text:
The night Shenessa lost her virginity by ebony sexkittenRated 74.5%, Read 31666 times, Posted Sat 25th of February 2006
Tags: Fiction, Black, First Time, Masturbation, Romance, Teen Male/Teen Female, Virginity
Teaching Carol, Ch.4 by zenmackieRated 92.5%, Read 31662 times, Posted Sun 12th of September 2010
Tags: Fiction, Anal, Blowjob, Cum Swallowing, Domination/submission, Erotica, Humiliation, Male Domination, Male/Female, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Reluctance
Dear Diary - Spying on Tracy by DaSparkRated 92.6%, Read 31653 times, Posted Wed 13th of May 2015
Tags: Fiction, Hardcore, Incest, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Teen, Voyeurism, Young
Forbidden by SlowerfasterRated 91.7%, Read 31650 times, Posted Mon 30th of April 2012
Tags: Fantasy, Female solo, Incest, Masturbation, Reluctance
Inside Me: C12 by el_hanesRated 85.1%, Read 31636 times, Posted Sat 24th of November 2007
Tags: Fiction, Consensual Sex, Incest, Masturbation, Teen Male/Teen Females, Young
What did you say? [ Pt.1 ] by Are_You_Sure?Rated 84.5%, Read 31626 times, Posted Thu 6th of June 2013
Tags: Fantasy, Humiliation, Incest, Male / Older Female, Male/Female, Masturbation, Older Female / Males, Oral Sex, Reluctance, School, Virginity, Young
Mother and Son share a moment by ConradRated 68.5%, Read 31600 times, Posted Sun 27th of February 2005
Tags: Fiction, Masturbation
My Girlfriend and her Hott Best Friend by Latinlover8Rated 47.6%, Read 31581 times, Posted Thu 27th of May 2010
Tags: True Story, Blowjob, Cum Swallowing, Girls / Female, Gothic, Group Sex, Male / Female Teens, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Romance, Teen Male/Teen Females, Threesome, Virginity, Young
Riverwalk by rocknhoneyRated 85.5%, Read 31572 times, Posted Tue 6th of May 2008
Tags: True Story, Authoritarian, Blowjob, Consensual Sex, Cum Swallowing, Erotica, Exhibitionism, Female Domination, Hardcore, Male / Females, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Romance
She Was So Damned Cute! by BikeWriterRated 83.5%, Read 31566 times, Posted Tue 23rd of February 2010
Tags: Fiction, Blowjob, Consensual Sex, Death, Fisting, Masturbation, Murder, Violence
playtime chpt. 1 by German shepherdRated 72.1%, Read 31561 times, Posted Sat 25th of June 2005
Tags: Fiction, Masturbation, Voyeurism, Young
Initiation Swing Party Weekly - Initiates Petite S. American by swingpartyweeklyRated 67.6%, Read 31545 times, Posted Thu 2nd of December 2010
Tags: True Story, Anal, Asian, Ass to mouth, BDSM, Bi-sexual, Blowjob, Bondage and restriction, Consensual Sex, Cuckold, Cum Swallowing, Discipline, Domination/submission, Erotica, Female Domination, Group Sex, Hardcore, Humiliation, Interracial, Latina, Male Domination, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Older Male / Female, Oral Sex, Reluctance, Slavery, Spanking, Teen, Toys, Water Sports/Pissing, Written by women
Minding Others, part 3 by DiscipleNRated 89.7%, Read 31470 times, Posted Fri 1st of March 2013
Tags: Fantastic, Coercion, Masturbation, Mind Control, Older Female / Males, Teen Male / Female, Voyeurism
A Boy and His Anus (Re-Post) by The_PenetratorRated 24.8%, Read 31413 times, Posted Thu 7th of November 2013
Tags: True Story, Anal, Boy, Gay, Male Solo, Masturbation, Teen, Young
Charles Helps His Mother Feel Pleasure Again Chapter 9 Rewritten by NightFall-1Rated 92.2%, Read 31380 times, Posted Sun 12th of August 2012
Tags: Fiction, Blowjob, Incest, Masturbation, Older Female / Males, Older Male / Female, Pregnant, Rape, Teen, Violence, Virginity
Young Teen Gay Experience by Crooksy1Rated 90.7%, Read 31377 times, Posted Sun 10th of August 2014
Tags: True Story, Anal, Ass to mouth, Blowjob, Boy, Boy / Boy, Cum Swallowing, Gay, massage, Masturbation, Oral Sex, School, Teen, Teen Male / Teen Male, Virginity, Young
Finding my sisters toys by NotEnoughOfWhatILikeRated 82%, Read 31374 times, Posted Tue 20th of April 2010
Tags: True Story, Anal, Male Solo, Masturbation, Toys
Vampire Beginnings by WishKnightRated 91.6%, Read 31371 times, Posted Wed 23rd of May 2012
Tags: Dark Fantasy, Authoritarian, Blowjob, Cum Swallowing, Death, Erotica, Male / Females, Masturbation, Mind Control, Monster, Oral Sex, Threesome
A Proposition For You by Black BreederRated 87.3%, Read 31350 times, Posted Wed 26th of August 2009
Tags: Fiction, Exhibitionism, Interracial, Masturbation, Mature, Older Female / Males, Pregnant
Part 5, my sexual life slowly begins by Brenda ShwartzRated 89.9%, Read 31323 times, Posted Fri 31st of August 2012
Tags: True Story, Anal, Bi-sexual, Black, Blowjob, Consensual Sex, Cum Swallowing, Exhibitionism, Female/Female, First Time, Girls / Female, Incest, Interracial, Lactation, Latina, Lesbian, Masturbation, Older Male / Female, Oral Sex, Prostitution, Teen, Teen Female Solo, Written by women, Young
Carpet Cleaners Young Wife - Part 1 by auntsuzy
«A young wife wants to get pregnant by anybody»Rated 93.2%, Read 31320 times, Posted Tue 23rd of February 2016
Tags: Dark Fantasy, Cheating, Consensual Sex, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Pregnant, Wife, Written by women
Teen Strip Poker Circle Jerk (An Early Experience) by jk90usRated 83.1%, Read 31311 times, Posted Sat 15th of December 2012
Tags: True Story, Exhibitionism, Humiliation, Masturbation, Reluctance, Teen Male/Teen Female, Young
The Angel Babysitter -Part one. by GingerMonkehRated 86%, Read 31296 times, Posted Fri 14th of May 2010
Tags: Fiction, massage, Masturbation, Spanking, Teen Male / Female
Wrestling with a twist by OhestRated 81.7%, Read 31281 times, Posted Tue 13th of October 2009
Tags: Fiction, Anal, Blackmail, Blowjob, Boy / Boy, Domination/submission, Masturbation, Oral Sex, School, Young
Ravishing Her by ButchKittyRated 88%, Read 31275 times, Posted Mon 21st of May 2012
Tags: Fantasy, Consensual Sex, Erotica, Female solo, Female/Female, Lesbian, Masturbation, Mature, Oral Sex, Pegging, Wife, Written by women
The Babysitter by drowsapRated 86.3%, Read 31257 times, Posted Wed 14th of December 2011
Tags: Fantasy, Anal, Male / Older Female, Masturbation, Non-consensual sex, Teen Male / Female
Meeting Haley by xxxstoryteller69xxx
«Sexy sales rep fantasy come true»Rated 92.1%, Read 31248 times, Posted Wed 6th of April 2016
Tags: True Story, Anal, Blowjob, Cheating, Consensual Sex, Job/Place-of-work, Male/Female, massage, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Romance, Spanking
First GYN Exam --And My Fantasy Come True by abd LoverRated 86.3%, Read 31242 times, Posted Thu 15th of April 2010
Tags: Fiction, Erotica, First Time, Masturbation, Older Male / Female, Romance, Teen, Teen Female/Teen Female, Virginity, Young
THE BACK DECK by 6699Rated 89.3%, Read 31236 times, Posted Sat 17th of August 2013
Tags: Fantasy, Ass to mouth, Blowjob, Cuckold, Cum Swallowing, Exhibitionism, Female Domination, First Time, Humiliation, Male / Female Teens, Masturbation, Teen Male / Female, Teen Male/Teen Female, Wife
All inside the family Part 1 by seatrainRated 82.7%, Read 31215 times, Posted Sun 11th of June 2006
Tags: Fiction, Hardcore, Incest, Masturbation, Mature, Teen Male/Teen Female, Voyeurism
The Pendant 2 by base13Rated 95.4%, Read 31203 times, Posted Fri 9th of May 2014
Tags: Fantasy, Masturbation, Teen Male/Teen Female
Future Harry Potter Adventures: Chapter 3 - Old Times by lad91Rated 92.9%, Read 31179 times, Posted Mon 4th of March 2013
Tags: Fantasy, Blowjob, Consensual Sex, Fan fiction, Hardcore, Male/Female, Males / Females, Masturbation, Romance, Spanking
Playing the 'Turn On' Game by blueheattRated 81.4%, Read 31173 times, Posted Fri 9th of September 2011
Tags: Fiction, Blowjob, Cheating, Consensual Sex, Incest, massage, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Reluctance, Teen Male/Teen Female, Wife
3 true public sex stories by sexytextingRated 68.1%, Read 31158 times, Posted Sat 7th of May 2011
Tags: True Story, Consensual Sex, Cuckold, Exhibitionism, Female exhibitionist, Masturbation, Reluctance, Voyeurism, Wife
An Arab countryside teen by Lusty CaesarRated 43.9%, Read 31153 times, Posted Wed 9th of March 2005
Tags: True Story, Anal, Blowjob, Cum Swallowing, First Time, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation
Part 10, Just like mom by Brenda ShwartzRated 83.5%, Read 31101 times, Posted Wed 19th of September 2012
Tags: True Story, Anal, Ass to mouth, Blackmail, Blowjob, Cruelty, Cum Swallowing, Domination/submission, First Time, Hardcore, Humiliation, Interracial, Male Male/Teen Female, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Non-consensual sex, Oral Sex, Prostitution, Rape, Spanking, Teen, Threesome, Written by women, Young
Danni + Pt 1 by Q_Cum_BahRated 89.2%, Read 31096 times, Posted Mon 3rd of April 2006
Tags: Fiction, Erotica, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Voyeurism, Young
MY SISTER & THE EXCHANGE STUDENT PART 11 DINNER & A MOVIE by TAMPERERRated 91.2%, Read 31059 times, Posted Wed 2nd of November 2011
Tags: True Story, Consensual Sex, Cum Swallowing, Erotica, Exhibitionism, Female exhibitionist, Female solo, Incest, Male / Female Teens, Male/Female, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Teen, Teen Female Solo, Teen Male/Teen Female, Toys, Voyeurism
Football tournament 3 by masterjekRated 86.9%, Read 31050 times, Posted Sun 15th of February 2009
Tags: True Story, Boy / Boy, Fisting, Gay, massage, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Young
Late Night Work by CandyDreamRated 88%, Read 31047 times, Posted Thu 23rd of January 2014
Tags: Fiction, Fan fiction, Lesbian, Masturbation, Toys, Voyeurism
Employed for their pleasure - Pt 1 - The trip from home to the space station. by PO469
«Dora had reached puberty and she was offered a very good paying job and college education being a sexual playtoy for some space station stranded males.»Rated 90.3%, Read 30981 times, Posted Tue 6th of October 2015
Tags: Science-Fiction, Alien, Anal, Ass to mouth, Blowjob, Consensual Sex, Cum Swallowing, Group Sex, Males / Female, Masturbation, Older Male / Female, Oral Sex, Virginity, Young
Harry Potter - Dogged by FudgeguyRated 82.9%, Read 30972 times, Posted Sat 8th of August 2009
Tags: Fantasy, Anal, Cum Swallowing, Fan fiction, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Non-consensual sex, Rape, Virginity, Young
My Sex Life - Part One by Hush-in-EnglandRated 68.4%, Read 30957 times, Posted Wed 11th of December 2013
Tags: True Story, Anal, Bi-sexual, Blowjob, Boy / Boy, Cum Swallowing, First Time, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Virginity, Young
Salvation Ch. 1 Alice Marchant by ZenythmonRated 61.1%, Read 30949 times, Posted Tue 22nd of January 2008
Tags: Dark Fantasy, BDSM, Masturbation, Sado-Masochism, Torture, Voyeurism, Young
The Jean Genie - Part 2 by Tsukibasa-SenpaiRated 90.5%, Read 30942 times, Posted Thu 27th of August 2015
Tags: Fantasy, Anal, Blowjob, Body modification, Consensual Sex, Cum Swallowing, Gothic, Hardcore, Incest, Job/Place-of-work, Male / Older Female, Male/Female, Masturbation, Mature, Teen Male / Female, Teen Male/Teen Female
In the Morning (Sequel to Insomniac Father) by AaannnRated 64.2%, Read 30927 times, Posted Sun 18th of April 2010
Tags: Fiction, Authoritarian, Blowjob, Cheating, Incest, Male Domination, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Non-consensual sex, Rape, Violence, Written by women, Young
Toothbrush by Marquis de Sade-uceRated 73.8%, Read 30927 times, Posted Sun 17th of June 2007
Tags: True Story, Female / Girl, Masturbation, Teen, Toys
My Fathers' Boss by Sybil_62Rated 60%, Read 30876 times, Posted Fri 5th of October 2012
Tags: Dark Fantasy, Anal, Authoritarian, BDSM, Bi-sexual, Blowjob, Bondage and restriction, Cheating, Cuckold, Discipline, Domination/submission, Erotica, Exhibitionism, Female Domination, Female/Female, Gothic, Hardcore, Job/Place-of-work, Male Domination, Masturbation, Older Male / Female, Oral Sex, Sado-Masochism, Threesome, Written by women
Pounded at the shelter by Gottabme
«I kind of just let it ha[ppen»Rated 88.2%, Read 30858 times, Posted Wed 21st of October 2015
Tags: Dark Fantasy, Anal, Bestiality, First Time, Male Solo, Masturbation
My friends mom by thegoodwriterRated 71%, Read 30837 times, Posted Tue 10th of May 2011
Tags: Fantasy, Blowjob, Male / Older Female, Masturbation, Oral Sex
GIRLS GIRLS GIRLS 2!!! by crustybungerRated 70.2%, Read 30802 times, Posted Sun 3rd of June 2007
Tags: True Story, Masturbation, Mind Control, Romance, Virginity
Angela no more. by mommyshelp2424Rated 86.8%, Read 30798 times, Posted Tue 30th of December 2008
Tags: Dark Fantasy, Incest, Masturbation, Teen Female Solo, Voyeurism
Jumpstart And Then Some by StarmanRated 67.6%, Read 30795 times, Posted Mon 15th of March 2004
Tags: True Story, Anal, Authoritarian, Blowjob, Masturbation, Toys
New Years Eve. by fbaileyRated 82.7%, Read 30791 times, Posted Sat 22nd of December 2007
Tags: Fiction, Consensual Sex, Female/Female, Group Sex, Male / Females, Masturbation, Oral Sex
A Family of Building Blocks by Daddy WarbuckRated 91.8%, Read 30765 times, Posted Wed 27th of April 2011
Tags: Fiction, Consensual Sex, Incest, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Teen Male/Teen Female
First Time Bi by debRated 63.2%, Read 30763 times, Posted Sat 2nd of October 2004
Tags: True Story, Anal, Cum Swallowing, Female Domination, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Toys
Her Addiction to Porn Story's by blueheattRated 86.8%, Read 30750 times, Posted Thu 30th of June 2011
Tags: True Story, Blowjob, Consensual Sex, Cum Swallowing, Group Sex, Incest, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Teen Male/Teen Female
Shoot it on her Prego Tummy - An Adult Story by buckkellyRated 88.4%, Read 30738 times, Posted Thu 6th of November 2014
Tags: Fiction, Cheating, Cuckold, Masturbation, Mature, Plumper, Pregnant, Voyeurism, Wife
Family Parties part 2: The games by raider187Rated 91.1%, Read 30735 times, Posted Tue 23rd of November 2010
Tags: True Story, Anal, Blowjob, Boy / Boy, Cum Swallowing, Gay, Group Sex, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Romance, Teen, Teen Male / Teen Male
My Man Went To Jail... by JWsWoman007Rated 57.9%, Read 30694 times, Posted Mon 10th of March 2008
Tags: True Story, Coercion, Female solo, Masturbation, Mind Control, Pregnant, Wife
One Great Ride by dwnanddirtyRated 88.4%, Read 30687 times, Posted Fri 25th of June 2010
Tags: True Story, Hardcore, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Oral Sex, Spanking, Written by women, Young
Vacation with my family - part I by LesLara84Rated 78.8%, Read 30666 times, Posted Tue 17th of July 2012
Tags: Fiction, Bi-sexual, Female solo, First Time, Incest, Lesbian, Masturbation, Teen Female/Teen Female, Toys, Written by women
Cute Cuke Girl by EfonRated 92.6%, Read 30630 times, Posted Fri 8th of March 2013
Tags: Fiction, Asian, Consensual Sex, Erotica, First Time, Hardcore, Male/Female, Masturbation, Romance
The Sick Day Pt2 by scouting4girlsRated 90.4%, Read 30630 times, Posted Thu 24th of July 2008
Tags: Fiction, Cum Swallowing, First Time, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Voyeurism
I always wanted it... by iquayRated 84.8%, Read 30615 times, Posted Thu 12th of August 2010
Tags: Fantasy, First Time, Incest, Masturbation, Teen Male/Teen Female, Virginity, Young
A night in a Motel Room by BozRated 83.2%, Read 30600 times, Posted Thu 23rd of July 2009
Tags: Fiction, Hardcore, Horror, Male/Female, Masturbation, Murder, Rape, Water Sports/Pissing
Laura the Babysitter - part 1 by udontknowmeRated 83.1%, Read 30582 times, Posted Mon 5th of January 2009
Tags: Fiction, First Time, Masturbation, Teen Male / Female
The Poker Game by biggoxxRated 84.5%, Read 30576 times, Posted Wed 5th of October 2011
Tags: Fantasy, Blowjob, Cheating, Cum Swallowing, Males / Female, Masturbation, Threesome, Wife
My private times with my wife's hot 18 year old cousin Jamie by maykneeakkRated 75.8%, Read 30567 times, Posted Sat 10th of December 2011
Tags: True Story, Consensual Sex, Male/Teen Female, Masturbation, Snuff, Teen, Young
used part II by francis ucksRated 72.8%, Read 30552 times, Posted Mon 18th of October 2004
Tags: Fiction, Exhibitionism, First Time, Girls / Female, Masturbation, Teen Female/Teen Female, Teen Male/Teen Female


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Reviews: Anonymous
- Anonymous
- Austria, Female, 25-30
- Novice Nomad
Freehand Miami Hostel and Hotel, Miami, USA
The rooms are really nice and clean!! Bus stop is across the street and the beach is around the corner. I would book this hostel again!
- Anonymous
- Austria, Female, 25-30
- Novice Nomad
Wrigley Hostel, Chicago, USA
The staff was really nice and helpful!!! The red line (train/metro) is right around the corner and the common area offers a lot. Had a good time and met some nice people.
Hostelworld Mobile Apps
Book on the go with the new Hostelworld mobile apps.

subset: commoncrawl


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Make your home a happy place
Your coupon will be applied to the highest regular-price, eligible item in your cart.
Offer good for one item at regular price only. Limit one coupon per customer per day. Must present coupon at time of purchase. Offer is not valid with any other coupon, discount or previous purchase. One cut or one bolt of fabric or trim "by the yard" equals one item. Online fabric & trim discount is limited to 10 yards, single cut. Excludes Heidi Swapp™ Minc.™ Foil Applicator, CRICUT® products, Tim Holtz® Vagabond™ Machine, Silhouette CAMEO® Machine, candy & snack products, gum & mints, helium tanks, gift cards, custom orders, special orders, labor, rentals or class fees. Cash Value 1/10¢.
Make your home a happy place
Everything you need to make DIY dreams come true
Lovelies for letters, crafts and more
Get inspired by our selection of fabrics & supplies
Supplies to help your needle art blossom
Welcome to a paradise of beads, baubles and more
Tasty supplies for baking, & celebrating in style
Ride into wedding season with flowers, decor & more
Stock your make space with all things artsy
Let your inner fashion designer bloom
Shower yourself with all things fresh and springy
Cream Friends Wood Wall Sign will be an adorable addition to your wall decor arrangements. Featuring a cute friendship quote in a brown color and a cream background with a brown floral design, this plaque can be easily hung on your wall or displayed on your antique side table with a sweetly-scented candle nearby. Warm your home with good vibes and an abundance of love.
Hanging Hardware: 1 - Sawtooth Hanger & 1 - Easel Back
Full Text: Friends -- Many people will walk in and out of your life, but only true friends will leave footprints in your heart
I love it! Add to wish list


text:
See our store section for gifts by different stores
See our top gift ideas section for most popular items.
Create your own personal gift registry. Register for any item, from any store, for any occasion. Find the gift registries of your family and friends.
Ever find the perfect gift idea for someone, but their birthday was months away? We make it easy to remember your gift ideas.
Provides timely email reminders for a birthday, anniversary, and other special occasions.
Get advice from friends and family on which gifts to buy.
1958 Farmall 340 Gas Diecast Tractor Replica
1:12-Scale Elvis Presley 1955 Pink Cadillac Sculpture
Vintage Photo Personalized Shadowbox
The Paul Hornung Scrapbook
Lombardi and Me: Players, Coaches and Colleagues Book
1957 Allis-Chalmers D-14 Gas Wide Front Diecast Tractor
Fancy Fins and Classic Chrome Cars Puzzle
Choose Your Decade Retro Candy Gift Box
Model H Farmall Tractor Heritage Table Lamp
Yogi Berra in Action Sculpture
Pick Up Sticks Wooden Classic Game
Retro 1959 TV Radio Toy
Route 66 Hand Embroidered Pillow
Prehistoric Invasion Science Fiction Personalized Print
Billy Williams Autographed MLB Baseball
Elvis Presley Jailhouse Rock Gold Record Collectible
Classic Warner Brothers Live Fast Speedy Gonzales T-Shirt
Corsair Clock Radio with CD Player
American Spirit Ford F1 Truck Sculpture
John Wayne American Legend Watch
Out Of This World Rocket Cocktail Shaker
Handcrafted Dog Blueprint Pillow
San Francisco Fire Engine Tour for Two
I Love Lucy Chocolate Truffle Cocoa Mix Tin


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DEFINITION of 'Buy And Homework'
A buzz word coined by Jim Cramer based on the idea that "buy and hold" is a losing strategy. Cramer's buy-and-homework strategy is to spend at least one hour a week researching each stock in your portfolio.
The research the buy-and-homework strategy calls for can include listening to conference calls, knowing what analysts are looking for, reading the news stories and reading financial statements. Cramer often points out that everything is available easily and for free on the web.
BREAKING DOWN 'Buy And Homework'
There are two main arguments that investors use against this strategy: people don't have the time, and if you hold on long enough, the stock will come back.
Cramer's argument for the first excuse is that if an investor does not have the time to spend researching each stock in their portfolio for at least one hour per week, they can hand off their portfolio to a professional manager (e.g., through a mutual fund).
The latter is even easier for Cramer to refute – just to look at a stock like Enron.
Jim CramerFormer hedge fund manager, columnist and author as well as host ...
Cramer BounceThe sudden overnight appreciation of a stock's price after it ...
Conference CallAn event during which investors can call in to hear a company's ...
FANG Stocks (FB, AMZN)FANGs stands for the high-performing tech stocks Facebook, Amazon, ...
Research ReportA document prepared by an analyst or strategist who is a part ...
Naked CallAn options strategy in which an investor writes (sells) call ...
Jim Cramer Success Story: Net Worth, Education & Top QuotesLearn about Jim Cramer the man and how he got to be successful. Understand his different levels of success and what he is doing in 2015.
Investing News
Volatility Vexed? See What the Experts Are SayingVolatile times lead to a diversity of opinions on where the market is headed. Here are takes from five investing luminaries.
Fundamental Analysis
Using Enterprise Value To Compare CompaniesLearn how enterprise value can help investors compare companies with different capital structures.
Conference Call BasicsThese group calls offer investors a chance to hear management respond to analysts' hard-hitting questions.
The 8 Best Business and Finance T.V. ShowsWith so many talking heads to choose from, which is the right show for your business and money matter needs? We review the best shows on now.
Investing Basics
5 Tips For Investing In IPOsThinking of investing in IPOs? Here are five things to remember before jumping into these murky waters.
5 Quick Research Tips For Busy InvestorsTurn frustrating hours into profit-turning minutes by managing your investing time properly.
Forex Education
2. Getting Emotionally AttachedIt's always good practice to keep Warren Buffett's mantra in mind: "Rule No.1 is: Don't Lose Money. Rule No.2 is: Don't Forget Rule No. 1."
Active Trading
6 Steps To Thinking Like A Stock-Market High RollerWe provide six tips for improving your mindset and becoming a more profitable investor.
Investing Basics
The Changing Role Of Equity ResearchResearch creates a division of labor that makes the market more efficient. Learn how its role has changed.
What is an earnings conference call?The earnings conference call is a way for companies to relay information to all interested parties, including institutional ... Read Answer >>
What option strategies can I use to earn additional income when investing in the ...Learn how a covered call or covered put option strategy can be used to earn additional income on positions in stocks in the ... Read Answer >>
What options strategies are best suited for investing in the utilities sector?Learn about option strategies investors can use to take a position in the utility sector, including covered calls and option ... Read Answer >>
How risky is a covered call?Learn what a covered call strategy is, how investors use it, and the risk of a covered call strategy and how it offers limited ... Read Answer >>
What options strategies are best for investing in the industrial sector?Learn a couple of popular options trading strategies that can be used by investors seeking to enhance their profits from ... Read Answer >>
Why would a person choose a mutual fund over an individual stock?There are a number of reasons why an individual may choose to buy mutual funds instead of individual stocks. The most common ... Read Answer >>


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DIY - party decorations
*Teen rooms*
Tumbler Bedroom, Bedrooms Tumblr, Tumblr Bedroom Idea, Bedroom Polaroid, Teen Room, Bedroom Ideas
tumblr bedroom } polaroids and fairy lights aww! } Cxx
Tumblr bedroom idea for my room !
Inspiring bedrooms
Dream bedroom ✨
Teen room ideas
Bedroom ideas
Drinking Straw Starbursts
DIY Straw Sunburst Ornaments
Ornaments Decoration, Straw Starburst, Diy Straws Crafts
Christmas tree decorations made from drinking straws! Fun project for the kids, or simple (and cheap!) decoration for a more modern scheme!
DIY Straw Sunburst Ornaments - these would look cool on your tree *or* just sitting in a bowl on your table.:
Kerst - Sterren van rietjes - Drinking Straw Starbursts - Aunt Peaches
Easy-to-Make Drinking Straw Starburst Decorations / Aunt Peaches
Partydeko selbstgemacht. Drinking Straw Starbursts Tutorial
Drinking straw Starburst Christmas Tree Ornaments
Drinking Straw Starbursts ornaments decoration
Straw Ornament.
Drinking Straw Starbursts
Friendsgiving 2015 via www.abeautifulmess.com
Holiday Party Decorations, Friendsgiving 2015, Decor Ideas, Friendsgiving Ideas, Friendsgiving Decorations, 2015 Sooooo, Party Decorating Ideas
friendsgiving | pink streamers + gold balloon decoration for your thanksgiving party
Friendsgiving 2015 - sooooo exited!!!
Friendsgiving 2015 inspiration
Friendsgiving decor ideas
Friendsgiving idea.
Friendsgiving 2015!
Friendsgiving 2015!
Macrame yarn garland DIY
Macrame Garland, Macrame Wall Hanging, Diy Hanging Decoration, Diy Wall Hanging, College Apartment
Make this macrame yarn garland for a splash of color. | 28 Super Easy Yarn DIYs That Require Zero Knitting
Macrame Yarn Garland: Macrame garlands for your next party. Find the full tutorial on www.aBeautifulMess
Rachel+Denbow's macramé+wall+hanging.+Get+the+tutorial+on+A+Beautiful+Mess
A Beautiful Mess. Rachel Denbow's macramé wall hanging
9 DIYs for Your College Apartment — martha + lyuda
15 No-Knit Yarn Crafts - A Pretty Fix
Macrame wall hanging
| DIY garlands |
Macrame Yarn Garland DIY - A Beautiful Mess
Photo Blog: Flowers
DIY these with Clara (Glitter dipped mason jar with pink flowers)
Centerpiece, Wedding Shower, Wedding Ideas, Glitter Vase, Mason Jars, Glitter Mason Jar, Masonjar, Center Piece
Easy and super cute idea that makes for a great holiday season centerpiece. #decor #mason #jars #glitters #vase
Glitter dipped mason jar with pink flowers. Perfect for a wedding shower centerpiece. @Faith Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Wecker for your wedding?
Not typically a huge fan of the whole glitter jar thing, but this one is done very well and super adorable. | Paint on some glue and roll in glitter - loving mason jar craft ideas! | LFF Designs | www.facebook.com/LFFdesigns
Glitter dipped mason jar with pink flowers. Perfect for a wedding shower centerpiece. Except use gold for me
Glitter-dipped mason jars #masonjar #glitter #diy #crafts
Silver# Glittered# Mason# Jar# Rustic# Wedding# Ideas
Silver glitter mason jar for your center piece
GOLD glitter mason jar center pieces
Glittered Mason Jar Centerpiece
Photo Blog: Flowers
Love this! Sequin letter garland DIY (click through for tutorial) #XMas
Nye Decoration, Gold Party Decorations Diy, Diy Christmas Garland Ideas, Diy New Years Decoration, Party Idea, Diy Craft
#DIY #Sequin letter garland - perfect #decoration for any event or #party (esp. NYE!) - also: gift monogram letters (use wood or sturdy paper base)
#DIY #Sequin letter garland - perfect #decoration for any event or #party (esp. NYE!)
DIY Sequin Letter Garland (click through for tutorial)
Graduation Party Ideas // Sequin letter garland DIY
diy sequin letter garland | a beautiful mess
Sequin letter garland #diy #crafts
DIY Sequin letter garland.
DIY garland
NYE decor
Sequin Letter Garland DIY - A Beautiful Mess
DIY: Easy Mason Jar Luminaries
(link) DIY: Easy Mason Jar Luminaries ~ For this project you will need: glass "gems", hot glue gun, mason jars, candles or battery operated tea light candles or solar jar lids ***see amazing tutorial to make your own @ http://gardentherapy.ca/mason-jar-solar-lights/ ~~~ this is truly BEAUTIFUL at night! ~ for more great PINs w/good links visit @djohnisee ~ have fun!
Diy Crafts, Sparkle Jar, Mason Jar Luminaries, Jar Lights, Craft Ideas, Mason Jar Luminarias, Easy Mason Jar Crafts
DIY: Easy Mason Jar Luminaries #diy #crafts Indoors, outdoors, super cute either way! Make with sea glass.
DIY: Easy Mason Jar Luminaries #diy #crafts use any old jar, salsa jars have cute shapes.
DIY: Easy Mason Jar Luminaries #diy #crafts --- Covering the top rim w/these also ---
DIY: Easy Mason Jar Luminaries #diy #crafts possibly purple and clear stones
DIY: Easy Mason Jar lights Diy crafts or gifts part 2
DIY: Easy Mason Jar Luminarias
DIY: Easy Mason Jar crafts
Sparkle jars!
Mid Century Straw Decor
Parties Decorations, Century Style, Diy Craft, Decoración Bonita, Modstraw Decor Done1 600 Jpg, Awesome Parties
Crear una decoración bonita, reciclando pajitas!!! reune los colores que te gusten, tijeras, hilo, cartulina para los círculos, pegamento y a crear!!!
Mid Century Straw Decor | Oh Happy Day! |Shop. Rent. Consign. Gently used designer maternity brands you love at up to 90% off retail! Check out MotherhoodCloset.com Maternity Consignment online superstore!
Mid Century Straw Decor | Oh Happy Day! (white or gold versions would be perfect for a wintry party)
Mid Century Straw Decor (Paint/glue/Epson salts+Glitter for adult version of a kid's winter project that's hang able by parents!!) ~Shii
Mid-Century Straw Decor | Oh Happy Day! #SHQ #PartyDecor #DIY
use straws to make this mid-century style party decor!
Mid Century Party Decorations - diy made from straws!
Oh Happy Day! awesome parties
Mid Century Straw Decor
Colorful birthday party idea!
Partyidea, Party Decoration, Rainbow Party, Pom Pom, Party Ideas, Birthday Party
party backdrop - DIY rainbow fringe backdrop tutorial with pom pom clouds & glitter raindrop garland {stevie pattyn for shop sweet lulu}
BLOG: Rainbow Party Decor Ideas for Summer http://blog.homeseasons.com/2013/08/01/rainbow-party-decor-ideas-for-summer/ (Image via Obaz)
party backdrop - DIY rainbow fringe backdrop tutorial with pom pom clouds & glitter raindrop garland
Rainbow party. Love the rainbow backdrop and pom pom clouds. Great birthday party ideas.
Rainbow decorations made of DIY paper garlands with pom pom clouds - such a fun idea!
Rainbow Party. Even one large white pom pom with streamers would work
Rainbow party....Crepe paper streamers and white pom poms
20 Fun St. Patrick's Day Party Ideas
Rainbow party decor
the shop sweet lulu blog: Rainbow Fringe Garland Backdrop
DIY fruit tissue honeycomb balls, blogged at the house that lars built
Strawberry Honeycomb, Tissue Ball, Diy Fruit, Paper Heart, Honeycomb Strawberry, Diy Craft, Party Ideas
DIY Fruit tissue honeycomb balls - So cool! by The House That Lars #diy #eminem lose yourself #handmade handgun #handmade dolls #do it yourself| http://loseyourself508.blogspot.com
DIY strawberry heart by The House That Lars Built. Outdoor party idea
The House That Lars Built.: DIY Fruit tissue balls for Cinco de Mayo
#DIY #fruit tissue #honeycomb #Strawberry
DIY strawberry honeycomb for decoration
Strawberry from tissue paper hearts
DIY Fruit tissue honeycomb balls.
strawberry :o #DIY #Crafts
diy honeycomb fruits
DIY Fruit tissue honeycomb balls for Cinco de Mayo
Jumbo Popsicle Garland | Oh Happy Day!
Ice Cream Party, Pool Noodles, Summer Party Decoration, Diy Jumbo, Jumbo Popsicle, Party Ideas
Jumbo Popsicle Garland | Oh Happy Day! This banner is made of cropped pool noodles and craft sticks. I'd add some cardboard ice cream cones in between....but that's just me. #banner #ice_cream #party
This DIY Popsicle Garland is made of pool noodles! So fun, and so easy to make. Check out how to make it yourself via @jordanferney.
Pool Party - DIY: jumbo popsicle garland, made with pool noodles... Link for the How-to: http://ohhappyday.com/2014/06/jumbo-popsicle-garland/
DIY: jumbo popsicle garland, made with pool noodles! Your summer fiesta pool party needs this ASAP!
Jumbo Popsicle Garland | Oh Happy Day Nothing says Summer like popsicles (or ice blocks if you're an Aussie!). If you're having a pool party/backyard barbie/blank wall blues, then this fun popsicle garland is sure to brighten up your space. The secret? Pool noodles!
Jumbo Popsicle Garland! Made out of colorful pool noodles! Perfect for a pool party or birthday party! How fun are these?
Jumbo Popsicle Garland | Oh Happy Day! Pool noodles and popsicle sticks.
DIY jumbo popsicle garland from pool noodles summer party
Jumbo Popsicle Garland-cute party idea
Jumbo Popsicle Garland
School is Cool Birthday Parties: Science, Art, Music, and Reading
Popsicle stick easels!! Cute idea for a kids art themed party
Classroom Idea, Stick Easel, Nametag, Place Card, Place Setting, Popsicle Easel, Party Idea
Love these #popsicle-stick name easels for place cards. #teachers #teaching #classroom #ideas #activities #learning #fun #kids #children http://studentloanslegalhelp.com/forgiveness/
Popsicle Sticks Easels for art or Paris party place cards (in Pink and Black) Use for cookies to paint with food markers Paris birthday party
Popsicle Sticks Easels business card display? - need a front lip for place cards or to feature a word of inspiration or small piece of art
Popsicle Sticks Easels for place cards or to feature a word of inspiration or small piece of art
Popsicle easels!! So cute! Great place setting or way to label food on buffet tables.
Love these, popsicle stick easels~ cute place setting for artsy party
Popsicle stick name easels -- Great for nametags.
popsicle stick easels. Art Party ideas
popsicle stick easels for name tags
School is Cool Birthday Parties: Science, Art, Music, and Reading
THE ORIGINAL Sequin Letter- Gold or Silver
Sequin letter
Sequined Letter, Diy Crafts, Cute Ideas, Gold Sequins, Sequin Letters, Makeup Room, Girl Rooms, Gold Letters
etsy find of the day | st. patrick's day find 4 | 3.17.14 gold sequin letter by misspoppydesign this sequin-y, blingy initial would be the perfect 'yay for your new job' gift for your girlies friend :) i know that i love it!! it's also available in silver, if that's more your thing.
Gold or Silver Sequin Letter #gold #letter #sequin
Sequined letters- so cute for little girls room
Totally doing this for my makeup room
gold sequin letters - Google Search
DIY sequined letters // cute idea!
DIY Sequined Letters.
Gold Sequin Letter
Birthday Party Balloons
balloon garland
Balloon Ideas, Balloon Clips, Balloon Birthday, Balloon Garlands, Birthday Party Balloons, Party Ideas, Birthday Ideas
Love clear balloons Birthday Party Balloons: Inflate, knot, and then clip regular-size and 5-inch balloons to a ribbon for a festive focal point. Plastic Balloon Clips, $4 for 144 at partycity.com
Birthday Party Balloons: Clip regular size and 5-inch balloons to a ribbon. Plastic Balloons Clips are $4 for 144 at partycity.com
Birthday Party Balloons: Inflate, knot, and then clip regular-size and 5-inch balloons to a ribbon for a festive focal point. Plastic Balloon Clips
Inflate, knot, and then clip regular-size and 5-inch balloons to a ribbon for a festive focal point. Plastic balloon clips are available at partycity.com. If you need to inflate dozens of balloons, a hand pump gets the job done in a snap!
Make your little one's big day a special one with these hassle-free balloon ideas.
Birthday Party Balloons: Show-Stoppers (via Parents.com)
Decor Ideas: balloon garland
Birthday Party Balloon Ideas
Party ideas with balloons!
Birthday Party Balloons
diy | stickdot | garland | by o-k-e-r.
Sticky Dot, Banners Garland, Party Ideas
DIY Dot Sticker Garland - fold stickers over string- I've also made these by using two stickers for a dot garland
DIY neon pink sticky dots garland ...cute!
dot stickers for a diy garland.. genius!
DIY Dot Sticker Garland party ideas
DIY Dot Sticker Garland Idea....
DIY sticky dot garland
o-k-e-r: diy | stickdot | garland
easy balloon wall
Kids Birthday Party Ideas, Birthday Balloon, Birthday Ideas
If you learn one lesson from Leslie Knope, let it be this: you coordinate birthday celebrations to fit the honoree. While Beck would have probably been amused by an elaborate party, he was just as ...
DIY balloon wall. party backdrop. balloon decor. kids birthday. Simple but oh so festive!
DIY birthday party balloon backdrop (would be really cute for a rainbow party!)
kid birthday party ideas this would look so cool with metalic balloons
Cute birthday party idea! Use colorful balloons for a backdrop.
Happy #Birthday Ideas - (Click on pics) To view more items!!!
kid birthday party ideas Balloon popping wall, prizes inside
balloon wall + birthday table backdrop #party #decor #DIY
birthday balloon wall
a happy two-year-old is my fave
oversized confetti balloon
Poke Bonnet, Confetti Balloons, Confetti Party, Balloon Jumbo, Confetti Ballon, Jumbo Balloon, Party Ideas, Birthday Party
These fabulous clear latex Giant Confetti Balloons by Poppies For Grace come filled with jumbo confetti ready to be inflated with helium or air. Size: Balloon - 90cm Confetti - 38mm
aculturedpearl: A giant confetti balloon? Best balloon ever.
jumbo confetti ballon | verkrijgbaar bij kiwienkoala.nl
GIANT CONFETTI BALLOON by Simply Sweet Soirees
A giant confetti balloon? Best balloon ever.
Fun to have for birthday party decoration.
jumbo balloon, yay for happy balloons!
Confetti Balloon. Craft Party Ideas
BALLOON jumbo confetti
oversized confetti balloon
TUTORIAL: Anthropologie Inspired Scroll Garland - Perfect for Hanukkah!
TUTORIAL: Anthropologie Inspired Scroll Garland
Inspired Scroll, Diy Craft, Scroll Garland, Tutorial Anthropologie
TUTORIAL: Anthropologie Inspired Scroll Garland - Perfect for Hanukkah! by Bird's Party http://www.blog.birdsparty.com/2012/12/tutorial-anthropologie-inspired-scroll.html
TUTORIAL: Anthropologie Inspired Scroll Garland--maybe not this elaborate, but could decorate with paper garlands similar to this
Party Printables | Party Ideas | Party Planning | Party Crafts | Party Recipes | BLOG Bird's Party: TUTORIAL: Anthropologie Inspired Scroll Garland - Perfect for Hanukkah!
Bird's Party Blog: TUTORIAL: Anthropologie Inspired Scroll Garland http://www.blog.birdsparty.com/2012/12/tutorial-anthropologie-inspired-scroll.html#.UQEf32fK2HU
TUTORIAL: Scroll Garland I LOVE this idea! It looks time consuming...but if I can find the time, there is a tutorial. :) http://www.blog.birdsparty.com/2012/12/tutorial-anthropologie-inspired-scroll.html
TUTORIAL: Anthropologie Inspired Scroll Garland - Perfect for Hanukkah! | PARTY BLOG by BirdsParty|Printables|Parties|DIYCrafts|Recipes|Ideas
TUTORIAL: Anthropologie Inspired Scroll Garland blog.birdsparty.com
Paper Scroll Garland TUTORIAL: Anthropologie Inspired
Show off your crafty side… for a PARTY! (23 photos)
Garden party table decoration. Helium balloon and Dollar Tree Net.
Wedding Idea, Hot Air Balloon, Centre Piece, Party Idea, Center Piece
Hot Air Balloon Centerpiece | This would be a precious center piece at a reception or even birthday party!
Hot air balloon & flowers as wedding centerpiece, creative & pretty! Make sure the flower container is heavy enough~
Hot Air Balloon Centerpieces | Non Floral Centerpieces - Budget Wedding Centerpiece Ideas | Wedding ...
Hot air balloon centerpiece not mine but thought its a cute centre piece for a wedding or other event! it reminds me of a book the hearts of three or the wizard of oz beutiful i love air balloons!
Hot Air Balloon Theme Wedding Ideas : wedding balloon diy wedding Hot Air Balloon Centerpiece.....looooove this!
OMH! Look at this!! Hot Air Balloon Theme Wedding Ideas : wedding balloon diy wedding Hot Air Balloon Centerpiece
Supercute hot air balloon centerpiece. Website has 14 more non-floral centerpiece ideas.
hot air balloon centerpiece #wedding #idea #decor
Hot Air Balloon Centerpiece: Up party idea
Show off your crafty side... for a PARTY! (23 photos)
Easy DIY Streamer Garlands | Oh Happy Day
Easy Streamers, Crepe Paper Garland Diy, Lovely Streamers, Crepe Paper Streamers, Streamer Garland, Scalloped Streamer
Easy DIY Streamer Garlands | Oh Happy Day http://sulia.com/channel/all-living/f/3cb91cf4-f7e1-4960-98a9-5348cb141003/?source=pin&action=share&btn=big&form_factor=mobile
{you just fold and then cut into a scallop shape!!!} Easy DIY Streamer Garlands | Oh Happy Day!
Simple way to change up your regular crepe paper streamers for a party! Love this!
Easy DIY Streamer Garlands #diy #craft #garland #streamer #party
Easy DIY Streamer Garlands - Jordan Ferney | Oh Happy Day!
What a simple but great idea: Easy DIY Streamer Garlands
Easy DIY Scalloped Streamer Garlands | Oh Happy Day!
DIY : Easy Streamer Garlands #PartyIdeas #KidsParty
diy garland
Easy DIY Streamer Garlands | Oh Happy Day
Make origami bows from magazine pages
Paper Craft, Papercraft, Oragami Bow, Magazine Bow, Diy Craft, Origami Bow
DIY: origami bows #tutorial from Let's Create http://helenmade.blogspot.com/2011/08/paper-bow-tutorial-and-break.html #paper_crafting #decoratis
Do you want to make a special gift even more special ? the origami gift bow is the perfect addition… and it's simple to make! Check picture and video directions ---> http://wonderfuldiy.com/wonderful-diy-origami-paper-bow/
Make origami bows from magazine pages http://helenmade.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/paper-bow-tutorial.html
handmade paper bows ... Make origami bows from magazine pages from How About Orange ... like this variation of the paper bow with layered loops ...
Make Awesome #Origami #Bows From Magazine Pages! Via #HowAboutOrange #DIY #Craft #Tutorial
Tutorial: origami magazine bows #recycle #reuse #repurpose #diy #crafts
Make It: Origami Bows - Tutorial #origami #papercrafts #cardmaking
DIY: oragami Bows from magazine pages #papercrafts
DIY Origami-Paper-Bow #diy #crafts #paperbow
Make origami bows from magazine pages | How About Orange
DIY Decor diy crafts diy ideas diy decor diy home decor easy diy diy home decorations diy curtains craft #handmade jewelry designers #handmade paper flowers #handmade dolls #handmade gift ideas| http://handmade-roses-ollie.blogspot.com
Paper Flower, Wall Flower, Diy Craft, Paper Dahlia
Inspirational Monday – Do it yourself (diy) Flower series – Dahlia paper Flowers | mypapercrafting
Paper Flower | Follow the above steps to make this simple yet beautiful #paperflower
Paper Dahlia Wreath https://www.pinterest.com/bindi71/craft-ideas/
DIY Flower series - Dahlia paper Flowers, great for wall art!!
How to Make a Paper Wreath - Paper Dahlia Wreath Tutorial -
diy - wall flower (or centerpiece) made from paper cones
DIY easy paper flower tutorial. #DIY #paperflowes
diy, diy, craft, diy & craft, idea, tutorial
DIY Party Background for $5 or Less
Party backdrop made with 3 dollar store disposable table cloths.
Birthday Idea, Photobooth, Dollar Store, Plastic Tablecloth, Party Idea, Plastic Table Cloth
Party backdrop made with 3 dollar store disposable table cloths. Looks easier than streamers. maybe for a photo booth (for your party ideas board!)
Party backdrop made with 3 dollar store disposable table cloths. I will have to try this it might even be acceptable for a wedding photo booth.
DIY: Party backdrop made with $3 dollar store disposable table cloths. #cheap #diy #party #idea #ehh
Party backdrop made with 3 dollar store disposable table cloths. Looks easier than streamers. maybe for a photo booth. Use at open house for pics with graduate. use school colors
Party backdrop made with 3 dollar store disposable table cloths. In rainbow? Photobooth backdrop?
backdrop made with 3 dollar store disposable table cloths. Birthday idea....for photos
Party backdrop made with dollar store plastic table cloths. Photo backdrop?
Party backdrop made with 3 dollar store disposable plastic tablecloths.
Party Background Tutorial {Cheap & Easy}
Vintage Dessert Table / Buffet de desserts #Party #Fête #Fiesta #Soirée #Anniversaire #Birthday
Desserts Party, Party Idea, Bridal Shower, Big Balloons, Balloons Vintage, Gold Balloons, Garlands Balloons
Garlands, balloons, vintage tablecloth. Pretty for all ages.
100 Beautiful Bridal Shower Themes + Ideas via Brit + Co.
Gold Parisian Bridal Shower // photo by Julie Harmsen
parisian bridal shower | julie harmsen photography
dessert table--love the bunting behind!
Those giant gold balloons are so fun!
tie big balloons to cake table
Spring bridal shower table
DIY ticket background—great for a photobooth!


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 3, 1985
|Filing date
|Oct 3, 1984
|Priority date
|Oct 3, 1984
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Andrew J. Syska
|Original Assignee
|Thermal Systems Engineering, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (11), Classifications (13), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of iron founding and steelmaking and more particularly to a process for melting iron to produce a carbon-containing hot metal from scrap iron, scrap steel, pig iron, direct reduced iron or mixtures of these ferrous materials without the use of substantial amounts of coke.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The iron founding industry is well established in the United States and throughout the world. It includes, in broad categories, the large integrated steel mills which produce a wide variety of finished steel products, the so-called mini-mills which produce a more limited range of steel products, and iron and steel foundries which produce iron and steel products from scrap iron, scrap steel or pig iron.
For the large integrated steel mills, the basic melting unit is usually the blast furnace which produces hot metal containing around 4.0% carbon together with impurities including silicon, sulfur, phosphorous and manganese from raw materials comprising iron ore, metallurgical coke and various fluxes. Smaller steelmaking plants and foundries frequently employ a cupola or an electric furnace as the basic melting unit.
The cupola is a shaft-type furnace wherein the burden comprises a ferrous material such as scrap iron, scrap steel or pig iron together with metallurgical coke and fluxes. The energy, in the form of heat, required to melt the ferrous burden is produced by combustion of the coke with air which may be preheated or enriched with oxygen. In recent years, there has been a shortage of metallurgical grade coke and its cost has increased from about $70/ton to about $175/ton. As coke comprises about 12% of the cupola charge, its cost is a matter of some concern. Additionally, the coke is a source of gaseous and particulate emissions. The energy cost to produce molten iron using a cupola is now estimated to be about $21/ton.
As a result of the raw material and pollution problems related to the cupola, the electric furnace has become more and more popular as a basic melting unit. The electric furnace may be of either the induction type or the electric arc type. In either case, the thermal energy to perform the melting function is provided by electricity. Coke, except as a possible source of carbon, is not required. Although the electric furnace avoids the problems related to the use of coke, the capital costs of the electric furnace and its associated electrical distribution system are comparable to those of the hot blast cupola. Additionally, the energy cost to melt a ton of iron in the electric furnace is estimated to be about $45, or a figure substantially in excess of that for the cupola.
The disadvantages of the cupola and electric furnace melters have engendered interest in alternative methods for melting ferrous burdens. One such alternative is the use of natural gas, fuel oil or powdered coal to fire a cupola or shaft-type furnace. Such an approach potentially avoids certain of the problems associated with the use of coke as well as the cost of electrical energy as natural gas is one of the cleanest and least expensive fuels available and its supply, at least for the foreseeable future, appears to be adequate. The use of fuel oil or pulverized coal as a source of energy is somewhat less favorable since its cost, availability and combustion equipment complexity are more difficult to predict.
The use of fluid fuel as a source of energy for a ferrous melter has been employed in the so-called "cokeless cupola" development in England, as described in Taft et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,802,678. A process for reducing ore and then melting in a gas-fired or oil fired shaft furnace designed to operate with a reducing atmosphere is disclosed in Syska U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,687. Syska discloses the combustion of a rich fuel/oxidant mixture to produce a reducing atmosphere within the melting unit and the use of this atmosphere to preheat and reduce the charge of iron ore and to melt the reduced charge.
The present invention represents a further development of certain of the concepts set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,687.
The present invention is directed toward the production of an intermediate hot metal melted from pig iron, reduced iron, scrap iron, scrap steel, or mixtures thereof. In order to avoid losses from oxidation, special high temperature burners are provided which produce a reducing atmosphere when fed with an oxidant which may comprise preheated air or preheated enriched air. Increased efficiency is attained by further combusting the reducing atmosphere to preheat the ferrous burden in the shaft furnace and combusting the top gases in an afterburner to preheat the oxidant. Optionally a portion of the sensible heat remaining in the flue gases is recovered in a waste heat heat exchanger.
The process according to the present invention comprises introducing the ferrous burden into the upper region of a shaft furnace; introducing primary oxidant into a heat recovery device; heating the primary oxidant in the heat recovery device to a temperature in the range of 1400� to 2000� F.; introducing the heated primary oxidant together with fuel into high temperature burners located in the lower region of the shaft furnace or in a forehearth, the oxygen to carbon ratio of the primary oxidant and fuel falling within the range of 0.85 to 1.4; combusting the heated primary oxidant and fuel in the high temperature burners to produce a reducing atmosphere at a temperature in excess of 3200� F. (1760� C.) and delivering that atmosphere to the lower region of the shaft furnace, the reducing atmosphere containing carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, water and nitrogen; directing the hot reducing atmosphere through the lower region of the shaft furnace to the upper region of the shaft furnace so as to melt the ferrous burden in the lower region of the furnace and to preheat the incoming ferrous burden; introducing a desired amount of secondary oxidant into the upper region of the shaft furnace; combusting a portion of the carbon monoxide and hydrogen contained in the reducing atmosphere from the lower region of the furnace with the secondary oxidant so as to produce a gas temperature at least 150� F. (83� C.) above the metal temperature at the entrance to the melting zone in the lower region of the shaft furnace and a top gas having a temperature in the range of 600� F. to 1400� F. (316� C. to 760� C.) while heating the ferrous burden to a temperature in the range of 1200� F. to 1800� F. (648� C. to 982� C.) in the preheat zone; introducing the top gas and tertiary oxidant into an afterburner; combusting the top gas and tertiary oxidant to provide a heated flue gas, and passing the heated flue gas in heat exchange relationship with the primary oxidant. If desired, the flue gas may be passed through a further waste heat recovery device.
The process according to the present invention is capable of a thermal efficency of about 50% when melting a ferrous burden comprising iron scrap which requires about 2,500,000 Btu to produce liquid iron at a temperature of about 2800� F. (1538� C.).
Further advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the invention and the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic elevational view of a melting furnace and oxidant preheater used in performing the process of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic cross sectional view of a melting unit for use in the process of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view partly in section showing a high temperature gaseous or liquid fuel burner used in the process of the present invention.
FIG. 3A is a diagrammatic view partly in section showing an alternative high temperature burner employing pulverized or powdered coal which may be used in the process of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross sectional view of a secondary burner used in performing the process of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the several steps of the process of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a chart showing the variation with temperature of the free energy change accompanying the conversion to one gram molecule of oxygen at one atmosphere into various oxides.
FIG. 7 is a chart showing the theoretical equilibrium relations between iron and iron oxide when in contact with hydrogen and water vapor or carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, at various temperatures.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the specific fuel consumption of a gas fired ferrous melter for several oxidant temperatures and oxygen/carbon fuel ratios.
In accordance with the object of the present invention, coke is eliminated as a fuel because of its scarcity and high cost as well as its significant contribution to pollution. Natural gas is a preferred substitute because it is readily available at reasonable cost and causes a minimum amount of pollution when combusted. Fuel oil may also be employed although its cost and availability are less predictable than those of natural gas. Finally, powdered or pulverized coal may be employed provided that appropriate consideration is given to possible problems of pollution and the effect of sulfur, commonly found in coal, on the metallurgical product. Where, as in the present case, the raw ferrous material is reduced iron, iron scrap or steel scrap as distinguished from iron ore, there is a minimum quantity of the iron oxides such as Fe2 O3 and Fe3 O4. However, it is important to prevent oxidation of the ferrous burden during the melting process and to minimize the oxidation of alloying elements. This implies that a reducing atmosphere must be maintained throughout the melter.
Where natural gas, essentially methane (CH4), is selected as the fuel, the intermediate products of combustion are hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) while the ultimate products of combustion are water vapor (H2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Hydrogen and carbon monoxide are both active reducing agents. However, the equilibrium relations between iron, iron oxide, hydrogen and water vapor vary with the ratio of water vapor to hydrogen and with temperature. Similarly, the equilibrium relations between iron, iron oxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide vary with the ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and with temperature. Both of these relationships are shown in FIG. 7. To maintain a reducing atmosphere with respect to iron oxide (FeO) at temperatures up to 2800� F. (1538� C.) the ratio of CO2 to CO in the atmosphere should be below about 0.37 and the ratio of H2 O to H2 should be below about 1.0. This is confirmed by FIG. 6 insofar as the ratio of CO2 to CO is concerned. FIG. 6 also demonstrates that when the CO2 to CO ratio is reducing with respect to iron oxide (FeO) it is also reducing with respect to the higher oxides magnetite (Fe3 O4) and hematite (Fe2 O3). However, there may be some oxidation loss of manganese and silicon since the reduction of manganese oxide (MnO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) require very small ratios of CO2 to CO, on the order of 1 to 104.
While substoichiometric combustion can produce the required reducing atmosphere with respect to the oxides of iron, such oxidant/fuel ratios result in a lower adiabatic flame temperature and thus decrease the superheat attainable in the molten metal bath. It will be appreciated that the molten metal bath must be superheated to some degree to allow for unavoidable heat losses which will occur during subsequent handling of the molten metal in connection with further refining, ladle treatment or casting. In this regard it may be noted from the well-known iron-carbon equilibrium diagram that while the melting point of a eutectic composition containing 4.3% carbon is 2075� F. (1135� C.), the melting point of pure iron is 2802� F. (1539� C.). Since the ferrous burden will, in general, include significant amounts of carbon and some carbon may become available because of additions of coke or coal in the range of 1% of the charge, a molten bath temperature in the vicinity of 2800� F. (1538� C.) is adequate for the purposes of the present invention.
The theoretical adiabatic flame temperature for the stoichiometric combustion of natural gas where the oxidant is ambient air at 70� F. (21� C.) is approximately 3580� F. (1971� C.) and the observed temperature, using standard burners, is about 3450� F. (1899� C.). In the ordinary cupola where excess air is provided the combustion zone temperature is approximately 3300� F. (1816� C.). Flame temperatures may be increased by preheating the oxidant or by decreasing the nitrogen ballast. Where the oxidant is air, each increase of 100� F. (56� C.) in the preheat will produce an increase in flame temperature of about 60� F. (33� C.). Similarly, each 1% of oxygen enrichment results in an increase in flame temperature of about 65� F. (36� C.). Thus, flame temperatures in the range of 3500� F.-3800� F. (1927� C.-2093� C.) can be attained by means of air preheating or air preheating combined with oxygen enrichment.
In order to melt low carbon steels having a melting temperature in the range of 2700� F.-2800� F. (1482� C.-1538� C.) and to provide a sufficient superheat for processing purposes under sub-stoichiometric combustion conditions, the adiabatic flame temperature should be in excess of 3200� F. (1760� C.) and preferably in the range of 3600� F. to 3700� F. (1982� C.-2038� C.). Such flame temperatures require preheating of the oxidant in the range of 1600� F.-2000� F. (871� C.-1093� C.) if no oxygen enrichment is employed or preheating to about 1400� F. (760� C.) if the oxidant is enriched to about 30% oxygen.
Reference is now made to FIG. 1 which illustrates in elevation apparatus arranged to perform the melting process in accordance with the present invention. The shaft furnace is designated generally at 10 and comprises an upper or preheating zone 12 and a lower or melting zone 14. A charging and gas exhaust device 16 is disposed on top of the shaft furnace 10. A plurality of high temperature burners 18 is radially disposed around the circumference of the melting zone 14 of the shaft furnace 10. Preheated oxidant for the burners 18 is introduced into the burners by means of a plurality of ducts 20 fed from a manifold 22. A plurality of secondary burners 23 is disposed about the circumference of the preheating zone 12 of the shaft furnace 10. Secondary oxidant, which may comprise air or enriched air and which may be preheated, is introduced into the burners 23 by means of a plurality of ducts 25 fed from a manifold 27. The ferrous burden together with appropriate fluxes and a small amount of coke or coal is introduced into the charging device 16 through a chute 24.
Molten metal may be tapped from the melting zone 14 of the shaft furnace 10 into a ladle 28. If desired, alloying elements or other additives may be injected into the ladle 28.
The oxidant preheating equipment is designated generally at 34 and comprises an oxidant tower 36, a flue tower 38, and an afterburner 40 together with various auxiliary equipment described in more detail below. The oxidant preheating equipment is preferably of the direct contact heat exchange type in which heat exchange media, such as ceramic pellets or shapes, are circulated in a closed loop which includes the oxidant tower 36 and the flue tower 38. The afterburner 40 receives the top gas from the gas exhaust device 16 through a duct 42 and tertiary oxidant through inlet 44. As the top gas leaving the furnace 10 still contains substantial amounts of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, combustion in the afterburner 40 can be employed to utilize fully the heating value of the top gas to preheat the primary oxidant for the burners 18.
The primary oxidant is delivered to the base of the oxidant tower 36 by a turbocompressor 46 through the primary oxidant duct 48. After passing through the oxidant tower 36 in direct contact but in counterflow heat exchange with the heat exchange media, the heated primary oxidant is delivered through duct 50 which communicates with the manifold 22. Top gas from the shaft furnace 10 is passed through the afterburner 40 and flue tower 38 in direct contact but in counterflow heat exchange with the falling heat exchange media.
The cooled direct heat exchange media are delivered from the bottom of the oxidant tower 36 by a downcomer duct 54 to a hopper-separator 56 at the top of the flue tower 38 through lift-line duct 58 by means of an air lift powered by a small blower 60.
As shown in FIG. 1, the flue tower 38 is a substantially cylindrical structure which contains, at its upper end, a cylindrical solids separator/distributor 57 having a plurality of conical flow distribution plates 52. The plates 52 serve to ensure uniform distribution of the heat exchange media falling from the hopper 56 throughout the cross section of the flue tower 38. The flue gas and lift air which enter the separator/distributor 57 of the flue tower 38 together with the heat exchange media through a downcomer duct 59 from the hopper-separator 56 leave the top of the flue tower 38 through the chimney 62. Heated heat exchange media collect in a hopper structure 64 at the lower end of the flue tower 38 after passing through the rising hot flue gas.
The heated heat exchange media are withdrawn from the hopper 64 through downcomer duct 66 and delivered to a cylindrical separator/distributor 68 located in the upper region of the oxidant tower 36 where they are distributed across the cross section of the oxidant tower 36. As the heated heat exchange media fall downwardly within the cylindrical oxidant tower 36, they contact the rising primary oxidant entering the tower through duct 48 and heat it. The cooled heat exchange media collect in a hopper structure 70 at the bottom of the oxidant tower 36. As noted above, the cooled heat exchange media are withdrawn from the separator 70 through downcomer duct 54 and returned to the hopper/separator 56 by an air lift through liftline duct 58. Utilizing top gas delivered from the shaft furnace at a temperature in the range of 600� to 1400� F. (316� C. to 760� C.), the afterburner is capable of delivering flue gas at a temperature of 2400� F. (1316� C.) or more. Primary oxidant at ambient temperatures may be heated to the range of 1400� to 2000� F. (760� C. to 1093� C.) within the oxidant tower 36.
The shaft furnace 10 as shown in FIG. 1 produces a bath of molten metal 72 in the lower portion thereof. To prevent the molten bath from being cooled by unmelted portions of the ferrous burden, ceramic burden support pieces 74 may be placed in the bottom of the shaft furnace 10. Alternatively, the burned may rest on shoulders 76 located around the inside circumference of the shaft furnace 10 above the molten metal bath.
FIG. 2 illustrates a modification of the shaft furnace wherein the molten metal bath is formed in a forehearth containing the high temperature burners. As shown in FIG. 2, the shaft furnace 10' includes a preheating zone 12' and a melting zone 14'. Similarly burners 23 are located around the circumference of the furnace near the bottom of the preheating zone. An enlarged outlet 78 is directed into one wall of an arched forehearth 80 made from refractory material and having a pouring spout 82 and a slag-outlet 84. The high temperature burners 18 are positioned in the walls of the forehearth above the molten metal bath 72'. The high temperature reducing atmosphere within the forehearth 80 exhausts through the outlet 78 into the shaft furnace 10'. Ceramic burden support pieces 74 may be placed in the bottom of the furnace 10' to maintain and support the ferrous burden during the melting process.
The high temperature burners 18 are shown in more detail in FIG. 3. The burner 18 comprises a substantially cylindrical body 86 formed from a refractory material and having a cylindrical port 88 formed axially therethrough. A perforated ceramic disc shaped flame holder 90 is located in the port 88 upstream of the tangential gas inlets 92 and the pilot burner 94. A sight port 96 is positioned in the burner body 86 opposite the pilot 94 in order to permit observation of the operation of the burner. Oxidant preheated to a temperature in the range of 1400�-2000� F. (760� C.-1093� C.) is introduced through one branch of a tee 98 attached to one end of the burner body 86 and moves axially through the cylindrical port 88 and the perforated flame holder 90. In the event that it is desired to increase the oxygen content of the preheated oxidant, ambient oxygen may be introduced through another branch of the tee 98. An insulated oil duct 100 may also be connected to the tee 98 and to a fuel nozzle 102 positioned on the axis of the flame holder 90. It will be appreciated that the high temperature burner 18 is adapted to use natural gas or fuel oil or a mixture thereof as the fuel and preheated air or enriched air as the oxidant. The ratio of oxidant to fuel is adjusted so that the oxygen to carbon ratio is in the broad range of 0.85 to 1.4. Preferably the ratio of oxygen to carbon is within the range of 0.85 to 1.2, while the most desired ratio is about 1.1.
Where natural gas comprising essentially methane (CH4) is combusted stoichiometrically with oxygen (O2), the reaction is
In accordance with the present invention, where air is employed at oxygen to carbon ratios of 1.0 and 1.1 the products of combustion will also include nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon monoxide and may be calculated as shown in Table 1, expressed in lb.-mols. at a temperature of 3140� F. (1727� C.):
TABLE 1______________________________________Product 1.0 Ratio 1.1 Ratio______________________________________Nitrogen (N2) 3.76 4.14Carbon Dioxide (CO2) .14 .19Water Vapor (H2 O) .86 1.01Hydrogen (H2) 1.14 .99Carbon Monoxide (CO) .86 .81______________________________________
If the air is preheated, the flame temperature may be increased, at a 1.1 oxygen to carbon ratio, by about 60� F. (33� C.) for each 100� F. (56� C.) of preheat. Thus by preheating the air to about 1800� F. (982� C.) the flame temperature becomes about 3580� F. (1971� C.) while at 1400� F. (760� C.) preheat the flame temperature would be about 3340� F. (1838� C.). Such flame temperatures are sufficient to transfer heat effectively to the ferrous burden and maintain a bath temperature at or above 2800� F. (1538� C.). It will be noted that the atmosphere produced in the above examples has a water to hydrogen ratio below about 1.0 and a carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide ratio below about 0.37 so as to attain the required reducing character.
An alternative form of the high temperature fuel burner 18 adapted to employ pulverized or powdered coal as the principal fuel is shown in FIG. 3. Parts which are common to the burner shown in FIG. 3 bear the same indicators; modified parts are indicated by a prime ('). In the version of the burner shown in FIG. 3A, the pulverized coal is pneumatically conveyed and injected into the combustion chamber 88' through a watercooled duct 100'. During start-up of the burner, natural gas is injected through the tangential nozzles 92 and combustion commenced by the pilot burner 94. When the burner has attained its operating temperature, the natural gas flow through the nozzles 92 may be replaced by steam or an oxidant. Gas or vapor flow through the tangential nozzles 92 induces a turbulent, swirling action in the combustion chamber 88 which insures rapid and complete combustion of the pulverized coal. In contrast with he burner of FIG. 3, the burner of FIG. 3A is provided with an L-shaped extension 89 which communicates with the melting zone 14 of the furnace (FIG. 1) or the forehearth 80 (FIG. 2). The use of the L-shaped extension 89 permits the combustion chamber 88' to be positioned vertically so that slag, as a product of combustion, may leave the combustion chamber 88' through the orifice 91 and become solidified in the closed watercooled reservoir 93. Because the reservoir 93 is closed, except for the overflow of slag and water, the reaction gases comprising the products of combustion will pass out of the combustion chamber 88' and through the L-shaped extension 89 into the melting zone 14 of the furnace or the forehearth 80. When pulverized coal is used as a fuel, a somewhat larger combustion chamber should be employed to ensure complete combustion. In general, the substantially cylindrical combustion chamber can deliver between about 75,000 and 300,000 Btu per cubic foot of volume when designed to have a length to diameter ratio in the range of 4:1 to 8:1.
Pulverized coal may contain significant amounts of sulfur and, when combusted, will produce fly ash as a particulate. The sulfur may be controlled by the addition of an appropriate amount of lime to the furnace burden so that essentially no sulfur dioxide will appear in the flue gases. Similarly, the furnace burden functions as a packed tower to collect the fly ash which may not be trapped in the reservoir 93 with the slag. Thus, pollution problems frequently encountered with coal-fired processes are avoided by the present process.
The secondary burners 23 are shown in more detail in FIG. 4 which shows the burner installed in the wall of the preheat zone 12 or 12' of the shaft furnace 10 or 10'. As noted above, the reducing atmosphere leaving the melting zone 14 or 14' of the shaft furnace contains substantial amounts of hydrogen and carbon monoxide which can be combusted along with additional oxidant. The burner 23 comprises an outer cylindrical body 104 made from a refractory material. The outer end of the body 104 is closed by a refractory plug 106 which carries on its axis, an oxidant nozzle 108. A mixing and combustion chamber 110 is positioned within the cylindrical body 104 by a plurality of spacers 112. The outer surface of the mixing and combustion chamber 110 is cylindrical so as to define an annular passageway between the mixing and combustion chamber 110 and the inner surface of the body 104. An axial cavity 114 is formed in the mixing and combustion chamber 110 having a converging inlet section 116, a cylindrical mixing section 118, a diverging section 120 and a cylindrical combustion chamber 122. A pilot burner assembly 124 extends into the combustion chamber 122.
In operation, secondary oxidant directed toward the mixing section 118 of the mixing and combustion chamber educts or ejects a portion of the reducing atmosphere from the shaft furnace and mixes therewith. The combustible mixture is ignited in the combustion chamber 122 and provides additional thermal energy to preheat the ferrous burden in the preheat zone 12 or 12' of the shaft furnace.
Reference is now made to FIG. 5 which shows in diagrammatic form a flow sheet for the process of the present invention. The blocks of FIG. 5 carry the same designations as the corresponding portions of the equipment illustrated in FIGS. 1-4 but also indicate the location of the optional recuperator or waste heat heat exchanger 126. The primary oxidant 128 at ambient temperature, e.g., 100� F. (38� C.), enters the oxidant tower 36 at 130 and leaves the oxidant tower 36 at 132 at a temperature which may range from 1400� to 2000� F. (760� to 1093� C.). The heated primary oxidant 128 enters the high temperature burner 18 at 134. The primary oxidant 128 mixes with fuel 136 which enters the burner 18 at 138. The oxygen to carbon ratio of the mixture is in the range of 0.85 to 1.2 so that the products of combustion 140 will contain substantial quantities of hydrogen and carbon monoxide whereby the products of combustion 140 will be reducing with respect to the various oxides of iron.
The products of combustion 140 from the burner 18 enter the melting zone 14 of the shaft furnace 10 at 142. The temperature of the products of combustion is in excess of 3200� F. (1760� C.). and preferably in the range of 3200� F.-3800� F. (1760�-2093� C.). Gas 144 leaves the thermal and melting zone 14 and enters the immediately adjacent preheat zone 12 of the shaft furnace 10 at an intermediate temperature in the vicinity of 1650� F. (897� C). Within the preheat zone 12 of the shaft furnace 10 the gas 144 is mixed and partially combusted with secondary oxidant 146 which enters the preheat zone 12 at 147. The secondary oxidant 146 may be ambient air, oxygen or a portion of the primary oxidant 128 as suggested by the phantom line 148 in FIG. 5. The top gas 150 leaves the shaft furnace 10 at 152 at a temperature in the range of 600�-1400� F. (316�-760� C.), preferably at about 830� F. (443� C.), through duct 42 and enters the afterburner 40 at 154. Within the afterburner 40 the remaining carbon monoxide and hydrogen contained in the top gas 150 are combusted with a tertiary oxidant 156 which enters the afterburner 40 at 158. The tertiary oxidant 156 may be ambient air or a portion of the primary oxidant 128 as suggested by the phantom line 160 in FIG. 5. Alternatively, in the event that a waste recuperator 126 is provided, the tertiary oxidant 156, or another process stream, whether or not preheated, may be further preheated in such waste recuperator.
The flue gas 162 leaves the afterburner 40, partially reacted, at 164 at a temperature of about 2200� F. (1203� C.) or greater and passes into the flue tower 38 in heat exchange relationship with the heat exchange media as described in more detail in connection with FIG. 1. During contact between the heat exchange media and the flue gas complete oxidation of the flue gas is achieved. The flue gas 162 leaves the flue tower 38 at 166 at a temperature in the range of 1700� F.-2500� F. (927�-1371� C.), depending upon the process variables.
It will be appreciated that the flue gas 162 as it leaves the flue tower 38 contains a substantial amount of sensible heat even though it is fully combusted so as to comprise principally nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. As suggested above, a portion of such sensible heat may be used to preheat the tertiary oxidant 156. Of course, such sensible heat may also be used for other purposes not related to the present process.
The ferrous burden 168 enters the preheat zone 12 of the shaft furnace 10 through the charge device 16 at 170. The ferrous burden which may comprise direct reduced iron, pig iron, scrap iron, scrap steel or a mixture thereof is ordinarily introduced into the shaft furnace at ambient temperature and will include fluxes and, often, a small amount of coke or coal. Generally, the ferrous burden 168 is preheated to about a temperature in the range of 1200� to 1800� F. (648� to 982� C.) and preferably about 1500� F. (815� C.) prior to entering the melting zone 14. In the range of 1300�-1400� F. (706�-760� C.) a transformation of the crystal lattice of the iron occurs. This transformation from the α form to the γ form is accompanied by a decrease in the specific heat. Fuel efficiency is enhanced by the secondary combustion in the preheat zone of the furnace where the oxidation criteria are less critical. Within the melting zone 14 ceramic or refractory spheres or shapes or graphite impregnated ceramic shapes may be provided to separate the unmelted ferrous burden from the molten metal bath and promote the superheating of the molten metal bath. Molten metal 172 at a temperature of about 2800� F. (1538� C.) leaves the shaft furnace 10 at 174.
The specific energy requirement of the present process (i.e., Btu/ton of molten metal product) is determined by the thermal requirements of the melting zone. As noted above, the present process requires an hydrogen/carbon monoxide-rich atmosphere so as to maintain reducing conditions within the melting zone. Since only the sensible heat of the products of combustion from the primary burners 18 contributes to the heating, melting and superheating of the metal, a large excess of chemical energy is available for preheating the primary oxidant or for recovery as waste heat. The chemical energy of the gas leaving the shaft furnace may be recovered in the afterburner along with a portion of the sensible heat while a waste heat recovery system, may be used to recover a portion of the sensible heat at lower temperatures.
In order to minimize fuel consumption for a given melting rate and oxidant to fuel ratio, operating conditions should be selected to make possible the maximum use of the sensible heat contained in the products of combustion from the primary burners. To accomplish this, the primary oxidant is preheated, preferably, to the maximum extent practicable--e.g., about 2000� F. (1093� C.), but at least 1400� F. (760� C.). In addition, the preheat process should bring the burden up to a temperature in excess of about 1500� F. (815� C.) to assure that the transformation to γ iron is accomplished in the preheat zone. This assures that only the final heating, melting and superheating must be effected by the primary burners and that a maximum portion of the sensible heat of the primary product gas is utilized. Sufficient secondary combustion is provided so that the metal entering the thermal or melting zone is at the desired temperature of approximately 1500� F. (815� C.) and that the temperature of the gas entering the preheat zone from the melting zone be at least 150� F. (83� C.) greater than the temperature of the ferrous burden leaving the preheat zone.
Table 2 below summarizes typical computed operating data for the present process. For purposes of comparison, each example used the same ferrous burden, i.e., 2000 lbs. per hour of scrap iron plus 3% flux and 1% coke producing 36 lbs. per hour of silicon dioxide. Also, standard primary oxidant preheats of 1600�, 1800� and 2000� F. (871�, 982� and 1093� C.) were employed and the melter was operated to produce a top-gas temperature of 830� F. (443� C.). The specific data is identified as follows:
Col. 1--Temp. (�F.) of top-gas from furnace 10
Col 2--Excess of gas temperature over metal temperature at entrance to melting zone of furnace
Col. 3--Percent of oxygen in primary oxidant
Col. 4--Oxygen to carbon ratio at burner 18
Col. 5--Preheat temperature (�F.) of primary oxidant
Col. 6--Temperature (�F.) of the flue gas entering flue tower 38
Col. 7--Fuel Efficiency (%)
Col. 8--Flame temperature (�F.) at burner 18
Col. 9--Gas consumed (SCF) per ton of molten metal
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9TopgasGas/Metal % O2 in O2 :C Oxidant FLG to Fuel Flame Gas Per�F.�F. oxidant Ratio Preheat �F. H/E �F. Eff. % Temp �F. Ton SCFH__________________________________________________________________________830 150 21 1.0 2000 3156(443� C.) (83� C.) (1093� C.)830 150 21 1.0 1800 2809 3350 3396 (982� C.) (1540� C.) (1842� C.)830 150 21 1.0 1600 3672 (871� C.)830 150 21 1.1 2000 2585 46.1 3699 2608 (1420� C.) (2038� C.)830 150 21 1.1 1800 2611 43.1 3576 2786 (1433� C.) (1970� C.)830 150 21 1.1 1600 2636 40.2 3456 2986 (1446� C.) (1899� C.)830 300 21 1.1 2000 2686 42.8 3699 2805(167� C.) (1475� C.) (2038� C.)830 300 21 1.1 1800 2712 39.9 3577 3010 (1488� C.) (1970� C.)830 300 21 1.1 1600 2738 37.0 3456 3245 (1503� C.) (1899� C.)830 150 21 1.2 2000 2219830 150 21 1.2 1600 2523830 150 21 1.2 1800 2412 51.0 3775 2359 (1322� C.) (2080� C.)830 150 30 1.0 1400 3453 30.9 3498 3889 (760� C.) (1900� C.) (1928� C.)830 150 30 1.1 1400 3193 37.7 3768 3174 (1755� C.) (2075� C.)830 150 30 1.2 1400 2932 44.8 4003 2682 (1610� C.) (2210� C.)__________________________________________________________________________
From Table 2 several characteristics of the process of the present invention will become apparent. First, the fuel efficiency, or specific fuel consumption, is enhanced as the preheat of the primary oxidant or the oxygen to carbon ratio is increased. However, the maximum preheat possible with the direct contact heat exchanger 34 is about 2000� F. (1093� C.) while increasing the oxygen to carbon ratio beyond about 1.2 effects the reducing capability of the atmosphere within the shaft furnace. Second, specific fuel consumption is enhanced when a temperature difference between the gas entering the preheat zone of the furnace and the ferrous burden leaving that zone is about 150� F. (83� C.). Third, even disregarding the cost of oxygen, the process employing preheated air as the primary oxidant provides greater fuel efficiency than the process employing enriched air as the primary oxidant. Fourth, since conventional preheaters using the process parameters here involved are capable of producing a preheat only in the range of 1400� F. (760� C.), advanced preheater technology such as here disclosed is necessary to the most effective practice of the present invention.
The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 17, 1931
|May 21, 1935
|Glenn E Hilliard
|Method of and apparatus for treating metals
|Apr 26, 1939
|May 20, 1941
|Thaddeus F Baily
|Process for melting and refining ferrous metals
|Jan 4, 1960
|Apr 17, 1962
|Kutny Istvan
|Sand regenerating and cupola preheating apparatus
|Sep 28, 1962
|Nov 23, 1965
|Levi S Longenecker
|Open hearth utilization
|Feb 22, 1972
|Aug 21, 1973
|Cherny A
|Method of melting metal
|Jan 26, 1972
|Apr 9, 1974
|Hayes Shell Cast Dev Ltd
|Metal-melting furnaces
|Feb 26, 1973
|May 28, 1974
|H Venetta
|Preheating of metal scrap
|Dec 22, 1975
|May 3, 1977
|Reynolds Metals Company
|Furnace system for and method of melting and preheating metal
|Jun 13, 1974
|Jul 5, 1977
|Asea Aktiebolag
|Furnace for melting solid ferrous pieces
|Nov 1, 1976
|Sep 5, 1978
|Consolidated Natural Gas Service Company, Inc.
|Process for the production of intermediate hot metal
|Jun 9, 1977
|Jan 2, 1979
|Ace Furnaces Limited
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 22, 1988
|May 15, 1990
|Voest-Alpine Stahl Donawitz Gesellschaft M.B.H.
|Process for melting scrap iron, sponge iron and/or solid pig iron
|Mar 10, 1997
|Jun 2, 1998
|Kawasaki Steel Corporation
|Method of charging materials into cupola
|Aug 7, 1996
|Mar 30, 1999
|Nippon Sanso Corporation
|Melting furnace of metals and melting method thereof
|Apr 30, 1996
|Apr 25, 2000
|Nkk Corporation
|Scrap melting process
|Jan 28, 2004
|Oct 16, 2007
|North American Manufacturing Company
|Vertical shaft melting furnace
|Jan 4, 2006
|Dec 30, 2008
|Thomas Killion
|Two-piece magnetic holder
|Jan 28, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Hugens John R.Jr.
|Vertical shaft melting furnace
|Jan 4, 2006
|Dec 14, 2006
|Thomas Killion
|Two-piece magnetic holder
|Jul 21, 1988
|Feb 1, 1989
|Deutsche Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau Gmbh
|Method and apparatus for the production of liquid pig iron or raw materials for steel from granular charging materials containing iron oxide
|Jan 27, 1989
|Aug 2, 1989
|KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOBE SEIKO SHO also known as Kobe Steel Ltd.
|Process for melting cold iron material
|Mar 11, 1987
|Sep 24, 1987
|Artur Richard Greul
|Process and device for melt gasification
|U.S. Classification
|75/573, 75/574, 266/900, 266/140, 266/141
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 3, 1984
Owner name: THERMAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING INC., 185 NEW BOSTON S
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:SYSKA, ANDREW J.;REEL/FRAME:004338/0695
Effective date: 19840904
Owner name: THERMAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING INC.,MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SYSKA, ANDREW J.;REEL/FRAME:004338/0695
Effective date: 19840904
|Oct 27, 1987
|Certificate of correction
|Apr 13, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 28, 1992
Owner name: SYSKA, ANDREW J., MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:THERMAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING, INC., ANDREW J. SYSKA, PRESIDENT;REEL/FRAME:006376/0105
Effective date: 19921130
|Jul 6, 1993
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 5, 1993
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 15, 1994
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19931205


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