text:
Turkey's Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan said a consortium of Turkish construction firms made the winning EUR22 billion bid on to construct and operate a third airport in Istanbul, which Turkey expects will become one of the world's largest by passenger numbers, with the Prime Minister noting "such an airport ... will carry Turkey to a different level on the international stage". The consortium of Cengiz, Kolin, Limak, Mapa and Kalyon bid EUR22.15 billion for the build-operate-transfer project, which includes a 25-year lease, outbidding rivals including TAV Holding (38% owned by Aeroports de Paris) and Fraport (in a JV with IC Holding). The airport is planned to have a total of six runways and will eventually have capacity to handle 150 million passengers p/a. Limak chairman Nihat Ozdemir commented: "We aim to start the construction in a year," adding the group would initially invest EUR10.25 billion. He explained: "We will pay the amount in 25 equal annual installments, and the airport will be start services towards the end of 2018." Mr Ozdemir said the consortium would seek financing from both domestic and international sourcing, adding that the consortium does not anticipate any difficulty raising the funds. The full amount the consortium will pay total EUR26.14 billion with the 18% value-added tax (KDV) added to the final bidding amount of EUR22.1 billion. Commenting on the process, Turkish Minister of Transport, Maritime Affairs & Communications Binali Yildirim said, as quoted by Antara, that "it was a fair and transparent bid. The airport addresses the following 50 years of Turkey". Mr Yildirim stated that the construction area where a new airport to be "built from scratch" would attract substantial investment and noted: "A large airport to be built in an area of 80 billion square meters, with its six airfields and 1.5 billion square metres terminal and all other auxiliary plants. The airport will be the one to address the following 50 years of Turkey. This airport will not only serve Turkey's needs but also become a popular flight destination from west to east, from east to west and from Africa to Europe". 15 Turkish and two foreign companies received approval for their technical capabilities to construct the third airport. TAV Airports CEO Dr Sani Sener, following the tender award, commented: "We have prepared meticulously for the new airport tender in Istanbul with world-renowned consultants and our expert teams in TAV Group. Therefore, we participated in the tender with the right numbers found as a result of this preparation. As a 44% publicly traded company, we're responsible to our investors. Knowing that this is not solely a construction project but operational capability is pivotal, we have declared that we would not aim at winning the tender at any cost. Such an approach would jeopardise the company's health, as well as the future of Turkish economy and aviation sector. As Turkey's leading global brand in airport operations, we will continue to work towards rendering the best possible travel experience at the 12 airports we operate in six countries. As per our smart growth strategy, we'll continue to pursue new opportunities around the world. I hope that the result of this tender would benefit highly our country and its aviation industry." TAV's shares dropped the most in three years at close on 04-May-2013, declining 7.8%. [more - original PR - TAV] [more - original PR - Limak - Turkish]
Limak consortium awarded EUR22bn bid to construct and operate third airport in Istanbul
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SunExpress Germany: summer 2016 route launches may signal a shift to a more pan-European model
SunExpress Germany is probably not an airline that springs to mind for most European air travellers. However, this could be changing. The airline plans to launch 34 new routes in summer 2016, taking its total to 93, versus 59 in summer 2015. Only four of the new routes will be to its core destination market – Turkey.
SunExpress Germany is a subsidiary of SunExpress, an Antalya-based leisure airline 50% owned by each of Lufthansa and Turkish Airlines, and Lufthansa. Set up in 2011, Frankfurt-based SunExpress Germany operates under a German licence and the SunExpress brand, using a fleet of 12 Boeing 737-800s on leisure routes from Germany to leisure destinations in Mediterranean countries, in the main.
In 2016 the airline will continue to move away from its previous concentration on routes between Germany and Turkey, significantly broadening its network. Spain and Bulgaria are also becoming significant and it will add Italy this summer. SunExpress Germany is also Lufthansa's operator of the long haul part of its LCC brand Eurowings. As Lufthansa continues to create options for itself in the development of new operating platforms, SunExpress Germany's steps in a more pan-European direction are intriguing.
Pegasus Airlines' waiting game. Take a margin hit now to keep market share, pending fuel price rises
Pegasus Airlines is playing a waiting game. The Turkish LCC's 2015 operating profit and margin contracted for the second year running, bucking the trend of the majority of European listed airlines. For most, lower fuel prices more than offset downward pressure on unit revenue, and margins expanded in 2015.
At Pegasus, changes to its cost structure prevented it from lowering its unit cost to offset falling yield and load factor in 2015, in spite of lower fuel. Although there are market-related pressures on pricing, including geopolitical concerns, Pegasus also acknowledges that its own capacity growth contributed to falling yield.
Nevertheless, Pegasus will accelerate its capacity growth in 2016. Its argument is that the low fuel price environment is stimulating competitor growth, and that it is important for Pegasus to retain its position. Then it will be able to benefit from any shake-out in the market if and when fuel prices rise, to the detriment of weaker players that are currently propped up by low fuel. Such longer-term thinking is commendable, but Pegasus must nevertheless refocus on non-fuel costs.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Your Dog Hates Your Hugs, So Quit It [Study]
Yes, you'll get fewer fleas, but you'll also be making your dog happier, according to a study published in Psychology Today.
Yes, you'll get fewer fleas, but you'll also be making your dog happier, according to a study published in Psychology Today.
First, sorry it took us this long to rank movie hookers. Second, there's three we'd absolutely risk getting the clap to sleep with.
Comedian Scott Rogowsky rode the subway while reading some of his favorite books, including Mein Kampf: For Kids and 101 Penis-Lengthening Tips You Can Do At Home, At the Office, or On the Go.
Ever wonder what the song "No Rain" was about? Or what happened to the Bee Girl? These Blind Melon facts will fill you in.
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The Easter Bunny is fine, but we prefer bunnies with more interesting hobbies. Like sleeping with hot actresses, mocking idiots, and becoming undead.
Aside from knowing lots and lots of people (not just guys) watch porn, there are plenty of porn facts and stats that'll surprise you.
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Lost Kin ResearchBruce Garner
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- Cape student sues, accuses school officials of slamming her to ground multiple times (04/28/16)45
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Mo. man shares story of testicular cancer recovery to help others
ST. LOUIS -- Testicular cancer made David Finklang redefine indestructible, at least for himself -- and he hopes for other "indestructible" young men.
Finklang, 27, was in good enough shape to run about 50 miles a week. He just started a new job as an accountant and was pricing rings to propose marriage to his girlfriend.
But during a run last August, he developed chest pains. His father had heart problems some years earlier. But his father was older, in his 50s. Finklang was young and healthy. So he waited a week. The pains didn't go away.
"I didn't have a primary care physician, so I went to an urgent care office," Finklang said. "They took an X-ray."
A physician told him it was probably a strain.
"He told me to take it easy a little bit, stretch and take [ibuprofen]," Finklang said. "That's what I did and the pain went away."
Four days later, a senior physician from the urgent care center called. He had double-checked Finklang's X-rays. "He told me there was a mass in my chest and I needed to see a doctor," Finklang said.
A biopsy came back as testicular cancer, a mass about the size of a grapefruit.
"I'd only heard of it from what I'd heard about Lance Armstrong," he said.
The other jolt was that he had a form of testicular cancer that develops outside of the testicles. He also had three small tumors in his abdomen -- no cancer in his testicles.
Dr. Bruce Roth, of Siteman Cancer Center's oncology division, said cancer experts believe that cells in a male embryo shift from one place to another, where they'll become part of the reproductive system. But some cells get left behind; those sometimes -- albeit rarely -- develop into cancer.
If there can be good news about a cancer diagnosis, testicular cancer is curable.
There are several forms of testicular cancer. The most common is detected by finding irregular growth or a heavy sensation in the testicles and scrotum. Often, there's no pain or other symptoms.
American Cancer Society data on testicular cancer show that:
* It's rare; about 9,000 men are diagnosed a year. It's the No. 1 cancer for men between the ages of 15 and 35 and occurs in men up to 54.
* The cancer society says that women play a major role in detecting their partners' testicular cancer.
* The survival rate when it's found early, is 100 percent. Found later, the survival rate is 80 percent.
* About 300 men die annually from testicular cancer because it wasn't detected until it spread to vital organs.
"It's the perfect storm of a patient population that doesn't see a doctor on a regular basis, maybe doesn't have medical insurance, or is embarrassed to report it," Roth said. "All that together conspires against early detection."
There are two major forms of testicular cancer. The most common is in cells that produce sperm; it's also the form found outside the testicles. The other is cancer in cells that produce hormones.
There's no known cause -- not lifestyle, trauma, drug use or steroid use.
It's most common among white men, although any ethnic group can develop it.
Removal of the testicle is the most common remedy, Roth said. If the cancer is outside the testicle, it's treated conventionally, with surgery, chemotherapy or radiation.
Finklang opted for chemotherapy.
"Actually, I put myself in Dr. Roth's hands; he's the expert," he said.
Surgery could leave some cells behind, "and in a short time, we'd be right back here," Finklang said.
After three months of chemotherapy the mass in his chest reduced to about the size of a golf ball and those in his stomach disappeared, Finklang said.
"So Dr. Roth says he wants to monitor it before deciding on surgery or more chemo," Finklang said.
He's speaking out to warn other men not to be embarrassed or reticent about addressing testicular cancer or the aches and pains that seem minor at the time.
See a doctor, get checkups, Finklang said.
"No one is indestructible," he said.


text: Student council members at Van Buren Elementary conducted a mock election for all students on Tuesday. Students voted on their choice of presidential candidate and state governor. Mitt Romney won the VBE presidential race with 111 votes to Barack Obama's 108 votes. The winner of the gubernatorial race was Mike Pence with 104 votes. Teachers Derik Tipton and Anna Lorenze lead the Van Buren Elementary student council. [Order this photo]


text:
Music Lyrics
Bass and Guitar Tabs
and More...
Oh my way home, police car pulled me over.
After they left, I puttered out of gas.
'Triple-A' came, but my card was expired!
I had to walk home, and of course, it rained half the time.
I tried to get some shut-eye, then I was abducted!
They put cold things in my butt.
They sampled a bit of my D.N.A.
They left me on top of my sheets,
I dreamt I went potty, then woke up drenched in me.
I got up to toss my soiled sheets,
the hallway was dark, and I stubbed my big toe.
It was then that I seensed the irony (burning in me),
Then I head a voice say,
"Come sail abord the S.S. Nepenthe!"
I suppose I'm to blame for getting pulled over.
I guess I'm the culprit for running out of gas.
Let's assume I'm the guy who didn't pay his 'Triple-A' fee.
In actuality, I let the zetas probe me.
Yesterday was my fault.
I let negativity get the better of me.
Thank goodness for the bathtubs and suds!
They temporarily set free this quandary
Return to my Incubus lyrics page
The lyrics are Copyright their respective owners.
Website © 2000-2014 mattsmusicpage.com. All rights reserved.
Legal & DMCA: Matt's Music Page has been providing lyrics and tabs in a legal way, paying royalties each year to a few organizations. Then, all lyrics and tabs were removed from the site. Now, there's a new owner to the site, which purchased it August 26, 2014, and he is in negotiation to obtain licensing from BMI at the moment. If you have a specific DMCA request -- please do not hesitate to contact me via the contact button on top. I will do my very best to keep this site fully legal.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 14, 1997
|Filing date
|Jun 7, 1995
|Priority date
|Jul 18, 1994
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Robert L. Alig, Jason R. Guth, David J. Burton
|Original Assignee
|Applied Sciences, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (53), Classifications (11), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/276,434 filed Jul. 18, 1994, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to vapor grown carbon fibers having increased bulk density and to the method of increasing such bulk density.
Commercial carbon fibers hold great promise as a high-performance material for composites due to their high strength and high modulus. They are commonly made by elevating a precursor material such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch in an inert atmosphere to a temperature around 1000� C. on continuous wind-up devices. They are generally continuous filaments and approximately 8 μm diameter.
However, this application is concerned with vapor grown carbon fibers that are a recent entry in the field of carbon fibers and have similar or even superior physical properties along with the potential for production at a lower cost. Vapor grown carbon fibers are produced directly from hydrocarbons such as methane in a gas phase reaction upon contact with a catalytic metal particle around 1000� C. in a non-oxidizing gas stream. U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,818 to Tibbetts et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,415 to Alig et al describe typical reaction processes and chambers. Vapor grown carbon fibers differ substantially from commercial carbon fiber in that the fibers are not continuous. The length is around 0.001 to 0.04 mm and the fibers exist as an entangled mass as shown in FIG. 1.
More importantly and pertinent to this application is that the fiber diameter of a vapor grown carbon fiber is generally under 1μ and 0.2μ is a common average. As those familiar with the growth of vapor grown carbon fibers know, these fibers can be subsequently thickened to the diameter of commercial fibers. However, this can be rather expensive and the resulting fibers are not as graphitic as the original filament graphitization ultimately characterizes the strength and modulus of the fiber. Thus, it is desirable to use fibers that are smaller than the diameter of a commercial fiber by a factor of 40. In terms of surface area, one gram of commercial fiber, which must be considered for coating and bonding to a plastic or rubber matrix, covers about 5.4 ft2, whereas the surface area of one gram of the entangled mass of vapor grown carbon fibers occupies about 108 ft2. In other words, 20 times as much coating must be applied to the vapor grown carbon fiber to achieve an equivalent coating thickness. In spite of this obstacle, this presents an opportunity for tremendous potential for rubber and plastic reinforcement.
Further, as these vapor grown carbon fibers are much finer than their continuously grown counterparts, the fibers exist upon leaving the reactor as an entangled mass that is very lightweight with a large apparent volume, from 5 to 50 ft3 /lb. In other words, the fibers are a lightweight, fluffy entangled mass. In this state, the fibers are very difficult to ship and handle. Such a light and fluffy material is almost impossible to incorporate into mixing equipment that typically processes rubber or plastic. The fly loss and incorporation time is tremendous. Due to a low surface tension, the fibers can not be easily wetted out or mixed into liquid applications without prior surface treatments. These problems represent a severe limitation on the use of vapor grown carbon fibers as they can not be readily dispersed into rubbers, plastics or the like. Thus, the development of methods by which the vapor grown carbon fibers are wet out and densified are key to the commercialization of these materials.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,489 to Hirao et al discloses a method for producing composite fibers for electrical conductive applications by combining vapor grown carbon fibers with solid resin particles and heating to form a molten polymer, extruding the mixture from a high speed centrifuge to form filaments, blowing hot gas onto the filaments to form a composite, and subsequently graphitizing by a further heat treatment. However, Hirao et al do not teach a high final bulk density nor do they teach the use of a latex liquid system to enhance adhesion in rubber or like materials. Further, Hirao et al require an additional heat treatment. This additional heat treatment drives off any remaining nitrogen or oxygen groups from the surface of the fibers. Nitrogen and oxygen groups on the surface of the fiber enhance adhesion of subsequent materials with which the fibers are blended.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,122 to Kitamura et al discloses a method for increasing the bulk density of carbon fibers. In Kitamura et al, carbon fibers are dipped in an inorganic or organic binder and then dried. The final bulk density of the fibers is from 0.2-0.8 g/cm3. However, Kitamura et al use carbon fibers from traditional PAN processes which are, in general, much thicker than vapor grown carbon fibers. Further, Kitamura does not blend the fibers and the product has a relatively low final bulk density.
Accordingly, there remains a need for increasing the bulk density of fine carbon fibers and pelletizing such fibers, particularly vapor grown carbon fibers, as well as increasing their adhesion in rubbers, plastics and like materials.
This need is met by the present invention whereby vapor grown carbon fibers with increased bulk density and a method for making the same is provided. The carbon fiber of the present invention is a vapor grown carbon fiber. Preferably, a latex film is deposited on the vapor grown carbon fibers. The latex film assists the fine carbon fibers into forming a more dense mass, such as pellets or the like, than is possible of the carbon fibers in an uncoated state. Latex polymers uniquely coalesces onto the surface of the fibers and the polymer type can be appropriately selected to provide improved adhesion between the carbon fibers and rubbers, plastics or any material in which the fibers are incorporated.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing the bulk density of vapor grown carbon fibers comprising mixing a quantity of vapor grown carbon fibers having an average diameter of less than about 1 μm and an initial bulk density of less than about 0.2 lb/ft3 with an aqueous-based solution, stabilizing and blending the mixture to uniformly disperse the vapor grown carbon fibers in the solution and drying the mixture to form a mass of carbon fibers which has a final bulk density of at least about 3 lb/ft3, preferably of at least about 10 lb/ft3. The mass of carbon fibers can be in the form of cakes, pellets, or sheets. The vapor grown carbon fibers of the present invention preferably have a diameter in the range of about 0.02 μm to about 0.8 μm, and more preferably 0.2 μm. Preferably the initial bulk density is within the range of about 0.1 to about 0.02 lb/ft3.
Preferably, the aqueous-based solution is a latex-containing solution. The latex can be any latex compound either synthetic or preferably a natural rubber latex. Additionally, a surfactant can be added to aid in wetting-out or coating the carbon fibers and stabilizing the latex. Many surfactants may be employed. However, the surfactant is preferably a nonionic surfactant. Further, additional water may be added to the mixture of carbon fiber and latex to aid in blending. The blending is preferably conducted under high shear conditions. The high shear blending is preferably performed at a speed of at least about 10 m/sec. Since latex is basically a polymer suspension in water and sometimes blended in solvents, the high shear mixing in itself may cause the polymer suspension to settle out or gel into a solid mass. Consequently, the surfactant is added in an amount that assures that the latex can withstand the high shear mix and not settle out if it were to be mixed without the presence of carbon fiber. Thus, when the fibers, latex, surfactant, and water are mixed the latex polymer does not settle out as a separate entity in the mixture, but as a coating on the surface of the carbon fiber. Furthermore, the preferred unthickened, highly graphitic, vapor grown carbon fiber is of such a great magnitude of strength that it can withstand the high shear mix without pulverizing and thus losing its reinforcement capabilities.
In accordance with an additional aspect of the present invention, there is also provided the product of the above mentioned pelletizing process. The product is a carbon fiber/latex blend comprising vapor grown carbon fibers having a diameter of less than about 1 μm and an initial bulk density of less than about 0.2 lb/ft3 blended with a latex to form a mass of carbon fibers with latex polymer deposited on the surface and having a final bulk density fiber/latex blend of at least about 3 lb/ft3. Again, the blend can be in the form of pellets.
The carbon fibers are vapor grown carbon fibers. The average diameter of the carbon fibers is preferably in the range of about 0.02 μm to about 0.8 μm, and more preferably about 0.2 μm. The initial bulk density of the carbon fibers is preferably within the range of about 0.1 to about 0.02 lb/ft3 and the latex film is preferably a natural rubber latex.
The pelletized carbon fiber/latex blend of the present invention may be incorporated or blended into any product in which carbon fiber reinforcement is desired, such as, for example, rubbers, plastics and car body panels. Particularly, the pelletized carbon fiber/latex blend of the present invention is useful as a reinforcing material in rubber tires.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide carbon fiber/latex blend comprising a vapor grown carbon fiber blended with a latex. It is further an object of the present invention to provide a method for increasing the bulk density of vapor grown carbon fibers by blending the carbon fibers with an aqueous-based solution and drying to form a mass of carbon fibers. These, and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.
FIG. 1 is a photomicrograph of vapor grown carbon fibers of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph of a pelletized carbon fiber/latex blend according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph of stress/strain evaluation of carbon black in rubber.
FIG. 4 is a graph of stress/strain evaluation of the latex coated carbon fiber according to the present invention in rubber.
The method of the present invention relates to the conversion of vapor grown carbon fibers into a form that can be readily employed in commercial applications. Vapor grown carbon fibers generally exist as an entangled mass as shown in FIG. 1. Such vapor grown carbon fibers have a large apparent volume, large surface area, and a low surface tension. As a result, the fibers are too fluffy to handle, difficult to mix, and do not "wet-out" easily with polymers. The fibers actually tend to repel liquids rather than be wetted out. This severely limits the commercial application of such carbon fibers in liquid based processes such as those employing rubber, plastic or the like.
Thus, in order to be successfully employed in many commercial applications, the surface tension must be raised and apparent volume of these vapor grown carbon fibers must be reduced. This is achieved by the method of the present invention whereby vapor grown carbon fibers are mixed with an aqueous-based solution, blended and dried. The bulk density of the carbon fibers is increased, thereby reducing the apparent volume, creating denser masses of carbon fibers which may be in the form of pellets. As the pellets are not formally shaped before drying they may assume many different shapes and sizes. Furthermore, by "pellets" in the present application, it is intended to mean dense individual masses not necessarily of uniform shape or size.
The vapor grown carbon fibers of the present invention should be a graphitic carbon fiber. The graphitic carbon fibers used in the present invention are ones having an average diameter of below about 1 μm, preferably one having a diameter in the range of about 0.02 μm to about 0.8 μm, and more preferably about 0.2 μm. Additionally, the vapor grown carbon fibers of the present invention should have a bulk density (the inverse of specific volume) of below about 0.2 lb/ft3, preferably in the range of about 0.1 to about 0.02 lb/ft3. The graphitic fibers provide the capability of superior reinforcement as compared to commercial carbon black and the resulting tremendous surface area of the smaller diameter provides the potential for better bonding between the polymer and the fiber.
Vapor grown carbon fibers are produced by a vapor deposition process. One such particularly suitable process for producing vapor grown carbon fibers for use in the present invention is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,415 to Alig et al the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. Metallic particles, such as from iron pentacarbonyl, are placed in a vapor chamber and catalyze the growth of long, slender graphitic filaments when exposed to a hydrocarbon gas such as methane, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in a temperature greater than about 1000� C. with an intermittent oxygen in air purge to remove the carbon fiber in the reactor.
The vapor grown carbon fibers of the present invention are employed in the blending process as produced. The use of ammonia and an air purge as in the preferred method of manufacture for the carbon fiber provides a surface treatment for the vapor grown carbon fiber. The use of air at the high temperatures within the reaction chamber develops an oxidative treatment on the vapor grown carbon fiber surface produced. However, as the air purge is intermittent, the oxidative treatment is not excessive to the point where etching or pitting of the carbon fiber surface occurs to any substantial amount. On the other hand, the use of an ammonia gas in the reactor deposits active nitrogen groups on the carbon fiber surface. Preferably, about 4% nitrogen groups are deposited on the fiber surface.
Hydrogen sulfide may be needed for the abundant fiber formation and as it enhances the fiber growth from the iron catalyst and remains with the fiber. Thus, for abundant fiber formation, hydrogen sulfide addition is preferred. The ammonia, air, and sulfur used in the reaction during formation provides sites on the fiber and can be adjusted and tailored depending upon the desired end use.
Thus, the carbon fibers produced according to the preferred method of manufacture disclosed above, includes oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen groups on the fiber surface. While not wishing to be bound by any one theory of operation of the present invention, it is believed that the nitrogen and oxygen groups on the fiber surface enhance the fiber surface's ability to wet-out and/or form bonds with other materials, while the sulfur can be a part of the vulcanization of rubber. Accordingly, the deposition or coating of latex on the carbon fiber surface is enhanced by the activated fiber surface.
An additional heat treatment step at higher temperatures and/or additional thickening for longer times is not required. That is, the preferred vapor grown carbon fiber of the present invention has not been subjected to a thickening process or subsequent heat treatment for higher graphitization.
The dense mass of carbon fiber of the present invention is produced by mixing carbon fibers with an aqueous-based solution and blending until the carbon fibers are completely wetted-out in the solution. The aqueous-based solution may be water but may be other aqueous-based solutions, such as latex. The latex of the present invention can be any latex material. Preferably, the latex to be used is a natural rubber latex solution. However, synthetic latex solutions are also within the scope of the invention. Preferably, the vapor grown carbon fibers are mixed with the latex solution in such a quantity to provide from about 1% to about 50% by weight of a latex coating on the carbon fibers. More preferably, from about 1% to about 25% by weight of a latex coating is provided on the carbon fibers and most preferably from about 3% to 7% by weight.
A surfactant or wetting agent may also be added to the mixture. A surfactant or wetting agent functions to raise the surface tension and in addition stabilizes and is capable of maintaining the latex polymer in suspension while withstanding the shear of mixing. The intent is for the latex polymer to coalesce on the surface of the carbon fiber and not separate. The surfactant may be any compound suitable for the purpose of aiding wetability and maintaining the latex suspension. Preferably, the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant.
Once the carbon fibers and aqueous-based solution are combined, the mixture is blended in order to disperse the carbon fibers in the solution. The mixture is blended until the carbon fibers have been substantially wetted-out in the solution. If a latex solution is employed, the carbon fibers are wetted-out or coated by the latex solution. Before processing, latex exists as an emulsion of natural or synthetic rubber compounds in an aqueous solution. During high shear mixing, upon addition of the fibers the latex goes out of solution, i.e. gels or coagulates, thereby coating the carbon fibers with a thin film of latex. Additional water may be added either before or during blending to aid in the blending of the carbon fiber.
The blending must be sufficiently fast enough such that the carbon fibers are wetted-out in the aqueous-based solution. The blending causes the preferred latex to evenly disperse and coalesce or deposit on the surface of the carbon fibers. Thus, a high shear or high speed blending is preferred in the present invention. By high shear or high speed it is intended to be for the purposes of this invention, a blending process that rotates at approximately 5 m/s or above. The rotation is preferably above 10 m/s, more preferably above approximately 40 m/s, and most preferably approximately 100 m/s. The mixture is blended for a period of time sufficient to wet-out or coat the carbon fibers with the aqueous-based solution. Thus, the approximate blending time will depend on the amount of added carbon fibers and the size of the blending apparatus.
For an economically feasible process, it is generally desirable to filter the mixture through a filter such as a screen or fiber glass cloth and drying the remaining cake while the liquid is discarded. For a quality control check on the latex stability, a sample of the liquid can be weighed, dried, and re-weighed to assure that the latex polymer has coalesced on the fiber and not in the discard liquid. For end uses such as sheet molded automotive body panel applications or where subsequent chemical vapor deposition is desired, the wet cake can be spread or drawn out by a knife blade process into thin paper-like sheets, gravity or vacuum filtered, and then dried. For most applications, the caked mass can be dried and used or broken into pellets for easier handling.
In the process of forming the fiber in the reactor, there are times when it is known that undesirable soot, ash, etc. are present with the fiber. In this situation the surfactant level can be adjusted upward while mixing or excess water can be flushed through the cake and the undesirables will separate from the cake during filtration, thus purifying the fiber and latex polymer for drying and pelletization.
After blending for a sufficient length of time, the carbon fibers are dried. The drying process may be conducted by decanting, filtering, or any heating procedure suitable for the purpose. However, if the drying process chosen is one involving an elevated temperature, the temperature should be kept below approximately 60� C. with high air flow, but could go to approximately 105� C. for short periods of time. This temperature is low in order to preserve the vulcanization capability of the natural rubber or polyisoprene coating. Other rubber or plastic polymer structures could withstand higher temperatures as appropriate.
Upon drying, the carbon fibers form relatively small, dense masses, such as beads, chips or pellets. Pellets are particularly desirable for shipment and for ease of incorporation into processing equipment. For some end uses such as where high thermal or electrical conductivity is the goal, it is desirable to form a densified thin sheet or pelletized product with no latex sizing whatsoever. In this case, the process can be carried out exactly as described except without any latex and the pellets will have a density in the 1-10 lb/ft3 range and still be adequate for incorporation into processing equipment. These pellets should have a final bulk density of at least about 3 lb/ft3. Preferably, the pellets of carbon fiber will have a final bulk density of at least about 10 lb/ft3. This represents a bulk density increase from untreated carbon fibers to carbon fiber/latex blend of at least about 30 times and more preferably of at least about 500 times.
The mass of vapor grown carbon fibers of the present invention is ideally suited for incorporation as a reinforcing agent into material such as rubber, plastic and the like. The blend enhances the carbon fibers ability to be incorporated into liquid systems by reducing the apparent volume of the fiber and increasing the surface tension. Further, the preferred latex coating on the fibers enhance the carbon fibers ability to adhere to the rubber or plastic compounds into which they are blended.
Additionally, due to the high degree of graphitization of the vapor grown carbon fibers, the blending procedure of the present invention, contrary to reason, does not break or shatter the carbon fibers. While a high shear blending would be expected to break or shatter fine diameter fibers, this is not the case in the present invention. Rather, the fibers length integrity is maintained. Maintaining length integrity of the fibers is particularly important when the fibers are to be employed as reinforcing materials. In order to gain maximum benefit of strength and modulus, the fibers length must remain intact. The carbon fibers of the present invention can be seen in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph of a mass latex coated carbon fiber of the present invention. As can be seen, the latex coated carbon fibers have maintained their length integrity, even after blending, from pre-processed carbon fiber depicted in FIG. 1.
The method of the present invention will now be illustrated by reference to an example. The method is not intended to be limited to the specific, exemplary materials below, but, rather, may be practiced generally by the principles espoused below.
10.5 grams of vapor grown carbon fibers having an average diameter of approximately 0.2 μm and initial bulk density 0.044 lb/ft3 was mixed with 0.91 grams of a natural rubber latex solution having a rubber content of 61%, 0.5 grams of a nonionic surfactant, T-DET (n 9.5) from Harcos Chemical, Inc. and 400 milliliters of water. The mixture was blended in a high shear blender for 10 minutes at 12 m/sec. During blending, the latex gelled from solution onto the fibers. Upon drying, the mixture forms a mass of carbon fibers with latex polymer deposited on the surface in pelletized form. The final bulk density was approximately 11.2 lb/ft3. This represents an increase in bulk density of untreated carbon fiber to latex coated carbon fiber by a factor of 250.
26.4 gallons of water were combined with 0.22 lb of nonionic surfactant, T-DET (N-9.5) and 0.4 lb of low ammonia natural rubber latex with a 61% dry rubber content in a 55 gallon drum, the mixture had a gray-white opaque color. The mixture was briefly stirred at low speed on a Cowles Dissolver type mixer using a standard 6 inch circular blade with knife-sharp protruding tips on the circumference--designed for high shear dispersion and pumping action. 4.65 lb of vapor grown carbon fibers were gradually added; then mixed for 15 minutes at 5000 rpm (40 m/sec) until a thorough mix was obvious. The mixture was decanted, vacuum filtered, and dried in high air flow around 60� C. The decanted filtrate was a clear liquid that upon drying deposited no residual polymer. The resulting chips had a density of 20 lb/ft3.
The treatments on the vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) during processing make subsequent successful polymer bonding feasible at a minimum cost. A windshield wiper blade formulation of natural rubber containing 28% by wt. of commercial type "N650" carbon black is compared with identical loadings of vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) with processing conditions altered as follows:
Sulfur is needed in the process and was constant in each VCGF trial. All four formulations were tested by pulling the rubber sample to rupture. The stress is monitored while sample is elongated (strain) and the Youngs modulus is the stress/strain ratio during the early linear period of the sample undergoing stretch. The data shows that there is a dramatic modulus increase effected by injecting ammonia and subsequently air into the reaction that is superior to commercial carbon black. Although the fiber surface is enhanced for wet-out and/or bond formation during processing, the fiber for these trials was very difficult to mix due to the tremendous apparent volume/lb (10 to 50 ft3 /lb) and cannot be easily handled on a commercial basis.
VGCF was produced with air and ammonia and pelletized to the 10 lb/ft3 range with a 5% dry rubber by weight of natural rubber latex to enhance the bonding capability. The sample was evaluated at one-third the loading level of a typical carbon black (A.S.T.M. designation: N 299 GPT black) and still attained a modulus 2.5 times greater than that of the carbon black at a 70% extension as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Thus, through a combination of fiber surface treatment during production, latex sizing application, and pelletization it is possible to achieve a stiffening in rubber that is superior to the capability of carbon black.
While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for purposes of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in the methods and apparatus disclosed herein may be made without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|524/496, 523/204, 423/448, 524/495, 523/205
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 7, 1995
Owner name: APPLIED SCIENCES, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ALIG, ROBERT L.;GUTH, JASON R.;BURTON, DAVID J.;REEL/FRAME:007580/0889
Effective date: 19950612
|Jul 13, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 14, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 14, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Jul 21, 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


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In the Game's latest hockey card product, "Canada vs The World" packs a big game punch.
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In The Game Canada vs The World Hockey Box ReviewOctober 20, 2011 By
In The Game Canada vs The World Hockey Box ReviewOctober 20, 2011 By Rich MuellerFiled Under: Modern Sports Card News Tagged With: Alexander Ovechkin, Collecting, com, game, hockey card collecting, information, john leclair, leading online retailers, site, tom barasso
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Status/الوضع Issue 3.1is out! Have a listen!
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Statement of the April 6 Movement Regarding the Demands of the Youth and the Refusal to Negotiate with any Side
[This statement was prepared by the April 6 movement. Translation below by Fida Adely & Aiman Haddad]
February 6, 2011
The Egyptian Resistance Movement
The youth of Egypt have stood their ground and struggled against the tyrants. We have faced bullets against bare chests with great courage and patience. We salute the great Egyptian people, the creators of this revolution. For that reason, we affirm that victory is the fall of Mubarak and his regime.
Since the 25th of January, "The Egyptian Uprising," we have toppled the legitimacy of the dictator. Egypt is now ruled by the valiant Egyptian people. To protect the peaceful and glorious uprising, let us continue to protect ourselves and our Egyptian assets against the destruction and thuggery of the terrorist regime.
We will complete what we started on the 25th of January. We the Egyptian youth will not be deceived by Mubarak's talk, which aimed to manipulate the emotions of the Egyptian people and under-estimated their intelligence as he has become accustomed to doing for thirty years in speeches, false promises, and mock election programs that were never meant to be implemented. Mubarak resorted to this misleading talk, thinking that Egyptian people could be deceived yet more.
To all Egyptians who love their homeland, we are your children, your sons and daughters and we represent your demands and that which we have all suffered under Mubarak's rule. Mubarak pretends to fully comply with the demands of the Egyptian people, but you must understand that this is merely a maneuver by the Egyptian regime to deceive the free Egyptian people who refused to go back to their homes and end their protests. Whoever among us examines the events that have transpired in the last few days with a conscious mind, beginning with Friday's "Day of Rage", will clearly realize that the Egyptian regime implemented an evil plan to keep Mubarak in power as is the desire of those elements within the regime who want to protect their own personal security, rather than the security of Egypt.
After that, the prime minister appeared with invitations to dialogue. The first thing he did to convey his belief in the importance of dialogue, was to launch an attack by regime thugs and security people in plain clothes against the Egyptian youth, who were without weapons [to defend themselves], in Tahrir square which led to the injury of hundreds and the deaths of eleven martyrs. In addition, the regime undertook an arrest campaign of people in the April 6 Movement's operation room, many lawyers, human rights activists, and representatives of the youth groups which called for the demonstrations on January 25th. The prime minister was not satisfied with this dialogue, so he gave orders to shoot live bullets at the innocent demonstrators. The arrests and chasing down of the movement's activists is still ongoing. Is that the dialogue that Omar Suleiman and Ahmad Shafiq are calling for?
We, the youth of the April 6th Movement, announce our rejection of Omar Suleiman's (the vice president) invitation for dialogue. There can be no dialogue until the departure of President Mubarak. We insist that we intend to proceed with what we started on January 25th to restore the rights that the Mubarak regime has robbed us of during its 30 year reign.
We announce from Tahrir Square:
We will persevere until our demands are fulfilled, namely:
- Mubarak should step down from power immediately.
- Dissolving of the national assembly and the senate
- Establish a "national salvation group" that includes all public and political personalities, intellectuals, constitutional and legal experts, and representatives of youth groups who called for the demonstrations on the 25th and 28th of January. This group is to be commissioned to form a transitional coalition government that is mandated to govern the country during a transitional period. The group should also form a transitional presidential council until the next presidential elections.
- Drafting a new constitution that guarantees the principles of freedom and social justice.
- Prosecute those responsible for the killing of hundreds of martyrs in Tahrir Square.
- The immediate release of detainees
These demands are agreed upon by all the youth groups that called for the January 25th and 28th demonstrations.
We also announce that there is not any coordination between us and what is known as "The Committee of Wise Men" who have suggested ending the demonstrations and beginning negotiations while Mubarak is still in power.
Mubarak must leave immediately to preserve the security and stability of Egypt.
There will be no negotiations until the departure of Mubarak and any negotiations should be concerned with the transferring power.
2 comments for "Statement of the April 6 Movement Regarding the Demands of the Youth and the Refusal to Negotiate with any Side"
Excellent statement. I strongly support your stand.
Kumar David (Sri Lanka)
I wholeheartedly support Egyptian people's struggle. With the beginning of a farcical negotiation stage, it is now very important to put forward the people's demands. As far as I see Committee of Wise Men is made up of old regime's politically "modest" supporters or beneficiaries. Again as far as I understand they do not represent Tahrir. But nearly in all media I searched, including The Independent's Robert Fisk, they are presented as selected by people at Tahrir. Briefly, this situation creates a confusion, and as you know bystanders are quick to attest their confusion to the revolutionaries, and reports like splits among groups are beginning to circulate. Jadaliyya's and all the contributors' efforts to clear up all this mess is remarkable.
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Dave Broome Celebrity Watchlist
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The First Challenge: Picking a Trainer03:28 — The competition gets off to a heart-pounding start, as the women have the chance to see all the trainers in action before picking their teammates.
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Rep. Jason Chaffetz, R-Utah, said Friday that Congress may have to hold Attorney General Eric Holder in contempt for the Justice Department's slow response to a subpoena relating to the Fast and Furious gun running operation.
The House Oversight and Government Reform Committee has sought 80,000 documents, "of which they have only given us about 7,000," Chaffetz told Fox News, according to Politico. "We have issued a subpoena. We have bent over backward to be patient and take time."
Asked if Congress is prepared to hold Holder in contempt, Chaffetz responded, "He is leading us down a path where we have no other choice. That's what I'm worried about. There are other options on the table. We can end this tonight if the Department of Justice will turn over these documents and hold the senior-most individuals at the Department of Justice accountable for their actions."
The Los Angeles Times and The Associated Press reported Friday that House Republican leaders put together a proposed contempt of Congress citation against Holder, charging that he and the Justice Department have "obstructed and slowed" the congressional inquiry into Fast and Furious.
An official of the Oversight and Government Reform Committee told the AP that a final decision on citation has not been made. The official, who was not authorized to be quoted by name, said the citation could be avoided if the Justice Department changes its stand and produces documents sought by the committee.
However, CBS News reports that House Republicans have gotten the go-ahead to prepare the contempt citation, which will accuse Holder and the Justice Department of obstructing the congressional probe.
House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, was given a 48-page draft by Rep. Darrell Issa, R-Calif., who heads the Oversight committee, CBS News reports.
"While there are very legitimate arguments to be made in favor of such an action, no decision has been made to move forward with one by the speaker or by House Republican leaders," a top Republican aide told CBS News.
Read more on Newsmax.com: Rep. Chaffetz: House Committee Could Cite Holder for Contempt
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Definition of throwback
- a jersey
Last edited on Jun 04 2003. Submitted by Anonymous on Jun 04 2003.
- vintage, an antique or valuable piece of clothing, music art etc. that is valuable and /or respected by the younger generation.
That Michael Jordan throw back jersey costs $500.
Last edited on May 17 2011. Submitted by Anonymous on Jun 07 2003.
- old, weak, last, not any good, used to describe a person.
That dude thinks he's the shit but he really throwback.
Last edited on Sep 11 2003. Submitted by Pookie from Indianapolis, IN, USA on Sep 11 2003.
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|Definitions include: the hair style of short hair in the front with long hair in the back; "mullet".
|Definitions include: sexually interested only in men.
|Definitions include: a blowjob.
|Definitions include: hip
|Definitions include: English translation of the Japanese phrase for a person hired to seduce someone - often a spouse - to gain grounds for a divorce.
|Definitions include: acronym for "falling off chair, rolling on floor, laughing out loud".
|Definitions include: to masturbate.
|Definitions include: "humongous".
|Definitions include: a new situation.
|Definitions include: the departure of intelligent people from a company, organization, country, etc.
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throwback
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A solo Spears runs errands in Thousand Oaks, Calif. Plus: Liev Schreiber, Selena Gomez, Jennifer Garner and more
Updated: Friday Mar 08, 2013 | 06:00 AM EST
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Jimmy Dore
Jimmy Dore is an American comedian who has been performing stand-up comedy for 19 years. He was born and raised into a catholic family of 12 on the southwest side of Chicago, Illinois. Jimmy is the star of several Comedy Central specials, and a writer performer for the Off-Broadway hit "The Marijuana -Logues", His latest effort "CITIZEN JIMMY" a one hour Comedy Central Special currently airing was chosen BestOf2008 by iTunes, and was named one the the Top 5 Comedy DVDs of 2008 by Punchline Magazine.
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Public Notice - Township of Hamilton Police Department on-site assessment to achieve accreditation
The Township of Hamilton Police Department is scheduled for an on-site assessment as part of its program to achieve accreditation by verifying that it meets recognized professional best practices.
Administered by the New Jersey State Association of Chiefs of Police, the accreditation program requires agencies to comply with best practice standards in five basic areas: the administrative function, the personnel function, the operations function, the investigative function, and the arrestee/detainee function.
Agency employees and the public are invited to offer comments by calling (609) 625 - 8340 on Monday, April 25, 2016 between the hours of 9:00 am – 11:00 am. Comments will be taken by the Assessment Team. Email comments can be sent to Lieutenant Anthony Alcott at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Telephone comments are limited to 5 minutes and must address the agency's ability to comply with the NJSACOP standards. A copy of the standards is available for inspection at the Township of Hamilton Police Department located 6101 13th Street Mays Landing NJ 08330. Please contact Lieutenant Anthony Alcott at (609) 625 2700 x 531 for more information.
Anyone wishing to submit written comments about the Township of Hamilton Police Department's ability to comply with the standards for accreditation may send them by email to Harry J Delgado, Accreditation Program Manager, firstname.lastname@example.com, by phone (856) 988 - 5880, or write to the New Jersey State Association of Chief's of Police, Law Enforcement Accreditation Commission at 751 Route 73 North, Suite 12, Marlton, NJ 08053.


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Borden constable commanded respect
Traveling in the foothills was never pleasant in the horse and buggy days.
Mostly excerpts of columnists published in The Madera Tribune.
Traveling in the foothills was never pleasant in the horse and buggy days.
As you are reading this fishwrap, our four Madera veterans will hopefully be relaxing and recuperating from their Honor Flight to Washington, D.C. The foursome, Ted Sanderson, J.B.
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I've read in fitness magazines that the best way to reach goals is to announce them.
By Svetlana Kochergina
By Alexandria Thompson


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Android Games
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Not able to play technology park?
Why technology park is showing coming soon.?.... Even on play store it is showing fully updated
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Just get more star
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I dig Blade II on my new surround sound system. I think its the only DVD I have that supports 6.1 (I have a 7.1, so its closer). It sounds suhweeet!
As for this movie, I'm all over it on day 1. Yea, it'll have lame parts, but they already have my $$..


text:
Flexible-obedient 12mm x 2m probe extension for for use with General Tools video inspection systems.
72-10600 - USBTC-08 Thermocouple Data Logger
Input Voltage: -70mV to +70mV
Kit Contents: USB TC-08 Data Logger and PicoLog Data Acquisition Software
No. of Channels: 8
Temperature Measuring Range: -270°C to +1820°C
24-1050 - 12 ft Stereo 3.5mm Extension Cables
3.5mm audio extension cables for use with personal audio equipment. Molded strain reliefs. Nickel plated plugs.
24-6235 - 6 ft Stereo 3.5mm Extension Cables
I ordered batteries and a set of test leads. I received them within three days of when I ordered them and I got a great price. Fast service and a great price - what more could you want.


text:
A life filled with high notes
What do you do when fate knocks on your front door? If you're Jill Larson, you let her in and give her 5-year-old kid a piano lesson.
Lo56° Slight Chance Showers
Hi77° Cloudy then Chance Showers
Lo55° Chance Showers
Hi72° Chance Showers
Lo53° Slight Chance Showers then Mostly Cloudy
Hi81° Mostly Sunny
Lo56° Mostly Clear
Hi85° Sunny
Lo57° Mostly Clear
Hi79° Sunny