text: Jacob S. Hacker 2016-05-05T06:33:17-04:00 Jacob S. Hacker http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/index.php?author=jacob-s-hacker Copyright 2008, HuffingtonPost.com, Inc. HuffingtonPost Blogger Feed for Jacob S. Hacker Good old fashioned elbow grease. Stories of the People Behind the Unemployment Figures That Our Leaders Need to Hear tag:www.huffingtonpost.com,2011:/theblog//3.926257 2011-08-13T16:10:25-04:00 2011-10-13T05:12:01-04:00 Jacob S. Hacker http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-s-hacker/ As an academic who's examined how deeply the Great Recession has affected Americans lives and expectations, I often wonder what it will take to prompt a course correction. Clearly more studies aren't going to rescue us, and ultimately I'm convinced the pressure will have to come from people joining together to press for action. But to galvanize that movement, we could use something that seems sorely missing in much of the advocacy for a serious response: compelling stories of the people behind the numbing job statistics. That's why I was so pleased to be involved in a documentary done by NBC on the ongoing effects of the economic downturn, focusing on the lives of three women in a hard-hit Georgia town, Millen. It will appear at 7PM this Sunday, August 14. Looking at the empty streets of Millen and watching the interviews with Krystal Chance, Sandy Becton, and Kimberly Thompson, it's impossible not to see just how fundamentally the downturn has affected the lives of millions of hardworking families -- men and women who are doing all they can to get back to work, but who've found the economy they once knew has disappeared. Washington has lost sight of the real human cost of the recession and the desperate need for "jobs, jobs, jobs." Maybe stories like Krystal's, Sandy's, and Kimberly's can help open a few eyes. ]]> Health-Care Reform, 2015 tag:www.huffingtonpost.com,2010:/theblog//3.716891 2010-09-14T19:33:52-04:00 2011-05-25T17:40:20-04:00 Jacob S. Hacker http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-s-hacker/ It sounds like a forecast of where the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the landmark health-care legislation passed earlier this year, will be in 2015. But in fact it describes the actual historical standing of the Social Security Act on the law's fifth anniversary in 1940. During the 1936 presidential campaign, Republican candidate Alf Landon had criticized the legislation as a "cruel hoax"-and gone down to defeat. By the end of 1937, the Supreme Court had affirmed the act's constitutionality, and its "old-age insurance" component, which we now call Social Security, had been implemented successfully (although states were dragging their heels on other parts of the legislation, such as public assistance for the poor). But Social Security covered only half the population. Worse, its benefits were meager and not tied to inflation. As prices rose, those benefits were destined to fall, and they did. It would be another ten years before the program was put on a stronger foundation with the Social Security Amendments of 1950, the founding law for the modern program. ... The story of the Social Security Act offers a salient reminder to today's health reformers: Implementation of a law is only part of the challenge of social reform. The other, more daunting part is building support for the improvement and expansion of the inevitably jerry-rigged programs that can pass through America's polarized and fragmented legislative process. Democratic Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa rightly calls the health-care law a "starter home," with the need for plenty of renovation. Unfortunately, the home is not built yet, and the construction zone is in the path of a hurricane: the perfect storm of runaway costs and unbridled conservative attacks on the law. In 2015, the full force of this storm will not yet have hit. The Obama Administration will have been through a series of battles over how to implement and enforce the law, and while not all the tests will have been met, the basic building blocks of the law will almost certainly be in place. Millions of Americans who are uninsured today will have coverage, and those who already have coverage will have much greater assurances that they can obtain it even if they lose or change jobs, become sick or disabled, or live in a family with someone who experiences such events. The result will be increased public support for the law, albeit in a climate of continuing suspicion and acrimony in which conservative opposition remains strong and misinformation rife. And yet these partial successes will also showcase the gap between the rhetoric of reformers and the reality of reform. While millions will be newly insured, millions more will still lack basic protections: They will fall through the law's cracks, or they will be exempted from its requirement to buy coverage because they cannot afford the premium. Medical costs will still represent a painful hit to family incomes. And families who don't qualify for generous subsidies will still find insurance shockingly expensive. In short, reformers will discover the same painful truth made vivid by Social Security's stagnation after 1940: Maintaining the legislative status quo against the forces crying "repeal and replace" is not enough. The reforms launched with the ACA will need to be pushed forward or they will fall increasingly short. Every crucial aspect of the act-the reach and affordability of insurance, the cooperation of states and employers, the promise of federal budgetary savings-will rise or fall on reformers' ability to strengthen the act to ensure that it delivers on its promises. And, alas, playing offense is harder than playing defense in American politics, particularly in our current polarized climate. Read the full essay at Democracy: A Journal of Ideas.]]> Hillary's Turn: A Revised Health Plan for a New Debate -- And Why It Just Might Work tag:www.huffingtonpost.com,2007:/theblog//3.65401 2007-09-21T18:13:00-04:00 2011-05-25T12:15:19-04:00 Jacob S. Hacker http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-s-hacker/ plan received a warm reception when it was released Monday. Ezra Klein of the American Prospect, Jon Cohn of The New Republic, and Paul Krugman of The New York Times each offered praise. Even resident Times conservative David Brooks opined that the plan was "a huge step forward from 1993. It's better than the GOP candidates' plans." Rich Lowry of National Review admitted, "She re-enters the health care debate from a position of strength." To be sure, there was the expected grumbling from supporters of single-payer national health insurance, and the predictable overheated attacks from the Republican presidential contenders. All in all, however, the launch was about as successful as a policy debut could be, erasing for a moment the bad memories of the early 1990s reform debacle that has come to be seen as Senator Clinton's main legacy on the issue. All this raises an obvious question: Why should we expect anything different this time? Is this moment more auspicious than when Clinton last battled for this issue? And if so, why? Actually, the possibilities for reform are greater today. That's one reason I've spent much of the last few years promoting an approach similar in crucial respects to those embraced by John Edwards, Barack Obama, and Clinton. For one, the context has changed. Not only are the problems in U.S. health insurance far worse, but there's also the prospect for a more effective reform coalition than we saw 14 years ago. This coalition would include not just unions but also business leaders -- or, at least, it wouldn't attract the unified opposition of business leaders. No less important, reformers have updated their strategies in important ways, and none more so than Hillary Clinton. *** Much looked good for health reform in 1993. For starters, the issue had been catapulted to the top of the political agenda by a national recession, growing corporate angst over rising medical costs, and the surprise victory of an unknown Democrat, Harris Wofford, in a special 1991 Senate election. In response, President George H. W. Bush had proposed a major plan, and leading Republicans, including Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole, had released their own alternatives. Meanwhile, Bill Clinton had run for president talking about this issue, and the 1992 election had ushered in unified Democratic government for the first time in 12 years. Lastly, polls showed great public interest in the issue, and at least superficial support for major change. No wonder so many believed the time had finally come for serious action. So what went wrong? By my reckoning, four crucial factors doomed the Clinton plan, and ultimately any meaningful reform initiative. First, the recession lifted and health care costs moderated, encouraging many corporate leaders to back away from action. Second, and even more important, conservative Republicans, led by Newt Gingrich, mobilized to use the issue as the springboard for capturing Congress. To make matters worse, the Clinton administration made a series of crucial missteps--the third factor and one I'll discuss shortly. Fourth and finally, amid the growing controversy over what should be done, many Americans became fearful that, for all the problems with the current system, reform would hurt their present coverage. None of these barriers has disappeared. Indeed, Republicans are, in general, further to the right on health care today than 1993. But the pressure for change is greater. Health costs have escalated dramatically since the mid-1990s, straining both private and public budgets and encouraging more and more employers and workers to forgo insurance. Personal bankruptcies caused by medical costs, rampant uninsurance and underinsurance, runaway medical debt, crippling benefit costs for employers -- all these problems have grown far more prevalent and troubling. In his speech before Congress in 1993, President Clinton said, "This health care system of ours is broken, and it's time to fix it." If it was time then, it is well past time today. These problems are not just getting worse, they increasingly affect the middle-class. Again, this was true in the early 1990s, but it's more true today. Over a two year period, a shocking one out of three non-elderly Americans goes without coverage. A recent survey by Consumer Reports found that nearly half of adults younger than 65 -- most of them insured -- are "somewhat" or "completely" unprepared to cope with a costly medical emergency in the coming year. The median household income of underinsured respondents was almost $60,000, and nearly a quarter lived in households making more than $100,000. The recent census report that showed the number of Americans without health insurance setting a dubious new record in 2006 -- 47 million, up from 44.8 million in 2005 -- also showed most of that rise occurring among middle-class families. Coverage for the poor has expanded since the early 1990s, but the employment-based framework on which middle-class workers rely is crumbling. That means a politically crucial segment of the voting population is increasingly exposed to the hassles and anxieties of inadequate coverage and ruinous medical costs. But American politics is never simply about solving agreed-upon problems, even when they affect large segment of the middle class. So two additional factors might hasten this reform. First, corporate America may well be ready to acquiesce to major changes. The last decade has seen business pull out every trick in its arsenal for controlling costs--to little avail. Now, the only surefire way to cut costs is to cut coverage and shift risks onto workers, which is not just unattractive to most businesses, but also likely to stoke public interest in major reform. Second, those interested in reform have returned to their field of dreams with greater sensitivity to some of the political risks--particularly the fear of Americans that their current coverage, however substandard, will be hurt or taken away without something better taking its place. It's worth emphasizing that Americans are--and were in 1993-94--eager to see our system reformed. Moreover, they're more supportive of government action than you might think. But the Achille's heel of reform efforts is that most Americans do have some source of insurance most of the time. Against this backdrop, the easiest way to kill reform is to say, "Oh yes, I support change, but this change will destroy what you have, this change will make you pay more for less." *** All of which brings us to Senator Clinton's new plan. While clearly a work in progress, it is unmistakably the reflection of long and hard strategic thinking. (Full disclosure: I offered advice to the campaign, and was gratified by their responsiveness.) And though Clinton's plan is extremely ambitious relative to the Democratic presidential plans of the last two presidential elections, it is notably cautious relative to what President Clinton proposed in 1993. Most journalists have described the essence of the Clinton plan as an "individual mandate," a requirement that everyone have health insurance. But the individual mandate is only one of three key elements. Revealingly, in her speech releasing the plan, Clinton talked about the new choices she'd provide and employers' responsibilities to help pay for coverage before she even got to the individual requirement. Which is a good thing: Because an individual mandate by itself is neither a popular nor an effective route to affordable quality care for all. In isolation, an individual mandate is either cruel or chimerical, forcing many to buy coverage they really can't afford or failing to achieve its goal of universal insurance. An individual mandate works best as an auxiliary precaution, a way of encouraging people to obtain insurance after they have been provided with low-cost options and their employers have been required to share the cost with them. Thankfully, that's the role it plays in Clinton's new plan. Rather than the individual mandate, the essence of Clinton's plan is a new menu of health plan choices--which, crucially, will include a new, comprehensive public insurance plan as well as private options. More than either Edwards or Obama, Clinton has revealed a dirty little secret of our current system: It provides few Americans with anything like the range of choices that our idealized image of private markets suggests. American health insurance is like a supermarket where the doors are closed to a substantial minority and the rest get to shop in only one aisle -- if they're lucky. Clinton's plan would open the supermarket doors to all and expand the range of choices for many. The basic idea is that larger employers would be required to either offer good coverage or help finance coverage for their workers through a new national insurance framework, which Clinton is calling the "Health Choices Menu." Individuals without ties to the workforce could buy coverage through the Health Choices Menu as well. Though Clinton wouldn't require small businesses to cover their worker or help finance coverage, she would offer tax breaks to encourage them to offer insurance, and their workers would be able to sign up for highly subsidized coverage from the Health Choices Menu just like other workers Perhaps the most welcome element of the Health Choices Menu is that it would include, alongside a range of private plans, a public insurance option modeled after Medicare. This is welcome because allowing people to choose a Medicare-like plan provides an option few Americans now have and because public insurance has some major virtues -- including low administrative costs, open choice of physicians and huge capacity to bargain for lower prices. It's also somewhat surprising that the Clinton campaign emphasized this idea, because while I have been promoting this approach and both Edwards and Obama have embraced it, it may provoke some conservative attacks. Moreover, this idea was explicitly rejected by President Clinton's advisers back in 1993--one of whom described providing a Medicare-style option as "an exceptionally clever way of undermining the entire strategy" embodied in the 1993 plan. Yet, in this respect and others, Senator Clinton has departed from the approach she sought to sell to Congress nearly 15 years ago. Hillary Clinton circa 1993 was trying to convince politicians and the public that most workers should be getting their coverage through new regional organizations that would encourage people to switch to tightly managed HMOs and impose caps on how much health plans could charge. Hillary Clinton circa 2007 is talking about building on what works in the present system while fixing what doesn't, letting people have more choices, and providing new resources to make those choices affordable. Both plans look big and ambitious. But, in a variety of respects, the new Clinton plan is more politically savvy and sensitive to the institutional barriers to reform than was the ill-fated 1993 initiative. *** Will that be enough? The high-profile rollout suggests that Clinton is already looking toward the general election. And Clinton is the clear front-runner -- both for the Democratic nomination and for the presidency. But much can change in a year, and neither a Clinton victory nor a Democratic victory should be taken for granted. Then there is the difficult task of building a reform coalition in Congress. It's clear that any reform plan will face the threat of a Senate filibuster, meaning it will need sixty Senate votes to succeed. And while there are ways around the filibuster--the budget process, reforming Senate rules--none is particularly attractive. In 1993, President Bill Clinton pursued a strategy that ended up alienating both congressional liberals and congressional conservatives. In 2010, President Hillary Clinton, or any other Democratic president, will have to do better to have any chance of success. The main challenge is not to develop an even more detailed health plan--which could and should be left to Congress. In 1993, in part because President Clinton received advice to this effect from congressional Democratic leaders, the Clinton administration set up a massive internal process to refine the plan that had been decided upon during the campaign--a process that took up valuable time and short-circuited congressional and interest-group bargaining. Whatever Democratic leaders say, a new Democratic president should follow the route President Bush did on tax cuts in 2001: Develop the broad outlines, then leave it to Congress to broker the deals. The real challenge is to bring Democrats together around a reform vision that can attract Republican moderates, and then to cross-pressure those moderates, and wavering Democrats, by mobilizing the support of the public and important allied groups. In uniting Democrats, Senator Clinton will inevitably have to clarify some aspects of her plan. She will also need to address the concerns it is likely to raise among more liberal members of the party - concerns that go to the heart of the plan's effectiveness and intent.. For example, is the exemption of small businesses from the requirement that they help finance coverage really consistent with affordable coverage for all? How will people sign up for coverage if their employer doesn't offer it? Will employers manage enrollment and withholding of premiums as they do now? Can workers whose employers offer good coverage be allowed to opt out of it and enroll in one of the new choices that the federal government will offer--which could wreak havoc with employment-based plans? Does it make sense to preserve separate health programs for low-income Americans at the state level, when a new national framework is in place? And will the Clinton approach really use the new public option to its fullest advantage, as means of improving quality and controlling costs--or merely treat it as an afterthought? These may seem like dry policy questions, but they are politically crucial for assuaging the concerns not just of the public but also of the committed reformers who have tirelessly fought for the goal of universal coverage during the long years when that goal seemed out of reach. A conceit of some commentators is that compromise means promoting a lowest-common denominator reform plan out of the box. But this is a grave mistake, and so far Clinton has resisted making this error. We have seen such grand compromises in the past: insurance portability, health insurance for poor kids, Medicare drug coverage that appeals to both the right and left. And if we have learned anything from these episodes, it is that while something is better than nothing, something that will truly achieve the broad goal of health security is much better than something that will spend precious financial and political capital to move us only haltingly in that direction. ]]>


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Ebrington Street, Plymouth, Devon, PL4
7 bedroom flat share
SEPT 2016...Brand New STUDENT ACCOMMODATION from £95 per person per week INCLUDING bills. NO DEPOSIT required (subject to terms and conditions). The property will have 4 en-suite rooms and 3 standard rooms. Great location. Currently being developed, ready for next September.
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Modern 2012 built student accomodation with sea views, parking and just a short distance to the university.
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SEPT 2016...STUDENT ACCOMMODATION from £ 95pppw INCLUDING bills and NO DEPOSIT required (subject to terms and conditions). Arranged as a 4 bed flat, plus 9 further bedrooms (inc 4 studios). All rooms ensuite. Quiet location. University Registered 'A' Grade Property
A, North Friary House, Plymouth
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*** Available September 2016 *** Large 5 bedroom new build finished in 2010 situated in the heart of student living. Less than 6 minutes walk from Plymouth University and a stones throw away from Mutley plain. Boasts prime location with access to all major travel links, local amenitie (cont.)
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*** Available September 2016 *** Magnificent listed student accommodation modernised to high specification.... This exceptionally well presented imposing grade-2 listed building within its own garden and car park, this is a rare find within the city centre. Less than 10 minutes (cont.)
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This is a gorgeous house redeveloped in the year 2010 to a very high standard all the bedrooms are doubles and have the benefit of modern en-suite shower rooms at just £96.00 per week. It has five double bedrooms with four of those rooms booked for next academic year, to four 2nd year student...
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*Average price per person per week

subset: commoncrawl


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Below are top resources on SparkPeople for Crossfit Gym.
Are you sick of the same-old cardio machines at the gym? Bored by the treadmill? Tired of the elliptical? Can't stand to do another mile on the stationary bike or another flight on the stair climber? Well, then, it's time you head over to the... Read more
Kettlebells were practically unheard of in North America until recently, but now exercising with a bowling-ball-shaped weight with a handle is the newest fitness trend. Used by fitness enthusiasts, collegiate athletes, and pro sports teams alike, mor... Read more
Not so long ago, workout experiences were more or less the same for everyone: You would go to the gym, churn out some miles on the treadmill or elliptical, try a few weight machines or take a one-size-fits-all exercise class. All of that has chan... Read more
A comfort zone is a nice place to visit, but you wouldn't want to work out there.
Comfort is defined as, "a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or discomfort." That sounds conducive to napping in a hammock, getting a massa... Read more
Sometimes when we miss a workout, we know full well that we are just making "the dog ate my homework" types of excuses that wouldn't fool anyone—not even you! But then there are the times when we have a valid reason for skipping a... Read more
Went to the gym with my daughter. We were on the treadmill for 1 hour walked 3 miles! I did it! Plus I lost 2 pounds this week! I think I did great!... Read more
I am feeling blah today. I decided to skip the gym because I think my husband misses me. He's pretty happy. Taking me on a date. Comedy show. Fun. But I hate that I'm not getting to the gym. And I'm looking forward to some wine...but I'm not. ........ Read more
At the gym after two week break and im dying lol wanna give up so bad but i know i got this ONE STEP AT A TIMEð¯ð ð... Read more
Good morning Sunshines!ð
Off to the gym I goððð... Read more
In the gym, what machine is your favorite and why?... Read more
We all know someone who is seemingly obsessed with CrossFit, or has at least attempted it, which is no surprise considering that there are now more than 9,000 CrossFit affiliated gyms worldwide, and the high-intensity conditioning regimen is rapidly... Read more
I love their Work Outs of the Day. Check for the closest gym near you - well rounded, motivating, FUN even though hard at times workout. CrossFit.com - it might work well for you :-)... Read more
Do you use in home equipment (i.e. treadmill, balls, weights, and videos)? Lets motivate, challenge, and look for ways to help each other. Learn to use what is around us as a way to get in shape.... Read more
During the last few years, ultra-intense workouts have been gaining popularity—and not just among athletes or hardcore exercisers who are gluttons for self-punishment. Even the relatively unfit and overweight are jumping at the chance to push t... Read more
"Let's try this," the email from my roommate said. Attached was a Groupon deal that was certainly intriguing -- 20 CrossFit classes for $20 at a studio quite close to where I live. And considering I'd been interested in trying Cross... Read more
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I had my first crossfit workout at the crossfit gym here in town... And I say "first" because my husband has put me through crossfit workouts before, but whenever it got too intense, I would call him insane and blame him for trying to kill me, then I... Read more


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LG to Halve Greenhouse Emissions
LG Electronics USA has set a target to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 50 percent by the end of 2020, compared with a 2007 baseline.
To accomplish this reduction, the company says it will focus on cutting its energy consumption through such means as expanding and enhancing energy management systems and technology; increasing efficiency in data centers, computers and HVAC equipment and purchasing electricity from green power sources.
As part of these efforts, LG Electronics already has begun purchasing 100 percent green energy for its headquarters building.
LG USA also plans to embark on a program of employee engagement. Employee activities in 2012 will focus on energy conservation, sustainable transportation and recycling, LG says.
In July, LG and the Carbonfund.org Foundation announced that LG products have earned the new CarbonFree certification label.
This marked the first time that certified LCD TV, LCD monitor, refrigerator, clothes washer, LED lamp and solar panel products became available to the public, according to the Carbonfund.org Foundation.
Reader Comments
I am glad to hear companies like LG, who have a great influence around the world are promising to cut their energy consumption and hope they reach their ultimate goal.
Lets see other major companies do the same!
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- New Retail Marketplace, MassEnergyRates.com, Launches in the Bay State
- Will Utilities Lease Rooftops of Commercial Buildings for Solar Power Generation?


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The origin of cocoa crunch — not Koko Krunch — dates back to the onset of the organic movement and a UK company called Whole Earth Foods, who extolled the importance of planet-friendly fare 40 years before it became a trend, and who created this [Continue Reading]
Fine Cooking's Rich, Fudgy Brownies
Nearly a decade ago now, I made Fine Cooking's rich, fudgy brownies, and I've been a devotee ever since. Made with cocoa powder alone — no melted chocolate — these brownies are delicious freshly baked, but get better by the day, becoming richer and [Continue Reading]
Baked Semolina Gnocchi (Gnocchi Alla Romana)
One day last week I snuck off to a friend's house for lunch, a long-anticipated occasion knowing what I do about this friend: not only did she live in Italy for many years, she also taught cooking classes there. I arrived to find salad plates [Continue Reading]
White Bean and Orange Salsa
So, I really want to be blasé about Rancho Gordo's Marcella beans, but I am liking them so very much: cooked simply with garlicky oil and sage or tarted up, as shown here, with onions, lime, jalapeños, cilantro, and orange. We've been eating this [Continue Reading]
Leblebi (North African Chickpea Soup)
A few weeks ago a friend emailed me telling me she had taken a pledge to eat pulses once a week for 10 weeks. Despite some reservations concerning my lentil-, legume-, and chickpea-recipe repertoire, I decided to take the plunge, too. And so I've [Continue Reading]
Two-Lentil Dal
On the topic of kitchen mistakes, Cal Peternell in Twelve Recipes writes: "There's no losing them, so we invite them to the table to teach us what they can." Wise words. This is how two-lentil dal materialized in my kitchen. One night I scrounged [Continue Reading]
Gluten-Free Artisan Bread in Five Minutes a Day
Good morning! Today, I'm guest posting on my friend Phoebe's award-winning blog, Feed me Phoebe. The subject is Gluten-Free Artisan Bread in Five Minutes a Day. PS: There is a giveaway! Check it out. [Continue Reading]
Marcella's Stewy White Beans (Brined not Soaked)
Cook's Illustrated's The Science of Good Cooking, my latest library rental, is organized by concepts — 50 of them! — but none so much as #28 halted my page turning: Don't Soak Beans—Brine 'Em. I read on to discover that Cook's Illustrated recommends [Continue Reading]
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Worse, the lawyer claims ONLY black people were ever probed about their alleged criminal pasts … never white people.
Not only do the contestants feel they got the shaft, they claim their lives have been ruined by the show's racist portrayals.
The 10 are suing for discrimination and other alleged misdeeds. They also want Idol to adopt new anti-racism regulations.
Reps for FOX and FremantleMedia had no comment.
Read more about the 'AI' 10 at TMZ.
Also On Black America Web:
This Week's Celebrity Instagrams (3/5-3/11)
https://ioneblackamericaweb.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/aliciakeysig.jpg?w=180&h=180&crop=1 https://ioneblackamericaweb.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/2chainzig.jpg?w=180&h=180&crop=1 https://ioneblackamericaweb.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/tiamowryig1.jpg?w=180&h=180&crop=1 https://ioneblackamericaweb.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/lancegrossig.jpg?w=180&h=180&crop=1 https://ioneblackamericaweb.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/evaig.jpg?w=180&h=180&crop=1
Originally seen on http://newsone.com/


text: Ashurst elects Madrid partner as first female board member By The Lawyer 21 November 2011 00:00 17 December 2015 14:09 Sign in or register to continue reading. It's FREE Sign in Email Password Keep me logged in Forgot your password? Not registered? It's FREE! Register now Register with The Lawyer Anonymous 21 November 2011 at 14:10 First female board member? Really? I'd love to know how many other firms haven't had a female board member yet. It just seems so antiquated. Reply Link Anonymous 22 November 2011 at 17:46 Read Lord Davies' report on diversity on corporate boards – the business case for having a more diverse board is so compelling, firms which fail in this regard are looking at reduced turnover and profits compared with those firms which have embraced diversity. Therefore, I would not say "how many other firms have not had" but "DO NOT CURRENTLY have" at least one female board member. Reply Link Name Email Cancel reply Threaded commenting powered by interconnect/it code.


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Would you like the inside scoop on landing a great PR job? Here's the answer.
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Gary Halvorson Celebrity Watchlist
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True Jackson, Vp: Ryan On Wheels Trailer01:25 — When True gets the opportunity to design a new line of skateboarding clothes, she and Lulu go undercover to do some research at the skate park.
Friends: The Complete Third SeasonFriends...they give advice on your casualty-strewn love life...they see who you really are...but most importantly, they share the laughs and frustrati (more…)
Season 2: True Jackson, Vp: Season 1 Trailer01:16 — You said WHAT?! A 15-year-old as Vice President of a major fashion label? Watch as True Jackson proves to the world that she's got real talent, all wh (more…)
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Ray takes an instant disliking to Ally's troop leader (Amy Aquino) and becomes determined to sell more troop cookies than her to win the top prize, which is a beach chair and umbrella. Mom: Arnetia Walker. Frontier Girl: Hunter Grey. Mook: Nicholas DiNardo (more…)
Robert becomes furious with Marie after she ruins his "lucky suit," which he was going to wear to an interview with the FBI. Agent Garfield: Sam Anderson. Secretary: Carole Gutierrez. Robert: Brad Garrett. Marie: Doris Roberts.
Ray and Debra impersonate Frank and Marie in a skit at a 45th wedding-anniversary party hosted by Marie. Stan: Victor Raider-Wexler. Lee: Debra Mooney. Garvin: Len Lesser. Debra: Patricia Heaton. Frank: Peter Boyle. Marie: Doris Roberts.
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Michael Murphy hosts this collection of highlights from the "Wild West Collection" of the PBS "American Experience" series, featuring excerpts from its documentaries on Annie Oakley, Billy the Kid, Buffalo Bill, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Custer's Last Stand, Jesse James, Kit Carson and Wyatt Earp. Also: remarks from the filmmakers behind the documentaries; and "American Experience" executive producer Mark Samels.
There are no upcoming broadcasts of this program in the next two weeks. Check back soon!
WETA looks back at the people and events of the 1980s — the disorderly decade that saw Washington's emergence as a true global capital.Learn more →
Classical WETA 90.9 FM showcases notable new (or newly reissued) CDs each week. Hear selections from the CD on-air throughout the week, and check online to learn more about the artist and the music.Learn more →
Historian Garrett Peck discusses the history of brewing in the nation's capital. D.C.'s beer heritage dates back to 1770 and claims some very innovative brewers.Watch now →
Caillou is an inquisitive 4-year-old who's constantly finding exciting new things in the world around him.Watch on WETA TV 26 and WETA Kids →
Looking for something to do around town? Want to get the word out about your group's event? Check out our calendar!Learn more →
Enjoy this step through time charting WETA's history from its founding in the 1950s to becoming a major national producer for PBS.See timeline →


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What does CGD stand for?
CGD stands for Caixa Geral de Depósitos (Portuguese bank)
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- Credit Guarantee Corporation of Tokyo (Japan; est. 1937)
- Central Gauteng Cycling Union (South Africa)
- City and Guilds College Union (London, England, UK)
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- Computer Graphics Computer Vision
- Coast Guard Combat Veterans Association
- Center for Government and Corporate Veterinary Medicine
- Central Georgia Christian Writers (est. 2004)
- Commonwealth Games Council for Wales (UK)
- Canadian Geodetic Datum (Canada)
- Canonical Gradient Descent
- Capital Gains Dividend
- Center for Global Development
- Centre Généalogique du Dauphiné (French: Dauphine Genealogical Center; Grenoble, France)
- Certification Guidance Document
- Certified GeoExchange Designer (course)
- Certified Gift Designer (gift basket industry)
- Certified Graphic Designer (Society of Graphic Designers of Canada)
- Chronic Granulomatous Disease


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Toyota will restart vehicle production at most of its closed factories in Japan next week, but the factories that build the Mirai and many Lexus... ...http://www.automnews.com/?p=411597
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Barse Turquoise Cut Out Scroll Sterling Silver 925 Cuff Bracelet 6 3/4in:
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Oral hygiene should be maintained as a part of the overall health. Generally, dentists suggest that you should brush your teeth at least twice a day and meet your dentist once in a six months or whenever you experience any pain or trouble in your oral health. Not only you get the right treatment but also you will be able to avoid the dental problems in future. But, the average population neglects the suggestion of the dental experts and as a result they develop several oral problems. Lack of dental care can result in serious problems like cavity, tartar, gum diseases, enamel loss, yellowish teeth and many more. If you want to avoid these oral problems, then at least you should brush your teeth properly two times in a day, especially in the morning and before getting to the bed at night. It is sure that if you practice this only, you will be able to avoid the oral problems to a much extent.
For brushing your teeth you require a good quality of toothbrush. If your toothbrush is efficient of removing the depositions on the enamel or removing the food particles from the gapping between the teeth, then it is good for your teeth. There is no dearth of tooth brush brands which are available in the market. You can easily pick the right one by checking out its specifications. Traditional manual toothbrushes are widely popular but people do not know how to correctly brush their teeth. With this intent, the toothbrush manufacturing companies have come up with the electric toothbrushes in the market. You can get the best ones, only here at http://www.toothbrushbest.com/.
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My Vote Is for a Poll in Oklahoma
For a while now, Public Policy Polling has been doing something that I consider downright revolutionary for a pollster: Asking the public what races they ...
For a while now, Public Policy Polling has been doing something that I consider downright revolutionary for a pollster: Asking the public what races they should poll.
Since last year, the North Carolina-based polling firm has regularly let readers on its blog vote between different states to poll. Though it's vaguely ironic for a company that conducts scientific telephone polls to rely on unscientific online polls, nonetheless I think this is a fabulous way to ensure that Public Policy Polling is surveying the races about which the political world actually cares.
There's just one problem: The state that I want to see polled almost never wins. That's true of the latest poll, in which Illinois (as of this writing) has a big lead.
With a fair amount of confidence, I can tell you what a poll of Illinois would reveal:
-Roland Burris is unpopular.
-Gov. Pat Quinn is fairly popular, though voters don't like his income tax proposal.
-Attorney General Lisa Madigan, a potential gubernatorial candidate, is well-liked.
-State Treasurer Alexi Giannoulias (an Obama protégé) is well-liked, though voters don't know much about him.
-Voters don't know much about any of the Republicans who are thinking about running statewide.
I feel pretty confident about those findings both because Rasmussen recently polled Burris and Quinn and because the contours of Illinois politics are readily transparent. Now Oklahoma, there's an exciting place to poll!
Oklahoma is a state that will be key to answering what I see as the central question of the 2010 gubernatorial elections: Is the state political world converging with the federal political world or are they still distinct from one another?
Oklahoma has become reliably Republican in federal elections, but Democrats still are maintaining somewhat of a grip over state government (though they've lost control of the legislature). If state and federal politics are still distinct, then Lt. Gov. Jari Askins and Attorney General Drew Edmondson, two moderate-to-conservative Democrats, have a chance in the governor's race.
But, there's a case to be made that the American people have become more rigidly partisan in recent years. A rigid partisan wouldn't vote for Republicans for federal office, then elect Democrats at the state level. Have Oklahoma voters become Republicans through and through? I have no idea, but a poll would help us find out.
Now, as a matter of complete disclosure, Public Policy Polling described the Oklahoma poll as a test of what would happen if Sen. Tom Coburn didn't seek another term. I'm betting, though, that they would also test the governor's race.
Anyways, if you want to vote for Oklahoma, or even if you want to vote for Illinois or Georgia, you have until 10 A.M. Eastern on Wednesday to do so.
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Clay County is looking into trying to sell the parcels which were not sold in the tax sale.
During Monday's meeting, the Clay County Commissioners listened to a proposal which could help bring delinquent properties back on the tax roll.
Jim Hughes, owner of SRI, Inc., Indianapolis, explained that because of legislation passed in 2007, the commissioners absorb any parcels not sold during a countywide tax sale and have the option of conducting more sales until all properties are off the delinquent list.
He also said the process is a little different once the commissioners are in control of the parcels.
"The entire process is a little simpler, in part, because notices do not need to be sent to the owners," Hughes said. "The commissioners had the potential to do additional sales in the past, but the laws have changed to make it easier to conduct another sale."
Following the tax sale on Dec. 5, 125 parcels had yet to be sold. However, since the sale, two residents have reconciled their delinquent property taxes and penalties, leaving only 123 parcels with the potential to be sold.
The biggest change Hughes proposed was conducting the sale on the Internet.
"We have had greater success in other counties by having the sale online because people from other states can also browse and invest in a property," he said. "Also, as part of this, we could have a computer set up at the courthouse on the final day of the sale and assist residents who want to participate."
Because of the various options available, the commissioners decided to conduct a special meeting Tuesday, Jan. 20, at 1 p.m., in the Commissioners' Courtroom at the Clay County Courthouse, to have a more in-depth discussion on the matter.
Hughes said he encourages residents, especially those who may own properties adjoining the delinquent properties, to attend the meeting and ask questions or to call SRI at 317-842-5818.
The commissioners also posthumously honored a county official.
A Certificate of Appreciation for Outstanding Service to the Community was presented to Ann Walden, widow of Clay County Veterans Officer Les Walden, who passed away Dec. 4.
"Not only did the county and country lose a good man, I lost a good friend as well," President of the Commissioners Charlie Brown said. "He did so many things and he inspired others in so many ways."
Many Clay County Veterans were in attendance for the presentation, which made Ann speechless.
The certificate proclaims Les the honorary chairman of all future Veteran's Day programs presented by the Clay County Board of Commissioners.
In other business during Monday's meeting, the commissioners:
* Approved Clay County Sheriff Mike Heaton to order the four new vehicles which the Clay County Council had approved during budget hearings. The vehicles are expected to have a lease length of three years. Heaton also informed the commissioners he has received a check for the damage done to the department's vehicle, which was involved in an accident Dec. 16. Heaton added Det. Sgt. Jeff Maynard, who was injured in the accident, is currently in physical therapy and could return to duty in three weeks,
* Accepted all of the 2009 highway bids. This is common practice to allow the Clay County Highway Department the ability to purchase supplies based on the lowest price on any given day. Also, since there is no guarantee the county will utilize the service of all the bidding vendors, all performance bonds, which are included in the bid process, will be returned, and
* Approved, subject to modifications from legal counsel, preventative maintenance contracts with Havel, Indianapolis, for both the courthouse and the Clay County Justice Center.
The next regular meeting of the Clay County Commissioners will be Monday, Feb. 2, 2009, at 9 a.m., in the Commissioners' Courtroom at the Clay County Courthouse.


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Iselin, NJView Tutor


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Most indoor plants need to be placed in specific spots of your home in order for them to receive the sunlight they need to survive. With the design concept from Play Coalition, however, plants can be placed just about anywhere in the house.
Plantbot is a concept planter with legs that can walk on its own. The designers refer to the Plantbot's motion as "Solar-Seeking Botanical Augmentation," in which the robot's programmed solar cells detect optimal sunlight and the planter then moves towards that spot for its daily dose of sunshine.
Stats for Sunlight-Seeking Planters
Trending: Older & Chilly
Research: 7,779 clicks in 392 w
Interest: 4 minutes
Concept: Sunlight-Seeking Planters
Related: 40 examples / 31 photos
Segment: Neutral, 18-55
Comparison Set: 15 similar articles, including: smart pot tilts when plant is thirsty, self-watering flowers, and talking plants.
Sunlight-Seeking Planters
More Stats +/-
Self-Watering Flowers
Smart Pot Tilts When Plant Is Thirsty
Talking Plants
Problem-Solving Plants
A Plant With Solar Cells
The PlantBot
By: TechnoGadget - Published: Oct 22, 2008 • References: theplaycoalition.net & greenupgrader


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Russo Brothers: "Avengers: Infinity War 1 & 2" to be Retitled
Comic Books
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The Mission
The Buy Pile
In Your Face Jam
Robot 6
Robot 6
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Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
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Exeter, UK
Earlier this month, Hot Toys sent out a teaser image of their upcoming Silk Spectre action figure based on the Watchmen movie. The company has stated the figure will be approximately 30cm (12 inches) tall and sport 26 points of articulation. Ten new photos are now available on Hot Toy's website. No release date has been announced yet.
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Neville and Graves walk off. Ohno grabs Regal and tells him thank you.
NXT Women's Championship Tournament
Bayley vs. Alicia Fox
Bayley extends her hand for Fox to shake and she hugs Fox. Fox lands a back elbow and then slams Bayley's head into the turnbuckle multiple times. Fox hits a snap mare, followed by a Chinlock. Bayley fights to her feet. She sends Bayley into the corner and slaps her face. Bayley fights out with forearms and then lands a Monkey flip. Bayley hits a knee drop. Bayley hits an exploder Suplex for a near pin fall. Fox comes back and hits a scissors kick for the win.
Winner: Alicia Fox
A video from Bray Wyatt and the Wyatt Family is then shown as things go to commercial. Then, another recap from the number one contender's battle royal is shown.
NXT Championship
Bo Dallas vs. Big E. Langston (c)
Dallas tries to lock in a waist lock and Langston tosses him off. Dallas locks in a side headlock and tries to hit a shoulder knockdown to no avail. They chain wrestle and Langston hits a shoulder knockdown. Dallas comes back quickly and takes Langston's knee out. Langston charges Dallas, who pulls the ropes down, and crashes to the outside. Langston gets back in the ring and tosses Dallas into the turnbuckle.
Back from commercial and Langston runs Dallas into the apron on the outside. He sends Dallas into the ring and punches him in the gut five times. Langston lands a big clothesline for a near pin fall. Langston lands a big splash. Dallas crawls to the corner. Langston hits a back elbow that sends Dallas to the outside. He sends Dallas back inside and goes for another splash, but Dallas rolls out of the way. Dallas tries to take Langston out with a clothesline three times. Dallas then hits a bulldog.
Langston comes back with a belly to belly Suplex. Langston hits three clotheslines and then knees him in the gut five times. Langston hits his running body block ad signals for the Big Ending. Dallas grabs onto the ropes and rips the cover off the turnbuckle. He shoves Langston into the exposed turnbuckle twice. He then hits a belly to belly Suplex for the win.
Winner and new NXT Champion: Bo Dallas
Got a news tip or correction? Send it to us by clicking here.
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Robert Collins
- BiographyDuring the course of his 3 year pornstar career, this black male actor has filmed in 1 porn video, first appearing in Angel Blue around September '13. Video content showing Robert has been viewed 22,206 times, with over 0.4 Gigabytes worth of exciting video being downloaded. Other people co-starring next to Robert are, among others, Lark Larson, Rocky, Deacon Frost, and Brett Dimineo. Robert Collins's most often performed actions are Blowjobs, Guy On Guy, Cum on Stomach, and Solo Masturbation.
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Angel Blue September 26 2013


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Labour anti-semitism row: Ian Austin apologises for Hitler/Ken Livingstone 'joke'
Dudley MP Ian Austin has publicly apologised after he was labelled a 'disgrace' for a controversial tweet about Ken Livingstone's Hitler comments.
Dudley MP Ian Austin has publicly apologised after he was labelled a 'disgrace' for a controversial tweet about Ken Livingstone's Hitler comments.
A former Dudley councillor has died a few weeks after suffering a stroke.
Donald Trump has surprised the world by surging ahead in the race for the Republican presidential nomination. But would you vote for him?
Tom Watson has risked the ire of Jeremy Corbyn after he was spotted tucking into a burger in a McDonalds in Dudley.
After Barack Obama jetted out of Britain, following his dramatic intervention in the Brexit battle, do you think his visit was a success?
Hours after a meeting with US president Barack Obama, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn kept a date with party members in Wolverhampton - and revealed he was a boyhood Wolves supporter.
A Cannock bar has been forced to make changes after police raised concerns over security following a series of violent incidents.
An 'urgent rethink' is needed after more than 20 caravans set up camp on a Walsall park just four months after being moved off the same land, a councillor has said.
More than 2,500 people have backed an online campaign to save Lichfield Library.
The candidates for next month's district council elections in Cannock Chase and Wyre Forest have been revealed.
"Darren Cooper you will be sadly, sadly missed. But you will never, ever be forgotten."
Bosses have vowed HS2 will still be delivered on time, despite claims from objectors the project could be delayed by more than a year.
The Government has offered to take a 25% stake in Tata Steel's UK business as part of a package of support worth hundreds of millions of pounds.
Former Sandwell Council leader Darren Cooper was today honoured at West Bromwich Town Hall.
The British public will have their say this June on whether they want to stay in or leave the European Union in the EU referendum.
An election row has broken out in Walsall after the Labour group pledged to build a new community centre in Ryecroft, less than a minute away from the current Ryecroft community hub.
The battle for power in Walsall will be put to the voters next month as Mike Bird's Conservative group bids to gain overall control of the council.
The battle for control of Dudley Town Hall is expected to be a closely run affair as voters prepare to head to the polls on May 5.
A man bidding to be the next West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner had a string of 'offensive' posts on his Facebook page, including a disgusting slur against the mother of missing schoolgirl Madeleine McCann.
The date of the European Union referendum will be put in doubt if British citizens living in Europe win a legal battle for the right to join the vote, Government lawyers have told the High Court.
A former Stafford Borough Council leader accused of not declaring business interests will not be investigated, the authority has confirmed.


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Salma Hayek The Oscar nominee follows up Frida with a starring role opposite hunky James Franco in Robert Altman's Ultraviolet, a mystery set in the New York fine-arts world. Shooting begins this fall.
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For all of my friends and family in the Chattanooga area, I would like to tell you about one of my dearest friends, Larry Grohn, who is a candidate for City Council, District 4. Larry and I have known each other for 47 years, and during those 47 years he has remained as he was when we first met—open, honest, hard-working and with a true sense of responsibility and affection for his fellow man.
Larry has worked hard all of his life, caring for his family and community.
He is a man with strong conservative political convictions, who places God, country, community, and family above himself. His openness makes him accessible to anyone with an issue to address.
For good or ill, Larry has never been an ambitious or politically driven individual, and his candidacy is a reflection of his belief that he can make a positive difference in the lives of his adopted community. If you would have a council member who loves the people he serves, and is accessible to them, who will listen with an open mind and open heart, who will be an honest and responsible steward of the resources with which he's entrusted, you would be well served to elect this fine gentleman.
Karen Donoho
San Antonio, Tex.
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Google Maps says San Antonio, Tex., is 1,021 miles from East Brainerd.
Mike Mallen
May 3, 2016
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Volkswagen Chattanooga has reached an early production milestone with the completion of the first assembled metal test body for the upcoming Midsize SUV. The production of the first assembled metal test body is an early step towards the full production of the Chattanooga-made Midsize SUV, scheduled to begin production late this year and hit the market in 2017. The first ... (click for more)
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District 5-3A softball coaches are now ready for the second season. They hope their teams are, too. At a luncheon to finalize plans for the district tournament on Wednesday, the opening pairings were set in stone and play will begin Friday with three games, each starting at 5 p.m. at the highest seeded team. Second-seeded Soddy-Daisy (24-7) will host No. 7 Bradley ... (click for more)
There's nothing more fun than covering a softball game featuring two outstanding teams, ones who can get clutch hits, pitch through tough situations and even make spectacular defensive plays when the game is on the line. That was the case at Silverdale Tuesday afternoon where the Lady Seahawks were hosting the Baylor Lady Red Raiders. Silverdale had gone to Baylor on April ... (click for more)


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"I am thankful for my struggle because without it, I wouldn't have stumbled upon my strength." If you never tasted a bad apple, you would not appreciate a good apple. The happiest people are those who have learned to look back with genuine gratitude for the profound teachings contained within the...
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Happiness is, firstly, an inside job. It's up to you to create a life that feels good on the inside, not just one that looks good on the outside. When was the last time you touched base with your inner world? Today's culture is so externally focused, that often we neglect the health of our inner...
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In true love, we find freedom. "Immature people falling in love destroy each other's freedom, create a bondage, make a prison. Mature persons in love help each other to be free; they help each other to destroy all sorts of bondages. And when love flows with freedom there is beauty...A mature pers...
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To eat is a necessity, but to eat well is one of the highest forms of self-respect that you can do as soon as your next meal! Every time you eat is an opportunity to nourish yourself. Respect yourself enough to fill your body with the proper building blocks for a long and enjoyable lifetime. Wha...
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You may not see it today or tomorrow, but you will look back in a few years and be absolutely perplexed and awed by how every little thing added up and brought you somewhere wonderful - or where you always wanted to be. You will be grateful that things didn't work out the way you once wanted the...
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Balance is created and restored within. Recognizing when we are unbalanced moves us toward balance. Today, become mindful of where balance may be absent in your experience. Honest awareness of what makes us imbalanced helps us to learn how to find balance. Find your own center of gravity and expe...


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Home > Press > IBM Scientists First To Measure Force Required To Move Individual Atoms
|Illustration of an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) tip measuring the force it takes to move a cobalt atom on a crystalline surface. The ability to measure the exact force it takes to move individual atoms is one of the keys to designing and constructing the small structures that will enable future nanotechnologies.
IBM (NYSE: IBM) scientists, in collaboration with the University of Regensburg in Germany, are the first ever to measure the force it takes to move individual atoms on a surface. This fundamental measurement provides important information for designing future atomic-scale devices: computer chips, miniaturized storage devices, and more.
Some twenty years ago at IBM's Almaden Research Center in San Jose, in a small lab packed with high-tech equipment in the hills of Silicon Valley, IBM Fellow Don Eigler achieved a landmark in mankind's ability to build small structures. On September 29, 1989 he demonstrated the ability to manipulate individual atoms with atomic-scale precision, and went on to write I-B-M with individual Xenon atoms, an event likened to the Wright brothers' first flight at Kitty Hawk.
Now, a new crop of researchers in that same lab - with help from the University of Regensburg -have taken the extraordinary step of measuring the tiny forces needed to manipulate the atoms. These findings will be published in the February 22 issue of Science magazine.
Understanding the force necessary to move specific atoms on specific surfaces is one of the keys to designing and constructing the small structures that will enable future nanotechnologies. The problem is akin to what scientists and engineers needed to learn about construction at macroscopic sizes many decades ago. For example, building a modern bridge would be impossible without first measuring the strength of different materials, understanding the relevant forces, and comprehending how everything interacts. In the nanotechnology realm, to make structures that you want to remain rigidly in place you would use strongly bonded ("sticky") atoms while for groups of atoms that need to move you would use atoms held in place only by weak chemical bonds.
"This result provides fundamental information about atomic scale fabrication and could pave the way for new data storage and memory devices," said Andreas Heinrich, lead scientist in the scanning tunneling microscopy lab at the IBM Almaden Research Center. "Our mission is to create the foundation for what could someday be called the IBM nanoconstruction company."
In the paper, "The Force Needed to Move an Atom on a Surface," the scientists show that the force required to move a cobalt atom over a smooth platinum surface is 210 piconewtons, while moving a cobalt atom over a copper surface takes only 17 piconewtons. To put this in perspective, the force required to lift a copper penny that weighs just three grams is nearly 30 billion piconewtons - 2 billion times greater than the force to move a single cobalt atom over a copper surface.
This knowledge will enable a deeper understanding of the atomic-scale processes at the heart of future nanotechnology endeavors, furthering progress toward nanoscale computing and medical devices. The well-known trend in computer hardware - the exponentially increasing number of ever-shrinking transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit - is commonly known as Moore's Law. Shrinking the transistors allows them to use less power while having higher speed and lower cost. One of the IT industry's most pressing challenges is to find designs and manufacturing methods that will allow the industry to continue making these devices smaller and smaller.
Miniaturizing these devices to the ultimate limit - the scale of just a few atoms - requires radically new designs and manufacturing methods. The ability to measure the force it takes to move an atom provides a new window into the workings of atom-by-atom construction and operation for future nanodevices.
Half a century ago, Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman asked what would happen if we could precisely position individual atoms at will. This dream has since become reality and nowadays "atom manipulation" is used widely in research to build, probe and manipulate objects at the scale of individual atoms. However, the fundamental question - "how much force does it take to move an atom on a surface?" - had eluded experimental access until now.
In the paper, the researchers describe their use of a sensitive atomic force microscope (AFM) to measure both the strength and direction of the force exerted on an atom or molecule on a surface using a sharp metal tip to move the atom. The team discovered that the force varies dramatically depending on the material used for the surface. The amount of force also changes greatly when a small molecule is used instead of a single atom.
This latest milestone combines an incredibly sensitive force measurement with the extreme precision and stability needed to move atoms. This work builds on IBM's long history in atomic force microscopy: the AFM was introduced by Nobel Laureate and IBM Fellow Gerd Binnig, IBM scientist Christoph Gerber and Stanford Professor Calvin Quate over 20 years ago.
The AFM uses a sharp tip mounted on a flexible beam - akin to a tiny diving board - to measure the interaction between the tip and the atoms on a surface. In the present work, the flexible beam was actually a miniature quartz tuning fork of the type commonly found in clocks and wrist watches. When the tip is positioned close to an atom on the surface, the frequency of the tuning fork changes slightly. The frequency change can be analyzed to determine the force exerted on the atom. "It is amazing to see how this tool, which at its heart uses the tuning fork of an everyday wrist watch, can be used to measure forces between individual atoms," said Professor Franz Giessibl of the University of Regensburg.
About IBM
IBM is a pioneer in nanotechnology. Among IBM's many nanotechnology milestones, its scientists invented the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) capable of imaging individual atoms, positioned individual atoms for the first time, and incorporated sub-nanometer material layers into commercially mass-produced hard disk drive recording heads and magnetic disk coatings. IBM's current nanotechnology research aims to devise new atom- and molecular-scale structures and methods for enhancing information technologies, as well as discovering and understanding their scientific foundations. In particular, carbon nanotubes and scanning probes derived from the AFM and the STM show particular promise in enabling dramatically improved circuits and data storage devices.
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Jenny Hunter
IBM Media Relations
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