text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 1, 1988
|Filing date
|May 2, 1986
|Priority date
|Oct 14, 1983
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Renato J. Bressan, Andrew Halasz, Lawrence S. Maccherone, Eugen F. Ihly
|Original Assignee
|Ball Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (28), Referenced by (60), Classifications (22), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 758,394, filed July 24, 1985, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 542,309, filed Oct. 14, 1983, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,887, issued Jan. 14, 1986.
This invention relates to containers; the body for such containers being in the form of cylindrical one-piece metal can having an open end terminating in an outwardly directed peripheral flange merging with a circumferentially-extending neck portion (the can body being hereinafter referred to as a D&I can). Methods of forming said neck and flange in a D&I can body and to apparatus for forming the said peripheral flange and neck portion.
The background for this disclosure relates to the way in which D&I can bodies are manufactured in drawing and then multiple ironing operations. For 20 years beverage containers have been made by a drawing and then multiple ironing processes in which the metal material is first drawn into a cup to establish the shape and a basic inside diameter and the cup is then pushed through a series of ironing rings which merely thin the side wall and do not appreciably affect the diameter.
The cross-sectional configuration of the ironing ring includes a chamfer, a land and finally a relief angle. The ironing process begins on the chamfer and is completed by the land during which time no drawing takes place. The process is done at high speed under a coolant/lubricant flood in order to accommodate the severity of the operation especially the heat. These containers have to be washed and in some cases chemically treated to remove residual lubricant and improve corrosion performance of organic coatings and decoration subsequently applied to the container. Coatings are normally applied after the shell has been trimmed and washed free of lubricants and metal fines.
The ironing steps result from the difference between the clearance between a punch and ironing ring land and the thickness of the metal sidewall. That clearance represents the amount to which the side wall of the container will be thinned. Usually, metal with no organic coating passes through three different ironing rings in a D&I operation during which ETP electrolytic of T-1 to T-5 temper tinplate or H19 aluminum container sidewall is reduced about 25% in the first pass, about 25% of its new thickness in the second pass, and about 40% of its new thickness in the last pass, while the metal and tooling are flooded with lubricant coolant.
This operation increases the side wall length to several times that of the cup which was formed in an ordinary and separate one or two-draw operation. The cleaned and trimmed D&I can may then be necked and flanged in a separate apparatus and an independent operation. The grain orientation of the ironed sidewall is highly directional and the D&I can is subject to longitudinal cracking particularly at the radially extending flange. The purpose of the peripheral flange is usually to provide an element to which a can end is secured after the can has been filled, this securing being done by deforming the end flange of the can body together with a peripheral cover hook of the can end so as to form a double seam. Consequently, flange cracks are a problem to achieving a hermetic double seam. The neck enables the flange, and therefore the can end, to be of smaller diameter than if there were no neck; usually the radial depth of the neck is such that the double seam has an external diameter less than that of the cylindrical side wall. Necking also minimizes the radial extent of the flange thus helping to resist flange cracking.
In some types of metal lids, such as those having easily opened ends of the so-called "ring pull" or "tab" type, the end to be seamed on to the flange of the can body is preformed with the scored opening feature. These opening features often determine the diameter of the end and only recently has the tab-type been reduced in size to permit ends as small as 202 being 2 and 2/16" across the double seam (can makers conventional terminology).
The end neck may serve another purpose, which is to provide a convenient means whereby a carrier can engage the container; such carriers are designed to hold a plurality of containers and may be of, for example, paperboard or a flexible plastic material. The type of carrier which engages the neck of a container of the kind with which this disclosure is concerned may include a horizontal web in which there are a plurality of holes, the periphery of each hole engaging below the above-mentioned container double end seam so as to support the container wholly or partly thereby. Where the container body is necked, the neck can be so shaped as to provide some measure of support and/or restraint for the carrier web around the hole in the latter, and to assist in locking the container to the web until the user wishes to pull it away from the carrier. Similarly, a reduced neck allows the cans to be held in close parallel relation thus, minimizing the total space needed to hold the containers. In addition, the necked end can can be designed to stack against the bottom of a similar container for ease of shipping.
Various method have been used and proposed for forming an end neck and flange on a one-piece can body. Some methods involve molding the neck and/or the flange by means of circumferentially extending molds. Die necking has also been used to longitudinally move a die against the end of a supported D&I can to force same to a smaller diameter by means of the application of the die. Other methods involve rolling or spinning the neck and/or flange, using an external spinning roll of a given shape co-operating with an internal member of a companion shape within the can body. In these latter methods, the can body is supported rigidly by an internal mandrel or the like; the internal member may be a spinning roll, pilot or it may be the mandrel which supports the can body. In one such method the neck and flange are formed simultaneously in a can body supported internally and rigidly by a mandrel or chuck of an expanding/collapsing type, the neck and flange profile being formed by external spinning rolls co-operating with this mandrel.
In another method, the can body is supported internally by an anvil and endwise by a spinning pilot, the neck and flange being formed by a profiled, external spinning roll which deforms the can body into a groove formed on the pilot and anvil, the roll being moved axially of the can body.
In all these previously-proposed methods the final profile of the neck and flange is determined by the set profiles of the tool elements used for forming them, in that the tool elements (i.e., spinning rolls, mandrels, anvil etc.) are provided rigidly with fix working surfaces shaped to conform with the ultimate shape of the neck and/or the flange, and the metal of the can body is deformed into conformity with these profiles. It is thus necessary, if a different shape is required to change the tools so as to provide differently profiled tool elements.
A method such as that mentioned above, in which an expanding mandrel is used enables end flanges and neck portions to be produced reliably and economically even on can bodies made in the thinner and harder metals currently in favor, in particular double-reduced plate which is usually tinplate, but which may, for example, be aluminum, mild steel or blackplate suitably treated but not necessarily plated with another metal. The present invention is also especially suitable for use with these thinner and harder double reduced or work hardened materials.
The problems with the rolling or spin forming of tooling used in the prior art concerns the weak and relatively unsupported upper sidewall metal of the open end of a D&I can body. Such metal is usually very thin around 0.004" to 0.006", highly worked during ironing and highly grain oriented. Merely placing a tool with the desired profile inside the container and applying a similarly shaped roller to the outside of the container while same is spun does not give the metal during the forming operation adequate or complete support to prevent wrinkling, cracking, buckling, crushing or tearing. This uncontrolled or unsupported application of radial side force on the thin metal sidewall of the open end is unacceptable particularly in connection with the higher temper (H19, T5 or double reduced) materials in connection with operations performed at high speeds wherein the rate of production of the containers during necking and flanging is more than several hundred per minute. No known method for providing adequate support or complete control of the metal during forming was known whereby the problems stated in connection with the forming of necked and flanged containers were overcome.
It is an object of the disclosure to provide a holding mandrel and roller combination which cooperate to overcome the problems of metal damage during a necking and flanging operation by means of spin flow forming.
It is another object of the invention to disclose a holding mandrel which co-acts with the forming roller to provide continuous support for the metal being spin flow formed into the neck and flange for a thin wall D&I can.
It is still a further object of the invention to disclose a combination of forming roller and holding mandrel which produce a container having a unique, smooth, conical necked in portion extending from the full diameter of the sidewall into the root of the neck and outwardly therefrom to a terminating flange suitable for hermetic double seaming with a small diameter lid.
Disclosed is a unique tool for flow spin forming the opened end of thin wall D&I cans, a method for using that tool and a unique container configuration easily obtainable at commercial speeds by application of that tool with that method.
FIG. 1 is a side cross sectional view of a can necking and flanging tool made in accordance with the spirit of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of a modified roller assembly;
FIG. 3A is a fragmentary sectional view of a can body wall;
FIG. 3B is a diagrammatic side view of a necked container produced by the invention;
FIG. 3C is a diagrammatic side view of a prior art necked container;
FIG. 3D is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view of a prior art necked sidewall;
FIG. 3E is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view of the necked sideall of the invention; and,
FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, and 4E are enlarged fragmentary sectional views of progressive steps in the spin flow forming operation.
An apparatus 10 including a externally positioned roller 11 mounted on a mandrel 12, supported for full rotation by bearing 13 captured between the roller 11 and mandrel 12 to allow roller 11 to freely rotate with respect to its mounting yoke 14. The contour of the nose of periphery of roller 11, as shown in FIG. 1 includes flat 11a, a leading portion 11b and a trailing portion 11c. As can be seen in the Figure, the mandrel 12 has a greater axial length than the mounting hub 11d for the peripheral roller 11 whereby the roller 11 is free to slide, along the mandrel 12 against the urgings of a coil compression spring 12a which sets about mandrel 12 in reaction to axial thrust applied to the roller 11 during spin flow forming. The yoke 14 is mounted for controlled movement toward and away from the axis A of the apparatus 10 such as, for example, by a timed cam means.
The spinning device to drive the D&I can to be necked and flanged by spin flow forming is composed of a can support 15 which includes a gear drive 16 and its extended hub 16a, mounting bearings 17 within the extended ends of the hub 16a, which ride upon a fixed support shaft 18 and a D&I can end holder 19. The bearings 17 are disposed between shaft 18 and the hub 16a of gear 16. Shaft 18 is merely a fixed support and as such is not drivingly rotatable along its axis A. Holder 19 is shaped with a chamfered leading edge portion 19a designed to first engage the open end of a trimmed D&I can and then to support same for rotation about axis A in connection with the drive of gear 16 through the hub 16a therefore. Holder 19 is also free to slide axially relative to fixed shaft 18 but is resiliently biased into the open D&I can end by springs 20 (only one of which is shown in FIG. 1). The springs 20 are of the compression coil type and are captured in counter bored holes for controlled alignment and positioning. A driving collar 21 is mounted on hub 16a and arranged to rotate about shaft 18 in accordance with the drive from gear 16. More particularly, collar 21 has a set screw 21a to attach collar 21 to hub 16a and hold same adjacent gear 16 so that collar 21 is disposed with its counter bored holes 21b set to receive the springs 20 and locate same as to extend to holder 19. For that purpose, there is a cooperating counter bored hole 19b therein set to receive the other end of spring 20, shown in FIG. 1, whereby holes 21b and 19b opposite lead portion 19a are opposite each other and aligned to carry spring 20.
Shaft 18 also carries a fixed inner roller assembly 22 which is mounted on an enlarged diameter (relative to the diameter of shaft 18) eccentrically disposed end 18a of shaft 18. More particularly, end 18a is cylindrical and offset to one side of the axis A such that it has a center line B. The offset is such that it is positioned at the center of the larger diameter of end 18a whereby the end 18a has one side which is in line with the side of shaft 18 and the other side which is offset relative thereto. Between the sides of end 18a and the roller assembly 22 there are bearings 23 which are a part of roller assembly 22 and support same for free rotation about axis B. The roller assembly 22 also includes a roller sleeve 24 having an inner diametrical surface 24a supported on bearings 23, an outer contoured surface 24b which is adapted to engage a part of the inside wall of the D&I can, a front face 24c and a rear face 24d. The latter is adapted to abut the portion 19a and more specifically, the face thereof when same is urged outwardly of collar 21.
Roller assembly 22 is restrained from axial movement relative to shaft end 18a by an inner axial bearing 25 disposed between the roller sleeve 24, rear face 24d and the holder 19. More particularly, holder 19 includes a recessed inner bore 19c which provides space for receiving the axial thrust bearing 25 and thereby limits the motion of holder 19 axially outwardly in response to the urgings of springs 20 whereby in its outwardmost position (holder 19 to the right in FIG. 1) abuts at 19a near face 24d of the sleeve but really against thrust bearing 25.
The outer end of sleeve 24 is maintained by means of a thrust bushing 26 in a form of a washer which during assembly is slid over end 18a and is held axially thereon by a retaining ring 27 disposed within a groove 18b circumscribed about the distal periphery of end 18a. Consequently, sleeve 24 is held in position between the bushing 26 and the bearing 25 so its axial location, relative to end 18a is fixed. Bearing 25 acts as a stop for the outward axial motion of holder 19 but the location of bearing 25 is defined by the hub 16a upon which gear 16 is carried. More specifically, the hub has bearings 17, as already mentioned, which ride on fixed shaft 18 and hub 16a extends to the right through attached collar 21 to its end 16b which abuts bearing 25 and carries bearing 17 inside that end. In a manner well known, hub 16a is free to rotate relative to shaft 18 but because of a keyed relationship between hub 16a and in particular a keyway 16c on hub 16a and 19d on holder 19 axial movement between holder 19 and hub 16a is permitted even though holder 19 rotates with hub 16a. In the keyway, defined by 16c and 19d, is a key 28 which acts like a spline to permit the axial motion of the holder 19 outwardly in response to the urgings of springs 20.
The D&I can is supported by its bottom which includes vacuum. This, of course, is not the only way in which the container may be held during its rotation along the axis A but FIG. 1 illustrates a convenient means by which the bottom of a container may be supported along a specific axis as it is rotated. More particularly, there is a chuck assembly 29 which includes a gear 30 driven at the same speed and in a manner similar to that used to drive gear 16. For example, by a jack shaft with pinions (not shown). Gear 30 has a center hub 31 which is provided with an axially positioned vacuum passage to permit vacuum to pass therethrough for purposes of holding the bottom of the D&I can. Hub 31 is supported cantilever on a bearing 32 whereby gear 30 can rotate when driven about axis A. A cup 33 is mounted to the face 30A of gear 30 and extends outwardly therefrom along axis A toward the bottom of the D&I can. Cup 33 is designed to carry an O-ring 34 within the inwardly (radial) rolled end thereof 33a in order to define a place against which the D&I can bottom can be sealed in order to maintain the vacuum established through the hub 31. More particularly, hub 31 has an extending flange 31a against which the bottom of the D&I can rests whereby the lower side wall is sealingly engaged with the O-ring 34.
In operation the yoke 14 carries peripheral roller 11 to engage the side wall of the open trimmed end of the D&I can betweenwhere same is supported by holder 19 and sleeve 24 while the D&I can is rotated between the hub 31 and the holder 19. The peripheral roller 11 is moved radially inward in response to controlled motion of yoke 14 and begins to define a conical necked-in end on the D&I can. More specifically, trailing portion 11c of roller 11 bears against the sidewall of the open end of the D&I can camming the roller 11 axially to the left in accordance with arrow C. For this purpose the end on sleeve 24 is chamfered at corner 24e and same cooperates with the trailing part 11c to define the angle of the conical neck for the D&I can. Any reasonable obtuse (with respect to the inside wall) angle is obtainable. The spin flow forming of the D&I can due to inward motion (radially) of roller 11 would be uncontrolled except for the fact that holder 19 is spring loaded axially outward (to the right) to engage the radially inwardly moving end of axially slidable roller 11. More specifically, the lead portion 11b of roller 11 comes into contact with portion 19a on holder 19 so that same will be urged under the spring force of coil springs 20 against the chamfer 24e.
It can now be appreciated that the force required to neck the end of the D&I can, can be maintained against the conically forming end by means of the cooperation between trailing part 11c and chamfer 24e both of which define the angle of the cone to be formed. The resistance to movement in the direction of arrow C of roller 11 by the contact between leading portion 11b and the portion 19a of holder 19 is essential. Throughout the forming of the conical end the motion radially inward of the yoke 14 which carries the roller 11 is similarly controlled. The axial motion in the direction of arrow C of the roller and the forming of the conical end between the roller 11 and the sleeve 24 are entirely controlled without any release of force against the container end during the spin flow forming.
The offset between axis A and axis B is provided in order to permit removal of the necked container notwithstanding the larger diameter of assembly 22. More particularly, the diameter to which the container is necked is still greater than the diameter of the assembly 22 whereby release of the conically necked D&I can from the chuck assembly 29 permits the container to tip relative to its axis A and slide over the outset of eccentric assembly 22.
In FIG. 1 the roller 11 is a unitary or one-piece roller, applicable primarily for the deformation of steel containers or shells. FIG. 2 shows a modified version, a roller assembly 40, including a peripheral (split) nose portion 41 with a peripheral flat 41a intended to be opposed to aluminum container bodies for reasons to be explained.
The roller assembly 40 comprises two complemental roller sections 40a and 40b. In the form shown, roller section 40a includes a shank or sleeve 42 mounted for free rotation concentrically about the supporting mandrel 12 (described above), an antifriction bushing 44 of Teflon plastic or the like being interposed between the two.
Roller section 40a also includes a radial flange 45 having a leading portion 45b, the outer periphery of which presents a portion of the flat 41a as will be evident in FIG. 2.
The back of the flange 45 of roller section 40a is flat. Opposed thereto is the radial face of roller section 40b, undercut or recessed in part to receive an antifriction washer 47 such as Teflon plastic or the like.
The outermost periphery of roller section 40b, at 48, is flush with the outer periphery of roller 40a to complete the flat 41a. Rearwardly therefrom, the roller section 40b is tapered or sloped radially inwardly to define a trailing portion 40c, as in the instance of the unitary roller 11 of FIG. 1.
An antifriction bushing 50 is interposed between the outer diameter of the sleeve 42 and the inner diameter of roller section 40b so that the two roller sections may freely rotate relative to one another at different speeds.
The roller assembly is completed by disc 51 fitting flush against the radially aligned rear faces of the two roller sections. Disc 51 is bolted (at the dashed lines 51a, FIG. 2) to the sleeve portion of roller section 40a.
The leading portion 45b of roller section 40a performs the same function as the leading portion 11b of roller 11 described above. Trailing portion 40c of roller section 40b performs the same function as trailing portion 11c of roller 11 described above.
The roller assembly 40 is split compared to roller 11 and because of this the two roller sections can rotate independently at different speeds as an incident to engagement with the container being spun. This independent action of the two roller sections precludes wrinkles from occurring in the necked-in conical surface being formed at the open end of the container. Thus the wider roller section 40b, compared to roller section 40a, will rotate at a faster speed because its trailing portion 40c is being driven by the greater can diameter at the open end of the can clamped between the taper 40c of roller section 40b and the opposed surface 24e of axially fixed sleeve 24 inside the can, while at the same time the nose portion of roller section 40a which helps to form the nose or flat 41a is engaging a smaller diameter of the can being spun as shown in FIG. 2.
Because of the independent and differing speeds of rotation imparted to the two roller sections, wrinkling of the more narrow can end abutting the angular surface of movable member 19 is avoided, particularly in the instance of aluminum containers.
Other anti-friction means may be substituted, and different support means as well.
While a particular arrangement has been shown and described, skilled artisans will appreciate that the design of the drive mechanism, the bearings or bushings (FIG. 2 in particular), the chuck or even the offset eccentric roller assembly can be modified and still be within the scope of the claims which follows. More particularly, the invention herein is the control of the metal forming tools not their particular configuration or structural arrangement.
The material of which these one-piece container bodies are made (one-piece steel or aluminum before the lid is applied) is quite thin as the result of drawing (lengthening the initial thick walled cup-shaped blank) and repeatedly ironing (progressively thinning and lengthening) the drawn body 100, FIG. 3B. The final wall thickness "m" along the major portion of the longitudinal axis (side wall section 101, FIG. 3A) may be 0.003+ inches in the case of steel and 0.004+ inches in the case of aluminum, for example. The bottom wall 102 is not ironed.
The open end or rim portion 103 at "p" has a greater wall thickness, say 0.006+ inches in the case of steel and 0.007+ inches in the case of aluminum. This is due to the ironing process because the excess metal from ironing the side wall accumulates at and thickens the rim portion. The flange for receiving the closure lid is formed from the rim thickness "o" which is typically 3/8 to 1/2 inch in axial length as shown in FIG. 3A. Structuring the flange will be described in more detail below.
Between the rim and the thinner side wall, there is usually a transition zone 104, FIG. 3A, of variable, tapered thickness "n", thinnest where it meets the side wall diameter and thickest where it meets the rim portion diameter. Typically this transition zone has a length of 7/16 to 1/2 inch, FIG. 3A.
In any event, by necking the can in the section axially beyond the side wall, commencing with what may be termined the transition diameter 105, FIG. 3A, the diameter of the open end may be considerably reduced thereby saving on the amount of metal for the lid, and there are other attendant advantages as noted above.
The conventional approach (FIG. 3C) to shaping the neck has been to render it arcuate, that is, the neck has a relatively long center of curvature LC from its transition with the side wall to the diameter (D) where the flange is bent outwardly to include the ultimate end edge of the container as will be apparent in FIG. 3C. Thus the conventional necking and flanging operation results in a serpentine cross section, FIG. 3C, and it is this cross section by which further virtues of the present invention may be readily explained.
Sometimes, FIG. 3D, reduction in diameter at the neck is done by a multiple number of dies employed to reduce the diameter in stages, each producing an arcuate bend and imparting a sinusoidal shape. In still another instance an effort is afterwards made to straighten these bends but the result is imperfect due to spring-back. Indeed, some concavity results and it is not possible to straighten the first bend B1 adjacent the side wall which is critical.
FIG. 4 shows on an enlarged scale progressive formation of the container at its open end in accordance with the present invention. It is to be understood the container body presenting side wall 101 is spinning, along with sleeve 24 and holder 19, FIG. 4.
The side wall of the spinning container body is a straight cylindrical section of generally uniform diameter and thickness, as already noted, extending from the closed bottom wall 102 to a diameter termed herein the transition diameter 105 which is designated in FIG. 4B.
As the external forming roller (11,45) engages the D&I can, FIG. 4A, and commences to penetrate the gap between the fixed internal support sleeve 24 and the axially movable support or holder 19, FIG. 4B, a truncated cone commences to be formed with the transition zone diameter 105 constituting the base of the cone. That is, the base of the container cone and the transition diameter 105 are coincident as is evident in FIGS. 3A and 3B.
The side wall 108 of the cone increases in length (as does the "height" of the cone) as the external die roller chamfer (e.g. the truncated cone chamfer 11c, FIG. 1) continues to squeeze or press the container metal along the complemental slope or truncated cone 24e of sleeve 24. The cones as 11c and 24e in the geometric sense are similar and regular so that the truncated cone, which becomes the necked-in portion of the container body, is generated as a true or regular cone 110, FIG. 3B, with an included angle 112 between the base 105 of the cone and the cone side wall 108. The included angle shall not be greater than 60�-62�.
The cone continues to be generated as the external roller (11,45) advances radially inwardly (holder 19 continues to retract axially) until a reduced diameter 115 is achieved, FIG. 3B, constituting the throat diameter D of the container; diameter 115 is also the diameter of the top of the truncated cone. It is here that the throat of the container commences to be formed as will soon be described.
As the cone is being formed, the rim portion 103 of the container body, FIG. 4B, conforms to the lead chamfer of the roller (e.g. 11b) and is retracted along the complemental chamfer 19cf at the end of holder 19, FIG. 4D, eventually becoming an outwardly bent flange 123 of the container as shown in FIG. 3B.
The container is formed with a short throat 124. The throat 124 is a straight or regular cylinder of uniform diameter D, extending from the throat diameter 115 to the short or inside diameter of the flange 123. Thus, the side wall of the throat 124 is straight, formed by the flat rim 11a of the external (die) roller as 11. (It makes no difference whether roller 11 is being used or roller 40, FIG. 2). The throat may have an axial length of about 3/16 inch corresponding to the rim or "flat" (11a, 41a) of the external forming roller. This flat rim on the roller has small radii at its edges to avoid scratches and sharp bends in the container body. It can be seen in FIG. 4 that the throat 124 is formed concurrently with the cone, while the flange 123 is the last to be formed.
The geometry thus generated results in beam compression forces when a load is applied to the can, not possible with the conventional necked-in structure shown at FIGS. 3C and 3D. Thus when a load F, FIG. 3B, is applied uniformly to the flange of the present container across the throat diameter D, the throat section is entirely in compression. One of the component or resultant forces of this load also places the side wall of the cone section in compression, although the other resultant force does apply a bending moment to the top of the cone 110. However, in the conventional container, FIG. 3C, with the same load F applied uniformly across the throat diameter D (D=D) complex bending moments result without any compressive beam action. Explained another way, the necked-in portion, FIG. 3C, is a weak curved spring, easily flexed and crumpled by an axial load F. It will be readily recognized the same weak features are present when the geometry shown in FIG. 3D is employed, although to a lesser extent when there is an attempt to smooth out the bends shown in FIG. 3D.
The included angle 112 of 60�-62� is critical in several respects. These containers are to be filled with beverages, involving a valved filling nozzle assembly pressed downward against the open end of the container. A container with crush strength up to 300 pounds of axial loading therefore becomes important in this regard, and it is also important from the standpoint of subsequent handling and stacking. Coupled to this is the need to achieve maximum filling capacity and enough room at the throat section for the roller (not shown) which curls or wraps the edge of the lid (not shown) around the perimeter of the flange 123 when the top is hermetrically sealed. During sealing, the can is under compression along its longitudinal axis so that crush strength is again important.
Since the metal, whether steel or aluminum, is necessarily work-hardened during ironing, there is a loss in ductility. This hardening can cause brittle failure (cracking or splitting) at the transition diameter 115 if the included angle 112 of the cone is too small.
An included angle 112 of 60�-62� translates an axial load on the container into an appreciable compression load component on the cone side wall designated FT in FIG. 3E which in turn has a component FB tending to buckle the container side wall 101 inward and the magnitude of FB depends on angle 112 by sine-consine values. Thus, any bending moment on the cone 110 is minimized, and at the same time brittle failure is avoided at the transition diameter during generation of the cone side wall 108.
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|May 22, 1990
|Ihly Industries, Inc.
|Necked-down can having a false seam and an apparatus to form same
|Feb 20, 1991
|Jun 16, 1992
|Ihly Industries, Inc.
|Preformed flange reforming process and apparatus
|Jul 1, 1991
|Aug 18, 1992
|Ball Corporation
|Method for necking a metal container body
|May 9, 1991
|Sep 29, 1992
|Ihly Industries, Inc.
|Process and apparatus for working an edge portion of a container flange
|Jul 31, 1992
|Oct 18, 1994
|Aluminum Company Of America
|Method and apparatus for necking a metal container and resultant container
|Jan 25, 1994
|Sep 12, 1995
|Ball Corporation
|Method for necking a metal container body
|May 5, 1994
|Dec 26, 1995
|Reynolds Metals Company
|Thin-walled can having a nestable/stackable bottom support ring
|Jun 14, 1994
|Sep 24, 1996
|Aluminum Company Of America
|Method and apparatus for necking a metal container and resultant container
|Jan 4, 1996
|Nov 18, 1997
|Reynolds Metals Company
|Method of forming a can with an electromagnetically formed contoured sidewall and necked end
|Mar 7, 1997
|May 26, 1998
|American National Can Co.
|Method and punch for necking cans
|Nov 5, 1996
|Jul 7, 1998
|American National Can Co.
|Staggered die method and apparatus for necking containers
|Sep 18, 1996
|Jul 14, 1998
|Aluminum Company Of America
|Method and apparatus for necking a metal container and resultant container
|Feb 28, 1996
|Sep 29, 1998
|Crown Cork & Seal Company, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for reducing flange width variations in die necked container bodies
|May 12, 1998
|Aug 10, 1999
|Ihly Industries, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for reforming a container bottom
|Aug 31, 1998
|Mar 7, 2000
|American National Can Co.
|Apparatus and method for necking containers
|Jan 31, 2001
|Nov 26, 2002
|Rexam Beverage Can Company
|Method and apparatus for necking the open end of a container
|Aug 16, 2000
|Aug 5, 2003
|Meritor Heavy Vehicle Technology, Llc
|Composite brake drum and method for producing same
|Apr 3, 2003
|Jan 4, 2005
|Ball Corporation
|Method and apparatus for reforming and reprofiling a bottom portion of a container
|Dec 23, 2004
|Nov 1, 2005
|Ball Corporation
|Method and apparatus for reforming and reprofiling a bottom portion of a container
|Jul 14, 2004
|Dec 26, 2006
|Johan Massee
|Method and forming machine for working a workpiece
|Feb 9, 2006
|May 22, 2007
|Johan Massee
|Method and forming machine for working a workpiece
|Nov 1, 2005
|Sep 4, 2007
|Ball Corporation
|Method and apparatus for reforming and reprofiling a bottom portion of a container
|Jun 29, 2010
|Ball Corporation
|Method and apparatus for forming a reinforcing bead in a container end closure
|May 10, 2011
|Ball Corporation
|Container end closure having improved chuck wall with strengthening bead and countersink
|Feb 7, 2007
|Oct 25, 2011
|Ronjo, Llc
|Flow formed gear
|Jun 14, 2010
|Jun 26, 2012
|Ball Corporation
|Container end closure
|Aug 18, 2009
|Aug 7, 2012
|Dell Products L.P.
|Method of forming an information handling system enclosure
|Apr 29, 2011
|Aug 7, 2012
|Ball Corporation
|Container end closure with arcuate shaped chuck wall
|Oct 14, 2010
|Nov 20, 2012
|Ball Corporation
|Can shell and double-seamed can end
|Jul 31, 2009
|Nov 20, 2012
|University Of Utah Research Foundation
|Spinning fluids reactor
|Jul 26, 2012
|Aug 13, 2013
|Ball Corporation
|Container end closure with improved chuck wall provided between a peripheral cover hook and countersink
|May 31, 2007
|Aug 20, 2013
|Rexam Beverage Can Company
|Flexible necking station arrangement for larger beverage cans
|Nov 18, 2010
|May 20, 2014
|Ball Corporation
|Metallic beverage can end closure with offset countersink
|Aug 18, 2006
|May 27, 2014
|Dixie Consumer Products Llc
|Forming die assembly with enhanced stop
|Nov 20, 2012
|Jan 13, 2015
|Ball Corporation
|Can shell and double-seamed can end
|Aug 23, 2001
|Jan 22, 2004
|Hagmann Jakob
|Method, device and system for production of a metal can with a decorative layer
|Jan 22, 2003
|Jul 22, 2004
|Yahya Hodjat
|Method of forming a sprocket
|Apr 3, 2003
|Oct 7, 2004
|Jentzsch K. Reed
|Method and apparatus for reforming and reprofiling a bottom portion of a container
|Jul 14, 2004
|Dec 9, 2004
|Johan Massee
|Method and forming machine for working a workpiece
|Dec 23, 2004
|May 19, 2005
|Ball Corporation
|Method and apparatus for reforming and reprofiling a bottom portion of a container
|Nov 1, 2005
|Mar 16, 2006
|Jentzsch Kevin R
|Method and apparatus for reforming and reprofiling a bottom portion of a container
|Feb 9, 2006
|Jun 15, 2006
|Johan Massee
|Method and forming machine for working a workpiece
|Mar 10, 2005
|Sep 14, 2006
|Transform Automotive Llc
|Transmission unitary shell output carrier and ring gear
|Aug 18, 2006
|Feb 22, 2007
|Fort James Corporation
|Forming die assembly with enhanced stop
|Feb 7, 2007
|Nov 1, 2007
|Joseph Szuba
|Flow formed gear
|Aug 18, 2006
|Oct 2, 2008
|Fort James Corporation
|Forming die assembly with enhanced stop
|May 31, 2007
|Dec 4, 2008
|Rexam Beverage Can Company
|Flexible necking station arrangement for larger beverage cans
|Feb 24, 2011
|Steven Zielnicki
|Information Handling System Enclosure And Process For Manufacture Of Cosmetic Formed Corners
|Jul 31, 2009
|Sep 15, 2011
|Miller Jan D
|Spinning Fluids Reactor
|Mar 6, 2012
|Jan 9, 2014
|Crown Packaging Technology, Inc.
|Apparatus for holding a container
|Jun 29, 1992
|Jan 7, 1993
|Ball Corp
|Verfahren zur querschnittverminderung eines metallbehaelterkoerpers
|Aug 6, 1993
|Feb 16, 1994
|Reynolds Metals Company
|Apparatus and method for spin flow necking aD and I can
|Aug 6, 1993
|Mar 23, 1994
|Reynolds Metals Company
|Method and apparatus for minimizing plug diameter variation in spin flow necking process
|Sep 27, 2000
|May 2, 2002
|Novocan AG
|Method for manufacturing a metal can provided with a decoration layer and Device for implementing the method
|Mar 21, 2011
|Sep 26, 2012
|Crown Packaging Technology Inc
|Apparatus for holding a container
|Aug 23, 2001
|Apr 4, 2002
|Novocan Ag
|Method, device and system for production of a metal can with a decorative layer
|Jul 31, 2009
|Feb 4, 2010
|University Of Utha Research Foundation
|Spinning fluids reactor
|Jul 31, 2009
|May 14, 2010
|University Of Utha Research Foundation
|Spinning fluids reactor
|Mar 6, 2012
|Sep 27, 2012
|Crown Packaging Technology, Inc.
|Apparatus for holding a container
|U.S. Classification
|72/84, 72/105
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 26, 1986
Owner name: AMERICAN CAN COMPANY, AMERICAN LANE, GREENWICH, CT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BRESSAN, RENATO J.;HALASZ, ANDREW;MACCHERONE, LAWRENCE S.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004577/0296;SIGNING DATES FROM 19860512 TO 19860616
|Nov 13, 1987
Owner name: BALL CORPORATION, 345 SOUTH HIGH STREET, MUNCIE, I
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:PEPSICO INC., A NC. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004812/0899
Effective date: 19870821
Owner name: PEPSICO, INC., PURCHASE, NEW YORK, A DE. CORP.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:AMERICAN CAN CORPORATION, A NJ. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004812/0901
Effective date: 19861030
|Mar 9, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 13, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 24, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Jamie is a professional. She has created a pleasant and relaxing atmosphere, paying close attention to cleanliness. She is always pleasant, pays attention to detail, accomodating, not to mention she gives a great manicure and pedicure ;) You won't be disappointed.
As the Nails Grow
Today:10:00 am - 6:00 pm
Tomorrow:10:00 am - 6:00 pm
8006 West Ave. Suite 1,
San Antonio, TX 78213
(210) 410-0313
Business Details
in Business
- Hours:
Regular HoursMonClosedSunClosed
- General Info:
- Natural Nail Manicures and Pedicures
- Payment method:
- visa, master card, amex, discover, debit, check
- Neighborhoods:
- Castle Hills, North Central
- Amenities:
Every service I provide is a custom service. Every set of hands or feet I encounter have a different set of needs – therefore a different kind of care.
I will never "Fix it, if it's not brokenâ€, i.e. perform a certain part of service that will only ultimately create a need for future maintenance and a larger tab.
This is why I ask, "Please do not become fixated on a certain service at a certain price.†Every service is unique. I will never charge more than listed unless you add on extra's. In many cases, you can actually save money.
- Other Link:
- Category:
- Nail Salons
Not only a relaxing and pleasant visit but Jamie is a perfectionist in her work! My nails always last and look great!
Jaime is very accomdating and professional. Sanitary practices is a top priority. She does a beautiful natural french tip manicure. I have never had a chip! I would highly recommend her.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This part will fit the following vehicles:
|1999 - 2000
- No-Hassle Returns
- No Cancellation Fees
- Live Representatives
- DOT/SAE Certified
- Industry's Top Brands
- Limited Lifetime Warranty
- Most Orders Shipped Priority Mail
- Distribution Centers in NJ, GA, NV
- 2048-Bit SSL Encrypted
- Norton Verified & Secure
Hello, I was delighted to recieve you're email. I have been a customer of GO.PART.COM since 2009 and I was very pleased w my purchase. I purchased a passenger side mirror that was very easy to attach. I found the site to be very user friendly and also when I called in to speak w customer service, they were equally as friendly ..It was delivered in a very timely manner and I was very pleased with my purchase. I will forever be a customer, actually saved the site to my browser for quick easy access ...
Price Quality Average: 4.5 / 5 starsGood service easy to contact via Chat liveby wrxpierre
Price Quality Average: 4.5 / 5 starsOrder shipped the same day I ordered it. It was recieved quickly and undamaged. Good service, good price. Thanksby dmcnoh
Price Quality Average: 4 / 5 starsOrdering was simple and easy. The part arrived in a timely manner and was in one piece. What more can you ask for. ?by Mathew D.
Price Quality Average: 4.5 / 5 starsMy order was processed timely and everything arrived earlier than promised. Prices beat everyone else made the transaction that much better.by jimtrzyna


text:
Ratings based on 1,110 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.8 Room cleanliness
4.7 Service & staff
4.5 Room comfort
4.6 Hotel condition
Expedia Verified ReviewsThey paid and stayed. We double-checked.
by A verified traveller from Kettering, UK
Great place in great location. Love it!Posted 30-Apr-2016
Pros: Everything
Location: 100 metres from Mariatorget T-bana station in trendy Södermalm
My third stay and my companions' second... And we're already booked in for this summer. Rival is the only place I will stay when visiting Stockholm. Feels like home. Relaxed atmosphere, helpful, friendly and welcoming staff, great ambience, free Wi-Fi, excellent food and drink, (book the Sunday brunch a month ahead), fabulously comfortable beds and really good location. Love the way guests are treated as individuals. Really appreciate the tea/coffee/biscuits and Internet terminals (with printer) on the 4th floor too. See you again everyone at Rival!
by A verified traveller from Tokyo,Japan
静かでゆったり過ごせるホテルPosted 24-Apr-2016
Pros: ・部屋からの景色 ・バスタブ ・音楽の設備 ・フリードリンク(4F) ・朝食 ・スリッパ
Cons: ・電球が切れていた(ハウスキープにメモを残したけど直されなかったのでフロントに連絡した)
Location: ・「Mariatorget」駅が近い ・「Hornsgatan」通りでショッピングを楽しめる
フィンランドからSILJA LINEで移動して2泊しました。 港近くの「GARDET」駅から、ホテル近くの「Mariatorget」駅に一本で行けるので便利でした。 部屋の前には公園が広がり、バルコニーからの景色も素晴らしかったです。 ABBAのCDなどが置いてあり、備え付けのBlu-Rayプレイヤーで流すと、バスルームのスピーカーにも流れるので、お風呂の中でも音楽を楽しめます。バスタブのある部屋だったので日本人には特に快適でした。 近くには、雑貨店やCafeがならび、散歩しているだけで楽しいです。 中央駅付近のホテルにせず、セーデルマルムのホテルにして正解でした。 朝食は種類もとても豊富で、パンがとてもおいしかったです。 4Fで、クッキーと飲み物のフリーサービスがあるのも大変良かったです。何度も取りに行ってしまいました。 とにかく居心地がよく、いつもすぐに外出する夫婦が、ルームサービスで夕食を頼んでしまいました。 夕方に炭酸水を枕元に置くハウスキープが来たのは(部屋を片付けていなかったので)少し驚きましたが、またストックホルムに来たら滞在したいです。
by A verified traveller from a
Cool boutique hotel close to city centrePosted 15-Apr-2016
Nothing to fault really...room was stunning (with the best shower in the world!). Staff were always incredibly friendly and attentive whilst at the same time being incredibly helpful. Located close to the city centre and in the very nice sofo area, it's really well positioned. Don't hesitate to book!
by A verified traveller
Cool venue in superb neighborhoodPosted 26-Mar-2016
Very cool hotel with lots of customer service from the front desk and especially from Sean, the awesome concierge. He is incredibly knowledgable and willing to plan the best itineraries. Sean is super cool!
by A verified traveller
Weekend break in the winterPosted 11-Mar-2016
Perfect hotel, very near to metro. Metro service excellent. Cocktails at hotel were pretty awesome too. National park zoo worth a visit
by A verified traveller from Salzburg, Austria
Ahead of any rivalsPosted 17-Feb-2016
Despite being very well traveled, Scandanavia was one corner of the globe that had so far eluded me so I wanted a reliable base for my girlfriend and my three night stay. The Rival was an excellent choice- friendly staff from start to finish, extensive and freshly cooked breakfast buffet and complimentary coffee machine and a library of about 200 movies if you wish to stay in one evening. There's a tube station within 3 minutes walk, a nice public gardens opposite and a wealth of cool bakeries, coffee shops and boutique shops right around the corner. I highly recommend it (the 72 hour travel pass is a sensible purchase too) as the place to rest your head (on Egyptian cotton bedding) when visiting this ultra laid back and friendly city.
by A verified traveller from Amsterdam
great hotel ,fantastic staffPosted 13-Feb-2016
Pros: everything ! i wil come back ! from the rooms to the most helpfull staff doormen .one rarely finds a hotel in this pricerange with that much service
Location: Gamla-Stan and walking distance to the gay-bars and clubs like SLM / sidetrack etc / located on a nice square dontforget to walk UP the hill >vieuw
great hotel / fantastic staff i am coeliak patient and need to eat glutenfree the breakfast staff went all the way , and had a selection of glutenfree breads / they also made seperate egg's for me . the breakfast buffet is great . Rooms are spaceious clean and cosy Near the elevator is a 24-7 coffee corner for cappu's, coffee and tea , chilled water and ice with a MAC and PC computer . Wifi in hotel was flawless ! near metrostation Maria Torret (red line ) / walking distance to Gamla Stan ( old town) and SLM nice touch ,if you like abba lower the blinds in your hotelroom .. and they appear ... if you dont like them , close the curtains;-) that that was very funny .... but knowing who the owner is from the hotel it made totally sence. There was a DECENT hair-blowdryer in the room !! ( i am a hairstylist ) We had a room 423 in the back wich was very quiet Thank you to the staff of this great hotel ,we wil be back !!
by Esa
Posted 6-Feb-2016 on Hotels
by Johan from Mariehamn
Dyrt men trevligtPosted 30-Jan-2016 on Hotels
För det rumspris vi betalde borde frukost ingått!
by A verified traveller
Posted 29-Jan-2016 on Hotels


text:
gerber folding knives
gerber slate knife 30-000134
other Gerber Folding Knives that may interest you
Gerber E-Z Out Jr Fine Edge 06501 46501
Gerber Instant AO Knife 30-000752
Gerber Hinderer Rescue Knife 22-01534 22-41534
Gerber ICON Tactical Knife 31-000372
Gerber Paraframe I Black Serrated Edge 22-08445 22-48445
click on image to enlarge
See the Video of the 30-000134
Technical Specs:
Blade Length: 3.00 inches
Overall Length: 7.10 inches
Blade Material: Stainles Steel
Handle: Glass-filled nylon
UPC Code:
This item has been discontinued. Please choose from our other
Gerber Tools
Gerber Slate Knife 30-000134
Get a Gerber Slate model 30-000134 and never worry about breaking the tip off your blade while using it as a screwdriver. The Gerber Slate has screwdrivers, a bottle opener, and a file built into the handle. The partially serrated blade is assisted opening using Gerber FAST technology. All you gotta do is push the thumbstud and the blade comes flying out in a hurry. The piston lock integrated into the handle locks the blade in place and releases it with a simple push.
Own a
Gerber Slate Knife 30-000134
? Tell us how you like it! Got a question? Ask! Somebody will answer!
Copyright ©2016 Two Point Enterprise, LLC
Phone: 800.458.1606 (sales)


text:
From Blog
2nd Annual DC Creative Industry Happy Hour – Members-Only
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FORT WAYNE, Ind. -- Former House Speaker John Boehner unloaded on Republican presidential candidate Ted Cruz during a talk to college students, calling the Texas senator "Lucifer in the flesh."
Speaking at a town hall-style event at Stanford University Wednesday, Boehner called front-runner Donald Trump his "texting buddy," but offered a more graphic response when asked about Cruz.
Art Associates of Lake Charles will present Louisiana native Morgan Allain's "Muses: A Study in Female Portraiture" through May 27 in Suite 208 at the Central School Arts and Humanities Center, 809 Kirby St.
The free exhibit is a collection of 48 paintings that took Allain 20 months to complete. All of the portraits are of real people.
JENNINGS — Low riders, rat rods, muscle cars, antique classics and more will be on display Saturday, April 30, during the fifth annual Pistons and Flake Car, Truck and Bike Show.
The event, which is free both to the public and show cars, will be 8 a.m.-4 p.m. at the Louisiana Oil and Gas Park, Exit 64 off Interstate 10.
One thing is common among all barbers, hair dressers, salon stylists or whatever else you may call the person who makes you look more attractive every few weeks, these people know you better than some of your closest friends.
For at least an hour multiple times a month, they bury their hands into your hair and set off to meticulously fixing anything that looks out of place.
Residents recovering from last month's Sabine River floods are continuing to receive disaster assistance funds. Officials with the federal agencies distributing the money are cautioning residents to use the funding for its intended purposes.
Louisiana flood victims have received roughly $5 million in individual aid from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Maria Padron, external affairs officer with FEMA, said the agency wants people to "resist the urge to splurge."
Nine times last spring the Saints were on the clock.
Nine times they sent their card in to the NFL with the name of their choice on it.
Nine times they had a chance to make an impact on their franchise.
There will be a familiar look among the smaller classes at this year's Fast Pitch 56 state softball tournament, with Hackberry hoping to win its sixth consecutive state championship and tournament regulars Kinder and Rosepine looking to win the Class 2A title.
The Mustangs (17-5) return eight starters from last year's team, including championship game MVP Gracie Devall, a catcher, and LSU-Eunice signee Abby Trahan, an outfielder. Hackberry (17-5) enters as the top seed and is 8-0 against Class C opponents, outscoring those opponents 100-5.
"Our defense is probably the strongest part of our team this year," said Mustangs head coach Angela Little. "That is something we work on every day, rain or shine, in the field or in the gym. Everybody can play defense, it is about getting those skills and doing what you have to do."
After two crucial mistakes were decisive in a pair of losses to Mississippi State last weekend, LSU coach Paul Mainieri talked about the "small margin for error" in a baseball game.
The same might be said for LSU's season as it heads into the home stretch.
The Tigers (27-14, 10-8 Southeastern Conference) enter a key series on the road at Ole Miss locked in a three-way tie for second in the SEC West with the Rebels and Mississippi State. That trio is two games behind division leader Texas A&M.
MOBILE, Ala. -- The federal government says private recreational anglers will have only nine days to fish for red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico this summer.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced this year's season Tuesday based on scientific studies of the Gulf and past catches of red snapper, a highly prized fish across the region.
The season begins June 1. For-hire charter boats will have a longer time to fish, 46 days.
Les Miles always tried to make the best of the annual exodus of LSU juniors heading to the NFL draft.
He played the proud papa role, grinning and wishing them and their bank accounts well … and mostly making sure any interested recruits would notice what an NFL pipeline the joint had become.
Maybe he should parade out Deion Jones as the Alternative Tiger — on several counts.


text:
Sonya Dakar Sun Essentials Collection is a three-step system that protects skin before, during and after sun exposure, and is packaged in an FAA-compliant beach clutch. 877-727-6692, www.sonyadakar.com
Sonya Dakar Sun Essentials Collection
Posted: May 30, 2008
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Spring Spa Success with the Latest In Waxing — Repechage
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- 71BiON Research's Tinted Mineral SPF 35
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- 4Bionet Esthetics, Inc. SkinTherapeutic Clear Sunblock SPF 50
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- 3Topix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Replenix Safe Tan Self-Tanning Towelettes
- 3Molly's Organics OrganiTan Spray Tanning Liquid
- 3Repechage Hydra Soleil Deep Relief Tea Gel
- 2Flawless Tans Flawless Sunless Tanning System
- 2Vita Matrix Home & Travel Series Self Tanning Kits
- 2Turo Skin Sport Lotion + Sunscreen


text:
Flawless hair (sew-in braid patterns) – pinterest, Explore vanitra brown's board "flawless hair (sew-in braid patterns)" on pinterest, a visual bookmarking tool that helps you discover and save creative ideas | see. Basic full head sew-in braid pattern - youtube, Want to watch this again later? sign in to add this video to a playlist. check out my first look on my curly hair http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfh6pv. Natural hair wash & perfect braid pattern for thick hair, Just showing how i wash natural hair and the products i use. then i show how to create the perfect flat braid base on thick natural hair for a sew in.
Think before you sew: what to know - beauty world news, So the first time we saw this braid pattern in action we too were highly impressed. usually with weaves, you are often limited to certain ways you can wear it. but. Sew in weave on pinterest | sew ins, full sew in and hair, Discover thousands of images about sew in weave on pinterest, a visual bookmarking tool that helps you discover and save creative ideas. | see more about sew ins. How to create an invisible part sew-in weave | ehow, Creating an invisible part with a sew-in weave is a great way to get that natural look. wearing hair extensions with an invisible part is also a great protective.


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Moms & BabiesAlyssa Milano's Easy Bump Style
From low-key maxis to red-carpet gowns, the new mom flattered her burgeoning belly with simple silhouettes
Credit: National Photo Group
Updated: Wednesday Aug 31, 2011 | 03:15 PM EDT By: Nisha Gopalan
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Google (NASDAQ:GOOG) announced a new update for Google Maps on Android, which adds support for Google Offers to the application. It also rolled out an update which enables merchants to offer free Google Offers. To this point, Google Offers have been restricted to certain towns in the U.S., but with this new update, even merchants in towns where Google Offers haven't launched yet can use the new self service interface to create these free Google Offers. [1]
Check out our complete analysis of Google
This could act as a placeholder until Google finally expands into those markets with its full, payment-enabled offering. The new update also expands the reach of Google Offers, by leveraging the widespread usage of Google Maps to drive its Offers service, which has been struggling to gain traction in a hyper competitive space dominated by Groupon (NASDAQ:GRPN), the market leader and LivingSocial, which is backed by Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN).
- By What Percentage Can Alphabet's Revenues And EBITDA Grow In The Next 3 Years?
- How Has Alphabet's Revenue Composition Changed Over The Last 5 Years?
- What's Alphabet's Fundamental Value Based On 2015 Results?
- Alphabet Earnings: Revenue Grows, But EPS Growth Fails To Beat Market Estimates
- Why Is Google Redesigning AdWords?
- Alphabet Earnings Preview: Google Revenues Set To Grow Due To More Ads From Smartphones And YouTube
The success of Google Offers could also potentially boost adoption of Google Wallet, its payment service, generating additional revenue for the search giant.
We currently have a $678 Trefis price estimate for Google, which stands nearly 10% above its market price.
Understand How a Company's Products Impact its Stock Price at TrefisNotes:


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"So, let the sex, drugs, rock n' roll, black magick, and collaborative mail art begin!"
Man, I've been waiting a while for someone to officially and explicitly endorse my off screen behavior here on bb.
Bring on the cajoles!
Thinkgeek is accepting pre-orders for six upcoming 14 oz Star Wars tiki mugs, standing 6.5″-7.5″ tall, with contrast-glazed interiors.
Chloe from Portland's Reading Frenzy writes, "Six of our favorite Social Justice Kittens are back in postcard form! Next up: MRA Puppies! Postcards by Sean Tejaratchi/LiarTownUSA (previously) published by Show & Tell Press!"
You'll know Ben Hatke as author of Boing Boing-beloved illustrated kids' books like Little Robot and Zita the Space Girl, but as this Children's Book Week video shows, Hatke is a literal fire-breathing, acrobatic, sword-fighting superhero!
White hat hackers get paid to find holes in their own employers' online systems, and plug those holes before they become serious security risks. It's a job that pays handsomely…mostly because few job candidates, even experienced IT professionals, have the skills to scamper over firewalls and infiltrate the deepest recesses of a battle-tested network. But […]
Why buy one of those expensive and confusing universal remotes, clogged with enough buttons to launch a space shuttle, when you could accomplish the same electronic control right on your favorite mobile device? The Blumoo Universal Remote, now just $52.99 in the Boing Boing Store, harnesses the audio power of all your household equipment right […]
You may not love Microsoft Word, but you've definitely used it. Other than being one of the most ubiquitous programs on the planet, it's been the go-to word processing system for more than a quarter-century because it's as basic as it gets. But occasionally, you've got assignments that beg for a lot more options than simple […]
"So, let the sex, drugs, rock n' roll, black magick, and collaborative mail art begin!"
Man, I've been waiting a while for someone to officially and explicitly endorse my off screen behavior here on bb.
Bring on the cajoles!
Roll on Gareth!
Awesome, Gar, looking forward to it!
Hey, Gareth. Welcome (back) to bOING bOING. May your tenure here be fruitful.
Regarding that project we discussed a while back to add a remote control with a half mile range to a Bang & Olufsen turntable, I'm just about bored enough to finish that now. Not because I care any more about skipping Stairway to Heaven from 400 yards away, but just because.
One of the poo-bahs of mail art — Ray Johnson — lived a few blocks from where I grew up. Same street address, different street.
We would occasional get his junk mail. He, one several occasions, got kookie naive mail art that my sister and her cousin exchanged. Johnson would forward it in an envelope decorated with his rabbit character. He probably got a kick out of seeing tweener girls innocently indulging in his life work.
I actually have some mail art exchanged with Ray Johnson. It's probably worth real money now!
As the Situationists like to say: "Boredom is counter-revolutionary." Do it! (And I'll blog the project on MAKE).
And thanks for all the welcome, folks. The card and letters are pouring in. I'm just hoping to get propositioned in the deal.
I'd like to note that Gareth was an integral part of the bOING bOING print 'zine predating even my involvement! He was an inspiration to me long before I had the privilege of calling him my pal. Also, Gar's 1997 book "Jamming The Media" was way ahead of its time.
Fresh meat! Assuming that the saying applies outside of meatspace…
Yay! Hi Gareth!
Gareth > Awesomeness! Yea!
You're some kind o' sweet, David.
Re: Jamming the Media
I like how, in the pirate radio section (I think), I posit that, if you want to get your DJ jones out but don't want to run afoul of FCC goons in Chevy Suburbans, instead of broadcasting, you could record your shows in that newfangled MP3 format all the kids are talking about and post them onto your web page for people to download. Voila! Radio shows over the web! What a concept. (And no, I'm not suggesting I was the only person thinking this at the time, I just think it's funny, in retrospect, given how huge podcasting has become.)
Remember, Gar – If you run out of material, up there on the cyberStage, Kata says "Plagerism saves time."
"Plagiarism: It was OUR idea."
"Plagiarism: A collective vision."
"Plagiarism: It was OUR idea."
"Plagiarism: A collective vision."
Comments are closed.


text:
Click here to print the obituary below
George Borofsky
George Borofsky
George Borofsky, 86 years of age, formerly of Brattleboro, Vt., residing in Hookset N.H., died Oct. 7, 2013 after a short illness. He leaves two daughters, Cathy Smith of California, and Lonnie Benzel of Florida; a son, Bruce Borofsky of New York; five grandchildren; three great-grandchildren; a brother, Stanley "Pal" Borofsky of Brattleboro; and a sister-in-law, Donna Borofsky. He graduated from Brattleboro High School in 1943. He participated Friday evenings at the Paramount Theater in Brattleboro in weekly talent shows playing the saxophone. He joined the
in 1943 and was discharged just after the surrender of Japan. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1948; received a B.S. degree in accounting; worked for Sam's Army & Navy Stores in Brattleboro, Vt., Bellows Falls, Vt., Greenfield, Mass., and Manchester, N.H. He was also employed at Maple State Lumber Co. in Dummerston, Vt. for a time. In 1956 he became an agent for Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co., then obtained his designation as a C.P.C.U. He then opened his own commercial insurance agency in Manchester, N.H. in 1959. His wife, Sharon, died in May 2012. His hobby and lifelong enjoyment was playing bridge. He hosted weekly bridge games and became a Life Master. FUNERAL SERVICE: A Committal service is to be held in the Veterans Cemetery in Boscawen , N. H. on Monday the 14th of October at 10 a.m.
Published in Brattleboro Reformer on Oct. 12, 2013


text:
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Translation: English to Indonesian and Indonesian to English
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Catherine Annette Hanshaw (October 18, 1901 – March 13, 1985) was an American Jazz Age singer. She was one of the most popular radio stars of the 1930s. Over four million records of hers had been sold by 1934. In a 1934 poll held by Radio Stars, she ...received the title of best "female popular singer," alongside Bing Crosby as best "male popular singer." Second place went to Ethel Shutta, third place went to Ruth Etting, and fourth place went to Kate Smith.
Connect any celebrity with Annette Hanshaw to see how closely they are linked... romantically!
20th-century American singers
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text:
Just Cause 2
Version and / or Patch Used: 220.127.116.11
Timedemo or Level Used: Dark Tower
Developer Homepage: http://www.eidos.com/
Product Homepage: http://www.justcause.com/
Just Cause 2 employs the Avalanche Engine 2.0, an updated version of the engine used in Just Cause. The game is set on the other side of the world from the original Just Cause, on the fictional island of Panau in Southeast Asia. Panau has varied terrain, from desert to alpine to rainforest. Rico Rodriguez returns as the protagonist, aiming to overthrow the evil dictator Pandak "Baby" Panay and confront his former mentor, Tom Sheldon.
HD 7770 - Here we see no real change.
HD 7870 - Here we see no real change.
HD 7970 - At 1680 x 1050 you can see we gain a couple of extra FPS.
PRICING: You can find products similar to this one for sale below.
United States: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon's website.
United Kingdom: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon UK's website.
Canada: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon Canada's website.
- Page 1 [Introduction and Release Note Highlights]
- Page 2 [Benchmarks - Test System Setup]
- Page 3 [Benchmarks - 3DMark 11]
- Page 4 [Benchmarks - Lost Planet 2]
- Page 5 [Benchmarks - Aliens vs. Predator]
- Page 6 [Benchmarks - Just Cause 2]
- Page 7 [Benchmarks - Metro 2033]
- Page 8 [Benchmarks - Dirt 3]
- Page 9 [Benchmarks - Far Cry 2]
- Page 10 [Benchmarks - High Quality AA and AF]
- Page 11 [Final Thoughts]
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7 Diamonds
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Simon Cowell and pregnant Lauren Silverman leave X Factor USA wrap party at sensible hour... shortly after his act wins
He had every reason to celebrate the end of another successful X Factor USA season, but music mogul Simon Cowell made a low-key exit from the show's wrap party in Los Angeles on Thursday evening.
The 54 year-old father-to-be was seen exiting the bash, which took place at Mixology 101, with heavily pregnant girlfriend Lauren Silverman just hours after his act won the TV talent series.
Looking relieved to be at the end of another run of the global franchise, the TV star appeared in his trademark clothing for the season's finale.
Scroll down for video
Simon Cowell and his very pregnant girlfriend Lauren Silverman make a low key departure from the The X Factor Season 3 wrap party
Wearing a round-neck jumper with the sleeves rolled up, he teamed his look with the ever=present bootcut jeans and black shoes.
Lauren's baby bump
bulged prominently from beneath her blue dress as she left the
celebration through the not-so-glamorous private exit.
Still teetering on heels, she was clearly determined to look glamorous for the event on West 3rd Street.
Early night: Simon and Lauren get home for an early night after the show's finale
Only hours earlier young lovebirds Alex and Sierra - Cowell's act - won the third season of The X Factor and a $1million Sony recording contract.
The Florida couple, Sierra Deaton and Alex Kinsey, both 22, took the title ahead of impoverished single dad Jeff Gutt, 37 and lovable Carlito Olivero, 24.
With their blend of powerful vocals, instrumental ability and folksy charm, the pair had been strong frontrunners from the start. 'I feel like Christmas just came early,' beamed Simon Cowell, 54, who is set to make a fresh mint from their success.
Offering his condolences to the loser Jeff Gutt, Cowell said: 'Jeff…big respect you did brilliant in the final but my heart was with these guys and I genuinely think they deserve it.'
Blooming: Lauren's baby bump bulged prominently from beneath her blue dress as she left the celebration
The announcement was preceded by a performance by One Direction - aka Harry Styles, Zayn Malik, Niall Horan, Liam Payne and Louis Tomlinson - who are also managed by Cowell.
Since their creation during the seventh series of the British X Factor in 2010, the band has become a multi-million dollar cash cow for Cowell, and the hottest celebrities of the moment for the under 25 age group.
Despite finishing third in the initial competition their record sales have far surpassed their contemporaries - and they are estimated to be worth a staggering $99 million USD.
Ready to drop: Lauren is clearly nearing her due date, but still has time to party
Lauren, seven-months pregnant with Cowell's baby, will be spending Christmas with her son Adam, seven.
But the couple will spend time together over Christmas period as she will be renting a villa in the Caribbean with her son - while Cowell will be cruising around Barbados on the Slipstream yacht with friends including ex Sinitta, for the festive season.
Adam - whom she considers her first priority - spends New Year with his
father, New York property millionaire magnate Andrew Silverman, the
36-year-old brunette will join Cowell on board.
Cowell's romance with Lauren is said to have developed during past Caribbean jaunts.
And relax: The daddy-to-be smiled wide for photographers as he appeared to be relieved to see the completion of another successful season
Their flirtations became obvious to friends during Simon's Christmas break to Barbados in 2011, when Lauren and her husband were invited. Their divorce was made final earlier this month.
They are now widely expected by friends to marry.
Their baby boy will be born in New York, where Lauren's mother Carole Saland can travel in from her home in Florida.
They did it! Alex and Sierra, shown performing on Wednesday night, were named The X Factor winners on Thursday
Fan favourites: Alex and Sierra became frontrunners as they steadily improved and touched hearts
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text:
Playstation 3 Games
Every Collectibles map for Sleeping DogsHome / Playstation 3 /
This page contains Sleeping Dogs Hints for Playstation 3 called "Every Collectibles map" and has been posted or updated on Nov 3, 2012 by Iryuka.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: United Front Games
- Publisher: Square Enix
- Genre: Action Adventure
- Release: Aug 14, 2012
- ESRB: Mature
Every Collectibles map
Watch this Video guide for all Collectibles map in this game Sleeping Dogs...
Report Problem
Please submit a problem for any incomplete, non-working or fake cheat listed above.
More Hints
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Back to all Cheats
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Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
Latest Questions
How to get police weapons without dieing?
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text:
King of the Hill 1997 | TV Show Watchlist
Season 7, Episode 4 Goodbye Normal Jeans
First Aired: November 18, 2001
Hank is opposed to Bobby's taking Home Ec, until his domestic skills outshine those of Peggy, who tries to sabotage his Thanksgiving meal. Kathy Najimy, Pamela Segall, Mike Judge.
Guest Cast
Mary Scheer Mary Scheer Ms. Bittner/Teller
Pamela Segall Pamela Segall Bobby
Next On TVSee all »
Fri Apr 29 8:00pm
To Spank With LoveSeason 3, Episode 11 TOONI'll Watch44 Watching
Cast & Details See all »
- Premiered: January 12, 1997
- Rating: TV-PG
- Premise: Sharp cartoon comedy chronicling the trials of proud Texas propane salesman Hank Hill, his family and their ragtag neighbors. From Mike Judge, the mind behind MTV's 'Beavis and Butt-head,' this one has heart where the other had guts, and fit nicely on Fox'… (more)
Trending TonightSee all »
Blue Bloods10:00 pm | CBSI'll Watch377 Watching
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King of the Hill: Season 7
By Olive Films DVDBuy New: $19.99
King of the Hill: Season 13
By Olive FilmsBuy New: $19.99
King of the Hill: Season 11
By Olive FilmsBuy New: $19.99
Popular Shows
Popular Movies
Popular Celebrities
- 1. Melissa Benoist
- 2. Leonardo DiCaprio
- 3. Gal Gadot
- 4. Jeffrey Dean Morgan
- 5. Ben Affleck
- 6. Jennifer Lawrence
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text:
St Nicholas' SurgeryTel: 01964 613221
St Patrick's SurgeryTel: 01964 613221
Roos SurgeryTel: 01964 613221
The newly established diabetes group will be meeting the second Wednesday of each month from 6pm - 8pm at the Meridian Centre, Withernsea. The first meeting will take place on the 11th May.
For more information please contact Hilary-07944970568 or Jan - 07718331763 or email email@example.com
Applications for this position are now closed
Sexual health clinic Tuesday 3rd May 2016
Clinics for women and men are available in Withernsea thanks to Conifer sexual and reproductive healthcare services, run by City Health Care Partnership CIC (CHCP CIC) in association with East Riding of Yorkshire Council's Public Health team.
All clinics will offer free and confidential advice and treatment, including screening for sexually transmitted infections, contraception (including the Pill, patch, implant and injection and a booked 'coil' clinic once a month), free condoms, pregnancy testing and advice and guidance.
Clinics take place every Tuesday at 5pm to 7.15pm at St Nicholas Surgery, Withernsea
We are pleased to announce that we now have late night opening on Tuesdays and Wednesdays to 8pm for nurse and Healthcare Assistant appointments. We hope this will prove beneficial to patients who struggle to make a day time nurse appointments. You can see our Healthcare Assistant Evie for the following: BP's, Healthchecks, Dementia Screening, Vascular checks, Stroke/TIA checks, Hearing Tests, Mental Health Reviews, Dopplars, B12 injections, ECG's & 24hour ECG's.
A small number of online appointments are available to book. This includes onlline booking for telephone appointments.
We now offer patients limited access to their medical records. We will have further information about this on our website shortly. Please note you will need to provide photographic ID to get the required log on. Please ask reception for more information.
Our last meeting was on 26th November and minutes will be posted soon.
Our next meeting will be on 14th January 2016.
We meet at St Nicholas Surgery Withernsea.
If you would like any issues discussing, please contact the surgery and leave a message for either Gina-Marie Peckitt or Julie Withey
Please note minutes prior to January 2014 are available on request
Minutes 26th February 2014
Minutes of 30th April 2014
Minutes of 25th June 2014
Minutes 8th October 2014
Minutes 30th July 2015
Minutes of 26th November 2015
We are always looking for individuals to join our 'virtual' Patient group to provide us with feedback on how we are serving our patients and help us plan any changes to improve.
As a member of the group you will receive a small number of emails or letters from us during the year to help you give us your opinion.
The practice will also carry out an annual patient survey where you will asked to contribute towards the areas of priority and agree an action plan.
Membership will not take up a lot of your time.
New Member Application Form
Please request a form when you are in the surgery
Terms of reference - CLICK HERE
This report summaries development and outcomes of the South Holderness Medical Practice PRG for 2011/2012.
To view the report CLICK HERE
Our Practice Health Champions work closely with the practice and work in the waiting room to promote health partners
They are currently working on improving signposting to other services and helped out in the recent Health and Wellbeing week held in the Practice in February
The next event they are planning to be involved in is our No Smoking week which is week commencing 9th March 2015
If you are interested in becoming a Champion please ask us for more details
You may find this link helpful to read more about the scheme
Health Champions
Copyright 2006 - 2016 My Surgery Website | Privacy & Usage | Edit | Staff Home | Site Map | Accessibility | Site T&C's | Service T&C's


text:
Urban contemporary gospel artists list, with photos, ranked best to worst by votes. List of good urban contemporary gospel bands includes a filter so you can sort by the groups's label and what albums they've put out. This list of the top urban contemporary gospel bands in the world includes all musicians who have released recordings that have gotten distribution, and is an up-to-date list. Urban contemporary gospel groups and artists are shown below along with any additional genres in which their music belongs. If available, you can also see information about where all urban contemporary gospel bands on this list got started. These are truly the greatest urban contemporary gospel bands of all time, since the most famous urban contemporary gospel artists ever are listed, and the order is decided by actual fans of the best urban contemporary gospel music.
You can click on the urban contemporary gospel band names to see more information about that particular notable urban contemporary gospel group. If they're near the top of the best urban contemporary gospel artist list, though, then they should have at least some information available. All the top urban contemporary gospel bands named on the list also have discographies on their pages if you click on the urban contemporary gospel band names themselves.
Examples of artists on this list include R. Kelly and Take 6. Rank the best artists by voting on them and seeing which ones rise to the top. What will come out on top in the end? Kirk Franklin? BeBe & CeCe Winans?
All important, significant and iconic names in urban contemporary gospel music history deserve your votes, so make sure to choose wisely. You can only vote once on this list.
The list includes all new urban contemporary gospel bands, and if there are any missing on the list, you can always add them yourself. Just make sure they aren't already on the list and check your spelling, because this is already an accurate compilation of the best examples of urban contemporary gospel, as well as a good place to start if you're asking yourself, or friends, exactly how to get into urban contemporary gospel music. Especially since the bands at the top of the list will at the very least be the best choices if you're looking for a list of good urban contemporary gospel bands with which to start out. No point in listening to them if they aren't actually good or even half-way decent urban contemporary gospel bands.
This list answers the questions "who are the best urban contemporary gospel bands of all time?" and "who is the greatest urban contemporary gospel musician ever?"
If you know enough about the genre, please vote based on the quality of the band's music instead of just voting for the most popular urban contemporary gospel bands that you might've heard of, but not really listened to closely enough to cast an informed vote.
Get your friends' input on this topic by sharing it on your social networks. (45 items)
- 2 ReRanks
- 2 See list ranked by
- 1+ 52- 6
Kirk Franklin Kirk Franklin & the Family Christmas, The Fight of My Life, Hello Fear ...
- 2+ 51- 7
Mary Mary A Mary Mary Christmas, Thankful, Incredible
- 3+ 34- 4
Yolanda Adams Mountain High... Valley Low, Christmas With Yolanda Adams, Reach Out ...
- 4+ 32- 4
Kierra Kiki Sheard This Is Me, I Owe You, Free
- 5+ 35- 6
Tye Tribbett Victory Live!, Greater Than (Live), Stand Out
- 6+ 32- 6
BeBe & CeCe Winans Heaven, Different Lifestyles, Still
- 7+ 31- 6
J.Moss The J Moss Project, V4...The Other Side, Just James
- 8+ 34- 10
Deitrick Haddon Crossroads, Lost and Found, 7 Days
- 9+ 13- 1
Virtue Testimony, Virtuosity, Get Ready
- 10+ 21- 3
Take 6 He Is Christmas, We Wish You a Merry Christmas, The Most Wonderful Time of ...
- 11+ 23- 5
The Clark Sisters Live – One Last Time, Finally Karen, Encore
- 12+ 19- 5
CeCe Winans CeCe Winans, Purified, Thy Kingdom Come
- 13+ 16- 3
Darwin Hobbs Everyday, Broken, The best of Darwin Hobbs
- 14+ 17- 4
Da' T.R.U.T.H. The Big Picture, The Faith, Love
- 15+ 15- 3
The Winans Christmas: Our Gifts to You, Decisions, The Light Years
- 16+ 17- 8
Out of Eden This Is Your Life, Lovin' the Day, More Than You Know
- 17+ 11- 3
Karen Clark Sheard All In One, Finally Karen, It's Not Over
- 18+ 16- 8
Trin-i-tee 5:7 Trin-I-Tee 5:7, The Kiss, Spiritual Love
- 19+ 8- 2
Tramaine All My Best to You, To a Higher Place, Tramaine Treasury
- 20+ 15- 10
Michelle Williams Heart to Yours, Heart to Yours / Do You Know, Do You Know
- 21+ 6- 2
- 22+ 6- 2
Ben Tankard Song of Solomon, Git Yo Praize On!, All Keyed Up
- 23+ 6- 2
- 24+ 6- 2
Rev. James Cleveland The Lord Is My Light, Rev. James Cleveland and the L.A. Gospel Messengers, ...
- 25+ 4- 0
J.R. Life by Stereo, First Train Home
- 26+ 7- 4
- 27+ 5- 2
Dynamic Praise FAITH, Testify
- 28+ 6- 4
Sounds of Blackness Africa to America: The Journey of the Drum, The Evolution of Gospel, The ...
- 29+ 5- 3
Rev. James Moore Live at Jackson State University, Family & Friends (live in Detroit), ...
- 30+ 5- 3
Coko Grateful, Always Coko, A Coko Christmas
- 31+ 2- 0
- 32+ 7- 6
Bobby Jones Playlist: The Very Best Of Gospel Praise & Worship
- 33+ 5- 4
Guvna B Narrow Road
- 34+ 4- 3
Vickie Winans Bringing It All Together, The Lady, Best of Vickie Winans
- 35+ 3- 2
Griffin Jackson How You Love Me
- 36+ 3- 2
- 37+ 2- 1
Beth Rowley Little Dreamer, Violets, Sweet Hours
- 38+ 4- 4
Cordell Francis Memories That I Had, A Little Kind Of Showing, Justified
- 39+ 4- 4
The Braxtons So Many Ways, The Boss, Only Love
- 40+ 2- 2
- 41+ 1- 1
- 42+ 1- 1
Meditation Singers Change Is Gonna Come
- 43+ 1- 1
Angelia Robinson Lessons in Love
- 44+ 0- 0
- 45+ 1- 2


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Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard" is available from retailers such as Amazon for slightly less than a King's ransom.
Lalaso Perez wrote:
... Is there a way to do it online?
If you have an Intel Mac (as opposed to a PowerPC) you can probably upgrade to Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard" for only $20.
To determine what kind of Mac you have, > About this Mac...
There is no "download" version of Leopard (10.5). Anyone who says they have one is giving you a copy of a single-use license. That is illegal and we could not help you with it because of the violation of the license. You also would receive "modifications" they add to report your activities to their central server (eek!).
Legal disks cost around $200 on ebay or amazon.
Requirements for Leopard:
If you have an Intel processor, you can go to SL for about $19 instead of $200.


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HN-ZJA187 Zwilling
Zwilling J.A. Henckels Professional S 7 Piece Block SetItem # HN-ZJA187
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- High-carbon stainless steel blades with full tang
- Friodur blades, ice-hardened for lasting sharpness
- Polypropylene 3-rivet handles for durable, firm grip
- Laser-controlled edges with 15-degree angle on each side
- Full bolsters for better balance and safer handling
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Zwilling J.A. Henckels Professional S 7 Piece Block Set
No matter what Gallagher may say about the Sledge-O-Matic, not all kitchen tasks require the same utensil; but the Zwilling J.A. Henckels Professional S 7 Piece Block Set goes a long way toward covering all your cutlery needs. This professional knife set offers a wide variety of blades that allows you to chop, slice, and carve most meals without having to rummage through drawers looking for the knife you need. The eight-inch chef's knife is perfect for completing larger jobs faster, like


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Home :: Wedding Bands :: Gold Wedding Bands :: Hand Braided Gold Bands :: Two Tone Gold
Paisley Wedding Band
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My parents have the same birth-date. For their 2007 celebration, I wanted to give them a new set of white gold diamond wedding bands. I have searched for...
Tri Color Wedding Band TC-556
After 43 years of marriage our wedding bands seemed to get smaller. My husband selected the tri color sailor band as a replacement and he loves it. It is...
wedding ring set
I have to say how happy we were to receive the rings, they were just the right size and what we wanted. thank you so much, they are BEAUTIFUL
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