text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 21, 2002
|Filing date
|Feb 25, 2000
|Priority date
|Feb 25, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Zhong-Wei Chen
|Original Assignee
|Hermes-Microvision, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (31), Classifications (15), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to scanning electron microscopes, and in particular, to a swinging objective retarding immersion lens electron optics focusing and deflection system and method that can provides a high current low voltage primary electron beam, high resolution scanning, large scan field, and high signal capture efficiency.
Scanning electron microscopes are used in many applications that require inspection of very small structures of an object in great detail. Some of these applications include defect review and inspection of specimens such as very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits, or wafers, or other articles, critical dimensioning of features in these specimens and also design and process verification of the specimens. Scanning electron microscopes are considered superior to optical microscopes for viewing features in sub-micron dimensions, currently about 0.2 μm (1 μm=10−6 meters) or less, due to the short wavelength that helps the scanning electron microscope to generate a small spot size. Scanning electrons microscopes typically employ an objective lens system for focusing the electron beam onto the specimen under examination.
A scanning electron microscope typically includes a primary electron beam source, an accelerating anode, an objective lens for focusing the beam onto the specimen, a plurality of deflection units that enable the positioning and scanning movement of the primary beam over the specimen, and a detection system for capturing secondary electrons (SE) or backscattered electrons (BSE) from the specimen to produce an image of the specimen. In some cases a condenser lens system is used to provide a focused beam for the objective lens system. As known to those skilled in the pertinent art, the electron beam source generates a supply of electrons for the primary beam. The condenser lens system, if used, forms an image of the primary electron beam source for the objective lens and the objective lens focuses the condenser lens image onto the specimen. The deflection system moves the focused beam over a portion of the specimen in a scanning motion and secondary and backscattered electrons are released from the specimen material. These electrons are detected, amplified and the resulting signal used to modulate the beam of an imaging system operating synchronously with the scanning electron beam. The result is an image of the scanned area based on the electrons emitted or scattered from the specimen.
Prior art scanning electron microscopes have several drawbacks. First, in order to obtain high resolution for the prior art objective lens, a relatively high beam energy, say 15KeV or more, primary electron beam source is required. However, applying such a higher energy electron beam directly to the specimen is undesirable because it can cause damage to the specimen, which consequently leads to a reliability problem in the engineering, manufacturing and production of integrated circuits. Using a low energy primary electron beam source avoids the reliability problem but limits the spatial resolution due to chromatic aberration of the objective lens and by electron-electron interaction within the beam. Chromatic aberration of the objective lens arises from electrons of different velocity experiencing different focal points for the same lens. This effect creates a disk of confusion at the image plane on the specimen and limits resolution of the system. Both electron-electron interaction (space-charge effect) and chromatic aberration are reduced by using a higher energy electron beam. Second, it is difficult to achieve high secondary and backscattered electron capture efficiency with a low energy primary electron beam source. If a multi-channel plate is used, there is a severe reliability problem due to contaminants collecting in the holes (channels) of the plate.
As stated above, spatial resolution of current low voltage scanning electron microscopes is essentially limited by the chromatic aberration of the objective lens and by the electron-electron interaction, or Boersch effect. One way to improve the spatial resolution is to reduce the electron-electron interaction by using a high-energy primary bean which is subjected to a retarding field. Another way to improve spatial resolution is to use a snorkel (center pole) magnetic lens to reduce the loss in resolution due to chromatic and spherical aberration.
Conventional retarding field scanning electron microscopes which are equipped with a snorkel magnetic lens, a retarding electrostatic plate and pre-lens double deflection units are currently used for critical dimension measurement, defect review and defect inspection system in VLSI (very large scale integrated) wafer manufacturing. These conventional units still have several drawbacks.
First, it is difficult to generate a large deflection field with these units, where the deflection field is the reachable area in the plane of the specimen over which the primary beam can be moved by the deflection system. As a consequence, only a relatively small portion of the specimen can be examined at a time without repositioning the specimen. Second, because of the inherently small deflection field, the time required for inspecting, reviewing and measuring a specimen is substantially long. This results in increased engineering, testing, troubleshooting, and production costs, as well as an increase in integrated circuit turnaround time.
Thus, there is a need for an objective lens for an electron scanning microscope and method therefore that provides high primary beam current, lower energy electron beam on the specimen, relatively high resolution, a relative large scanning field, and a high signal capture efficiency.
A scanning electron microscope having a swinging objective retarding immersion lens electron optics focusing, deflection and signal capture system is disclosed herein that overcomes the drawbacks discussed above with regard to prior art objective lens. Specifically, the objective lens system of the invention converts a high energy primary electron beam to a lower energy electron beam at the specimen to minimize damage to the specimen. It also has relatively high resolution for clear examination of submicron features. Moreover, a scanning electron microscope, in accordance with the present invention, provides a relatively large deflection field to reduce the time to fully examine the specimen and includes a detection unit to more efficiently capture secondary electrons (SE) and backscattered electrons from the specimen (BSE).
One aspect of the invention includes a Swinging Objective Retarding Immersion Lens (SORIL) system for examination of a specimen including a a magnetic lens for generating a magnetic field in the vicinity of the specimen to focus the particles of the particle beam on the specimen, the magnetic lens having a central bore through which the particle beam travels; an electrode for providing a retarding field to the particle beam near the specimen to reduce the energy of the particle beam when the beam collides with the specimen; and a deflection system including a plurality of deflection units situated along the beam axis for deflecting the particle beam to allow scanning of the specimen, at least one of the deflection units located in the retarding field of the beam, the remainder of the deflection units located within the central bore of the magnetic lens; and an annular detection unit with a small aperture to capture SE and BSE.
Another aspect of the invention includes a method for increasing a scan field of an objective lens system over a specimen having the steps of: generating a magnetic field in the vicinity of the specimen to focus the particles of the particle beam on the specimen; providing a retarding electric field to reduce the energy of the particle beam prior to the beam colliding with the specimen; positioning the focused particle beam over area to be scanned, the area being within the deflection field of the specimen, a final stage of positioning occurring by deflecting the beam within the retarding electric field to increase the deflection field over the specimen. Additionally, the method includes rapidly scanning the focused beam over the area of the specimen to produce an image of the area; and accelerating SE and BSE, generated by the focused primary electron beam colliding with the specimen, to be captured by the annular detection and to form an image of scanned area.
An advantage of such a system is that a low energy (from 250eV to 1500 eV) electron microscope having such a lens system can scan a larger field (from 500 μm to 1000 μm) while maintaining a small spot size (from 0.05 μm to 0.1 μm in diameter) and a collection efficiency with an approximate range of about 85% to 95% for secondary electrons SE and back scattered electrons BSE for increased resolving power of features of the specimen.
Another advantage of a such a system is that a high current primary beam is provided along with a lower energy primary beam at the site of the specimen. This improves the quality of the signal that is emitted from the specimen during its scan.
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of an embodiment of a scanning electron microscope in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of an embodiment of an objective lens system for a scanning electron microscope in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 gives a perspective view of a deflection unit of the objective lens system;
FIG. 4 shows a representative deflection field and scan field area on a specimen;
FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram illustrating the various control voltages used in the operation of the lens system;
FIG. 6A illustrates the x-dimension for deflection of the beam spot within the scan field.
FIG. 6B illustrates the y-dimension for deflection of the beam spot within the scan field; and
FIG. 7 illustrates the trajectories of secondary electrons SE and back scattered electrons BSE emitted from the center of the specimen, and collected by the detector.
FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a scanning electron microscope 100 in accordance with the present invention. In this embodiment, the scanning electron microscope 100 comprises a particle beam source 102 with virtual source point 104 (i.e., the effective source point for the particles), an anode 106, an objective lens system 112 having a magnetic lens therein and a plurality of deflection units 120 a-120 e. For reference purposes, a beam axis 109 is defined as the line connecting the particle beam source 102 to the specimen 122 and is designated the Z-axis, the X and Y axes defining a plane transverse to the Z-axis.
The magnetic lens includes material 110 and exciting coils 115 for providing magnetomotive force to a magnetic circuit having field lines through the magnetic material and between the pole faces 116 and 114. The central bore of the magnetic lens has the shape of a circular bucket which is axially symmetric about the Z-axis. At the place where the primary particle beam enters the lens system, material 117 forms a beam-defining aperture 125. This aperture determines the size of the beam allowed to enter the objective lens system and in one embodiment confines the beam diameter to a range of about 20 μm to 200 μm. A lens aperture at the point where the primary particle beam exits the magnetic lens is circumscribed by pole face 116.
Immediately below the beam defining aperture is an annular detector unit 124 which collects secondary SE and back scattered electrons BSE emitted from the specimen during the scanning operation discussed below. Detector unit 124 has an aperture that is large than the beam defining aperture so the particles from the primary beam are not affected by the detector as they pass through the beam defining aperture.
Residing in the central bore are deflection units 120 a-120 d. These units are disk-shaped rings which are axially symmetric about the Z-axis. Located outside of the central bore is deflection unit 120 e which is coaxial with the Z-axis and similar in construction to the deflection units within the central bore.
Objective lens 112 focuses the particle beam into a small spot which is scanned over the specimen 122 to be studied. Typically, the specimen is a semiconductor wafer having feature sizes of about 0.05 μm to 0.20 μm or larger.
FIG. 2 shows a cross-section view of the objective lens 112. Magnetic material 110 and exciting coils 115 form a type of magnetic lens called a side-pole lens. The side-pole magnetic lens is preferred because it has improved capability in reducing the chromatic and spherical aberration typically associated with other types of objective lenses and is better at extending its field below the lens aperture and through the specimen 122. In the side-pole magnetic lens, material 110 is shaped to form ring-shaped pole face 114 and circular pole face 116 between which the magnetic field lines 128 connect pole face 114 and 116 to complete the magnetic circuit. This produces a magnetic field 128, which field is designed to extend through deflection unit 120 e and specimen 122 in its path to pole face 114 as shown in FIG. 2. Accordingly, specimen 122 is said to be immersed in the magnetic field of the lens. Material 110 is preferably iron, iron alloy or other high permeability material for providing a low reluctance path for the magnetic field generated by the exciting coils 115. The goal of magnetic lens 110 is to generate a magnetic field with a large component perpendicular to the Z-axis for converging lens action above the specimen and to have the magnetic field substantially parallel to the Z-axis at the specimen.
As discussed above in reference to FIG. 2, material 110 is shaped to form a bucket-shaped central bore which is axially symmetric about the Z-axis and which provides a place for locating the deflection units 120 a-120 d within the magnetic lens. Each deflection unit has a different diameter and fits at a particular position along the Z-axis within the bucket-shaped space. For the deflection units within the magnetic lens, deflection unit 120 a is the largest in diameter and deflection unit 120 d is the smallest in diameter. Deflection unit 120 e is located below the circular pole piece 116 and within the influence of the magnetic field from the magnetic lens. Deflection units 120 a-120 e work together as discussed below to deflect the particle beam so that the specimen 122 can be scanned. In some embodiments an actual bucket-shaped structure 118 holds the deflection units 120 a-120 d and the structure is inserted into the bucket-shaped space of the lens system thus making assembly easier.
Below deflection unit 120 e is the specimen 122, which is carefully positioned underneath the deflection unit 120 e and to be within the focusing distance of the lens. The magnetic lens is focused to produce a small spot on the specimen by varying the current in the exciting coils 115. An increase in current creates a more intense field in the aperture, which causes the beam to converge to a spot at a position closer to pole piece 116. Decreasing the current causes the beam to converge to a spot at a distance farther from pole piece 116. Not only is specimen 122 immersed within the magnetic field of the magnetic lens but it is also charged to a potential, which causes the particle beam to reduce its energy before colliding with the specimen. The field produced from the charged specimen is called the retarding field and is discussed below.
Deflection units 120 a-120 e are designed to deflect the particle beam so that the specimen can be scanned by the focused beam. Referring to FIG. 3, each deflection unit 120 is shaped like a flat circular cylinder having a circular opening and a plurality of conducting segments 126 a-126 l around the opening. Separating each of the segments is an insulating radial barrier 127 formed from the substrate material of the disk. In one embodiment, conducting segments are made from conducting metal, such as copper or beryllium copper, and the substrate is a ceramic material such as approximately 95% to 98% alumina. In the preferred embodiment, the deflection unit ring includes twelve separate conducting segments. The various segments are grouped together and the group is tied to a variable voltage driver. In this embodiment, there are 4 groups each comprising 3 segments. Two of the groups control deflection in the X direction and two of the groups control deflection in the Y direction. By controlling the voltage of these segments the particle beam is deflected away from some segments and towards other segments in a precise manner permitting accurate deflection of the beam. The four groups of 3 segments is preferred over alternative arrangements such as four groups of 2 segments (eight segments) and four groups of five segments (20 segments). The first alternative of four groups of two segments has the disadvantage that eight drivers are required making the unit difficult to control for high speed operation. The second alternative of four groups of five segments has the disadvantage that there are two many individual segments, which makes construction of the unit difficult because of the resulting small size of each segment.
In accordance with the present invention, a first set or "swinging group" of deflection units 120 a, 120 d and 120 e is dedicated to the accurately but relatively slowly positioning of the focused beam over a precise point on the specimen within the deflection field of the lens. Referring to FIG. 4, the swinging group of deflection units can deflect the beam spot a deflection field distance D of about 600 μm in one version of the invention. A second set of deflection units 120 b and 120 c is dedicated to producing a more rapid scanning movement of the beam to cover an area 132, S by S, where S is approximately 50 μm, and the area is centered on the position determined by the first set of deflection units. Scanning is performed by dwelling on a point for a period of time (on the order of tens of nanoseconds), moving to the next point in a row of points and then repeating the scan operation for the next row until an entire grid of points covering the area is scanned. In one version of the invention, a point or pixel size for this scanning is about 0.1 μm (100 μm) which means that there are about 500 pixels in each 50 μm scan line and about 6000 pixels in the X or Y direction of the overall deflection field D. If the beam spot rests at a position on the specimen for 10 ns then a single scan of a 50 μm line requires about 5 μs and the scan of the entire S by S area takes at least 2.5 ms. In practice, an additional amount of time (about 1 μs/scan line) is required for retracing the beam between each successive scan causing the total time to scan the S by S field to be about 3 ms (2.5 ms�500�1 μs).
Deflection unit 120 e is particularly important to improving the size D in FIG. 4 of the deflection field over the specimen because it is closest to the specimen and in the retarding field produced by the specimen. Thus deflection unit 102 e will have a large effect on the position of the particle beam because it is deflecting a beam with much lower energy than the deflection units 102 a-102 d and it is the deflection unit nearest the landing point of the beam on the specimen.
FIG. 5 gives a schematic of an electron microscope having an objective lens system in accordance with the present invention. At opposing ends of the microscope are the illumination plane 130, which represents the virtual source point of electrons from the particle source and the specimen plane 122. Between these two ends and in order starting at the illumination plane are the accelerating anode 106, beam blanking plates 108, a detector 124, deflection units 120 a, 102 b, 120 c, 120 d, magnetic field poles 116 and deflection unit 120 e.
The illumination plane is, in one embodiment, preferably charged to a potential of approximately −12KV. Proximate to the illumination plane is the anode electrode plane 106, which is charged to the ground potential. The voltage difference between the illumination plane and the anode plane provides the accelerating potential for the electrons emitted from the source. Once accelerated the electrons gain an energy of approximately 12K electron volts (12 KeV) resulting in an electron wavelength of about 0.01 nanometers (1 nm=10−9 meters). Field Ea in FIG. 5 depicts the accelerating electric field.
Specimen 122 at the specimen plane position is charged to approximately −11 KV to create a retarding field Er, that is, a field in the opposite direction to the accelerating field Ea to reduce the energy of the primary beam prior to impact with the specimen.
Between the accelerating anode 106 and a detector 124 are the beam blanking plates 108, which are used to switch the primary beam on and off. Proximate to the blanking plates 108 is the annular detector for collecting the secondary and back-scattered electrons that are produced when the primary beam collides with the specimen. The annular detector derives an electronic signal from these collected electrons, amplifies the signal and sends the amplified signal to an imaging device for ultimate viewing by the operator.
Between the detector and the specimen plane are the deflection units 120 a- 120 e. In one version of the invention, the average potential of each of the four deflection units 120 a- 120 d is ground which helps to maintain the initial beam energy as the primary beam travels through the deflection units. To deflect the beam the ring segments are grouped as discussed above and each group is driven by a driver. In the preferred embodiment there are four drivers 136, 138, 140, 142, one for each of the four groups. Two drivers control the X direction of deflection and two drivers control the Y direction of deflection. In one version of the invention, the drivers drive the X groups differentially and the Y groups differentially. By altering the potential of these groups above and below the average ground potential, the beam is deflected a precise amount in a particular direction while maintaining the average potential of the unit at ground. The field pattern in the deflection unit is complex and is calculated to minimize the introduction of aberrations into the beam when deflecting the primary beam.
The deflection unit 120 e, closest to the specimen plane and in the retarding field Er, is charged to a potential that does not substantially alter this field Er. In one version of the invention, the deflection unit 120 e is charge to an average potential that is negative relative to the specimen plane and in the range of about −200 V to −3000 V relative to the specimen plane.
When electrons reach the specimen plane their energy is in the range of about 250 eV to 1500 eV, with 1 KeV being a typical value. Energies in this range avoid damage to the specimen but cause an increase in wavelength in the range of about 0.03 to 0.07 nm at the specimen.
Placing the deflection unit 120 e in the retarding field gives the deflection unit 120 e a great deal of influence over the trajectory of the primary beam because the primary beam energy has been reduced to approximately 1 KeV. Furthermore because of its proximity to the specimen it can help to accurately position the beam over a selected area of the specimen prior to the rapid scan of the area. Final spot size, taking into account the widening of the beam due to the retarding field and all of the other aberrations (chromatic astigmatism and coma) is approximately 10 nm, which is sufficient for viewing feature sizes in a range of about 20 nm to 200 nm.
FIG. 5 also illustrates that magnetic field lines from the magnetic lens are present in the retarding field Er arising from the specimen plane. The reduced energy of the primary beam needs to be taken into account when determining the strength of the magnetic field needed to focus the beam on the specimen.
FIG. 6A illustrates the x-dimension for deflection of the beam within the deflection field by the deflection units 120 a, 120 d and 120 e; and FIG. 6B illustrates the y-dimension for deflection of the beam within the deflection field by these same deflection units. Thus these figures illustrate the trajectory components Xm(z), Ym(z) of the primary electron beam when deflected by the deflection units 120 a, 120 d and 120 e.
As a starting point to achieving a large deflection field, it is preferred that the voltage strength Ed and deflection distance r(z) for each deflection unit meet the first order Swinging Objective Retarding Immersion Lens (SORIL) criteria:
wherein Ed is the electric field strength within the deflection unit and orthogonal to the optical axis (Z-axis) to produce a given deflection, r(z) is the radial deflection distance from the Z-axis as a function of distance along the axis, B(z) is the magnetic flux density along the optical axis of the lens, φ(z) is the electrical potential on the optical axis, φ′(z) is the first order differentiation with respect to z, φ″(z) is the second order differentiation with respect to z, B′(z) is the first order differentiation with respect to z, and k is a constant to perform the required units conversion.
Because the deflection field strength from criteria specified in equation 1 only includes first order terms, it serves as a starting point for determining the field strength needed for a given deflection. However, even if equation 1 is satisfied, there may still be third order and fifth order aberrations to the primary beam caused by the deflection unit. To minimize or eliminate these higher order aberrations, an optimization is required. Generally, this optimization is carried out by numerical methods on digital computer and seeks to maintain the circular shape of the beam at maximum deflection from the Z-axis. Deflection units 120 a, 120 d, 120 e each meeting Eq. 1 as a first approximation, act together to produce a given amount of deflection for positioning the particle beam within the deflection field D�D over an area S�S to be scanned (FIG. 4). The amount of deflection contributed from each unit may be different for each unit and each unit is separately optimized. Deflection units 120 b and 120 c, each meeting Eq. 1 as a first approximation, act together to produce the deflection needed for scanning the particle beam over an area S�S (FIG. 4). Deflection units 102 b and 120 c are designed to permit rapid deflection of the beam over the S�S area while deflection units 120 a, 102 d and 120 e maintain the position of the beam within the D�D field. The combination of positioning (or slower moving) deflection units and rapid scanning deflection units separate from the positioning units yields the large deflection field (D�D) while still retaining the capability of rapid scanning of a subarea of the deflection field.
FIG. 7 illustrates the trajectories of secondary electrons SE, generated by the primary electron colliding with the specimen. Because of the retarding electrical field Er, the secondary electrons will be accelerated to the energy of about 11 KeV. Most of these electrons are collected by the annular detector, which uses a PIN diode or other electron capture device. The size of the aperture of the annual detector is crucial. An aperture that is too small is easily contaminated and adversely affects the primary beam. An aperture that is too large decreases the collection efficiency of the secondary and back scatted electrons. In one embodiment, the detector aperture is limited to between 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm in diameter. In one embodiment, the secondary electron SE capture efficiency over the entire scan area is in the range of about 85% to 95%.
Although the present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, it is anticipated that alterations and modifications thereof will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore intended that the following claims be interpreted as covering all such alterations and modifications as falls within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 11, 2002
Owner name: HERMES-MICROVISION, INC., CALIFORNIA
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|Apr 19, 2004
Owner name: HERMES-MICROVISION (TAIWAN) INC., TAIWAN
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Owner name: HERMES-MICROVISION (TAIWAN) INC., TAIWAN
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|Nov 21, 2005
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Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 14, 2009
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|Dec 27, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 13, 2014
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Serafina and the Black CloakEgmont UK Ltd 2016; US$ 4.99
Venture into the spooky world of Serafina and the Black Cloak - the New York Times bestselling magical mystery adventure for children "Never go into the forest, for there are many dangers there, and they will ensnare your soul.? Serafina and her pa have secretly lived in the basement of the grand old house on the Biltmore Estate,... more...
Somebody Stop Ivy PocketBloomsbury Publishing 2016; US$ 8.99
Ivy is now the beloved daughter of Ezra and Mother Snagbsy, coffin makers, even if she does have to work rather like a maid. Their trade is roaring, and Ivy is as happy as a pig in clover. Especially when she escapes to the library to talk to the devastatingly sympathetic Miss Carnage. But then Ivy guesses that all is not as it seems with her new... more...
Mystery & MayhemEgmont UK Ltd 2016; US$ 4.99
Twelve mysteries. Twelve authors. One challenge: can YOU solve the crimes before the heroes of the stories? These are twelve brand-new short stories from twelve of the best�children's crime writers writing today. These creepy, hilarious, brain-boggling, heart-pounding mysteries feature daring, brilliant young detectives, and this... more...
The Girl I Used to BeHenry Holt and Co. (BYR) 2016; US$ 17.99
When Olivia's mother was killed, everyone suspected her father of murder. But his whereabouts remained a mystery. Fast forward fourteen years. New evidence now proves Olivia's father was actually murdered on the same fateful day her mother died. That means there's a killer still at large. It's up to Olivia to uncover who that may be. But can she do... more...
Curiosity House: The Screaming StatueHarperCollins 2016; US$ 8.99
In this second book in the exceptional Curiosity House series by bestselling author Lauren Oliver and shadowy recluse H. C. Chester, four extraordinary children must avenge their friend?s death, try to save their home, and unravel the secrets of their past . . . before their past unravels them. Pippa, Sam, Thomas, and Max are happy to be out of harm?s... more...
MVP #1: The Gold Medal MessRandom House Children's Books 2016; US$ 4.99
From the author of the Ballpark Mysteries comes a brand-new sports-themed chapter book series featuring the coolest club around?the Most Valuable Players! � Five friends are ready for their school?s Olympics field day. There will be relay races, archery contests, and more! But not everyone wants to play fair?someone is trying to ruin the events!... more...
The Blood Between UsHarperCollins 2016; US$ 11.99
Family secrets turn deadly in this edgy page-turner about the insidious limits of labels and the ties that bind just a little too tightly, from the New York Times bestselling author of the Chronicles of Vladimir Tod . Growing up, Adrien and his sister, Grace, competed viciously for everything. It wasn?t easy being the adopted sibling, but Adrien... more...
The May Queen MurdersHoughton Mifflin Harcourt 2016; US$ 17.99
Sixteen-year-old Ivy Templeton has lived her entire life in Rowan?s Glen, a remote farming commune in the Missouri Ozarks. She and her cousin Heather are closer than sisters and they share everything with each other?or so Ivy thinks. When Heather goes missing after a May Day celebration, Ivy discovers both her best friend and her community are as... more...
Drie BaasspeurdersPenguin Random House South Africa 2016; US$ 3.00
Markus is 'n tien jaar oud en is baie lief vir sy twee honde. Daar is 'n swaksiende Malteser, Basjan (hy dink hy is groter en sterker as al die ander honde), en 'n Labrador, Jonathan (baie vriendelik en lojaal). In Drie Baasspeurders ontdek Markus per toeval dat hy ?hondetaal? kan verstaan. Hy sukkel om aan sy superkrag gewoond te word, maar besef... more...
Poison Is Not PoliteSimon & Schuster Books for Young Readers 2016; US$ 16.99 US$ 11.99
A tea party takes a poisonous turn leaving Daisy and Hazel with a new mystery to solve in the second novel of the Wells & Wong Mystery series. Schoolgirl detectives Daisy Wells and Hazel Wong are at Daisy?s home, Fallingford, for the holidays. Daisy?s glamorous mother is throwing a tea party for Daisy?s birthday, and the whole family is invited, from... more...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Fordham Makes List of Veteran-Friendly Colleges
Contact: Gina Vergel
(212) 636-7175
Fordham has been ranked 55th out of the top 101 colleges that make veterans' success a priority in a survey by
Military Times EDGE
The magazine, which focuses on career and educational opportunities for servicemen and women, invited more than 4,000 accredited institutions of higher learning to submit information about their veterans' programs, policies and resources.
Colleges and universities that responded were evaluated in four categories, including:
• financial assistance, such as scholarships, discounts and waivers specifically for veterans;
• academic flexibility, including partnerships with military education networks and acceptance of military learning and subject tests;
• campus culture, including the percentage of veterans in the student body and faculty; and
• support services, such as the number and kind of staff designated to work with veterans.
Fordham is one of two New York City-area universities included on the list.
"This is a tremendous source of pride and encouragement for the people in many offices who have worked hard to make sure Fordham is as veteran-friendly as possible," said Michael Gillan, Ph.D., co-chair for the FordhamVets Task Group and associate vice president for the Westchester campus.
Fordham is a participant in the Yellow Ribbon GI Education Enhancement Program,
which allows the University to offer grants matched by the government to cover all tuition and fees for veterans in the 100 percent eligibility category.
Those are vets who have been on active duty for at least 36 months since Sept. 11, 2001, or who served 30 continuous days after 9/11 and have been honorably discharged from active duty for a service-related disability.
Joseph M. McShane, S.J., president of Fordham, was among the first university presidents to opt for full participation in the Yellow Ribbon Program.
For more information on FordhamVets, visit its
Founded in 1841, Fordham is the Jesuit University of New York, offering exceptional education distinguished by the Jesuit tradition to approximately 14,700 students in its four undergraduate colleges and its six graduate and professional schools. It has residential campuses in the Bronx and Manhattan, a campus in Westchester, the Louis Calder Center Biological Field Station in Armonk, N.Y., and the London Centre at Heythrop College in the United Kingdom.
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©2016 Fordham University
Rose Hill Campus Bronx, NY 10458. (718) 817-1000
Lincoln Center Campus New York, NY 10023. (212) 636-6000
Westchester Campus West Harrison, NY 10604. (914) 367-3426


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Our politically correct culture is now so unforgiving, if a person who lived a thousand years ago, with one exception, does not live up to modern sensibilities, they must be completely destroyed. We live in an unforgiving world, were the little Snowflakes who can't handle being offended, have begun to change who and what is acceptable. Case in point, in California, John Wayne Day was vetoed because the man was …Read the Rest
Heidi Cruz & the 'Immigrant'
The great 'unsaid' of this political season is the alleged possibility that Ted Cruz has had numerous affairs and numerous …Read the Rest
Sunday Morning Opera: The Willow Song
I rarely feature sopranos, but there are times when one must do what one must do. The Willow Song, from …Read the Rest
Native American Repatriation Act & Creationism
The advocates for a more barbarian world and lack of scientific reason and rational behavior have one again. This time …Read the Rest
The Sociology of Zika
The WSJ has a fascinating article about the Zika Virus, it's detection in 1947, expansion, and the fact that the …Read the Rest
Enabling the Rise of a Monster
During one of the GOP debate dog and pony shows, GOP POTUS candidate John Kasich stated that Tayyip Erdogan was …Read the Rest
The First Helldorado
The film was forwarded to me by the editor of the Tombstone Times. I was maybe 4 minutes into it …Read the Rest
Of Prince and Paupers
Did you know that a real hero died this weekend? I was just a little kid, but I remember well …Read the Rest
Sharia-Compliant Fashion
"…The first victim of the Islamist war in Algeria was a girl who refused the veil, Katia Bengana, who defended …Read the Rest
Sunday Morning Opera: Shakespeare in Opera
William Shakespeare died 400 years ago, yesterday. In many ways Shakespeare and opera is a match made in heaven. The …Read the Rest
St. George (c 275-303)
In this day and age, perhaps no saint represents the battle we are facing, not only against the evil of …Read the Rest
Rock Stars and Sex Slaves
On Wednesday a rock star died. He was, they say an icon. I don't know. I never liked his music. …Read the Rest
Saudi Blackmail
Thou shalt not upset the Saudi Royal Family. It just isn't done. If they get mad, they threaten to do …Read the Rest
Alamo Canyon Ranch
Address: E024 Alamo Canyon Road County: Lincoln City: Hondo State:New Mexico GPS: 33.353050, -105.298722 and 33.353109, -105.299084 When you step …Read the Rest
Delusional Ted Cruz
I'm still trying to figure out why Ted Cruz is so delusional he thinks that he can possibly secure the …Read the Rest
God, the Pope & Bernie Sanders
The Pope is a better person than I am. It is obviously the reason he is Pope and the rest …Read the Rest
Sunday Morning Opera: Saying Good-bye to Jimmy
"…I really recommend the following. Before you're going to hear a piece, any piece, for the first time, don't do …Read the Rest
Small Business Bernie
During Thursday night's free-for-all, better known as a Democratic Debate, Bernie Sanders once again reiterated his abject contempt for capitalism, …Read the Rest
Bernie's Thugs & Teddy's Creeps
On Wednesday evening, while watching the CNN town hall with Ted Cruz and his family, there was one take-away: His …Read the Rest
Attack of the Dimwitted Dingbats
I swear some people are so abjectly and stupidly ill-informed they should not be allowed to vote. I encountered one …Read the Rest
Bernie & Ted and Hillary & Donald
One of the oddest things about this primary cycle is the way these campaigns are mirroring one another. Bernie Sanders …Read the Rest
(This Is) No Way to Elect a POTUS
This election cycle we are seeing the very worst of the country, via the caucus system. Once upon a time, …Read the Rest
Political Parties 101- Staging the Political Coup
Right now, a heck of a lot of people who are supporting Donald Trump are extremely mad at the rank …Read the Rest
Sunday Morning Opera: Politics
In London, there is yet another scandal over another violent staging of a classical opera, this one being Lucia di …Read the Rest
Being Bernie
Bernie Sanders is leading a charmed life. He's getting away with things that no other POTUS candidate I've seen in …Read the Rest
Weather Channel Stupidity
Around 2AM or so, on Thursday, nothing was on, so I ended up on the Weather Channel watching something about …Read the Rest
The People in This Country Suck
I have spent the past six of years of my life living through senior citizen hell, brought on by the …Read the Rest
Jesus Loves the Little Children
One of my favorite stories in the Bible is where the disciples were trying to protect Jesus, and keep people …Read the Rest
Transgendered Potty Training
I'm sorry, I don't get it. Once again the GOP is be-soiling itself by passing additional laws demanding people use …Read the Rest
Self-Fulfilling Electoral Disaster
This is a purge. Donald Trump is the excuse. The current incarnation of those in power have been planning and …Read the Rest
Sunday Morning Opera: Baseball Is Back
Any true opera fanatic knows there is a direct coloration to opera and baseball. Today the world is young again. …Read the Rest


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 20, 1981
|Filing date
|Apr 16, 1979
|Priority date
|Apr 16, 1979
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dan G. Weimer, Bradford O. Van Ness
|Original Assignee
|Engineered Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (15), Classifications (12), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The advent of low cost microprocessors and microcomputers for use in "intelligent" data terminals and lower costs and improved efficiency of computer systems in general has resulted in an ever increasing number of applications for unattended credit operations, such as automatic computerized bank "tellers", unattended bulk terminal fuel dispensing systems and the like. Such systems usually are operated in response to the entry of an authorized credit card having variable data encoded on it to identify the user, the types of products or extent of credit to which he is entitled, and other variable information required by the particular system with which the card is used. Usually the credit card is inserted into a card reader. Then variable data relative to the specific transaction desired by the user is entered by means of a keyboard or other acutating devices to cause the system to perform the desired operation.
To permit repeated usage of the credit cards or authorization cards in such systems, data is generally encoded in the cards in the form of binary encoded perforations or magnetically encoded information, or the like. A typical card reader is a photoelectric card reader which responds to the passage of light through selectively encoded holes in pre-established positions on the card to initiate and control operation of the system with which such a card reader is used. Mechanical switches also can be employed, and systems have been developed for similarly reading magnetically encoded binary data from laminated plastic credit cards into which permanently magnetized magnets or slugs of magnetic material are placed at the different binary data code positions.
Cards for use in these various readers are typically the same size as the conventional credit cards in widespread use throughout the world today. Since these cards often are used in conjunction with terminals of systems where no attendant is on duty (such as 24 hour automatic bank teller machines, or unattended bulk fuel systems), steps must be taken to prevent counterfeit or unauthorized cards from enabling the system controlled by the card reader for use. In the case of cards which initially have been authorized for use in the system, but where there is a credit problem or some other reason for preventing such a card from operating the system, a card verification system such as the type disclosed in the patent to John Kubina, Patent No. 4,114,140, issued 9/12/78 has been developed. This type of system, however, does not provide protection against the use of a counterfeit card which otherwise has a valid address or user indicia on it, since such a card could pass the verification check provided by the system disclosed in the Kubina patent.
The problem of providing security for punched hole card readers is readily apparent since perforation patterns, properly located, easily can be made in plastic or cardboard cards or card blanks. Such counterfeit patterns may be simply based on the shape and code pattern fields of valid cards produced for use with the system. Counterfeiting is more difficult with laminated cards in which a center lamination has permanent magnets or permanently magnetized material located in different positions to provide the desired binary encoded data. The encoding of data with small permanent magnets, however, is relatively expensive; and the card reader used to decode or read the magnetically encoded data also is of greater complexity and cost than a simple photoelectric or bent wire switch card reader. For this reason, the photoelectric and bent wire switch readers are preferred and are in widespread use.
Therefore it is desirable to provide a relatively inexpensive security system for use with photoelectric or bent wire card readers which permits the reading of authorized cards in a system but which prevents the card reader for being enabled when a counterfeit or unauthorized card is inserted into the reader. Such a security system should be one which is concealed, both in the reader and in the card, and which makes the counterfeiting of cards difficult to accomplish without specialized manufacturing equipment.
Accordingly it is an object of this invention to provide an improved security system for a card reader.
It is an additional object of this invention to provide an improved security system for a card reader for reading data encoded on cards having a magnetic shield area located in the card for cooperation with a magnetically actuated security switch.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved security system for a card reader which prevents operation of the card reader when counterfeit or unauthorized cards are inserted into the reader.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved security system for a card reader which is simple to implement and effective in operation.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention a security system for a card reader, which may be a photoelectric reader, a bent wire reader, or a reader for cards having magnetically encoded data on them, operates in conjunction with cards having a specified magnetic shield area located in them. The card entry throat of the card reader has a slot for accommodating the cards inserted into the reader. At least one magnetically actuated switch is located on one side of the slot in the card entry throat and at least one permanent magnet is located opposite the switch on the other side of the slot. The field strength of the permanent magnet is sufficient to operate the switch. When an authorized card for use in the system is inserted into the reading position through the slot in the card entry throat, the magnetic shield area of the card breaks the operating field between the permanent magnet and the magnetically actuated switch to result in a change of state of operation of the switch. An electrical control circuit is connected with the switch and is operated in response to the change of state of the switch for controlling the reading of data encoded on cards inserted into the card reader. If an unauthorized card is inserted into the slot in the reader, no change in state of the magnetically operated switch occurs, and the control circuit prevents the reading of the data encoded on such an unauthorized card.
FIG. 1 is a diagramatic view of a typical card reader for use with the system.
FIG. 2 is a partially cut-away view of a card for use with the reader of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an exploded view of a card of the type shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the card shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a rear view taken along the lines 5--5 of the card entry throat of the reader shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a cut-away view taken along the lines 6--6 of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a diagramatic representation of the reader with a card inserted into it in the reading position;
FIG. 8 is a partial schematic diagram showing the control circuit wiring connections of the switches shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7; and
FIG. 9 is a partially cut-away cross-sectional view taken along the lines 9--9 of FIG. 7.
Reference now should be made to the drawings, where the same reference numbers are used throughout the several figures to designate the same or similar components. FIG. 1 is a diagramatic representation of a typical card reader 10 of the type which may be used in conjunction with the security system of the preferred embodiment of this invention. The card reader 10 may be one of a number of different commerically available card readers, such as the Panasonic model #ZU120 HR-3Z photoelectric punched card reader. This card reader has a card entry throat 11 which is constructed to aid the user in guiding the insertion of a card into the reader. The Panasonic model #ZU120 HR-3Z reader uses friction springs to hold an inserted card into place, and the card is simply inserted by the user into the reader as far as it will go. The throat 11 has a generally recessed central portion 12 into which the edge of a fully inserted card extends, so that the card readily may be grasped by the user for removal from the reader after it has been read. An indicator light 15 is located on the front panel of the reader 10 to indicate to the user the reading status of an inserted card. Typically the light 15 turns on when an authorized card is accepted for reading by the reader and remains on until the reader has completed the reading of the card and the transfer of the data on it to a suitable utilization system 16. Typically the system 16 may be a bulk fuel terminal control system, or the like, of the type disclosed in the above mentioned Kubina patent.
The data reading portion of the card reader shown in FIG. 1 is a conventional photoelectric reader and no modification to that portion of the reader is made. Consequently, no description of the operation of the reader or its interface with the utilization 16 is considered necessary here. The reader of FIG. 1, however, has been modified to provide a level of security against the use of counterfeit or unauthorized cards. If a counterfeit card, which otherwise has all of the proper dimensions, and even has properly encoded data on it, is inserted into the reader 10, the reader 10 is prevented from operating by the security system; so that no use may be made of the utilization system 16 in response to the insertion of such an unauthorized card into the throat 11 of the reader 10.
To implement the security features incorporated into the reader 10, a data card 17 of the type shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 is used. Typical dimensions for such a card are approximately 3.25 inches by 2.12 inches. This is a standard credit card dimension widely used for many credit card applications today. The card 17 has a ten column by twelve row data field 18 on it which is variably encoded with the binary data necessary to identify the card user, transaction authorizations, etc. for the particular application with which the card is used. The card 17 has this data field 18 located on the upper half, as shown in FIG. 2; and the binary data is encoded by selectively punching or otherwise forming holes at the various data locations in the columns and rows shown. These holes then permit use of the card 18 in the photoelectric reader 10 in a conventional manner.
The card 17 is formed of a three layer lamination, typically made of a suitable heat setting plastic or similar material. The two outer laminated layers 20 and 21 (FIG. 3) in an actual commercial embodiment are 0.015 inches thick and the central layer 22 is 0.010 inches thick. The layer 22 has a rectangular cut-out 23 formed in it, as shown most clearly in FIGS. 2 and 3; and a magnetic shield insert 25 made of mumetal or other suitable material is placed in the cut-out 23. The insert 25 is the same thickness as the thickness of the layer 22.
After insertion of the magnetic shield 25 into the cut-out 23, the card 17 is assembled by laminating together the layers 20, 21 and 22 to form a composite sandwich, illustrated most clearly in FIG. 4. As is apparent from an examination of FIGS. 2 and 3, the magnetic shield 25 is located in an area substantially encompassing the lower half of the card. This is the protion of the card which is at the outside edge of the throat 11 when the card 17 is inserted into the reader 10.
It also is apparent from an examination of the structure shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, that the presence of the magnetic insert 25 cannot be detected by an examination of the fully assembled laminated card. Since the magnetic shield insert 25 is located outside of the data field portion 18 of the card, the punching or forming of the holes in the data field 18 may be done in the normal manner with conventional equipment.
FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 9 show details of the modifications made to the throat 11 of the card reader 10 to add a security detection arrangement to the reader 10 for use with cards having the structure shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. FIG. 5 shows the rear portion of the throat 11 taken along a section line 5--5 of FIG. 1. FIG. 6 shows the orientation of the throat 11 with respect to the front panel of the reader 10 and provides additional details of the specific location and arrangement of the parts of the security detection apparatus. The throat 11 includes the conventional card entry slot 30, into which the cards 17 are inserted. Immediately above this slot, in recesses formed in the rearward portion of the throat 11, are a pair of magnetically actuated reed switches 31 and 32. Similarly located in recesses directly opposite the switches 31 and 32, and on the opposite side of the card entry slot 30, are a corresponding pair of rectangular bar magnets 41 and 42. The throat 11 is made of plastic material or other non-magnetic material, so that the magnetic field of the magnets 41 and 42 acts upon the reed switches 31 and 32 to close the contacts of those switches. The strength of the magnetic fields of the magnets 41 and 42 is selected to be such that it normally closes the switches 31 and 32 when no card is inserted into the reader 10 or when no card having the magnetic shield area 25 properly located in it is placed in the reader. The switches 31 and 32 and the permanent magnets 41 and 42 may be secured in place at the rear of the throat member 11 by means of silicon rubber compound, epoxy, or other suitable cementing materials.
Reference now should be made to FIG. 7, which illustrates the essential details of the card reader 10, modified as described above for use with cards of the type shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. A pair of card positioning abutments 44 and 45 are located at the rear of the reading zone of the reader to determine the rearmost point of travel of the card 30 when it is inserted into the reader. Detection of the presence of a card in the reader is accomplished by a photoelectric switch 47 which functions as a normally closed switch in the absence of a fully inserted card. The details of this switch are shown in FIG. 9 with a card inserted into the reading position. The switch comprises a suitable light source 50 and a photoelectric sensor 51 on opposite sides of the card guide slot. When a card 17 is fully inserted into the reader, the light path between the light source 50 and the photoelectric sensor 51 is broken; so that the switch 47 then reverts from a normally closed switch state to an open switch state.
As can be seen most clearly in FIG. 7, when a card 17 is fully inserted into the reader 10 in the reading position, the magnetic shield 25, laminated into the center layer of the card 17, is positioned between the reed switches 31 and 32 and their corresponding oppositely located operating magnets 41 and 42. The shield 25 cuts off the magnetic field of the permanent magnets 41 and 42 from reaching the switches 31 and 32. As a consequence they switch from their normal or stable closed circuit condition to an open circuit condition. If no shield 25 is present in a card inserted into the reader, the state of the switches 31 and 32 does not change, and they remain closed irrespective of the state of the operation of the photoelectric switch 47.
In a card reader of the type shown in FIG. 1, the reader is not actuated for operation in conjunction with the utilization system 16 until a card is fully inserted into the system. When this occurs, the switch 47 changes state from a normally closed state to an open state to turn on or enable a control circuit shown as a "load" 60 in FIG. 8. The load circuit 60 in turn controls the operation of the indicator lamp 15 and the balance of the utilization system 16 in a conventional fashion. The reed switches 31 and 32 are connected in parallel across the conventional card sensing switch 47; so that it is necessary for all three switches 31, 32 and 47 to be open before the load circuit 60 responds to permit operation of the reader, the lamp 15, and the utilization system 16 (FIG. 1). So long as any one of the switches 31, 32 or 47 remains in its normally closed position or state, the load circuit 60 is not enabled for operation.
Thus, if a card 17 is not fully inserted into the reading position, so that the switch 47 remains closed, the load circuit is not energized even though the magnetic field 25 of an authorized card breaks the magnetic fields of the magnets 41 and 42 to cause the switches 31 and 32 to revert from their normally closed state to an open state. Similarly if a counterfeit or unauthorized card is fully inserted the reader so that the switch 47 is opened, but the switches 31 and 32 (or either one of them) remain closed, the load 60 is not enabled for operation. Obviously, if a card were inserted into the system which had a magnetic field operating on only one of the reed switches 31 or 32, the load 60 also would not be enabled for operation. It is necessary for a valid or authorized card to be fully inserted into the reader, as shown in FIG. 7, to open all three switches 31, 32 and 47 before the load 60 is enabled for operation of the reader and the remainder of the utilization system 16 associated with it.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that relatively simple modification of an otherwise conventional card reader for use with an easy to manufacture laminated data card results in a highly effective security system for use in the card reader. Various modifications will occur to those skilled in the art, such as utilizing normally open switches 31, 32 and 47 or different connections of these switches (including series connections) to achieve the same results of the embodiment which has been described above. Therefore that embodiment should be considered as illustrative only of the invention, and it is not intended to be restrictive of the true scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 28, 1967
|May 13, 1969
|Omron Tateisi Electronics Co
|Automatic credit loan machine
|Jul 19, 1965
|Jul 22, 1969
|Mititaka Yamamoto
|Vending apparatus for use with credit cards
|Aug 5, 1966
|Apr 21, 1970
|Digitronics Corp
|Information signal generation apparatus
|Nov 5, 1970
|May 1, 1973
|Dasy Int Sa
|Credit card or the like
|Jun 12, 1972
|Jan 29, 1974
|W Barney
|Coded magnetic card and system for encoding and sensing the same
|Apr 13, 1973
|Jan 21, 1975
|Cain Jack C
|Card reading method and apparatus
|Sep 3, 1974
|Nov 15, 1977
|R. D. Products, Inc.
|Magnetic-type information card and method and apparatus for encoding and reading
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 18, 1983
|May 27, 1986
|Engineered Systems, Inc.
|Data scrambling system and method
|Jun 8, 2000
|Jul 23, 2002
|Ncr Corporation
|Self-service terminal
|Jul 7, 2009
|Hitachi-Omron Terminal Solutions, Corp.
|Card reader and writer
|Aug 2, 2011
|Ultracard, Inc.
|Article having an embedded accessible storage member, apparatus and method for using same
|Sep 12, 2008
|Aug 2, 2011
|Ultracard, Inc.
|Article having an embedded accessible storage member, apparatus and method for using same
|Jul 20, 2011
|Oct 16, 2012
|Dynamics Inc.
|Cards and devices with magnetic emulators and magnetic reader read-head detectors
|Mar 19, 2013
|Ultracard, Inc.
|Data storage device, apparatus and method for using same
|Dec 19, 2008
|Aug 27, 2013
|Dynamics Inc.
|Cards and devices with multifunction magnetic emulators and methods for using same
|Oct 3, 2005
|Sep 21, 2006
|Masayuki Ishii
|Card reader and writer
|Sep 12, 2008
|Feb 19, 2009
|Ultracard, Inc.
|Article Having An Embedded Accessible Storage Member, Apparatus And Method For Using Same
|Dec 19, 2008
|Jun 25, 2009
|Dynamics Inc.
|Cards and devices with multifunction magnetic emulators and methods for using the same
|Nov 10, 2011
|Mullen Jeffrey D
|Cards and devices with magnetic emulators and magnetic reader read-head detectors
|Nov 10, 2011
|Mullen Jeffrey D
|Cards and devices with multifunction magnetic emulators and methods for using same
|Aug 23, 2012
|Dec 20, 2012
|Mullen Jeffrey D
|Cards and devices with magnetic emulators and magnetic reader read-head detectors
|Sep 26, 2012
|Jan 24, 2013
|Mullen Jeffrey D
|Cards and devices with multifunction magnetic emulators and methods for using same
|U.S. Classification
|235/460, 235/450, 235/493, 902/4, 902/25, 902/22
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 13, 1992
Owner name: TANKNOLOGY/ENGINEERED SYSTEMS, INC., A CORP. OF
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:ENGINEERED SYSTEMS, ARIZONA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:006274/0569
Effective date: 19920716


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The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) was derived by the slope of a semi-log plot of minute ventilation versus V[O.
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Tamarac Commissioner Patricia Atkins-Grad's Motion to Stop Recall Denied by Judge
A judge refused Tamarac Commissioner Patte Atkins-Grad's motion to halt a recall that would boot her out of office.
In 2010, "Positively Patte" Atkins-Grad was arrested and charged with bribery, official misconduct, receiving unlawful compensation, and conspiring to commit unlawful compensation after she threw herself one helluvan election victory party.
Back in December, a jury found her not guilty on all counts. But that didn't stop a recall committee's door-to-door campaign of gathering signatures to have her removed from office.
The recall team, which is self-funded, is on their second try at ousting Atkins-Grad, after she refused to step down.
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This is the group's second try at a recall and, as the they put it, their volunteers are committed to making sure Atkins-Grad is recalled from office.
Broward County Circuit Court Judge Michael Gates sat before a hearing on June 27. Atkins-Grad's attorney, Stuart Michelson, argued that his client's professional rep would take the kind of hit that's tough to come back from, if this recall were to go through.
Michelson argued that the recall team's used the same petition for the second go-round, as they did the first -- which fell 18 signatures short. But Judge Gates said that this argument wasn't such a hot idea, since nothing in the Florida Statutes can lawfully keep a group that failed to get a recall due to lack of signatures to try it again, the same exact way.
So, motion to stop the recall was denied.
"This is great news and it recharges our efforts," says Recall Volunteer and Woodlands Country Club Resident Michael Delemma who attended the hearing in June. "Patte was just telling everyone how she was going to be our commissioner until November 2014 whether we liked it or not."
The group has until July 21 to collect about 1,800 John Hancocks to get a special election to select a new commish going.
A successful recall has never been achieved in Broward County.
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→ TIP: To search for an exact phrase, put quotes around it. For example, "patron saint of change".
St. Stanislaus, Courageous Champion of the Faith CATHOLIC FIRE - April 11, 2016 The saint of the day for April 11 is St. Stanislaus, the Bishop of Cracow, and patron saint of Crakow and Poland. A champion of religious liberty and of the dignity of every human being, he vehemently opposed the evils of an unjust government. In fact, speaking the truth cost him his life. Stanislaus was born of noble parents in Szczepanow near Kraków on July 26, 1030. He was educated at Gnesen and at Paris. Following his ordination to ...http://catholicfire.blogspot.com/2016/04/st-stanislaus-courageous-champion-of.html
Temper and Turning the Other Cheek JOURNEY OF A CATHOLIC NERD WRITER - March 18, 2016 As I was meditating on today's third Sorrowful Mystery (the Crowning with Thorns) I thought about how there is one change over the years that I'm not happy with: how I've lost the ability to turn the other cheek when others attack me. I thought about how Jesus was mocked and spat on and yet he did nothing in return. What an admirable trait, one that I wish to restore in my life. I don't know when it happened but sometime in the past couple of years I've become quick to ...http://catholicnerdwriter.blogspot.com/2016/03/temper-and-turning-other-cheek.html
Saint Joseph: Strong and Silent CRISIS MAGAZINE - March 15, 2016 ... particular bullet, he reveals a most just and resolute heart. Indeed, in his readiness to serve the woman he loves, rather than expose her to the law, we see the grandeur of the man, his life seared with the memory of an ancient promise delivered to God's people, which he as a true son of David longs to see fulfilled. And who will shortly see, amid the most prosaic details of a perfectly ordinary life, hidden away all those years in Nazareth, all that had been promised by God between a Mother ...http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CrisisMagazine/~3/mHjuW6CMPOs/saint-joseph-strong-and-silent
Go-To Guy for Miracles EST QUOD EST - March 8, 2016 ... However, out of obedience and respect of the office of the Metropolitan I choose to follow his order at this time. Thus, some pictures and parts of the text will be removed. As I stated before, all pictures of the Archbishop Dmitri's re-interment that are in my possession will be forwarded to proper Church authorities for consideration, and I expect them to inform us about their findings. Yesterday we put Archbishop Dmitri in his final resting place in St. Seraphim Cathedral in Dallas. I was ...http://contrapauli.blogspot.com/2016/03/go-to-guy-for-miracles.html
St. John of God ATONEMENTONLINE - March 7, 2016 ... crying, he was the target of insults, jokes, and even stones and mud from the townspeople and their children. Some friends took him to a hospital for the insane. Eventually, the priest who had preached the sermon that had affected John so much, came to see him, and told him that he had gone on like this enough, so John was moved to a better part of the hospital, and where he was free to move about. Although still a patient, he began to help the other sick people around him. In fact, this ...http://atonementparish.blogspot.com/2016/03/st-john-of-god.html
Novena to Saint Dominic Savio CATHOLIC FIRE - February 29, 2016 Today we begin the novena to St. Dominic Savio, whose feast day is on March 9. He is the patron saint of boys, children's choirs, falsely accused people, and juvenile delinquents. Dominic, one of 10 children of a blacksmith and a seamstress, was born in 1842 in Riva di Chieri, Italy. He became an altar server at age five, and began preparing for the priesthood as a twelve year old under the direction of Father John Bosco (the future St. John Bosco), for his ...http://catholicfire.blogspot.com/2016/02/novena-to-saint-dominic-savio.html
St. Thomas Aquinas: The Angelic Doctor CATHOLIC FIRE - January 27, 2016 January 28 is the feast of Saint Thomas Aquinas, a 13th century Dominican priest, philosopher, and theologian. As a Doctor of the Church, he has been given the title "Angelic Doctor" and is the patron saint of apologists, Catholic schools, chastity, learning, philosophers, publishers, students, theologians, and universities. St. Thomas ranks among the greatest writers and theologians of all time. His most important work, the Summa Theologiae ...http://catholicfire.blogspot.com/2016/01/st-thomas-aquinas-angelic-doctor.html
St. Angela of Foligno and Mercy ABBEY ROADS - January 6, 2016 ... and orphans' rather than being a busybody. One author suggested her chief sin was just that - being a busybody or 'gossip'. Perhaps. If so she'd be an excellent example for someone like me to imitate - spending so much time online as I do. Did I ever mention I'm embarrassed to admit to anyone that I have a blog? I also try to immediately change the conversation when someone brings it up. I'm ashamed of it - which is why I've subtitled it - 'the last days ...' That said - I ...http://abbey-roads.blogspot.com/2016/01/st-angela-of-foligno-and-mercy.html


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What does DSLL stand for?
DSLL stands for Diamond Senior Little League (Diamond Sports baseball)
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text:
Performance Review
Adobe Theater's Irish-American drama is strong stuff
By Christie Chisholm
A Moon for the Misbegotten might just make you rethink your unhealthy obsessions. If you lust after the tortured Heathcliffs of the world (don't we all?), it may coax you to consider putting down that penchant. If your days are a haze of drinking alone in the dark, well, maybe it'll be the moment of clarity that finally sends you to AA ... or at least motivates you to consult an electrician.
Book Review
I Believe I Can Fly
David Guterson's epic launches into Icarus and incest
Review by Sam Adams
Ed King
Writing a modern-day epic as an allegory to Greek mythology—those are some big shoes to fill. A little book called Ulysses comes to mind. David Guterson undoubtedly knew this when he began penning Ed King, a novel that posits the question, What if Bill Gates was a murderous motherfucker?
Photo by Mike Ostroski
Culture Shock
By Sam Adams
Jack and Jeff at the Diner
A couple of guys sit around and shoot the shit. Sometimes it's over alcohol, coffee or food; sometimes it's in a dark room. Existential questions arise. A cloud of mystery looms heavy over the minimalist narrative. This is the theme of a lot of well-known scripts (The Seafarer, My Dinner with Andre and "The Dumb Waiter" come to mind). Another well-received guys-at-a-table piece is Derek Davidson's "Jack of Dover."
JayCee Beyale
EVENT HORIZON (Saturday, Apr 30)
Rise and Rezonate
Rezilience Indigenous Arts Experience
By Maggie Grimason
Learn about Indigenous art processes. More than 60 Indigenous artists and art-related professionals representing the US, Canada and Latin America participate.
EVENT HORIZON (Saturday, May 7)
OutSpoken Queer Poetry
By Monica Schmitt
The slam portion is open to self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and queer-questioning poets. Featuring Queer Xicana poet, Tannia Esparza. Hosted by Erin Northern.
courtesy Australia's Thunder From Down Under's Facebook Page
EVENT HORIZON (Sunday, May 8)
Package For Mom
Thunder from Down Under
By Joshua Lee
The internationally-acclaimed male revue of dynamic dance routines, barely there costumes, state-of-the-art lighting and chiseled abs perform.
Today's Events
NM Labor Film Festival at Guild Cinema
Part of the 4th annual unified global event. A workers-themed film for the May Day Holiday, also known as International Workers' Day. Directors Skype in for discussions.
The Pericles Project at Aux Dog Theatre
Rezilience Indigenous Arts Experience at National Hispanic Cultural CenterMore Recommended Events ››
TroyBoi Live • 6.11.2016
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Attorneys representing Community Auto Center owner Quirino Garcia-Cosino and his employee Diana Peralta-Trujillo have filed motions to suppress evidence in a money laundering case against the two.
Some of the world's greatest inventors think outside of the box, Carl Engel told a group of students at Da Vinci Academy Wednesday.
Keep Hall Beautiful's Cindy Reed was awarded the Barbara Mason Award for Executive Director of the Year at the Keep Georgia Beautiful Awards Luncheon on Wednesday in Atlanta.
With the economy hurting his business, Brett Bentley found he could no longer afford health insurance.
Just two months into the United Way of Hall County's annual fundraising campaign, the nonprofit is more than halfway to its $1.8 million goal.
Gov.-elect Nathan Deal appointed two deputy chiefs of staff to join his administration Wednesday.
A judge ruled late Wednesday that Hall County commissioners violated no laws when they voted to move the proposed North Hall library from Clermont to Nopone Road.
The Atlanta-based Zac Brown Band, whose members include Gainesville High graduate John Hopkins and Dahlonega native Zac Brown, won the New Artist of the Year award at the 44th Annual Country Music Association Awards program in Nashville, Tenn., Wednesday night.
Two Smyrna residents were charged Tuesday with trafficking methamphetamine after about 15 ounces of the drug, worth about $42,000, was delivered to a location on Golden Parkway in Buford, Hall County sheriff's officials said.
Brenau University in Gainesville recently named new members of its board of trustees.
Brenau University in Gainesville recently named new members of its board of trustees.
Two Gainesville men were charged Wednesday with theft by taking, criminal damage to property and criminal trespassing after a copper theft at a Jackson EMC substation.
Sid Steele pointed out the military relics, including a Japanese flag captured during World War II, and explained their history.
Gainesville residents will have a new option for lakeside property with a new 16-lot subdivision coming to Ramsey Road near Kubota Manufacturing.
In between flu shots, annual physicals and unforeseen medical emergencies, not a lot of women give much thought to the health of their breasts.
North Georgians may be pleased with their regional power, but others in the state could have concerns about the geographic concentration of the state's top officials.
Page 1105 of 1798
More than two dozen people from Wilson Orthodontics, including 1-year-old Hartley Wilson, hiked down into the open lot and carried shovels to where the new ...
An open house for the new North Hall High School Performing Arts Center will be held from 5-7 p.m. April 28.
The suspect in a shooting near Cornelia has been located and taken into custody, according to the Habersham County Sheriff's Office Facebook page.
Charles Mehaffey was working on balance about 10 a.m. Monday in the new physical therapy clinic at Brenau University Downtown Center. He was the ...
A Dahlonega man faces a misdemeanor charge after Hall County Sheriff's Office deputies spotted a surplus vehicle with Hall County markings at his home ...
Several Hall County residents have been selected as 9th District congressional delegates for the Republican and Democratic presidential conventions this summer.
Hall County and Gainesville students may face failing a grade this year - depending on the results of the Georgia Milestone tests they began taking Monday.
Hall County has temporarily withdrawn its permitting application for the planned Glades Reservoir, according to county officials.
Hall County firefighters tackled a mobile home fire and adjacent woodland fire Monday afternoon in the northwestern section of Hall County.
The Dawson and Lumpkin communities are mourning the deaths of two toddlers who died in a mobile home fire Monday afternoon.
The venerable Lee Gilmer Memorial Airport in Gainesville continues to undergo renovations in keeping with growing demand and expectations.
The Hall County Board of Commissioners wants changes in the traffic flow at Mount Vernon Exploratory School, but county school officials believe most of the ...
Young people who love hunting with a parent or those who want to give the sport a try may have more opportunities to do so ...
Page 7 of 9
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