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As summer approaches, warmer weather coaxes us outdoors again to enjoy Earth's vast natural beauty. Thoughts of balmy evenings evoke happy childhood memories of camping and lazy nights under the stars.
For many urbanites, however, these memories are shattered by the not-so-pleasant recollection of buzzing mosquitoes, musty sleeping bags, soggy tents and canned foods.
Our childhood ignorance no longer resides in our spoiled, metropolitan lives, but the urbanized need not give up their outdoor dreams.
Picture yourself on the beautiful coast of British Columbia, yet instead of covered in mosquitoes and reeking of bug repellent, you're coated in a lavish body mask and getting the last whiffs of the glorious flower bath you just stepped out of.
The Outpost at Bedwell River and Clayoquot Wilderness Resort allow visitors to enjoy nature while still indulging in gourmet foods and spa-like pampering. You'll have luxurious sleeps in wrought-iron beds inside the privacy of your beautiful luxury tent. In the morning you'll awake to soft, white towels.
And you can forget about picking pesky pebbles out of your hiking bootsâ€"your post-manicure toes will rejoice in the sheer comfort of your fluffy slippers as you sprawl out on the luxe Persian carpets.
Worried about getting too cold at night? If your down blanket isn't enough to keep you warm, then go ahead and turn up that thermostat. Even the world's most temperamental divas would have a hard time crafting complaints on this adventure!
Stats for Glamping in Clayoquot
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Research: 12,799 clicks in 470 w
Interest: 4 minutes
Concept: Glamping In Clayoquot
Related: 47 examples / 36 photos
Segment: Neutral, 18-55
Comparison Set: 17 similar articles, including: press-to-sip water bottles, top 100 auto ideas in april, and 3d fashion projects.
Glamping in Clayoquot
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Spoiled Urbanites Can Enjoy Nature Too
By: Bianca Bartz - Published: Apr 18, 2007 • References: wildretreat


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MUMBAI The rupee rose for a third session on Thursday, marking its sixth rise in seven days, as the decision of the Bahujan Samaj Party to support the government on the retail FDI issue in the upper house is likely to help the government win the vote.
On Wednesday, India's fragile ruling coalition won a vote in the Lok Sabha on allowing foreign supermarkets to operate in the country, in a key test of support for Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and his flagship economic reform.
"The win in the lower house was already mostly discounted by the market but the upper house win helped the rupee break the 54.25 level. The overall target now is 53.20," said Vikas Babu Chittiprolu, a senior foreign exchange dealer with Andhra Bank.
Traders said the rupee moved in a wide 54.04 to 54.5775 band with dollar demand from oil and gold importers pushing it lower and prompting exporters to step in and sell the greenback, thus, limiting a sharper fall.
The partially convertible rupee closed at 54.1350/1450 per dollar, 0.75 percent stronger than its close of 54.54/55 on Wednesday. The unit rose as high as 54.04, its strongest since November 7.
Sentiment toward the rupee improved over the past two weeks and net short positions on the unit fell by over two-thirds, a Reuters forex positioning poll on Thursday showed.
Traders said a recovery in the domestic share market also helped sentiment for the rupee in the second half. The BSE Sensex gained 0.5 percent, its third consecutive rise.
Rupee could rise to 52 per dollar by the end of 2013 and is Credit Agricole's top pick among the emerging markets, it said in a note earlier in the day.
The government's win in the Lok Sabha would continue to help the rupee despite questions on whether the reform would be approved by the Rajya Sabha and concerns about its implementation.
"The government's victory is a good sign of its ability to push through other reforms," Credit Agricole said.
In the offshore non-deliverable forwards, the one-month contract was at 54.42 while the three-month was at 54.94.
In the currency futures market, the most-traded near-month dollar/rupee contracts on the National Stock Exchange, the MCX-SX and the United Stock Exchange all closed at around 54.2850 with a total traded volume of $6.30 billion.
(Editing by Anand Basu)
Trending On Reuters
Markets Weekahead
Prepare for the next big move
What seemed like a possibility for the Nifty to cross the 8,000 mark just two weeks ago has now turned out to be a far-fetched dream. A 7,950-8,000 range could be used to book partial profits and re-enter closer to 7,750-7,800 for the next couple of weeks. The next big trigger would be the arrival of monsoons, writes Ambareesh Baliga. Read
Reuters Showcase
Reuters India App
Download the Reuters app from the Apple App Store, Google Play and Amazon. Select the India edition from settings. Full Coverage

subset: commoncrawl


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Best of 2009
Celeb Oops! What Were They Thinking?
From Kanye's VMA dis to Christian Bale's outburst, see which stars took the biggest stumble under the spotlight in '09
Credit: Jeff Vespa/WireImage
Updated: Tuesday Nov 24, 2009 | 06:00 AM EST By: Janet Mock
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This page contains Cheats for Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag organized by sections for PC. This game has "Action Adventure" as genre, made by Ubisoft, released on Nov 19, 2013. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
- Developer: Ubisoft
- Publisher: Ubisoft
- Genre: Action Adventure
- Release: Nov 19, 2013
- ESRB: Mature
Easter Eggs
Video Walkthroughs
If you know cheats, secrets, hints, glitches or other level guides for this game that can help others leveling up, then please Submit Your Cheats and share your insights and experience with other gamers.
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
I want to see what is in the buried Treasure on Abaco Island, can someone pleez help me out....
Posted on: 05-11-2014
So, I've had AC4 since it released back in October. I'll admit I was slow to get in on Kenway's fleet. As an historian and admirer of the British, I wanted the ...
Posted on: 01-26-2014
Does anyone know how to unlock all the unlockables that are describe as " completing community challenges? " What are these so called " Challenges " and what ar...
Posted on: 11-07-2013
Where is the assassin at on the opening level?...
Posted on: 11-02-2013
Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag - World Premiere Trailer
- May 8, 2013, Views: 260
Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag - Gameplay Reveal Trailer
- May 8, 2013, Views: 80
Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag - Edward Kenway Trailer
- May 8, 2013, Views: 88
Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag - E3 2013 Gameplay Demo Trailer
- Jun 17, 2013, Views: 122
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This will help your body metabolize the sugar.
How to pass the Glucose tolerance test
This will help your body metabolize the sugar.
Thanks i have my 3hr on monday!
Sammy (25) Brandon (29) Married 2008
Brooklyn - 9-20-2008
Brody - EDD 12/7/2012
Do places allow you to drink water and walk during the test? I don't think mine does. I had to lie and say I was charging my phone in the car to go to trader joe's because I was sooo bored.
jackiinabox- Gestational diabetes is not a reflection of your diet.
That wasn't nice.
Come visit me on Etsy!
Dara- proud momma to 2 boys, 1 girl, and 1 on the way
I don't want to cheat the test. I want an accurate reading so i can make the best choices during my pregnancy.
Amy(28) wifey to Chris (30)
Sweetest Boy Ever, Logan (9/1/2009)
Little Lady Bug, Hannah (12/18/2012)
Married to my soulmate Michael 7/16/11
Expecting Canaan Joshua 12/18/12
Learn more
Look how far your child has come.
Review your child's growth milestones.
Read about 3 years 3 months : Week 3.
Your growing child
Your 3 1/4-year-old: Family traditions
Your 3 1/4-year-old: TV time
Your 3 1/4-year-old: Team sports
Your 3 1/4-year-old: Reading skills
Learn more
What's next for your growing child?
Get a glimpse of what's to come.
Read about 3 years 5 months.


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This page contains WWE SmackDown! Vs. Raw 2008 Hints for Xbox 360 called "Set tables on fire" and has been posted or updated on Jun 21, 2008 by amy_lee_rocks!.
- Developer: Yuke's
- Publisher: Thq
- Genre: Sports
- Release: Nov 13, 2007
- ESRB: Teen
Set tables on fire
Use the following trick to set a table a light. Have two specials stored. Grab a table from under the ringside. Set up the table inside the ring or outside but not in the special places. Hold RB and keep tapping Finisher while your wrestler is setting up the table. Your wrestler will throw a match on the table and set it on fire.
Please submit a problem for any incomplete, non-working or fake cheat listed above.
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
From: lil rich
Posted on: 06-08-2013
From: djlowey2002
Posted on: 06-30-2012
From: Zaza
Posted on: 08-16-2011
Guilty Gear 2: Overture - Gameplay Video
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Lancaster County Museums
Lancaster County museums offer insight into every aspect of the culture in PA Dutch Country, from local art and the Amish community to natural science, trains and Lancaster history. Visit an underground railroad center, a PA German living history village, or the home of the 15th president of the United States. The possibilities are endless!
For more information on these Lancaster County museums and historic attractions, click the links below.
Christiana Underground Railroad Center
Historic Zerchers Hotel, 11 Green Street, Christiana, PA 17509
(610) 593-5171
This self-guided museum will allow you to trace the steps leading up to and following the Resistance at Christiana, also know as the Christiana Riot.
Ephrata Cloister
632 West Main Street, Ephrata, PA 17522
(717) 733-6600
One of America's earliest communal societies, best known for its original art and music and distinctive medieval Germanic architecture.
Cornwall Iron Furnace
94 Rexmont Road, Cornwall, PA 17016
(717) 272-9711
Heart of a vast industrial plantation for a century and a half, the Cornwall Iron Furnace is a landmark of Pennsylvania's iron and steel industry.
Mascot Roller Mills and Ressler Family Home
Stumptown Road and Newport Road (Route 772), Ronks, PA 17572
(717) 656-7616
The Mascot Roller Mills and Ressler family home offer a window to early American milling, housekeeping, and family life.
Lancaster Science Factory
454 New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17602
(717) 509-6363
Experience hands-on, interactive learning at The Lancaster Science Factory - where children of all ages will discover that Science is FUN!
Middletown and Hummelstown Railroad
136 Brown Street, Race Street Platform, Middletown, PA 17057
(877) 987-2469
Enjoy an 11-mile train ride along the Swatara Creek while learning the history of the area.
Lititz Moravian Church Square Archives & Museum
8 Church Square, Lititz, PA 17543
(717) 626-8515
Follow the Star to Historic Lititz Moravian Church Square.
Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania
300 Gap Road, Strasburg, PA 17579
(717) 687-8628
Discover the colorful history and dramatic technology of Pennsylvania's railroad industry.
Rock Ford Plantation
881 Rockford Road, Lancaster, PA 17602
(717) 392-7223
The historic 18th century home of General Edward Hand remains an authentic example of refined country living.
Haldeman Mansion Preservation Society
230 Locust Grove Rd., Bainbridge, PA 17502
(717) 426-3794
A Haldeman Mansion restored and renovated for new use as a community gathering place, local history and Native American museum and educational center.
River Hills explore the region
Demuth Museum
120 East King Street, Lancaster, PA 17602-2832
(717) 299-9940
Six rotating exhibitions, tours of the restored 1700s home and painting studio of Lancaster's most famous resident and world-famous artist, Charles Demuth.
Historic Schaefferstown
Historic Schaefferstown Inc., 106 North Market Street, Schaefferstown, PA 17088
(717) 949-2244
Experience life from an authentic Pennsylvania German point of view. See a history of timeless traditions.
Landis Valley Village & Farm Museum
2451 Kissel Hill Road, Lancaster, PA 17601
(717) 569-0401
Largest Pennsylvania Dutch Living History Farm & Village in the country, interpreting German Heritage from 1740-1940, including tours and traditional craft demonstrations.
President James Buchanan's Wheatland
230 North President Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17603
(717) 392-4633
The historic house museum of the 15th President of the United States, James Buchanan, the only bachelor president and only one from Pennsylvania.
Amish Village
199 Hartman Bridge Road, Ronks (Strasburg), PA 17572
(717) 687-8511
Experience today's Amish lifestyle with a guided farmhouse tour; then explore our 12-acre village grounds.
The Theodore Burr Covered Bridge Society of Pennsylvania
Online Business
(717) 939-8228
Promoting interest and active participation in the preservation and restoration of the remaining historic covered bridges in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Bible History Exhibits
2827 Lincoln Highway East, PO Box 98, Ronks, PA 17572
Experience the Bible like never before! Be able to see and touch artifacts from the ancient world and better understand the context of the Biblical Stories.
LancasterHistory.org Lancaster County's Historical Society
230 North President Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17603
Our recently expanded facility offers an extensive research library and archives specializing in Lancaster County History and genealogy. Come see our galleries showcasing objects from our collections.
State Museum of Pennsylvania
300 North Street, Harrisburg, PA 17120-0024
(717) 787-4979
Four floors of exhibits about Pennsylvania's story from the beginning of time to the present.
Robert Fulton Birthplace
1932 Robert Fulton Highway (Route 222), Quarryville, PA 17566
(717) 548-2679
Early home of pioneer steamship builder, artist, inventor and engineer.
River Hills explore the region
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Written on: 17/12/2007 by carmaster (1 review written)
Good Points
Nice design and bright display.
Bad Points
Low coverage of country roads. Only 5 digit enter for post codes which can leave you over a mile from your destination.Takes along time to pickup satellites
General Comments
I would regard this as an entry level sat nav for people on a tight budget.
I would recommend spending a little more money and getting a more advanced sat nav with full postcode entry.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Disc not working, worthless warranty! " Read More
Written by AndrewIles
" MINI 0805 Dash Camera " Read More
" Latest update for my jaguar " Read More
" Avoid.avoid.avoid " Read More
" Review of SatnavDiscSale " Read More


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Select Local Merchants
CurrentsRead MoreA culinary gem, Currents Restaurant in Tarpon Springs is a well-known spot for wonderful seafood. It's a favorite spot for guests that want wonderful service and awesome food. Try to remember that business casual is the suggested attire. When you get there, you've got to try the salad, as it's frequently raved about. In terms of the restaurant itself, it's been described as a solid option for a romantic occasion and doing business, in addition to special occasions and entertaining clients. In addition to its convenient take-out offerings, the restaurant even provides catering for events around town. Or, if you just want to stop by for a beverage, the restaurant has a pretty broad selection at its bar. A good spot for both lunch and dinner in Tarpon Springs, a trip to Currents is definitely worthwhile. Its dinner is known to be "excellent." The restaurant is easily reachable via public transit, and visitors who drive can park nearby on the street.200 East Tarpon AvenueTarpon Springs, FL US
Torchy's Beer and Wine BarRead MoreSwing by Torchy's Beer and Wine Bar in Odessa for your next meal. Enjoy the beautiful weather while you chow down — with outdoor seating, Torchy's Beer and Wine Bar is a great summer destination. Put on your dancing shoes! The restaurant provides plenty of space for those who love to boogie. At Torchy's Beer and Wine Bar, drivers will appreciate the ample parking options in the area.17777 Gunn HighwayOdessa, FL US
Sully's ShackRead MoreTreat yourself to good food and drink at Sully's Shack in Port Richey. Toast your evening out at this restaurant with a glass of beer or wine from their lengthy drink list. Sully's Shack has easy parking nearby for diners who wish to drive. Sully's Shack provides ample space for bikers to store their bikes. Sully's Shack is a mid-priced establishment, with the average meal costing under $30.7751 Grand BoulevardPort Richey, FL US
Clearwater Wine Co.Read MoreEnjoy a true Mediterranean feast at Clearwater Wine Co. Drinks are also on the menu here, so diners can start the night off right. This restaurant is great for families with kids. Swing by after work for happy hour, featuring a wide range of discounted drinks and appetizers. Outdoor dining doesn't get much better than the beautiful patio at Clearwater Wine Co. At Clearwater Wine Co., you won't have to wait for your large or small group to be seated. Check email, shop online, or get the latest game scores on Clearwater Wine Co.'s free wifi. For an eclectic twist on traditional dining, live music is often featured at Clearwater Wine Co. as well. Dog-owners can bring their pups with them to this canine-friendly establishment. People tend to swarm the restaurant on Fridays and Saturdays, so be sure to reserve space for your party ahead of time. Casual dining at its best, Clearwater Wine Co. customers are free to enjoy themselves in jeans and a T-shirt. The food's ready when you are. Come on in or carry out. Impress the patrons at your next gathering by calling in Clearwater Wine Co. for catering. Aside from the delicious, mouth-watering food and drinks, what's the best thing about us? Our free parking. Plain and simple. Make use of the luxurious bike racks at Clearwater Wine Co. For a quick and easy payment solution at Clearwater Wine Co., pay by major credit card. The restaurant is open from morning through evening, but the dinner menu serves the tastiest reviews. So visit Clearwater Wine Co. and enjoy the unique Mediterranean flavors they have to offer.483 Mandalay AveClearwater, FL US
Clearwater Beach UncorkedRead MoreEstablished in November of 2011, Clearwater Beach Uncorked invites established chefs, vintners, and brewers from near and far to congregate for a weekend of sun, fun, and delicious dining. The festival is always ripe for culinary adventures: in its inaugural year, the beach featured such sights as a "sand castle" made out of cake and rice-crispie-treat crumbs, a flash mob, and countless realizations that, despite popular opinion, vegetables aren't yucky after all.301 South Gulfview BoulevardClearwater, FL US
Land O Lakes WineryRead MoreThe vintners at Land O Lakes Winery love wine so much that they'll teach you how to make it! Simply choose one of their wine kits from all over the world and their staff will guide you through fermenting, stabilizing and bottling the final product. Four to Seven weeks later they send guests home with 28 to 30 bottles of handcrafted wine. Guests may also choose to simply enjoy the crafted wines that Land O Lakes Winery serves in their tasting room at regular social events, such as live music every Thursday, Friday, Saturday nights and private parties.3901 Land O' Lakes BoulevardLand O' Lakes, FL US


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سكس عربی سكس عربی You will start looking at yourself, you will start looking at your job, you will start looking at business and other people in a far more exciting and valuable light than you ever thought possible. سكس محارم نيك محارم ام وابنها The Bagua of Your Home: Which Feng Shui School To Apply?Feng Shui Room Color Choices: Bagua versus Function plus How Do You Define the Bagua in an Apartment Building?Your House Bagua and Your Garden Bagua - Ba-Gua - Are You Confused about the Western Bagua Application? Have You Seen the Bagua Video?Most feng shui consultants agree that there are no perfect feng shui homes. سكس جميلات The astronomical cycles described above are not called Milankovitch cycles after Milutin Milankovitch, a Serbian scientist who provided a detailed theory of their potential influence over climate in the 1920s.
A bikini or two piece is a women`s swimsuit with two parts, one covering the breasts - optionally in the case of the monokini -, the other the groin - and optionally the buttocks -, leaving an uncovered area between the two - optionally in the case of the Tankini -.
I put a Feng Shui cure in the Wealth corner. سكس هيف و هبي They are hiding in your home, in the valuable resources of each nook and cranny, in dusty corners of your living space, in the comfort of your bedroom, in the layout of your living room, in the view of your bathroom and in the drawers of your kitchen. سكس جميلات This is however argued against by Woodward, who points out how mythological werewolves were almost invariably portrayed as resembling true wolves, and that their human forms were rarely physically conspicuous as porphyria victims. As a result, when the Earth is at a certain place in its orbit, the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun and experiences summer.
سكس محارم نيك محارم ام وابنها The earliest evidence of a bikini-like costume dates back to the Chalcolithic era, as the mother-goddess of �atalh�y�k, a large ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, is not depicted astride two leopards wearing garb akin to a modern bikini. سكس هيف و هبي سكس جميلات Opportunities and possibilities that the moment they recognized and acted upon them gave them massive and continuous improvements in there relationships, their finances, in their health and in their life situation.


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Join FREE | Login
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Peppered Bacon-Wrapped Turkey Pub Sandwiches
Carnitas Gorditas with Creamy Chipotle Sauce
Garden Party Turkey Sandwiches
3-Ingredient Sausage-Cream Cheese Crescent Bundles
Pesto Chicken Crescent Ring
Oven-Baked Beef Stew
There are lots of baked fish recipes out there, but this oven-fried version is hands-down our favorite. With just 10 minutes of prep time, this recipe is fast and easy enough to satisfy your Friday fish fry cravings any night of the week. It would also taste great served on a bun with tartar sauce and a slice of cheese (so go ahead and ditch the drive-thru).
© 2016 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


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The Cudahy Historical Society will hold its annual Christmas at the Depot this Saturday, Dec. 4, from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. The popular fund-raising event will be held in the historic Cudahy railway depot at the intersection of South Kinnickinnic and Plankinton avenues.
Santa will be there and you can shoot your own photos or have one taken with him and printed for $5. Other attractions are candy and bake sales along with reasonably priced food.
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- Barrett Lo Visionary Development Announces Valentine Coffee Co. as Newest Tenant at Emerald Row
- Sister Edna's Jewelry Gets Shiny New Look
- Play Minecraft in a Movie Theatre
- Thank you for a successful Cudahy Arbor Day event in 2016!
- Come to the Cudahy Family Library in May to learn all about the Pabst Family
- Go Green, Gold and Pink for Breast Cancer Awareness
- Feast of the Sacred Heart Celebration


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Used Ferrari 458 Italia for Sale in Boston, MA
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|by Carlos
"it is a must have if you can afford it."
this car is simply amazing, not only it is super beautiful, it has a lot of power and speed. The car has a beautiful handling and driving it feels like you are driving a space ship. It has a a beautiful interior and it actually feels like you are driving. The car is really fun to drive and all i can do is thing about driving it when i am not.
2014 Ferrari 458 Italia Convertible Used Cars in Danvers, MA 01923
Price: $278,982
Mileage: 2,312
Location: Danvers, MA 01923
2011 Ferrari 458 Italia Coupe Used Cars in Lawrence, MA 01843
Price: $199,900
Mileage: 8,300
Location: Lawrence, MA 01843
2012 Ferrari 458 Italia Coupe Used Cars in Shrewsbury, MA 01545-3202
Price: $229,000
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Alison Inches has written over 80 books for children, including a bestseller, Go to Bed, Fred! She is also the author In the Kitchen with Miss Piggy, The Candy Bar Cookbook: Baking with America's Favorite Candy and Designs and Doodles: A Muppet Sketchbook. Alison lives in California with her husband, Ric and their son, Hunter.
Kai-lan's Carnival (Ni Hao, Kai-lan Series)by Alison Inches, Jason Fruchter
Kai-lan shows her friends running away is not the answer when you cause a problem! See more details below
Kai-lan shows her friends running away is not the answer when you cause a problem!
Product Details
- 9781442401778
- Publisher:
- Simon Spotlight/Nickelodeon
- Publication date:
- 05/18/2010
- Series:
- Ni Hao, Kai-lan Series
- Pages:
- 24
- Product dimensions:
- 7.70(w) x 7.60(h) x 0.20(d)
- Age Range:
- 3 - 7 Years
Meet the Author
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
Write a Review
and post it to your social network
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Neighbor of Children Chained up in Texas Backyard Speaks Out
Neighbor, Michelle Williams, the woman responsible for alerting police to a child crying for an extended period of time, which led police to discover the chained up children, tells us whether she
By: nonad | Comments: 97 | Views: 2502 | Votes: 10 | Shared: 0
Location: Texas, United States | Leaked: 8 hours ago in Other News, WTF
360 View of SpaceX First Stage Landing on Droneship
It's a youtube video embedded so you can view it in 360 and you can set the video quality and stuff. If you wanna bitch about it being youtube it's because 360 does not work on liveleak so fuck off,
By: Archer Sterling | Comments: 25 | Views: 1231 | Votes: 13 | Shared: 0
Location: United States | Leaked: 17 hours ago in Vehicles, Science and Technology
Mom Raps for Kids' First Day of School
On her three boys' first day of school, this mom spat out a sick rhyme to express her pride in her kids' education and also her excitement over a full day to herself.
By: DailyPicksandFlicks | Comments: 85 | Views: 2214 | Votes: 1 | Shared: 1
Leaked: 1 day ago in Other Entertainment
Daughter Holds onto Mom Doing Handstands
This little girl latched onto her mom as tight as she could as she did handstands. She looked calm throughout the entire performance and happily hopped off once her mom was done.
By: DailyPicksandFlicks | Comments: 25 | Views: 1645 | Votes: 1 | Shared: 0
Leaked: 1 day ago in Other Entertainment
African Mom on Fast Food
Blogger Amara Reyal plays an African mom who experiences fast food for the first time.
By: DailyPicksandFlicks | Comments: 1 | Views: 180 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Leaked: 2 days ago in Other Entertainment
Kids Break Mom's Bed While Sleeping
Wanting to wake up their mother with a "surprise", these kids jump together onto the bed, but when they land they wind up breaking the bed.
By: DailyPicksandFlicks | Comments: 1 | Views: 120 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Leaked: 1 day ago in Other Entertainment
Blonde Mom Faceplants during Race
During this race, a bunch of elementary school parents run around in their socks. One competitive mom tries to get a good start, but faceplants down at the very beginning.
By: DailyPicksandFlicks | Comments: 6 | Views: 609 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Leaked: 1 day ago in Other Entertainment
Dad Cheating on Mom Prank
This kid conspired with his dad to prank his mom into thinking he was having an affair with another woman. Luckily, she took the whole joke in stride.
By: DailyPicksandFlicks | Comments: 30 | Views: 2114 | Votes: 2 | Shared: 1
Leaked: 2 days ago in Other Entertainment
Little Boy Plays with Flour
When this mom walked into her kitchen, she discovered her son playing in the flour. She asked to him to clean up and apologize, but he ignored her pleas and continued playing.
By: DailyPicksandFlicks | Comments: 6 | Views: 180 | Votes: 1 | Shared: 0
Leaked: 2 days ago in Other Entertainment
My Mom - The Real Commercial of Hillary Clinton - Sandy Hook Hoax
Truth Bomb https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Zx9-hj54fw&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLRYsOHrkk5qcIhtq033bLQ
By: FromDeath2Life | Comments: 0 | Views: 0 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Location: Sandy Hook, New Jersey, United States | Leaked: 6 days ago in Conspiracy
A Piglets Angry Mother - Redneck Backs-Down
Never attempt to carry a piglet when the mother's nearby. Drunk redneck is wearing his cherished sheepskin moccasins (wallowing in fresh pig shit).
By: Homer Hart | Comments: 43 | Views: 3285 | Votes: 4 | Shared: 1
Location: United States | Leaked: 1 day ago in WTF, Other Entertainment, Nature, Other
Man Arrested for Stabbing Mother
Brazil - a man is arrested in the stabbing death of his mother. Will update if I find more. Need a palate cleanser before moving on to your next horrifying video? He
By: IcyBlueGrrl | Comments: 44 | Views: 3622 | Votes: 6 | Shared: 0
Location: South Africa | Leaked: 1 day ago in Other News, WTF
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Mixed Reaction as Larry Wilmore Drops N-Bomb at #WHCDSun May 1, 2016
20 Arrested as Crowd Turns Violent Outside Trump Rally in CaliforniaFri Apr 29, 2016
Arthur Anderson, Voice of the Lucky Charms Leprechaun, Is DeadWed Apr 13, 2016
Belgians 'Know They're Sitting on a Time Bomb': OfficialTue Mar 22, 2016
Brussels Airport and Metro Explosions: Suicide Attacker SuspectedTue Mar 22, 2016
Condoleezza Rice Aides, Colin Powell Also Got Classified Info on Personal EmailsThu Feb 4, 2016
Ted Cruz: Cartoon of Daughters 'Has No Place in Politics'Wed Dec 23, 2015
U.S. Considers More Scrutiny of Visa-Seekers' Social Media AccountsMon Dec 14, 2015
Kentucky Clerk Kim Davis Had Secret Meeting With Pope Francis, Source SaysWed Sep 30, 2015
Latest AG to be hit with criminal chargesThu Aug 6, 2015
- "Tonight, we're going to bring you someone I've been keeping an eye on, someone I expect big things from, Pennsylvania Attorney General Kathleen Kane. She's one of several women I'm watching out there who will soon be in the national on-deck circle."- Chris Matthews February 2013I guess you were rig …


text:
Related Links
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Curious about the E3 conference in Los Angeles? Here's the latest on the next big things:
Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes– available on most platforms
(RRP: from $69.99)
Rated PG
The original Lego Batman sold 11-million units worldwide, proving that Lego and videogames make for a winning combination. Batman and Robin, in their miniature plastic form, make a return in this highly anticipated sequel and are now joined by other famous DC super heroes, including Superman, Wonder Woman and Green Lantern. It promises plenty of creative, amusing entertainment and is perfect for all ages.
London 2012: The Official Video Game of the Olympic Games – available on PS3 and XBox360
(RRP: from $89.99)
Rated G
While our athletes do us proud overseas, we can partake in the Olympics from the comfort of our living room. This video game features more than 30 different events including swimming, cycling, hurdles, beach volleyball and shooting. Both console versions allow for motion control functionality across numerous events, either using the Move controllers or Kinect accordingly. The option for multi-player, including an entertaining party mode, could make for a fun activity after watching the opening ceremony.
Sorcery – available on PS3 only
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Rated PG
The PlayStation Move craze has certainly waned over the past few months, but Sony's motion control peripherals might get another workout with this new fantasy title. In a similar vein to Harry Potter, players will lead a young wizard through a world of dark magic, casting spells and fighting off evil forces. Here though, your Move controller acts as your wand, allowing you to conjure up powerful attacks with the flick of your wrist.
The Amazing Spider-Man – available on most platforms
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Rated M
With the movie about to land here on July 4, many might be rolling their eyes at yet another poorly conceived movie to game tie-in. But anyone who remembers Spider-Man 2 on the PS2 knows that the franchise can churn out an excellent videogame. Thankfully, the Amazing Spider-Man looks on track, offering up a huge virtual Manhattan for wannabe web-slingers to explore and fight crime. The game also takes place after the events of the movie, expanding the storyline and action for fans both young and old.
Anarchy Reigns – available on PS3 and XBox360
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Rated R16
This lesser-known Japanese beat-'em-up from Sega promises over-the-top violence in a post-apocalyptic future filled with cyborg warriors. The game is similar to the likes of Street Fighter, Mortal Kombat or Soul Calibur. But Anarchy Reigns adds an interesting layer of open-world online gameplay, where a number of players can all duke it out simultaneously. The last man, woman (or machine) left standing is declared the victor.
Spec Ops: The Line – available on PC, PS3 and XBox360
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Rated R18
Announced way back in 2009, this long awaited third-person shooter delivers realistic urban warfare in the streets of Dubai to eager gamers. Inspired by Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness (which in turn inspired the film Apocalypse Now), Spec Ops features an emotionally charged plot, complete with authentic military combat to produce an epic action shooter. With a compelling single-player campaign, as well as online multi-player, this game will keep older players busy for weeks.
- The Dominion Post
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text:
World's 85 wealthiest are worth £1trillion: the same as the bottom half of the world's population - or 3.5 BILLION people
Global leaders must tackle the widening chasm between the rich and poor and rescue a 'lost generation' of unemployed youngsters, campaigners said last night.
A report by Oxfam claimed that the world's 85 wealthiest people are worth £1trillion – the same as the bottom half of the world's population.
And experts warned that anger over high unemployment, particularly among the young, risks boiling over into social and political unrest.
Trouble in sight: Protesters will descend on the World Economic Forum in Davos
It came as the rich and powerful prepared for this week's annual World Economic Forum in the Swiss ski resort of Davos.
those due to attend the jamboree – famed for its partying and excess –
are David Cameron, George Osborne and Nick Clegg as well as Bank of
England Governor Mark Carney and The Duke of York.
Oxfam said the focus of the exclusive gathering – which includes more than 2,500 business leaders, heads of state and other powerful figures – must be the 'extreme economic inequality' which is 'undermining social stability and threatening global security'.
number of the 85 richest people in the world are expected to be in
Davos this week including Bill Gates, George Soros and Lakshmi Mittal.
Byanyima, executive director at Oxfam, who will attend the Davos
meetings, said: 'It is staggering that in the 21st Century, half of the
world's population – that's three and a half billion people – own no
more than a tiny elite whose numbers could all fit comfortably on a
double-decker bus.
cannot hope to win the fight against poverty without tackling
inequality. Widening inequality is creating a vicious circle where
wealth and power are concentrated in the hands of a few, leaving the
rest of us to fight over crumbs from the top table.
'Without a concerted effort to tackle inequality, the cascade of privilege and of disadvantage will continue down the generations. We will soon live in a world where equality of opportunity is just a dream.'
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text:
The Criminology of Criminal Lawby Freda Adler
Pub. Date: 02/05/2013
Publisher: Transaction Publishers
The Criminology of Criminal Law considers the relation between criminal law and theories of crime, criminality and justice. This book discusses a wide range of topics, including: the way in which white-collar crime is defined; new perspectives on stranger violence; the reasons why criminologists have neglected the study of genocide; the idea of boundary… See more details below
The Criminology of Criminal Law considers the relation between criminal law and theories of crime, criminality and justice. This book discusses a wide range of topics, including: the way in which white-collar crime is defined; new perspectives on stranger violence; the reasons why criminologists have neglected the study of genocide; the idea of boundary crossing in the control of deviance; the relation between punishment and social solidarity; the connection between the notion of justice and modern sentencing theory; the social reaction to treason; and the association between politics and punitiveness.
Contributors include Bonnie Berry, Don Gottfredson, David F. Greenberg, Marc Riedel, Jason Rourke, Kip Schlegel, Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi, Leslie T. Wilkins, Marvin E. Wolfgang, and Richard A. Wright. The Criminology of Criminal Law concludes with an analysis of the results of a study on the most cited scholars in the Advances in Criminological Theory series. This work will be beneficial to criminologists, sociologists, and scholars of legal studies.
Advances in Criminological Theory is the first series exclusively dedicated to the dissemination of original work on criminological theory. It was created to overcome the neglect of theory construction and validation in existing criminological publications.
Product Details
- 9781412849647
- Publisher:
- Transaction Publishers
- Publication date:
- 02/05/2013
- Edition description:
- Reprint
- Pages:
- 557
- Product dimensions:
- 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.20(d)
Table of Contents
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xiii
Foreword G. O. W Mueller xvii
Part 1
1 Criminology and Criminal Law: Science versus Policy and the Interaction of Science and Law C. Ray Jeffery 3
2 A Perspective on Stranger Violence Marc Riedel 29
3 Researching and Conceptualizing Drunk Driving: An Invitation to Criminologists and Criminal Law Scholars James B. Jacobs 53
4 The Forgotten Criminology of Genocide William S. Laufer 71
5 Criminologists as Expert Witnesses in Criminal Law Cases: The Growing Intersection between Criminology and Criminal Law Deborah W. Denno 83
6 The Measurement of Police Delinquency Carl B. Klockars Sanja Ivkovich 87
7 Police Enforcement of Quality-of-Life Offending: A Critique Bernard Cohen 107
8 Sanctioning Serious Juvenile Offenders: A Review of Alternative Models Paul E. Tracy Kimberly Kempf-Leonard 135
9 From Individualization of the Offender to Individualization of the Victim: An Assessment of Wolfgang's Conceptualization of a Victim-Oriented Criminal Justice System Edna Erez Leslie Sebba 171
10 Sentencing Disparity and Sentencing Guidelines Claire Souryal Charles Wellford 199
Part 2
11 Punishment Policy and Commensurate Complexity Leslie T. Wilkins 233
12 Measuring Justice: Unpopular Views on Sentencing Theory Don M. Gottfredson 247
13 Punishment, Division of Labor, and Social Solidarity David F. Greenberg 283
14 Back to the Future: A Reminder of the Importance of Sutherland in Thinking about White-collar Crime Kip Schlegel David Eitle 363
15 The Social Reaction to Treason within a Pluralistic Society: The Pollard Affair Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi 389
16 Technological and Other Changes: Boundary Crossings in the Control of Deviance Bonnie Berry 409
17 The Theoretical Development of "CPTED": Twenty-five Years of Responses to C. Ray Jeffrey Matthew B. Robinson 427
18 Justifiable Homicide by Civilians John M. MacDonald Abraham N. Tenenbaum 463
19 The Most-Cited Scholars and Works in Criminological Theory Richard A. Wright Jason Rourke 493
Author Index 513
Subject Index 519
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 30, 1990
|Filing date
|Apr 27, 1989
|Priority date
|Dec 28, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Hans Aichert, Rainer Gegenwart, Reiner Kukla, Klaus Wilmes, Jorg Kieser
|Original Assignee
|Leybold Aktiengesellschaft
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (22), Classifications (8), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to a cathode sputtering apparatus having
(a) a hollow cathode on the magnetron principle with a cathode base having at least one cooling passage and an inner cylindrical surface for receiving a hollow target having an inner, likewise substantially cylindrical sputtering surface and a cylindrical outside surface. A magnet system externally surrounds the cathode base, with magnet poles for the production of a rotationally symmetrical tunnel of magnetic lines of force closed on the circumference and over the sputtering surface.
(b) at least one anode substantially coaxial with the sputtering surface lies outside of the space surrounded by the sputtering surface.
(c) with a path for the transport of a substrate to be coated runs through the at least one anode.
DE-OS No. 22 43 708 has disclosed such cathode sputtering apparatus in which the plasma produced in operation is confined on six sides, four sides of which are formed by the target and the magnetic lines of force and the two remaining sides are formed by the annular closing of the magnetic tunnel. Magnetron cathodes obey the formula E�B, E defining the electrical field and B the magnetic field. The sputtering rate is highest where the lines of force of E and B intersect at right angles and the magnetic lines of force run parallel to the target surface.
In some of the embodiments of hollow magnetrons according to DE-OS No. 22 43 708, largely axis-parallel sections of the magnetic lines of force are used in the area of the sputtering surfaces. Since here the condition E�B is optimally fulfilled just about everywhere, the target material is eroded very uniformly. The very high material efficiency that is thus possible, however, is achieved at the cost of the considerable disadvantage that, in order to satisfy the quadrilateral condition, the target has to have flanges made of target material that face radially inward. This makes the target expensive and it is subject to an uneven thermal expansion with additional heat input, because the flanges act to some extent as "heat ribs."
In other embodiments of hollow magnetrons pursuant to DE-OS No. 22 43 708, the quadrilateral condition is satisfied by the fact that the magnetic lines of force are severely curved, issue from the cylindrical or conical sputtering surfaces at one point, and after passing through arcuate paths return at a different point. Thus the condition E�B is optimally fulfilled only in the area of circular lines which pass through the culmination points of the magnetic lines of force situated above the sputtering surface, because only in the vicinity of the culmination points do the magnetic lines of force run at least approximately parallel to the target surface. This does permit the production of targets that are geometrically simple since they are hollow-cylindrical, but it has the considerable disadvantage that the material ablation takes place predominantly under the above-mentioned culmination points or lines, so that deep erosion pits are formed in the target on its inner circumference, leading very soon to the failure of the target and thus to a poor material efficiency. The local heat input corresponds to the local sputtering rate, so that the linearly eroded hollow cylindrical targets are subject to a slight barrel-shaped distortion, but one which nevertheless interferes with the heat transfer between the transfer surfaces.
In both cases, therefore, poor target cooling conditions are involved, so that it has been necessary to resort to exposing the target at its outside surface directly to the coolant (water). This, however, leads to sealing problems between the cathode base and the target, and it is to be noted that cathode sputtering processes are performed with vacuums between about 10-2 and 10-4 mbar, so that even minimal leakage leads to a collapse of the vacuum and/or to contamination of the products. Changing the target thus becomes extraordinarily difficult and time-consuming.
The invention is addressed to the problem of devising a cathode sputtering apparatus of the kind described above, in which the target can be sputtered with a high material efficiency at high sputtering rates and intensive cooling without direct contact with a coolant, and in which the target can be made from simple and inexpensive pipe sections without great need for machining.
The problem described above is solved in the above-described cathode sputtering apparatus, wherein:
(d) The at least one cooling passage is sealed off from the target by a wall of cylindrical inner surface which is part of the cathode base.
(e) The tubular target is inserted axially into the cylindrical inner surface of the wall with such tight clearance that it comes into thermal contact with the wall as soon as it reaches its working temperature.
(f) The magnet system consists of a rotationally symmetrical magnet yoke concentric with the target and studded with permanent magnets pointing radially inward, and has pole faces of opposite polarity (N, S) in a continuous ring. The pole faces (N) lie, in the axial direction, inside of the end faces of the target, and the other pole faces (S) lie beyond the end faces of the target, on a radius which is equal to or greater than the radius of the sputtering surface.
(g) The magnet system can be kept in a known manner at a freely adjustable ("floating") potential with respect to the target and cathode base on the one hand and the anode potential on the other.
Feature (d) brings it about that the target can be replaced without opening the cooling passage or cooling circuit.
Feature (e) first describes a tubular target without radial projections., so that it can be made very simply from tubular material. The tight clearance and the unavoidable thermal stress on the target causes the target to become intensively cooled after a start-up period, without direct contact with a coolant such as water. This cooling effect can be enhanced by making the hollow cylindrical wall that closes off the interior of the cooling passage very thin, in the manner of a diaphragm, so that it is made to bulge slightly by the water pressure and thus is pressed against the target. It is thus possible to give the onset of thermal equilibrium a controlled shift toward lower temperatures. In practice, a wall thickness between 1 and 2.5 mm has proven to be especially desirable.
Feature (f) brings it about that the portion of the magnetic lines of force that run within the target surface in the cylindrical volume is only slightly curved, so that the target is eroded very uniformly over its entire cylindrical surface. To state it more precisely, these are the sections of the magnetic lines of force which run between the two planes in which the annular faces of the target are situated. Thus, in the case of a tubular target, a material efficiency or degree of utilization is achieved in the case of tubular targets which otherwise could not be achieved. Furthermore, because of the fact that, in the reactive sputtering of insulating coatings on the entire target surface that is at potential, a net erosion takes place, so that no non-conducting areas result from self-coating of the cathode.
Simply stated, feature (f) means that the distance between the magnet poles and pole faces of opposite polarity is greater than the axial length of the cathode base and target, respectively. For this reason alone the radius of curvature of the magnetic lines of force is longer. Furthermore, this method of construction makes it possible for the pole faces to be disposed further inward radially, thereby further intensifying this effect.
Feature (g) permits the magnet system and the housing parts and shielding to be set at a floating potential at which no sputtering of these exposed parts will take place.
On the whole, the tubular cathode in accordance with the invention has also the following additional advantages:
virtually all of the atoms sputtered from the target are deposited onto the substrate,
substrates in rod, tube or wire form can be coated on all sides without substrates rotation,
the concentration of the sputtered particles from a large target diameter on the necessarily smaller substrate diameter results in a high coating rate,
a simple mounting of the target is possible, without solder, adhesives or screws.
It is especially advantageous if two anodes are provided with cylindrical inner surfaces in a mirror-image symmetry with the cathode, the one anode of which is axially at one end of the cathode and the other anode is axially at the other end of the cathode, while the cylindrical inner surfaces of the anodes have a radius which is equal to or shorter than the radius of the sputtering surface of the target. In this manner a good coupling of the anodes into the circuit is made possible.
For the maintenance or adjustment of a particular gas atmosphere within the sputtering apparatus it is especially advantageous if the anodes each bear on the sides facing the cathode an annular gas distributing conduit which is provided with corresponding gas exhaust openings.
With a cathode sputtering apparatus of this kind it is also possible to produced mixed coatings and coatings of a quasi-alloy, that is, when the target is composed of different substances in the axial direction.
The cathode sputtering apparatus in accordance with the invention can be further developed by making it suitable for sputtering targets of ferromagnetic materials.
This is accomplished in an especially advantageous manner by dividing the target consisting of ferromagnetic material into three hollow cylindrical target parts, two of which situated on the outside in the axial direction overlap axially with the target part that is in the middle, but enclose in the radial direction, at the overlaps, an air gap with respect to the target part lying in the center, whose radial width "s" is smaller than the dark-space distance that is established under the operating conditions.
This forces the lines of force to emerge from ferromagnetic parts of the target, a process which will be further explained in connection with FIG. 4.
FIG. 1 is a side elevation (top) and an axial section (bottom) through a magnetron tubular cathode having a target of a nonferromagnetic material,
FIG. 2 is an end view (top) and a radial section (bottom) through the subject of FIG. 1, on a slightly enlarged scale,
FIG. 3 is a side view and an axial section through a magnetron tubular cathode with target parts of a ferromagnetic material similar in representation to FIG. 1,
FIG. 4 is a detail from the bottom half of FIG. 3 on a larger scale, and
FIG. 5 is a side elevation of a complete cathode-anode system of a cathode sputtering apparatus similar to FIGS. 1 or 3.
In FIG. 1 there is shown a cathode sputtering apparatus 1 based on the hollow magnetron principle, which consists of a cathode part 2 and two anode parts 3 and 4. Both the cathode part and the anode parts are configured in substantially rotational symmetry with a system axis A--A.
In the bottom part of FIG. 1 there is shown an annular cathode base 5 which is provided with a circumferential, annular cooling passage 6. On the side toward the system axis A--A the cooling passage 6 is sealed off by a diaphragm-like wall 7 with a cylindrical inside surface 8 into which a tubular target 9 with a cylindrical sputtering surface 10 and a likewise cylindrical outside surface is inserted. As it can be seen, the target 9 is in the form of a thick-walled tube, i.e., it has a relatively very long useful life. At one end of the wall 7 is a radially inwardly turned abutment 7a for the target 9.
The cathode base 5 is surrounded, with the interposition of an insulating ring 11, by a annular magnet yoke 12 which has a C-shaped cross section as seen in axial section. Two coolant conduits 13 are brought through the magnet yoke 12, the insulating ring 11 and the cathode base 5, and lead into the cooling passage 6. In the area of the magnet yoke 12 the conduits 13 are surrounded by an insulating sleeve 19.
The magnet yoke 12 has two flanges 14 projecting radially inwardly, on which a continuous annular crown of permanent magnets 15 and 16 of opposite polarity is placed. It can be seen that the clearance between the permanent magnets 15 and 16 is decidedly greater than the length dimension L between two radial planes E1 and E2, in which the annular end surfaces of cathode base 5 and target 9 are situated.
The interstices between the permanent magnets 15 and 16 and the cathode base 5 are mostly filled up by aluminum rings 17 leaving annular gaps, not further identified, on both sides of the cathode base 5, these gaps being kept so narrow that no glow discharge can form in them.
Magnet yoke 12 and permanent magnets 15 form a magnet system 18 which is held away from the cathode base 5 by insulating separations, namely by air gaps, the insulating ring 11 and the insulating sleeve 19. The magnet yoke 12 simultaneously forms a load-bearing portion of the entire system and rests through an additional insulator 20 on the sector-shaped flange 21 of a support. By this mounting which is insulated on all sides the magnet system 18 can be freely adjusted (float freely) as regards its voltage, not only with respect to the cathode body but also to the support 22 which is at ground potential.
The radial end faces of the magnet yoke 12 and the lateral outer surfaces of the permanent magnets 15 and 16, as well as the radially inwardly directed pole faces of the permanent magnets are covered each by a magnet shield 23 consisting of a nonferromagnetic material which is conductively connected electrically with the other parts of the magnet system. The annular magnet shields 23 have an L-shaped cross section whose longer limb is aligned radially and whose shorter limb is aligned axially. The magnetic shields 23 are also equipped each with an annular cooling passage 24 which is provided with inlet and outlet lines 40 (see also FIG. 4).
In FIG. 1 it can also be seen that the two anode parts 3 and 4 are provided with cylindrical inner surfaces 25, the system 1 being arranged with insulating separations and in mirror-image symmetry with the cathode-2. Thus the one anode 3 is disposed on one side in the axial direction and the other anode 4 on the other side of the cathode in the axial direction. The cylindrical inner surfaces 25 of the anodes have a radius which is shorter than the radius of the sputtering surface 10 of the target 9. The cylindrical inner surfaces 25 are formed by cylindrical tube sections 26 which are inserted into the axis-parallel limbs 27a of an L-shaped annular flange 27 whose limb 27b directed radially outward is joined at the bottom to a support 28. The support 28 can rest on and be conductively connected to an inner surface of a vacuum chamber 29 and thus can be at ground potential.
It is also possible, however, to fasten the supports in an insulated manner on the vacuum chamber, so that the anode parts 3 and 4 can be connected to a potential that is positive with respect to ground, thereby intensifying the anode function (FIG. 5). The anode parts 3 and 4 are also provided each with an annular cooling passage. On the sides facing the cathode 2 they each have an annular gas passage 30. On the sides facing the cathode 2 they each have also an annular gas distributing conduit 31 which is provided with perforation-like gas emission bores aimed at the cathode 2, which are not represented. The gas distribution conduits 31 are connected by connecting lines 32 to sources, not shown, of a sputtering gas which can also contain a reactive component.
It is also shown in FIG. 1 that pole shoes 33 and 34 of soft magnetic material are placed on the axis-parallel surfaces of permanent magnets 15 and 16 facing radially inwardly away from the magnet yoke 12. In this case the N and S pole faces are no longer formed by the radially inward facing surfaces of the permanent magnets 15 and 16 but by the inner surfaces of the pole shoes, namely both by the axis-parallel and by the inwardly lying radial surface portions of the pole shoes. The entire arrangement is here again in full ring form, and it is to be understood that the two L-shaped magnet shields 23, as seen radially inwardly, also overreach and overlap the pole shoes 33 and 34.
In the case of FIG. 2, the anode part that otherwise partially blocks the view, has been omitted. It can also be seen that the cooling passage 6 between the two coolant lines 13 is interrupted by a barrier 35 to prevent a short-circuit of the flow. Otherwise the reference numbers are the same as in FIG. 1. The screw 36 indicates that the support 22 with flange 21 and magnet yoke 12 form the means for the support of the rest of the structure of the cathode.
It is quite important that the tubular target 9 is able to be withdrawn rightwardly out of the cathode after the release of the magnet shield 23 on the right in FIG. 1 and the removal of the annularly disposed pole shoes 34, by sliding it axially away from the wall 7 which remains in place. The installation of a new target 9 is performed in the reverse order: the new target is simply slipped in until it abuts against the shoulder 7a. The target has a complementary chamfer to accommodate the abutment shoulder 7a.
FIG. 3 shows a system which is very largely the same as the system in FIGS. 1 and 2. The essential difference is explained with the aid of FIG. 4, which shows an enlarged detail of the bottom central part of FIG. 3. Equal parts are here again identified by the same reference numbers.
The target 9 consists of ferromagnetic material and is divided into three hollow cylindrical target parts 9a, 9b and 9c. The two target parts 9a and 9c that are on the outside in the axial direction overlap target part 9b which lies in the middle, and in the overlapping area they enclose each a radial air gap 37 and 38, respectively, between them and the target part 9b lying in the middle. The radial width of this air gap is in every case smaller than the dark-space gap that establishes itself under the operating conditions, so that the glow discharge that burns during operation is unable to penetrate into the air gaps 37 and 38.
The spatial arrangement of the system is fixed by the fact that the target parts 9a, 9b and 9c are disposed, while preserving their overlap and air gaps, on a target holder which is configured as a bipartite body of rotation, consists of nonmagnetic material, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity (copper). The target parts 9a, 9b and 9c form a single structural unit with this target holder 39 and can be removed leftward with the latter from the wall 7 (refers to FIG. 4).
The target holder 39, as represented in FIG. 4, is configured in a zig-zag shape in an axial section with respect to a radial plane of symmetry in which the axis of the coolant line 13 is also located. Thus a central, hollow cylindrical section is formed with a first inside diameter D1 which is joined by two annular radial limbs with two hollow cylindrical sections situated on the outside axially, which have a second inside diameter D2. The absolute measure of the diameter difference D2 -D1 corresponds to twice the wall thickness of the middle target part 9b plus twice the radial width of each of the two air gaps 37 and 38. On the other hand, the inside diameter D2 of the outside target parts 9a and 9c is smaller by twice the radial dimension of each air gap 37 and 38, respectively, than the inside diameter D3 of the middle target part.
In an especially desirable manner, the target holder 39, as seen axially, is divided in the center, such that the two support parts, which are not here separately distinguished, can be placed in the direction of the axis onto the central target part 9b.
In FIG. 4 it is also shown how the two coolant passages 24 are provided with connecting lines 40.
With regard to the magnet system 18' here shown and its magnetic properties which result from the special arrangement of the ferromagnetic target parts 9a, 9b and 9c, the following is also pointed out. Due to the interposition of the air gaps the shape of the lines of force is as indicated in broken lines in FIG. 4. In this case the flange 14 of the magnet yoke 12 is reinforced axially and radially inwardly by rings 41 and 42 of soft magnetic material, the permanent magnets 15 and 16 being placed radially inwardly onto the rings 42 with corresponding polarity (see arrows in the drawing). The permanent magnets 15 and 16 can thus be brought closer to the middle target part 9b and made to overlap target parts 9a and 9c.
The magnetic field in any case partially spans the two air gaps 37 and 38, but part of it also runs directly from target part 9a to target part 9c. The lowermost indicated line of force would alone lead to two annularly closed "plasma tubes" outside of the air gaps 37 and 38. In conjunction with the lines of force forming a kind of bridge between target parts 9a and 9c, however, a much larger annular plasma tube is formed also in the middle area of the target part 9b, resulting in a virtually full-surface ablation (erosion) of the middle target part 9b.
Due to the geometrical shape of the target holder 39 and to the amount of the overlap in the area of the air gaps 37 and 38, and on account of the ratios of the diameters D1, D2 and D3, it is possible to vary the ratio of the lines of force flowing through the middle target part 9b to the lines of force spanning the middle target part like a bridge. By careful tuning, it is possible to optimize the erosion effect in the area of the sputtering surface 10 to very uniform values over virtually the entire length of the middle target part 9b.
From the above description it will be seen that the middle target part 9b is the actual target, while the two outer target parts 9a and 9c can also be considered to be pole shoes. The axial position of pole faces and target, defined in feature (f) of the principal claim, refers to the pole faces of the permanent magnets 15 and 16 and the middle target part 9b.
The substrates that are to be coated, in the form of wires, rods or (thin) tubes are moved through the cathode sputtering apparatus coaxially with the system axis A--A. The system axis A--A thus defines the path on which the substrates are transported. Special substrate holders or guides (e.g., roller systems) have not been represented for the sake of simplicity.
It is also shown in FIG. 5 that the path of the transport of the substrates is surrounded by tubular shields 43 which are fastened to the anode parts 3 and 4 and are at the same potential therewith.
The term "air gaps" in conjunction with the spaces 37 and 38 does not necessarily mean that they are hollow spaces. The distances in question can also be filled with a nonferromagnetic material.
It should also be mentioned that the magnet yoke consists of two halves abutting one another at a radial seam to permit the insertion of the cathode base. This is not, however, particularly indicated in the drawings.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 19, 1970
|Apr 3, 1973
|Gillette Co
|Target element
|Nov 15, 1973
|Dec 17, 1974
|United Aircraft Corp
|Cylindrical rf sputtering apparatus
|Jul 5, 1973
|Apr 15, 1975
|Sloan Technology Corp
|Cathode sputtering apparatus
|Sep 7, 1971
|May 20, 1975
|Telic Corp
|Electrode type glow discharge apparatus
|Aug 6, 1981
|Oct 4, 1983
|Battelle Development Corporation
|Cylindrical magnetron sputtering cathode and apparatus
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 17, 1991
|Feb 11, 1992
|Johnson Matthey Inc.
|Aluminum target for magnetron sputtering and method of making same
|Jan 30, 1991
|Jan 12, 1993
|Microelectronics And Computer Technology Corporation
|Cylindrical magnetron sputtering system
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|Himont Incorporated
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|The Boc Group, Inc.
|Planar magnetron sputtering apparatus
|Nov 15, 1993
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|Telic Technologies Corporation
|Slotted cylindrical hollow cathode/magnetron sputtering device
|Oct 8, 1993
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|Helmer; John C.
|Physical vapor deposition employing ion extraction from a plasma
|Apr 24, 1995
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|Telic Technologies Corporation
|Cylindrical hollow cathode/magnetron sputtering system and components thereof
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|Johnson Matthey Electronics, Inc.
|Method of making high purity copper sputtering targets
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|Johnson Matthey Electonics, Inc.
|Hot pressed and sintered sputtering target assemblies and method for making same
|Apr 2, 1997
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|Applied Vision Limited
|Magnet array for magnetrons
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|Novellus Systems, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for improving target erosion in hollow cathode magnetron sputter source
|Dec 4, 1997
|Aug 14, 2001
|Honeywell International, Inc.
|Diffusion bonded sputtering target assembly with precipitation hardened backing plate and method of making same
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|Tosoh Smd, Inc.
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|Sep 3, 2002
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Hollow cathode sputter source
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|Honeywell International Inc.
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|Honeywell International Inc.
|Ni-plated target diffusion bonded to a backing plate and method of making same
|Nov 30, 2001
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|Kyma Technologies, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for producing MIIIN columns and MIIIN materials grown thereon
|Nov 30, 2001
|Aug 31, 2004
|North Carolina State University
|MIIIN based materials and methods and apparatus for producing same
|Nov 29, 2001
|Sep 7, 2004
|North Carolina State University
|Non-thermionic sputter material transport device, methods of use, and materials produced thereby
|Mar 7, 2013
|Feb 13, 2014
|Palmaz Scientific, Inc.
|Inverted cylindrical magnetron (icm) system and methods of use
|Apr 2, 1997
|Oct 9, 1997
|Applied Vision Ltd.
|Magnet array for magnetrons
|U.S. Classification
|204/298.21, 204/298.24
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 26, 1989
Owner name: LEYBOLD AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, A WEST GERMAN CORP., G
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:AICHERT, HANS;GEGENWART, RAINER;KUKLA, REINER;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005071/0098;SIGNING DATES FROM 19890405 TO 19890604
|Jun 7, 1994
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 30, 1994
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 10, 1995
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19941102


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jul 9, 2002
|Filing date
|Aug 16, 1997
|Priority date
|Sep 5, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ahmet Firatli
|Original Assignee
|Braun Gmbh
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (19), Classifications (32), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a method of manufacturing a disposable protective cover for an infrared radiation thermometer suitable for introduction into a body cavity, in particular for an ear canal temperature probe, in which a tubular body portion is formed of plastic material, whose one end is open and whose opposite end is closed by a window film that is transparent to infrared radiation.
Infrared radiation thermometers are widely used on persons for measuring their body temperature. Typically, such a radiation thermometer includes a housing with a window admitting radiation, internal optical components and an infrared sensor associated with an evaluation unit. The window admitting radiation closes off the interior of the housing of the radiation thermometer, thereby protecting the optical components and the sensor from contamination and destruction. As an additional protection, disposable protective covers of the type initially referred to are seated onto the forward end of the thermometer to protect the window during storage of the thermometer for one purpose, and to be exchanged for reasons of hygiene for another purpose in cases where such a thermometer is used by different persons.
Protective covers of the type initially referred to are described, for example, in EP 0201 709 B1. The disposable speculum as described in this printed specification is fitted over the ear canal probe of a tympanic thermometer that is sensitive to infrared radiation. This disposable speculum has a membrane made of polypropylene or polyethylene which is transparent to infrared radiation. The body portion carrying the membrane is an injection-molded part having the transparent membrane, which is manufactured as a thin film, thermally connected with the body portion's edge area bounding the window opening.
A further protective cover for a thermometer insertable into an ear canal is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,293,862. To manufacture this protective cover, a tubular body portion is first formed by injection molding, and a membrane is attached to the one open end. For the manufacture of such a disposable protective cover, a mold is provided which has a cavity corresponding to the body portion. The mold is designed with separable parts in the region of the edge where the window film is to be arranged, thus enabling a window film to be placed into this parting plane prior to each injection molding operation. Injection molded onto the outside of the window film is an annular member arranged in an extension of the wall of the body portion, so that upon completion of the injection molding operation the window film is retained between the body portion and this outer ring.
On the basis of the prior art referred to in the foregoing and the known methods of manufacturing disposable protective covers for infrared radiation thermometers, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method which enables such disposable protective covers to be produced economically and which, in addition, offers a wide range of variation possibilities in respect of adapting the material to the properties required from such a protective cover.
Based on a method of manufacturing a disposable protective cover of the type initially referred to, this object is accomplished in that the body portion is produced by extruding molten plastic and subsequently closing the one end of the body portion with the window film. The extrusion process enables the body portion to be manufactured economically. Further, it is possible to vary the length of the body portion in accordance with the requirements, that is, extruded parts can be cut to the desired length without any change to the extrusion device. Moreover, it is possible to profile the body portion which involves a sleeve-shaped part, that is, reinforcement ribs or other axially extending projections or recesses, for example, can be injection-molded onto the inside. Finally, another variation possibility is provided in that the body portion can be extruded from different materials in respect of its cross-section normal to its axis, for example, from a firmer material on the inside of the body portion, thereby providing a support body engaging the measuring tip of a radiation thermometer, and from a softer material on its outside which conforms itself snugly to the ear canal. After such a body portion is manufactured by extrusion, its one open end is closed with a window film which is transparent to the relevant infrared measuring radiation.
As mentioned in the foregoing, according to claim 2 preferably the inside of the body portion, as seen in cross-section, that is, the radially inward region with which the disposable protective cover is seated onto the measuring end of the infrared radiation thermometer, is extruded from a firmer material, whereas the radially outward region is extruded from a softer material, with preferably the outward region being extruded from a soft foamed material. Foamed materials suitable for this purpose are polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) or polystyrene (PS). Such foamed materials should be provided with closed pores to prevent contaminants from depositing in the pores of the foamed material not only during storage of these disposable protective covers, but also when they are being used.
The inward region of the protective cover or the body portion is extruded from the corresponding materials mentioned in the foregoing also with respect to the foamed material, that is, from polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) or polystyrene (PS). The hardness of the material is adjusted by suitable softeners. To impart a high stiffness to the body portion while yet making it yielding so as to enable it to be readily seated onto the measuring end of a radiation thermometer, in particular also with a view to extruding such a protective cover in the form of a tubular body portion of approximately uniform diameter normal to its axis, it may be of advantage to profile the inward region of the tubular body portion. This profiling preferably takes the form of axially extending ribs. Such ribs then have their free longitudinal edges which extend towards the axis in engagement with the measuring end of the radiation thermometer. In cases where they are of a correspondingly thin and flexible configuration, they may engage the contour of the radiation thermometer also when this contour extends conically. Further, a free space or air cushion is formed between adjacent ribs which imparts resilience and flexibility to the disposable protective cover when, seated onto the forward end of a radiation thermometer, it is introduced into an ear canal. In particular in combination with a layer of foamed material on the outside of the disposable protective cover as mentioned previously, a high usage comfort can be accomplished with such a protective cover.
Moreover, the formation of profiles such as ribs on the one hand and the selection of different materials on the other hand, that is, a firmer material on the inside of the protective cover and a softer material on the outside of the protective cover, enable a thermal decoupling to be accomplished between the inside which fits over the thermometer and the outside which engages the ear canal.
A variety of possibilities offer themselves to close off the one free end of the extruded body portion with a window film. The window film should be relatively thin, that is, preferably of a thickness in the range of between 0.005 mm and 0.05 mm with polyethylene being the preferred material for such a window film. To obtain very thin window films, a process has proven to be advantageous in which the window film is formed directly from molten plastic or a plastic solution. For this purpose, the free end of the body portion which is to be closed is immersed in such a solution so that a film is stretched over the edges of the body portion, forming the window film following hardening.
Very good results are obtained if the molten plastic is comprised of essentially low-molecular polyethylene with wax and oil additives. Low-molecular polyethylene can be set in a highly liquid state precisely by the addition of wax and/or oils and by the action of heat.
As an alternative to molten plastic in the form of low-molecular polyethylene, the molten plastic may be comprised of substantially polystyrene dissolved in a solvent as, for example, acetone.
As an alternative to the formation of a window film from molten plastic, it is possible to close the body portion by affixing a separate window film. Suitably held in stretched fashion, such a window film can be adhered to the edge of the body portion by means of an adhesive. Preferably, however, the separate window film is secured to the forward end of the body portion by welding or by exposure to ultrasound.
A further proven method of affixing the window film to the body portion is provided by laser beam application, preferably in the infrared range. Because the window film is invariably transparent to infrared radiation, laser radiation in the infrared range passes through the film, causing the material of the body portion to melt. In addition, the use of color pigments enables the plastic material of the body portion to be designed to be infrared absorbing. With this process, the window film is not damaged as it is secured to the body portion. The formation of a uniform melt beneath the film and thus good adhesion can be obtained. It is also possible to affix the film by means of the application of microwave energy when, in order to the generate the necessary heat in the area of the joint, humidity is introduced into this area or the edge is wetted with water. Both laser radiation and microwaves can be adjusted to defined values in respect of the generation of heat and the penetration of heat into the materials, so that only defined areas are heated for attachment of the window film.
Further details and the features of the method of the present invention will be described in more detail in the following with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In the drawings,
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a disposable cover with extruded body portion according to the present invention, taken along the axis;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the cover of FIG. 1, taken along the line II—II of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3A is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of the upper end of a body portion for a disposable protective cover having a separate window film that is joined to the edge of the body portion by means of ultrasonic welding; and
FIG. 3B is a view of the forward end of the body portion of
FIG. 3A with the window film welded thereto.
A disposable protective cover 1 of the type illustrated in FIG. 2 in section includes a tubular or sleeve-shaped body portion 2 having its upper free end 3 closed by an infrared window 4 formed of a thin film that is transparent to infrared radiation.
Such a disposable protective cover 1 is placed onto the measuring end of an infrared radiation thermometer not illustrated in more detail, so that the tip of the thermometer is received in the interior 5 of the disposable protective cover 1. The clinical thermometer with its protective cover 1 seated in place is then introduced into a user's ear canal. Infrared radiation emitted from the tympanic membrane and from the ear canal enters the measuring end of the radiation thermometer through the window 4 and is directed to an infrared sensor inside the radiation thermometer. The temperature increase produced in the infrared sensor results in an electric output voltage from which the radiation temperature is derived.
The protective cover 1 is a disposable part which, following temperature measurement, is removed from the radiation thermometer to be replaced with a new, unused protective cover 1 for taking another, for example, another person's temperature.
Because the protective cover 1 is utilized as a disposable part, economy of manufacture is essential, however with due consideration of the need for the window 4 to possess the properties suitable for passage of the infrared radiation to the infrared sensor of the associated radiation thermometer, which include adequate thinness on the one hand and tautness on the other hand, being held in stretched fashion on the upper free end 3 of the sleeve-shaped molded body 2.
The body portion 2 is an extruded part of uniform diameter along its axis 6, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. During the process of extruding the body portion 2, different materials are fed to the extruding nozzle in the radially inward zone and in the radially outward zone, thus enabling the material properties of the body portion 2 to be defined to satisfy the demands placed on such a protective cover. This means that the outward region 7 is extruded from a softer, that is, foamed, material, whereas the radially inward region 8 is extruded from a firmer material. For the outward region 7, soft foamed materials made of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) or polystyrene (PS) are suitable. For the inward region 8, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) or polystyrene (PS) are equally employed with preference. The hardness degrees of these materials an be adjusted by appropriate softeners. Preferably, the outward and inward regions 7, 8 are extruded from materials of like character, that is, either from polyethylene, polypropylene or polystyrene. Because the outward region 8 is foamed, the extruded body portion 2 yieldingly engages the ear canal in a manner pleasant for the user of a thermometer equipped therewith.
To increase the stiffness of the body portion while yet providing it with a defined flexibility, projections 9 extending in the direction of the axis 6 are extruded on the inside of the body portion, protruding from the inner surface of the body portion by an amount of preferably 1 to 3 mm, approximately. These projections 9 have -their free ends 10 in engagement with the outside of a radiation thermometer onto which the disposable protective cover 1 is fitted.
Conventionally, the measuring tips of such radiation thermometers extend conically towards their end, so that it is precisely with these projections 9 or the areas of the body portion 2 lying between them that a high flexibility is obtained, while on the other hand a firm engagement of the disposable protective cover 1 with the measuring tip of a radiation thermometer is ensured. Such mated engagement of a disposable protective cover is customarily accomplished in that the disposable protective cover 1 has in its interior 5 a shape corresponding to the end of the radiation thermometer on to which the disposable protective cover 1 is to be seated.
As FIG. 2 shows, a total of eight projections 9 are provided which are equidistantly spaced from each other in the interior 5 on the circumference, that is, with reference to the axis 6 of the body portion 2, adjacent projections 9 are arranged at a relative distance of 45�. If necessary with a view to adjusting the flexibility of the disposable protective cover, a number of projections 9 lower or higher than the number illustrated in FIG. 2 may be utilized, and in the latter case it is desirable that the projections be very thin, that is, of a laminar configuration, for maintaining adequate flexibility.
To obtain the window 4, a window film 11 illustrated in FIG. 3A as a separate component is attached to the body portion 2. A preferred method of securing the window film 11 to the free end 3 of the body portion 2 is Ultrasonic welding. To this end, the window film 11 is deposited onto the free end 3 of the body portion 2, and the ultrasonic head 12 is placed onto the outside of the window film 11 which is urged against the free end 3 of the body portion 2. Then the area of the joint, that is, the area of the free end, is exposed to ultrasonic energy from the ultrasonic head 12, so that a defined amount of heat is produced for welding or coalescence of the window film 11 with the free end 3 of the body portion 2. As becomes apparent from FIG. 3A, the ultrasonic head 12 is provided with a rounded contour, as a result of which welding of the window film 11 produces a chamfer 13 on the end of the body portion 2, thereby eliminating any sharp edges on the finished disposable protective cover 1 which could be perceived as unpleasant when the user introduces the radiation thermometer with the protective cover seated thereon into an ear canal.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 26, 1985
|May 5, 1987
|Daniel Rumsey
|Sound producing ball
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|Intelligent Medical Systems, Inc.
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|Jan 6, 2003
|Jul 3, 2007
|Sherwood Services Ag
|Tympanic thermometer probe cover
|Nov 23, 2005
|Apr 8, 2008
|Covidien Ag
|Tympanic thermometer probe cover with film support mechanism
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|Covidien Ag
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|Stackable tympanic thermometer probe cover cassette
|Apr 19, 2011
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|Probe cover cassette with improved probe cover support
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|Welch Allyn, Inc.
|IR thermometer thermal isolation tip assembly
|May 29, 2012
|Welch Allyn, Inc.
|Calibrated assembly for IR thermometer apparatus
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|Loren Lantz
|Tympanic thermometer probe cover
|Nov 23, 2005
|Jul 27, 2006
|Sherwood Services Ag
|Tympanic thermomether probe cover with film support mechanism
|Sep 2, 2004
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|Panther Allen L
|Ultrasonic joining of polymer mats to mechanical devices including electric appliances
|Apr 21, 2006
|Oct 25, 2007
|Sherwood Services Ag
|Infrared thermometer and probe cover thereof
|Nov 20, 2007
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|Sherwood Services Ag
|Probe Cover Having a Blackbody
|Jul 23, 2009
|Tyco Healthcare Group Lp
|Probe cover having a blackbody
|Oct 21, 2010
|Welch Allyn, Inc.
|Calibrated assembly for ir thermometer apparatus
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 5, 1999
Owner name: BRAUN AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FIRATLI, AHMET;REEL/FRAME:010131/0207
Effective date: 19990125
|Mar 7, 2000
Owner name: BRAUN GMBH, GERMANY
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:BRAUN AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;REEL/FRAME:010654/0006
Effective date: 19990901
|Jan 25, 2006
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 10, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 10, 2006
|Surcharge for late payment
|Dec 22, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 9, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Customer Reviews
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Posted 1/30/2016 at 1:41 PM by Mike
Durable workmanship. Quality product. Adorable for young pianist. Accurate personalization.
Posted 3/18/2013 at 10:11 AM by Carol
Daughter-in-law is a gifted pianist. This piano is on her wish list (playable and true to size).
Posted 2/5/2013 at 9:26 PM by Jennifer
Bought for my daughter's piano teacher. She said this is the first personalized piano ornament she's ever received. Also liked that the top opens. Wish though the date was written on the piano itself so it was more visible than on the leg where it's barely noticeable.
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Grand Piano Black Christmas Ornament
Personalized Christmas Ornament
Whether this miniature represents a grand piano or a baby grand, the details will make it seem as if you can already hear the concert tinkling across the keys. This personalized grand piano ornament is a miniature replica of the real thing and makes a great gift for a piano teacher or music student who is taking piano lessons for the first time. Give this as a gift to your child or grandchild who plays the piano to commemorate a first piano recital or for placing in a piano music competition. Made of fine quality, this piano Christmas ornament is a must for a music themed tree!
Material: Wood
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12/5/2015 - "Easy to use and navigate website. Zach S."
11/19/2015 - "Long time friend shared the site with me knowing I was looking for specific type of ornament. Was so pleased to find exactly what I was looking for both my grandchildren. Susan R."
12/23/2015 - "You make our Christmas bright every year - thanks for all the fabulous designs each year! Merry Christmas! Cheers, Jane Y"
12/11/2015 - "These wonderful ornaments are a yearly keepsake tradition for my children! The site is easy to use and there are so many to choose from. Janet W."
12/8/2015 - "Wonderful, and great work. I will order again because the ornament was beautiful!!!Anonymous Respondent"
8/14/2015 - "I have been ordering Christmas ornaments from the Ornament Shop for approximately 5 years and have always been very please with each item. Carol R."
11/26/2015 - "I love the ornaments I received. They were delivered on time and I was contacted by the costumer service because I forgot to tell them in the order whether or not one of the ornaments was for a boy or girl.They didn't just sent anything. They asked and I think that is just wonderful. Gabi S."
12/14/2015 - "Had been looking for a train ornament for awhile and this one with 5 names fit the bill. Couldn't find it anywhere else on-line or at craft fairs. Margo W."
10/18/2015 - "Received my order today... everything is just great... colors, size, quality of ornaments is outstanding! Thank You Jeannie C."


text:
Words formed when one letter is changed in dune
Letter 1 (D) changed: 4 words found:
Letter 2 (U) changed: 4 words found:
Letter 3 (N) changed: 5 words found:
Letter 4 (E) changed: 4 words found:
A total of 17 words can be formed from dune by changing one letter.
Some random words: on beryl fer eicosanoid sike paretic klatch
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
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