parting with so much money. 6. 35 . but also (C) illegal: companies are legally bound to take the strongest possible action against such (D) unacceptable behavior by their employees. Decide which word is wrong and correct it. It is an (A) unavoidable fact.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 A lot of adjectives can be made into their opposite form by adding a prefix (un-. She was described by her boss as being (A) unresponsible. although the only person he managed to convince was himself. he remained (D) irresolute in his views. Task 1: Decide which of the prefixes from the first box can be used to make opposites of the words in the second box. Insider dealing is not only (A) immoral and (B) inhonest. He had clearly given his presentation (A) disadequate preparation. saying they were (B) inaccurate and (C) illogical. and many in the audience challenged the points he made. In return for an increased investment. disiliminirun- acceptable authorized complete fair accurate avoidable conscious adequate believable contented advantaged certain convincing legal obedient pure agreeable comfortable correct limited attractive competent curable literate even logical patient rational responsible fashionable married perfect regular mature personal relevant honest moral possible inclined mortal proper organized qualified resolute welcome replaceable satisfied resistible sufficient satisfactory Task 2: Without looking at your answers to Task 1. Despite this. and (C) immature. 2. but in a competitive job market. He is a very (A) disagreeable man and he makes visitors feel very (B) unwelcome. While many found such an offer (B) irresistible. but the management think he's (C) irreplaceable and are (D) uninclined to fire him. in-. those who are (B) unqualified or who have (C) imsufficient work experience will find themselves seriously (D) disadvantaged. look at the following sentences and paragraphs. 4. il-. 5. etc.
(to rise at the same speed as something else) 5. 9. 17. usually because it is bad for you) 14. 15. 4. they would search / look / find out the reasons. (to rely / depend on other people) Many developing countries are failing to run / chase / catch up with their more developed neighbors. (to show) Before you write your essay. (to research) Nobody at the meeting carried / brought / moved up the subject of paid leave. (to discover) As we grow / stand / look up our priorities change. (informal: to find it hard to understand) The committee members dropped / made / fell out over plans for the new health center. (to start discussing a subject) Once people lose / jump / fall behind with their mortgage payments. The meaning of each phrasal verb is given in brackets at the end of each sentence. and should be learnt like any other item of English vocabulary. with disastrous consequences. 8. 12. (to not to go ahead with a plan) It is only at election time that senators add / count / read on support from their constituents. 13. 1. In the TOEFL.. early or before you have finished) Major international companies can't carry / cut / figure out the popularity of the anti-capitalist movement. The President decided to shout / cry / call off his visit to Europe. (to start doing less of something. and appear frequently in other parts of the test.General Vocabulary Phrasal Verbs 1 Phrasal verbs are very common in English. 10. 36 . (to not include) The journalist showed / pointed / spoke out the mistakes made by the agency over the last few years. etc. Exercise 1 In the following sentences. (to get to the same level) It can take months or even years for political scandals to die / cut / fall down. 16. they are tested in the Listening Comprehension section. 6. choose the correct verb in bold to complete the phrasal verb in italics. (to accept an unpleasant state of affairs. Some parents are criticized for the way they bring / make / throw up their children. a competition. (to raise children) 2. (to leave a race. a course of study. they come under extreme financial pressure from their bank. you should search / hunt / look into the Party's history. 18. 11. They refused to move / face / come up to their responsibilities. (to become less strong) An alarming number of students jump / drop / fall out of school early every year. The latest government report leaves / keeps / throws out the real reasons for current demographic shifts. (to fail to do something or pay something at the time that you should) The first step to a healthier lifestyle is to cut / slice / chop down on the amount of saturated fats you eat. (to change from being children to being adults) Salaries very rarely catch / keep / work up with the cost of living. and try to deal with it) 3. (to argue) If they examined the issues more closely. 7.
but so far they have all been ignored. (to develop in a particular way or have a particular result) The exhibition was so popular that a lot of visitors had to be pushed / turned / thrown away. 15. 3. I remember the many sacrifices my parents made for me. (informal: to cost someone a particular amount of money. (to recover from a serious illness or accident) A lot of restrictions on imports have been done / gone / put away with. especially a large amount) When I look / consider / move back on my childhood. (to try to discover the facts about something such as a problem) It is very important to carry / work / do out my instructions carefully. 8. 16. (to think about something that happened in the past) We were all disappointed with the way things turned / came / changed out. often unexpectedly) At first. 13. 7. (to get rid of something) If you have a complaint. often in a way that is easy for people to understand) I came / ran / moved into Laura outside the theater last week. In one of the sentences. The meeting will be canceled if not enough people arrive / move / turn up. (to continue) The drug's effects are very powerful. a lot of state-run schools were controlled / taken / acquired over by private companies. 12. 17. 1. all of the verbs are possible. I tried to argue / place / put forward the arguments in favor of global capitalism. (to suggest or state the case for something) Despite the seriousness of the illness. (to add up to a particular amount) The telephone service is rather unreliable. often in a particular way) 2. Many employees went / kept / carried on working despite pressure from the unions.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. but they kicked / hit / picked up when people realized how useful it was. but they begin to wear / come / fall off after a few hours. (to be disconnected while talking on the telephone) 10. 37 . (to slowly improve) I have given / put / moved across several suggestions. (to come somewhere. 11. sales of the product were slow. (to gradually disappear or become less intense) 9. 18. (to do something that you have been told to do. 14.000. (to explain an idea. put it in writing and ask the company to investigate / look / see into it for you. During the early 2000's. 6. 4. (to be not allowed to enter a building) The total cost of the project makes / moves / works out to about $250. and it's quite common to be cut / shut / run off in the middle of a conversation. 5. (to start to do something in place of someone else) In my last essay. he managed to carry / pull / take through. (to meet someone by chance) This course has set / moved / put me back by about $2000.
government investment is revitalizing the area. (to manage to deal with a difficult situation until it is over) People who have to _________ after elderly relatives or other dependents should receive financial support. 7. 16. 14. 13. The phrasal verb is explained in brackets at the end of each sentence. (to continue doing something) The anti-smoking message is finally _________ through to people. 15. 8. (to get better. 12. it can be difficult to _________ by without a car. especially after not being sure you wanted to do it) It can be very difficult to _________ down to studying for exams when the weather is nice. (to find a way of dealing with a problem or avoiding it) The first step to a healthier lifestyle is to _________ up smoking. 38 . (to start doing something seriously or with a lot of effort) Lights _________ out across the country as power workers went on strike. 1. (to do something you have planned or agreed to do. 17. 10. (to find something by chance) Very few students _________ forward to their end-of-semester exams. go. 11. give. 2. (to take care of someone or something and make certain they have everything they need) We decided to _________ through with our plans as soon as we had sufficient capital. or appear to get better) Scientists _________ across the cure by accident. (to feel happy and excited about something that is going to happen) Generally. 9. you should _________ on trying. while studying the health benefits of a rare species of plant. (to try to discover the facts about something such as a problem or crime) After years of decline. (to stop burning or shining) The committee were asked to _________ into the latest crime statistics and try to establish a pattern. and things are beginning to _________ up. (to increase in price) 3. get. 4. 5. 18. (to avoid being punished for doing something wrong or illegal) Developed countries are usually able to _________ through a period of recession by drawing on financial reserves. (to stop doing something you do regularly) The governor _________ up against a lot of opposition from locals when she proposed building a jail near the city limits. but will try to _________ around them somehow. (to have to deal with something difficult or unpleasant) Even if you fail the first time. In some cases. or look to make a phrasal verb in bold. Make sure you use the correct form of the verb in each one. fewer people go to the theater and prefer to stay at home with a video.General Vocabulary Phrasal Verbs 2 Exercise 1 Each of these sentences can be completed with come. 6. (to make someone understand what you are trying to say) As ticket prices _________ up. (to work and operate efficiently) I'd like you to _________ over these figures and tell me if you think the project is possible. more than one answer is possible. (to check something carefully) Large industries can no longer _________ away with dumping industrial waste in rivers. In rural districts. people are reluctant to break unpopular rules.
it is usually the consumer who ___________ off the worst. especially to the police) Some people tend to ___________ down on others who are less fortunate purely because of their financial situation.. 6. (to become cheaper) Nothing ___________ of the company's plans to develop solar-powered vehicles. 16. job. 39 . it is essential to ___________ over the details very carefully. ___________ out of the cycle of poverty can be next to impossible. especially a competition. 17. (to recover from something) The threat of severe reprisals meant that many refused to ___________ themselves up to the police. (to receive money or property when someone dies) After the revolution. 4. You should then try to remember these so that they become a part of your "productive" vocabulary. 2.) 18. Try to develop your own written "bank" of the phrasal verbs you learn. problem. it is common for the price to ___________ down. (to reach a particular total when everything is added together) For most poor people. (to check something carefully) People who live in close proximity to one another must learn to ___________ along with their neighbors. 12. 15. they decided to ___________ in and reduce tax on gasoline. but under pressure from protesters. etc. This should show as many different meanings as possible for each phrasal verb. 7. (to achieve a particular result in an activity. (to start dealing with a situation. or argument) It took a long time for the country to ___________ over the effects of the civil war. (to try to like someone and be friendly to them) It was only after he ___________ into his inheritance after his father died that he was able to expand the company. (to do something after you have intended to do it for some time) New legislation lays down strict penalties for vehicles which ___________ off excess exhaust.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. text message. 5. 14. Don't forget that many phrasal verbs can have more than one meaning. 11. email. in a particular way) When supply of a particular good exceeds demand. (to stop competing or arguing and accept that you cannot win) By the time the message ___________ through it was too late to evacuate the residents. (to be the result of something) The final bill for the project will ___________ to almost $10 million. (to be connected to someone by telephone. 13. Doctors realized there was going to be a problem when several people in the same village ___________ down with suspected food poisoning. 3. (to become ill with a particular disease) People often ___________ up the idea of starting their own company when they realize the risks that are involved. etc. (to think that you are better or more important than someone else) The government had decided to stand firm on their decision. 1. 9. 10. (to surrender to someone in a position of authority. fight. 8. (to produce a gas or smell) People who want to know how to ___________ about starting their own company should talk to a trained adviser. (to avoid or escape from an unpleasant situation) In any dispute with an insurance company. (to no longer want to do something) Before entering an agreement. it took almost five years for the country to ___________ around to opening its borders.
6. 9. (to force someone to leave) When I was at school. they decided to scrap the project. Do not put a gap between the verb and the particle(s) in the crossword grid. (to arrive for a meeting. Decide which phrasal verbs go into each sentence. The meaning of each phrasal verb is in italics at the end of each sentence. either in their mannerisms or in the way they look. but we managed to _____ them _____. and Mrs. 10. which can then be used to complete the sentences underneath. which you will find on page 42. 11. 19. (to keep or save something from a larger amount in order to use it later for a particular purpose) The two men didn't _____ each other at first. (to make a deposit) They were reluctant to make changes. third person "s". (to cause a delay or make someone late) 40 . (to stop because something is in the way) When Mr. 30. Don't forget that some phrasal verbs need two particles. some teachers unfairly _____ children who eschewed sport for more creative interests and pastimes. 7. and write the answers in the crossword grid. 5. Accommodations in some cities are so expensive that some people cannot even afford to _____ the 8 weeks' deposit that is required. appointment. you will need to change the form of the verb (e. their landlord threatened to _____ them _____ onto the street. 16. add break bring engage factor go hand hold make opt pick put run set shut stem take talk turn about down on after for out against from round in to apart into up aside of with off Clues across ( ) 1. but only a handful _____ for the interview. (to decide not to take part in something) A lot of applicants expressed an interest in the job. 22. etc. (to start) People who use credit cards unwisely can easily _____ debts of thousands of dollars every month.General Vocabulary Phrasal Verbs 3 The verbs and particles in the two boxes below can be combined to make phrasal verbs. Johnson were unable to pay the rent on time. but over the next year they became the best of friends.g. (to persuade somebody) Children often _____ one of their parents.) Air pollution can _____ asthma and other chest diseases in those most vulnerable. (to begin to like someone or something) One of the best ways to get fit is to _____ a sport or activity.). (to make debts go up quickly) Parents often struggle to _____ enough money to pay for their children's education. 24. In many cases. (to start doing something regularly as a habit) The plans were _____ while we waited for a decision from the management. many decide to _____ of the program and make their own arrangements. past or present participle. (to resemble) After _____ a few unexpected difficulties. etc.. 28. (to choose someone to attack or criticize) Although many companies offer their employees a pension plan. 20.
by which time we should all have familiarized ourselves with the system. competing against other people for the same job) Despite massive promotion by the tourist board. (to separate an object into pieces) The revolution was a long. (to use all of something and not have any left) Some students can be very creative with the reasons they give for not _____ their assignments on time. 13. 37. (to take part in a particular activity. (to stop being involved in an activity. (to apply for a job in politics. (to include a particular amount when you calculate something) Our money is _____ quickly. it is surprisingly difficult to put it back together again. 23. but lacked sufficient experience to be taken seriously. even though he was desperate for the money. 38. 18. even though they were in a friendly relationship before) Doctors and medical experts were unable to _____ why some people survived the virus and others didn't. it will be too late. bitter affair which _____ neighbor _____ neighbor. (to cause two people or groups to fight each other. (to start something such as a business or organization) The results of new rules will start to _____ next month. The two sides are currently _____ talks which they hope will end the dispute. 25. (to save money) Technology is moving at such a fast pace it is no longer possible to _____ all the latest developments. (to take the place of something that has been lost or damaged. 21. 36. (to refuse something which is offered) Most people will _____ a stressful job if the money is good enough. (to invent an explanation for something) At the age of 38 he _____ the post of President. 6. event or situation) 41 . to get better) Nothing can _____ the damage caused as a result of his actions. (informal: to start to have an effect) His popularity _____ the fact that he was born in the area. 3. (to tolerate something which is not very pleasant) Once the equipment has been _____. 12.General Vocabulary 32. and if we don't act soon. 2. (to give something to a person in authority) Clues down ( 1. (to be fooled or tricked) He _____ the job that was offered to him. 14. (to cause a situation or a series of events to happen) After _____ expenditure and inflation. (to understand or assimilate information) Radical measures introduced by the college authorities did not _____ a genuine reform of the system. or to compensate for something bad that has happened) The group plans to _____ an import business by the end of the year. 17. 26. it took a long time for tourism to _____ again after the terrorist attacks. (to combine to produce a particular result or effect) Nobody was _____ by the government's false figures on unemployment. (to be caused by something) The project will succeed unless someone decides to _____ at the last minute. 15. 27. (to understand or know the reason for something) Nobody believed the Senator's explanation for a moment. ) It's often a good idea to _____ some money for a "rainy day". (to improve. They all knew he had _____ it _____. 8. especially something that takes a lot of time and effort) Her discovery _____ a chain of events that surprised everyone involved. profits were very low. 39. 4.
(to become ill with a particular illness) It has always been my ambition to _____ show business. (to make something happen. For years women were _____ the political process. especially to cause changes in a situation) After several guests had _____ food poisoning. (to not be allowed to do something or not be allowed to be involved in something) Major spending is required to _____ substantial improvement in housing. 33. the painting _____ for an incredible $60 million. 35. 31.General Vocabulary 29. public health inspectors were called to the hotel. (to start to have success in your career or an area of activity) At the auction. 34. (to be sold for a particular amount of money) 1 4 5 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 14 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 28 29 30 31 25 27 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 42 .
depending on their context. When you ________________ something. (d) Across / changing / between. Prefix 1. pre10. film.A. A / an ________________ student is a student who is studying after receiving an advanced degree such as an M. One definition can be completed with two words (using the same prefix). can be used to make opposites of many verbs and adjectives (see pages 32 and 35). trans14.General Vocabulary Prefixes Prefixes such as dis-. circum4. 7.annual …biography …conference …determined …ennial …ference …final …form …graduate …habit …hesion …ient …late …lingual …mature …mission …mutes …que …nomy …ordinate …organism …poly …pone …precious …scope …standard …tonous …val …vent 1. A / an ________________ voice or sound is boring and unpleasant because it does not change its loudness or become higher or lower. bi3. 3... uniMeaning (a) After or later than. that are played immediately before the last game in a sports competition. inter6. The exercises on the next two pages look at some of these. . (f) Single / one. etc. (h) One small part of a larger thing / below another thing / smaller or less important than another thing. to form words that can complete definitions 1 – 28. (b) Between. Something that is ________________ is the same everywhere you find it. (m) At or over a long distance. im-. mono8.. ________________ is a situation in which people or things combine well to form a unit. (l) Extremely small. Some of these prefixes can be used in more than one way. (e) Together / sharing.D. semi11. co5. Exercise 1 Match the prefixes on the left with their meaning(s) on the right. or Ph. (k) Of or by yourself / working by itself. 2. (g) Before. (c) Exactly half / partly but not completely. concert. un-. post9. 4. 5. such as football. 6. (i) Two / twice / double. auto2. A / an ________________ is one of two games. 43 . etc. Two of these prefixes have one meaning (although used in different ways). Other prefixes can be used to add meaning to a base word or word root. (j) Around. tele 13. you change spoken or written words into another language. micro7. sub12. A / an ________________ is a short break in the middle of a play. and the base words / roots from the box below. Exercise 2 Use the prefixes from the left-hand column above.
19. A / an ____________ is a book about your life that you write yourself. If something happens too soon or before its usual time. If something is ____________. 22. 9. If two people live together in a physical relationship but are not married. has ____________. A / an ____________ is a living thing that is so small you cannot see without special equipment (such as that in 15 above). or good. 26. happens or stays somewhere for a short period of time only. 20.General Vocabulary 8. it happens or develops in a particular way because of things that have existed. Someone who is ____________ is able to speak two languages very well. 13. A / an ____________ stone is one that is used in jewelry and is fairly valuable. happened. 16. 18. we can say that they ____________ it. Something that is ____________ exists. 23. 24. 25. A / an ____________ is a piece of equipment for looking at things that are too small to see normally. but not as valuable as other stones such as diamonds or rubies. If a country. you decide that it will not be done at the time it was planned. If you ____________ something. A company that has complete control of the product or service it provides because it is the only company that provides it can be said to be. If something ____________. or the edge of a circle or a round object / area. A ____________ is a meeting held among people who are in different places. he or she has less power or authority than someone else. state. a / an ____________. 10. 17. or is not the same as anything or anyone else. region. or been decided before. Something that is __________ is very special. 28. An event that is ____________ happens twice every year. especially by using a clever trick that does not break the law. using an electronic communication system such as a computer. An event that is ____________ happens once every two years. or not good enough to be accepted. etc. 21. A / an ____________ is the distance measured around the edge of a circle. 15. organization. 44 . but at a later time. unusual. 11. If someone finds a way of avoiding a rule or law that limits them. Something that is ____________ is not as good as you would normally expect. 27. it is independent and has the power to govern itself. If a person is ____________. or have. we say that they ____________. 12.. it changes into something completely different. 14. we can say that it is ____________.
Secondly. N. The first one and last one have been done for you.General Vocabulary Presenting an argument Exercise 1 Read the text below. giving English lessons or working in hotels and stores. D. 2. On the other hand. O. I'll learn so many things that will help me in my future life. Satisfaction in your job is more important than the money you earn. And I'm not alone in this opinion. 4. or choose one of the essays from the Topics section of the book: 1. Unfortunately. the quicker I'll get a job and start earning. if I go straight to university. by restricting car ownership. I'll be able to take part in the social activities that the university offers. B. C. starting work and making money is one of the most important things in life. H. The only way to save the environment is for governments to impose strict quotas on the energy we use (for example. (1) I'm really in two minds about what to do when I leave school. limiting the water we use). But I believe that it would be easy to make a bit while I was traveling. Nevertheless. using the key words and expressions in bold to help you. there are so many benefits to going straight to university. homesickness. I would learn more about the world. L. I've made my mind up. another point is that if I spent a year traveling I would need a lot of money. or spend a year traveling around the world. K. P. Living in a town or city is better than living in the countryside. J. Many consider a sound career and a good salary to be an important goal. Using the key words and expressions in bold from the last exercise. and some strange tropical diseases. I could end up suffering from culture shock. Should I go straight to university or should I spend a year traveling around the world? It is often said that knowledge is the key to power. The most important point is that the sooner I get my qualifications. in which somebody is trying to decide whether to go straight to university from school. M. However. First of all. Now. A. where's my nearest travel agency? Exercise 2. it could be argued that I would also meet lots of interesting people while I was traveling. Put their argument into the correct order. and I cannot disagree with this. present an argument for one of the following issues. A government's main priority is to provide education for its people. I would experience lots of different cultures. E. On the one hand. In my opinion. Moreover. if I spent a year traveling. (16) All right. 45 . I. G. F. 3. these inconveniences would be an inevitable part of traveling and would be greatly outweighed by the other advantages. Furthermore. and meet lots of new friends who share the same interests.
2. The vehicle employs a small solar panel. Shakespeare ________________ appeared in productions of his own works. 1. The new laws made ________________ easier to get a passport and travel abroad. 20. 8. 18. The team arrived in Cairo. his. 11. 9. Why did you say that I've missed lots of lessons this semester? Where did you get ________________ idea? I haven't missed a single one.g. 6. Most students spend more time on their assignments than ________________ should. but ________________ efficacy is reduced if used too much and too often. A skilled workforce is essential. as there was no Internet in ____________ days. itself. but ________________ looks like nobody is prepared to accept responsibility.. cut off from the outside world by a treacherous reef. which. The company carried out research into chemical fertilizers and ________________ effect on the environment. The house stood by ____________ on a small island. ________________ comes a time in everyone's life when a big decision has to be taken. 14. Nuclear energy is far less damaging to the environment than ________________ produced from fossil fuels. The drug works in small quantities. Students are allowed to hand in ________________ assignments a few days late if they ask for permission at least a week in advance. 7. 12. Many playwrights like to act in the plays they have written. 46 . but you weren't here. and it will be several weeks before it can feed ________________. Someone called for you. You will need to use some pronouns / determiners more than once. 13. but requires far higher standards of safety to be applied. 16. 4. 17. Research in the 1960's often took a lot of time and patience.General Vocabulary Pronouns and determiners Exercise 1 Complete these sentences with an appropriate pronoun or determiner (e. 15. etc. We should give everyone a chance to say what ________________ think. but we had to give ________________ credit for their ability to make an otherwise boring subject lively and interesting. The authors admitted using material from other books. Greek and Latin are languages from ________________ many English words have been taken or adapted.). and from ________________ set out across the desert in a southwesterly direction. from which ________________ can get enough power to move without the need for turning the engine on. Someone broke the printer. so I told ________________ you would call when you got back. 10. 3. 19. ________________ is why regular training programs are so important. 5. The young chick relies on the adult bird for food. there.
People who adopt children tend to be people who have no children of ________________ own but who desperately want some. We have tea or coffee: ________________ would you prefer? Most people passed the exam. The software has a few glitches. 11. 1. 12. The voice at the end of the phone was ________________ of a young man. but ________________ refuse to bow down to popular pressure. Bogart's most famous movie was probably Casablanca. Prices in New York are roughly 30% cheaper than ________________ in London. The company was forced to cut prices and lay off staff. 19. The Republican Party have come under a lot of pressure. the Republicans were divided among ________________ as to the best course of action to take. 9. 4. but the real problem lies in the computer. Also see Working words on pages 80 – 81 47 . 17. ________________ composition "Blue String" combined elements of classical Chinese and Western music. ________________ was made in 1942. AZB Ltd claimed that the invention was legally ________________. Those who want to see Las Vegas and sample all of ________________ attractions are going to need a lot of money. how they spent their vacation. 20. We've been thinking about the offer ________________ you made last week. you can pay ________________ in 6 monthly installments through the first semester. 7. Fees must be paid in full before the course begins. we asked members of the public questions about ________________ their work. 3. 16. and then ask their families to join ________________ at a later date. and sued their competitor for breaching their design copyright. and ________________ that failed were allowed to retake it a month later. 14. Alternatively. Her latest book is one ________________ every teenager will enjoy. 13. The winner was a Chinese composer. 18. 8. and so on. 2. We need to prepare ________________ for the struggle that we are about to face. their hobbies. 5. Help was offered in the first instance to families ________________ homes had been destroyed in the tsunami. As it became obvious an economic crisis was looming. and not in the software ________________. As part of the survey. 15. but the problems didn't end ________________. Immigrants often come to the country on their own. 6.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. 10.
With the help of a dictionary. the easier it becomes to complete the grid. try to fill in the missing letters. which are all adjectives. are already in the grid. The words. The more letters you fill in. but some of the letters have been removed. match the adjectives in the grid with a word or expression with a similar meaning which you will find in bold on the next page: N C T V C O M P R N H E N S I V E D D I M E N T A R Y P L A C R D G C R R R A T D S B U S T O U T E A R A D U A L T X R E I O U S O S P E I S I V F E R E X C E P T N T S H C O O I L E O D V E R E P L A L G I R R O N A L U R D R L U I C S H B R U P I P A T I B L X C O A T S P R E A D L L W W I D A B T D R I A R A M A E C Y Y C R A U C I R R W N L E R T I V E N T N G V D E Q S N O M V E X I O D I S P E T N R D O A E M P A R S E G L I G N V E S Z L C O N E D F I N I T H B L N T O T B L E R U T D A T V E G M P H R I V I 48 . When you have done this.General Vocabulary Similar meanings: Adjectives 1 Here is a crossword with a difference.
. Gradual progress. A potential or likely candidate for a job. 49 . A secret operation. 26. Enough information. An exhibition of modern art. Dangerous chemicals. Suitable computer software. A powerful drug. A flourishing community. A small margin of opportunity. A valid reason for doing something. 30. Difficult and detailed instructions. Poisonous gases. A creative director. 20. Extensive unemployment. 37. sharp rise in prices. 36. A punctual start to a meeting. A thorough investigation. 11. Old-fashioned ideas. 9. Traditional medicine. Rich agricultural soil. 3. 39. Essential raw materials (2 possible words). 31. 46. 12. 44. 7. Very strange or unusual behavior. Strict economic controls. 33. An inquisitive student. Very important information (2 possible words). 22. An insignificant amount of money 17.General Vocabulary 1. Extremely unusual circumstances. 43. 40. An isolated village. Clear and direct comments. 32. A ridiculous idea. 45. Limited natural resources. 25. 14. 23. A strong and successful economy. 42. 10. A small charge for services. 27. 38. Extreme measures to prevent or achieve something. A determined student. 28. Specialist knowledge. 34. 6. Rough material. 15. 2. peaceful sea. Lasting appeal. A level surface. 21. 41. 8. A rude reply. 4. 13. Basic facilities. A superficial person. A calm. 35. 5. Unpredictable behavior. 24. A sudden. 18. A diverse program of events. 19. 16. 29.
12. The setting of the scene in chapter one of the book is essential to the plot. She was a serious.General Vocabulary Similar meanings: Adjectives 2 Look at sentences 1 – 14 and choose a word from the box that has a similar meaning to the words and expressions in bold. The first one has been done as an example. 3. It was obvious that the President had been told what to say by his advisers. despite the fact that many words from the language are still in use today. There are plenty of opportunities for promotion if you are prepared to work hard. 8. First letter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 c oncise Rest of word credible evident hypothetical scrupulous tedious tenacious 50 . and therefore won the respect of his customers. abundant archaic chaotic concise industrious integral rampant risky 1. 9. 13. 2. He gained a reputation as an honest and fair dealer. hardworking student who achieved excellent grades. His instructions were very brief and clear. Write these words in the grid below. 6. 10. 4. you will reveal a word in the shaded vertical strip that is a synonym of the word "typical" in this sentence: The strong sense of community is typical of an area where people feel they are an underclass who must struggle to survive. From a financial point of view it was a very dangerous plan. 11. Here's an imaginary situation: you are in the desert and you run out of water. If you do it correctly. His lectures are boring and I never seem to learn anything useful or interesting. but a bit of research revealed some startling irregularities. Latin is considered by many to be an outdated language. 5. 14. The story seemed believable at first. He was a determined man who believed in fighting for his principles at any cost. Uncontrolled corruption and abuse of power by officials eventually prompted new anti-corruption laws. 7. The conference was really disorganized and a complete waste of time.
3. is by Greyhound bus. despite the fact it had been signed by over 5. 14. 10. Thank you for your kind ___________ / ___________: I couldn't have done it without you. for one thing.000 people. 16. so I suggest we start as soon as possible. 2. 9. These can either be completed with a word from box A or a word with a similar meaning from box B.A. you will need to add an -s to one or both of the words when you put them into the sentence. 5. His ruling in the case was a ___________ / ___________ for common sense and freedom of speech. The bar is popular with our students because of its ___________ / ___________ to the college. B advantage closeness decline defect employment evidence help housing meeting method misconception order petition praise prerequisite resistance reduction schedule survey triumph We have a very busy ___________ / ___________ today. 13. 20. a basic knowledge of Arabic is one of the main ___________ / ___________ The cheapest ___________ / ___________ of traveling around the U. Students holding a valid student card are eligible for a 10% ___________ / ___________ on book prices. At the height of its success. Identify both the words that could be used. The early computer program had several ___________ / ___________ which need to be sorted out before it could be used. 4.000 people. 19. we need to maintain ___________ / ___________ at all times. There has been a lot of ___________ / ___________ to the new schedule: nobody likes the earlier starts and later finishes to the day. 17. 12. 11. There is no ___________ / ___________ to show that standards of living have improved. 51 . 18. There has been a sharp ___________ / ___________ in the number of people attending afternoon classes. 6. the studio provided ___________ / ___________ for over 3. 15. The ___________ / ___________ taken before the election did not reflect the final result. Many people believe that exercising makes you more hungry: this is in fact a ___________ / ___________. The ___________ / ___________ was rejected by the arbitrating committee. There are several ___________ / ___________ to working from home: you save on travel costs. If you want to do a Degree in Middle East Studies.General Vocabulary Similar meanings: Nouns Exercise 1 Look at sentences 1 – 20. I can't see you this afternoon because I have a / an ___________ / ___________ with my tutor. 8. A acclaim accommodations agenda appeal appointment assistance benefit discipline discount drop fallacy fault means opposition poll proof proximity requirement victory work 1. With regard to attendance and punctuality. The Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk received international ___________ / ___________ for his novel "Snow". 7.S. The college provides cheap ___________ / ___________ for its staff and students. In some cases.
52 . 8. and should take ___________ / ___________ over everything else. 5. The empire reached its ___________ / ___________ at the end of the nineteenth century. they managed to create a virtual monopoly for their product. or consider changing your course. ___________ / ___________ to the building after 6 p. Our latest prospectus provides a / an ___________ / ___________ of our courses and a brief history of the university. 10. 6. A admission code problem liability alteration magnitude protest valid 1. 18. After much ___________ / ___________. 13. but unfortunately there have been several ___________ / ___________. 16. 14. Is it necessary to make any ___________ / ___________ to the plan. I hope you have a ___________ / ___________ reason for missing so many of your classes. characteristic cooperation overview result zenith question winner choice priority strategy B access change collaboration complication consequence deliberation demonstration (short) description element feature good importance option peak plan precedence query responsibility rule victor component discussion The ___________ / ___________ against the war spread to most parts of the city by midnight. 4. If you have any ___________ / ___________ please ask a member of staff. Before you start studying for the TOEFL. 2. 3. 12. 11. We had hoped that everything would run smoothly. The college accepts no ___________ / ___________ for any damage to vehicles in the car park. A purple rash and a persistent cough is one of the ___________ / ___________ of this disease. with at least 50 arrests taking place. Nobody understood the ___________ / ___________ of the results: it was assumed that everything would stay the same. 19. There are two ___________ / ___________ available to you: work hard on improving your mid-term grades. 7. 15. whereas there were in fact profound changes Thanks to their ___________ / ___________ with several affiliated companies. or should we keep it as it is? In the battle of the sexes there can never be a true ___________ / ___________. Fieldwork is a key ___________ / ___________ of this course. Climate change could have disastrous ___________ / ___________ for farmers. The college ___________ / ___________ state(s) that students must attend at least 80% of their classes.m. is limited to staff and full-time students only. 9. 20.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. Safety in the workplace is very important. you should come up with a ___________ / ___________ that will help you to make the most of your study time. we decided to reject her offer. 17.
18. 13. 2. Large ___________ / ___________ of unskilled. 7. 14. 11. A person's choice of clothes is a / an ___________ / ___________ of his or her personality. You will find the problem easier to solve if you try breaking it down into its separate ___________ / ___________. Before the ___________ / ___________ of the home PC in the mid-80s. but even I know that a drop in unemployment often leads to a rise in inflation. 9. 16. The board ordered the ___________ / ___________ of all research. 3. All ___________ / ___________ from the sale of part of the grounds will be re-invested in the college.General Vocabulary Exercise 3 Instructions as above A achievement backing display notion advent amenity charisma implication part specialist proceeds argument disparity invention reflection B accomplishment (personal) appeal appearance classification component concentration difference dispute exhibit expert facility final demand earnings idea innovation sign suggestion support termination write-up category ending number review ultimatum 1. The best English dictionaries are those for English-language learners: dictionaries in this ___________ / ___________ tend to give very clear definitions with good examples. 19. His promotion to director was a remarkable ___________ / ___________ for someone so young. With ___________ / ___________ from her teachers. not many people knew how to type. 53 . Despite several changes to the pay structure. Our head of department gave us a / an ___________ / ___________ get down to some serious work or get out. 15. with the result that it was another five years before a cure for the illness was found. and went on to become one of the year's bestsellers. 5. 20. 4. the young leader lacked ___________ / ___________ and failed to become popular with his people. His irrational behavior eventually led to a serious ___________ / ___________ with his sponsors. I'm not an economics ___________ / ___________. The book received a lot of good ___________ / ___________ in the press. 17. 8. 12. 6. she was able to start an international languages club at the school. Unlike his much-loved father. a canteen. Technological ___________ / ___________ have changed the world in the last 20 years. there is still a ___________ / ___________ in pay between graduate trainees and non-graduates. and a garden where students can relax. Our new Economics tutor has a strange ___________ / ___________ that all students are lazy and irresponsible. 10. unemployed people in certain parts of the country have resulted in a rise in crime and street violence. College ___________ / ___________ include a gym. I'm not happy with your ___________ / ___________ that my work is below standard. The museum's ___________ / ___________ of prehistoric tools and artifacts is surprisingly popular with children. a swimming pool.
A revolutionary new scientific method may soon help to alter people's physical appearance without the need for surgery. 12. 21. It took him some time to tell the story. If you want people to take you seriously. 13. The device is able to confirm whether a banknote is genuine or a forgery by analyzing the paper and print quality. His explanation seemed to confuse most people. 54 . 6. The U. 25. The department was asked to propose some ideas for increasing student enrollment. Shakespeare said that some people achieve greatness. 27. 32. Use these words to complete the crossword on page 56. you should state firmly your reasons for change. 19. His job is mainly to control the activities of everyone in the company with a view to making optimum use of the workforce. 11.General Vocabulary Similar meanings: Verbs 1 Words with similar meanings are tested in the TOEFL Reading Comprehension. 16. and to improve your general reading skills. Would you reply to his question as briefly as possible. It is also useful to know alternatives to other words to make your writing more varied. Computer software will continue to develop in response to users' needs. 23. Look at the words and expressions in bold in the following sentences. You do not need to change any of the word forms. 5.S. Antibodies help our bodies to fight infection. 29. while others have it thrust upon them. Several attempts were made to improve the system. 14. and it was late when he eventually finished.A. We normally suppose that most people nowadays have a computer at home. and Iran have often tried to resolve their differences. Did you notice a hint of pessimism in her report? He was asked to disclose government secrets in exchange for money. but with little effect. 15. and choose a word from the box that has the same or a similar meaning in the same context. accuse affect answer assert assist assume attain baffle change convey create demand derive detect direct elicit endure enrich exceed evolve forbid gather handle hasten launch mirror misuse oblige obtain permit refine refuse relate remove resist reveal settle submit verify Across ( ) 2. They asked us to give our thanks and best wishes to the chairman. 4.
35. click on the new folder icon at the top of your computer. Down ( 1. The company announced it will introduce a new version of its software in January. 17. We do not allow the use of cellphones in the building. The new technique will facilitate rapid identification of possible threats from unstable areas. 28. 36. 37. Alternative therapies are often suggested for patients who reject conventional medical treatment. Not all foodstuffs that come from animals are tested to ensure they are fit for human consumption. We were unable to obtain the information we needed from the committee. 18. The rules are designed to eliminate obstacles that may discourage investors. 7. 20.General Vocabulary 33. 3. 34. you will need to acquire a form from the student welfare office. To ask for a loan. ) Crime is a complex issue: we cannot simply blame poverty and unemployment. His inability to act quickly enough will probably accelerate their decision to dismiss him. 9. 24. 12. Everyone hoped that the results of his research would surpass their expectations. The governor was asked to insist on new measures to combat crime. The senator's relaxed attitude to the problem didn't reflect those of his constituents. 26. He was asked to deal with the situation with tact and discretion. There was general approval when the announcement to ban smoking on college premises was made. such as beans. 30. Even a small change in economic circumstances can influence our spending habits. 8. 55 . The college rules require students to refrain from smoking and drinking inside the faculty buildings. 31. 10. It is often argued that not enough laws exist to punish those who abuse the Internet. The report was based on information that they managed to collect from all parts of the country. but there are a few that will always stay. 14. Trends come and go. benefit the soil in which they are planted. To make a new folder. 22. Some plants.
General Vocabulary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 20 22 16 23 25 26 27 29 30 31 33 32 28 24 34 35 36 37 56 .
The machine was designed to grind rocks for industrial purposes. vredntepe The media liked to depict the leader as a national hero. srhcu The television campaign helped to increase public awareness of the drug problem. 57 . sumreea The aim of the organization is to promote travel among young people. 14. but they are very difficult to quantify. 10. 16. oragnceue The two reports emphasize the problems that are faced by those living in housing projects. 11. the Republicans made a great effort to woo younger voters. hatesxu It can take a lot of time and effort to acquire the grade you want in the TOEFL. 9.General Vocabulary Similar meanings: Verbs 2 Exercise 1 Rearrange the letters in bold at the end of sentences 1 – 16 to make words with the same or a similar meaning to the underlined words and expressions in the sentence. The first one has been done for you. satheden c r u s h 2. Write your answers in the spaces on the right. you will have to fill in a claims form. evroerc He was asked to account for the changes he had made to the curriculum. The shaded letter in each space is the same as the letter in the bold square in the next line. tactart Many retail outlets are substituting cashiers with automatic machines. 5. 7. 4. 6. h 3. when in fact he was a cruel tyrant. iehthnge During the election. 15. gighihlth The transformation is accelerated by adding salt to the solution. pinelax More must be done to find other sources of fuel for when we deplete our supply of oil. 1. pefeliixems Everyone endorsed the treaty as it was critically important to the peace process. 13. nelarcpig The new building symbolizes modern American architecture at its best. redpupost If you want to reclaim the money you have lost. rpryato We know that there are benefits. 8. hiveace Violence may have been averted if the police had not acted so aggressively. 12.
14. douprec We began to think that the project might involve more work than we had planned. itehxib p r o v e d 2. vopdre No one was able to unravel the complex mystery surrounding her sudden disappearance. 4. tcedare The drug was designed to regulate the flow of blood to the brain. 12. 9. 13. and the sun can all be used to generate power. 10. 5. oeirftf The exhibition was originally conceived as a tribute to the Bauhaus movement. 16. 1. ludecin Their choice was influenced and controlled by political circumstances. senciare We wanted to involve the community in our plans for a new sports center. totprec Planning regulations limited development on the land outside large towns and cities. 15. acostrnidne They tolerated poor working conditions in order to finish the job quickly. 58 . they needed to ascertain that the project was feasible. 8. petacdec Before they began. you might lose your right to continue studying at the college. v 3. vleos Travel can broaden your knowledge of the world around you. tatdidce If you fail to attend classes. 7.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. The study confirmed the findings of earlier research. cehkc Some materials may display the characteristics of both a liquid and a solid. 6. gagcuenrino Wind. cpustse Thousands of young men volunteered to defend their country. tcoonlr The government is committed to promoting the use of public transport. tides. 11.
S. 4. diubl 16. tlsedte The company pioneered the idea of selling furniture that customers had to assemble themselves. lredzaie Under his reign peace and mutual understanding flourished. 12. 59 . spsuareds r e a l i z e d 2. srsaded They are trying to gather all the facts pertaining to the problem. 15. Political apathy could be interpreted as a sign of satisfaction with the government. 1. vimodpre Governments have been slow to deal with the problems of global warming. dusneotodr The new drug considerably enhanced the patients' quality of life. tirelagn The concept of factory outlet shopping began in the U. 13. giniaoredt The foundation was formed specifically to administer the project. We quickly perceived the truth about their intentions regarding the environment. ervmeo We all assumed that he would leave when the project was finished. 9. 7. 11. The crisis was resolved through a series of open talks and compromise. vehiace 5. popederrs The results exceeded everyone's expectations. 6. ocpredu We didn't accomplish much this week.A. 14. r 3. 8. meaienxd Many people are reluctant to eliminate certain food products from their diet. pedospus The research failed to yield the information they were looking for. 10. gaamen Scientists analyzed samples of leaves taken from the area.General Vocabulary Exercise 3 Instructions as above.
Consientious students balance their aquisition of these skills. recommend 18. percieve 10. embarass 16. It is becomming increasingly difficcult for many people to find decent accomodations in Los Angeles at a price they can afford. address 17. tempory housing for lower-paid profesionals is the only official acknowlegment of this problem. categories 24. most people just don't have the necesary funds. occurence 2. seperate 20. liason 13. wierd 25. refering 12. Of course. hopeing to acheive both fluency and accuracey. responsable 19. the goverment's antismoking campain has failed to have any long-term affects.General Vocabulary Spelling Exercise 1 There are eleven words in this passage which are spelled incorrectly. miniscule 22. indespensable 11. reversable 5. Can you find and correct them? Apart from condemming tobacco companies and rising the price of cigarettes. begining 9. Teachers should encourage there students to practice all the relavant language skills. proffessional 6. and the only people bennefitting from it are the Treasury Departement. supercede 4. iresistible 26. It is argueable whether good pronounciation is more important than good grammer and vocabulery. To put it simpley. questionaire 21. harrassment 60 . this hasn't prevented the big tobbaco companys spending vast amounts of money on advertiseing. some doctors have said that they may refuse to treat persistant smokers. Meanwhile. acheivement 27. independant 3. Exercise 2 Instructions as above. The fact that the LA city council is building cheap. definately 15. intergrate 23. but it is widely agreed that the situation is no longer managable. Exercise 3 Instructions as above. tendancy 14. Organizeations such as Home Front can offer advise. critisize 7. Exercise 4 Here are some more words which students of English (and many native English speakers) often spell incorrectly. Can you identify and correct the mistake in each case? Be careful: 3 of the words are spelled correctly! 1. millenium 28. neccesary 8.
3. but the airline's owner managed to _________________ the story before it went public. Try to find as many of these as possible. The company was _________________ in 2002. 61 . 4. the school cafeteria will be closed until further notice. Note that in the case of phrasal verbs. then use them to complete sentences 1 – 25. Before _________________ on a long journey. You will find these by reading horizontally left to right ( ) and vertically down ( ) only. you will need to change the form of some of them (for example. 6. In many cases. 7. A I L P T A K E U P S Y U A U E B N T A K E O F F C A N C E L X O C O U T B R E A K U Z A T W P L E D I S C O N T I N U E O I E I P M Q W A T E R M I N A T E L S T T R K I C K O F F Y R S F W H I U E S T A B L I S H E S R R A O R S X C S U P P R E S S E E S N N T Y D B A C K O U T E S N E C D I N I T I A T E O A R I B T L O D Z E R A D I C A T E G P O O W I S S E G D E L E T E N R F S N S U H F H M F R E E Z E E F U N M S U E I R E T I R E P V B R Q I P T M J N S E T U P H E C E U S E D B F I R E L B A A N D H A S N O A R I S E A I N S T E I S U D W R K O Q Q U I T E V F J H V A N K L P R V N T D O C G K O P U L L O U T W C O Y U X D E T E R C E A S E X H F O T Z Unfortunately. it is very important to make sure you have everything you need. Because of an _________________ of food poisoning recently. the verb and the particle can be found directly next to each other (for example.General Vocabulary Starting and stopping The box below contains 37 words and phrasal verbs related to starting or stopping something. I must have accidentally _________________ it. I can't find the document anywhere on my computer. 2. D I S S U A D E P H A S E I N M 1. this afternoon's seminar on the Middle East has been _________________ because the speaker is sick. these sentences can be completed with more than one of the words / expressions. by adding -ed to the end). The laboratory was forced to end its research project when the sponsoring company _________________ and refused to give it any more money. Several of the airline's crews told the press that they were concerned about the safety of its aircraft. In the case of the verbs. but had to _________________ less than a year later. take off will appear in the box as TAKEOFF). 5.
24. 11. The student book discount program has been _________________. 13. 16. smaller companies suddenly found themselves much better off. Owing to technical problems. Course fees have risen rapidly over the last three years. the old system will be gradually _________________. We have a lot of things to discuss at this meeting. Between its _________________ in 1925 and its eventual _________________ in 2002. but last week the college announced a _________________. so I suggest we _________________ immediately with a report on last year's sales. 15. so I guess he'll be _________________ soon. 19. Several problems have _________________ recently as a result of staff illness. When Congress agreed to _________________ the old tax laws. but by the time I was 15 I had already decided to make it my career. 14. but we were obliged to _________________ it _________________ because we were working on too many other projects. use of the college IT center has been temporarily _________________ while the computers are checked for viruses. From now on. One of these is that fact that two courses we had planned are no longer going to go ahead. Professor Vettriano is 64. 21. 22. However. they have promised no more fee increases until the end of next year. I think he'll miss working here.General Vocabulary 8. 23. We tried to _________________ the manager from making changes to the company structure. but he said he had already _________________ the first stage of the plan. 9. there was little public interest. Hostilities between the major powers _________________ in November 1918 after an armistice was signed. I had had enough working there and was about to tell my boss I was going to _________________ when she called me into her office and told me I was _________________! They made an excellent offer. 18. sales rapidly _________________. The library installed security cameras to _________________ students from stealing books. 17. Meanwhile. 20. though. crime has been almost completely _________________. The new regulations will not all begin at once: they will be gradually _________________ over the next two years. 25. 12. When the product was first _________________ onto the market in 1981. after a concerted marketing campaign. 62 . I _________________ photography as a hobby when I was 13. World Film Studios made over 300 movies. students will have to pay the full price for all their books. As a result of increased security and a bigger police presence. but without much success. Five students have been _________________ from the college for using drugs. 10.
Provide a short account of the most important aspects of the role the United Nations has had since 1945. either by guessing or by using available information to calculate it. and don't go into detail. Describe how nuclear technology has developed over a period of time. T____________e the development of nuclear technology. Carefully consider and calculate the ways your English has improved since you started using this book. P____________t the future of space travel and exploration. with clear examples. 18. 63 . 6. Give more details than you have already given on how mass globalization is affecting developing countries. A____________t for the increase in violence on the streets of our cities.General Vocabulary Task commands Complete the second sentence in each pair so that it has the same or a similar meaning to the first sentence. Say what you think will happen with space travel and exploration in the future. I____________e the importance of a healthy diet. Explain clearly and exactly what the word "terrorism" means. 16. 8. D____________e the word "terrorism".S.A. E____________e the cost of setting up your own website. why it is important to eat healthily.S. C____________e the lifestyle of young people in your country with those in the U. 4. A____________s the improvements you have made in your English since you started using this book. Across ( ) 2. 15. you need one word only. Say how much it will cost to set up your own website. E____________e the causes of global warming. Explain. In each case. 12. 13. Down ( 1. The first and last letters of each word are in their correct place. Use the words to complete the crossword on the next page. 3.A.S.A. A____________e the case for protecting the countryside around cities. ) Say or write down your career plans for the future. Look at the differences between the way young people live in your country with the way they do in the U. 5. Study carefully the things that cause global warming. but just give the main points. Explain why violence on the streets of our cities is becoming more common. Recognize and understand the problems that low-income groups face in the U. E____________e on the effects of mass globalization in developing countries. Give reasons why protecting the countryside around cities is important. I____________y the problems faced by low-income groups in the U. 9.S.A. S____________e the role United Nations has played since 1945. 17. O____________e your career plans for the future.
Write or talk in detail about the advantages and disadvantages of growing up in a big city. 14. D____________s the advantages and disadvantages of growing up in a big city. E____________e how useful a new student social center would be. Give good reasons why the government spends so much on defense. A____________e the effects of climatic change around the world. 13. Think carefully about how useful a new student social center would be before making a judgement. J____________y the government's excessive spending on defense. D____________e how this computer works. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 5 10 11 13 14 15 12 16 17 18 64 . Study or explain in detail what is happening around the world as a result of climatic change. 11.General Vocabulary 7. Show me how this computer works by using it yourself. 10.
3. and decide if we usually use them to talk about (1) the past.......... the speech they jeered and shouted slogans. the sun came out He finished the speech with a word of praise for the police. The senator continued speaking... (2) the past leading to the present.that day he had promised massive economic aid to stricken areas... as soon as / once / the minute that following …….. 2.. a blizzard.. …….. …….......... 4.......... 3.......….............…. 4....... A sudden drop in temperature will usually …….... ……...... Part 2: One action or situation occurring at the same time as another action while / as / just as 1....…... thousands of demonstrators took to the streets.... It was my first trip on an airplane.. Part 3: One action or situation occurring after another action or situation afterward 1. the republic of Myanmar is undergoing a slow and painful political transformation. during / throughout at that very moment in the meantime / meanwhile ……........... 2...... deserted overnight.known as Burma..…....….. previously earlier formerly precede by the time ……....... for the next few weeks nowadays a few decades ago as things stand from now on lately ever since back in the 1990s at this moment in time in medieval times over the past six weeks in those days at the turn of the century one day over the coming weeks and months in another five years' time 65 .. the earthquake.... ……..... the area became practically Exercise 2 Look at the words and expressions in the box below and on the next page... …….... ……....... the army had restored order.…. 5.. the police were ordered onto the streets. there was panic buying on an unprecedented scale. emergency organizations around the world swung into action........ Part 1: One action or situation occurring before another action or situation prior to 1.. or (4) the future. …….. ……..…... I'd always gone by train..... Pay particular attention to the words that come before or after the time clause. 3. the advent of the Industrial Revolution.....…....….…. pollution was virtually unheard of.. 6. the city had been almost completely devastated..... and shone down on the angry demonstrators... …….…... 2........General Vocabulary Time Exercise 1 Use the time clauses in the boxes to complete the sentences.…....….... The Klondike gold rush lasted from 1896 to 1910... The President made a speech praising charity organizations working in Mozambique......... the senator was making his speech... the stock market collapsed.... (3) the present.
66 . My students just aren't interested in their lessons. If we don't win this time. Picasso was a remarkable artist who was years ahead of… 17. I'm not really watching this movie. I'm just killing… 13. you should match the first part of each sentence on the left with its second part on the right. (t) … time like the present.General Vocabulary in my childhood / youth for the foreseeable future these days at this point in history by the end of this year for the past few months last century from 1996 to 1998 sooner or later Exercise 3 There are a lot of idioms and other expressions that use the word "time" in English. (i) … time will tell. Chris is sometimes late. (f) … the time. (k) … time now. using the expressions in bold to help you. I'm thinking of changing jobs in the future. We thought we would be late. (a) … time warp. We really need to hurry. too. Don is a really nice man. (j) … the times. I'll decide when… 11. but I never seem to find… 5. I have a lot of… 3. If the company is going to compete successfully. I suppose. (o) … time for him. I would love a vacation. There's no… 10. I've never had Japanese food before. I'm very busy at the moment. (b) … times out of ten she's punctual. here comes our bus. About… 8. but from… 18. there's no… 7. (c) … time for everything. She seems to be living in a… 4. (g) … time being. 1. (r) … time to lose. I don't want to make a decision now. but I'll continue working here for the… 19. (n) … time to spare. only… 12. This isn't a sudden decision. Shall we start now? After all. (s) … the time for one. we will need to move with… 14. (e) … time. but there's a first… 15. (p) … time until my friends arrive. I don't know if we will be successful. (q) … the time to see you later. we will the second… 16. Susanna is so old-fashioned. Winters here are generally cold and gray. (m) … his time. (d) … the time comes. but I'll try to make… 2. In this exercise. They don't even listen to me half… (h) … time to time it can be glorious. (l) … time around. I've been thinking of moving for some… 20. but nine… 9. At last. but we arrived with… 6.
allegation. feature. (Sample sentence: They carried out a _____ examination of the documents to see if they were genuine). quite. pause. extremely. 4. issue. completely. 7. discussion. It is often preceded by the adverbs blatantly. aspect. claim. or point. principally. feature. he resigned). or statement. examination. I__________E is often preceded by the adverbs absolutely. importance. keenly. or requirement. it collocates) with the nouns and / or adverbs in italics. factor. genuinely.e. or period.. (Sample sentence: After a _____ pause. belief. L__________Y is often followed by the nouns delay. 5. 8. almost. role. deliberation. entirely. admission. feature. 2. debate. This adjective should be one that is often used (i. (Sample sentence: After _____ observation. totally. observation. mainly. she continued speaking). or disclosure. or virtually. The first one has been done as an example. (Sample sentence: It is vitally _____ to disconnect the appliance from the power supply before dismantling it). or seriously. extremely. patently. particularly. 10. and there is a sample sentence to show you how that adjective could work with one of the nouns or adverbs. C__________L is often followed by the nouns analysis. effect. 9. allegation. (Sample sentence: She made several _____ assumptions about her new professor). terribly. part. consideration. issue. primarily. (Sample sentence: The _____ theme of his talk was the possibility of interstellar travel). (Sample sentence: After a series of _____ allegations about his professional misconduct.General Vocabulary Word association: Adjectives Complete each of the following sentences with one adjective. I__________D is often preceded by the adverbs deeply. ingredient. 3. criticism. (Sample sentence: A working knowledge of Spanish is an _____ requirement if you want the job). impact. I__________T is often followed by the nouns aspect. practically. (Sample sentence: I found the language practically _____ to learn). or utterly. totally. F__________E is often followed by the nouns accusation. description. D__________G is often followed by the nouns consequence. result. interview. impression. component. we noticed that the drug was beginning to take effect). or vitally. or theme. seemingly. C__________L is often followed by the nouns argument. assumption. evaluation. or planning. element. negotiations. the first and last letters of each word have been given to you. particularly. or scrutiny. appraisal. It is often preceded by the adverbs crucially. (Sample sentence: I like 19th century art. E__________L is often followed by the nouns characteristic. examination. nearly. idea. To help you. 1. assessment. but I'm primarily _____ in the pre-Raphaelite movement). element. C_AREFU__L is often followed by the nouns analysis. utterly. 6. part. 67 .
assessment. 20. setback. or view. or significance. (Sample sentence: When you are writing an essay. or succession. attitude. change. misconception. or wholly. decline. rewards. problem. R__________L is often followed by the nouns approach. you should try to set yourself _____ targets. you should pay _____ attention to cohesion of ideas). influence. and not try to do too much too quickly). or measurement. or increase. myth. or well-being. recession. growth. surprisingly. possessions. description. factor. P__________E is often followed by the nouns approach. (Sample sentence: The computer industry went through several _____ changes when the Internet was introduced to the public for the first time). resources. reinforcement. concern. fairly. contribution. 15. 22. truly. or very. expansion. argument. R__________C is often followed by the nouns alternative. S__________E is often followed by the nouns difficulty. rise. (Sample sentence: There has been a _____ increase in the cost of living over the last three years). attitude. target. 14. 13. assessment. decision. or upheaval. progress. feedback. chance. P__________R is often followed by the nouns attention. 16. emphasis. problem. 68 . purely. opinion. drawback. 19. setback. (Sample sentence: He believed in the principles of life. source. 18. pause. improvement. but when I interviewed him.General Vocabulary 11. M__________T is often preceded by the adverbs comparatively. quite. need. (Sample sentence: His presentation was well-received. rather. explanation. M__________R is often followed by the nouns breakthrough. or view. suitably. importance. I found him to be surprisingly _____ about his achievements). R__________D is often followed by the nouns change. hardship. deterioration. outlook. expectation. or view. shortage. (Sample sentence: We need to make a _____ choice that is based on our needs and on our available funds). concern. evaluation. (Sample sentence: We tried to capture a purely _____ record of what we heard and saw). obstacle. and he got a lot of _____ feedback). or threat. 17. relevance. hypothesis. (Sample sentence: Earlier settlers in the region faced _____ hardship. goal. P__________R is often followed by the nouns belief. O__________E is often followed by the nouns analysis. difference. drop. choice. estimate. option. (Sample sentence: The withdrawal of sponsorship was a _____ setback to our plans). prosperity. 21. N__________E is often followed by the nouns change. increase. entirely. relatively. (Sample sentence: It is a _____ misconception that men are better drivers than women). or thought. prospect. (Sample sentence: Everyone said he was arrogant and boastful. liberty and the pursuit of _____ wealth). and many died young from illness and starvation). 12. wealth. It is often preceded by the adverbs completely. totally. response. (Sample sentence: When you are studying for the TOEFL. M__________L is often followed by the nouns goods.
face. dramatic. A s__________n can be constructive. 33. ignore. disadvantaged. or unmistakable a__________t. ignore. gain. or workable. positive. 20. 8. middle-class. great. It is also often preceded by the verbs miss. 21. positive.General Vocabulary Word association: Nouns Complete each of the following sentences with one noun. possible. main. receive. or take. you can take a / an educated. gain. the first and last letters of each word have been given to you. You can collect. good. take. 22. satisfactory. hold. provide. You can ask. If you are not sure about the answer to a question. serious. immediate. golden. lucky. specialist. significant. or want a__________e to / from someone. or rough e__________e. popular. or serious c__________n. 5. conclusive. Across ( ) 1. 7. A product or a person can have broad. simple. When they speak. missed. You can encounter. give. find. optimal. religious. profound. get. thick. excellent. major. issue. When you do something. offer. practical. oppose. An action can have a / an adverse. good.. or vocational. You can acquire. herbal. or seek p__________n to do something. or valid r__________n for doing it. rare. deny. privileged. offer. adjectives. simple. follow. major. ethnic. sufficient. volunteer. get. and other words in italics. get. formal. disregard. When you are trying to guess or calculate something. professional. universal. You can disobey. a person might have a broad. or working class. make. This noun should be one that is often used (i. beneficial. practical. you usually have a / an compelling. obtain. refuse. informed. negative. 29. mass. provide. or produce e__________e that something has been done. logical. harmful. 32. or welcome one of these. 25. holistic. experience. it collocates) with the verbs. conventional. request. damaging. give. receive. or wild g__________s. 19. ideal. M__________e can be alternative. conservative. offer. or have d__________y with something. or possess one of these. Use these words to fill in the crossword on page 71. legitimate. complementary. realistic. heavy. This can be admissible. 12. perfect. provide. 17. grant. rough. or supporting. B__________d is often preceded by the words cultural. 15. submit. give. 69 . helpful. ask for. 34. social. or substantial e__________t on something. lost. due. inspired. incriminating. reject. A s__________n to a problem or dispute can be ideal. obtain. gather. 14. educational. reliable. detrimental. You can adopt. orthodox. cumulative. destroy. or repeat an i__________n. 11. you can make a / an accurate. or tentative. obey. or traditional. obvious. A q__________n can be academic. To help you. circumstantial. pronounced. You can give a problem careful. follow. detailed. O__________y is often preceded by the adjectives ample.e. or unique. You can accept. sensible. have. strong. or wide a__________l. peaceful. seize. obtain. educational.
fierce. or if you are unlucky. glittering. When doing something complicated. reach. you might be involved in a bad. You can conduct. you might teach them a hard. major.General Vocabulary Down ( 2. order. their b__________r can be aggressive. 30. or valuable l__________n. have. a book or the actions of a politician) can be adverse. 10. 23. healthy. serious. major. or specific p__________t. you can command. successful. develop. earn. insulting. passed. or undertake an i__________n into something. key. important. severe. C__________m of something (for example. detailed. distinguished. When you work as part of a team. A s__________e can be alphabetical. An object can have distinctive. minor. exercised. You can undertake a / an ambitious. secure. 18. made. assume. hinder. provide. collaborative. nasty. or win r__________t. monitor. mutual. positive. or suspended. negotiate. harsh. formed. You can assess. 4. slow. 16. or varied c__________r. or tragic a__________t. evaluate. general. joint. 26. devise. deserve. pioneer. You can give a / an accurate. you can adopt. 70 . review. deep. promising. require. genuine. interesting. special. choose. disruptive. 24. 27. or take r__________y for your (or someone else's) actions. You can have a brilliant. innovative. threatening. gain. check. useful. 12. vague. individual. exercise. significant. follow. employ. 3. brief. 13. or vivid d__________n of something. or watch the p__________s of something. full. important. or widespread. You can conclude. obstruct. numerical. chart. This can be considerable. checkered. For actions and achievements. track. or sign an a__________t. reserved. apply. or random. 9. If someone does something wrong. 31. ) If you are not careful. chronological. delivered. demand. fatal. or unusual f__________s. huge. striking. show. bad. salutary. fulfill. or proper. You can accept. shoulder. important. minor. logical. impaired. bear. main. special. hamper. J__________t can be affected. or violent. outstanding. antisocial. strong. outspoken. you can make a great. impede. If someone has a rather "negative" personality. or use a m__________d that makes it easier or more effective. lose. given. or valuable c__________n to the team and its activities. launch. horrific. 28. 6.
General Vocabulary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 18 21 22 23 25 26 24 27 29 30 31 32 28 33 34 71 .
a plan. You can o________n approval. greatly. (Sample sentence: Neither side showed any willingness to _____ the dispute). 6. license. This verb should be one that is often used (i. a request. and there is a sample sentence to show you how that verb could work with one of the nouns or adverbs. a requirement. an order. a conflict. 8. You can c________y with a demand. consent. You can actively. it collocates) with the nouns and / or adverbs in italics. (Sample sentence: When I was young. a question. Write your answers in the appropriate spaces in the grid. 2. 1. a regulation. choice. information. praise. You can d________s an issue. or a topic. 2. 3. 1. (Sample sentence: I don't want to _____ your decision in any way). you will reveal a word in the shaded vertical strip that is often used with one of these nouns: authority. or a system. my parents actively _____ me to read as much as possible). credibility. the first and last letters of each word have been given to you. recognition. or your differences. 9. a plan. 72 . You can u________r a conspiracy. You can s________e an argument. (Sample sentence: We're all very tired. You can d________e a mechanism. evidence. I suggest we _____ the matter tomorrow). or support. a secret. funding.e. 6. You can d________e credit. a proposal. positions or stability (for example. "He's very worried about his exams. (Sample sentence: They _____ a lot of praise for all their hard work). 3. a quarrel. a fact. a dispute. 7. (Sample sentence: He _____ a cunning plan to help his friend). You can i________e someone's or something's behavior. 4. 7. decision. or a rule. outcome. a plot. positively or strongly e________e someone or something. confidence. a scandal. To help you. If you do this correctly. (Sample sentence: You are legally obliged to _____ with the regulations). a mention. (Sample sentence: You need to _____ permission to use the computers in the library). a matter. legitimacy. authorization. 4.. a mystery. evidence.General Vocabulary Word association: Verbs Exercise 1 Complete each of the following sentences with one verb. respect. a strategy. a method. morale. or policy. a fraud. legislation. a scheme. so we don't want to do anything that might _____ his confidence any further"). a subject. 5. (Sample sentence: The investigation _____ a scandal that would bring down the government). or permission. development. 9. 5. 8. or the truth.
Something or someone can d_____r considerably. hard. or truce (for example. considerably. doggedly. You can h________t a danger. radically. 6. fiercely. You can i________e affection. or widely from something or someone else. 3. This time. 2. substantially. a fact. an assessment. You can u________e an analysis. (Sample sentence: Her report _____ the plight of migrant workers in the state). strongly. an investigation. forcefully. stubbornly. treaty. "After the unions refused to end the strike. markedly. or terrorism. 9. a problem. convincingly.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Follow the same instructions as Exercise 1. 9. or tenaciously. the importance (of something). persuasively. discrimination. or vigorously. You can a________e consistently. plausibly. fundamentally. 4. vehemently. sharply. or respect in other people. contract. a difficulty. or a weakness. ceasefire. the management attempted to _____ a new contract"). You can do this desperately. terms. You can o________e something bitterly. radically. a need (for something). greatly. (Sample sentence: Global warming is believed to have radically _____ the climate in some parts of the world). a survey. loyalty. (Sample sentence: The new government promised the electorate that it would _____ corruption at all levels). 7. a difference. or strongly for or about something. or significantly. drastically. or a task. price. crime. formally. an issue. strenuously. settlement. 8. the word you will reveal in the shaded vertical strip is one that is often used with the nouns agreement. devotion. strongly. 8. prejudice. 1. 1. (Sample sentence: They _____ forcefully for a change to the existing rules). or vigorously about something. 6. passionately. a project. dramatically. You can f________t corruption. envy. significantly. 73 . a program. vehemently. 7. (Sample sentence: English _____ markedly from Spanish in that the words are not always pronounced as they are written). You can c________e something or someone completely. (Sample sentence: The board promised to _____ a review of current working practices). deal. confidence. 5. You can o________t bitterly. research. a review. the plight (of something). (Sample sentence: Darwin's theories are still bitterly _____ by many people). 3. 2. (Sample sentence: His actions did little to _____ confidence in his friends and coworkers). implacably. strenuously. 4. a study. 5. awe. (Sample sentence: She _____ vehemently when she was accused of cheating).
wholeheartedly. (Sample sentence: Hypnosis helped him to _____ his fear of flying). a difficulty. rapidly. (Sample sentence: The organization's main mission statement is to _____ disease and poverty on developing nations). fraud. You can c________t crime. Something can f________l dramatically. or closely. a disadvantage. limitations. a point. 6. You can l________n to something or someone attentively. an agreement was _____ under which trade sanctions between both countries would be lifted). discrimination. tendency. racism. You can c________e an agreement. thoroughly. officially. and more or less accused me of lying). "The latest figures _____ the view that young people read less than they used to"). belief. 4. 3. a fact. (Sample sentence: He used to be quite religious. or a treaty. a policy. notion. the need (for something). disease. a fear. 5. 9. a pact. (Sample sentence: The survey results _____ the need for change in people's attitudes toward the homeless). 6. (Sample sentence: She _____ my allegation as a complete fabrication. (Sample sentence: _____ carefully. trend. inflation. 7. closely. hard. 8. You can a__________n a belief. 7. 1. Someone or something can u________e a difficulty. overwhelmingly. 9. steadily. 74 . or the significance (of something). 4. You can o________e a barrier. personally. a concept. 1. or unanimously a__________e of someone or something. a problem. 2. stereotype. or a principle. impression. but _____ his beliefs when his wife died in a road accident). or violence. a notion. 8. sharply. the word you will reveal in the shaded vertical strip is one that is often used with the nouns attitude. or a weakness. because I will say this only once). (Sample sentence: We wholeheartedly _____ the measures that you have taken to boost morale). carefully. a claim. a commitment. a deal. or view (for example. slightly. (Sample sentence: Unemployment figures _____ dramatically under the government's "Work or Starve" initiative). a problem. resistance. unemployment. You can heartily. a hurdle. You can d________s an allegation. 2. (Sample sentence: At the end of the summit. an idea. a suggestion. warmly. or a theory. an idea. poverty. an obstacle. idea. the importance (of something). This time. or steeply. a contract. 5. terrorism. 3. a claim.General Vocabulary Exercise 3 Follow the same instructions as Exercises 1 and 2. intently.
then add 3 letters: (Example: concentrate concentrate concentration) Remove 1 letter. then add 4 letters: (Example: conclude conclusion) Remove 1 letter. then add 5 letters: (Example: examine examine examination) Remove 1 letter. then add 7 letters: (Example: verify verify verification) Remove 1 letter. There are five words for each section of the table. then add 2 letters: (Example: disperse disperse dispersal) 75 . and then write it (in its noun form) in the appropriate section of the table. and there are 10 words that do not fit into any section of the table. then add 4 letters: (Example: reduce reduce reduction) Remove 1 letter. depending on the changes that are made to it. Decide on the noun form of each verb. consume fail negotiate sign argue attend survive provide permit prove acquire expose refuse expect assure choose apply identify intervene supervise qualify admire persuade disturb recognize expand prohibit promote solve require emphasize coincide arrive respond behave subscribe criticize manage suggest scrutinize warn lose consult abolish recommend decide notify maintain relax determine produce rehearse prefer imply conclude compete Remove 2 letters.General Vocabulary Word forms: Nouns from verbs Exercise 1 The verbs in the top box can all be made into nouns by removing and / or adding letters.
If you do this correctly. 2. 10. 3. 9. Now try using some of the words from this exercise in sentences of your own. 6. you will reveal a word in the shaded vertical strip that can be a verb and a noun without changing its form. 1. 5. 76 . 8. change them into nouns and write them in the grid below (in the same order that they appear in the box). 4.General Vocabulary Add 3 letters: (Example: depart departure) Add 4 letters: Example: improve improvement) Add 5 letters: (Example: confirm confirmation) Exercise 2 Now take the verbs from the box that did not fit into any of the sections above. 7.
many feel that they are under too much pressure to conform to a set out outdated rules. 16. Do you have a thirsty for knowledge? Then why not enroll on one of our evening college courses? It is often said that "honest is the best policy". Unnecessary absent from work is costing American companies millions of dollars a year. The Director of Studies is unable to say with any certain when the new changes will be implemented. The management accepts no responsible for items lost or stolen in the cafeteria and immediate area. There were several unforeseen complicated with the new airport extension owing to opposition from environmental groups. Student discounts are offered on most products and services on our website. 13. 5 6. 7. 19. 15. Items of valuable can be left in the safe at reception. although some restricted apply. 10. 8. 4. 14. 77 . rules have to be changed according to needs: flexible is the key to success. 18. Many people heading off to college for the first time are often unaware of the expensive involved in simple day-to-day life. 1. 2. Please complete the form and return it at your earliest convenient. It can often be lack of confident that prevents a student from maximizing his or her potential. accurate is very important when it comes to identifying the target market.General Vocabulary Word forms: Nouns from adjectives Exercise 1 Change the adjective in bold in each of these sentences to a noun so that the word is grammatically correct in the sentence. Despite a relaxed of regulations. but these were mainly cosmetic. but the management insists it is necessary in order to reduce petty theft. In advertising. 17. 12. There were a few similar between the Boeing 727 and the Tupolev 154. Money cannot make up for bad tasteful and bad manners. 3. 11. 9. The legal professional is often criticized for concentrating on making money instead of upholding the law. The student union has questioned the necessary of CCTV in the library. Health and safe issues should be a priority with any organization. Sometimes in business.
22. then add 3 letters: Remove 2 letters. By the time he was thirty. constitutional guarantees freedom of the press. then add 5 letters: Remove 2 letters. There can be no justified for paying health workers so little money. 21. As soon as the investigative is complete. able long aggressive loyal appreciative creative optimistic strong available deep optional sufficient aware familiar bored comfortable popular true compatible high realistic confused hot logical secure considerate convenient mature serious Remove 4 letters: Remove 3 letters. then add 2 letters: Remove 2 letters: Remove 1 letter. he was no longer able to differentiate between fantasy and real. The U. Exercise 2 Change the adjectives in the box into nouns following the instructions in the table.General Vocabulary 20. 23. then add 5 letters: Remove 3 letters. then add 2 letters: Add 2 letters: Add 3 letters: Add 4 letters: fashionable functional punctual weak warm pessimistic systematic Try to use some of the words above in some of your own sentences. then add 3 letters: Remove 1 letter. then add 1 letter: Remove 2 letters. Each instruction relates to 3 of the adjectives in the box. 78 . 25. There is a growing problem of drug addicted in our cities. we can make a decision.S. it's time you joined our "Business for Basics" course! His success and popularity were probably due in part to his wonderful charismatic. 24. 26. Do you know the different between net profit and gross profit? Is overtime the same as allowed time? If you answered "no" to the first and "yes" to the second.
My tutor isn't very approach: in fact. coupled with the continue heat. 22. The two comments were contradict. and it was clear the student who wrote the essay wasn't very enthuse about his subject. 3. 17. 19. 5. such as a company car and free healthcare package. but unfortunately he isn't very depend. 1. 16. 21. and is certainly much healthier. but we hope that everyone will attend these highly construct sessions. and all visitors will need to show a validate pass and some form of ID. and several of her classmates were extremely criticize of her arguments. 4. Fees are non-negotiate. At the recruitment drive we were shown a lot of promote material. so the college is introducing an oblige code for recycling and cutting down on waste. 79 . In the interests of the environment. it is very important to be specify about your occupy qualifications. The Coke and coffee machines have both been out of order five times this week. The mistake was easily rectify. and the air conditioning hasn't been working for a month: these continue breakdowns. 20. but it would have been far more prefer if it hadn't happened in the first place. Our new Director of Studies isn't very decide and needs to play a more act role in the day-to-day running of the college. 15. we all need to change their waste habits. An act lifestyle is prefer to a sedentary one. When you apply for a job. 11. 2. The accident was avoid. Participation in the evening training seminars is entirely volunteer. 12. 14. A good job should offer an attract salary and other excel benefits. Recently. and drinks in advance) has become very compete. and his commitment to helping young painters is admire. 8. some of my fellow students find him a little bit frighten! Her presentation wasn't very convince. and it wouldn't have happened if you hadn't been so care. 6. Everybody was very excite when we were told about the cultural trip to Europe. but I was a little doubt it would go ahead. He's a very create and imagine artist. but it wasn't very inspire. 13. There is restrict access to the building. The task we were given was very repeat and as a result it quickly became very bore. accommodations.General Vocabulary Word forms: Adjectives from verbs Change the verbs in bold into their correct adjective form so that they are grammatically correct in the context of the sentences. Computer software designers need to be far more invent if they want to keep up with a changing and change market. 9. and any previous experience. 18. 7. and you will need to pay a non-refund deposit of $500 before we can enroll you. meals. Our tutor is very help and support. have resulted in a lot of short tempers. there have been some innovate and impress plans to change the student social areas. 10. The market for all-include holidays (in which customers pay for their flight.
I adore spicy food. __________ if you promise to work late tomorrow.) in context. Use one word to complete each gap in the sentences. conjunctions. 9. __________ is the reason I'm so keen __________ Mexican cooking. the book sold __________ a million copies. since previously he __________ been very interested in the project. but __________ of them live __________ my home. 13. I've __________ working on this essay __________ over a week. Please __________ quiet. she only took one or two days __________ sick. In some cases. people __________ to write letters to each other. He spent the second half of his life living in _______ remote village of Hogstail Common. Clare's in Portland. and __________ excellent progress as a result. __________ days. 3. You can't leave early. A few years __________. I'm afraid __________ say you have absolutely __________ chance __________ passing the exam. 1. 12. __________ 1999 and 2003. I'm trying to concentrate __________ my project. He approached his English lessons __________ enthusiasm. 80 . a teacher __________ works at St. __________ the time she retired. we can go __________ a picnic. One or two of my friends live abroad. but __________ matter how much I work. __________ it rains tomorrow. and during __________ time.General Vocabulary Working words Exercise 1 This exercise lets you review some of the more common uses of "grammar"-type words (prepositions. he __________ to pass the exam. In __________ of missing most of his lessons. pronouns. I just can't seem to finish __________. we decided to give it a miss. 6. Jan Kelly. Oregon. We wanted to see the exhibition __________ the art gallery. 14. 8. she __________ worked for the company for thirty two years. there may be more than one alternative answer. has __________ been given a "Teacher of the Year" award. but knowing how __________ other people __________ be there. 2. it's all e-mails and text messages. but you should just give one of them. 15. 10. __________ he wrote most of his novels. 16. His sudden change of heart took everyone __________ surprise. 4. 5. 7. 11. etc. prepositions.
There were at __________ sixty people in the room. Also see Pronouns and determiners on pages 46 – 47 81 . 5. __________ 2001 and 2004. Up __________ a few years ago. Please come __________ time to your lessons. most of us __________ to stand. unemployment figures dropped to an all-time low. but knowing how many people would apply __________ the job. __________ can reasonably expect __________ change careers two __________ three times. 12. Nowadays. and __________ prepared to work a __________ harder from __________ on. __________ is the reason why I'm so keen __________ working for the U. in which case they should try to call the college on the day itself. 10. __________ is in __________ city center. which was far __________ than the organizers expected. is __________ of the biggest companies in _______ country. 1. 7. He spent __________ greater part of his life working __________ Barcelona. __________ they are ill. we decided to use our bigger offices __________ New York. and __________ excellent progress as a result. I enjoy working __________ people who come __________ a wide range of backgrounds. __________ all the assignments he was set. 6. He approached his course __________ enthusiasm. 8. 9. 3. but __________ methods are not very effective. and __________ there were only 20 chairs. 15. 13.N. I agree __________ I'm not perfect. We discussed holding the interviews __________ our Washington branch. "Interphone". In spite __________ being rather lazy. 2. but __________ of them live __________ the college or in the accommodations __________ the college provides. One __________ two of our lecturers commute from the country. or by limiting themselves to one or __________ a day.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. he is always able __________ get good results and has made __________ good impression __________ his tutors. people __________ have the same career for life. 4. 14. Some people try to __________ up cigarettes by smoking _____ they feel sick. Students are __________ allowed to miss a class __________ they inform their tutor at __________ three days in advance. but __________ 2004 to 2007 __________ rose __________ their highest level ever. In most respects he was a typical student. but __________ made him different __________ everybody else in his class __________ his enthusiasm for working __________ weekends. I'm __________ capable _______ making mistakes as __________ else. 11. __________ he produced most of his most famous works of art.
8. A __________ child is one who is mentally strong and able to deal with problems without becoming upset. and a home. The opposite of this is __________. 14. A boy or a girl who is at this stage in their life is called an __________. we say that you __________ him / her. can be described as __________. A __________ is someone who has not reached the age at which they are legally an adult. 4. A __________ is a family unit consisting of a mother. A __________ is a child or other relative to whom you give food. 9. 12. If you bring someone else's child into your family and legally make him or her your own child. 2. A __________ is a child between the ages of 13 and 19. money. 10. and their children. A couple (for example. An __________ is a baby or very young child. An __________ is a family group that includes grandparents. A __________ or __________ parent is one who makes their children follow rules and behave in a very "correct" way. Your brothers and sisters are sometimes referred to as your __________. adolescence adolescent adopt authoritarian birth rate bring up dependent divorced extended family family life formative years foster foster child foster family freedom infancy infant juvenile juvenile delinquency lenient minor (noun) nuclear family nurture over-protective protective raise rebellious relationship relatives responsible separated siblings single parent single-parent family strict supervision running wild teenager upbringing well-adjusted 1. This period in a child's life is called __________. A __________ is a family that looks after someone else's child in their own home for a period of time. 11. If a married couple get __________. etc. The verb is __________. 82 . 5. 13. aunts. 6.. uncles. __________ and __________ both mean the same thing: to take care of children while they are growing up. A child who lives with this family is called a __________. This word can also be an adjective. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box. 15. __________ is the period in someone's life when they change from being a child to being a young adult.Topics Children and the family Exercise 1 Complete definitions 1 – 15 with words and expressions from the box. and can also be used as a word for a young person who has committed a crime. a father. A child who is badly behaved and refuses to obey his / her parents. teachers. their marriage is legally ended. a husband and wife) who are __________ no longer live together. etc. A __________ is a formal word for a young person. 7. Your __________ are those in your life when your character and beliefs are most strongly influenced. 3.
explaining that children needed (10) ________________ parents and guardians who would look after them properly. By the time he reached (8) ________________ sometime around his thirteenth birthday. In fact. his foster-father was a strict (5) ________________ and often beat him. so he was (3) ________________ by a (4) ________________ chosen by his parent's social worker. Bob rebelled against this strict (6) ________________ and by the time he was eight. The foster father objected to this. It has also highlighted the disadvantages of the modern (15) ________________ where the child has only its mother and father to rely on (or the (16) ________________. You may need to change the form of some of the words. His parents got (2) ________________ when he was young. 83 . it is also true that they should not be too strict. in which the mother or father has to struggle particularly hard to support their (17) ________________). Others believe that children are protected too much by their parents. While it is true that parents should not be too (13) ________________ with children by letting them do what they want when they want. he was already (7) ________________ stealing from shops and playing truant. Exercise 3 Complete this case study with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. Which of these statements do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your decision. Bob's problems began during his (1) ________________. charged with (9) ________________. This has raised some interesting questions about the modern family system. many believe that we should return to traditional family values and the (18) ________________ family: extensive research has shown that children from these families are generally better behaved and have a getter chance of success in later life. he had already appeared in court several times. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.Topics Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. Unfortunately. The judge blamed his foster parents. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. and neither of his parents wanted to raise him or his brother and sister. Some people believe that children nowadays have too much freedom. pointing out that Bob's (11) ________________ – his two brothers and sister – were (12) ________________ children who behaved at home and worked well at school. Use words and expressions from the vocabulary box in Exercise 1. or be too (14) ________________ by sheltering them from the realities of life.
A ______________ is a school where the parents of the children who attend it must pay ______________. An ______________ is a school for the first six or eight years of a child's education. A ______________ is a talk given to a group of students at college or university about a particular ______________. The person who gives this talk is called a ______________. college. 3. receiving your work and sending it back by mail or email. The ______________ is an examination that students must take before they can go to university. A ______________ is a meeting at which one student. 4. 7. university. acquire class correspondence course course day release degree discipline doctorate elementary (education) elementary school enroll exam experience faculty fail fees grade grades grade school graduate (noun) graduate (verb) graduate school grant higher degree higher education high school junior high school kindergarten learn learning resources center lecture lecturer lesson literacy mature (student) middle school night class numeracy opportunity pass physical education private school professor prospectus public school qualifications quarter retake (an exam) resources secondary (education) semester seminar SAT® (Scholastic Aptitude Test) sit / take (an exam) skills study subject syllabus topic tutor tutorial undergraduate 1. 2. he / she puts his / her name on the official list of students). A ______________ is a main department at a university. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box. It is also known as a ______________. People who have a job might be given ______________ by their employer. A ______________ is a small book that provides information about a university. 5. etc. or a small group of students. 10. A ______________ is an educational course that you take at home. he must ______________ (in other words. 9. 84 . which prepares them for the first ______________ at school. A ______________ is a period of time in which students are taught a subject in school (also called a ______________. A ______________ is a meeting at which a group of students discuss something they are studying. This word can also be used to refer to the teaching staff of a school. A ______________ is a lesson in the evening for people who work during the day. which means that can take a day off work about once a week to attend a course of study. ______________ is the ability to read and write. A ______________ is school for very young children (aged 4 or 5). ______________ refers to basic skills in mathematics. Once a students who has read this book decides he / she would like to study there. discusses something he / she is studying with his / her ______________. 6. ______________ refers to sports and exercise that children do at school as a school subject. 8.Topics Education Exercise 1 Complete definitions 1 – 14 with words and expressions from the box. A ______________ is a school that is funded by taxes.
many progress to (13) _______________ education where they will work towards a (14) _______________ in a chosen (15) _______________ at university. this process ends when they are in their mid-to-late teens and they (12 _______________ from high school. And of course (11) _______________ helps us to develop our bodies and stay fit and healthy. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. college. whether we are eighteen or eighty. And if they live a long way from a college or university. For most people. or university. We live in a fascinating and constantly changing world. we are laying the foundations for the life ahead of us. Do you agree with this statement? "The most important things in life are not learnt at school or college. if they have a sympathetic employer. From the age of 14 or 15. 12. In fact. We must also (10) _______________ valuable life skills so that we can fit in and work with those around us. indeed. A ______________ is someone who has completed a course at school. You are. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. it is largely due to the proliferation of computers that many people. but is also essential in shaping our future lives. they might follow a (20) _______________ using mail and the Internet. Our schooldays are just the beginning of this process. 85 . or a (17) _______________. it is the beginning of a lifetime of learning. We must (7) _______________ ourselves to work hard so that we can (8) _______________ exams and gain the (9) _______________ we will need to secure a good job. From the moment we enter (4) _______________ as 5-year-olds. For others. Alternatively." Use examples and details in your answer. A ______________ is a list of the main subjects in a course of study (sometimes called a curriculum). You are never too old to learn. have started to study again and can proudly class themselves as (21) _______________ students.Topics 11. You may need to change the form of some of the words. and we must continually learn and acquire new knowledge if we are to adapt and keep up with changing events. After that. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. After they finish school. they may choose to attend a (18) _______________ after work or. A ______________ is one of four periods into which the school year is divided. never too old to learn. and as we progress through (5) _______________ and (6) _______________ education. Use words and expressions from the vocabulary box in Exercise 1.D. and we should make the best of every (22) _______________ to develop ourselves. A ______________ is a college or university where students can study for a ______________ such as a Master's or Ph. obtain (19) _______________ so that they can study during the week. however. A ______________ is a school for students between the ages of 12 and 14 or 15. It is also known as a ______________. Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. who have not been near a school for many years. they may work for a while before opting to study at a (16) _______________ for a Masters degree. students attend a ______________. 13. A ______________ is one of two periods into which the school year is divided. 14. Do you agree with this statement? Education is a long process that not only provides us with basic (1) _______________ such as (2) _______________ and (3) _______________.
9. vegetables. and _____________. especially food like burgers and pizzas that you can take out. If you eat a _____________. _____________ is the oil found in food. People who eat too much. _____________. A _____________ is someone who doesn't eat meat or other products derived from animals (including cheese and milk). _____________ is a substance found in food such as eggs. Meat. vegetables and grains that your body cannot digest. milk. This can result in _____________. and potatoes. polyunsaturated. or who don't eat enough (often because they think they look fat). 10. People who weigh more than they should often go on a _____________ to help them lose weight. and there are three main types of this: _____________. an informal expression for a place where people can go to try to lose weight by eating in a healthy way and doing lots of _____________. Some of them may go to a _____________. _____________ is a white chemical element that is an important part of bones and teeth. and meat that people need in order to grow and be healthy. 11. If they are a lot heavier than they should be. _____________ food is food that has been produced from a plant or animal that has had its gene structure changed in order to make it more productive or resistant to disease. you eat the correct amounts of the right sorts of food. _____________ is food that is made very quickly. 7. and cheese. 3. 86 . 4. and many other serious illnesses. The noun is _____________. and is found in food products such as eggs. they are _____________. suffer from a medical condition known generally as an _____________. _____________. _____________ are found in foods such as sugar. 6. cancer. because it is often not very healthy or _____________. bread. 2. allergy cholesterol fast food allergic consume fat fat farm anorexia balanced diet diabetes bulimia calcium calories carbohydrates exercise free range malnutrition organic vegan consumption fiber harvest diet (noun + verb) food intolerance heart disease eating disorder food poisoning listeria food group health food genetically modified (GM) malnourished overweight minerals protein junk food obese monounsaturated salmonella nutrition scarce nutritious scarcity obesity saturated underweight veganism 1. and helps food to pass through your body. vegetarian vegetarianism vitamins _____________ are the parts of fruit. _____________ are units used for measuring how much energy you get from food. E-coli. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box. _____________ food is food which is produced without using artificial chemicals. 8. Examples of this include _____________ and _____________. It is sometimes called _____________. Someone who is heavier than they should be is _____________. and dairy products are three of the main _____________.Topics Food and diet Exercise 1 Complete definitions and sentences 1 – 12 with words and expressions from the box. you do not eat too much of one particular sort of food. and supply your body with heat and energy. A _____________ is someone who doesn't eat meat. milk. _____________ food is food produced from animals which are allowed to move around and feed naturally. 5. and _____________ are three kinds of _____________.
which cannot be digested by the body. while simultaneously containing large amounts of (4) _____________ and (5) _____________ which can result in obesity and heart problems. but naturally-cultivated fruits and vegetables are expensive. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. it is becoming increasingly difficult to eat a healthy diet. as nobody wants to spend time in hospital suffering from (17) _____________. You may need to change the form of some of the words. Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. giving us more energy than we actually need. A few things to watch out for next time you go shopping. a lot of children show similar symptoms to those in poorer developing countries. of buying (14) _____________ foods. even though nobody is really sure if altering the composition of food cells is safe. They tell us that we should all eat more (10) _____________. it's probably bad for you". as it is essential we consume sufficient quantities of the different food groups. where (7) _____________ of food causes thousands of deaths from starvation. Use words and expressions from the vocabulary box in Exercise 1. but our lifestyles often make this difficult. since they eat too much of the wrong sort of food. we are continually hearing about outbreaks of (15) _____________ and (16) _____________ which put us off eating certain foods. We have the option. (13) _____________ foods are appearing on our supermarket shelves. it might kill them). If you have the time and the money. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1." Most children enjoy eating (1) _____________. People with an _____________ to certain kinds of food must avoid them. Dieticians tell us that we must eat a (9) _____________. in many areas of the developed world. as the effects may be much more serious (for example. And to make matters worse. but scientific tests have shown us that burgers and pizzas can lack essential (2) _____________ and (3) _____________ which are essential for health and growth. Many of the ready-prepared foods we buy from supermarkets are high in (12) _____________. Many children end up suffering from (6) _____________. How far do you agree with this statement? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. as this can block the walls of arteries and lead to heart problems. "Despite the huge variety of foods in our supermarkets. that is! Exercise 4 Now try this essay. of course. 87 . People who have a _____________ are unable to eat certain kinds of food because it has a negative effect on them (although it will not affect them seriously). Do you agree? Support your opinion by using specific reasons and examples. In fact.Topics 12. of course. and fewer foods which are high in (11) _____________. This is good advice. especially in the wake of natural disasters which ruin crops and in some cases totally destroy the annual (8) _____________. "If food tastes good. if someone who is _____________ to peanuts eats something with peanuts in.
places. 10. that are considered unsuitable for moral. _____________ refers to television programs that are intended to be shocking or exciting. _____________ is the illegal act of writing things about someone that are not true (the adjective is _____________). A _____________ is a newspaper that is printed on large sheets of paper. etc. television stations. A _____________ program is one that deals mainly with political. and is designed to inform people about different things. 5. and usually contains serious news. you guess something that is not expressed directly (for example. so you try to guess what that information is).Topics The media Exercise 1 Complete sentences and definitions 1 – 12 with words and expressions from the box. etc. A _____________ often does the same thing. social. by appearing on a television program). films.. events. _____________ is the crime of saying something about someone that is not true and is likely to damage their reputation (the adjective is _____________). _____________ is the practice of paying people a lot of money for information that can be used in newspaper stories. A _____________ is a radio or television program that deals with real people.. If a media company is accused of _____________ its stories or programs. A _____________ is someone who writes news reports for newspapers. If you _____________. religious. television. 7. and then tells people the news himself / herself (for example. etc. especially stories about crime or famous people. if a newspaper reports a story. 9.. and economic events that are happening now. You will not need all of the words and expressions. or political reasons is called _____________. especially illegally. 88 . 6. because many of the stories and either untrue. 11. or are about sex and crime). 2. it might not tell you the truth or give you all the information you want. 4. _____________ is an occasion when someone finds out or uses information about your private life. airtime audience broadcast broadsheet censor censorship channel check book journalism circulation current affairs coverage documentary download dumbing down editor entertainment exploit feature freedom of the press gutter press honest information informed Internet invasion of privacy journalism journalist libel libelous log on mass media media circus media event media tycoon news online paparazzi the press program read between the lines readership reality TV reporter restriction slander slanderous tabloid tabloid TV the Internet unscrupulous website 1. A _____________ is someone who owns and controls several different newspapers. 3. it means that it presents these stories or programs in a simple and attractive way without giving many details. 8. letters. and is very rich as a result. _____________ programs are television programs in which ordinary people are put into artificially created environments and situations in order to entertain people (the most famous example is "Big Brother"). etc. The process of removing parts of books. A _____________ is a newspaper that is printed on smaller sheets of paper and generally contains stories about famous people (papers like these are sometimes referred to as the _____________.
I take the view that while the media may occasionally abuse its position of power. or news website? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer. current affairs television program. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. keep us entertained and informed. Some people argue that the government should impose stricter (24) _____________ to prevent such things happening. the benefits greatly outweigh the disadvantages. Do you agree?' Barely a hundred years ago. Whether we choose to read the (2) _____________. Our lives would be much emptier without the wealth of information available to us today. anyone with a computer can go (23) _____________ to find undesirable material placed there by equally undesirable people. at best. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. but they have changed almost beyond recognition. We still have newspapers. newspapers. 89 . You may need to change the form of some of the words. with their quality (3) _____________ of news and other (4) _____________ by top (5) _____________ and acclaimed (6) _____________ or if we prefer the popular (7) _____________. A newspaper's _____________ is the group or number of people who read that newspaper. if we wanted to stay (1) _____________ about what was going on in the world. in which ordinary people are put into artificially created environments and situations for our entertainment. Of course. with major stories being presented in a simple and attractive way. and newspapers give to something. We also have television and radio. _____________ refers to the amount of attention that television. Others argue that too much time is being given to (22) _____________ shows. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.. And there is also the (10) _____________. etc. Sex and violence are increasing on the television. we are exposed to a wealth of information barely conceivable at the beginning of the last century. and many complain that there is increased (21) _____________ of news and current affairs programs. Personally. of course. However. News (8) _____________ let us know about world events practically as they happen. Famous personalities frequently accuse the (15) _____________ (and sometimes even respectable papers) of (16) _____________by camera-wielding (17) _____________ who are determined to get a picture or a story regardless of who they upset. radio. and (9) _____________. the news we received was often days or weeks old. What are the qualities or features of a good newspaper. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. and there are frequent accusations of (19) _____________. with (20) _____________ newspapers paying people lots of money for stories about crime and famous people. _____________ refers to the amount of time given to someone or something in a radio or television broadcast. or to the way in which something is reported. where we can access information from millions of (11) _____________ around the world which we can then (12) _____________ onto our own computers. "The media plays a valuable role in keeping us informed and entertained. with their lively gossip and colorful stories. However. but with very little detail. But because communication technology was very basic. many people believe it has too much power and freedom". we had to rely on word of mouth or. and perhaps we are better people as a result. it is not just the papers which are to blame.Topics 12. But others argue that (25) _____________ and media is the keystone of a free country. Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. while sitcoms. Newspapers are often accused of (18)__________ by angry politicians who dislike reading lies about themselves. chat shows. Meanwhile. these forms of (13) _____________ and (14) _____________ (or "infotainment" as they are now sometimes collectively called) have their negative side.
you keep it so that you can use it later. In some cases you might need to change the form of the word in the box. 6. so that it will increase in value. you gain money from selling something which is more than the money you paid for it. for example. or bill. 8.Topics Money and finance Complete sentences and paragraphs 1 – 20 with a word or expression from the box. Something which is overpriced is too expensive. they have lost all their money. When you make a profit. and cannot pay it back. bank bankrupt bargain bill borrow broke bankrupt cash check cost of living credit card credit debt debit deposit discount distribution of wealth dividends economical economize exorbitant expenditure extravagant frugal income income tax inflation inherit insolvent interest in the black in the red invest investment invoice lend loan loss market mortgage on credit overcharged overdraft overpriced pension priceless profit receipt reduction refund salary save savings and loan association shares statement stocks tax / rent (etc) rebate undercharged unemployment / housing / child (etc. In each case. 5. If a person or company is insolvent. and a _____________ is a note (from a store. If your account is _____________. 9. balance 2. If you lend money. If you save money. 7. 3 4. you have spent money which you have not gotten back. A discount is the percentage by which a full price is reduced in a store. If you _____________ money. you take someone's money for a short time. they return something to a store. etc. it might have a similar meaning. stocks. If your bank account is in the red. An invoice is a note. you put it into property. If a person or company is _____________. the word / expression you need is connected in some way with the word in bold in the same sentence / paragraph (for example. you have more than $0 in your bank account. 10. you let someone use your money for a certain period of time. A _____________ is money paid back to a customer when. If you _____________ money. the amount of money you have spent is greater than the money you have made. and then you pay it back. have then borrowed a lot. or it might be a word that is sometimes confused with that word). 90 . Income is the money you receive (your wage or salary is part of your income). it might be an opposite. and _____________ refers to the money you spend. A _____________ is the amount of money you have in your bank account. sent to you to ask for payment for goods or services.) welfare wage wealthy welfare withdraw worthless 1. When you make a _____________. and so you have less than $0 in your bank account. for example) which shows how much you have paid for something. Something which is _____________ costs much more than its true value. A bank statement is a detailed written document from a bank showing how much money has gone into and come out of a bank account. they have lost all their money..
Note that many of them can have more than one grammatical function without changing their form (for example. A wage and a _____________ are both money you receive for doing a job. and will probably lose his friend as well. you take it out of your account. A bill is a piece of paper showing the amount of money that you have to pay for goods or services. 14. You may need to change the form of some of the words.Topics 11. A _____________ is the same thing. A worthless object is something which has no value. A _____________ is similar. A bank is a business which holds money for its clients. A loan is money that you borrow from a bank. An _____________ is the amount of money that you take out of your bank account. and it is also a piece of paper showing you how much you have to pay for a product or service). If you have been _____________. Exercise 3 Complete this conversation with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. you put money into it. but shows what you have to pay after a meal in a restaurant. 15. a father gives his son some financial advice. but in this case the money is only used to buy property. he says. balance can be a noun and a verb). 17. A _____________ is similar. "Neither a borrower nor a lender be". 91 . A _____________ object is an extremely valuable object. you take money out of it. a bill is a banknote. A loan is money that you borrow from a bank to buy something. "Financial advice from a father to a son" In the play "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare. Also note that some of the words can have more than one meaning (for example. 20. and deals with money generally. Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. If you _____________ money. 18. _____________ describes someone who is careful with money. but is usually used by people who want to save money. you have paid less than you should have for goods or services. 19. When you _____________ an account. He is trying to tell his son that he should never (1) _____________ money from anyone because it will make it difficult for him to manage his finances. 13. Extravagant describes someone who spends a lot of money. It is usually done without making a formal arrangement with your bank. you have paid too much. Likewise he should never give a (2) _____________ to a friend because he will probably never see the money again. but the first is usually paid daily or weekly and the second is usually paid monthly. When you credit an account. If you have been undercharged. which is more than there is in your account. you put money into the account. 16. 12. or to borrow money to buy a house. If you deposit money in an account. where a formal arrangement has been made with the bank to borrow it.
Things are so expensive. Imagine the conversation they would have now: Jim: Dad: Jim: Dad: Right dad. Why? Because some stores charge you an (12) _____________ amount of money to buy things over a period of time. Try to wait for the sales. leave your money in a good local (9) _____________ account . Jim: Dad: Jim: Dad: Jim: Dad: Jim: Dad: Exercise 4 Now try this essay. The first thing you should do is to make sure you balance your (3) _____________ – the money you receive from me and mom – and your (4) _____________ – the money you spend. They offer a much higher rate of (10) _____________ than banks. you will end up with an (5) _____________ at the bank. it's true what they say: there are some things that money just can't buy. when you eventually get a job and are earning a good salary. I know.. Don't expect me to pay it for you. Oh come on dad…. And try to get a (16) _____________. Next. and the (6) _____________ goes up all the time. All right son. I've heard enough. But it's so difficult. say. try to (17) _____________ the money in a good company. Also. I'm off to college now. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. (7) _____________ is running at about 10%. but today many parents would give similar advice to their children. When you buy something. Well. OK dad. Avoid expensive stores and restaurants. others say that "Money is the root of all evil". Thanks for the advice. It's much better to (13) _____________ a little bit of money each week so that when you see something you want. Now listen. but let me give you some sound financial advice before you go. Which of these do you agree with? Use examples and details in your answer. but you should try to (8) _____________. you can buy it outright. when stores offer huge (14) _____________ and you can pick up a (15) _____________. Also. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. 10%. this is important. It's been (20) _____________. If you spend too much. 92 . Buy (18) _____________ in government organizations or (19) _____________ in private companies. How do I do that? Easy. Some people say that "Money makes the world go round". avoid buying things (11) _____________.Topics The play was written over four hundred years ago. ask the store if they'll lower the price by.
In some countries. Planting trees and bushes can provide some protection from the gradual wearing away of soil. 3. Polluted precipitation which kills trees often falls a long distance from the source of the pollution. 14. We should all try to process waste material so that it can be used again. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box. 13.. cartons. etc. 10. More and more companies are using boxes. 12. and methane which rise into the atmosphere. 11. 4. Human activity has had a devastating effect on the living things. 7. This bread is made from wheat which has been altered at a molecular level so as to change certain characteristics which can be inherited. Greenpeace. building is restricted or completely banned in the area of farmland or woods and parks which surround a community. Friends of the Earth. for their products. Most modern cars use fuel which has been made without lead additives. Many shops now sell fruit and vegetables which are cultivated naturally. 9. carbon monoxide. without using any chemical fertilizers or pesticides. sulfur dioxide. and cans which can easily be decomposed by organisms such as bacteria. Don't drink that water. The gases and other substances which come from factories using oil. It's been made dirty by something being added to it. in many parts of the word. 93 . both large and small. 6. sea. 15. The heating up of the earth's atmosphere by pollution is threatening life as we know it. coal. and other people concerned with protecting the environment are holding an international summit in Geneva next month. 5. The burning of some fuels creates carbon dioxide. 2. acid rain activists animal rights battery farming biodegradable packaging biodiversity biofuels breeding (in) captivity CFC gases climate change conservation conservation program conserve contaminated deforestation degradation desertification eco-friendly ecological ecology ecosystem emissions endangered species environmentalists environmentally friendly erosion extinct fossil fuels fumes genetically modified global warming green belt greenhouse effect greenhouse gases intensive farming natural behavior natural resources organic organic farming ozone-friendly ozone layer poaching pollute (air) pollution rare breeds rainforest recycle recycling renewable / sustainable energy research solar power tidal energy toxic waste unleaded gas wildlife management 1.Topics Nature and the environment Exercise 1 Replace the words and expressions in bold in sentences 1 – 15 with one of those from the box. Farmers have cleared acres of thick wooded land in tropical regions where the precipitation is very high to provide pasture for their cattle. or by sunlight. 8. and other fuels which are the remains of plants and animals can cause serious damage to the environment. water.
we should make a conscious effort to avoid foods which are (13) _____________ (at least until someone proves that they are safe both for us and for the environment). of course. What causes this problem. Use words and expressions from Exercise 1. (8) _____________ and overfishing are killing off millions of animals. all living things large and small which comprise our finely balanced (10) _____________ are being systematically destroyed by human greed and thoughtlessness. as humans. but that doesn't mean we can do whatever we like with it. Finally. They are aware of the global issues involved and will actively involve themselves in (17) _____________ by making sure our forests are kept safe for future generations. At the same time. including whales. Which one of these opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. to help prevent this. Meanwhile farmers clear huge areas of (5) _____________ in places such as the Amazon to produce feeding land for cattle or produce wood for building. (3) _____________ rise into the air and contribute to (4) _____________ which threatens to melt the polar ice cap. We should also check that the things we buy from supermarkets are packaged in (12) _____________ which decomposes easily. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. Some people think that the government should spend as much money as possible on protecting the environment. of course. They will oppose activities which are harmful to animals. We cannot all be as committed as them. The easiest thing. but we can at least do our own little bit at grass roots level. safe in the knowledge that they have been naturally cultivated. Exercise 3 Read this essay and complete the gaps with one of the words or expressions from the box in Exercise 1. of course. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. . make more use of public transportation. we should buy a small car that uses (15) _____________ which is less harmful to the environment or. however. If you are truly committed to protecting the environment. have inherited the earth. "Environmental degradation is a major world problem. even better. There is a lot we can all do. and this kills trees. all around us. and what can we do to prevent it?" There is no doubt that the environment is in trouble. Cars pump out poisonous (7) _____________which we all have to breathe in. do much more. At the same time. and other (9) _____________ In fact. And they will campaign to keep the (19) _____________ around our towns and cities free from new building. however. Factories burn (1) _____________ which produce (2) _____________ .Topics 94 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. Others think this money should be spent on other things such as education and healthcare. The serious (16) _____________. elephants. you should only buy (14) _____________fruit and vegetables. Rivers and oceans are so heavily (6) _____________ by industrial waste that it is no longer safe to go swimming. We. such as (18) _____________. is to (11) _____________ waste material such as paper and glass so that we can use it again.
S. the interstate is part of the national public transportation system (including trains and buses) which people use to travel around the country. 11. 5. 3. accident accident risk auto theft back out black spot brake congestion crosswalk cut in (in a vehicle) cycle lane destination dominate drunk driving driver driver's licence driving test expressway fatalities a fine freeway gas highway highway patrol injuries intersection interstate joyriding mile mobility overtake park and ride pedestrian pedestrian mall pollution public transportation pull in pull over road rage road work rush hour safety island sidewalk to speed speed limit subsidized (e. Fatalities (in this context) refers to people who are injured in accidents on the road. 7. and is the U. A turnpike is a main road in the eastern part of the U. In the U. 8. Road rage is anger or violent behavior by one driver toward another driver. Traffic calming measures are fines and other penalties imposed by the police on bad or dangerous drivers.A. A mile is a measure of distance equivalent to 1. Someone who backs out in a vehicle drives it very quickly and dangerously. A sidewalk is a part of the road in a town or city where drivers can park their vehicle. If a service such as public transportation is subsidized. and in some they are wrong.S. 12. these definitions are correct. and which may not be used by drivers of motor vehicles.A.. 6. An expressway is a wide road (usually in a city) where people can drive quickly.609 kilometers.. A traffic-free zone is a main road between major towns and cities that drivers do not have to pay to use. 14. that drivers must pay to use. Someone who has been accused of joyriding has stolen a car in order to drive it for pleasure. A black spot is a place on a road where a lot of car accidents happen. public transportation) to tailgate traffic light / signal traffic calming traffic circle / rotary traffic-free zone traffic jam traffic school transport strategy turnpike 1. 9. usually in a busy or built-up area.g. A traffic school is a school for people who want to learn to drive a motor vehicle. A cycle lane is a part of the road that is set aside for people on bicycles.S. accelerate 2. Rush hour is the time of day when there are not many vehicles on the road because most people are at home. In some cases. 4. 16. 15. all of its running costs are paid for by the government or a local authority. 95 . Decide which are which. usually in a dangerous way. 10. equivalent of a British dual carriageway.Topics On the road Exercise 1 Some of the words and expressions from the box below have been defined in sentences 1 – 16. 13.
when more alcohol is consumed than at any other time. together with the help of the highway patrol and local safety groups. it is (6) _____________ who are the victims.Topics 96 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. or (5) _____________. a city plagued by (9) _____________ and (10) _____________ caused by traffic. inconsiderate drivers who believe it is their right to (19) _____________ the roads. There are more (16) _____________ on main routes into the city. for these people. (13) _____________ measures such as speed bumps have slowed traffic down. And (17) _____________ public transportation has helped to keep down the cost of using buses. has been designated a (15) _____________. and a notorious accident (11) _____________ for pedestrians and cyclists. You may need to change the form of some of the words. Harley Street. Most of these were caused by drivers (3) _____________ in built-up areas.000 hurt in traffic-related accidents in the state. especially around July 4th and Thanksgiving. which has improved the flow of traffic to the benefit of those on foot or on two wheels. (1) _____________ and (2) _____________ on our roads are increasing from year to year: last year. In New Stockholm. Exercise 3 Complete this article with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. closed to all vehicles during the day. . the main shopping thoroughfare. (14) _____________ programs have helped reduce the number of cars in the city. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. But these innocent victims. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. the police and the courts are coming down hard on drivers who misuse the roads. handing down large (18) _____________ or even jail sentences on selfish. 2. Exercise 4 Now try this essay.827 people were killed and almost 300. Meanwhile. the city council has recently implemented its new (12) _____________. (20) _____________ is not offered as a softer alternative. knocked down as they are walking across the street at (7) _____________ by drivers who seem to have forgotten that a red (8) _____________ means "Stop". Use specific examples and details to support your answer. In many cases. where many seem to disregard the 30mph (4) _____________. as office workers and shoppers leave their cars outside the city and bus in instead. and instead used other forms of transport. making it safer for the huge number of students and residents who rely on bicycles to get around. are fighting back. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?: It is time we all relied less on private motor vehicles to get around.
trust. 4. 9. 6. _____________ is the study of living things. A _____________ is a scientist or other technical expert with a high position in industry or government. nuclear engineering technologist research safeguard technocrat technophile technophobe _____________ is the practice or science of changing the genes of a living thing. or want to use technology. it is changed slightly in order to improve it. 3. If something is _____________. _____________ is the use of technology to make copies of natural things (for example. _____________ is the detailed study of something in order to discover new facts. 8. especially in order to make it more suitable for a particular purpose. 13. 97 . A _____________ is a discovery or achievement that comes after a lot of hard work. 14. 12.Topics Science and technology Exercise 1 Complete definitions 1 – 15 with words and expressions from the box. etc. _____________ is the study or use of computers and electronic systems for storing and using information. especially computers. 10. 7. especially the use of low temperatures for preserving the bodies of dead people. equipment. 5. _____________ is the invention or use of new ideas. artificial body parts). _____________ is the science that studies the effects of low temperatures. An _____________ is a scientific test to find out what happens to someone or something in particular conditions. _____________ is the length of time that someone is likely to live. analyze computers bioclimatology cryogenics experiment geneticist invent biology cybernetics breakthrough development cellphone digital chemistry discover discovery control e-mail genetic engineering genetic fingerprinting information technology (IT) microchip modified genetic modification innovation information superhighway invention life expectancy physics Internet molecular biology scientist 1. 11. law. A _____________ is someone who does not like. 2. A _____________ is a scientist who studies or works in genetics. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box. A _____________ is a rule. 15. methods. or plan that protects people or something from harm or problems.
in your opinion. Nobody could have imagined. What. and our lives have become better as a result. Perhaps the most important (4) _____________. which in turn led to millions losing their jobs. The development of (11) _____________ led to mass automation in factories. we need to make sure that we (17) _____________ it rather than the other way round. allowing us to access information from the other side of the world via the (6) _____________ or send messages around the world by (7) _____________ at the touch of a button. has been the microchip. Do you agree with this statement?" The second half of the twentieth century saw more changes than in the previous two hundred years. You may need to change the form of some of the words. bad news for the (10) _____________ who would prefer to hide from these modern miracles. And nobody could have predicted the sudden proliferation of computers that would completely change our lives. (8) _____________ into other aspects of information technology is making it easier and cheaper for us to talk to friends and relations around the world. has been the single most important scientific or technological development of the last fifty years? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. The relatively new science of (14) _____________ has been seen as a major step forward. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. that within a matter of years.Topics 98 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. But everything has a price. there have been many remarkable advances in medicine that have helped to increase our average (2) _____________ way beyond that of our ancestors. "Science and technology have come a long way in the last 60 years. this tiny piece of silicon and circuitry would be found in almost every household object from the kettle to the DVD recorder. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies continue to (16) _____________ on animals. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. however. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. . when it was first (5) _____________. However. where (13) _____________ to prevent accidents were inadequate). Good news for (9) _____________ who love modern technology. a move that many consider to be cruel and unnecessary. but putting modified foods onto the market before scientists had properly (15) _____________ them was perhaps one of the most irresponsible decisions of the 1990s. Penicillin has already been (1) _____________ and used to treat infections. Incredible (3) _____________ such as television have changed the way we spend our leisure hours. Meanwhile. Of course we all rely on modern science and technology to improve our lives. The genius of Einstein led to the horrors of the atomic bomb and the dangerous uncertainties of (12) _____________ (we hear of accidents and mishaps at nuclear power stations around the world. Meanwhile.
or from one country to another country). (Write the 3rd letter of this word in the grid) The __________ of a town or city are the areas that are furthest away from the center.). is __________. theaters. (Write the 2nd letter of this word in the grid below) If a town or city is described as a __________. and write it in the grid that follows the sentences. If the town in which you live offers you good __________. cultures. especially in a job or career. etc. 3. 11. (2 words: Write the 3rd letter of the 1st word in the grid) __________ refers to the movement of people from one place to another (often from one part of a country to another. 12.. especially one that is busy and exciting. it offers you the chance for success. 6. (Write the 5th letter of this word in the grid) 2. 5. etc. it has people of many different races. (Write the 4th letter of this word in the grid) Sentence number: Letter: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4. a public transportation system or road system).Topics Town and country Exercise 1 Complete sentences 1 – 12 with a word or expression from the box. stores. it causes a lot of pressure and makes people worry. and as a result the traffic moves very slowly. (Write the 2nd letter of this word in the grid) __________ is an adjective relating to towns and cities. etc. agriculture amenities apartment block arable land atmosphere to breed crime building sites Central Business District (CBD) commute commuter commuter belt congestion construction cost of living crops crowded cultivation cultural events depopulation development drug abuse employment environment facilities fields green belt industry infrastructure housing project inner city lively mall / shopping mall melting pot metropolis migration nature nightlife outskirts peaceful peak period pedestrian precinct pollution population population explosion poverty productive land property prices prospects resident residential area rural rush hour slum street crime stressful suburbs traffic jam unemployment urban urban lifestyle urban sprawl 1. Then take the letter indicated at the end of each sentence. If you do this correctly. 7. 9. (Write the 2nd letter of this word in the grid) If a situation. 10. (Write the 4th letter of this word in the grid) A town's __________ are the things that make it comfortable and pleasant to live in (for example. (Write the 7th letter of this word in the grid) A __________ is a big city. you will "find" another word which means "showing the influence of many different countries and cultures". (Write the 1st letter of this word in the grid) __________ is a situation in which many people leave a place in order to live somewhere else. (Write the 6th letter of this word in the grid) A __________ is someone who travels regularly to and from work. 8. (Write the 3rd letter of this word in the grid) __________ occurs when there are a lot of vehicles on the road. 99 . An __________ is the set of systems within a place or organization that affect how well it operates (for example. living together.. place. parks. religions.
I enjoyed the (3) _____________ lifestyle I led there. Fortunately. In the evenings and at weekends there were always (5) _____________: with such diverse attractions as classical western music. the (16) _____________housing estates there are probably the safest and most orderly in the world. is very expensive. outlining its good points and bad points". which means that Singapore imports almost all of its food. Use words and expressions from Exercise 1. there is very little (19) _____________ around the city. . with excellent roads. living in a city like this has its disadvantages as well. as the government banned private cars from entering the (8) _____________ during the morning and afternoon (9) _____________ in order to reduce (10) _____________ on the roads and (11) _____________ from the exhausts). Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. For a start. however. and a state-of-the-art subway system which could whisk (7) _____________ from the suburbs straight into the heart of the city (this was particularly important. Nowadays. there are a lot of (13) _____________ where new apartments are continually being built to deal with the (14) _____________ which is a direct result of the government encouraging people to have more children. the (12) _____________ can be very high – renting an apartment. an exhibition of Malay art. which is partly the result of the government imposing very severe penalties on anyone bringing narcotics into the country. however. ranging from the excellent stores to some of the best restaurants in the world. Perhaps most impressive. and one of the words you will need is the extra word you revealed by doing Exercise 1. Some people prefer to live in the countryside or in a small town. and New York. for example. Like London. it was difficult to get bored. Others prefer to live in a big city. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from Exercise 1. You may need to change the form of some of the words. a swift and efficient bus service. In fact.Topics 100 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. Singapore doesn't suffer from problems that are common in many cities such as (15) _____________. and made the most of the superb (4) _____________. The traditional villages that were once common have disappeared as the residents there realised there were no (18) _____________ for their future and moved into new government housing in the city. the (20) _____________ which has eaten into the countryside has had a detrimental effect on the (21) _____________. For seven years I lived in Singapore. was the remarkable transportation (6) _____________. or a Chinese opera in the street. Singapore wouldn't be ideal for everyone. Singapore is a (2) _____________ city. a (1) _____________ of almost three million people. And as the city is expanding. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. especially if you come from the countryside and are used to a (17) _____________ lifestyle. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. Of course. "Describe a place where you live or have lived. Paris. with people from different parts of the world living and working together. so it is safe to walk the streets at night. And despite a "green" approach to city planning.
12. what has happened to them? What is a cruise? What is a safari? Why might someone want a green card? If someone is trafficking something. 6. 16. 14. 13. usually for one day or part of a day. What is the difference between a package tourist and an independent traveler? Is a refugee the same as an expatriate? What do you think the letters UNHCR stand for? Complete this sentence: _____________ is the business of creating and selling vacations that give people the chance to learn about a natural environment. 3. there is _____________.Topics Travel Exercise 1 Look at the words and expressions in the box. 10. What is the difference between a travel agency and a tour operator? Complete this sentence: An _____________ is a short trip somewhere. The most expensive type of seat is called _____________. 11. Some of these questions ask you to explain what a word or expression means. 8. and which cause little damage to the environment itself. 15. 7. usually over long distances. What does the expression persona non grata mean? Complete this sentence: _____________ is the nervous or confused feeling that people sometimes get when they arrive in a place that is very different from the place they normally live. and some of them ask you to complete a sentence with the appropriate word(s) or expression(s). 5. 101 . Complete this sentence: A _____________ seat is the cheapest type of seat on a plane or train. 2. then answer questions 1 – 16. are they doing something that is legal or something that is illegal? Complete this sentence: A person who has been _____________ has been forced to move from one part of their country to another (often because of a war or other threatening situation). If someone has been repatriated. 9. Would you be happy if the country that you were staying in deported you? Complete this sentence: _____________ refers to the large numbers of people that travel for their vacation. Between these two. acclimatize alien all-inclusive business class check-in check in (to a hotel or for a flight) check out (of a hotel) coach class consulate cruise culture shock customs deport disembark displaced economic migrants ecotourism embark embassy emigrate emigration excursion expatriate first class flight gate green card illegal alien immigrant immigration independent traveler internally displaced journey long-haul luggage mass tourism migrant migrate package tour package tourist passport persona non grata refugee repatriate safari short-haul tour operator trafficking travel agency travel agent trip UNHCR visa voyage work permit 1. 4.
and sounds greeting us. Most of us have. or (13) _____________ forced to find a job and seek a living wherever they can. Something to think about. Even if they manage to get into a country. we make our own way to the country and travel around from place to place with a rucksack on our back). travel is a matter of life and death. the next time you are (19) _____________ to your five-star hotel by a palm-fringed beach or sitting in a coach on an (20) _____________to a pretty castle in the countryside. We make sure we have all the right currency. And while many countries with an open policy on (16) _____________ will welcome them in with open arms. Discuss this statement. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. As well as losing their homes because of war or famine or other natural disasters. Nowadays. at some point in our lives. the (15) _____________ can be too great. they will often be (18) _____________ or repatriated. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Can you imagine anything worse than the misery these people must face? Let's not confuse them with those (14) _____________. and those who do it because they have to. I refer. of course. They never get to explore the lush Amazon rain forest or the frozen wastes of the Arctic on an (10) _____________ vacation. We go to the (1) _____________ to pick up our brochures. "There are two types of traveler: those who do it because they want to. For them. it seems. These people become (17) _____________. and any (4) _____________ that are necessary to get us into the country. We strap ourselves into our tiny (6) _____________ aircraft seats and a few hours later we (7) _____________ from the aircraft. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. or the (12) _____________. they must come to terms with their new environment: for many. moved from one part of their country to another by an uncaring government. using specific examples". others will simply turn them away. who choose to live in another country and often have nice houses and high salaries. our passport. unwanted and unwelcome. the whole world goes on vacation at once: the age of (8) _____________ is in full swing! But for the great majority of people around the world. They never get to indulge in an (9) _____________ vacation in a luxury hotel with all meals and drinks included.Topics 102 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. experienced the joys of travel. strange new sights. smells. We go to the airport and (5) _____________. travel is done in the face of great adversity and hardship. Exercise 3 Read this essay and complete the gaps with one of the words or expressions from the box in Exercise 1. (or if we are (3) _____________. These people are simply desperate to survive. perhaps. Their future is uncertain. What are the good things and bad things about traveling? Use specific examples to explain your answer. . You may need to change the form of some of the words. We book a two-week (2) _____________ with flights and accommodations included. to all the (11) _____________ escaping from their own countries.
3. What is the difference between a wage and a salary? Complete this sentence: _____________ is a painful condition of the muscles in the hands and the arms caused by doing the same movement many times (for example. Complete this sentence: Banks. you have work which is reliable and will last for a long time. company car. 13. free meals. 7. adverse working conditions applicant application form be laid off blue-collar worker boss candidate commission demanding dismiss dismissal downsize employee employer fire fixed income flexible working hours freelance full time hire homeworker incentives incentive scheme income increment interview interviewee interviewer job satisfaction job security manager manual worker manufacturing industry (on) leave overtime part-time pension pension contributions perks profession promotion raise recruitment drive repetitive strain injury (RSI) resign retire rewards and benefits salary self-employed semi-skilled service industry sick building syndrome sickness benefit skilled a steady job stress supervisor unemployed unemployment union unskilled unsociable hours wage (on) welfare white-collar worker workaholic 1. Would you be happy if you had adverse working conditions? Complete this sentence: A person who is _____________ is not permanently employed by one company. and hotels are examples of _____________. 14. Complete this sentence: _____________ are extra payments or benefits that you get in your job (for example. 11.Topics Work Exercise 1 Look at the words and expressions in the box. What is the difference between a blue-collar worker and a white-collar worker? True or false?: When a company downsizes its work force. What do you think sick building syndrome is? Complete this sentence: If you have _____________. 103 . 12. but less formal. health insurance.). 8. meaning (you will need to change the form of the word): "When he was caught stealing from the company. 2. and answer questions 1 – 14. 10. You may need to change the form of some of the words. hospitals. 4. etc. Replace the word in bold in this sentence with another word from the box which has a similar. he was instantly dismissed". this means that it pays its workers less than before. using a computer over a long period of time). Complete this sentence: The word raise in the box is similar in meaning to _____________ (which is also in the box). Replace the word in bold in this sentence with another word from the box which has a similar meaning: "A lot of people wanted the job. True or false?: retire and resign have the same meaning. but sells their services to more than one company. 6. 9. but she was the best candidate". 5.
Unfortunately. You may need to change the form of some of the words. or a (6) _____________ worker in a bank. with the knowledge that you might lose your job at any time. you will never feel happy. of course. however. hope to achieve happiness in their work. In your opinion. however. "It is more important to have a job you enjoy doing than a job which pays well. Such companies are not popular with their workers. First of all. and everybody wants a good (16) _____________. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. is a motivating factor. (10) _____________ new staff and (11) _____________ others on a weekly basis. the prime motivator. Likewise. Everybody would like a (9) _____________ in which he or she is guaranteed work. an (19) _____________ plan to make you work hard such as a regular (20) _____________ above the rate of inflation. Nowadays. it would be difficult to believe that there are any elements that make a job worthwhile. store. The same can be said of a job in which you are put under a lot of (12) _____________ and worry. The chance of (17) _____________. of being given a better position in a company. this depends on the job they have and the conditions under which they are employed. a (3) _____________ (4) _____________ worker on a production line in one of the (5) _____________. a job which is so (13) _____________ that it takes over your life. and by doing so. Forget the office and the factory floor and become (23) _____________ and work for yourself. or one of the other (7) _____________: if you lack (8) _____________. (21) _____________ in case you fall ill and a company (22) _____________ plan so that you have some money when you retire all combine to make a job worthwhile. but at least you will be happy. But of course that is not all. Money is. In most cases. what are the elements that make a job worthwhile?" In answering this question. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. companies have a high turnover of staff. .Topics 104 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. By avoiding such factors. or a physical job in which you do the same thing every day and end up with the industrial disease that is always in the papers nowadays – (15) _____________. There is. a job where you work (14) _____________ and so never get to see your family or friends. potential (1) _____________ are more likely to find a job that is more worthwhile. it doesn't matter if you are an (2) _____________ worker cleaning the floor. With all these negative factors. Your future may not be secure." How far do you agree with this statement? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. I would like to look first at the elements that combine to make a job undesirable. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. (18) _____________ such as a free lunch or a company car. "Some people live to work and others work to live. it is not always easy to find all of these. an alternative.
Now try this essay. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Use words and expressions from the box. Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. social tensions. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. The world today faces a lot of problems. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. Global problems.Topics Mini topics Friends and relations 1. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Outline a few of these problems and suggest some things that ordinary people could do to make the world a better place. and solutions 1. Different people influence our lives in different ways. How? Illustrate your answer with specific examples. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? alien emigration extremist charity civil rights discriminate equality illegal alien poverty UNESCO global village cultural exchange program discrimination homeless immigrants prejudice UNHCR ethnic cleansing culture culture shock emigrants extremism hunger differences genocide ignorance displaced people exploit homelessness immigration racism UNICEF refugee terrorist environment exploitation human rights inequality institutional racism nationalism pollution tolerance internally displaced study visit intolerance terrorism language migrants religious religion tolerate stateless people xenophobia 2. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? acquaintance bond cousin admire boss adore bring up crony enemy amiable brother discipline generous love (steady) boyfriend buddy chemistry dysfunctional get on with in-laws nuclear family relationship sister sympathy be on good terms classmate family ties empathy best friend encourage be close to fiancé / fiancée grandparents coworker empathize encouragement be fond of intimate see eye to eye extended family influence fall out with friendship kinship (steady) girlfriend inseparable parents spouse wife respect teacher nurture have a lot in common kind related husband inspire inspiration raise support partner supervisor relative / relation siblings sympathize room mate shared interests supportive soul mate 2. 105 .
your health) sedentary skin problems underweight slim overweight take exercise take up (e. tax.. Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from the box. smoking) in poor shape obese sports center jogging obesity swimming fast food / junk food heart attack health club keep fit on a diet heart disease in good shape muscles lifestyle look after (e. a sport) unhealthy 2. Too many young people these days are unhealthy and / or overweight. are most important things a government should do for its people? Support your answer with examples.g. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box.g.g. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.Topics Government and politics 1. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. etc. What.g. in your opinion. fatty foods. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? authoritarian Congress democratic freedom legislation a bill a candidate to canvass the Capitol Capitol Hill a committee a congressman / congresswoman a democracy a governor legislature a Democrat a constituent assembly an election ideology represent totalitarian parliament a constitution independence a president to elect federal (law. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant...) a politician a republic a state to vote the House of Representatives opposition security to ratify a referendum a technocrat a monarchy sanctions a prime minister a Republican the Senate a senator a statesman / stateswoman 2. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? active aerobics balanced diet fall ill cholesterol cut down on (e. Health and exercise 1. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. Now try this essay. yourself. What advice would you give somebody who wanted to become fit and healthy? 106 . sugar) fat fibre get fit disease eating disorder give up (e..
Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? acting action box office entertaining performance actor / actress cartoon exciting plot cast feel-good romance animation climax funny scenery stars atmosphere comedy gritty audience believable big budget drama musical director horror documentary location movie science fiction story thriller screen video setting soundtrack special effects 2. Now try this essay. What are the most effective ways of learning a foreign language? Illustrate your answer with specific examples. Movies and the theater 1. 107 . Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Use words and expressions from the box. and why do you enjoy watching them? Use specific examples to explain your answer.Topics Learning languages 1. Now try this essay. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? accent bilingual challenging communicate competent culture dictionary fluent get by (in a language) grammar learn something parrot fashion lingua franca look up (in a dictionary) monolingual mother tongue multilingual native pick up (a language) practice progress pronunciation rewarding second language self-access centre vocabulary 2. What kinds of movies do you enjoy watching.
etc.) hooligan hooliganism lose match opponent opposition pitch play (baseball. How far do you agree with this? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Now try this essay.) prize referee score spectator spectator sports sponsor sponsorship sportsman / sportswoman stadium support supporter take up (a sport) team team spirit team sports train trainer umpire unite violence win 2. . tennis. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? aggressive an album an artist(e) beat blues (music) a classic classical music a compilation to compose a composer a concert to conduct a conductor contemporary dance music download easy listening heavy metal a hit improvise lively lyrics mellow memorable mood improvisation innovative jazz live (adjective) opera orchestra percussion pop popular rap to record recorded reggae relaxing rock music sentimental a singer-songwriter a soloist strings vocalist vocals wind instrument world music 2. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. basketball. Now try this essay. climbing. The music you listen to says a lot about the kind of person you are. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Sports 1. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? arena athlete athletics beat coach competitive competitor course court draw equalize exercise go (swimming. etc. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Topics 108 Music 1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Sports play an important role in a culture. jogging. Use words and expressions from the box. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1.
Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. You have been asked for some suggestions to make your hometown a better place.Topics Your hometown 1. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? amenities busy character college community community spirit congestion crime demolish (old buildings) eating out environment healthcare historic homeless homelessness hospital housing housing project improve improvement increase industry job opportunities library livelihood lively local customs mall modern monument museum neighbor neighborhood nightlife noise control park peaceful pedestrianize pollution population preserve (old buildings) reduce rejuvenate renovate restaurants rural safe shopping sports center sports facilities statue street crime theater traditional traffic traffic calming traffic-free urban zoo 2. What suggestions would you make. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. Now try this essay. and why? 109 .
Vocabulary record sheet Vocabulary record sheet Photocopy this page as many times as you like. See the next page for a model record sheet showing an example of how a vocabulary item has been recorded. Review the items that you have recorded on a regular basis. and use it to keep a record of new words and expressions that you learn. Try to build up your own vocabulary bank. Word or expression: Topic area(s) (if relevant): Definition(s): Translation or equivalent in my language: Other forms of this word (if relevant): Sample sentences: Other collocations: Related words and expressions: Other information: You may photocopy this page 110 . and keep this in a file or folder with the words / expressions stored in alphabetical order for quick and easy reference.
take a rain check (idiom) ("Would you like to come out tonight?" "I'll take a rain check. "She rejected my offer as being too expensive". to behave in an unkind way to someone who wants kindness or love. rejeter / refuser Translation or equivalent in my language: Other forms of this word (if relevant): reject. The court rejected the defendant's argument. including its grammatical function and pronunciation. The opposite of rejection is acceptance. Reject is often used with as + an adjective or adjective phrase: "He rejected the idea as ridiculous". (of a human body) to reject an organ after a transplant. transitive) / rI'dzekt / Accepting or refusing something Topic area(s) (if relevant): Definition(s): 1. If we reject something completely. veto. rebuff. The company rejected the whole shipment. these adverbs can also come before the word "reject". To refuse to take something. turn down. dismiss. With the exception of "outright". 4. to disagree with an idea. we can say that we reject it "out of hand". His body rejected the new kidney and he became seriously ill. to reject categorically / decisively / firmly / flatly / outright / totally / unanimously / vigorously. to not agree to an offer. maybe because it is damaged. Word or expression: reject (verb. throw out. snub. rejection (noun) Sample sentences: It is almost certain that our offer will be rejected. if that's OK with you") Other collocations: Related words and expressions: Other information: The opposite of reject is accept. shun. 111 . based on the word "reject". 3.Vocabulary record sheet Vocabulary record sheet sample This is a sample of a completed vocabulary sheet. The student has included as much information about the word as possible. decline. argument or suggestion. 5. refuse. proposal or request. 2. He claimed he had been rejected by his parents. regular.
but the word petrol is more common: British-English speakers normally 112 . while in British English it is used to talk about a particular department in a university (e. gas 18. dialog* 25. offense.) Words which end with -amme in British English usually just end with -am in American English (kilogram. this word can be spelt recognise or recognize)* 11. etc. gotten 12. center. Likewise / Similarly 7. the Humanities Faculty). college.. telegram. movie 21. elevator 20. itemize.) Words with a double L in the middle in British English (such as traveller or travelling) usually use a single L in American English (traveler.) Words which end with -our in British English normally end with -or in American English (humor. etc. Also see the note on practice in the answer key for Spelling Exercise 2 on page 120). respect – are the same and refer to the same thing.) Words which end with -re in British English usually end with -er in American English (theater. cellphone Down 1. bathroom * Note the following spelling differences between British and American English: Words which usually end in -ise in British English end with -ize in American English (recognize. guy 30. As well as / Besides 3. In addition 6. and these words have to be learned individually (for example. zip code 3. defense. and keep a record of them to refer to the next time you use them. Thus is slightly more formal than therefore. etc. The word gasoline is also used in British English. but some words that use a single L followed by a consonant in British English use a double L in American English (skillful. etc. vacation 39. theater* 13.Answer key Answer key Addition. but has the same meaning) Note: It is important that you are familiar with the way these words and expressions are used. color. underpass 16. equation. alumnus 41. movies (movie theater is also used) 5. but many North Americans also spell it judgment). intermission 6. Likewise / In the same way / Correspondingly 8. sedan 36.g. raise 27. sidewalk 19. faculty is usually used by North Americans to talk about the people who work in a school. etc.. highway 26. Likewise / Similarly / In the same way (the verbs in both sentences – i. drugstore 28. so we can use a word of equation here) 4. over (in the context of repeating something completely only. round-trip 40. eraser 34. bill 7. liter. again is used in the same way as it is used in British English) 8. etc.g. recess 29.. program. and conclusion (page 4) Exercise 1 Addition: and along with as well as also too in addition moreover along with (this could also be equation) equally likewise addition) similarly in the same way besides what's more furthermore Equation: correspondingly along with (this could also be Conclusion: in conclusion to sum up briefly to summarize therefore it can be concluded that to conclude in brief thus Exercise 2 1. but which have a different meaning (often depending on the context in which they are used). As well as / Along with 5. subway 31. this 23. labor.e. catalog. installment). attorney (lawyer is also used) 33. apartments 14. university.) Words which end with -ogue in British English normally end with just -og in American English (dialog. "American" English (pages 5 –7) Across 2. freeway (expressway is also used) 22.. There are other spelling differences which do not follow any particular "rules". Therefore (To sum up. store 37. To conclude and To summarize are usually used to conclude longer pieces of writing – e. travelers* 15.) Words which end in -ence in British English end with -ense in American English (pretense. Use a dictionary to look up examples of these words and expressions. realtors 24.). labor* 10. realize. In other contexts. It can be concluded that 10. etc. mail 9. In brief 9. Furthermore / Moreover / In addition / What's more (this is less formal than the other expressions) 2. ** This is one of several words which are used in both British and American English. Gas (see 16 across) in American English is a short form of gasoline. traveling. In this case. first 17. through 4. recognize (note that in British English. defense* 38. judgement in British English can be spelled the same way in American English. fall 35. etc. including the other words in a sentence that they "work" with. at the end of an essay. faculty** 32.
True 20. We can also say provided that) 5. stipulation 9. exchanged 2. Failing that (that is needed here. True 15. preconditions 6. To make things more complicated. injury / damage / harm 15. an article or pronoun would be needed after in case of) 7. in the event of 8. Failing that means that if the first option – telephoning us – is not possible. expands 8. True 3. as it refers back to the previous sentence. otherwise Confusing words and false friends (pages 12 – 14) 1. treat / cure 31. invent / discover 16. similar to 9. prevent / avoid 7. adapt 3. Unless 3. comparison 8. it also has the same meaning in North America. inspect / control 13. In case of (note that in this particular expression. on condition that (that = optional) 4. disinterested / uninterested or disinterested (it is a common misconception in English that disinterested cannot be used in the same way as uninterested when we want to say that someone does not find something interesting) 33. complementary / complimentary 113 . advise / advice 3. we do not say In case of a fire. stretched Comparing and contrasting (page 10) 1. This verb in this context is usually used in the passive voice) 10. False: we're increasing or building up our stock of coal 8. Use a dictionary to check which ones. providing that (that = optional. renovated 5. False: there has been a tightening up of the rules 13. you should try the second option – send us an email) 16. True 17. True 9. action / activity 2. requirement 15. rise / raise 29. In other situations. False: there has been a decline 12. False: there has been an increase 5. False: there has been a relaxation of border controls 7. but they can also go down. intolerable / intolerant 20. characteristics 5.Answer key Answer key use the word gas to talk about a substance that is used to heat the house or cook food. transformed 4. Likewise 12. True 19. Exercise 2 The words in the box are: adapt replace expand promote reduce transform switch renovate exchange demote alter disappear vary raise lower extend enlarge heighten lengthen deepen shorten stretch revise amend cut outsource deteriorate streamline upgrade restructure downsize 1. whereas Condition and requirement (page 11) 1. procession / process 28. principle / principal / principal / principle 27. Nevertheless / Even so / However (Even so is more common in spoken than in written English) 14. Most of the words in this task can be verbs as well as nouns. differ 3. permit / permission 24. False: there has been an improvement 4. As long as 2. respectful / respectable 30. for / during / while 17. deteriorating 9. considerable / considerate 19. True 2. False: Americans want to broaden their horizons. continuous / continual 12. similarities 10. conscious / conscientious 11. infer / imply 34. False: there has been a strengthening of the dollar 6. However / Moreover 18. subjective / objective 32. revised or amended (revised prices are usually increased. By way of contrast 13. False: there has been a widening of the gap 14. True 18. watch / look at 23. switch 6. channel / canal 10. assumption / presumption 6. distinction 6. priceless / worthless 26. job / work 21. differentiate 4. appreciable / appreciative 5. Assuming that (that = optional) 11. False: they're going to decrease the number 11. In the same way 11. effect / affect 4. beside / besides 8. contrast 2. discrepancy 15. shortly / briefly 9. on the assumption that (that = optional) 12. vary 7. lies / lay 22. possibility / chance 25. unconditional 10. Changes (pages 8 – 9) Exercise 1 1. Compared 7. prerequisites 13. terms / conditions 14. False: there has been a downward trend 16. False: there has been a slight fall 10. as in this example. objections / criticism 14.
That's a load off my mind. You bet! 6. Of course. or should be. keep it to yourself (= don't tell anyone else. Oh. I'd rather you didn't (this is a polite way of telling somebody that you don't want them to do something). etc. 7. Oh. Wow! Way to go! 10. or when we refuse to tell someone a secret). Sure. H 9. We can also say "Bless you!") Idioms and colloquialisms 3 (pages 19 – 20) 1. 10. Sure thing (an informal way of saying we agree to do something) 7. Exercise 2 1. take a seat ("Take a seat" means "Sit down") 8. Fire away. D 23. (when we are suddenly no longer worried about something that was troubling us. I 2. 10. Let me lend a hand. 9. E 20. A little bird told me (we say this when we don't want to say who said something to us). 6. 11. relax) 9. My lips are sealed (we say this when we promise to keep a secret. You're welcome (this is another way of saying "Not at all" or "Don't mention it"). 7. 6. N 22. You've got to be kidding! 3. I'm all ears (this means that we are ready to listen to something). Let me sleep on it. Sure. Yes. O 16. but it was nothing really. You really should get a life or You've got to be kidding! 8. I'm a bit tied up for the time being. S 3. 12.) 12. that's too bad (this is another way of saying "Hard luck". It does nothing for me. or won't. K 114 . That'll be the day (this means that we don't believe something will happen. Gesundheit! (this is something we say when someone sneezes. Z 8.Answer key Answer key Idioms and colloquialisms 1 (pages 15 – 16) Here are the most suitable answers: Exercise 1 1. Why not? or You bet! 2. No way! Not a chance! or You've got to be kidding! 5. Couldn't be better (this means that we are very well). I'm keeping my fingers crossed (we say this when we are hoping that something will happen). Thanks. Take care and keep in touch (an expression we use when we will not see somebody for a while). Never mind. 9. Well. Make yourself at home (this is an expression we use when somebody visits our house). M 26. It can't be helped. Y 25. I'd be glad to (this is a polite way of agreeing to do something). 2. C 19. 4. What do you have in mind? 9. or "Tough luck". P 10. Not on your life! (an informal way of saying that we would never do something) 4. W 24. 10. How's it going? (an informal way of asking somebody if something is going well or badly) 2. 5. I'm used to it. I'll say (when we agree completely with somebody) 3. I'm having second thoughts (this means that we will probably change our mind about something we have already agreed to). 8. X 6. V 17. We can also say "And pigs might fly!" or "I'll believe it when I see it") 11. T 4. What a drag! 5. Congratulations (this is another way of saying "Well done"). take it easy. L 15. 3. 3. and we use it to sympathize with someone) 11. 8. 7. You're out of luck. or to calm down. You're welcome. Why not? Go for it! 11. touch wood ("Touch wood" is an expression we use when we hope that something will. Have a good time (we want the person to whom we are speaking to enjoy themselves) 11. a secret) 6. B 12. Q 11. I couldn't care less. How should I know? 4. How's it going? 3. I couldn't agree more. Now you're talking (we say this when somebody suggests something that is more acceptable or enjoyable than something else they have already suggested). 12. That'll teach you! (this means that the person who is complaining has only themselves to blame) Exercise 2 1. 6. Is it any wonder? Idioms and colloquialisms 2 (pages 17 – 18) Exercise 1 1. Rather you than me (this means that we are glad we are not doing something that somebody else is). 8. "Bad luck". 5. A 7. you are in trouble with someone) 12. 2. 4. F 5. R 14. happen) Exercise 3 1. G 13. Don't kill yourself. I'm going to give it all I've got. We can also say "That's a weight off my mind") 5. it's not the end of the world (this means that things are probably not as bad as they seem). U 18. (these are informal ways of telling somebody not to work too hard. 7. Well. a surprise. Oh. 2. The name doesn't ring any bells (this means that you do not recognize the name) 12. 9. Hold on (an informal expression which means "Wait"). J 21. Who let the cat out of the bag? (we say this when we want to know who revealed something that was supposed to be a secret. I'd love to (we say this when we are accepting an offer to do something) 4. So I guess you're in the doghouse again (if you are "in the doghouse". 10. Be my guest (this is a polite way of giving somebody permission to do something). I really don't mind. this is on me (we say this when we are offering to pay for something). Oh well. It's up to you. usually because something is.
parade 13. 2:1 = two to one (when talking about odds and ratios) 23. question 11. love. sixth 9. opportunity. build up 11. June 30 = the thirtieth of June or June thirtieth 7. 1-800-528-4800 = one eight hundred. angry. success. 2006 = two thousand (and) six (some people also say twenty oh six) / 1994 = nineteen ninety four 2. knowledge. opinion. responsibility. five 18. 1099 = ten ninety nine (this is a document that people in the USA send to the IRS – the US tax department – that gives details of the money they have earned during the year other than their salary) 29. leaf 4. four hundred eighteen 28. world 12. fertile 18. criticize. A X P. notes. $200K = two hundred thousand dollars / mid50's = mid-fifties 21. (212) 909-7940 = two one two. $1. difficulty. strange. candle 2. afraid. level 10. and cannot be used by another company for another product) * In British English. laid the foundations 8. self. Alternatively. discover. 999 = nine nine nine / 911 = nine one one / 000 = triple oh 19. $120. © = copyright (the material cannot be copied without permission) 30. people say past in British English 115 . situation. or quarter of four* 5. ® = registered (the name is registered. good 7. 7 days a week) 3. hate. 0. interested. enthusiasm The Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. x 3ft. seven hundred sixty two thousand. intelligence. took root 19.com = at Snailmail dot com 24. intelligence 12. played 5. also called a 4WD or SUV – Sports Utility Vehicle) 26.762. blue 10. ground 15. conversation / discussion 13. deep-rooted 6. knowledge 8. simple. 6ft.99 = one dollar ninety nine (or one dollar and ninety nine cents) 12. one hundred twenty dollars seventy five (or one thousand. close 18. edifice 2. under construction 13. assist 4. quantity.418 = thirty seven million. 4x4 = four by four (a vehicle with four-wheel drive. search. and would normally only be used in more informal spoken situations. argument 2. problem / excitement 15. 2:0 = two zero / 3:3 = three all 27. 27½ = twenty seven and a half 9. ACB81 . conversation. five two eight. picture 9. $100.25/B = ACB eighty one dash (or hyphen) 25 slash (or stroke) B 15. blueprint 10. deceive. problem. nine oh nine. running 16. method. large 17. and email) 25. shop 16. Note that for times before the half hour. people. record 3. one hundred twenty dollars and seventy five cents) 14. honest. important. help. organization. power. discover 9.99 = one hundred dollars ninety nine (or one hundred dollars and ninety nine cents) 13. understand. 37. Note that the words and expressions that come towards the end of each metaphor box are more informal and idiomatic than those at the beginning. collapsed 14. seven nine four oh 16. sow the seeds 3. life. important / unimportant 5. strings 14. break 4. can 11. want. blind 6. ice 14. towering or ground-breaking 9. constructed 4. communicate. track 7. out 8. 10/3 = the third of October / October third (in the USA) or the tenth of March / March the tenth (in the UK). architect 7. worms 3. argument. red 6. tolerance. ground 13. force. relationship. x 3ft. 1-800-AXP-1234 = one eight hundred. confused. intelligence 3. flow Metaphors (pages 23 – 25) Exercise 1 1.Answer key Answer key Idioms and colloquialisms 4 (pages 21 – 22) Exercise 1 1. idea. aim. and you might choose other words which are equally suitable) 1.8% = zero point eight percent 4.75 = one hundred twenty dollars seventy five (or one hundred twenty dollars and seventy five cents) / $1120. 3:45 = three forty five. Numbers and symbols (page 26) 1. time. money. win. language. 24/7 = twenty four seven (= 24 hours a day. sensible. feeling. ruins 16. bull 12. friendly. nose 5. # = pound / 0 = zero / * = star 20. name 2. force 11. weather 15. from which many of the definitions and sample sentences in this exercise have been taken. people say (a) quarter to four. air Exercise 2 1. pressed 8. ¾ = three quarters or three fourths 10. @snailmail. ground-breaking 15. demolished 17. nervous. build on 12. Make a note of those that you think are the most useful. happy. one two three four 18. illness. buttressed 5. guilty. mistake. you could say the third of the tenth 8. secret. proud. stemmed from 20. has very useful sections on metaphors under the following entries: achieve. = six feet by three feet by three feet** 11. nine oh nine. mind. 1800 = eighteen hundred (hours) 6. enthusiasm. GR8 = great / :-) = happy / CUL8R = see you later (informal abbreviations and emoticons*** such as these are commonly used in text messages. four eight oh oh 17. fruitful Exercise 2 (These are suggested answers.75 = One thousand. $6M = six million dollars 22. seven nine four oh or area code two one two. effort. life or career 10. successful / failure 7. opportunity 14. busy. effort 6. and try to use them in your English. ground 17.
:-X to indicate a kiss. entail (we can also say involve) 16. as the gap is preceded by an) 11. fell 15. compelled (in other words. rewarded 12. committed 13. Agnosticism is the name of this belief) 38.10 is ten past four in British English. simplified 7. Jew (the adjective is Jewish) 29. have / need 5. it is a smiling face to show happiness. doubt 10. need (used here as a noun) 17. misuses 14. Islam (the adjective is Islamic) 24. Hindu (this can also be an adjective) 31. anarchist (anarchy is the name for this belief) 16. communism (communist is the adjective and also the word for someone who supports this system) 6. loosened 16. misquoted 3. as it is stronger and suggests that the company has no other choice. superstitious Opposites 1: Verbs (pages 31 – 33) Exercise 1 1. Atheism is the name of this belief) 37. Some computers automatically turn some emoticons into proper faces (for example.S. vegan (vegans practice veganism) 7. declined 23. The adjective is democratic) 23. disapprove 12. Democrat (the second definition uses a lower-case d: democrat. exaggerate 22. open-minded 14. *** :-) is an emoticon. as it suggests the checks must be carried out because of a law: see 2 above) 9. misunderstands 4. 4. and ten after four in American English). essential (vital or imperative could also be used) Opinion. exception 6. A foot is divided into 12 inches. distrust or mistrust 22. uncovered (not discovered) 19. unloaded 12. abandoned 8. optional (not voluntary. misbehave 15. gained 25. misjudged 2. attitude and belief (pages 28 – 30) Exercise 1 1. extended 21. dogmatic 15. Emoticons take the form of a face on its side. as these cannot be followed with by) 2. Also. regarding 7. disproved 21. opinion 3. unfolded 20. misdiagnosing 6. as these must be followed with to) 6. obliged / required 13. Christianity 26. convinced is fanatic) 9. he felt that people were putting pressure on him to make him leave. racist (This can also be an adjective. agnostic (This can also be an adjective. suspect 5. concealed 20. fascism (someone who believes in fascism is a fascist) 36. egalitarian 35. stoical (a person who is stoical is a stoic) 17. exempt 8. forbade 11. opinionated 21. unlock 16. Mandatory (this is better than Compulsory. disqualified 7. Buddhism (a follower of this religion is a Buddhist) 33. Christian (this can also be an adjective) 27. succeeded 17. withdrew 9.K. Obligation and option (page 27) 1. postponed 18. Judaism 28. bigoted (a person who is bigoted is a bigot) 18. as the gap is preceded by a. as this must be followed with to) 4. set 14. :-|| to show anger. not an) 10. demolished 6. abolished 26. tolerant 11. Other emoticons include :-( to show unhappiness. :-0 to show surprise. miscalculated 11. Taoism (a follower of this belief is a Taoist) 34. liable (not obliged or compelled. compulsory 3. capitalism (capitalist is the adjective and also the word for someone who supports this system adjective and also the word for someone who supports this system) 5. concerned 2. socialism (socialist is the adjective and also the word for someone who supports this system) 4. displeased 9. The political system is a democracy. denied 3. middle-of-the-road 10. Sikhism (a follower of this religion is a Sikh) 32. :-@ to show fear. maintains 4. conservative 8. dislike 116 . alternative (used as part of an expression: "We have no alternative but to…") 12. vegetarian (vegetarians practice vegetarianism) 8. deteriorated 10. voluntary (not optional. refused 4. disapproved 23. Hinduism 30.A. a symbol that shows emotion. Republican (the second definition uses a lower-case r: republican) 22. fanatical (the noun Exercise 2 1.Answer key Answer key and after in American English (for example. misplaced 18. lend 19. intellectual (this can also be an adjective) 2. In this case. traditional 11. disconnecting 5. cynic (the adjective is cynical) 39. disobeyed Down 1. moderate (this can also be an adjective) 20. required (not mandatory or compulsory. rejected 2. pacifist 40. which is equal to about 30cm. replenished 24. moral 12. obsessive 9. obligation (note the adjective form of obliged / obligation = obligatory) 14. obliged and compelled are usually used when somebody makes somebody else do something) 7. and the U. pragmatic (a person who is pragmatic is a pragmatist) 19. forced (this is better than obliged or compelled. attacked 5. royalist (this can also be an adjective) 3. atheist (atheistic is the adjective. lowered 13. disagree 13. and use standard punctuation symbols and letters. Muslim (this can also be an adjective) 25. must (not have. discontinuing 8. ** A foot is a unit of measurement used in the U. by entering :-). the computer automatically makes a ☺). hired Exercise 2 Across 2. We could also use obliged) 15. disallowed 17. misrepresent 10. Racism is the name for this attitude) 13.
Answer key
Answer key
Opposites 2: Adjectives (pages 34 – 35) Exercise 1 1. clear 2. easy 3. graceful 4. detrimental 5. approximate 6. innocent 7. even 8. scarce 9. flexible 10. considerable 11. crude 12. delicate 13. dim 14. compulsory 15. reluctant 16. archaic 17. worthwhile 18. vibrant 19. tedious 20. spontaneous 21. intricate 22. worthless 23. negligible 24. feasible 25. commonplace 26. problematic 27. smooth 28. artificial Exercise 2 Task 1 unacceptable inaccurate inadequate disadvantaged disagreeable unattractive unauthorized unavoidable unbelievable uncertain uncomfortable incompetent incomplete unconscious discontented unconvincing incorrect incurable uneven unfair unfashionable dishonest disinclined illegal unlimited illiterate illogical unmarried immature immoral immortal disobedient disorganized impatient imperfect impersonal impossible improper impure unqualified (disqualified is a verb which means to make someone not able to do something: "He was disqualified from driving for a year") irrational irregular irrelevant irreplaceable irresistible irresolute irresponsible unsatisfactory dissatisfied insufficient unwelcome Note that adjectives which end with -ful are usually made into their opposite form by changing -ful to -less (thoughtful = thoughtless, useful = useless, etc.). Helpful is one exception to this rule (the opposite is unhelpful. Helpless has a different meaning, and means not able to do anything) Task 2 1. D (= disinclined) inadequate)
2. B (= dishonest)
3. C (= insufficient)
4. A (= irresponsible)
5. C (= unconvincing)
Phrasal verbs 1 (pages 36 – 37) Exercise 1 1. bring up 2. face up to 3. call off 4. count on 5. catch up with 9. fell out 10. find out 11. grow up 12. keep up with 13. leaves out up 17. fall behind 18. cut down on
6. die down 7. drop out of 8. figure out 14. pointed out 15. look into 16. brought
Exercise 2 1. taken over 2. put forward 3. pull through 4. done away with 5. look into 6. carry out 7. went, kept, or carried on 8. wear off 9. turn up 10. picked up 11. put across 12. ran into 13. set…back 14. look back on 15. turned out 16. turned away 17. works out to 18. cut off
Phrasal verbs 2 (pages 38 – 39) Exercise 1 1. get 2. look or go 3. get 4. get or come 5. look 6. go 7. get look 13. get 14. give 15. came 16. go 17. get 18. go
8. went
9. look
10. look
11. came
Exercise 2 1. came or went 2. give 3. go or look 4. get 5. came 6. get 7. give 8. go come 12. getting 13. comes 14. get 15. give 16. look 17. give 18. got
9. come or go
10. came
Phrasal verbs 3 (pages 40 – 42) Across: 1. put down 5. talk…around 6. take after 7. running up against 9. turn out 10. picked on 11. opt out 16. turned up 19. set off 20. run up 22. set aside (or put aside) 24. take to 28. take up 30. held up 32. engaged in 36. set off 37. factoring in 38. running out 39. handing in Down: 1. put aside (set aside – see 22 across – has the same meaning, but would not work in the crossword grid) 2. take in 3. add up to 4. taken in 6. turned down 8. put up with 12. taken apart 13. set…against 14. make out 15. made up 17. ran for 18. pick up 21. make up for 23. set up 25. kick in 26. stemmed from 27. pull out 29. shut out of 31. bring about 33. gone down with 34. break into 35. went for
Answer key
Answer key
Prefixes (pages 43 – 44) Exercise 1 1. (k) 2. (i) 3. (j) 4. (e) 5. (b) 6. (l) 7. (f) 8. (a) 9. (g) 10. (c) 11. (h) 12. m 13. (d) 14. (f)
Exercise 2 1. postgraduate 2. monotonous 3. uniform 4. translate 5. semifinal (sometimes written as two words: semi final) 6. intermission or interval 7. cohesion 8. teleconference 9. biannual 10. biennial 11. circumference 12. autobiography 13. postpone 14. circumvent 15. microscope 16. unique 17. premature 18. substandard 19. cohabit 20. microorganism (sometimes written as two words: micro organism) 21. transmutes 22. monopoly 23. predetermined 24. bilingual 25. autonomy 26. transient 27. subordinate 28. semi-precious (note that some words which are modified by semi are hyphenated: semi-skilled, semi-permanent, semi-conscious, etc.) Note: Rather confusingly, a biweekly magazine can either be a magazine that is published once every two weeks, or twice a week. This also applies to publications which are bimonthly. To avoid confusion, we can say that magazines that are published twice a week or twice a month are semi-weekly or semi-monthly.
Presenting an argument (page 45) Exercise 1 The best order is: 1. A 16. P
When you are asked to present an argument (e.g., in an essay), you should always look at it from two sides, giving reasons why you agree and disagree before reaching a conclusion. It is usually best to present your strongest argument in favor of something just before you write the conclusion. Other words and expressions which you might find useful include: I believe that despite this in spite of this also thirdly I think finally on the contrary at any rate notwithstanding for all that even if
in conclusion nonetheless
Pronouns and determiners (pages 46 – 47) Exercise 1 1. there 2. their 3. it 4. them (used when we do not specify if the caller was male or female) 5. himself 6. they 7. that 8. which 9. it 10. their 11. its (do not confuse the possessive its with it's, which is a contraction of it is or it has) 12. There 13. that 14. them 15. which 16. itself 17. it 18. they 19. those 20. itself Exercise 2 1. that or which (alternatively, you could leave the space blank. That or which, when used as pronouns in defining relative clauses such as this, can be left out when they are the object of the relative clause) 2. whose 3. there 4. themselves 5. which 6. those 7. their 8. that 9. which 10. those 11. them 12. its 13. theirs 14. they 15. whose 16. that or which (or leave this space blank – see number 1 above) 17. ourselves 18. itself 19. them 20. themselves
Similar meanings: Adjectives 1 (pages 48 – 49) 1. abrupt 2. robust 3. rudimentary 4. nominal 5. conventional 6. curious 7. expert 8. remote 9. absurd 10. compatible 11. legitimate 12. rigid 13. placid 14. narrow 15. covert 16. negligible 17. hazardous 18. contemporary 19. enduring 20. exceptional 21. outlandish 22. prompt 23. outdated 24. prospective 25. comprehensive 26. adequate 27. steady 28. dramatic 29. thriving 30. complex 31. inventive 32. potent 33. radical 34. shallow 35. erratic 36. fertile 37. even 38. crucial / indispensable 39. varied. 40. crucial / indispensable 41. toxic 42. incisive 43. finite 44. widespread 45. resolute 46. coarse
Similar meanings: Adjectives 2 (page 50) 1. concise 2. handsome 3. archaic 4. risky 5. abundant 6. chaotic 10. integral 11. scrupulous 12. tenacious 13. industrious 14. credible The word in the shaded vertical strip is characteristic. 7. tedious 8. evident 9. rampant
Answer key
Answer key
Similar meanings: Nouns (pages 51 – 53) Exercise 1 1. agenda / schedule 2. accommodations / housing 3. discipline / order 4. assistance / help 5. drop / decline 6. faults / defects 7. opposition / resistance 8. proof / evidence 9. discount / reduction 10. proximity / closeness 11. appointment / meeting 12. acclaim / praise 13. work / employment 14. benefits / advantages 15. requirements / prerequisites 16. means (note that in this context, means is always used in the plural) / method 17. poll / survey 18. victory / triumph 19. fallacy / misconception 20. appeal / petition Exercise 2 1. protest / demonstration 2. code / rules 3. liability / responsibility 4. choices / options 5. overview / (short) description 6. magnitude / importance 7. cooperation / collaboration 8. valid / good 9. zenith / peak 10. questions / queries 11. characteristics / features (with illnesses, we can also say symptoms) 12. problems / complications 13. strategy / plan 14. priority / precedence 15. alterations / changes 16. winner / victor 17. component / element 18. discussion / deliberation 19. results / consequences 20. admission / access Exercise 3 1. reviews / write-ups 2. advent / appearance 3. charisma / (personal) appeal 4. category / classification 5. ending / termination 6. inventions (or achievements) / innovations 7. numbers / concentrations 8. specialist / expert 9. backing / support 10. notion / idea 11. parts / components 12. achievement / accomplishment 13. ultimatum / final demand 14. disparity / difference 15. proceeds / earnings 16. argument / dispute 17. amenities / facilities 18. display / exhibit 19. implication / suggestion 20. reflection / sign Note that many of the words in this exercise might have another meaning if used in a different context. Use a dictionary to check which ones. When you keep a written record of words that you learn, you might find it useful to put them into related groups. This would include putting words with the same or a similar meaning together. Remember that you should also record words in context (in other words, you should show how they work in a sentence with other words) Similar meanings: Verbs 1 (pages 54 – 56) Across: 2. direct 4. assume 5. attain 6. detect 11. reveal 12. assert 13. resist 14. refine 15. evolve 16. convey 19. settle 21. relate 23. submit 25. change 27. baffle 29. answer 32. verify 33. enrich 35. remove 36. exceed 37. derive Down: 1. accuse 3. handle 7. create 8. elicit 9. forbid 10. hasten 12. affect 14. refuse 17. gather (usually used in the passive form: "Under the college rules, students are obliged to refrain…") 20. endure 24. misuse 26. assist 28. launch 30. mirror 31. demand 34. permit
18. oblige 22. obtain
Note that some of the words above could have a different meaning in another context. For example, in number 8 down, elicit has a similar meaning to obtain. In another context, it could mean "to make someone react in a particular way" (for example, "His comments elicited a positive response from everyone in the room"). This is one reason why you should always record the new words that you meet in context, and with an example that shows how they are used. That way, when you use these words yourself, you use them correctly. A good dictionary with sample sentences is extremely useful in this respect.
Similar meanings: Verbs 2 (pages 57 – 59) Exercise 1 1. crush 2. heighten 3. attract 4. replacing 5. exemplifies 6. supported 7. recover 8. explain 10. achieve 11. prevented 12. portray 13. measure 14. encourage 15. highlight 16. hastened Exercise 2 1. proved 2. solve 3. increase 4. include 5. dictated 6. forfeit 7. created 8. control 10. produce 11. suspect 12. protect 13. constrained 14. accepted 15. check 16. exhibit Exercise 3 1. realized 9. manage
9. exhaust
9. encouraging
2. prospered 10. examined
3. surpassed 4. understood 5. improved 6. address 7. relating 8. originated 11. remove 12. supposed 13. produce 14. achieve 15. settled 16. build
criticize 4. eradicated 9. millennium 25. summarize 7. launched / took off 12. the government's anti-smoking campaign has failed to have any long-term effects. Exercise 3 It is becoming increasingly difficult for many to find decent accommodations in Los Angeles at a price they can afford. kick off (= informal) 24. Teachers should encourage their students to practice* all the relevant language skills. turn…down 20. this hasn't prevented the big tobacco companies spending vast amounts of money on advertising. hoping to achieve both fluency and accuracy. reversible 2. compare 13. deleted 3. set up or established / shut down 6.Answer key Answer key Note that while all of these words have a similar meaning to the underlined words in the sentences. liaison 10. arisen 25. discontinued 22. tendency 11. assess 17. 120 . freeze 21. and the only people benefiting from it are the Treasury Department. weird 22. achievement 24. Of course. Exercise 2 It is arguable whether good pronunciation is more important than good grammar and vocabulary. In British English. analyze 13. predict 18. estimate 5. canceled 2. define 15. irresistible 23. outline 3. quit (= informal) or resign / fired (= informal) or dismissed 19. * Practice is a noun and a verb in American English. abolish 23. Conscientious students balance their acquisition of these skills. outbreak 5. embarrass 13. independent 27. suspended 13. harassment Starting and stopping (pages 61 – 62) The words in the box are: abolish arise back out cancel cease closure delete deter discontinue dismiss dissuade embark eradicate establish expel fire freeze inception initiate kick off launch outbreak phase in phase out quash quit resign retire set off shut down suppress suspend take off take up terminate turn down 1. Organizations such as Home Front can offer advice. inception / closure 16. embarking or setting off 7. supersede 28. 21. questionnaire 18. temporary housing for lower-paid professionals is the only official acknowledgment of this problem. but it is widely agreed that the situation is no longer manageable. indispensable 8. suppress or quash 8. practice is the noun and practise is the verb. identify 4. minuscule 19. integrate 20. 15. The use of the task command words in the exercise help to shorten and simplify the original sentences. this is part of a phrasal verb: to elaborate on) 10. definitely 12. ceased 17. account (in this context. professional 3. necessary 5. this is part of a phrasal verb: to account for) 12. deter or prevent 10. discuss 14. evaluate 11. elaborate (in this context. not all of them could be used to replace those words without partly changing the meaning of the sentence. illustrate 16. backed out or pulled out 4. separate 17. dissuade / initiated 11. argue 8. most people just don't have the necessary funds. responsible 16. retiring 18. referring 9. the some doctors have said that they may refuse to treat persistent smokers. expelled Task commands (pages 63 – 64) Across: 2. 14. Spelling (page 60) Exercise 1 Apart from condemning tobacco companies and raising the price of cigarettes. The fact that the LA city council is building cheap. examine Down: 1. To put it simply. occurrence 26. trace 9. perceive 7. beginning 6. justify 6. Exercise 4 1. Meanwhile. demonstrate Note that many of the first sentences in each sentence pair in this exercise sound rather long and "awkward". phased in / phased out 15. took up 14.
= (s) or (f): to make some of your time available for a particular purpose. 15. modest 14. he had to study the language) 2. the phone rang / We were working when the phone rang) 2. consideration 14. impossible 16. features 9. 1. solution 19. = (t): a spoken expression used for saying that someone should do something now. responsibility 4. Afterward Exercise 2 The past: in medieval times back in the 1990s in those days a few decades ago at the turn of the century in my childhood / youth last century from 1996 to 1998 The past leading to the present: ever since over the past six weeks lately for the past few months The present: as things stand nowadays at this moment in time at this point in history these days The future: for the next few weeks one day from now on over the coming weeks and months in another five years' time by the end of this year for the foreseeable future sooner or later Exercise 3 1. estimate 29. = (n): earlier than necessary. = (a): someone or something that is in a time warp seems old-fashioned because they have not changed when other people and things have changed. We can also say After. Previously 6. Also the first time around. effect 7. = (c): used for saying that something is strange or surprising. criticism 18. = (p): to make time seem to pass more quickly by doing something instead of just waiting. During the concert. positive 19. qualification 22. = (d): used for talking about what will happen at some future time. = (m): much more modern or advanced than other people or things. respect 31. the third time around. 11. prior to (this expression is usually followed by a noun or by an -ing verb. judgment 28. evidence 33. = (i): a spoken expression used for saying that you will know in the future whether something is true or right. severe 8. = (q): to make some of your time available for a particular purpose. 17. important 10. When is usually used to talk about short actions: While we were working. career 12. / I slept throughout) 3. = (o): to like someone or something a lot. major 12. realistic 22. advice 12. project 30. 7. material 13. agreement 16. = (k): for a long period of time. lengthy 11. 9. Word association 1: Adjectives (pages 67 – 68) 1. This expression is often used in the negative. In the meantime / Meanwhile 4. accident 3. Following / After the movie. critical 4. investigation 23. etc. false 7. = (r): used for telling someone to hurry. = (j): to change and become modern. 20. = (e): an expression that s usually spoken. difficulty 21. 1. lesson 6. popular Word association 2: Nouns (Pages 69 – 71) Across: 1. precede 5. contribution 13. = (b): usually. behavior 10. By the time 3. 16. sequence 27. 19. which means that you are annoyed because something has happened later than it should. At that very moment Part 3. 13. suggestion 15. we went home) 2. essential 6. 14. progress 121 .Answer key Answer key Time (pages 65 – 66) Exercise 1 Part 1. = (g): for the present. instead of waiting to do it later. accent 8. opportunity 25. 10. Following (this word is always followed by a noun. 4. objective 18. Throughout can be used on its own. = (l): the second time that something happens. As soon as / Once / The minute that (these words and expressions are always followed by an action: As soon as the lecture ended. Formerly / Previously 4. Previously / Earlier Part 2. instruction 17. 6. reason Down: 2. appeal 32. particular 9. 2. = (f): used for talking about things that happen fairly often. background 5. noticeable 15. method 26. careful 2. 1. While / As / Just as (While is usually used to talk about long actions. we left the building) 3. guess 11. but not often. rational 21. I fell asleep. description 24. permission 20. For example: Prior to visiting to country. During / Throughout (During must always be followed by a noun. 8. central 3. damaging 5. = (h): sometimes. 18. interested 17. medicine 34. rapid 20. 5. 12. 3.
similarities 9. argue 4. Exercise 3 1.. oppose 5. 6. influence 2. solution ( from solve) 5. approve 2. highlight 7. fight The word in the shaded vertical strip is negotiate. could also go in the section below) behave = behavior promote = promotion refuse = refusal survive = survival (or survivor. emphasis (from emphasize) 4. fall The word in the shaded vertical strip is reinforce. underline 8. change 8.Answer key Answer key Word association 3: Verbs (pages 72 – 74) Exercise 1 1. e. restrictions 8. safety 16. encourage The word in the shaded vertical strip is undermine. differ 6. combat 7. convenience 12. flexibility 15. settle 5. then add 4 letters: provide = provision persuade = persuasion abolish = abolition decide = decision qualify = qualification apply = application notify = notification imply = implication recognize = recognition Remove 1 letter. devise 8. relaxation 14. 3. Exercise 2 1. charisma 22. profession 19. scrutiny (from scrutinize) 6. confidence 6. acquisition (from acquire) 9. then add 5 letters: consume = consumption admire = admiration permit = permission determine = determination compete = competition argue = argument assure = assurance intervene = intervention expand = expansion produce = production negotiate = negotiation expose = exposure supervise = supervision (supervisor. object 3. conclude 9. loss Word forms 2: Nouns from adjectives (pages 77 – 78) Exercise 1 1. subscription (from subscribe) 7. responsibility 17. accuracy 18. dismiss 4. undertake 9. a person who supervises. difference 21. highlight 7.g. criticism (from criticize) 8. abandon 5. uncover 9. listen 3. then add 7 letters: identify = identification Remove 1 letter. maintenance (from maintain) The verb / noun in the shaded strip is compromise. value 2. overcome Word forms 1: Nouns from verbs (pages 75 – 76) Exercise 1 Remove 2 letters. complications 20. thirst 4. expense 7. addiction 122 . somebody who survives) arrive = arrival rehearse = rehearsal respond = response fail = failure coincide = coincidence prohibit = prohibition warn = warning suggest = suggestion Remove 1 letter. necessity 13. choice (from choose) 2. inspire 2. obtain 3. discuss 4. then add 4 letters: Remove 1 letter. certainty 10. honesty 5. absenteeism (or absence) 11. deserve 6. then add 2 letters: Add 3 letters: Add 4 letters: disturb = disturbance attend = attendance require = requirement manage = management (a manager is somebody who manages. taste 3. then add 3 letters: Remove 1 letter. proof (from prove) (from lose) 10. a company or department) prefer = preference sign = signature expect = expectation recommend = recommendation consult = consultation relax = relaxation Add 5 letters: Exercise 2 1.
then add 2 letters: aggressive = aggression creative = creation appreciative = appreciation Remove 2 letters: functional = function logical = logic optional = option Remove 1 letter. brought up 4. only / if. to / no / of 2. divorced 3. well-adjusted / running wild or rebellious 8. that / as / of / anyone or everyone 15. SAT 3. be / on 7. creative / imaginative / admirable 19. avoidable / careless (not careful) 18. then add 3 letters: considerate = consideration mature = maturity secure = security Remove 1 letter. Between / from / they / to 9. separated / divorced 5. inventive / changeable 8. repetitive / boring 5. then add 5 letters: able = ability available = availability compatible = compatibility Remove 2 letters. extended family / nuclear family 14. give / until / two / these 2. Unless / on or for 8. overprotective 15. running wild 8. promotional / inspiring 2. formative years 2. or / most / near / that or which 10. minor 3. juvenile delinquency 10. Raise / bring up 13. investigation 25. upbringing 7. least / more / because or as or since / had 3. of / to / a / on 7. until / would. Constitution (note that this particular example begins with a capital letter) 26. most or some / near 6. kindergarten / grade / elementary school 123 . foster family / foster child / foster 6. ago / used or had / These 3. which / the / one / the 5. spite / managed 10. Between / almost or about or over 5. approachable / frightening 10. prospectus / enroll (the British-English spelling is enrol) 7. lenient 14. juvenile 7. adopt 10. then add 2 letters: convenient = convenience sufficient = sufficiency true = truth Add 2 letters: bored = boredom loyal = loyalty warm = warmth Add 3 letters: familiar = familiarity popular = popularity punctual = punctuality Add 4 letters: aware = awareness serious = seriousness weak = weakness Word forms 3: Adjectives from verbs (page 79) 1. the / where 15. at / many / would 9. rectifiable / preferable 14. This / on 11. by / had 14. continual (= stopping and starting ) / continuous (without stopping) 9. well-adjusted 13. restricted / valid 16. attractive / excellent 21. could or might / they / to / or 6. contradictory / enthusiastic 22. strict / authoritarian / lenient 15. the or a / in / where 8. innovative / impressive 3. then add 3 letters: confused = confusion deep = depth hot = heat Remove 2 letters. Physical education 9. helpful / supportive / dependable 13. correspondence course / night class / day release 2. even 4. specific / occupational 20. foster family 5. justification Exercise 2 Remove 4 letters: comfortable = comfort fashionable = fashion systematic = system Remove 3 letters. adolescence 9. siblings 12. convincing / critical 11. what / from / was / at or on 14. extended Education (pages 84 – 85) Exercise 1 1. faculty 8. public school / private school / fees* 10. Adolescence / adolescent 2. siblings 4. single-parent family 17. with / made 13. By / had / that / off 16. dependent (note that in British English. on / be / little or lot / now 12. inclusive / competitive 12.Answer key Answer key 23. active / preferable Working words (pages 80 – 81) Exercise 1 1. wasteful / obligatory 4. with / did / made Children and the family (pages 82 – 83) Exercise 1 1. at or in / for / in 13. then add 3 letters: high = height long = length strong = strength Remove 3 letters. teenager 11. excited / doubtful 6. voluntary / constructive 17. then add 1 letter: optimistic = optimism pessimistic = pessimism realistic = realism (reality is also a noun form) Remove 2 letters. who / just or recently 12. reality 24. provided or providing / least / unless 11. lecture / subject or topic / lecturer / seminar / tutorial / tutor 5. dependents 18. infant / infancy 12. lesson / class (in either order) 4. formative years 9. with / from / This / on 4. the noun is dependant) Exercise 3 1. decisive / active 7. Literacy / Numeracy 6. responsible 11. been / for / no / it Exercise 2 1. negotiable / refundable 15. authoritarian / strict 6. nuclear family 16.
graduate school 17. overdraft 6. broadcasts or programs 9. documentaries 10. diet / fat farm / exercise 4. websites 12. fat / cholesterol 12. on credit 12. overdraft Exercise 3 1. read between the lines 3. entertainment or information 15. night class 19. degree 15. invasion of privacy 4. doctorate 18. Organic / Free range / Genetically modified (GM) 5. skills 2 / 3. discount 17. elementary 6. check 17. reality TV 23. mortgage 20. current affairs 5. a public school is a free local school controlled and paid for by the government. Internet 11. broadsheets 3. kindergarten / elementary school 5. balance 6. correspondence course 21. slander (this can also be a verb: to slander someone) / slanderous / libel (this can also be a verb: to libel someone) / libelous 2. media tycoon (also called a media baron) 9. minerals / vitamins (in either order) 4 / 5. physical education 12. scarcity 8. check book journalism 20. borrow 2. check book journalism 12. withdraw 14. salmonella / listeria (in either order) 17. freedom of the press Money and finance (pages 90 – 91) Exercise 1 1. literacy / numeracy (in either order) 4. Calories / Protein / Calcium / Carbohydrates 3. eating disorder / bulimia / anorexia (these last two in either order) 6. shares 20.K. graduate / graduate school / higher degree 13. genetically modified 14. balanced diet 12. a public school is a school for children whose parents pay for their education. food intolerance / allergy / allergic Exercise 2 1. borrow 3. savings and loan association 10. in the black 7. invasion of privacy 17. reporters or journalists 7. with the result that broadsheet is not used so much any more. calories 13.Answer key Answer key / grade school 11. debit 18. reality TV 10. informed 2. dumbing down 22.S. expenditure 2. organic 15 / 16. savings and loan association 19.. coverage 4. mature 22. fiber 11. tabloids 8. overcharged 15. receipt 8. download 13. save 16. gutter press 16. fast food 2 / 3. inflation 8. airtime / coverage / readership Exercise 3 1. invest 18. overweight / obese / obesity / diabetes / heart disease 9. salmonella / listeria (in either order) / food poisoning 10. unscrupulous 21. economize 14. cost of living 9. refund 4. journalists or reporters 6. information or entertainment 14. exorbitant 10. Fiber (spelt fibre in British English) / fat / saturated / monosaturated 2. reductions 15. priceless 7. bargain 124 . loss 9. food poisoning The media (pages 88 – 89) Exercise 1 1.. food groups 11. journalist / reporter (also known as a correspondent) 7. discipline 8. opportunity Food and diet (pages 86 – 87) Exercise 1 1. graduate 13. fat / carbohydrates (in either order) 6. junior high school / middle school (in either order) / high school 14. qualifications 10. semester / quarter *Note that in the U. libel 19. loan 3. interest 11. paparazzi 18. Fast food / junk food / nutritious 8. malnutrition 7. priceless 13. online 24. invest 11. subject 16. pass 9. documentary / current affairs 11. It is becoming increasingly common to refer to the old broadsheets as quality papers. secondary 7. frugal or economical 16. salary 12. bankrupt 5. Exercise 3 1. dumbing down 6. In the U. income 4. broadsheet / tabloid / gutter press / tabloid TV (note that several newspapers that were previously printed on large sheets of paper are now printed on smaller sheets of paper. syllabus 12. exorbitant 13. expenditure 5. and tabloids as popular papers) 5. acquire 11. vegetarian / vegan 7.A. balanced diet 10. higher 14. censorship / restrictions 25. day release 20. censorship (the verb is to censor) 8. stocks 19. harvest 9.
Wrong. 13. Park and ride 15. Wrong. a traffic school is a school where drivers are sent to correct their bad driving (usually offered as an alternative to another form of punishment such as a fine or prison sentence when the driver has done something dangerous or caused an accident). Correct. emissions / gases / fumes 8. in some cases and at some times. by building raised areas across roads). emissions / fossil fuels 13. The interstate is a wide road with several lanes of traffic going in each direction. Fatalities are people who are killed in accidents on the road. bicycles). conservation programs 18. It is a British-English expression that is becoming more widely used in the USA. genetically modified (often shortened to GM) 9. technophobes 11. migration 10. Trafficcalming 14. global warming 5. cycle lanes 17. Back out is another expression for to reverse (to move a car backward). traffic light 9 / 10. speeding 4. technophiles 10. breakthrough 5. Correct. 7. Wrong. A scientist who studies living things is a biologist) 4. Acid rain 11. 9. contaminated 7. injuries / fatalities (in either order) 3. Rush hour is the time of day when there are a lot of vehicles on the road because most people are traveling to or from work. crosswalks 8. traffic-free zone / pedestrian mall 16. prospects 2. 11. Research (this can also be a verb: to research) 12. experiment 17. erosion 6. Correct. 125 . Innovation (the verb is to innovate. biodegradable packaging 13. Wrong. Biology (the adjective is biological. technophobe (the fear or distrust of technology is called technophobia. experiment (this can also be a verb: to experiment. biodegradable packaging 3. cybernetics 12. safeguards 14. ecosystem 11. poaching 9. genetically modified 14. Wrong. Wrong. A sidewalk is an area to the side of a road where people can walk. 10. contaminated (or polluted) 14. depopulation 7. A traffic-free zone is an area where you cannot drive a vehicle (including. greenhouse gases 4. unleaded gas 10. genetic engineering 15. endangered species 10. amenities The word that fits in the grid is cosmopolitan. Genetic engineering 2. 8. research 9. Correct. green belts On the road (pages 95 – 96) Exercise 1 1. fossil fuels 2. innovations / inventions 4. urban (the opposite is rural) 12. 5. technocrat 11. 3. traffic school Science and technology (pages 97 – 98) Exercise 1 1. Traffic calming refers to methods used to slow down traffic in towns and cities (for example. modified 8. Correct. pedestrians 7. 12. geneticist 9. speed limit 5.Answer key Answer key Nature and the environment (pages 93 – 94) Exercise 1 1. control Town and country (pages 99 – 100) Exercise 1 (the letters in bold show you the letters that need to go in the grid) 1. analyzed 16. dominate 20. In the USA. discovered 2. organic 15. rainforest 6. Global warming Exercise 3 1. recycle 12. life expectancy 3. 6. Life expectancy 15. outskirts 6. rain forest 5. A technophile is someone who is very enthusiastic about technology) 5. unleaded gas 16. drunk driving 6. organic 8. Wrong. melting pot 9. metropolis 3. environmentalists 17. stressful 11. The adjective is experimental) 14. subsidized 18. fines 19. Exercise 3 1 / 2. nuclear engineering 13. breakthrough 6. black spot 12. acid rain 3. 4. transport strategy 13. congestion 8. 2. environmentalists 15. congestion / pollution (in either order) 11. greenhouse gases / CFC gases 4. Information technology 7. infrastructure 4. battery farming 19. Internet 7. The adjective is innovative) Exercise 3 1. built for fast travel over long distances as part of a national road system. 14. commuter 5. invented 6. e-mail 8. recycle 7. Cybernetics 10. Correct 16. Part of its operating costs are paid for by the government or a local authority. green belt 2. Correct 15. Wrong. ecosystem 12. Wrong. safeguard (this can also be a verb: to safeguard) 3. Cryogenics 13.
unsociable hours 15. usually between countries. increment / raise 21. metropolis 2. congestion / traffic jams 11. False. country. self-employed . deported 19. pay for their hotel when they arrive at their destination. No. population explosion 15. check in 6. town. all-inclusive 10. mass tourism 8. They are doing something that is illegal: trafficking involves buying and selling things such as drugs and weapons illegally.) 14.: see number 16) 11. semi-skilled 4. drug abuse / street crime 16. in a factory or a mine) and a white-collar worker works in an office 7.) and does not usually rely on an agency 9.. accommodation. ecotourism 11. pension 23. Ecotourism (also called green tourism or sometimes responsible tourism) 12. 15. etc. The person who does this is called a freelancer) Exercise 3 1. job security 9. coach class (called economy or tourist class in British English) / first class / business class (sometimes also called by other names. but wants to live and work there: a green card is an official document that allows them to do this. It makes some of its workers redundant (=it gets rid of some of its workers) because it no longer needs them 8. applicant 2. hiring 11. A person who is not from the U. An independent traveler books different aspects of their trip separately (for example. sickness benefit 22. urban sprawl 21. their visa for that country has expired. A refugee is someone who leaves their country because they have to (usually because of a war or other threatening event). A safari is a journey taken in order to watch or take pictures of wild animals 14. white-collar 7. disembark 8. including Club Class) 6. your place of work might be unhealthy or dangerous.Answer key 126 Answer key Exercise 3 1. fired 5. together and in advance. perks 9. productive land / cultivation / arable land 20. you are sent out of the country you are in (maybe because you have done something wrong) 7.A. prospects 19. A travel agent is someone whose job is to help people plan holidays and make travel arrangements (they usually work for a travel agency). Repetitive strain injury (usually abbreviated to RSI) 4. 13. manufacturing industries 6. employees 2. cultural events 6. travel agent 2. coach class 7. An expatriate is someone who chooses to live and work in another country 10. transfers. you leave a job because (for example) you want a different job or because you are not happy with the company you are working for 12. where they pay for all flights. When you resign. inner city 17. package tour 3. environment Travel (pages 101 – 102) Exercise 1 1. pollution 12. stress 13. freelance (This can also be a verb: to freelance. perks 19. incentive 20. etc. Persona non grata is a Latin expression that is used in English. No. independent travelers 4. A package tourist goes on a package tour. cost of living 13. or their passport is no longer valid) 2. increment 6. A tour operator is a company that organizes holiday tours and then sells them. immigration 17. infrastructure 7. you might not have much job security. commuters 8. usually through a travel agency. Someone who has been repatriated has been sent back from one country to the country that is legally their own (possibly because they have been deported – see number 6). demanding 14. It is most commonly used to refer to someone who is not allowed in a country because they do not have formal permission to be there (for example. UNHCR = United Nations High Commission for Refugees. culture shock 16. promotion 18. internally displaced 13. etc. internally displaced Exercise 3 1. A blue-collar worker does work that involves physical strength or skill with their hands (for example. steady job 10. service industries 8.S. If you are deported. firing 12. Sick building syndrome is a medical condition that affects people who work in buildings where the air is not healthy 10. repetitive strain injury 16. cosmopolitan 3. blue-collar 5. expatriates 15. amenities / facilities 5. A cruise is a journey on a ship for pleasure. rural 18. Your work conditions are bad (for example. they might book their flight on the Internet. culture shock 3. unskilled 3. checking in 20. When you retire. economic migrants 14. 16. visas 5. mass tourism 9.. but the first is usually paid daily or weekly and the second is usually paid monthly 3. Central Business District 9. A wage and a salary are both money you receive for doing a job. excursion 5. urban 4. False. a steady job 11. usually through a travel agency. refugees 12. You would probably not be happy. excursion Work (pages 103 – 104) Exercise 1 1. etc. 4. especially one that involves visiting a series of places. rush hour / peak periods 10. you stop working because you have reached a particular age. the department of the United Nations that deals with the problem of refugees (see number 9) and other displaced people (= people who have been forcibly moved from their home. persona non grata 18. then get a taxi from the airport to their hotel. salary 17. service industries 13. building sites 14.
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