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Actress Alia Bhatt is currently shooting for Gauri Shinde's next opposite superstar Shah Rukh Khan. The film which went on floors in January, also stars four more male leads and their names have been revealed. According to Mumbai Mirror, the 'Kapoor & Sons' actress will be seen romanci
Baaki Main Bhool - Action Replayy Full HD Song Video
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Aditya Roy Kapoor
Aditya Roy Kapur and Shraddha Kapoor will shoot an intense love-making scene for their upcoming film, 'OK Jaanu'. "It is the moment of reckoning, so to speak," reveals a source close to the project. "Aditya and Shraddha would have to get very comfortable with one another for this particular love-
Actress Shraddha Kapoor, who was reported to have been roped in for a film opposite Sanjay Dutt, has refuted the reports as rumours. Shraddha and Sanjay were reported to be starring together in a film about an unusual love story between a middle-aged man and a young girl.
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Big Bad Booty Daddy
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Comments Thread For: Ricky Burns Praises Vazquez, Talks Broner-Rees, More
WBO lightweight champion Ricky Burns told Sky Sports Ringside that fighting IBF champion Miguel Vazquez on March 16th will be trickier fight than taking on WBC king Adrien Broner, who faces Gavin Rees later tonight. Burns has no problem with traveling over to America to take Broner on and says there was a conflict of dates that prevented their match from taking place.
"People say that I've been avoiding Adrien Broner - that's not the case. The only reason I didn't take it was due to the lack of time I had to prepare. If the date was moved, I wouldn't have a problem fighting Adrien Broner. Going over to America is something I've always wanted to do - I don't mind travelling because a boxing ring is a boxing ring, but I believe Miguel Vazquez, style-wise, could be a trickier fight than Adrien Broner," Burns said.
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Burns redeemed himself, for me, by signing to fight Vazquez. I wouldn't call him a duck, he just didn't want to fight with such little time to prepare for a real tough fight against Broner. Hopefully we get Broner vs the winner of Burns vs Vazquez this year. If it's Vazquez, I don't expect to see that fight get signed because of GBP-TR, so I would be happy with Abril if he beats Bogere.
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Yeah, if Burns beats Vasquez hopefully Frank will let him Broner. If not, maybe we'll see Burns-Khan later in the year.
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The Broner-burns fight is building up nicely, and we could end up with a mini-Mayweather-Hatton type of hype/fight. Am patient and hopefully this fight would happen this year before Broner moves up and then gets accuse of ducking Burns at 135 just like Ricky Hatton avoid the Mayweather fight 3 times before Mayweather moved up to 147.
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Since when is Gavin Rees considered Ricky burns' countryman?
Ones welsh and the other is Scottish!
Boxingscene reporters need to be more thorough!
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Zanfer is very closely associated with Top Rank.
If Vasquez beats Burns I'm not expecting to see Broner fight him because of the feud with Golden Boy.
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what happened?thought adrien broner was the one avoiding fights?is that not what the haters have been insinuating the past week
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If Bob exerts his influence the same situation can happen with Broner/Vasquez.
Last edited by ShoulderRoll; 02-16-2013 at 03:01 PM.
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Drosophila suzukii, a threat to strawberry plants in Réunion
In October 2013 Drosophila suzukii was first observed in Reunion. The fruit fly was found in a strawberry field in the south. It was not expected to arrive so soon on the island, but its introduction was seen as extremely likely. 18 months have passed since the fly was first observed. So what is the current situation of Drosophila suzukii in Reunion?
Fruit fly
The American researchers Robert Dowell and Eric Jang both work in the US on fruit flies. They have toured the world onto Reunion Island to come and test a new method of biological control against Bactrocera zonata.
Directing, editing and translation - Shannti Dinnoo
Honeybees of the Indian Ocean Islands: a diversity that must be preserved
Local honeybees are of major importance for both the economy and the environment. On the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean, apiculture is an important activity, especially in Reunion Island, Madagascar, Mauritius and the Seychelles. The preservation of bees, which are essential for the pollination of plants, requires a better knowledge of their diversity.
Invasive Alien Species, a legal framework poorly suited to a complex problem
Man has acquired the power to completely transform his environment, disrupting the balance of ecosystems, often irreparably. Man's introduction of new species into a given area is the second most significant threat to biodiversity, particularly in islands which are more sensitive to environmental disturbances. In Reunion Island, for example, where 30% of original habitats are still present, invasive alien species (IAS) have become the leading cause of biodiversity loss.


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Tire Recycling Equipment in Central African Republic
Category: Waste & Recycling ×
Subcategory: Tire Recycling ×
Location: Africa ×
Location: Central African Republic ×
Model TWB-8 - Tire Wire Balerby WENDT CORPORATION based in Buffalo, NEW YORK (USA)
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Shengxing - Model QDJ-400 - Tire Cutterby Leshan Shengxing Machine Co.,Ltd based in Leshan, CHINA
Cut waste tyres into sections or pieces of wanted size to be further processed in tyre recycle line. Usually QDJ-400 is used in combine with GSB-280 steel wire remover in our tyre recycle line economy series.GSB-280 first removed the bead rings of the waste tyres, then QDJ-400 cuts the tyre body without beads into smaller sections so they can be ...
Shengxing - Model CP-400 - Tire Crusher/Tire Shredderby Leshan Shengxing Machine Co.,Ltd based in Leshan, CHINA
CP-400 Series Two-shaft tyre crusher/ shredder's main function is to process waste tyres into rubber chips (usually between 4-7 cm).Instead of using whole tyre crushing method, in which whole tyres are directly put into tyre crushers, we usually use disassembling + crushing method. Usually we use various equipments to first remove the bead rings, ...
3E - Tire Recycling Equipmentby 3E Group based in Guangzhou, CHINA
We can produce the waste tire recycling line which the capacity is 300-10000 Kg/H to meet the client's requirement.1.The two shaft shredder is used for shredding the whole tire into scraps which size is suitable for the LGF separator.2.The wire separator is mainly used for crushing the rubber block from the two shaft shredder into 8-15mm rubber ...
3E - Tire Recycling Plantby 3E Group based in Guangzhou, CHINA
We can produce the waste tire recycling line which the capacity is 300-10000 Kg/H to meet the client's requirement.1.The two shaft shredder is used for shredding the whole tire into scraps which size is suitable for the LGF separator.2.The wire separator is mainly used for crushing the rubber block from the two shaft shredder into 8-15mm rubber ...
ATM ArnoBrik - Model Series - Briquetting Pressesby ATM Recyclingsystems GmbH based in Fohnsdorf, AUSTRIA
The ArnoBrik Series Briquetting Presses are offered with three different filling variants, according to the free flowing property of the material. An inclined feeder or a twostep feeder permit these presses to process both grinding slurry and drilling swarf. The solid welded construction design with two or three columns means that the machines can ...
Vortex - Wheel Ripperby Vortex De-Pollution based in Denver, COLORADO (USA)
Designed for the fast separation of wheels and tyres from both steel and alloy rims. Manufactured in the UK the build quality is more robust than any other tool on the market. From its heavy duty rams with 60mm rods to the double thickness materials used through out the construction every part of this machine has been designed to provide a long ...
Phoenix - Waste Tire Processing Recycling Plantby Phoenix Industries, LLC based in North Las Vegas, NEVADA (USA)
With the ever increasing health and environmental concerns, the disposal of waste tires is a growing problem all over the world. A waste tire processing plant recycles whole, car and truck tires into a valuable product called crumb rubber. This crumb rubber is then used in numerous applications including sport fields, rubberized asphalt for paving ...
BCA - Model PD1000TF - Tire Shredderby Unlimited Resources Corporation based in Cairo, MISSOURI (USA)
BCA makes a good medium duty shredder for processing car and light truck tires at a rate of about 300 tires an hour. This shredder actually comes with two screens, a 1 inch and a 2 ½ to 3 inch screen. It also comes with an extra conveyor belt for the outfeed conveyor.
BTS - Model MF450hd - 550hd - Tire Balerby Beckmann Technik & Service KG based in Brakel, GERMANY
Features; Extended cylinders produce a more compact bale. Can bale a variety of waste products including tyres, PET-bottles, textiles, computer screens and other heavy duty materials. Fully automated bale ejector, simplifies removal of bale. Retaining Claw system to reduce spring back. CE-certified. Made in Europe.


text:
Communicated by: Yoshikazu Nakamura
Translation ability of mitochondrial tRNAsSer with unusual secondary structures in an in vitro translation system of bovine mitochondria
Article first published online: 20 DEC 2001
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2001.00491.x
Genes to Cells
Volume 6, Issue 12, pages 1019–1030, December 2001
Additional Information
How to Cite
Hanada, T., Suzuki, T., Yokogawa, T., Takemoto-Hori, C., Sprinzl, M. and Watanabe, K. (2001), Translation ability of mitochondrial tRNAsSer with unusual secondary structures in an in vitro translation system of bovine mitochondria. Genes to Cells, 6: 1019–1030. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2001.00491.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 20 DEC 2001
- Article first published online: 20 DEC 2001
- Received: 14 August 2001Accepted: 1 October 2001
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
Background Metazoan mitochondrial (mt) tRNAs are structurally quite different from the canonical cloverleaf secondary structure. The mammalian mt tRNASerGCU for AGY codons (Y = C or U) lacks the entire D arm, whereas tRNASerUGA for UCN codons (N = A, G, C or U) has an extended anti-codon stem. It has been a long-standing problem to prove experimentally how these tRNAsSer work in the mt translation system.
Results To solve the above-mentioned problem, we examined their translational abilities in an in vitro bovine mitochondrial translation system using transcripts of altered tRNASer analogues derived from bovine mitochondria. Both tRNASer analogues had almost the same ability to form ternary complexes with mt EF-Tu and GTP. The D-arm-lacking tRNASer GCU analogue had considerably lower translational activity than the tRNASerUGA analogue and produced mostly short oligopeptides, up to a tetramer. In addition, tRNASerGCU analogue was disfavoured by the ribosome when other tRNAs capable of decoding the cognate codon were available.
Conclusion Both mt tRNASerGCU and tRNASerUGA analogues with unusual secondary structure were found to be capable of translation on the ribosome. However, the tRNASerGCU analogue has some molecular disadvantage on the ribosome, which probably derives from the lack of a D arm.
All known tRNAs from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic cytoplasm, as well as those from chloroplasts, and from the mitochondria of yeasts, fungi and plants, possess a canonical cloverleaf secondary structure. However, metazoan mitochondrial (mt) tRNAs are structurally quite different. In the most extreme cases, all the tRNAsSerGCU (AGY [Y = C or U] codon-specific tRNAsSer with the anti-codon GCU) lack the D arm (de Bruijn et al. 1980), whereas the isoacceptor tRNAsSerUGA (UCN [N = A, G, C or U] codon-specific tRNAsSer with the anti-codon UGA) in mammals possess the bases necessary for canonical tertiary interactions, but have a slightly variant secondary structure with an extended anti-codon stem (Yokogawa et al. 1991) (see Fig. 1).
For these bizarre tRNAs to function in the translation process, the mutual distance and orientation between the anti-codon and the CCA terminus must remain constant (Steinberg et al. 1994; Watanabe et al. 1994; Hayashi et al. 1998). We and other groups have shown, by means of chemical and enzymatic probing, NMR analysis and computer modelling that tRNASer GCU (de Bruijn & Klug 1983; Hayashi et al. 1997b) as well as tRNASerUGA (Watanabe et al. 1994; Hayashi et al. 1998) can be folded into an L form-like tertiary structure, which conforms to the above constraints. However, Steinberg et al. (1994) have proposed a somewhat different 'boomerang' model for tRNASerGCU arising from its slightly smaller dimensions than those of canonical tRNAs (Wolstenholme 1992). Thus, the precise nature of the tertiary structures of these atypical tRNAs remain to be elucidated.
The biological functions of mt tRNAsSer have been studied in only a limited number of processes, including aminoacylation (Ueda et al. 1985; Yokogawa et al. 1989; Ueda et al. 1992) and ternary complex formation with bacterial EF-Tu and GTP (Gebhardt-Singh & Sprinzl 1986). The decoding ability of these mt tRNAs with unusual secondary structures has not thus far been examined, presumably due to the nonavailability of an in vitro translation system for mitochondria and to the difficulty of preparing these tRNAs in sufficient amounts for experimental purposes. Of course, no one has been able to get a functional bovine mitochondria cell-free protein synthesis system programmed with natural mRNA. Recently, however, we succeeded in constructing an in vitro bovine mitochondrial translation system and were able to prepare adequate quantities of tRNA transcripts derived from bovine mt tRNAsSer (Kumazawa et al. 1991; Takemoto et al. 1995; Hayashi et al. 1997a). Consequently, as structural models of bovine mt tRNAsSer, we have used modified tRNA transcripts with an altered anti-codon (GAA) to decode poly(U), and with an altered acceptor stem (G3–U70) for the alanylation by Escherichia coli Ala-tRNA synthetase (the modified transcripts were named tRNASerGCU/GAA and tRNASerUGA/GAA, respectively).
In this paper, we demonstrate that while the two mt tRNASer analogues can function in translation, the efficiency of tRNASerGCU/GAA lacking the D arm is much lower than that of tRNASerUGA/GAA. This may be related to the fact that in mammalian mitochondrial genomes the frequency of occurrence of AGY codons is much lower than that of UCN codons.
Designing mitochondrial serine tRNA transcripts with unusual secondary structures for a translation assay
Given the difficulty of isolating mt tRNAsSer from bovine liver mitochondria in amounts sufficient for biochemical study, we designed transcripts in which some residues were altered in such a way that would allow us to utilize the conventional in vitro translation assay with hot TCA precipitation and to obtain the transcripts in a high yield. First, the anti-codon sequences of both tRNASerGCU and tRNASerUGA were altered to GAA, corresponding to the UUU codon. This was done because: (i) it was considered desirable that the two tRNAs should have uniform codon/anti-codon interaction, and (ii) we have to use synthetic polynucleotides with consecutive codons as the mRNA for detecting appreciable amounts of translation products in the in vitro translation assay, because nobody has yet succeeded in using any natural mRNA in the assay. Therefore, it is most convenient to use poly(U) as the mRNA. Second, the G3–U70 base pair and A73 (in the standard numbering; Sprinzl et al. 1989) were introduced into the transcripts so that instead of being charged with Ser, they could be charged with Ala by E. coli alanyl–tRNA synthetase (Hou & Schimmel 1988; Shi et al. 1990), because poly or oligo(Ala)—but not poly or oligo(Ser)—can be precipitated by hot TCA in the procedure for detecting synthesized peptides. Third, all the base-pairs in the acceptor stem of both tRNAs except for G3–U70 were replaced by G–C pairs to enhance the transcription efficiency with T7 RNA polymerase, because it was previously found that: (i) even wild-type tRNASerGCU transcripts possessing the G1–C72 base pair had much lower yields than E. coli tRNA variants in transcription with T7 RNA polymerase (Ueda et al. 1992) and (ii) the amount of tRNASerGCU expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) cells when the mt tRNASerGCU gene was transcribed by endogenously expressed T7 RNA polymerase increased exponentially with the number of G-C pairs in the acceptor stem (Hayashi et al. 1997a). The secondary structures of these modified tRNA transcripts are shown in Fig. 1 in comparison with those of their wild-type counterparts.
Aminoacylation activity of transcripts
tRNASerGCU/GAA and tRNASerUGA/GAA, prepared as previously described (Milligan & Uhlenbeck 1989) with a yield of 1.7 mg tRNASer transcripts per 10 mL reaction mixture, were alanylated with E. coli alanyl-tRNA synthetase (Hou & Schimmel 1988). The extents of alanylation of tRNASerGCU/GAA and tRNASerUGA/GAA were ≈10% and ≈50%, respectively. Since the identity determinant for E. coli alanyl-tRNA synthetase is preferentially located at G3–U70, the low aminoacylation activity of these tRNA analogues was not due to the alterations introduced at various sites (Fig. 1). To increase the alanylation extent of the analogues for the translation assay, nonalanylated tRNASer analogues were removed from Ala-tRNASer preparations by a hydrazine-coupled column (see Experimental procedures), which resulted in Ala-tRNASer analogues with a purity of more than 80% in both cases.
Ternary complex formation activities of transcripts with EF-Tu and GTP
The first step in examining the translational activity of the tRNA analogues was to check their ability to form ternary complexes with EF-Tu and GTP by means of a deacylation-protection assay (Pingoud et al. 1977). Since the tertiary structure of mt EF-Tu has been reported to be very similar to that of bacterial EF-Tu (Andersen et al. 2000), mt EF-Tu probably binds aminoacyl-tRNA in a similar manner to bacterial EF-Tu, which recognizes the 3′-terminal aminoacyl residue, the acceptor stem, and the T stem (Nissen et al. 1995). As shown in Fig. 2, both free Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA and Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA were deacylated very quickly, with the same half-life of 21 min, which was almost doubled when the tRNA analogues were mixed with mt EF-Tu·GTP.
The plots in Fig. 2 clearly demonstrate that the short half-lives of Ala-tRNASer GCU/GAA and Ala-tRNASer UGA/GAA were due to the amino acid residue attached to the tRNA moiety and not to the alterations in the acceptor stem. The tRNASer analogues could be charged with Ser by mt seryl-tRNA synthetase because the tRNA identity determinant for seryl-tRNA synthetase is known to be located in the T loop in the two serine tRNAs, with the T loop–D loop interaction being additionally required in the case of tRNASerUGA (Ueda et al. 1992; Shimada et al. 2001), both of which features were retained in the analogues. As shown in Fig. 2a, the free Ser-tRNASer GCU/GAA and wild-type Ser-tRNASerGCU had very similar half-lives (51–52 min), which were much longer than those of the ternary complex with Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA (40 min). When these transcripts were complexed with EF-Tu·GTP, their half-lives were prolonged more than 10-fold. Similar results were obtained for Ser-tRNASerUGA/GAA and wild-type Ser-tRNASerUGA (Fig. 2b).
To obtain quantitative data on the ternary complex formation activities of Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA and Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA, gel-shift assays were performed, in which [14C] Ala-tRNASer analogues were incubated with increasing amounts of mt EF-Tu·GDPNP and the resulting mixture was electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gel. As shown in Fig. 3, upon formation of the complex, the band corresponding to the ternary complex appeared in the lower mobility region. The radioactivity of the band was quantified and the amount of free EF-Tu·GDPNP was calculated to obtain the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) by means of a Scatchard plot. The apparent Kd's for Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA and Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA were 14.2 and 7.2 µm, respectively.
In vitro translation assay using Ala-tRNASer GCU/GAA and Ala-tRNASer UGA/GAA
Poly(U)-directed poly(Ala) synthesis with Ala-tRNASer GCU/GAA and Ala-tRNASer UGA/GAA was carried out in an in vitro translation system consisting of purified bovine mt ribosomes (55S), mt EF-Tu, mt EF-G, poly(U), and the energy regenerating system. Since the amino acid incorporation reached a plateau after 10 min, we continued the incubation for 20 min to ensure an adequate reaction (data not shown). Figure 4 shows that in the case of Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA, the incorporation of Ala into the hot TCA-insoluble material rose to more than 3.5 pmol as the analogue input was increased, although this was still only 1/10 the amount of Ala-tRNASer input. In the case of Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA, however, the incorporation of Ala quickly reached a plateau at below 0.5 pmol, which was only 1/7 the amount incorporated with Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA. A plausible explanation for this difference may be that, as described in the next section, tRNASerGCU/GAA cannot synthesize peptides long enough to be precipitated by 10% hot TCA. In both cases, the low levels of Ala incorporation would have arisen not from limited activity within the mt translation system itself, but from the low translational abilities of the mt Ala-tRNASer analogues (including their marked instability as noted above), because incorporation of Phe from E. coli Phe-tRNAPhe with poly(U) in this system reached 70% of the input Phe-tRNAPhe (data not shown).
Degree of polymerization of products
To estimate the lengths of the peptides synthesized by Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA and Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA in the above reactions, peptides released from peptidyl-tRNA analogues were analysed by a reversed-phase HPLC. The elution profiles are shown in Fig. 5. Each peak was assigned by comparison with the retention times of commercially available authentic tetra-, penta- and hexa-(Ala)s, which were, respectively, 5, 6.5 and 8 min (indicated by the numbered arrows in Fig. 5). In this system, mono-, di-, and tri-(Ala)s could not be separated from one another. The elution profiles show that tRNASerGCU/GAA hardly produced oligo(Ala)s longer than a tetramer, whereas tRNASerUGA/GAA could produce oligo(Ala)s longer than a decamer.
To determine the length of oligo(Ala)s that could be precipitated by 10% hot TCA, the products obtained with Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA were precipitated by 10% hot TCA and the precipitates were analysed by the same HPLC system as above. Radioactivity could be detected from oligomers longer than a hexamer; and no radioactivity was detected from pentamer or shorter peptides (shown by the dotted line in Fig. 5). This result confirmed that the hot TCA-insoluble oligo(Ala)s were hexamers or longer. The relative ratio of peptides produced by the two tRNA analogues in Fig. 4 coincides well with that calculated from the sum of the peak areas comprising oligo(Ala) peaks longer than a hexamer in Fig. 5 (data not shown). These findings demonstrate that tRNASerGCU/GAA lacking the D arm is actually able to function on the ribosomes, albeit with very low efficiency.
Translational activity of tRNASer analogues in the presence of conventional tRNAPhe transcript
The low translational activity of Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA toward poly(U) suggested the possibility that the mt ribosome cannot accept for translation several consecutive tRNAs lacking the D arm. To investigate this, in vitro translation with either Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA or Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA was carried out in the presence of an E. coli tRNAPheGAA transcript possessing the conventional cloverleaf structure using crude mt ribosomes (Fig. 6) instead of pure 55S ribosome (Fig. 4). The transcript of E. coli[14C] Phe-tRNAPheGAA was added to the reaction mixture at molar ratios of 0.05, 0.125 and 0.25 toward [3H] Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA or [3H] Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA (20 pmol each). Although we optimized the input amount of crude mt ribosomes, the amount of Ala incorporated in the absence of the tRNAPhe transcript was only about 1/3 that shown in Fig. 4, when purified mt ribosome (55S) was used. However, the relative ratio of Ala incorporation between Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA and Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA remained unchanged. This low level of Ala incorporation may have been caused by nuclease contamination and/or other inhibitory factors in the crude mt ribosome extract.
Addition of Phe-tRNA enhanced the incorporation of Ala in the translation of both tRNASer analogues (Fig. 6), indicating that the low translational activity of the tRNASer analogues was improved with the help of conventional tRNAPhe. Nevertheless, the incorporation of [3H] Ala from Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA into peptides with the addition of Phe-tRNAPheGAA was still lower than that of Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA. If the low level of Ala incorporation in the translation of tRNASerGCU was only due to the difficulty of arranging tRNASerGCU side by side on the ribosome, Ala would have been incorporated to the same level in the cases of both tRNASer analogues with the help of Phe-tRNAPheGAA. In fact, [14C] Phe incorporation from Phe-tRNAPheGAA with Ala-tRNASer GCU/GAA was slightly higher than that with Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA. This means that tRNAPhe was utilized more frequently in the translation with tRNASerGCU/GAA than in that with tRNASerUGA/GAA, implying that the D-arm-lacking Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA was less favoured by the ribosomes when other tRNAs capable of decoding the cognate codon were available.
Rationale of using modified tRNA analogues for the functional assay
It has been a long-standing question of whether bizarre tRNAs found in animal mitochondria—such as metazoan tRNAsSer lacking the D arm (de Bruijn et al. 1980) and most nematode tRNAs without the T arm (Okimoto & Wolstenholme 1990)—can function in the translation process with a similar efficiency to canonical tRNAs possessing the cloverleaf secondary structure. In this study, we succeeded in partially resolving this question by using an in vitro bovine mitochondrial translation system and two artificial tRNAs derived from bovine mt tRNAsSer (tRNASer GCU/GAA and tRNASer UGA/GAA) (Fig. 1).
Our rationale for using these particular modified tRNASer analogues for the functional assay of mt tRNAsSer is as follows. By restricting the alterations to the acceptor stem and anti-codon, the tertiary structures could be preserved as in the native tRNAsSer, because in both tRNAs the interactions that take place to form the tertiary structure do not involve the acceptor stem and anti-codon but the T loop and extra loop, and additionally the truncated D loop in the case of tRNASerGCU (Fig. 1). It has been reported that changing any of the base pairs in the acceptor stem hardly reduces the aminoacylation efficiency of tRNASerGCU (Ueda et al. 1992; Hayashi et al. 1997a), and 1H-NMR measurement has also revealed no appreciable changes in the conformation of the acceptor stem resulting from replacement of the existing acceptor base pairs of tRNASerGCU by G-C pairs (Hayashi et al. 1997b). The fact that both Ser-tRNASerGCU/GAA and Ser-tRNASerUGA/GAA formed ternary complexes with similar affinities to those of the wild-type Ser-tRNASerGCU and Ser-tRNASerUGA (Fig. 2) is further solid evidence that the alterations made in the acceptor stem of the tRNAsSer had no appreciable influence upon their ternary complex formation ability. A rather intriguing finding was that the half-lives of the Ala-tRNASer analogues were extremely short, and even the half-lives of their ternary complexes were shorter than those of free Ser-tRNASer analogues. This was reflected in the large Kd values for the Ala-tRNASer analogues and EF-Tu·GDPNP (14.2 and 7.2 µm), which were three orders of magnitude higher than those reported for mt EF-Tu·GTP and E. coli Phe-tRNAPhe (18 ± 4 nm; Cai et al. 2000). In addition to the instability of Ala-tRNASer analogues themselves, this may also be related to the implication that the affinity between aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-Tu is influenced by the amino acid residue attached to the tRNA (Louie et al. 1984).
In addition to the changes made in the acceptor stem, we also replaced the original anti-codon sequences (GCU or UGA) by GAA so that the anti-codon loop sequence would decode the UUU codon in each case. Such replacements in the anti-codon have often been employed, for example, in using suppressor tRNAs to decode a termination codon (Murgola 1995), so they would be unlikely to greatly influence the original function of the tRNA.
Translational ability of Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA and Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA
In the in vitro mt translation system, incorporation of Phe from E. coli Phe-tRNAPhe into the hot TCA-insoluble material reached 70% of the input Phe-tRNAPhe. This is similar to the case for mt Phe-tRNAPhe (our unpublished results), suggesting there is little difference between the translation efficiency of E. coli tRNAPhe with the canonical secondary structure and that of mt tRNAPhe lacking the D loop–T loop interaction in regard to poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis using the bovine mt translation system.
In contrast, incorporation of Ala from Ala-tRNASer UGA/GAA in the same system was only 10% of the input Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA, while that from Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA was as low as 1.2% (Fig. 4). As already noted, these low incorporation levels can be ascribed to the extreme instability of the Ala-tRNASer analogues, and also of their ternary complexes with EF-Tu·GTP, rather than to the alterations made in the analogues per se. The instability of the Ala-tRNASer analogues can be explained by the relative stability of the aminoacyl ester bond against hydrolysis; since the methyl group, the side chain of Ala, is the second-lowest electron donor for the carbonyl group among the side chains of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins, the aminoacyl ester bond would be very labile. Although the relative affinity of Ala-tRNASer GCU/GAA toward EF-Tu is half that of Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA (Fig. 3), incorporation of Ala from Ala-tRNASer GCU/GAA was just 1/7 that from Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA (Fig. 4), which can be attributed to the difference in their tRNA structure, particularly the lack of the D arm in tRNASerGCU/GAA.
It is intriguing that the incorporation of Ala from Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA soon reached a plateau (at 0.5 pmol) despite further increases in the amount of input Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA, and that Ala-tRNASer GCU/GAA produced oligo(Ala)s up to a tetramer, whereas Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA gave longer peptides. A possible explanation for these findings is the occurrence of one or more rate-limiting steps in the process of Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA elongation due to the absence of the D arm; one plausible possibility lies in the binding of Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA to the ribosomal A site (Rodnina et al. 1994). This effect may attenuate the translation process when tRNASerGCU is used by mt ribosomes in vivo. An alternative explanation could be that tRNASerGCU/GAAs bearing short oligo(Ala)s are apt to drop off the ribosomes for some unknown reason. These possibilities will need to be examined in future work.
Relationship between frequency of occurrence of serine codons in various animal mt genomes and the number of nucleotides in the D arm region of tRNASerGCU
A number of metazoan mitochondrial DNA sequences have so far been reported (Boore 1999; and references therein), which provide us with information on codon usage in metazoan mitochondria. Table 1 shows the occurrence frequencies of UCN, AGY and AGN codons, and of tandem repeats of serine codons, in mitochondria of various animal species, chosen mainly from species whose tRNAsSer sequences at the RNA level have been investigated (Nishioka et al. 1994; Matsuyama et al. 1998; Tomita et al. 1998, 1999; Kondow et al. 1999). In the universal genetic code, UCN and AGY codons are assigned to Ser. In most invertebrate mitochondria, AGR (R = A or G) codons also correspond to Ser, so that the whole AGN family box belongs to Ser codons, which are thought to be read by tRNASerGCU (in Drosophila mitochondria AGG is an unassigned codon, and in nematode mitochondria AGN codons are read by tRNASerUCU).
|Animal species
|Total number of serine codons
|AGY or AGN
|UCN-AGY or UCN-AGN
|AGY-UCN or AGN-UCN
|AGY-AGY or AGN-AGN
|Number of nucleotides in D-loop/stem region of tRNASerGCU
|Sea urchin
|C. elegans
The total number of Ser codons in the whole genome is around 340–390 in most invertebrates, but it decreases to under 300 in prochordates and vertebrates. While the usage of AGY or AGN codons is over 100 in invertebrates and prochordates, it is much lower—around 50—in vertebrates. The most noticeable feature is that tandem repeats of AGY codons do not exist in mammalian (human, bovine, rat, and mouse) mt genomes, and occur only once in the chicken and Xenopus mt genomes. These observations strongly suggest the presence of some suppressive factors in the vertebrate mt translation system that makes the translation of AGY codons unfavourable. We speculate that this is most likely to be the lack of the D arm in tRNASer GCU. As is also shown in the right-most column of Table 1, the length of the tRNASerGCU D loop/stem appears to have become shorter during the evolution of animal species. Four mammalian tRNAsSer GCU have only 3–5 nucleotides in the region corresponding to the D loop/stem of normal tRNAs, whereas chicken and Xenopus tRNAsSer GCU have 13 and 10 nucleotides, respectively, which is similar to the cases of invertebrate tRNAsSerGCU.
Only in C. elegans mitochondria are AGN codons utilized more than UCN. This exception may be explained by the following factors: (i) the anti-codon of tRNASerUCU is UCU, which means the tRNA would be able to decode AGN codons much efficiently than tRNASerGCU; (ii) nematode tRNASerUGA also lacks the D arm, as does tRNASerUCU; (iii) the total chain length of tRNASerUGA is shorter than that of tRNASerUCU (Okimoto & Wolstenholme 1990). All of these factors would be greatly advantageous to the translational proficiency of tRNASerUCU in comparison to that of tRNASerUGA.
Our finding that tRNAsSerGCU/GAA lacking the D arm have a low translational ability compared to tRNAsSerUGA/GAA may be associated with the relationship between the codon usage of serine and the absence of the D arm in tRNASerGCU, as indicated in Table 1. It has been shown that in many organisms there is a strong correlation between the most frequently used synonymous codon and the most prevalent isoacceptor tRNA (Ikemura 1981, 1982; Yamao et al. 1991). In human mitochondria, although tRNASerGCU and tRNASerUGA have almost the same abundance, the AGY codons are utilized less frequently than UCN (King & Attardi 1993), which could also be related to the low translational activity of tRNASerGCU/GAA compared with that of tRNASerUGA/GAA. These possibilities will require further clarification.
Experimental procedures
Preparation of tRNA
Mitochondrial tRNASerGCU and tRNASerUGA analogues were prepared by in vitro transcription using T7 RNA polymerase as previously described (Milligan & Uhlenbeck 1989): the anti-codon was altered to GAA, the third base pair in the acceptor stem was replaced by G3-U70, the discriminator base of tRNASerGCU was altered to A73, and all the base pairs in the acceptor stem, except for G3-U70 were replaced by G-C (see Fig. 1). A 10-fold excess of 5′-GMP over 5′-GTP was added to the transcription reaction mixture to obtain the 5′-monophosphate termini of the tRNAs. Transcripts were purified by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stored in deionized water. Alanylation was carried out in 30 mm Tris/HCl (pH 7.8), 5 mm MgCl2, 10 mm KCl, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 2 mm ATP, 27 µm[3H]l-alanine (2.07 TBq/mmol) or 21 µm[14C]l-alanine (5.62 GBq/mmol), 1 A260 unit of the relevant tRNASer analogue, and 2 µg recombinant E. coli Ala-tRNA synthetase (Hou & Schimmel 1988). Serylation was performed in 100 mm Hepes/KOH (pH 7.8), 15 mm MgCl2, 60 mm KCl, 5 mm dithiothreitol, 2 mm ATP, 1 mm spermine, 33 µm[14C]l-serine (5.59 GBq/mmol), 0.4 A260 unit of the relevant tRNASer, and 6 µg recombinant bovine mt Ser-tRNA synthetase (Yokogawa et al. 2000). The aminoacylated-tRNA was extracted by acidic phenol after adjusting the pH of the reaction mixture to 4.5 by the addition of acetic acid. The aqueous phase was concentrated by ethanol precipitation and the recovered RNA fraction was dissolved in 20 mm sodium acetate (pH 5.5).
Purification of alanyl-tRNASer analogues
Cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B coupled with hydrazine was prepared as previously described (Cuatrecasas 1970). Following the alanylation reaction, uncharged tRNA was oxidized at the 3′-terminal adenylate residue with a periodic acid in a mixture containing 0.1 m sodium acetate (pH 5.0), 10 mm MgCl2, and 10 mm NaIO4. After ethanol precipitation, the material was loaded on to the above-mentioned column (1 A260 unit tRNA/mL resin), recovered (the material was not adsorbed by the column), and concentrated by ethanol precipitation. The sample was dissolved in 20 mm sodium acetate (pH 5.5).
Preparation of ribosomes and elongation factors
Mitochondria were prepared from fresh bovine liver according to the literature (O'Brien & Denslow 1996). Crude mt ribosomes were prepared as reported (Eberly et al. 1985) and stored in 55S buffer: 20 mm Tris/HCl (pH 7.6), 20 mm MgCl2, 80 mm KCl, and 6 mm 2-mercaptoethanol. 55S mt ribosome was purified by sucrose density gradient (SDG) centrifugation in the 55S buffer containing sucrose. Eighty A260 units of crude mt ribosome dissolved in 0.6 mL 55S buffer without sucrose were layered on to a 6–38% (w/v) sucrose gradient, followed by centrifugation at 17 500 r.p.m. for 18 h using a SW28 rotor (Beckman). Fractions containing 55S mt ribosome were collected by ultracentrifugation at 35 000 r.p.m. over a period of 24 h using a 70Ti rotor (Beckman). The purified 55S mt ribosome was stored in the 55S buffer. Recombinant mt EF-Tu was expressed from a plasmid kindly provided by Dr L.L. Spremulli (Woriax et al. 1995). The enzyme carrying a His-tag at the C-terminus was purified on a Hi-Trap chelating column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and used for the translation assay without removing the His-tag. Mitochondrial EF-G was partially purified as described (Chung & Spremulli 1990) more than 100-fold over the crude mitochondrial extract by two successive column chromatography steps.
Deacylation-protection assay
The deacylation-protection assay was basically performed according to Pingoud et al. (1977). The reaction mixture contained 75 mm Tris/HCl (pH 7.4), 75 mm NH4Cl, 15 mm MgCl2, 7.5 mm dithiothreitol, 0.1 mm GTP, 60 µg/mL bovine serum albumin, 2.25 mm phosphoenolpuruvate, 2.3 units/mL pyruvate kinase, 1.2 µm mt EF-Tu, and 0.2 µm[14C] aminoacyl-tRNA. The reaction mixture was pre-incubated without [14C] aminoacyl-tRNA at 30 °C for 5 min and [14C] aminoacyl-tRNA was then added. The deacylation reaction was carried out at 30 °C.
Gel-shift analysis of the ternary complex
Mitochondrial EF-Tu·GDPNP complex was kindly provided by N. Hino (Department of Integrated Biosciences, The University of Tokyo). The gel-mobility shift assay was carried out as follows. Reaction mixtures (15 µL) were prepared containing 10 mm Tris/HCl (pH 7.5), 2 mm magnesium acetate, 13 mm ammonium acetate, 2 mm GDPNP, 3.3 µm[14C] Ala-tRNASer, and mt EF-Tu·GDPNP at various concentrations (2–8 µm). Following incubation at 37 °C for 12 min, 1.5 µL of a solution containing 50% glycerol and 0.05% bromophenol blue was added, and the mixture (16.5 µL) was loaded on to 5% polyacrylamide gel (0.5 mm thickness) containing 50 mm Tris/HCl (pH 6.8), 10 mm magnesium acetate, 65 mm ammonium acetate, 1 mm EDTA, 1 mm dithiothreitol and 10 µm GDPNP. Electrophoresis was carried out at 50 mA for 1 h at 4 °C, after which the gel was dried on a Whatmann 3MM CHR filter. The dried gel was exposed to an imaging plate, followed by analysis using a Fuji Photo Film BAS1000 bioimaging analyser. The apparent dissociation constant for the ternary complex was calculated by means of a Scatchard plot.
In vitro translation assay
The reaction was carried out as previously described with partial modification (Takemoto et al. 1995). The reaction mixture (40 µL) contained 50 mm Tris/HCl (pH 8.5), 7 mm MgCl2, 45 mm KCl, 0.5 mm spermine, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 2.5 mm phospoenolpyruvate, 2.5 units/mL pyruvate kinase, 0.5 mm GTP, 0.3–1 µm[3H] Ala-tRNASer analogue, 25 nm purified mt ribosome (55S) (for the in vitro mitochondrial translation assay using Ala-tRNASerGCU/GAA and Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA) or 1.5 A260/mL crude mt ribosomes (to determine the degree of polymerization of the products and the translational activity of the in vitro translation of the tRNASer analogues in the presence of conventional tRNAPhe transcripts), 1.25 µm recombinant mt EF-Tu, 300 mg/mL mt EF-G, and 1 mg/mL poly(U). After incubation at 37 °C for 20 min, the reaction was terminated by adding 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and the mixture was heated at 80 °C for 30 min The radioactive TCA-insoluble precipitate of polymerized alanine was trapped on an Advantec cellulose filter (A045B025A) and the radioactivity was measured using a liquid scintillation counter.
HPLC analysis of translation products
After the translation reaction mixture (80 µL, containing 0.5 µm[3H] Ala-tRNASer analogue) was incubated at 37 °C for 20 min, 0.5 N NaOH was added to increase the pH to 12 and the mixture was further incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. The reaction mixture was then neutralized with acetic acid and analysed by HPLC. The chromatography was performed on a TSK ODS-80Ts column (φ 4.6 mm × 75 mm) with a linear gradient of Solution A (0.1% aqueous TFA) and Solution B (0.1% TFA in acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Elution was accomplished in 40 min Fractions were collected at 30 ss intervals and the radioactivities of samples mixed with Ultima Gold (Packard) were measured using a liquid scintillation counter. To determine the length of oligo(Ala) that could be precipitated by 10% TCA, the following procedures were adopted. Oligo(Ala) produced by the in vitro translation system using Ala-tRNASerUGA/GAA was trapped on a cellulose filter (ADVANTEC A045B025A), which was then dissolved in 0.1% TFA and 70% 2-propanol. The sample was evaporated to dryness, suspended in water (3 mL), and filtered through a Millipore Ultrafree centrifugal filter (pore size = 0.45 µm). The volume of the filtrate was reduced to 100 µL by an evaporator and analysed by HPLC as described above.
We thank Takeo Suzuki, Nobukazu Shimada, Yoshihiro Shimizu and Narumi Hino for their kind gifts of materials and Dr Linda L. Spremulli for providing a plasmid of mt EF-Tu gene. We also thank the Radioisotope Center, The University of Tokyo, for allowing us to use its facilities. This work was supported by a Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
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text:
Accused prisoner denies 'bully' attack
Relevant offers
A prisoner accused of conspiring to put a hit on a cellblock "bully" says he didn't have a homemade shank and wasn't in on the plot.
A jury will today retire to determine if maximum security prisoner Aaron Forden is guilty of an attack on a neighbouring prisoner that left him so badly burned by hot water his skin was peeling off.
The Crown claim Forden used a lighter to attack Terry Jason Nahi at Paremoremo prison's high-risk wing, nicknamed D Block, in August 2010.
He is charged with injuring with intent to cause grievous bodily harm. The maximum penalty for the charge is 14 years jail.
Two other prisoners were also charged over the incident - the Crown claims Tamati Renata threw hot water on Nahi and Jesse Ibell covered a security camera prior to the attack.
Forden claims he was only there by coincidence and was trying to break up the fight, so the inmates wouldn't lose their privileges, like buying biscuits from the prison shop and being allowed out for two hours daily.
Yesterday, the court saw video footage of the hour prior to the assault, which showed Ibell pacing up and down the landing where the prisoners were housed.
Renata was busy in his cell, while Forden sat outside Nahi's cell, talking to him.
The Crown says Forden was distracting Nahi and keeping an eye on him, playing the role of sentry.
Forden says the two were just talking - about cigarettes and what they would have for lunch that day.
The footage showed Renata enter Nahi's cell holding a container of hot water and then Forden following behind. Seconds later, all three men ran out and Nahi and Renata removed their shirts.
Renata then grabs a broom and tries to hit Nahi. When the guards appear the prisoners are pushed back into their cells.
Forden - who is accompanied by four prison guards in court - said that while in the cell, he grabbed Renata and told him to "calm down".
"I knew straight away that there was going to be a lock down [because of the fight]. It's hard to get unlocked as it is. I knew they were trying to fight each other so I was trying to break it up and stop it," Forden said.
He says he also tried to stop Renata messing up the cell, including saving Nahi's television. The crown say there was not enough time for that to have happened.
The Crown also say that Forden had a lighter, which he used as a shank to hit Nahi. Forden says he didn't.
Yesterday in cross examination, the crown accused Forden of lying about his involvement.
"It was because Nahi was a bully and a troublemaker and you all thought he needed to be sorted out," prosecutor Scott McColgan said.
Forden disputed that.
The judge is expected to sum up the case today, after which the jury will go out to consider a verdict.
- Auckland Now
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Feel free at ringtones service Audiko.net, where you can easily download ringtones for free for your mobile. Today we have a ringtone of "Perfection" by Clint Mansell as well as 430 other ringtones by Clint Mansell. "Perfection" is a top-rated song from the "Black Swan" album that was produced by Clint Mansell at their major label together with other 8 tracks. You can listen to all 4 Clint Mansell – "Perfection" ringtone variations available here and download it for free to your computer. You can also examine other 13 albums produced by Clint Mansell for all time. "Perfection" is referred to Soundtrack, and Audiko offer a huge amount of Soundtrack collaborations absolutely for free. And finally, we have collected lyrics for this track and you can view it here as well. So feel free to browse, listen, download ringtones at Audiko.net. Make your phone sound cool!
Clint Mansell - Perfection
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64, West Covina, CAI consider myself to be so lucky to have wonderful kids. My day starts with being so thankful of all the blessings. I'm looking for a best friend that will be my partner on ne...
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Catholic Dating By Major City:
- Los Angeles,
- Anaheim,
- Long Beach,
- Riverside,
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- Huntington Beach,
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- Archdiocese of San Francisco,
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- Diocese of Monterey,
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Behavioral Finance: Key Concepts - Mental Accounting
By Albert Phung
Key Concept No.2: Mental Accounting
Mental accounting refers to the tendency for people to separate their money into separate accounts based on a variety of subjective criteria, like the source of the money and intent for each account. According to the theory, individuals assign different functions to each asset group, which has an often irrational and detrimental effect on their consumption decisions and other behaviors.
Although many people use mental accounting, they may not realize how illogical this line of thinking really is. For example, people often have a special "money jar" or fund set aside for a vacation or a new home, while still carrying substantial credit card debt. (For more insight, see Digging Out Of Personal Debt.)
In this example, money in the special fund is being treated differently from the money that the same person is using to pay down his or her debt, despite the fact that diverting funds from debt repayment increases interest payments and reduces the person's net worth. Simply put, it's illogical (and detrimental) to have savings in a jar earning little to no interest while carrying credit-card debt accruing at 20% annually.
In this case, rather than saving for a holiday, the most logical course of action would be to use the funds in the jar (and any other available monies) to pay off the expensive debt.
This seems simple enough, but why don't people behave this way? The answer lies with the personal value that people place on particular assets. For instance, people may feel that money saved for a new house or their children's college fund is too "important" to relinquish. As a result, this "important" account may not be touched at all, even if doing so would provide added financial benefit.
The Different Accounts Dilemma
To illustrate the importance of different accounts as it relates to mental accounting, consider this real-life example: You have recently subjected yourself to a weekly lunch budget and are going to purchase a $6 sandwich for lunch. As you are waiting in line, one of the following things occurs: 1) You find that you have a hole in your pocket and have lost $6; or 2) You buy the sandwich, but as you plan to take a bite, you stumble and your delicious sandwich ends up on the floor. In either case (assuming you still have enough money), would you buy another sandwich? (To read more, see The Beauty Of Budgeting.)
Logically speaking, your answer in both scenarios should be the same; the dilemma is whether you should spend $6 for a sandwich. However, because of the mental accounting bias, this isn't so.
Because of the mental accounting bias, most people in the first scenario wouldn't consider the lost money to be part of their lunch budget because the money had not yet been spent or allocated to that account. Consequently, they'd be more likely to buy another sandwich, whereas in the second scenario, the money had already been spent.
Different Source, Different Purpose
Another aspect of mental accounting is that people also treat money differently depending on its source. For example, people tend to spend a lot more "found" money, such as tax returns and work bonuses and gifts, compared to a similar amount of money that is normally expected, such as from their paychecks. This represents another instance of how mental accounting can cause illogical use of money.
Logically speaking, money should be interchangeable, regardless of its origin. Treating money differently because it comes from a different source violates that logical premise. Where the money came from should not be a factor in how much of it you spend - regardless of the money's source, spending it will represent a drop in your overall wealth.
Mental Accounting In Investing
The mental accounting bias also enters into investing. For example, some investors divide their investments between a safe investment portfolio and a speculative portfolio in order to prevent the negative returns that speculative investments may have from affecting the entire portfolio. The problem with such a practice is that despite all the work and money that the investor spends to separate the portfolio, his net wealth will be no different than if he had held one larger portfolio.
Behavioral Finance: Key Concepts - Confirmation and Hindsight Bias
Avoiding Mental Accounting
The key point to consider for mental accounting is that money is fungible; regardless of its origins or intended use, all money is the same. You can cut down on frivolous spending of "found" money, by realizing that "found" money is no different than money that you earned by working.
As an extension of money being fungible, realize that saving money in a low- or no-interest account is fruitless if you still have outstanding debt. In most cases, the interest on your debt will erode any interest that you can earn in most savings accounts. While having savings is important, sometimes it makes more sense to forgo your savings in order to pay off debt.
Money Market AccountAn interest-bearing account that typically pays a higher interest ...
Retirement Money Market AccountA money market account that an individual holds within a retirement ...
Linked Savings AccountAny type of bank savings account that is linked by account number ...
Mental AccountingAn economic concept established by economist Richard Thaler, ...
Chart Of AccountsA listing of each account a company owns, along with the account ...
Savings AccountA deposit account held at a bank or other financial institution ...
Why would you keep funds in a money market account and not a savings account?Read about the differences between money market accounts and savings accounts, and see why a depositor would elect a money ... Read Answer >>
What are the risks involved in keeping my money in a money market account?Setting aside funds in a money market account can be a safe investment strategy, but investors should be aware of the risks ... Read Answer >>
Does it make sense for me to have a money market account if I don't want to buy any ...Saving funds within a money market account or mutual fund does not have to be limited to those wanting to buy or sell securities ... Read Answer >>
What determines the interest rate in my money market account?Placing funds in a money market account may provide a higher interest rate than a savings account due to the underlying securities ... Read Answer >>
Are money market accounts for short-term investments a good idea?Learn whether money market accounts are good ideas for short-term investments. Money market accounts combine aspects of a ... Read Answer >>
Is a money market account the same as a money market fund?Discover the differences between money market accounts and money market funds, including minimum balance requirements, withdrawal ... Read Answer >>


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- Anonymous
- Hong Kong, Male, 41+
- Novice Nomad
- 2 reviews
comfort room and nice staff
- Anonymous
- France, Couple, 31-40
- Novice Nomad
- 1 review
Everything was great ! Beautiful view of the fort from the roof. Very nice welcoming at the réception. Nanga, the manager/owner was so helpfull with my tour and he has à great sense of humour also. Also the restaurant was delicious. Very cool place !
Hostelworld Mobile Apps
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My Favorite Pages
Travel Map
My top travel pages
Hereby I would like to wish you, with some delay, a VERY HAPPY BIRTHDAY and all the best!
Belated birthday greetings. Hope you had a good day! :-)
Happy Birthday! another year passed since our last birthday hi and have had my year in China! time goes too fast but make the most of your day - hope youve enjoyed it!
HAPPY BIRTHDAY FROM BELGRADE! Let's keep in touch, if you want.
Just to say "HI"! It's been quite a long time since our previous "conversation". How has life treated you in the meantime? I would like to keep in touch with you if you want that also.
Hello, Crystal! Hereby I would like to wish you, witha small delay, a VERY HAPPY BIRTHDAY AND ALL THE BEST! I hope that you spent a great day for your birthday.
Hope your birthday is filled with all the fun you can handle!
Happy Birthday to a fellow Aussie - hope youre having a great day....travelling somewhere as you've not logged in for a few days!
hoping to get home to NZ for Christmas with my Mum - supposed to be flying to Hong KOng this friday - been in London for 6 weeks of treatment for complicated dislocation of my little finger up in China but could go from HK to friends in southern China, then over to the Philipines and then on to Auckland....sounds good...airfares and fast trains quite cheap at moment. except for the NZ haul of course ;)
yes unfortunately with us being down in the depths of the southern hemisphere it always costs a bomb to head north. Hope you sort out your finger soon :)
Many happy returns of the day!) Happy trails!
Happy birthday! :-)


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Stories Tagged "Iowa": Page 8
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Inolex Chemical Company released Emulsense, its new technology line that represents, according to the company, the first cationic material entirely non-petrochemical, 100% renewable and Cosmos-, NaTrue- and NPA-compliant. The line includes Emulsense HC, an agent for hair care; and Emulsense SC, an emulsification and sensory system for natural skin care. The entire line is made from non-GMO fermentation chemistry and oil from brassica plants, and yields only water as a by-product.
Non-petrochemical Emulsifier
January 19, 2010
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