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By Tim Whitnell
Metroland Media Group
A group of businessmen have made an application to the federal government to operate a medical marijuana production facility in Burlington.
Don Shaxon, a 37-year-old venture capitalist, is one of seven people partnering to make a push to be given the green light to grow medical pot here. The Burlington resident is a representative of two British Columbia-based companies, Enertopia Corporation and Lexaria, which have filed an application with the federal government to make and sell medical-grade marijuana.
Medical pot is used by people who have chronic pain that can't be managed well by using other forms of pain medication. A doctor's referral is required along with a special federal licence to possess the legal pot. For people who grow their own, they also need a personal-use production licence.
The medical marijuana issue has been on hold in Canada due to ongoing litigation and uncertainty arising from court decisions. Earlier this year the federal government appealed an injunction that allows individuals to continue to grow medical marijuana. Proponents of growing medical pot have launched a constitutional challenge.
Shaxon says he expects a decision on the challenge to come down from the Supreme Court in early 2015.
The decision won't affect the Burlington production facility application by Enertopia or Lexaria, he said.
The facility would be out of a building at 5070 Benson Dr., off the North Service Road just east of Appleby Line.
Shaxon noted that in June of this year the City of Burlington approved zoning for the building as a medical marijuana production facility.
The 75,000 square foot building is owned by Hamilton homebuilder Jeff Paikin. Shaxon says his group currently occupies about 55,000 sq. ft.
He said it hopes to have Health Canada approval for medical marijuana production by the end of this year.
Shaxon is also part of grow facility application by another group in London, Ont.
"As a venture capitalist, I saw this coming back in 2009 when I joined Cannabis Science, the first Cannabis public company in the U.S., when everyone was still really against it," he said.
"Then I joined the first publicly-traded Canadian company, Enertopia, when I saw the opportunity in Canada.
"I have been screaming it from the rooftops for years that cannabis is medicine. Finally in January of this year, people started paying attention," Shaxon added.
The Toronto Star reported that Toronto's first medical marijuana clinic opened on Danforth Avenue in late June.
In May of this year Enertopia announced on its website that it had hired former Hamilton Police Chief Brian Mullan as a security advisor to the Enertopia/Lexaria joint venture.
Mullan will provide advice to the board of directors and to management on the safe production, storage and shipment of controlled substances.
He also will provide and manage the security protocols and procedures required by a medical marijuana facility and its staff.
Level 7 security is the minimum required for such facilities, says Shaxon. That means, he says, facial recognition for area access, constant monitoring, cameras "everywhere" and saving security video for at least two years.
He says they will have Level 9 security.
"Nobody (off the street) will be walking into the facility. The patients would send us a copy of their (medical pot) prescription, we enter it into our systems and fill their prescription via bonded courier (Canada Post)."
The client/patient would have to sign for the package, he said.
Shaxon estimated production for the first two or three years out of the Benson Drive facility would be 10,000 kilograms (22,000 lbs.) per year.
About 50-70 employees, most of them fulltime, would work at the facility, said Shaxon. There would be a large security contingent along with medical professionals like pharmacists and doctors.
There are 13 approved medical marijuana production facilities in Canada, said Shaxon.
"What they have now can't meet the demand," he said.
There are about 40,000 medical marijuana users in Canada, he added. "That's growing at an alarming rate," he said, estimating it will balloon to 400,000 in five years.
He estimated 24,000 grow operations in Canada, with almost all of those by individuals.
"You shouldn't be growing (medical pot) in your house. There is the potential for fires, you put other people at risk and there is zero security."
By Shaxon's estimates, there are several hundred medical marijuana users in Burlington — and he's one of them.
He turned to medical pot on the advice of his doctor following several horrific accidents that could have killed him. He survived but they left him in debilitating pain.
In 1999, Shaxon was skiing in B.C. when he went out off course and hit a tree.
The next year his snowmobile went off a cliff in B.C. The machine hit the ground about 400 feet below and exploded; he fell about 30 feet before getting hung up on a tree.
In 2008, while stopped for traffic, his Porsche was hit from behind.
"I have cluster migraines and spasms. I didn't ask for it," he said of the medical pot. "My doctor gave it to me as a trial. It worked wonders.
"I look back at all the medications I was on and I couldn't move" because they were so strong, and potentially addictive, he said, powerful painkillers like Percocet, Oxycodone, Demerol and Morphine.
He went into rehab because of the effects of the latter, he said.
"All of a sudden I take a little bit of Cannabis and I'm good."
He's been using medical pot for about three years.
Medical pot can come in several forms, he explained. It can be boiled down, it can be eaten raw or it can be smoked. The latter is the worst way to use it from a health perspective due to carcinogens, he said.
"With my migraines I put it in oils or butter," Shaxon said. He also puts it in smoothies.
While the government approves its use he says it doesn't cover the cost so he, and others like him, have to pay for it all.
Depending on the quality of the product, it can cost anywhere from $3-$4 per gram up to $15 a gram, he said.
"The high THC (psychoactive ingredient) strains are more expensive."
Shaxon says the City of Burlington put an ad in the media about zoning for the Benson Drive facility and that he has talked to several businesses in the immediate vicinity about their plans.
"We just want to be good neighbours. If anyone has concerns, we want to know."
Shaxon can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Location, ST | website.com
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Neighbors' Day: April 30
To mark the first anniversary of the Whitney's new home, neighbors visit free on Saturday, April 30.Reserve tickets
On May 1, LaToya Ruby Frazier staged a performance as part of the Biennial 2012 exhibition, in which Youth Insights (YI) teens played a special role. Frazier worked with YI teens as an artist-in-residence while her work was on view and her multimedia performance continued the themes of her work in the Biennial: an exploration of media, advertising, poverty, and identity. After the performance began with a video created by Frazier, YI participants and audience members took part by cutting pieces from a large banner until all that remained was a Martin Luther King, Jr. quotation. YI teens who took part were interviewed for a documentary by the non-profit group Art21. For more information about this event, read a teen's perspective at the Whit blog.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Neelys Landing man shot, killed by highway patrol trooper after traffic stop (05/01/16)43
- Cape student sues, accuses school officials of slamming her to ground multiple times (04/28/16)49
- Missouri House votes to allow concealed weapons without permits (04/28/16)8
- River Ridge Winery changes hands (05/02/16)
- Police report filed, but no charges in incident at Cape Central (04/29/16)40
- 2016 All-Missourian Boys Basketball (04/29/16)
- Statement: Man says cops� good work drove him to grow his own marijuana (05/01/16)1
- Bob Evans restaurant in Cape Girardeau among chain's 21 closings (04/26/16)9
- Senator introduces bill for I-57 that would connect Sikeston with Little Rock (04/28/16)4
- Hopper Road to close for months during construction of Veterans Drive (04/27/16)9
Albert Elfrink
LEOPOLD, Mo. -- Albert Joseph Elfrink, 90, of Leopold died Sunday, June 7, 2009, at Saint Francis Medical Center in Cape Girardeau.
He was born May 18, 1919, in Leopold, son of Jacob H. and Adelheid Jansen Elfrink. He and Catherine M. Seesing were married Feb. 26, 1946. She died March 28, 2004.
Mr. Elfrink was a member of St. John's Catholic Church and a 57-year member of Knights of Columbus. He was a charter member of St. Isidore Council 5898, Leopold, and a 4th Degree member of St. John's Assembly 1740.
He was a loving husband, father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Mr. Elfrink retired as a Knights of Columbus Insurance Agent.
Albert served his country proudly in the United States Navy during World War II aboard the battleship USS Indiana.
Survivors include two sons, Delwin (Theresa) Elfrink of Cape Girardeau, Floyd Elfrink of Italy, Texas; two daughters, Sandra (Ralph) Beussink of Leopold, Shirley (Keith) Brotherton of Marble Hill, Mo.; a brother, Tom Elfrink of Leopold; nine grandchildren; and three great-grandchildren.
He was preceded in death by his parents, an infant son, six brothers and a sister.
Visitation will be from 4 to 8 p.m. today at Liley Funeral Home in Marble Hill. Parish prayers led by the Rev. John Harth and the Knights of Columbus rosary will be at 7.
Funeral Mass will be at 10 a.m. Wednesday at St. John's Catholic Church, with the Rev. Harth officiating. Burial will be in St. John's Church Cemetery.
Pallbearers will be grandsons Craig, Kyle and Cory Elfrink, Alan Beussink, Matt Brotherton, and godson Harold Horrell.
Readers will be granddaughters Stacey Kamps and Molly Brotherton, and participants in the offertory procession will be granddaughters Becky Beussink and Katelyn Brotherton.
The organist will be Mary Jansen, who will be accompanied by St. John's Church Choir.
In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to the Leopold School Foundation.


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The Arizona women's basketball team had beaten Utah twice during the regular season. But the Utes routed the Wildcats, 66-48, Thursday at KeyArena on the first day of the Pac-12 tournament.
Arizona was seeded 11th for the Pac-12 women's basketball tournament but thought it had an advantage in its matchup against No. 6 Utah.
Two of the Wildcats' four Pac-12 wins were against the Utes.
"Playing a team for the third time in a difficult task," Arizona coach Niya Butts said Thursday after her team lost 66-48 to Utah at KeyArena.
The Utes used 12-of-23 shooting from three-point range to blow the game open.
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Forward Michelle Plouffe made four straight three-pointers in the first half, helping Utah to a 43-29 at the break. Plouffe, a 6-foot-4 junior forward, scored a game-high 24 points and grabbed nine rebounds.
Wildcats senior Davelynn Whyte scored 23 points and added eight rebounds and six assists. Arizona lost 13 of its final 14 games, finishing with a 12-18 record.
Utah (18-12) plays No. 3 UCLA on Friday.
USC 64, Oregon State 57
Seventh-seeded USC benefitted from a record-setting march to the free-throw line, beating No. 10 seed Oregon State.
The Trojans led 47-45 then scored 15 of their final 17 points at the line. USC attempted a tournament-record 46 free throws, making 35. Oregon State was 7 of 12 from the free-throw line.
Oregon State coach Scott Rueck was called for a technical foul with 4:40 remaining, arguing against a charge foul on freshman forward Jamie Weisner. The Trojans made two free throws, then survived the Beavers' later pushes.
The Trojans (11-19) survived despite shooting just 29 percent from the field. USC advances to play No. 2 seed California in the second round at noon Friday.
Ariya Cook led USC with 17 points. Cassie Harberts added 16 points and 14 rebounds and Christina Marinacci scored 13. Oregon State (10-21) was led by Ali Gibson with 13 points. Mollee Schwegler scored 12 and Alyssa Martin and Weisner each scored 10.


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Manager John Sheridan was disappointed with the manner of the goals his side conceded against Millwall yesterday.
Millwall v Oldham highlights
GALLERY: Millwall v Oldham Athletic
POST MATCH: Sheridan Speaks Post Millwall Defeat
MATCH COVERAGE: Millwall v Oldham Athletic
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Club Thanks Fans For Their Away Support
SKY BET ODDS: Millwall v Oldham Athletic
Cash Bonanza
Back Football To Amsterdam Riders
MATCH OFFICIALS: Millwall v Oldham Athletic
PRE-MATCH: John Sheridan Speak Prior To Millwall Clash
Manager John Sheridan will not be taking his foot off the gas after seeing his side secure their Sky Bet League One status last week.
PRE-MATCH: Anthony Gerrard Previews Millwall Clash
Latics Announce Youth Intake For Next Season
2016/17 Fixtures Release Day Confirmed
GALLERY: Oldham Athletic Youth 3-0 Blackpool Youth
Tony Philliskirk Speaks Post Lancashire FA Youth Cup Win
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Anderson East, Miranda Lambert Duet at Valentine's Day Concert [WATCH]
Miranda Lambert joined boyfriend Anderson East at his Valentine's Day 2016 concert to sing Mariah Carey's "Always Be My Baby."
Miranda Lambert joined boyfriend Anderson East at his Valentine's Day 2016 concert to sing Mariah Carey's "Always Be My Baby."
Love is in the air, and we're celebrating the best way we know how — with country music's cutest couples!
A photo gallery of some of our favorite country couples kissing.
Miranda Lambert is promising a "big announcement" on social media.
Miranda Lambert kicked off the new year by announcing her new relationship to the world.
Miranda Lambert finds herself in an elite group of women this year.
The town of Lindale, Texas is recovering from strong storms and tornadoes that ripped through the area over the weekend. The mayor of Miranda Lambert's hometown has declared Lindale to be a state of disaster.
It's been a tough year for Miranda Lambert, splitting from her husband Blake Shelton this summer, and until recently she's kept quiet about how she's been coping.
A lot has been said about Blake Shelton over the past few months concerning his divorce from Miranda Lambert, but news from the "Little Red Wagon" singer's camp has been few and far between.
Country wardrobe malfunctions are rare, and the recoveries are first class. In this video of some of the most famous slips and splits you'll see that even when mistakes happen, the most famous women and men in the genre know how to react with dignity and class.


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|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. Where will Colin go to school in the fall?
2. How does Colin get a sled in Part 2, Chapter 10?
3. How long does Colin work on the farm?
4. In Part 3, Chapter 13, how is Batty doing in school?
5. Who do the Savilles run into while sledding in Part 2, Chapter 10?
Short Essay Questions
1. How did Harry build his bomb shelter?
2. Why does Harry look up to Mr. Reagan?
3. How is Colin different from Andrew?
4. What makes the food the Savilles serve Stafford in Part 3, Chapter 15 so special?
5. In Part 3, Chapter 16, how does Colin describe the teachers at his school?
6. How does Harry act when Colin comes home from taking his examination?
7. How does inventing affect Harry in Part 2, Chapter 7?
8. How does Ellen feel when she visits her parents in Part 3, Chapter 16?
9. Why does Colin get into a fist fight in Part 3, Chapter 15?
10. What happens during Colin's first day of school?
Essay Topics
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
The Savilles live in an underdeveloped area. How does their house compare with the houses of other characters? How do they feel about their house? How does their house serve as a symbol in the novel?
Essay Topic 2
Colin is very concerned with being able to take care of his parents. How does Colin try to care for his parents? How do they receive his help? Why is it so important to Colin to provide for them? How does this develop Colin as a character?
Essay Topic 3
The narrator of Saville is an unknown third person. Characters are often referred to by pronouns. What is the purpose of leaving the characters nameless so often? What message does this deliver? Is this an effective form of narration?
This section contains 601 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)


text:
Above: An audiovisual view of Beverly's House and Bother Beverly when it's not covered in concept
After you wander through Beverly's house, you'll flow with the crowd into her Private Coop in the back yard. There you can discover Beverly while she is re-filming a scene from her most famous film, "Steamboat Tilly". Be sure to ask her a silly question!
Beware Pirate Mode
© copyright 2011–2016
A Pants Aflame production


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Tiffany takes advantage of Grace Coddington's "at large" statusApril 29, 2016
Jeweler Tiffany & Co. is tapping the styling talents of former Vogue magazine creative director Grace Coddington.
Jeweler Tiffany & Co. is tapping the styling talents of former Vogue magazine creative director Grace Coddington.
On Earth Day April 22, luxury companies used the holiday as a conversation starter about their environmentally-friendly efforts.
Luxury Daily's live news from April 12: Tiffany leverages Net-A-Porter's audience to bring designs to next generation; Oscar de la Renta kicks of bridal season with collector's edition Barbie; Stuart Weitzman pencils in educational charity via limited-edition heel; Aston Martin propels language of design at Milan Design Week.
U.S. jeweler Tiffany & Co. has selected Net-A-Porter as its exclusive ecommerce partner, allowing its jewelry to be sold on the retailer's site for a limited time.
VERSAILLES, France – Strategic sustainability should be focused, starting from a brand's interior before radiating outward toward consumers, according to panelists at The New York Times International Luxury Conference April 5.
NEW YORK – Heritage and innovation seemingly battle against one another in the 21st century, but there is a symbolic relationship shared by the two forces worth exploring for luxury brands.
Luxury Daily's live news from Feb. 19 – Kering's consolidated revenue up 4.6pc in 2015; Tiffany behind-the-scenes documentary makes multichannel debut; Tesla gets fashion treatment in Neiman Marcus interview series; Mr Porter self-gifts essential items to commemorate fifth birthday.
Jeweler Tiffany & Co. is making its big screen debut with the release of the first fully authorized documentary about the "international obsession."
U.S. jeweler Tiffany & Co. is partnering with Coty to bring a new line of fragrances to the market.
Jeweler Tiffany & Co. is positioning itself as the diamond of choice to pop the question through a series of mobile advertisements across Hearst publications.


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Life Freshly Squeezed: Motivational and Inspirational Stories Squeezed Out from the Heart and Soul of Life, Love and Loss (Volume 1) Paperback – March 23, 2012
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Life Freshly Squeezed: Motivational and Inspirational Stories Squeezed Out from the Heart and Soul of Life, Love and Loss (Volume 1)
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About the Author
Life Freshly Squeezed was founded by Dr. Mark McGregor. He grew up in a small town in New Jersey with his parents and five other siblings. At age 18 a very serious car accident reinforced his belief in how fragile life is. After two years of rehabilitation he decided to go to college to take better advantage of the second chance he was given. He chose the chiropractic profession not only because chiropractic was instrumental in his accident recovery but it was his way of helping others in pain. After years of education, several jobs, many student loans, not much sleep and lots of coffee, he graduated chiropractic college. He has been in private chiropractic practice for over 23 years. During the course of his practice he has treated thousands of patients in various degrees of pain and poor health due to many different injuries and illnesses. He has witnessed first hand the courage, sacrifice and dedication people will go through dealing with the difficulties life can present. Severe health issues not only affect the patient but their families as well. Seeing and assisting loved ones in severe pain or illness is only part of the problem. The financial strains of affording the necessary medical care, as well as, being unable to work for a period of time add to the stress and difficulties. Helping families through these very tough times has allowed Dr. McGregor to get to know these people and their lives very well. He laughs with most, makes friends with many and even cries with some. They shared a wide variety of special stories about friendships, love, courage, heartbreak, forgiveness, unwavering faith, and more. He has been amazed many times with the strength and faith of the human spirit. Helping heal the physical injuries is only part of being a doctor. Helping to heal the mind and soul also requires a doctor to be a friend, adviser and psychologist. He has witnessed up close through all the years of hearing and sharing these same stories of inspiration and motivation with other patients how it has helped them deal with their own problems. This compelled him to not only share some of these stories with the world, but also to seek out other great stories and events to help and inspire even more people. Dr. Mark McGregor resides and practices on Cape Cod in Massachusetts. He lives there with his best friend and wife Nancy of 27 years, their beautiful daughter Meghan and their (ruggedly handsome) English bulldog, Murphy.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 1, 1985
|Filing date
|Apr 22, 1982
|Priority date
|Apr 22, 1982
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Scott C. Rashleigh
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (5), Classifications (4), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
SI =(I3 -I4)/(I3 +I4); and
The present invention relates generally to Sagnac fiber-optic rotation-sensing interferometers and more particularly to a Sagnac fiber-optic rotation-sensing interferometer which produces an alternating output signal.
The Sagnac ring interferometer, which employs a long single-mode-optical-fiber loop, has shown promise as a passive gyroscope for navigational purposes. The properties of Sagnac fiber-optic gyroscopes are described in an article by Rashleigh and Burns entitled "Dual-Input Fiber-Optic Gyroscope", Optics Letters, Vol. 5, No. 11, p. 482, Nov. 1980. Typical Sagnac fiber-optic gyroscopes include means for introducing counter-propagating light beams into both ends of a fiber-optic loop and photodectors for measuring the intensities of the output light beam. This intensity detection then gives a measure of the relative phase shift between the counterpropagating beams in the fiber-optic loop in order to determine the rate of rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the fiber-optic loop. An optical coupler/divider splits an incoming light beam into the counter propagating beams in the fiber-optic loop and later combines the output light beam exiting the fiber-optic loop, allowing them to interfere.
Two problems associated with the operation of typical interferometers are low sensitivity at near-zero rotation rates and the effect of noise on intrinsic dc operation.
Recently several interferometers have been developed which operate at maximum sensitivity, or quadrature, for near-zero rotation rates. However, these devices produce a dc signal which limits sensitivity due to high intrinsic, low-frequency noise levels in the photodetectors.
Since noise generally has a broad power spectrum, the power of the noise at a given frequency, for example fo, is low. If the output signal is periodically varied at fo and amplified by a phase-locked amplifier, then much of the noise is eliminated and an improvement of several orders of magnitude in the sensitivity of the interferometer is achieved. Also, since noise is superimposed upon the output signal, it is desirable to achieve a signal of high average power in order to maximize the signal to noise ratio and to minimize loss of sensitivity.
Several methods of producing an alternating output signal from an interferometer have been developed whereby the intensity of the input beam to the interferometer is periodically varied. However, since power is switched into and out of the interferometer the average power level of the output signal is low and sensitivity is not maximized.
Accordingly, one object of this invention is to provide a novel Sagnac rotation-sensing interferometer having maximum sensitivity at near-zero rotation rate while producing an alternating output signal.
A further object is to provide a Sagnac rotation-sensing interferometer that produces a periodically varying output signal with a high average power level so that the signal to noise ratio is high.
Accordingly, the above and other objects are realized in the present invention comprising a new and improved Sagnac interferometer including means for switching the interferometer into and out of quadrature by varying the phase of the light beams in the interferometer thereby producing an alternating interferometer output signal. Since no input power is switched out of the interferometer, the average power of the output signal at the photodetectors is not reduced thereby assuring high sensitivity due to the high signal to noise ratio. The interferometer output signal is processed by a phase-locked amplifier to produce a final output signal.
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts a prior art Sagnac rotation-sensing interferometer disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 314,298, now U.S. Pat. No 4,420,258, by Burns and Rashleigh which operates at quadrature, or maximum sensitivity, for near-zero rotation rates.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a circuit for adjusting the variable path length difference of the interferometer depicted in FIG. 1 to achieve maximum sensitivity at zero rotation rate.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a circuit for alternating the output signals of the Sagnac interferometer, depicted in FIG. 1., and for providing phase-sensitive detection thereof.
FIG. 4 is a set of graphs relating to the operation of the interferometer when the value of θ varies periodically. The time axes of all the graphs are drawn to the same scale with a common origin.
FIG. 4(a) depicts θ(t) vs. time.
FIG. 4(b) depicts I1 (t) and I2 (t) vs. time.
FIG. 4(c) depicts I3 (t) and I4 (t), for zero and non-zeroΩ, vs. time.
FIG. 4(d) depicts S(t) vs. time.
FIG. 5 is a graphical depiction of the output signals, representing Ω vs. time, of an actual embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5(a) is the output signal for dc operation.
FIG. 5(b) is the output signal for ac operation.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention wherein the optical coupler comprises a (3�3)-(2�2) optical coupler as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 356,590 by Sheem, S. K.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention wherein the optical couplers comprises a (3�2) optical coupler as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 353,677, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,445,780, by Burns, W. K.
The present invention produces a low-noise electrical signal that is a function of the rate of rotation, Ω, about a given axis. Prior art rotation sensing interferometers have been developed that operate a quadrature, the maximum sensitivity point, when Ω=0 but those Sagnac interferometers produce a dc signal with an inherently low signal to noise ratio.
Briefly stated the present invention modulates the intensities, I3 and I4, of the output beams of a prior art Sagnac interferometer by switching the interferometer into and out of quadrature; electronically measures the intensities, I3 and I4, and processes the resulting signals into the form SI =(I3 -I4)/(I3 +I4); and provides for phase-sensitive detection, at the modulation frequency of SI or multiples thereof. The resulting detected signal, SF, exhibits a signal-to-noise ratio several orders of magnitude greater than prior art devices.
The application of the principles of the present invention to three prior art Sagnac rotation-sensing interferometers is set out below.
Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and more particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, a prior art interferometer that operates in quadrature, when controlled by the circuit of FIG. 2, is depicted.
The Sagnac interferometer of FIG. 1 comprises an optical light path circuit 10, such as a coil of single-mode optical fiber, and an optical coupler including a Mach-Zehnder interferometer 12. The optical coupler divides an input beam 14 from a light source 16 into two incident beams 18, 20 that counterpropagate through the optical light path circuit and combines the Sagnac phase shifted output beams 22, 24 to produce beams 26, 28 with intensities that are a function of the Sagnac phase shift.
The circuit of FIG. 2 is interconnected with and adjusts the Mach-Zehnder so that the Sagnac interferometer is in quadrature, notwithstanding the presence of air current in the Mach-Zehnder.
More specifically, an input light beam 14 is split by a first beamsplitter 30 into a first input beam component 32 which propagates along a first light path 34 and a second input beam component 36 which propagates along a second light path 38. The light paths 34, 38 include mirrors for directing the input beam components to a second beamsplitter 40 which splits the first input beam component into a third input beam component and fourth input beam component and splits the second input beam component into a fifth and a sixth input beam component. The third and fifth input beam components combine to form a first incident beam 18 of intensity I1, which propagates through an optical light path circuit 10 in a counterclockwise direction while the fourth and sixth input beam components combine to form a second incident beam 20, of intensity I2, which propagates through the optical light path circuit 10 in a clockwise direction.
The normalized intensities of the incident beams 18, 20 are:
I1,2 =1/2(1�cosθ) (1)
where θ the is the relative phase difference between the first and second input beam components and where θ is the sum of ψ, the phase difference introduced by the first beam splitter 30, and δ, the phase difference caused by the relative path length difference between the first and second light paths 34, 38. Note that I1 =I2 =1/4 when θ=π/2 and the Sagnac interferometer is in quadrature.
The light beam in the first light path 34 is directed from the first beamsplitter 30 to the second beamsplitter 40 by an adjustable mirror 42. By controlling the position of the adjustable mirror to very the relative path length difference, δ is adjusted so that θ=δ+ψ=π/2, I1 =I2 =1/2, and the Sagnac interferometer is in quadrature. The adjustment of the relative path length difference is achieved by mounting the adjustable mirror on a piezoelectric cylinder 43 which is driven to change the position of the adjustable mirror 42.
Beamsplitters 44, 46 are disposed to pick-off a small portion of the first and second incident beams 18, 20 so that the intensities, I1 and I2 may be measured by photodetectors 48, 50. The resulting voltage signals from these two detectors may be compared and utilized to produce a compensating voltage for driving the piezoelectric cylinder to adjust the phase shift, δ, so that I1 =I2.
In this air-mirror design, air currents tend to change the optical path lengths in the interferometer. Accordingly, continuous adjustment of the phase shift, δ, is typically necessary. In order to implement such a continuous adjustment of the phase shift, the circuit of FIG. 2 is set forth. The detectors 48 and 50 merely direct their voltage outputs to the inputs of a differential amplifier 60. The compensating voltage output from this differential amplifier is then applied to control the piezoelectric driver 62 for the mirror 42. In this manner, the intensities of the incident beams upon the ends of the light path circuit 10, I1 and I2, are automatically adjusted to be equal and to remain so.
The incident light beams counterpropagate through the optical light path circuit 10 and exit therefrom as first and second output beams 22, 24. The first output beam 22 is split by the second beamsplitter 40 into a third output beam component that propagates through the first light path 34 and a fourth output beam component that propagates through the second light path 38. Likewise, the second output beam is split into fifth and sixth components that propagate through the first and second light paths 34, 38 respectively. The third and fourth output beam components in the first light path 34 combine to form a third output beam 26 of intensity I3 while the fourth and sixth output beam components in the second light path combine to form a fourth output beam 28 of intensity I4.
The normalized intensities of the output beams, I3 and I4, after propagating through the optical light path circuit 18, which rotates at angular velocity, are:
I3,4, =1/2(1�sinθsin2φ) (2)
2φ=8πNAΩ/λc (3)
Ω being the rotation rate about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the optical light path circuit, NA being the total area enclosed by the optical light path circuit 10, and c being the free-space wavelength and the light-velocity, respectively, of the input beam.
Beamsplitters 64, 66 are positioned in the first and second light paths 34, 38 to pick off portions of the third and fourth output beams 26, 28 and direct the picked-off beams to photodetectors 68, 70. Signals are produced by the photodetectors 68, 70 proportional to I3 and I4.
Note that when θ=π/2 eq. (3) becomes:
I3,4 =1/2(1�sin 2φ) (4)
and if Ω=0 then I3 =I4 so that the interferometer operates at quadrature, or maximum sensitivity.
The noise and minimum-detectable rotation rate are of particular importance in any fiber-optic gyroscope. Electronic processing of the detected signals in the form
SI =(I3 -I4)/(I3 +I4)=sinθsin 2φ) (5)
where SI is designated the interferometer output signal, removes the dependence of the gyroscope output signal on laser power fluctuations. When θ=π/2, SI =sin2φ and Ω may be calculated utilizing eq. (3).
It is to be noted that SI is a dc signal subject to intrinsic dc noise limitations.
The physical principles underlying the operation of the present invention can be understood by examining eqs. (1) and (2). As described above, δ may be changed by varying the relative path length difference between the first and second light paths of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Adjusting δ so that θ=π/2 by means of a piezoelectric driver 84 brings the gyroscope into quadrature so that I1 =I2 =1/2 and SI =sin 2φ. However, if the relative path length difference is adjusted so that θ=0 or π, the gyroscope is completely out of quadrature, and its sensitivity is zero with I1 =1, I2 =0, I3 =I4 =1/2, and SI =0, independently of any rotation. In this case, light travels in one direction only in the optical light path circuit 10.
The alternating interferometer output signal of the present invention is produced by periodically varying the adjustable path length difference so that θ switches from π/2 to 0 or π. Thus, the Sagnac interferometer is switched into and out of quadrature and the amplitude of the interferometer output signal, SI, is modulated between sin2φ and 0 at frequency fo. The modulated interferometer output signal is then processed by a phase locked amplifier at twice the modulation frequency or multiples thereof to provide a final output signal, SF =sin 2φ, with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Since power is not switched out of the Sagnac interferometer to achieve ac modulation the average power in the photodetectors is high thereby further increasing the signal-to-noise ratio.
A detailed description of the operation of an embodiment of the present invention comprising the dual input interferometer of FIG. 1 controlled by the circuit of FIG. 3 follows. FIG. 3 depicts a circuit for switching the interferometer of FIG. 1 into and out of quadrature.
More specifically, FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram depicting a circuit for cancelling low frequency phase fluctuations that would cause I1 and I2 to be unequal, for creating a high frequency amplitude modulation of SI, and for phase sensitive detection of SI to provide a low-noise, final output signal SF =sin 2φ.
In order to facilitate description of the operation of the circuit of FIG. 3 a dashed line 90 divides FIG. 3 into two parts; the upper part is designated the dc circuit 92 and the lower part the ac circuit 94. The dc circuit performs substantially the same function as the circuit depicted in FIG. 2, i.e., to sample I1 and I2 and cancel phase fluctuations between the input beam components that cause I1 and I2 to be unequal. The functions of the low-pass filters 96, 98 and ac signal generator 100 input to the piezoelectric driver 62, not present in the circuit of FIG. 2 are explained below.
A signal, at frequency f, from the ac signal generator 100 to the piezoelectric driver 62 will cause the position of the adjustable mirror 42 to vary periodically at frequency f. Thus, the path length difference varies periodically causing δ and θ, since θ=δ+ψ, to also be periodic functions of time. θ(+) may be expressed as:
θ(t)=θdc +θac (6)
where θdc is the time average of θ(t).
The periodic variation of θ will cause the values of I1 and I2 to be modulated at frequency fo. This modulation of I1 and I2 is critical to the production of the modulated interferometer output signal SI. Therefore, the dc circuit 92 is designed so the ac fluctuations of I1 and I2 are not cancelled by the compensating voltage signal to the adjustable mirror 42. The frequency components of air turbulance in the light path of Mach-Zehnder are concentrated below one kHz. By selecting the ac frequency, f, to be above one kHz and designing the low pass filters 96, 98 to cut off frequency components below one kHz the ac fluctuation of I1 and I2 are isolated from the dc circuit. Thus the dc circuit will only cancel low frequency phase variations due to air currents and will continually adjust the relative path length difference so that θdc =π/2. Eq. (6) thus becomes:
θ(t)=θdc +θac =π/2+θac (7)
and eq. (5) becomes:
SI =sinθsin2φ=sin(π/2+θac)sin2φ=cos(θac)sin2φ. (8)
Therefore, the time dependence of SI depends on the form of θac.
The ac circuit of FIG. 3 includes an arithmetic circuit 104 for processing the signals, representing I3 and I4, from the detectors 68, 70 to form a new signal SI =(I3 -I4)/(I3 +I4). The noise component of SI generally has a broad power spectrum. Since the component of SI carrying the information pertaining to Ω is modulated, phase-sensitive detection at multiples of twice the modulation frequency will increase the signal-to-noise ratio. To achieve phase-sensitive detection SI is processed by a phase-locked amplifier 106 to produce the final output signal SF. SF is measured by standard electronic instruments such as, for example, an oscilloscope. The variation of I1, I2, I3, I4 and SI for the illustrative case where θ is pulsed at fixed time intervals is depicted in FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 comprises a series of graphs relating to the operation of the present invention when θ is pulsed. FIG. 4(a) depicts θ vs. time while 4(b) depicts the corresponding dependence of I1 and I2.
Turning to FIG. 4(b), when θ=π/2 the input power is equally divided between the two incident beams, i.e. I1 =I2 =1/2. However, when θ is switched to θ=0 all the power is in the first incident beam, i.e., I1 =1, I2 =0.
FIG. 4(c) depicts the values of I3 and I4 for the corresponding values of θ in FIG. 4(a). Note that when Ω=0, I3 =I4 =1/2 for all θ. This follows from eq. (2) :
I3,4 =1/2(1�sinθsin2φ)=1/2
since when Ω=0, sin 2φ=0. For non zero Ω, when θ=π/2
I3,4 =1/2(1�sin2φ)=1/2�1/2sin2φ,
and when θ=0
Thus, when 2φ is near zero, for small rotation rates, the switching of θ induces a small modulation in the output signal of each detector from the constant value 1/2, so that the average signal power in each detector is about 1/2 the input power.
The signal-to-noise ratio of the detector is low for a near zero signal. In the present invention, the average signal power in the detectors may be increased to a level with a high signal-to-noise ratio by adjusting the intensity of the input beam.
FIG. 4(d) depicts the value of the interferometer output signal, SI, for the corresponding value of θ in FIG. 4(a). Note that SI is modulated between 0 and sin 2φ at the same frequency at which θ is modulated.
In the embodiment of the invention actually reduced to practice θ was varied according to:
θ(t)=θdc +θac =π/2+θ, sin2πft,
thus from eq. 2
I3,4 =1/2(1�cos[θ, sin2πft]sin2φ) (9) or
I3 =1/2{1=J0 (θ1)sin2φ+2J2 (θ1)cos[2π(2f)t]sin2φ+2J4 (θ1)cos[2π(4f)t]sin2φ+2J6 (θ1)cos[2π(6f)t]sin2φt . . . }
I4 =1/2{1-J0 (θ1)sin2φ-2J2 (θ1)cos[2π(2f)t]sin2φ-2J4 (θ1)cos[2π(4f)t]sin2φ-2J6 (θ)cos[2π(6f)t]sin2φ-. . . }
where J0, J2, J4, J6, . . . are Bessel functions. Thus, modulation products occur at frequencies corresponding to 2Nf, where N is an integer. If phase sensitive detection is chosen to be at 2f, the J4 and higher order terms of the Bessel function expansion of cos(θ1 sin2π ft) may be neglected, so that:
I3 =1/2{1+J0 (θ1)sin2φ+J2 (θ1)cos[2π(2f)t]sin2φ} (10.1)
I4 =1/2{1-J0 (θ1)sin2φ-J2 (θ1)cos[2π(2f)t]sin2φ} (10.2)
S=J0 (θ1)sin2θ+2J2 (θ1)cos[2π(2f)t]sin2φ (11)
Note that in this instance the a.c. term depends on cos[2π(2f)t] so that phase sensitive detection is possible at 2f. Of course, as equations 9.1 and 9.2 illustrate, θ1 may be chosen to permit phase sensitive detection at any desired frequency corresponding to 2Nf, where N is an integer.
The actual detected signal of the interferometer is depicted in FIG. 5. FIG. 5(a) represents the final output signal, when the interferometer is operated with zero ac signal and FIG. 5(b) represents the final output signal for operation with a non-zero ac signal. Note the dramatic reduction of noise for ac operation.
The fiber length employed was 420 m, the coil diameter was 29 cm and the mirror was driven sinusoidally at 3 kHz with θ1 =3 rad. This modulation scheme reduced the short term noise by approximately a factor 10 while allowing the gyroscope to operate at maximum sensitivity.
The arithmetic circuit actually constructed included a Burr Brown 3660 with attendent resistor network for forming the sum of the signals representing I3 and I4, a Fairchild 741 with attendent circuitry for forming the difference, and an ICL 8013 Special Electronic 4 Quadrant Analogue Multiplier for forming the quotient of the difference and the sum of I3 and I4. Phase sensitive detection was accomplished by use of an Ithaco, Model 393 phase-locked amplifier.
It is understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art that the above described embodiment of the invention is not limited to the use of the air-mirror light paths 34,36 in the Mach-Zehnder 12. Alternatively, the Mach-Zehnder 12 could be fabricated on a dielectric substrate with light paths comprising channel waveguides, beamsplitters comprising directional couplers and phase-adjusting means comprising electrodes disposed about a channel waveguide. Discrete optical fibers may also be employed with phase-adjusting means comprising a fiber-stretcher.
The circuit of FIG. 3 would be interconnected with either of the above described Mach-Zehnders in a manner analogous to the Mach-Zehnder depicted in FIG. 2. The ac signal generator 100 would be connected to the phase-shifter and the photodetectors of the ac and dc circuits 92, 94 would be disposed to measure the intensities of the appropriate light beams.
FIG. 6 depicts an alternate embodiment of the present invention wherein a fiber-optic gyroscope with a (3�3)-(2�2) coupler 118, as disclosed by Sheem, K. in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 356,590, is interconnected with the ac circuit depicted in FIG. 3. FIG. 7 depicts a (3�3) coupler 120 comprising an input waveguide 122 disposed between two first output waveguides 124, 126 and a (2�2) coupler 128 comprising two second output waveguides 130, 132 wherein the first output waveguides are coupled to the second output waveguides by two intermediate waveguides 140, 142. The waveguides may be channel waveguides fabricated on a dielectric substrate or discrete optical fibers. The second output waveguides 130, 132 are optically coupled to the ends of the optical light path circuit 10, the input waveguide 122 is coupled to an external light source 16 such as a laser, the first output waveguides 124, 126 are coupled to photodetectors 68, 70 and the first output waveguides 124, 126 are coupled to the second output waveguides 130, 132 by the intermediate waveguides 140, 142.
The input beam launched into the input waveguide 122 is split into two light beams which counterpropagate through the optical light path circuit 10 and return to the photodetectors 48, 46 via the second output waveguides 130, 132 the intermediate waveguides 140, 142 and the first output waveguides 124, 126. The intensities of the returning output beams are equal for zero rotation rate due to the symmetry of the (3�3)-(2�2) coupler 118. Therefore, the interferometer operates at maximum sensitivity for near-zero rotation rates and only the ac circuit of FIG. 3 is required.
A phase shifter 144, being either a pair of electrodes for channel waveguides or a fiber-stretcher for discrete optical fibers, is disposed across one of the intermediate waveguides 142. An ac signal from the ac signal generator of the circuit depicted in FIG. 3 applied to the phase-shifter 144 will shift the interferometer into and out of quadrature, thereby causing the power of the output signal, SI, to be modulated. Therefore, the interferometer depicted in FIG. 6 controlled by the ac circuit of FIG. 3, wherein the piezoelectric driver and cylinder is replaced by the phase-shifter, provides an ac interferometer output signal, SI, with high average output power. Phase sensitive detection thereof is provided, as set out above, and the noise suppression advantages described above are realized.
FIG. 7 depicts a second alternate embodiment of the present invention wherein a (3�2) optical coupler 146, as disclosed by Burns in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 353,677, now U.S. Pat. No 4,445,780, is interconnected to the ac circuit depicted in FIG. 3. In FIG. 7 a central two-mode channel waveguide 148 branches at one end into three one-mode input channel waveguides, wherein a middle input waveguide 150 is disposed between two outer input waveguides 152, 154, and at the other end into two one-mode output channel waveguides 156, 158. The output waveguides 156, 158 are optically coupled to the ends of the optical light path circuit 10, the middle input waveguide 150 is optically coupled to an external light source 16 such as a laser, and the outer input waveguides 152, 154 are optically coupled to photodetectors 68, 70. The waveguides of (3�2) coupler 146 are fabricated on the planar surface of a dielectric and are symmetrically disposed about an axis 159 through the central waveguide. Electrode means 160, 162 are disposed relative to the central waveguide 148 for generating an electric field in the central waveguide 148.
The input beam launched into the middle input waveguide 150 is split into two light beams which counterpropagate through the optical light path circuit 10 and return to the photodetectors 48, 50 via output waveguides 156, 158, the central waveguide 148 and the outer input waveguide 152, 154. The intensities of the returning output beam are equal for zero rotation-rate due to the symmetry of the (3�2) coupler 146. Therefore, the interferometer operates at maximum sensitivity for near zero rotation rates so that only the ac circuit of FIG. 3 is required.
FIG. 7 depicts the excitement of the two modes 164, 166 of the central waveguide by the Sagnac phase shifted counterpropagating light beams exiting the optical light path circuit 10. Note that the difference in amplitude of the output signals in the outer input waveguides 152, 154 is due to the interference between the modes at the point where the central waveguide 148 branches into the input waveguides 150, 152, 154. For the phase relationship illustrated in FIG. 7 there is constructive interference in the outer input waveguide 152 positioned above the axis 159 and destructive interference in the outer input waveguide 154 below the axis 159. The output signal S=(I3 -I4)/(I3+I 4) is a maximum when the difference between I3 and I4 is a maximum. Thus, S will be maximized if the interference between the modes is a maximum at the branching point.
If β1 and β2 are the propagation constants of the symmetric and anti-symmetric modes 164, 166, respectively, and L is the length of the central waveguide 148, then interference is maximized when
(β1 -β2)L=π/2. (11)
and the interferometer operates a quadrature.
A potential difference impressed upon the electrodes 160, 162 creates an electric field across the central waveguide 148. β1 and β2 are affected differently by the applied electric field since the modes have different transverse intensity distributions. Thus, in the presence of the applied field, β1 and β2 no longer satisfies eq. (11), interference at the branching point is no longer maximized, and the amplitude of S decreases from its maximum value. The amplitude of S will alternate if an alternating signal from the ac generator of the circuit depicted in FIG. 3 is impressed upon the electrodes. Therefore, the interferometer depicted in FIG. 7 controlled by the ac circuit of FIG. 3 will provide an ac output signal with high average power. Phase-sensitive dection is provided as set out above and the advantages of noise suppression as described above are realized.
Obviously, numerous additional modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 27, 1965
|May 19, 1970
|Mclaughlin Donald J
|Optical gyroscope having means for resolving ambiguities of velocity and direction
|Jul 17, 1979
|Feb 3, 1981
|Laser gyrometer having the two beams emerging from the two ends of the fiber forming two adjacent light parts of a single beam
|Dec 18, 1978
|Aug 4, 1981
|Litton Systems, Inc.
|Laser gyro with phased dithered mirrors
|Oct 23, 1981
|Dec 13, 1983
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Dual input gyroscope
|"Fiber-Optic Rotation Sensing With Low Drift", Ulrich, Optics Letters, vol. 5, #5, May 1980, pp. 173-175.
|Fiber Interferometer Gyroscope, M. N. McLandrich and H. E. Rast, SPIE, vol. 157, Laser Inertial Rotation Sensors, (1978).
|Fiber Optic Rotation Sensing With Low Drift , Ulrich, Optics Letters, vol. 5, 5, May 1980, pp. 173 175.
|Lichtleitfaser Rotationssensor auf der Grundlage des Sagnac Effekts Siemens Forsch. u. Entwickl. Ber. Bd. 9, (1980), Nr. 1, G. Schiffner.
|Lichtleitfaser-Rotationssensor auf der Grundlage des Sagnac-Effekts Siemens Forsch.-u. Entwickl.-Ber. Bd. 9, (1980), Nr. 1, G. Schiffner.
|Rashleigh et al., "Alternating Current Operation of the Dual Input Fiber-ic Gyroscope", Conference, IOOC, '81, Third International Conference on Integrated Optics & Optical Fiber Comm., (Apr. 27-29, 1981).
|Rashleigh et al., Alternating Current Operation of the Dual Input Fiber Optic Gyroscope , Conference, IOOC, 81, Third International Conference on Integrated Optics & Optical Fiber Comm., (Apr. 27 29, 1981).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 22, 1986
|Jun 20, 1989
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Interferometer gyroscope having two feedback loops
|Aug 29, 1990
|Aug 6, 1991
|Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm Gmbh
|Optical-fiber gyroscope
|Dec 15, 1989
|Mar 14, 1995
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Optically-locked fiber-optic resonant gyro
|Dec 22, 1989
|May 30, 1995
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Resonant interferometer fiber optic gyroscope
|Oct 28, 1987
|Aug 15, 1995
|Litton Systems, Inc.
|Ring laser gyroscope scale factor error control apparatus and method control apparatus and method
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 28, 1982
Owner name: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AMERICA AS REPRESENTED
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. SUBJECT TO LICENSE RECITED (THIS INSTRUMENT WAS ALSO SIGNED BY SACHS/FREEMAN ASSOC., INC.);ASSIGNOR:RASHLEIGH, SCOTT C.;REEL/FRAME:004037/0730
Effective date: 19820423
|Mar 7, 1988
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 3, 1993
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 16, 1993
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19930103


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Headstone photo
Thank you very much for the photo of Tony Neider's headstone. You are greatly appreciated.
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on Apr 30, 2016 12:25 PM
PJH / Angelbird
RE: Rhodes infants
Oh shoot. I should have taken an extra minute to check out the inscription section. Thanks for getting back to me. Phyllis :o)
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PJH / Angelbird
on Apr 20, 2016 6:30 PM
Kevin and Cari (Early/Oldfather) King
Thank you!!
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Kevin and Cari (Early/Old...
on Apr 15, 2016 12:16 PM
sandra bryant-Cain
memorial #95369642
Re: Eliza H. Sheppard
This is not Hattie Spry Sheppard. This is Eliza Harriet Grey born May 1844 in Sommerset, England, According to her death record she died 28 June 1913 (not 1918 as the headstone says). She was married to Albert Sheppard who was also born in Sommerset England December 1845.He died 20 April 1899
Hattie was married to their son Albert Boundy Sheppard.
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Brandy Wells Murray
RE: harry stevenson 70585201
You have his first wife linked to him in there in Ohio. I also have her linked to him in Kentucky.
Have a great rainy day! (Here in TN anyway)
Be blessed :)
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Brandy Wells Murray
on Mar 31, 2016 7:51 AM
Thank you so much for attempting to find the headstone for Daniel Prowant. I was afraid that might have been the case.
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Carl Bennett
Thank you for your efforts to fill my photo request!
Much appreciation and good wishes,
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Sloan photograph
Thank you so much !!!
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Fek Neim
RE: Elmo Shisler
I saw the photo of the grave marker. Doesn't it say F.C. not I.C.? Anyway, it's your relative. The bible was at the show where I got the photos, but at $75, it was beyond my price range. Also, there are several Shisler family genealogies online that put Elmo with Flory, and she died the day he was born, he died several months later.
But it's your family. I won't press the point.
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Fek Neim
RE: Elmo Shisler
I am looking for the grave of Rebecca Shisler Burt, 2nd wife of Bethuel Burt of Paulding County, and Flory Shisler's sister Lizzie Adams of Van Wert. Do you possibly have any info on either of them?
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"A highly sympathetic and graceful portrait of Bernard Berenson, the art connoisseur and dealer who remade himself into a work of art, priced and priceless, which he protected, cultivated, and even at times bartered: Rachel Cohen's Bernard Berenson is an illuminating tale of this self-transformation, its successes and pitfalls, told with stalwart compassion."--Brenda Wineapple, author of Ecstatic Nation: Confidence, Crisis, and Compromise, 1848-1877
Bernard Berenson: A Life in the Picture Tradeby Rachel Cohen
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When Gilded Age millionaires wanted to buy Italian Renaissance paintings, the expert whose opinion they sought was Bernard Berenson, with his vast erudition, incredible eye, and uncanny skill at attributing paintings. They visited Berenson at his beautiful Villa I Tatti, in the hills outside Florence, and walked with him through the immense private… See more details below
When Gilded Age millionaires wanted to buy Italian Renaissance paintings, the expert whose opinion they sought was Bernard Berenson, with his vast erudition, incredible eye, and uncanny skill at attributing paintings. They visited Berenson at his beautiful Villa I Tatti, in the hills outside Florence, and walked with him through the immense private librarywhich he would eventually bequeath to Harvardwithout ever suspecting that he had grown up in a poor Lithuanian Jewish immigrant family that had struggled to survive in Boston on the wages of the father's work as a tin peddler. Berenson's extraordinary self-transformation, financed by the explosion of the Gilded Age art market and his secret partnership with the great art dealer Joseph Duveen, came with painful costs: he hid his origins and felt that he had betrayed his gifts as an interpreter of paintings. Nevertheless his way of seeing, presented in his books, codified in his attributions, and institutionalized in the many important American collections he helped to build, goes on shaping the American understanding of art today.
This finely drawn portrait of Berenson, the first biography devoted to him in a quarter century, draws on new archival materials that bring out the significance of his secret business dealings and the way his family and companionsincluding his patron Isabella Stewart Gardner, his lover Belle da Costa Greene, and his dear friend Edith Whartonhelped to form his ideas and his legacy. Rachel Cohen explores Berenson's inner world and exceptional visual capacity while also illuminating the historical forcesnew capital, the developing art market, persistent anti-Semitism, and the two world warsthat profoundly affected his life.
Editorial Reviews
"A highly sympathetic and graceful portrait of Bernard Berenson, the art connoisseur and dealer who remade himself into a work of art, priced and priceless, which he protected, cultivated, and even at times bartered: Rachel Cohen's Bernard Berenson is an illuminating tale of this self-transformation, its successes and pitfalls, told with stalwart compassion."--Brenda Wineapple, author of Ecstatic Nation: Confidence, Crisis, and Compromise, 1848-1877
"An insightful, richly detailed account of Bernard Berenson's brilliant transformation from an immigrant Jew and son of a tin peddler into a connoisseur of Italian Renaissance painting and a dealer in secret partnership with Joseph Duveen. With the keen gaze that Berenson brought to a picture, Rachel Cohen analyzes his high-wire act of self-invention against the glittering, aristocratic, anti-Semitic world of art collecting."--Cynthia Saltzman
"The most dynamic biography yet of the groundbreaking art historian Bernard Berenson...Cohen investigates Berenson's contradictions, metamorphoses, and dramatically unconventional life with vivacious authority. . . . Cohen deftly channels the sweeping intensity of Berenson's aesthetic ecstasy, hard-won expertise, surprising adventures, and vital legacy."—Booklist, Starred Review
"In her remarkable biography, Cohen approaches Berenson's life as a panorama full of artifice and profundity, whose brilliant flashes of color are inextricable from its substrates of shadow. The book leaves an indelible impression, not merely in the way it catalogues Berenson's accomplishments and failings, but also in its dissection of the struggle between desire and alienation that characterizes American art—and life—to this day."—Thomas Micchelli, Bookforum
"[As] Rachel Cohen, the author of this elegantly written biography. . . .nicely puts it, Berenson was 'a person whose capacity for metamorphosis approached that of a moth.'"—Martin Gayford, The Sunday Telegraph
"Rachel Cohen has written an admirable short life...[and] a touching portrait"—James Stourton, Literary Review
"Berenson's extraordinary and colorful life—from his humble birth in Lithuania, to Harvard and thence to his august and influential position as a critic and art historian, to the renowned splendor of his Florentine villa I Tatti—makes a rich and compelling subject. Ms. Cohen's remarkable book affords the occasion also for rumination upon self-invention and authenticity, upon the making of the man, and of taste, too."—Claire Messud, Wall Street Journal
Chosen as a highly recommended book by the Boston Authors Club in 2014.
Shortlisted for the 2015 Jewish Quarterly Wingate Prize 2014
Product Details
- 9780300149425
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- Publication date:
- 10/31/2013
- Series:
- Jewish Lives Series
- Pages:
- 344
- Sales rank:
- 750,573
- Product dimensions:
- 5.80(w) x 8.40(h) x 1.30(d)
Read an Excerpt
Bernard Berenson
A Life in the Picture Trade
By RACHEL COHEN
Yale UNIVERSITY PRESSCopyright © 2013 Rachel Cohen
All rights reserved.
Jews of Boston
Sometimes now as I walk ... I see again the world as it was to me when I was five years of age. There is the same mystery to everything, the same feeling of standing in the presence of things that I see, but have not yet thought of, the same feeling of saturating coolness that I used to throb with when I was a child of five years old, in the orchard of a spring morning, listening to the call of the cuckoo at the end of the garden by the brookside.
—Bernhard Berenson, early journal
When he wrote these lines, Bernhard Berenson was only twenty, but already when he spoke of the Lithuanian landscape of his childhood, it seemed to him, and to those who heard him, a mysterious place, poignantly far away. Berenson's place of origin, to which he would never return, was almost always present in how he was understood, though it was taken in quite different ways by different people. The art dealer René Gimpel referred to Berenson as a "feline Pole," while Edith Wharton wrote tenderly of his "little Russian childhood." In conversation, Berenson's allusions to his childhood were often more in the realm of legend than of fact, and this added to the feeling people had, listening to him, that his wisdom and insight had distant sources, accessible to him alone.
At the time that he wrote in his diary about his first experiences of "standing in the presence of things that I see," Berenson was struggling to stake out a place for himself in teeming Boston. He had discovered that one of the things which distinguished him was his phenomenal capacity for talk. Berenson could hold the attention of an audience for hours with what later auditors remembered as his "whiplash epigrams" and "the vast layers of learning that seemed to rise up behind him." He seemed a sorcerer with words, his incantatory power associated in the minds of many with his Jewishness. In 1887, when Berenson was nineteen, he encountered the future justice Louis Brandeis, then thirty-one, and a man who knew only too well how Boston responded to Jews. The impression Brandeis took gives a sense of how Berenson, talking, seemed against the backdrop of Boston society: "Saturday at the Salon met an extraordinary man—Berenson, I think, is the name, a student at Harvard of great talents—particularly literary talent. A Russian Jew I surmise, a character about whom I must know more. He seemed as much of an exotic lure as the palm or cinnamon tree."
In the young Berenson's crowded household his talk, already of poetry, painting, and the wide world of culture, was a way to draw the attention of his mother and sisters. In his adult life, although he sometimes wished for solitude, he kept his home thronging with interlocutors. One of his most frequent commendations was to say approvingly of this or that person that he "did everything to draw me out." His stature as an interpreter of paintings was in part founded on his talk. When he guided people through the long cool galleries of the Uffizi and the Louvre, and spoke of the particularities of the paintings, their colors and forms, the qualities of figure, space, and light, his listeners saw as never before.
In the full strength of his maturity, Berenson, like one of the fifteenth-century humanists who were his constant reference, could speak with knowledge and sensitivity of the literary tradition in seven languages. He had a lively curiosity and an astonishing range of reference. He was familiar with, and wry about, the habits of medieval French princes and modern-day Greek shepherds. And his talk, he felt, brought him close to the spirit of the great creators whose work he loved. Kenneth Clark said of Berenson that "through talk he made himself into a work of art."
It was part of Berenson's aesthetic creed, articulated in his late work Aesthetics and History, that the artist, when creating, did not plot his way through already-worked-out ideas but was spontaneous. The brilliant talker, Berenson wrote, is "almost unconscious and even surprised to hear what comes out of his own mouth," but while his "winged word" amuses many, it also "stings others, and deeply offends a few." The born talker had a helpless need to talk, and even if he sometimes became a "verbal clown," his talk went on: "No amount of whippings cured the mediaeval court jester." In Berenson's colloquies ran the conflict between being a Renaissance humanist and being a medieval court jester, between the power of secular knowledge and the experience of struggling at the margins of a religious society, and both of these were facets of his family's experience from the beginning.
Berenson's father, Albert Berenson, had an apprentice, and the two used to go peddling in the towns around Boston together. It was from the apprentice, Louis Aron Lebowich, that Berenson's first biographer, Sylvia Sprigge, learned a story that gives a glimpse of the young Berenson talking. In this story, Albert Berenson, peddling pack on his back, arrived at the door of a Concord house only to be told: "Guess who is in the drawing-room! A young man called Bernhard Berenson." The host or hostess apparently had no idea that Bernhard Berenson's father was a peddler or that this peddler might be he; it was simply good fortune to be able to hear a young talker of such prowess hold forth. But Albert Berenson hurriedly gathered his things and rushed away. The father was, Louis Lebowich said, "shy of disturbing his children's progress in the New World." Bernhard Berenson never went peddling with his father: "Even sixty-five years after these events, Mr. Lebowich remembered that Albert and his eldest son did not get on well, certainly not well enough to go on these journeyings together."
Elements of Albert Berenson's life can be seen, redrawn, in the life of his son. Albert Berenson, too, was a great talker. Louis Lebowich remembered his holding forth brilliantly on Voltaire. But unlike his son, Albert Berenson did not generally find delighted audiences. "Lebowich still, in old age, maintained that Albert Berenson was unappreciated at home, unlistened to, so that often he would just go on talking to himself in a kind of sotto voce." The young Berenson did not want to be the two things he saw his father as: a frustrated intellectual and a man who got his livelihood in a demeaning trade. But Berenson would grow up to be an intellectual who frequently encountered great frustrations and to work in a trade that, though much more luxurious and outwardly significant, still seemed to him sordid. Part of what differentiated them was that the son was the darling of salons where his father felt embarrassed. Berenson's uncomfortable stronghold lay in being the center of his mother's world.
"My mother was born tidy and so was I," Berenson used to say, and this was not the only affinity between the mother and the son. Both were small, precise, elegant, and had what a friend described as "natural chic" and "enormous dignity." The mother was "very charming, but with a whim of iron." Bernhard was her first and favorite child, and all his growing up took place in the atmosphere of her constant and doting attention. He said that his earliest memory was of "the sensation of rapture with which he stretched out his baby-hands, while he was still in his mother's arms, towards a picture of a bunch of grapes on a wine bottle." The image suggests that his passion for painting began as soon as he could see, and the memory seems almost to be a painting: the adored son on his mother's lap reaches toward the icons of his future. As he grew, Bernhard found his mother's complete attention both necessary and intolerable. Eventually, one of the world's most sought-after talkers could hardly bear to speak before the mother who hung on his every syllable.
The children who followed were not seen by their mother with the same halo of glorifying attention, but they all shared in the same family culture and played important roles in one another's lives. Bernhard was born in 1865, and his sister Senda in 1868. A brother, Abie, was the last of the children born in the old world, in 1873. Two more daughters, Bessie and Rachel, were born in Boston. Abie was a sullen child, whom Louis Lebowich described as "a rough lad whom no one could get on with," and whom the family found it convenient to blame and disparage. The father was feckless and did not succeed in the new world as some of his relatives did. The life of the household revolved around the women, and the women hovered anxiously over one another and over Bernhard.
"Above all things be careful this summer mother dear," Rachel wrote. "It is generally in the summer that your little Tummy goes wrong—so be extra careful what you eat." Rachel teased that she was expecting from her mother "a telegram to say that you lie awake nights wondering whether I have tuberculosis or Bright's disease or a stomachache." Family life was humid. At the bottom of a letter from Rachel to another sibling, Rachel added, "Mother wants to write one word of reassurance," after which came, in Judith Berenson's scrawl: "My dearest love to you my precious child and to your beloved friends God bless you all your always loving and devoted mother I feel fine."
They were a family that suffered and surveyed illness, but they were long-lived. The father lived to eighty-three, the mother ninety-one, and three of the children lived into their late eighties and even well into their nineties. The mother's "little Tummy" was a central feature of life. Bernhard Berenson, too, had endless stomach complaints and became a fussier and fussier eater as time went on. (Berenson's great-niece, Rachel Berenson Perry, would remember that her father, Bernard Perry, complainingly referred to "his 'Berenson' or 'Jewish' stomach.") Senda Berenson suffered an almost crushing fatigue and muscular atrophy until she seized the matter firmly in hand in her early twenties and began the gymnastic training that she would later be responsible for teaching at Smith College. She told Abie that he wouldn't feel so low if he would "take exercise every day" and "eat a luncheon." "I hope and pray," she said (it was his birthday), "that this may be a happy year for you full of health and contentment and my great wish is that you should make up your mind to live this coming year as hygienically as possible." Bessie Berenson had chronic depression and exhaustion. Rachel Berenson had cluster headaches and debilitating migraines. When Rachel's son Bart brought home the small and delicate Harriet who was to become his wife, Harriet remembered Rachel saying that "she hoped I was not so healthy that I couldn't sympathize with someone who wasn't."
Along with his mother, Berenson's sisters—Senda, Rachel, Bessie—played roles in his life that would subsequently be taken over by other women; glints of these originary personalities reappeared in Isabella Stewart Gardner, Mary Berenson, Belle da Costa Greene, Nicky Mariano, and many of Berenson's mistresses and friends.
Berenson's most formative relationship with a sibling was with Senda Berenson. Forceful in her work and convictions, insightful, genuinely self-sacrificing, a worrier and a keeper-together of the family, Senda was Bernhard's great confidante in youth and remained the person to whom he was closest in the family. She was, he said late in life, "the nearest to me in age, in looks, in bringing up, of all relations." She was a person of large accomplishment in her own right—not only did she hold the first documented game of women's basketball at Smith, but she chaired what became the national women's basketball association and played a significant part in a national movement that encouraged physical activity in women as part of their education. In photographs, her face is a mixture of loveliness and concern.
For many years alone and lonely, Senda, at forty-three, married Herbert Abbott, like her a professor at Smith. As was true of all the other Berenson spouses, Abbott was not Jewish, and like all the other Berenson spouses, he was an ambitious intellectual. Writing to Bernhard of the new marriage and its happinesses and difficulties, Senda referred to the family's shared institutional passion as the solution to all problems for her husband: "If he could only get a professorship at Harvard —I feel that is the only place where he would be encouraged to do his best and where he could be appreciated." Not too long after the marriage, Abbott became seriously ill, and he died relatively young.
The youngest child, Rachel, had good luck where Senda did not. Rachel was extremely funny, the most vivacious member of the family, and the most selfish, according to her siblings; she seems to have been the one besides Bernhard to see what she wanted and to seize it. She took a master's in classics from Oxford, and her letters home from frequent travels are always full of charming, and expensive, sights and sounds, rendered with a verve that is sibling to Berenson's own descriptions. Rachel maneuvered around Senda to marry Ralph Barton Perry, who had been interested in Senda when both were teaching at Smith. By the time he declared his intentions to Rachel, Perry had a credential much prized in the Berenson household: he was a professor of philosophy at Harvard. Rachel wrote to Bessie pleading with her to take her side, "Everything I know would have been different if these former relations between Ralph and Senda had never existed. That's all the more reason why I long to feel that you are with me—thinking with me & for me—and about it." Senda, writing home around the same time, commented drily of Rachel, "She has not lost all her selfish tendencies with me." Rachel was the youngest, but the first of the siblings to marry and the only one to have children. It was, apparently, not easy to be a Berenson child and to grow up and leave home.
Bessie—melancholic, self-diminishing, often exhausted, and never married—was, among the sisters, the most solitary and the most dissatisfied. Languishing at home for decades, she at last came into her own when, over the course of many European visits to Bernhard, she discovered her talent for sculpture. By the time Nicky Mariano met her, Bessie had "lovely silver white hair" and was "cultivated, well read, subtle in her appreciation of literature and art, gifted as a sculptor," and "in artistic sensibility ... nearest to B.B." Like all the others, Bessie looked down on Abie, to whom she wrote letters that chastised and pitied him. Abraham—morose, ineffectual, using in his letters only the most rudimentary language, and that shot through with a kind of bleary resentment—was the child least favored by fortune and his parents. He never once made the European voyage that became common for the others; he lived at home or in a rooming house not far away. Bessie, writing to Senda after Abie had been briefly away and returned, gave vent to the family criticism of Abie, "To tell you the honest truth, I don't care to have Abie live in Boston. His friends here are all among the 'sheeney tribe' & I suppose he will go back to them."
The family's quickness to criticize on the grounds of seeming too Jewish might be one of many manifestations of their perfectionism. Berenson periodically quoted Heinrich Heine's assertion, which could be a kind of family motto, "A Jew, to be taken for silver, must be of gold." Meryle Secrest, another of Berenson's biographers, noticed Berenson's ardent effort: "Every aspect of his life and thought must be flawless, a work of art, even if he might be dimly aware that he could never learn enough, master enough, or accomplish enough to appease the inner tyrant." Things always ought to have been done better or turned out better than they had. Each Berenson was self-critical, and each was critical of the others. Probably because of both their collective temperament and the chaotic injuries of emigration, they fought to maintain some sense of control of their lives. In the new land of business, secularism, and what felt to them like a chaos of opportunities and pitfalls, the Berensons tried to enter the world each day immaculately turned out and accomplished. Tidiness was not merely a healthy and sensible way to live, it was a compulsion among many compulsions, to have everything exactly in place, to present a perfect facade to the world.
In all the brilliant conversation that his friends and mistresses recorded, and in all the hundreds of pages of autobiographical musings that Berenson later published, there is hardly any mention of his family. His sisters came fairly often to visit him in Italy, and he sent large sums of money home, but he didn't tell stories from his childhood, and those he told were masked in layers of romantic invention. In his late autobiographical work, Sketch for a Self-Portrait, he said that his childhood was "spent in an aristocratic republic.... There my family was among the first if not the first. But the realities of their life in the Pale of Settlement must have been far from the aristocracy of Berenson's aspirations.
Excerpted from Bernard Berenson by RACHEL COHEN. Copyright © 2013 Rachel Cohen. Excerpted by permission of Yale UNIVERSITY PRESS.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Meet the Author
Rachel Cohen is the author of A Chance Meeting: Intertwined Lives of American Writers and Artists, winner of the PEN/Jerard Fund Award. Her essays have appeared in The New Yorker, The Guardian, The Believer, Best American Essays, and many other publications. She teaches creative writing at Sarah Lawrence College. She keeps a notebook on looking at paintings at http://rachelecohen.com.
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