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The Theory of Planned Behavior as a Model of Heavy Episodic Drinking Among College Students
Collins, Susan E.
Carey, Kate B.
Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors
This study provided a simultaneous, confirmatory test of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in predicting heavy episodic drinking (HED) among college students. It was hypothesized that past HED, drinking attitudes, subjective norms and drinking refusal self-efficacy would predict intention, which would in turn predict future HED. Participants consisted of 131 college drinkers (63% female) who reported having engaged in HED in the previous two weeks. Participants were recruited and completed questionnaires within the context of a larger intervention study (see Collins & Carey, 2005). Latent factor structural equation modeling was used to test the ability of the TPB to predict HED. Chi-square tests and fit indices indicated good fit for the final structural models. Self-efficacy and attitudes but not subjective norms significantly predicted baseline intention, and intention and past HED predicted future HED. Contrary to hypotheses, however, a structural model excluding past HED provided a better fit than a model including it. Although further studies must be conducted before a definitive conclusion is reached, a TPB model excluding past behavior, which is arguably more parsimonious and theory driven, may provide better prediction of HED among college drinkers than a model including past behavior.
college drinking; alcohol use; theory of planned behavior; heavy episodic drinking; college students
Related Articles
Determinants of Fast Food Consumption among Iranian High School Students Based on Planned Behavior Theory
Sharifirad, Gholamreza
Yarmohammadi, Parastoo
Azadbakht, Leila
Morowatisharifabad, Mohammad Ali
Hassanzadeh, Akbar
Journal of Obesity
Objective. This study was conducted to identify some factors (beliefs and norms) which are related to fast food consumption among high school students in Isfahan, Iran. We used the framework of the theory planned behavior (TPB) to predict this behavior. Subjects & Methods. Cross-sectional data were available from high school students (n = 521) who were recruited by cluster randomized sampling. All of the students completed a questionnaire assessing variables of standard TPB model including attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control (PBC), and the additional variables past behavior, actual behavior control (ABC). Results. The TPB variables explained 25.7% of the variance in intentions with positive attitude as the strongest (β = 0.31, P < 0.001) and subjective norms as the weakest (β = 0.29, P < 0.001) determinant. Concurrently, intentions accounted for 6% of the variance for fast food consumption. Past behavior and ABC accounted for an additional amount of 20.4% of the variance in fast food consumption. Conclusion. Overall, the present study suggests that the TPB model is useful in predicting related beliefs and norms to the fast food consumption among adolescents. Subjective norms in TPB model and past behavior in TPB model with additional variables (past behavior and actual behavior control) were the most powerful predictors of fast food consumption. Therefore, TPB model may be a useful framework for planning intervention programs to reduce fast food consumption by students.
Related Articles
The Theory of Planned Behavior as Applied to Preoperative Smoking Abstinence
Shi, Yu
Ehlers, Shawna
Warner, David O.
PLoS ONE
Abstinence from smoking on the morning of surgery may improve outcomes. This study examined the explicatory power of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict smoking behavior on the morning of surgery, testing the hypothesis that the constructs of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) will predict intent to abstain from smoking the morning of surgery, and that intent will predict behavior. TPB constructs were assessed in 169 pre-surgical patients. Smoking behavior on the morning of surgery was assessed by self-report and CO monitoring. Correlations and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to determine associations between measures and behavior. All TPB measures, including intent as predicted by the TPB, were correlated with both a lower rate of self-reported smoking on the morning of surgery and lower CO levels. The SEM showed a good fit to the data. In the SEM, attitude and PBC, but not subjective norm, were significantly associated with intent to abstain, explaining 46% of variance. The effect of PBC on CO levels was partially mediated by intent. The amount of variance in behavior explained by these TPB constructs was modest (10% for CO levels). Thus, attitude and perceived behavioral control explain a substantial portion of the intent to maintain preoperative abstinence on the morning of elective surgery, and intent and perceived behavioral control explain a more modest but significant amount of the variance in actual smoking behavior.
Trial Registration: Clinical Trials.gov registration: NCT01014455
Related Articles
Understanding Athletic Trainers' Beliefs Toward a Multifacted Sport-Related Concussion Approach: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Rigby, Justin
Vela, Luzita
Housman, Jeff
Journal of Athletic Training
Practice guidelines recommend a multifaceted approach for managing concussions, but a relatively small percentage of athletic trainers (ATs) follow these recommendations. Understanding ATs' beliefs toward the recommended concussion practice guidelines is the first step in identifying interventions that could increase compliance. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) allows us to measure ATs' beliefs toward the recommended concussion practice guidelines.
To examine the influence of ATs' beliefs toward the current recommended concussion guidelines on concussion-management practice through an application of the TPB.
Cross-sectional study.
A Web link with a survey was e-mailed to 1000 randomly selected members of the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA).
Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 221 certified ATs working in secondary school/clinic, high school, and college/university settings.
Main Outcome Measure(s):
A 66-item survey reflecting the current recommended concussion guidelines of the NATA and International Conference on Concussion in Sport was created to measure beliefs using the TPB constructs attitude toward the behavior (BA), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and behavioral intention (BI) of ATs. We used a linear multiple regression to determine if the TPB constructs BA, SN, and PBC predicted BI and if PBC and BI predicted behavior according to the TPB model.
We found that BA, SN, and PBC predicted BI (R = 0.683, R2 = 0.466, F3,202 = 58.78, P < .001). The BA (t202 = 5.53, P < .001) and PBC (t202 = 9.64, P < .001) contributed to the model, whereas SN (t202 = −0.84, P = .402) did not. The PBC and BI predicted behavior (R = 0.661, R2 = 0.437, F2,203 = 78.902, P < .001).
In this sample, the TPB constructs predicted BI and behavior of ATs' compliance with recommended concussion-management guidelines. The BA and PBC were the most influential constructs, indicating that those with positive attitudes toward concussion-management recommendations are more likely to implement them, and ATs are less likely to implement them when they do not believe they have the power to do so. We theorize that interventions targeting ATs' attitudes and control perceptions will lead to improved compliance.
concussion management; traumatic brain injuries; practice guidelines
Related Articles
Pathways from Parental Knowledge and Warmth to Adolescent Marijuana Use: An Extension to the Theory of Planned Behavior
Lac, Andrew
Alvaro, Eusebio M.
Crano, William D.
Siegel, Jason T.
Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research
Despite research indicating that effective parenting plays an important protective role in adolescent risk behaviors, few studies have applied theory to examine this link with marijuana use, especially with national data. In the current study (N=2,141), we hypothesized that parental knowledge (of adolescent activities and whereabouts) and parental warmth are antecedents of adolescents' marijuana beliefs—attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—as posited by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen 1991). These three types of beliefs were hypothesized to predict marijuana intention, which in turn was hypothesized to predict marijuana consumption. Results of confirmatory factor analyses corroborated the psychometric properties of the two-factor parenting structure as well as the five-factor structure of the TPB. Further, the proposed integrative predictive framework, estimated with a latent structural equation model, was largely supported. Parental knowledge inversely predicted pro-marijuana attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; parental warmth inversely predicted pro-marijuana attitudes and subjective norms, ps<.001. Marijuana intention (p<.001), but not perceived behavioral control, predicted marijuana use 1 year later. In households with high parental knowledge, parental warmth also was perceived to be high (r=.54, p<.001). Owing to the analysis of nationally representative data, results are generalizable to the United States population of adolescents 12–18 years of age.
Parental knowledge; Parental warmth; Theory of planned behavior; Marijuana; Adolescents
Related Articles
Theory of planned behavior and smoking: meta-analysis and SEM model
Topa, Gabriela
Moriano, Juan Antonio
Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation
To examine if the theory of planned behavior (TPB) predicts smoking behavior, 35 data sets (N = 267,977) have been synthesized, containing 219 effect sizes between the model variables, using a meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach (MASEM). Consistent with the TPB's predictions, 1) smoking behavior was related to smoking intentions (weighted mean r = 0.30), 2) intentions were based on attitudes (weighted mean r = 0.16), and subjective norms (weighted mean r = 0.20). Consistent with TPB's hypotheses, perceived behavioral control was related to smoking intentions (weighted mean r = −0.24) and behaviors (weighted mean r = −0.20) and it contributes significantly to cigarette consumption. The strength of the associations, however, was influenced by the characteristics of the studies and participants.
theory of planned behavior; smoking; meta-analysis; structural equation modeling
Related Articles
Correlates of physical activity in a population-based sample of kidney cancer survivors: an application of the theory of planned behavior
Trinh, Linda
Plotnikoff, Ronald C
Rhodes, Ryan E
North, Scott
Courneya, Kerry S
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Over half of kidney cancer survivors (KCS) are completely inactive and only a quarter are meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines. This highlights the need to identify and understand the determinants of PA in this understudied population. The purpose of this study is to determine the social cognitive correlates of PA intention and behavior in KCS using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).
All 1,985 KCS diagnosed between 1996 and 2010 in Alberta, Canada were mailed a self-report survey that consisted of the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire and standard TPB items for intention, planning, perceived behavioral control (PBC), affective and instrumental attitudes, and descriptive and injunctive norms. Standard demographic and medical variables were also collected.
Completed surveys were received from 703 of 1,654 (43%) eligible KCS. The TPB was tested using structural equation modelling and demonstrated an adequate-to-good fit to the data [χ² = 256.88, p < .001; TLI = 0.97; CFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.06, 90% CI = 0.05-0.06].
There were significant pathways to PA from PBC (ß = 0.18, p = 0.02), planning (ß = 0.22, p < 0.01), and intention (ß = 0.31, p < 0.01); and to planning from intention (ß = 0.81, p < 0.01). In addition, there were significant model pathways to intention from instrumental attitude (ß = 0.28, p = 0.03), descriptive norm (ß = 0.09, p = 0.01), and PBC (ß = 0.52, p < 0.01). Overall, the TPB accounted for 69%, 63%, and 42% of the variance in intention, planning and PA, respectively.
The TPB appears to be a useful model for explaining PA in KCS. All TPB constructs except injunctive norm and affective attitude were useful for explaining intention with PBC emerging as the largest correlate. Developing PA interventions based on the TPB may be effective in promoting PA in KCS and may lead to important improvements in health.
Exercise; Motivation; Social cognitive models; Correlates
Related Articles
Applying theory of planned behavior to predict exercise maintenance in sarcopenic elderly
Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan
Shahar, Suzana
Teng, Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi
Manaf, Zahara Abdul
Sakian, Noor Ibrahim Mohd
Omar, Baharudin
Clinical Interventions in Aging
This study aimed to determine the factors associated with exercise behavior based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) among the sarcopenic elderly people in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. A total of 65 subjects with mean ages of 67.5±5.2 (men) and 66.1±5.1 (women) years participated in this study. Subjects were divided into two groups: 1) exercise group (n=34; 25 men, nine women); and 2) the control group (n=31; 22 men, nine women). Structural equation modeling, based on TPB components, was applied to determine specific factors that most contribute to and predict actual behavior toward exercise. Based on the TPB's model, attitude (β=0.60) and perceived behavioral control (β=0.24) were the major predictors of intention to exercise among men at the baseline. Among women, the subjective norm (β=0.82) was the major predictor of intention to perform the exercise at the baseline. After 12 weeks, attitude (men's, β=0.68; women's, β=0.24) and subjective norm (men's, β=0.12; women's, β=0.87) were the predictors of the intention to perform the exercise. "Feels healthier with exercise" was the specific factor to improve the intention to perform and to maintain exercise behavior in men (β=0.36) and women (β=0.49). "Not motivated to perform exercise" was the main barrier among men's intention to exercise. The intention to perform the exercise was able to predict actual behavior regarding exercise at the baseline and at 12 weeks of an intervention program. As a conclusion, TPB is a useful model to determine and to predict maintenance of exercise in the sarcopenic elderly.
theory planned behavior; aging; elderly; sarcopenic; exercise
Related Articles
Development and validation of a generic questionnaire for the implementation of complex medical interventions
Kramer, Lena
Hirsch, Oliver
Becker, Annette
Donner-Banzhoff, Norbert
GMS German Medical Science
Introduction: The implementation of complex medical interventions in daily practice is often fraught with difficulties. According to the iterative phase model proposed by the British Medical Research Council (MRC), the development, implementation and evaluation of complex interventions should be theory-driven. A conceptual model that seems to be a promising framework is the Theory of planned behaviour (TPB). In our study we aimed to develop and validate a generic and multifaceted questionnaire based on the TPB to detect physicians' willingness to implement complex medical interventions and the factors influencing this willingness.
Methods: The questionnaire was developed according to the literature and was informed by previous qualitative research of our department. It was validated on the example of an electronic library of decision aids, arriba-lib. The sample consisted of 181 General Practitioners (GPs) who received a training regarding arriba-lib and subsequently filled in the questionnaire, assessing the TPB variables attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control and intention. Follow-up assessments were conducted after two (assessing retest reliability) and eight weeks (assessing target behaviour). We performed a confirmatory factor analysis investigating the factorial structure of our questionnaire according to the TPB. Beside the calculation of the questionnaire's psychometric properties we conducted a structural equation model and an ordinal regression to predict actual behaviour regarding the installation and application of arriba-lib.
Results: The postulated three factorial model (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control) of our questionnaire based on the TPB was rejected. A two factorial model with a combined factor subjective norm/perceived behaviour control was accepted. The explained variance in the ordinal regression was low (Nagelkerke's R2=.12). Neither attitude nor intention were able to predict the use or non-use of arriba-lib (attitude: p=.68, intention: p=.44). For the combined factor subjective norm/perceived behaviour control a significant, but small effect (p=.03) was shown.
Conclusions: The TPB is not an adequate theoretical framework to guide the development of a generic questionnaire in the context of the implementation of complex interventions. To enable the successful implementation of complex medical interventions evaluators have to go through the whole development and evaluation process according to the MRC-model, without short cuts. Further, it has to be discussed if a generic instrument can be valid and useful. Regarding the TPB a publication bias regarding the theory's applicability might have to be considered.
implementation; questionnaires; primary health care; theory of planned behaviour
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How to Reduce the Latent Social Risk of Disease: The Determinants of Vaccination against Rabies in Taiwan
Ku-Yuan, Lee
Li-Chi, Lan
Jiun-Hao, Wang
Chen-Ling, Fang
Kun-Sun, Shiao
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
To control the latent social risk of disease, the government usually spreads accurate information and attempts to improve the public's attitude toward adopting prevention. However, these methods with the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) model do not always work. Therefore, we used the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to understand dog owners' behavior and distinguished the knowledge effect as objective knowledge (OK) and subjective knowledge (SK). A total of 310 dog owners completed a questionnaire based on our model. We employed structural equation modeling to verify the structural relationships and found three main results. First, our model was fit, and each path was significant. People with better attitudes, stronger subjective norms, and more perceptive behavioral control have stronger behavioral intention. Second, perceived behavioral control, not attitude, was the best predictive index in this model. Finally, on perceived behavioral control, subjective knowledge showed more influence than objective knowledge. We successfully extended TPB to explain the behavioral intention of dog owners and presented more workable recommendations. To reduce the latent social risk of disease, the government should not only address dog owners' attitudes, but also their subjective norms and perceptive behavioral control. Indeed, perceptive behavioral control and SK showed the most influence in this model. It is implied that the self-efficacy of dog owners is the most important factor in such a behavior. Therefore, the government should focus on enhancing dog owners' self-efficacy first while devoted to prevention activities.
social risk; rabies; vaccination; the theory of planned behavior
Related Articles
Intention to voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) among health professionals in Jimma zone, Ethiopia: the theory of planned behavior (TPB) perspective
Abamecha, Fira
Godesso, Ameyu
Girma, Eshetu
BMC Public Health
Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing (VCT) forms one of the cornerstones of HIV prevention strategies. It is imperative to understand HIV testing correlates and their theoretical underpinnings in order to promote VCT uptake. The aim of this study was to predict the intention to VCT and associated factors among health professionals in Jimma zone, Ethiopia using the theory of planned behavior.
An institution based cross-sectional quantitative study among a sample of 336 health professionals in 12 selected districts of Jimma, Ethiopia was conducted in 2012. The constructs and principles of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) were measured. Data were collected using structured questionnaire on self administered basis. A multivariable linear regression model was used to predict the role of independent variables/TPB constructs on the intention to use VCT using SPSS version 16.0.
The components of TPB independently explained the variance in intention to VCT by 30.3%. Both components of TPB and socio-demographic characteristic in the final model explained 32.7% of variance in the intention to use VCT services. Significant proportions (33.0%) of the respondents have never been tested for HIV. The respective indirect components of the TPB predicted the direct components. The strongest predictors of intention to VCT were subjective norm (β=0.39, p<0.001) and attitude (β= 0.19, p<0.001) whereas, none of the socio-demographic variables were significantly predicted the intention to use VCT. Past VCT experience did not have significant statistical association with VCT use intention.
Behavioral intention to use VCT was a function of attitude and perceived social pressure. Demographic related social determinants were not barriers for VCT use intention. Most health workers test their blood by themselves. Strategies to empower health professionals on social pressure resistance and programs targeted at changing negative attitude on VCT use can enhance intention of health professionals to use VCT.
HIV/AIDS; VCT; HCT; Health professionals; Intention; TPB; Jimma zone; Ethiopia
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The Prediction of Physical Activity Intention and Behavior in Elderly Male Residents of a Nursing Home: A Comparison of Two Behavioral Theories
Ghahremani, Leila
Niknami, Shamsaddin
Nazari, Mahin
Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences
Background: Regular physical activity is ranked as a leading health indicator. Despite the extensive benefits of physical activity, elder people are much less active than desired. Using Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the self-efficacy construct, this study examined the prediction of physical activity intention and behavior in a sample of elderly male resident of a nursing home.
Methods: In a cross-sectional study of the residents of Kahrizak Nursing Home in Tehran, Iran, elderly men who were 60 years or older, capable of independent living, mobility, and verbal communication were asked to complete measures of the TPB, self-efficacy and physical activity behavior.
Results: A hierarchical step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that affective/instrumental attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) explained 32.8% of the variance in physical activity intention, and self-efficacy provided an additional 2.7%. In a reverse step regression, the TPB variables explained an additional 12.2% of physical activity intention. In a multiple regression analysis on physical activity behavior, affective/instrumental attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (PBC) and intention explained 15.7% of the variance in physical activity behavior while self-efficacy contributed an additional 5.6%. In the reverse step regression, TPB predictors contributed an additional 3.0% in explaining the variance in physical activity behavior.
Conclusion: The results indicate that in addition to the TPB, self-efficacy may also play an important role in the prediction of behavior, and should be included in the design of physical activity programs for elderly men of nursing home residents.
Attitude; intention; elderly; self-efficacy
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Predicting intention to use voluntary HIV counseling and testing services among health professionals in Jimma, Ethiopia, using the theory of planned behavior
Abamecha, Fira
Godesso, Ameyu
Girma, Eshetu
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare
To endorse involvement in voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT), it is essential to recognize factors that influence people in deciding whether to access VCT services and their underlying route factors. Theory of planned behavior (TPB) constitutes a proficient framework for predicting behaviors and intentions.
The aim of the study reported here was to assess the predicting ability of TPB in determining the intended use of VCT services among health professionals in Jimma, southwest Ethiopia.
This was an institution-based cross-sectional quantitative study of a sample of 336 health professionals in 12 selected districts of Jimma, southwest Ethiopia between February 5 to March 28, 2012. Data were collected using structured questionnaire self-administered by the study participants. A hierarchal multivariable linear regression model was used to predict the role of TPB constructs that can influence the intention to use VCT services.
The constructs of TPB explained the variability in intention to use VCT by 27% (R2 adjusted = 0.27). The standardized regression coefficients showed that the strongest predictor of intention to use VCT was subjective norms (β = 0.32, P < 0.0005) followed by attitude (β = 0.21, P < 0.002). Perceived behavioral control was not a significant predictor of intention to use VCT among the study group (P = 0.12).
The study revealed the possibility of describing the intention to use VCT among health professionals using TPB, with perceived social pressure being the leading predictor. In light of this, health intervention programs should be designed to develop health professionals' ability to resist norms that oppose the use of VCT and to change community-held norms against VCT use, provided they help individuals develop a positive attitude toward the services.
HIV/AIDS; VCT; health professionals; intention; TPB
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Risky Drinking in College Changes as Fraternity/Sorority Affiliation Changes: A Person–Environment Perspective
Park, Aesoon
Sher, Kenneth J.
Krull, Jennifer L.
Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors
This study aimed to resolve the direction of the relation between Greek affiliation and substance use by taking advantage of the quasi-experimental nature of change in college fraternity/sorority affiliation. Precollege individual differences and college substance use were examined as a function of time-varying Greek status to characterize self-selection (by which heavy substance users opt into Greek systems) and socialization (by which Greek systems foster heavy substance use). Prospective data on continuously enrolled college students (N = 2,376), assessed at precollege and in the first 6 semesters of college, were used. Latent class analysis indicated 4 discrete groups of status: constant Greek members (30%), constant nonmembers (64%), late joiners (2%), and droppers (4%). Random coefficient models demonstrated disaffiliation with Greek systems is associated with decreases in risky drinking and alcohol-conducive environmental factors (peer norms and alcohol availability), whereas affiliation is associated with increases, indicating Greek socialization via sociocognitive and physical environments. Future Greeks differed from nonmembers in diverse individual characteristics and heavier substance use at precollege, suggesting multiple selection paths into Greek systems. Findings suggest a reciprocal relation between Greek environment and individuals in determining the trajectories of college drinking and heterogeneity in drinking as functions of changes in Greek affiliation.
substance use; alcohol use; fraternity and sorority; college environment
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Theory of Planned Behavior, Self-Care Motivation, and Blood Pressure Self-Care
Peters, Rosalind M.
Templin, Thomas N.
Research and theory for nursing practice
The theory of planned behavior (TPB) was integrated within the theory of self-care (SCT) to explore the predictive value of extending TPB to measure attitudes and beliefs regarding a behavioral goal, and determine the ability of goal beliefs to predict engagement in the combined, multiple behaviors necessary to control BP. The hypothesized model was evaluated in a sample of 306 community-dwelling African Americans between 21 and 65 years of age. Scales developed for the study achieved acceptable reliability (α=.68–95). Structural equation modeling analysis resulted in a second-order factor structure with attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention modeled as indicators of a construct representing goal beliefs related to keeping BP within normal limits. This latent construct was conceptualized within the theory of self-care as "self-care motivation," and predicted 18% of the variance in self-care behaviors necessary for BP control. The model achieved acceptable fit (CMIN/df = 2.32; CFI = .95; RMSEA = .066). Final assessment of fit was done using multi-group SEM and bootstrapping techniques. In this extension of the TPB attitudes and beliefs regarding the goal of keeping BP within normal limits were found to determine one's motivation to engage in the multiple behaviors necessary for BP control.
Blood pressure; self-care; self-care agency; self-care motivation; theory of planned behavior; structural equation modeling
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Predicting intention to treat HIV-infected patients among Tanzanian and Sudanese medical and dental students using the theory of planned behaviour - a cross sectional study
Åstrøm, Anne N
Nasir, Elwalid F
BMC Health Services Research
The HIV epidemic poses significant challenges to the low income countries in sub Saharan Africa (SSA), affecting the attrition rate among health care workers, their level of motivation, and absenteeism from work. Little is known about how to deal with deterioration of human resources in the health care systems. This study aimed to predict the intention to provide surgical treatment to HIV infected patients among medical- and dental students in Tanzania and Sudan using an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).
Four hundred and seventy five medical- and dental students at the University of Dar es Salaam (mean age, 25 yr) and 642 dental students attending 6 public and private dental faculties in Khartoum (mean age 21.7 yr) completed self-administered TPB questionnaires in 2005 and 2007, respectively.
Both Tanzanian and Sudanese students demonstrated strong intentions to provide care for people with HIV and AIDS. Stepwise linear regression revealed that the TPB accounted for 51% (43% in Tanzania and Sudan) of the variance in intention across study sites. After having controlled for country and past behaviour, the TPB in terms of attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control accounted for 34% and moral norms for an additional 2,3% of the explainable variance in intention. Across both study sites, attitudes were the strongest predictor of intention followed in descending order by subjective norms, moral norms and perceived behavioural control.
The TPB is applicable to students' care delivery intentions in the context of HIV and AIDS across the two SSA countries investigated. It is suggested that attitudes, subjective norms, moral norms and perceived behavioural control are key factors in students' willingness to treat AIDS and HIV infected patients and should be targets of interventions aimed at improving the quality of health care delivery in this context.
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Applying psychological theories to evidence-based clinical practice: Identifying factors predictive of managing upper respiratory tract infections without antibiotics
Eccles, Martin P
Grimshaw, Jeremy M
Johnston, Marie
Steen, Nick
Pitts, Nigel B
Thomas, Ruth
Glidewell, Elizabeth
Maclennan, Graeme
Bonetti, Debbie
Walker, Anne
Implementation science : IS
Psychological models can be used to understand and predict behaviour in a wide range of settings. However, they have not been consistently applied to health professional behaviours, and the contribution of differing theories is not clear. The aim of this study was to explore the usefulness of a range of psychological theories to predict health professional behaviour relating to management of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) without antibiotics.
Psychological measures were collected by postal questionnaire survey from a random sample of general practitioners (GPs) in Scotland. The outcome measures were clinical behaviour (using antibiotic prescription rates as a proxy indicator), behavioural simulation (scenario-based decisions to managing URTI with or without antibiotics) and behavioural intention (general intention to managing URTI without antibiotics). Explanatory variables were the constructs within the following theories: Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), Common Sense Self-Regulation Model (CS-SRM), Operant Learning Theory (OLT), Implementation Intention (II), Stage Model (SM), and knowledge (a non-theoretical construct). For each outcome measure, multiple regression analysis was used to examine the predictive value of each theoretical model individually. Following this 'theory level' analysis, a 'cross theory' analysis was conducted to investigate the combined predictive value of all significant individual constructs across theories.
All theories were tested, but only significant results are presented. When predicting behaviour, at the theory level, OLT explained 6% of the variance and, in a cross theory analysis, OLT 'evidence of habitual behaviour' also explained 6%. When predicting behavioural simulation, at the theory level, the proportion of variance explained was: TPB, 31%; SCT, 26%; II, 6%; OLT, 24%. GPs who reported having already decided to change their management to try to avoid the use of antibiotics made significantly fewer scenario-based decisions to prescribe. In the cross theory analysis, perceived behavioural control (TPB), evidence of habitual behaviour (OLT), CS-SRM cause (chance/bad luck), and intention entered the equation, together explaining 36% of the variance. When predicting intention, at the theory level, the proportion of variance explained was: TPB, 30%; SCT, 29%; CS-SRM 27%; OLT, 43%. GPs who reported that they had already decided to change their management to try to avoid the use of antibiotics had a significantly higher intention to manage URTIs without prescribing antibiotics. In the cross theory analysis, OLT evidence of habitual behaviour, TPB attitudes, risk perception, CS-SRM control by doctor, TPB perceived behavioural control and CS-SRM control by treatment entered the equation, together explaining 49% of the variance in intention.
The study provides evidence that psychological models can be useful in understanding and predicting clinical behaviour. Taking a theory-based approach enables the creation of a replicable methodology for identifying factors that predict clinical behaviour. However, a number of conceptual and methodological challenges remain.
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RCT of Web-based Personalized Normative Feedback for College Drinking Prevention: Are Typical Student Norms Good Enough?
LaBrie, Joseph W.
Lewis, Melissa A.
Atkins, David C.
Neighbors, Clayton
Zheng, Cheng
R. Kenney, Shannon
Napper, Lucy E.
Walter, Theresa
Kilmer, Jason R.
Hummer, Justin F.
Grossbard, Joel
Ghaidarov, Tehniat M.
Desai, Sruti
Lee, Christine M.
Larimer, Mary E.
Journal of consulting and clinical psychology
Personalized normative feedback (PNF) interventions are generally effective at correcting normative misperceptions and reducing risky alcohol consumption among college students. However, research has yet to establish what level of reference group specificity is most efficacious in delivering PNF. This study compared the efficacy of a web-based PNF intervention employing eight increasingly-specific reference groups against a Web-BASICS intervention and a repeated-assessment control in reducing risky drinking and associated consequences.
Participants were 1663 heavy drinking Caucasian and Asian undergraduates at two universities. The referent for web-based PNF was either the typical same-campus student, or a same-campus student at one (either gender, race, or Greek-affiliation), or a combination of two (e.g., gender and race), or all three levels of specificity (i.e., gender, race, and Greek-affiliation). Hypotheses were tested using quasi-Poisson generalized linear models fit by generalized estimating equations.
The PNF intervention participants showed modest reductions in all four outcomes (average total drinks, peak drinking, drinking days, and drinking consequences) compared to control participants. No significant differences in drinking outcomes were found between the PNF group as a whole and the Web-BASICS group. Among the eight PNF conditions, participants receiving typical student PNF demonstrated greater reductions in all four outcomes compared to those receiving PNF for more specific reference groups. Perceived drinking norms and discrepancies between individual behavior and actual norms mediated the efficacy of the intervention.
Findings suggest a web-based PNF intervention using the typical student referent offers a parsimonious approach to reducing problematic alcohol use outcomes among college students.
alcohol; social norms; personalized normative feedback; college students
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Exploring the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption
Zoellner, Jamie
Estabrooks, Paul
Davy, Brenda
Chen, Yvonnes
You, Wendy
Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
To describe sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption, establish psychometric properties and utility of a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) instrument for SSB consumption.
This cross-sectional survey included 119 southwest Virginia participants. Respondents were majority female (66%), white (89%), ≤ high school education (79%), and averaged 41.4 (±13.5) years. A validated beverage questionnaire was used to measure SSB. Eleven TPB constructs were assessed with a 56-item instrument. Analyses included descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVAs, Cronbach alphas, and multiple regressions.
Sugar-sweetened beverage intake averaged 457 (±430) kilocalories/day. The TPB model provided a moderate explanation of SSB intake (R2=0.38; F=13.10, P<0.01). Behavioral intentions had the strongest relationships with SSB consumption, followed by attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms. The six belief constructs did not predict significant variance in the models.
Conclusions and Implications
Future efforts to comprehensively develop and implement interventions guided by the TPB hold promise for reducing SSB intake.
beverages; health behavior; psychometrics
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Oh baby! Motivation for healthy eating during parenthood transitions: a longitudinal examination with a theory of planned behavior perspective
Bassett-Gunter, Rebecca L
Levy-Milne, Ryna
Naylor, Patti Jean
Symons Downs, Danielle
Benoit, Cecilia
Warburton, Darren E R
Blanchard, Chris M
Rhodes, Ryan E
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Transitioning to parenthood is a major life event that may impact parents' personal lifestyles, yet there is an absence of theory-based research examining the impact of parenthood on motives for dietary behaviour. As a result, we are unaware of the social cognitive variables that predict eating behaviour among those transitioning to parenthood. The purpose of the study was to examine eating behaviour motives across 12 months within the framework of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and compare these across groups of new parents, non-parents, and established parents.
Non-parents (n = 92), new parents (n = 135), and established parents (n = 71) completed TPB questionnaires assessing attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and intentions and three day food records at baseline, and 6- and 12-months post-delivery (for parents) and 6- and 12-months post-baseline (for non-parents).
Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that among men, new- and established-parents had greater intentions to eat healthy compared to non-parents, F(2) = 3.59, p = .03. Among women, established parents had greater intentions than new- and non-parents, F(2) = 5.33, p = .01. Among both men and women during the first 6-months post-delivery, new-parents experienced decreased PBC, whereas established parents experienced increased PBC. Overall, affective attitudes were the strongest predictor of intentions for men (β = 0.55, p < .001) and women (β = 0.38, p < .01). PBC predicted changes in fruit and vegetable consumption for men (β = 0.45, p = .02), and changes in fat consumption for men (β = −0.25, p = .03) and women (β = −.24, p < .05), regardless of parent status.
The transition to parenthood for new and established parents may impact motivation for healthy eating, especially PBC within the framework of TPB. However, regardless of parental status, affective attitudes and PBC are critical antecedents of intentions and eating behaviour. Interventions should target affective attitudes and PBC to motivate healthy eating and may need to be intensified during parenthood.
Theory of planned behaviour; Nutrition; Dietary behaviour; Parenthood
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Predicting Drinking Behavior and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Fraternity and Sorority Members: Examining the Role of Descriptive and Injunctive Norms
Larimer, Mary E.
Turner, Aaron P.
Mallett, Kimberly A.
Geisner, Irene Markman
Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors
The authors examined the relation between Greek students' perceptions of alcohol consumption in their pledge classes (descriptive norms) and acceptability of drinking (injunctive norms) and the ability of these normative influences to predict drinking behavior, alcohol-related negative consequences, and symptoms of alcohol dependence concurrently and prospectively over 1 year. Participants were 279 men and 303 women recruited from incoming pledge classes of 12 fraternities and 6 sororities, who completed measures of descriptive and injunctive norms, alcohol use, and consequences. Results revealed that descriptive norms significantly predicted concurrent drinking. After controlling for baseline drinking, injunctive norms significantly predicted drinking 1 year later and predicted alcohol-related consequences and dependency symptoms at baseline and follow-up. The potential to incorporate injunctive norms into preventive interventions is discussed.
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Social influence on temptation: perceived descriptive norms, temptation and restraint, and problem drinking among college students
Rinker, Dipali Venkataraman
Neighbors, Clayton
Addictive behaviors
Temptation and restraint have long been associated with problematic drinking. Among college students, social norms are one of the strongest predictors of problematic drinking. To date, no studies have examined the association between temptation and restraint and perceived descriptive norms on drinking and alcohol-related problems among college students. The purpose of this study was to examine whether perceived descriptive norms moderated the relationship between temptation and restraint and drinking outcomes among college students. Participants were 1,095 college students from a large, public, culturally-diverse, southern university who completed an online survey about drinking behaviors and related attitudes. Drinks per week and alcohol-related problems were examined as a function of perceived descriptive norms, Cognitive Emotional Preoccupation (CEP) (temptation), and Cognitive Behavioral Control (CBC) (restraint). Additionally, drinking outcomes were examined as a function of the two-way interactions between CEP and perceived descriptive norms and CBC and perceived descriptive norms. Results indicated that CEP and perceived descriptive norms were associated with drinking outcomes. CBC was not associated with drinking outcomes. Additionally, perceived descriptive norms moderated the association between CEP and drinks per week and CEP and alcohol-related problems. There was a positive association between CEP and drinks per week and CEP and alcohol-related problems, especially for those higher on perceived descriptive norms. College students who are very tempted to drink may drink more heavily and experience alcohol-related problems more frequently if they have greater perceptions that the typical student at their university/college drinks a lot.
college; drinking; alcohol-related problems; temptation; restraint; perceived descriptive norms
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The use of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Engagement in Functional Behaviors in Schizophrenia
Mausbach, Brent T
Moore, Raeanne C
Davine, Taylor
Cardenas, Veronica
Bowie, Christopher R
Ho, Jennifer
Jeste, Dilip V
Patterson, Thomas L
Psychiatry research
In Schizophrenia, low motivation may play a role in the initiation and frequency of functional behaviors. Several reviews support the efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict engagement in various behaviors, but little research has utilized the TPB to explain functional behavior in schizophrenia. This study tested the TPB for predicting prospective engagement in functional behaviors in a sample of 64 individuals with schizophrenia. Participants completed questionnaires assessing their attitudes toward, social norms regarding, perceived behavioral control over, and intention to engage in various functional behaviors during the upcoming week. Follow-up questionnaires assessed engagement in functional behaviors. Zero-order correlations indicated that positive attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control were positively correlated with intentions to engage in functional behaviors. In turn, intentions were positively correlated with engagement in functional behaviors. Using path analysis, social norms and control were significantly related to intentions, which in turn predicted greater engagement in functional behaviors. Results suggest that patients with schizophrenia make reasoned decisions for or against engaging in functional behaviors. Skills training interventions that also target components of the TPB may be effective for increasing motivation to engage in learned behaviors.
Functioning; Motivation; Reasoned Action; Attitudes; Norms; Self-Efficacy
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Examining the Theory of Planned Behavior Applied to Condom Use: The Effect-Indicator vs. Causal-Indicator Models
Carmack, Chakema C.
Lewis-Moss, Rhonda K.
The journal of primary prevention
The authors investigated whether a causal-indicator model or an effect-indicator model of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is more suitable for predicting behavioral intention and for which behaviors. No previous studies have evaluated this question using the same sample and same behavior. In this study, African American adolescents ages 12–17 participating in risk reduction classes were assessed on their initial attitudes, norms, perceived control, and intention regarding condom use. Second-order structural equation modeling indicated that the effect-indicator model exhibited superior fit above the causal-indicator model. Furthermore, modeling the behavioral antecedents in a causal way may not be as accurate due to the underlying uni-dimensional nature of attitudes, subjective norms, and control. The TPB was not disconfirmed as a suitable model for African American adolescents' regarding condom use. Prevention programs may benefit by focusing on adolescent behavior change with regard to the global components in order to influence more specific concepts of these social cognitions. Editors' Strategic Implications: Despite limitations including correlational data, this study yields implications for prevention programming and, more broadly, an important theoretical elaboration on effect-indicator and causal-indicator models of the TPB.
African American adolescents; Theory of planned behavior; Condom use intentions; Effect indicator model
Related Articles
Intention to quit smoking among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender smokers
Burkhalter, Jack E.
Warren, Barbara
Shuk, Elyse
Primavera, Louis
Ostroff, Jamie S.
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Smoking is highly prevalent among lesbian, gay men, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons and contributes to health disparities. Guided by the theory of planned behavior (TPB), we identified beliefs related to attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms, as well as LGBT-specific variables, to explain variance in intention to quit smoking in the next 6 months in LGBT smokers.
Individual interviews (n = 19) identified beliefs about quitting smoking and LGBT-salient variables and aided in survey development. Surveys were sent to a random sample from an LGBT community center's mailing list and center attendees, with a 25.4% response rate. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted with the final sample of 101 smokers.
No sociodemographic or LGBT-specific variables beyond the TPB constructs were related to intention to quit smoking. A multivariate TPB model explained 33.9% of the variance in quitting intention. More positive attitudes and specific beliefs that cessation would make smokers feel more like their ideal selves and improve health and longevity were related to greater intention to quit (p values < .05). Subjective norm and perceived behavioral control were marginally significant, with perceived approval of partners and others and beliefs that life goal achievement would make it easier to quit positively related to intention. Depression and stress levels were high.
This is among the first studies to examine theoretically grounded variables related to intention to quit smoking in LGBT smokers. We identified specific behavioral, normative, and control beliefs that can serve as intervention targets to reduce smoking in the LGBT community.
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Tyler Anderson turned in a masterful performance on the mound and Asheville blasted four home runs Thursday night in a 9-0 romp over Greensboro, putting the Tourists one win away from a Sally League title.
The Rockies' No. 6 prospect retired the final 12 batters he faced, scattering four hits over seven innings. It was the left-hander's fifth scoreless start of the season.
Anderson said he didn't have any one specific "out" pitch going for him, and instead relied on keeping pitches in the zone and trusting the defense behind him. The first-year pro struck out just three in the contest, but did not issue a walk.
"Nothing was really standing out as [a pitch] that was fooling guys, and the key when that happens is just getting out ahead of guys and throwing a lot of strikes," he explained. "That's what it came down to."
A first-round Draft pick in 2011 out of Oregon, Anderson was dominant in his debut season. The 6-foot-4 southpaw led all Sally League pitchers with a 2.47 ERA, compiling a 12-3 record in 20 regular-season starts.
Anderson has lived up to his hype in the postseason, striking out a career-high nine in a 6-2 win over Rome in the Southern Division Finals. He's allowed just one run over 13 innings in two playoff starts.
"These games are awesome," the Las Vegas native said. "On our team, these guys are so close. ... In big situations our team cowboys up, so it's a lot of fun to pitch for them. Our hitters battle all the time, so going out and trying to return the favor is a lot of fun."
Asheville has scored 19 runs since dropping a 6-3 decision in Game 1, pounding Greensboro for 27 hits over the last two games for a 2-1 series lead. The 10 runs put up by the Tourists in Game 2 was the highest one-game total of the Sally League playoffs.
All nine of the Tourists' runs Thursday came via the home run. Shortstop Taylor Featherston opened the scoring with a three-run blast in the third, and Ryan Casteel followed with a two-run shot in the next frame to give Asheville a 5-0 advantage.
Jared Simon launched a tape-measure shot over the left-field wall in the eighth, and Trevor Story -- Colorado's No. 2 prospect -- capped the victory with a two-run homer three batters later.
Simon racked up a game-high four hits, and he, Story and Casteel each scored twice for the Tourists.
"As a pitcher -- especially as a starter -- you try not to look at the scoreboard and pitch every ballgame like it's 0-0," Anderson said. "But it definitely makes it a little easier to throw strikes and get ahead when your team puts up a five-spot. It's going to take a lot for them to come back from that."
Greensboro starter Jake Esch (0-1) struck out seven but was chased after four innings, surrendering five runs on six hits.
Asheville can close out the series with a win Friday night in Greensboro.
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M. Littlejohn
member for 12 years, 3 months, 22 days
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If you are one of those folks who disables your messages and has no email address listed, in other words, NO WAY TO CONTACT, I will in all likelihood ignore your message to me. Nothing personal, but sometimes I need to confirm things.
(Note: I don't have Internet access where I am now and I don't often get to a place where I can use it. I appreciate all the messages and Littlejohn 'finds'. Please be VERY patient if you need a response. And be understanding that I can no longer reply to each message. Thanks so much and have a fun day!)
I kinda enjoy a-trompin' 'round the graveyards, sometimes. Ya know? I like the peace and quiet.
Most of my entries are not related. If I have made an entry that you don't want to see deleted, and is of no interest to me, now would be a good time for you to take it. Just say so.
PHOTOGRAPHERS: Don't crop all the background out of your photos so that only the gravestone is left! Surely you don't remove everything but the face when you take a photo of a family member. Leave something to look at.
If you have a better photo to replace one of mine, lemme know. If I agree I'll delete mine.
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Messages left for M. Littlejohn (241)
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cheryl bishop
Barbara Littlejohn, Aberdeen Scotland
hello, my great grandmother was Annie Littlejohn Robertson. I am also related to Barbara Littlejohn, Aberdeen. My great grandfather was married to Annie, Fredrick O Robertson. There are still a few relatives, living in New England. Do you have any more info on the Littlejohn or Robertson families?
Added by
cheryl bishop
on Mar 07, 2016 6:47 PM
Maredia Haddock
Mr. Littlejohn just wanted you to know I found Martha E Buck Nance, Ransom's oldest daughter in the Oaklawn Cemetery in Cooper. Hope all is going well. Your distant cousin, Maredia.
Added by
Maredia Haddock
on Feb 25, 2016 11:47 AM
gisele kurtz mitchell
Cleveland - OKC
Hi, I just took care of the photo req. I sent you some info. that I just realized I overlooked something. I said the office had no record of Clarence, but I overlooked in my notes that he showed a John L. (who is listed) and a John...there is no marker for John. Maybe he is CLARENCE. I will get the death date for him. Is that scenario likely? let me know if you need anything else. G
Added by
gisele kurtz mitchell
on Dec 11, 2015 10:36 AM
gisele kurtz mitchell
Littlejohn-Fairlawn Cemetery OKC
Hi, I have your photo requests...as far as Littlejohn. The caretaker only shows one. Dec. 30, 1914, Male J.W., buried in the colored Paupers section. I will try to upload your photos in the next couple of days. G
Added by
gisele kurtz mitchell
on Dec 09, 2015 2:48 PM
gisele kurtz mitchell
Littlejohn-Fairlawn Cemetery OKC
Added by
gisele kurtz mitchell
on Dec 09, 2015 2:45 PM
Cindy L Gregg
Billy Don Littlejohn Birth/Death 13 Jun 1940 Wolfforth TX Cemetery
Hi M. Littlejohn. I grew up in Wolfforth, TX and I am only 8 miles from there. I am willing to try hand find the infants grave that you are seeking.
I understand from looking at the memorial page that the cemetery claims to have no record of this baby but I am willing to look if wish for me to.
Cindy L Gregg
Added by
Cindy L Gregg
on Dec 05, 2015 1:06 PM
Wives of William's son-question
I am assembling a biography about William's son Chase. I would be grateful for information about Chase's marriage to Mary Ellen �Nellie� Koen (1857-1897)and to Jane "Jennie" Koen (1865-?). Some sources say they were sisters born in Washington Territory. Gilbert Gia, Gilbertgia.com
Added by
on Sep 08, 2015 8:07 AM
Don Gray
Thankyou for posting photos of my grandfather. I am Don Gray son of Norma White who was the youngest daughter to Edith and Jacob Pontius. Norma is also buried in the family plot.
Added by
Don Gray
on Sep 07, 2015 12:21 PM
glenda (contributor #47305349)
RE: Garland Verdier
No, I am not related and would be happy to transfer if requested to do so via the Edit button.
Added by
glenda (contributor #4730...
on Jun 17, 2015 12:33 PM
Lawrence & Sue Dale
Littlejohn Cemetery, Chicota
Were you the one who started the home page for this cemetery? If not, do you know who did?
I have been trying thru Findagrave for several months (three tries now)now to add the following to the page with ZERO results
Littlejohn Cemetery is located in the northwest quadrant of Lamar County (and should not be confused with Fairland-Littlejohn Cemetery within the city of Paris). It is near the community of Chicota about 4 miles northwest of the intersection of Highway 271 and Farm Market Road 906. GPS coordinates are 33.87382 Latitude and -95.57639 Longitude. In Paris, at the intersection of Loop 286 North and Hwy 271 North, take Hwy 271 north for 12.8 miles to the intersection with FM 197 in Arthur City. Take FM 197 westerly for 3.9 miles to the intersection with CR 36850, Take CR 36850 northwesterly for 3/10 miles to the intersection with CR 35910. There is a cemetery access road here to the north. The cemetery is 99 yards north and does have an overhead sign. The cemetery was surveyed on 12 May 2014 by Lawrence and Sue Dale and pictures were made of all markers that were in place at the time.
Note that this also has GPS coordinates and that feature no longer works on Findagrave for us to add the cemetery map.
If you can possibly help on this it will be greatly appreciated.
Lawrence & Sue Dale (#47327714)
member for 4 years, 8 months, 15 days
Added by
Lawrence & Sue Dale
on Jun 13, 2015 4:48 PM
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Dr. Bob's Guide to Optimal Health: A God-Inspired, Biblically-Based 12 Month Devotional to Natural Health Restoration - eBook
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Publisher's Description
Beloved, I pray that you may prosper in all things and be in health, just as your soul prospers. (3 John 2)
Are you caught in a tug-of-war between pursuing a healthier lifestyle and settling for average? Did you know that you can build a better you by making a series of simple daily choices?
Join Dr. Bob DeMaria as he offers 35 years of professional medical expertise and solid Scriptural insight to help improve your health and transform your life in the comfort of your own home.
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- 365 easy ways to change your diet, improve your sleep, and enhance your exercise
- Secrets to preventing (and dealing with) diabetes, cancer, IBS, gallstones, menopause, headaches, and more.
This journey will equip you with priceless information, empower you to make necessary improvements, and enable you to be a good steward of the body God has given you.
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richard r blakeBridgman, MIAge: Over 65Gender: male5 Stars Out Of 5An Updated Edition – A Biblically Based DevotionalJune 18, 2013richard r blakeBridgman, MIAge: Over 65Gender: maleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5This review was written for Dr. Bob's Guide to Optimal Health: A God-Inspired, Biblically Based 12-Month Devotional."Dr. Bob's Guide to Optimal Health" is a compilation of practical guidelines and life changing health tips designed to help the reader attain and maintain optimal health. This updated and expanded edition of Dr. Robert DeMaria's invites the reader to begin a Biblically based twelve month devotional journey to natural restorative health and wellbeing.
The devotionals are well organized and are made up of 21 day thematic patterns. Each day includes a carefully selected Bible passage or principle for reading and meditation as well as a practical pointer or tip considered a "Natural Prescription for Health." These tips are made up of common sense applications and proven medial results which apply specifically to the emphasized principles of the day.
Another unique feature of the daily devotional is space for recording your personal thoughts, reflections, goals, or for journaling your feelings. I found the Natural Health Assessment questionnaire especially helpful. Dr. DeMaria's research is thorough, well documented, and rich in references for further reading and study.
"Dr. Bob's Guide to Optimal Health" is packed with important guidelines for becoming good stewards of our body, and empowers the reader to make important and necessary changes essential to attaining and maintaining optimal health.
A complimentary copy of this book was provided for review purposes. I was not required to write a positive review. The opinions I have expressed are my own.
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Road Work In Lewis County For MAY 2-5
- AREA NEWS, Lewis County
- April 29, 2016
Update: 1:30 p.m. Thursday, July 11, 2013 The Knox County High School Eagles Baseball Team will play their last home game of the summer baseball season on Sunday, July 14, 2013, at 6:00 p.m. against Clark County. The team will play a man down. They are dedicating the honorary ninth spot, center field, to LoganREAD MORE


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Sunday, March 01, 2009
Week 23 (First Four Nights) Numbers; How the Sitcoms Did
Households: Fox: 9.1/14.2; CBS: 7.4/11.9; ABC: 4.8/7.7; NBC: 4.3/6.9; The CW: 0.9/1.4; MNT: 0.6/1.0.
Total Viewers: Fox: 15.9 million; CBS: 11.81 million; ABC: 7.38 million; NBC: 6.84 million; The CW: 1.32 million; MNT: 960,000 viewers.
Adults 18-49: Fox: 5.8/15.1; CBS: 3.0/8.1; ABC: 2.6/6.9; NBC: 2.6/6.8; The CW: 0.5/1.4; MNT: 0.3/0.8
Analysis: Week 23 has Fox in the lead in all categories through the first four days again. Through the first four day, as mentioned Fox is on top, with CBS in second in HH, while ABC is third in everything but tied for third with NBC in 18-49. And NBC is fourth everywhere else.
Last week, Fox nipped by ABC in week 22 in all categories. CBS was third in everything, and of course NBC back in fourth.
Monday Fox and ABC battled as CBS was in repeats again. Fox started with House and did a solid 14.86 million, up some from previous week leading into an all-new 24 at 11.68 million, also up some from previous week. ABC was next with a two-hour special The Bachelor: The Women Tell All did an excellent 10.93 million, down from previous week's regular episode but expect the finale to be very big tomorrow. I'm guessing 15 million+. The final episode of True Beauty followed and did a decent 7.43 million, up from previous week. CBS had repeats again. A repeat of The Big Bang Theory did a decent 8.32 million...down a bit from previous week's rerun, while a rerun of How I Met Your Mother did 7.56 million, as this repeat was up a bit from previous week. #1 sitcom Two and a Half Men was also a repeat and did 12.07 million, down over a million from previous week's repeat. A special repeat of Old Christine followed and did 9.23 million, which was up from the finale of Worst Week the previous week...ouch. At 10pm an encore episode of CSI: Miami did 10.06 million, down a bit from previous week. NBC was next with its so-so line-up. A new Chuck did 6.59 million, down from previous week and a 2.3 18-49 rating could be a series low. Heroes still struggled and did 7.07 million, down from previous week and just barely got 7 million and was beat by 24 in 18-49 even. Medium followed with 8.43 million, down a bit from previous week. The CW was next with a repeat of Gossip Girl doing 1.0 million, down some from previous week's repeat and a repeat of One Tree Hill did 1.24 million, up a tad from previous week's repeat.
Tuesday Fox moved American Idol to Wednesday because President Obama was addressing Congress tonight. So CBS won. CBS started with NCIS at 18.27 million...up a bit from previous week. New drama The Mentalist was preempted as President Obama addressed to Congress. Without a Trace was also preempted, as CBS aired an analysis of the address to 8.29 million, followed by a Two and a Half Men repeat from 10:41pm-11:12pm at 6.85 millon. NBC was next with an abbreviated one-hour The Biggest Loser at 9.86 million, the second hour was moved to the following night at 8pm, as Obama addresses Congress at 9pm. NBC followed with a repeat of The Office at 10:41pm doing just 4.16 million, as Law & Order: SVU was preempted. ABC was next and started with an all-new Homeland Security USA at 6.14 million, up well over a million with no Idol on the night. ABC then aired the Obama address to Congress, asScrubs was preempted. ABC's analysis of the address did a solid 8.33 million. ABC ended with an abbreviated Primetime: What Would You Do at 10:41pm and did an OK 5.54 million. Fox had no Idol, as a Bones repeat only did 4.93 million, followed by Obama's address to Congress coverage. The CW aired a repeat of 90210 and did 1.29 million, up a bit from previous week and the season (or series) finale of Privileged only did 1.53 million.
Wednesday saw you know who dominate, as the regular Tuesday edition was moved to this night for this week. Fox aired a two-hour American Idol doing 24.54 million, on par really from the previous week but that was one hour. New Fox drama Lie to Me had to be preempted. CBS started with repeats of sitcom Old Christine at just 5.6 million and a repeat of Gary Unmarried at a slightly better 5.71 million. A new episode of Criminal Minds followed and did 13.93 million, down some from previous week. CSI: NY followed with a new showing also doing 12.56 million, up a bit from previous week. ABC was next with an enhanced encore of Lost at 8pm doing 5.0 million, down some from previous week, but I bet this week fans who missed it the previous week because of the second hour of Idol will watch, followed by an all-new Lost doing 10.05 million, down a million or so from previous week as Idol affected it. A new Life on Mars did 4.88 million, down from previous week. NBC opened the night with a special Biggest Loser, instead of the loser Knight Rider, doing 8.61 million, a new episode of the dud Life followed and did just 4.89 million, down some from previous week. Law & Order followed at 10pm but was a repeat and did 5.77 million. The CW aired another repeat of Privileged at 8pm at just 880,000 viewers and a repeat of 90210 followed with only 570,000 viewers.
Thursday saw Fox edge CBS win in HH/viewers but won big in 18-49. Fox aired a special results show of American Idol on a special night, as the schedule for this week was altered due to Obama, and did a solid 20.89 million...but not normal for this show. Bones was preempted, but an all-new Hell's Kitchen at 9pm did an above normal 9.85 million, obviously up week-to-week. CBS started with Survivor: Tocantis doing 12.05 million, down from previous week as Idol affected it a bit, followed by a new CSI at 17.72 million, up some from previous week, and a new Eleventh Hour followed with 11.7 million, also up some from previous week. ABC started with a new Ugly Betty doing 6.74 million, down from previous week as Idol affected it, a repeat of Grey's Anatomy was next and did 6.8 million, seems above normal for a repeat. A repeat of Private Practice followed and did 4.63 million at 10pm. NBC was in the gutter in fourth...an animated special Secrets of the Furious Five preempted My Name is Earl and did just 4.03 million, a new Kath & Kim followed with only 3.39 million, ouch. A repeat of The Office did just 5.29 million, yet it built on the lead-in and that was NEW. A new showing of 30 Rock followed with just 6.36 million..not bad, but is this lead-in dependent? A new ER was next and did 8.72 million, up over a million week-to-week. Smallville was a repeat on The CW and did 2.09 million, followed by a repeat of Supernatural at 1.94 million.
Now, as usual final numbers for Friday and Saturday are not available, but CBS won Friday with new episodes of Ghost Whisperer, Flashpoint, NUMBERS as usual. ABC finished second for the night helped by 20/20 and Supernanny. NBC was way back and Fox was off the map with the should-be-pulled Sarah Connor Chronicles and the new Dollhouse.
Saturday numbers were low with CBS winning a slow night in viewers but Fox won by a wider margin in 18-49.
Tonight will be a battle between CBS and ABC. CBS has a new 60 Minutes and The Amazing Race, followed by a special Jesse Stone movie which draws in viewers but not in 18-49. ABC will have new showings of AFV and Extreme Makeover: Home Edition but big gun Desperate Housewives is preempted for a special two-hour movie event of Brothers & Sisters, which looks excellent. NBC has a two-hour Dateline and followed by a two hour premiere of Celebrity Apprentice which could do decent or bomb big. Fox has the conclusion of a NASCAR race followed by animated comedies which are all new but Family Guy (what else is new?).
As for the week, Fox or CBS could win the week. Fox for sure in 18-49, though. ABC will be third and NBC fourth. As for the coming week...the weird March sweeps starts Thursday, but networks are backing off than normal with a mix of repeats this sweep. But before sweeps, The Bachelor has its finale tomorrow that will do huge.
Last Sunday Sitcoms (counts for week of Feb. 16-22, Week 22)
- The Simpsons (Fox) - preempted for NASCAR.
- King of the Hill (Fox) - preempted for NASCAR.
- Family Guy (Fox) - preempted for NASCAR.
- American Dad (Fox) - preempted for NASCAR.
Week 23:
Monday Sitcoms
- The Big Bang Theory (CBS) - 8.32 million for a repeat, down from previous week a bit...but still very good.
- How I Met Your Mother (CBS) - 7.566 million for a repeat...up from previous week but could be better.
- Two and a Half Men (CBS) - 12.07 million for a repeat for our sitcom leader. Though, down over a million.
- Old Christine (CBS) - 9.23 million for a repeat...not bad.
Tuesday Sitcoms
- Two and a Half Men (CBS) - Special encore from 10:41-11:12pm ET did 6.85 million following Obama coverage.
- The Office (NBC) - A repeat at 10:41pm after Obama did just 4.16 million.
- Old Christine (CBS) - 5.6 million for a repeat could be better.
- Gary Unmarried (CBS) - 5.71 million for a repeat and built from the lead-in.
Thursday Sitcoms
- My Name is Earl (NBC) - preempted for a Kung Fu Panda special that did only 4.03 million.
- Kath & Kim (NBC) - 3.39 million for a new episode. NOT good!
- The Office (NBC) - 5.29 million for a repeat. Though tt built from the lead-in and that was NEW once again.
- 30 Rock (NBC) - 6.36 million for a new episode...not as good as usual.
Friday Sitcoms
- Everybody Hates Chris (The CW) 2 episodes - 1.55 and 1.07 prelim million for two repeats at 8 and 9pm.
- The Game (The CW) 2 episodes - 1.25 and 1.33 prelim million for two repeats at 8:30 & 9:30pm.
Saturday Sitcoms
- None.
Airing tonight (Sunday) are Fox animated comedies from 8-10pm!
Summing it up. Two and a Half Men, The Big Bang Theory, How I Met Your Mother, were impressive for the week. Everything else was OK (such as repeats of The Office, Gary Unmarried) or just plain old terrible (such as Kath & Kim, Tues repeat of The Office).
New on DVD/Blu-ray (April)
04/05 - 10 Items or Less - The Complete Series
04/05 - Episodes - The Fourth Season
04/05 - The Odd Couple (2015) - Season One
04/12 - Family Matters - The Complete Sixth Season
04/12 - Grace and Frankie - Season One
04/12 - Welcome to Sweden - The Complete Second Season
04/19 - Silicon Valley - The Complete Second Season (Blu-ray)
04/19 - Veep - The Complete Fourth Season (Blu-ray)
04/26 - The Beverly Hillbillies - The Official First Season
04/26 - Hot in Cleveland - Season Six
04/26 - Hot in Cleveland - The Complete Series
04/26 - Schitt's Creek - The Complete Second Season
04/29 - The Monkees - The Complete Series (Blu-ray)
More TV DVD Releases / DVD Reviews Archive / SitcomsOnline Digest
Sitcoms Airing Tonight
Sunday, May 1
Bob's Burgers - "Hauntening" (Fox, 7:00PM ET/PT) (Repeat)
The Belchers are ready for an amazing Halloween! Louise reveals that she has never been scared before and the family sets out to visit a spooky haunted house. When trouble ensues following their visit, the Belchers find themselves in a zany situation more frightening than they bargained for.
The Simpsons - "The Girl Code" (Fox, 7:30PM ET/PT) (Repeat)
After a photo Marge posts on social media gets Homer fired, he returns to the best job he ever had, a dishwasher at a Greek restaurant. This same post inspires Lisa to code an app that predicts the real-life consequences of anything you post online, only to create sentient artificial intelligence.
The Carmichael Show - "Facebook Friends" (NBC, 9:00PM ET/PT)
Joe (David Alan Grier) joins Facebook and receives a friend request from his high school girlfriend which upsets Cynthia (Loretta Devine). Meanwhile, the family explores how social media can affect their relationships and what it means to create an online persona.
Crowded - "Better Man" (NBC, 9:30PM ET/PT)
When Mike (Patrick Warburton) stumbles across a Viagra pill, he and Martina (Carrie Preston) decide to takes it once for fun, but then become worried about going back to business as usual. Meanwhile, Stella (Mia Serafino) starts a YouTube channel but can't handle the mean comments, and Shea (Miranda Cosgrove) finds her own magic pill she can't give up.
Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows (Week of May 2)
Monday, May 2
- Louis C.K. (Louie) - Watch Louis on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon at 11:34pm on NBC.
- Carol Kane (Taxi/American Dreamer/Pearl) - Carol drops by Late Night with Seth Meyers at 12:36am on NBC.
- John Stamos (Grandfathered/Jake in Progress/Full House) - John visits The Late Late Show with James Corden at 12:37am on CBS.
- Tituss Burgess (Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt) - Tituss is a guest on The Late Late Show with James Corden at 12:37am on CBS.
- Riki Lindhome (Another Period/Super Fun Night) - Riki drops by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore at 11:30pm on Comedy Central.
- Rachael Harris (Surviving Jack/Notes from the Underbelly) - Rachael appears on @midnight on Comedy Central at midnight.
- Amanda Crew (Silicon Valley) - Amanda stops by Conan at 11pm on TBS.
- Dave Coulier (Fuller House/Full House) - Dave is a guest on The Meredith Vieira Show, so check your local listings.
- Tichina Arnold (Survivor's Remorse/Happily Divorced/Everybody Hates Chris/Martin) - Tichina appears on The Real, so check your local listings.
- Morris Chestnut (Out All Night) - Morris discusses Rosewood on the AOL Build Show at 3:45pm.
- Bill Engvall (The Bill Engvall Show) - Bill appears on The Doctors, so check your local listings.
- Jesse Tyler Ferguson (Modern Family/The Class) - Jesse is a guest on New York Live on WNBC in New York at 12:30pm ET.
- Sutton Foster (Younger) - Sutton appears on People Now.


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Chicken Supplies
Little Giant 5 Gallon Plastic Poultry Chicken Waterer PPF5$34.99
These large capacity waterers are dent-proof and easy to fill. The vacuum-sealing cap creates an automatic water flow. The rugged handle makes transport around the yard easy. Jar snaps compactly onto base.Learn More
Rugged Ranch Triplex Nesting Box$34.97
The Triplex Nesting Box is a 36" x 12" x 12", three hole nesting box made from 3/8" Ply Wood. When assembled with the provided screws it makes for a very solid nesting box for all weather conditions. Panels come pre-drilled for ease of assembly.
- Easy assembly
- Heavy duty plywood
Happy Flocks Mealworm Craze Chicken Treats 30 oz.$19.99
Happy Flocks Premium Treats for Chickens are a great source of protein for your chickens. These treats are not only healthy, but will get them excited as soon as they see you sticking your hand in to get out more. They are 100% natural, and guaranteed to make your flock smile.
Guaranteed Analysis:
- Crude Protein (min) 47%
- Lysine (min) 2.6%
- Methionine (min) 0.8%
- Crude Fat (min) 25%
- Calcium (min) 2.3%
- Calcium (max) 2.5%
- Phosphorus (min) 0.6%
- Salt (min) .5%
- Salt (max) 2.5%
- Moisture (min) 5%
GQF Manufacturing Chick-Bator Egg Incubator w/ 4 Quail Eggs 9105$33.97Clear plastic dome Chick-Bator with 4 Quail Eggs (available year round) and Egg Hatchers Guide Book Complete - nothing else to buy. GQF Manufacturing Chick-Bator Incubator w/ 4 Quail Eggs 110V 9105 Learn More
Brinsea Spot Check Digital Thermometer for Egg Incubator USF135C$24.99
- A very accurate, easily read incubator thermometer specifically designed for incubation with a range of 32° - 40°C (90º to 104ºF).
- Ten times more accurate than most digital thermometers, it reads to 0.1ºF with an accuracy of ± 0.2ºF. Switchable between ºF and ºC.
- The remote probe on an 18" cord fits through ventilation holes of the incubator or brooder so that the thermometer can be left outside the unit for easy reading.
- Battery life is about 6 weeks in continuous use, but very much longer if switched on just as required.
GQF Manufacturing DACB Drop Pan Paper Board 30x36 - 20 Pack 1628$25.7536'' x 30'' (Fits No. 0528 & No. 0534 Brooder). -DACB (Deotized Animal Cage Board) is a special Neomycin treated absorbent board to inhabit bacterial degradation to aid in control of disease and odors. Learn More
GQF Manufacturing Pressure Reducing Valve 4090$36.97This valve can be used for a small system of 1 to 2 cups or a large system designed to support 1500 quail. Pre-set to provide approximately 8 lb. water pressure to drink cups. Pressure setting is adjustable. Includes 5/16'' and 1/4'' hose barbs and 2ft normal pressure hose with connector. (Tubing not supplied, see #4028, #4080, #4081 and clamps #4010 #4014) Learn More
Little Giant 30 lb. 14" Galvanized Hanging Poultry Chicken Pan Feeder 914043
Regular Price: $21.99
Special Price: $17.99
Hanging feeders save floor space, reduce waste by eliminating scratching, and cut down on debris in the feed. Constructed of heavy-gauge galvanized steel for many years of service, with rolled edges for safety. Hanging handle included. Tube is 10.75 inch diameter by 13.875 inch high; pan is 14.25 inch diameter by 2.25 inch high. Holds approximately 30 pounds of feed.
- Little giant hanging feeders are constructed of heavy gauge galvanized steel with rolled edges for safety.
- Saves floor space
- Reduces feed waste by eliminating scratching
- Cuts down on debris in the feed
- Hanging handle included
- Holds approximately 30 pounds of feed
GQF Manufacturing Hova-Bator, Egg Incubator & Cabinet Wafer Thermostat 3122$25.97Complete 22 Amp for CABINET INCUBATOR. Includes surge guard. Adjustable between 75 and 120 degrees F. depending on room temperature. Learn More
GQF Manufacturing Cabinet Incubator Replacement Wick Pads - 10 Pack 4510$35.97Package of 10 replacement humidity wick pads for cabinet model moisture pan. Wick pads are used to raise humidity during hatch period or during setting in arid or high altitude environments. Learn More
Chicken supplies include more than just live chickens, a coop and nesting boxes. They include everything from Egg Cartons to Chicken Incubators and Chicken Containment areas.
The basic Chicken Supplies are feed and watering systems, chicken habitats or coops, accessories such as lights and nesting boxes, and nutrition items such as feed and supplements. Some of our best sellers in Chicken Supplies include waterers, feeders, nesting boxes and brooders. Waterers and feeders come in a variety of sizes from small cage devices to large galvanized systems. For small farms and hobby chickens, our small coops are great for getting started, and for egg or meat production farms, chicken containment can be purchased which is larger . Coops and containment areas are made from wood or metal, can be enclosed or open. Our heat lamps, heated waterers and bedding are items that make winter poultry ownership a bit easier to manage for any size operation.
The various incubators include small sized incubators for hobby farms and educational uses, and larger incubators which will hold up to 250 chicken eggs. Various supplies for incubation such as thermometers, egg hatching supplies, nesting boxes and egg cleaners are also available.


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SmartScore 99
SmartScore 99
SmartScore 86
SmartScore 92
Here's the question you clicked on:
i *think* this is a bug
i just bumped my question but the bump is still available
lol 1. You should answer that msg 2. Why did you only cover your name? 3. That is pretty cool, odes it actually work though, or just look like it works?
haha u forgot to hide ur smart score number near post :D
haha pwnd
Hm. That's odd. We've noticed a couple of strange malfunctions related to that recently; we'll continue to investigate. The bump should not work, however, as the server also double-checks the times on everything to make sure a bump is allowed.
i guess that makes sense


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- Cape student sues, accuses school officials of slamming her to ground multiple times (04/28/16)45
- Bob Evans restaurant in Cape Girardeau among chain's 21 closings (04/26/16)9
- Missouri House votes to allow concealed weapons without permits (04/28/16)6
- Two hurt in motorcycle wreck on Interstate 55 (04/25/16)1
- Law firm requests information about Cape's traffic cameras (04/25/16)2
- Local lawmakers split over failed medical marijuana bill; voters may have a say (04/26/16)19
- Police report filed, but no charges in incident at Cape Central (04/29/16)35
- Tanker truck catches fire near Oak Ridge (04/24/16)7
- Local company makes eco-friendly kitty litter that cuts cat-box smell (04/25/16)
- Senator introduces bill for I-57 that would connect Sikeston with Little Rock (04/28/16)4
Coming to theaters 3/26
'Jersey Girl'
Starring Ben Affleck, Jason Lee, Jennifer Lopez, Liv Tyler, Jason Mewes, Joey Lauren Adams, George Carlin and Jason Biggs. Set in New York and New Jersey, circa 1996, Jersey Girl follows Ollie Trinke, a slick music promoter whose wife is about to give birth to their first child. But an accident leaves Ollie a widower tasked with raising a child by himself. He moves back in with his father in Jersey, where he meets a flirtatious grad student. Rated PG-13 for language and sexual content including frank dialogue, running time 103 minutes. (Cape West Cine)
'The Ladykillers'
Starring Tom Hanks, Marlon Wayans, Greg Grunberg and Irma P. Hall. A Southern professor organizes a gang of thieves to rob a riverboat casino. They set up shop in the house of an odd old lady. When she figures out what they're up to, the robbers decide she must be eliminated. Rated R for language including sexual references, running time 105 minutes. (Cape West Cine)
'Never Die Alone'
Starring DMX, David Arquette and Michael Ealy. A criminal named King David returns to his hometown and is shot dead. His final moments are spent with Paul, a wannabe journalist who finds that David has recorded his life story on tape. Rated R for strong violence, drug use, sexuality and language, running time 129 minutes. (Cape West Cine)
'The Prince and Me'
Starring Julia Stiles, Luke Mably, Ben Miller, James Fox and Miranda Richardson. The crown prince of Denmark comes to America and attends an Indiana university, where he meets a premed student who wins his heart. But his mother, the queen, takes steps to end the unlikely romance. Rated PG for some sex-related material and language, running time 107 minutes. Sneak preview Saturday and Sunday. (Town Plaza Cinemas)
'Scooby-Doo 2'
Starring Sarah Michelle Gellar, Freddie Prinze Jr., Matthew Lillard, Linda Cardellini and Ruben Studdard. The gang tries to stop a villain from conquering Coolsville and making it uncool by using a machine that brings back the gang's classic enemies. Rated PG for some scary action, rude humor and language, running time 93 minutes. (Town Plaza Cinemas)
-- From staff reports


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What's On
Your perfect day out in Cheshire
Tatton Park Gardens
Visit one of Cheshire's largest Visitors with over 100 events per year ....
Exhibition: Artwork Open
ArtWork Studios & Gallery
5th May 2016 - 28th May 2016
Artists from all over Cheshire & Merseyside will be displaying a wide variety of work in a mixture of styles & mediums ....
An Outstanding Day out in Cheshire
Lion Salt Works
Now open to the public after a £10m restoration and a Marketing Cheshire Annual Awards winner ....
Manford's Comedy Club
Northwich Memorial Court
6th May 2016
Manford's Comedy Club brings live stand up to the Northwich Memorial Court
Telling the Story of Mid Cheshire
Weaver Hall Museum
Housed within the old Northwich Union Workhouse building, full of displays, tales and history of Mid Cheshire ....
Pedal Power Cycling Festival
12th Jun 2016
A 5-mile/8km cycle ride, starting and finishing in Northwich town centre ....
Local Stations
Jodrell Bank Arboretum
Travel Offers
There are many offers available when travelling by public transport.
If you hold a National Bus Pass, take advantage of free travel where you can.
Use a Rail Card if you are eligible. Rail Cards can provide considerable savings.
Here are other Travel Offers that may be relevant to your journey:
Jodrell Bank Discovery Centre
Tel: 01477 571 766
Fax: 01477 571 695
Local Railway Stations for Jodrell Bank Discovery Centre include Goostrey.


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The song Tumse jo dekhte hi pyar hua, in Raveena Tandon's debut film Patthar Ke Phool listed the famous roads in Mumbai Kabhi Linking Road, kabhi... ...http://www.filmfare.com/features/raveena-tandon-invites-us-to-her-palatial-house-13182.html
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01 It's Varun Dhawan's birthday today (April 24) and the 'Main Tera Hero' star made sure he entered his 29th year with much aplomb. He threw a... ...http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/PIC-Varun-Dhawans-birthday-bash/photostory/51967617.cms
The quirky Parineeti Nargis Fakhri, the shopaholic Kareena shoots for Femina Elli Avram talks about respecting women Shaina... ...http://www.femina.in/women/being-more/fbb-femina-miss-india-vartika-singh-shoots-for-feminas-holiday-special-issue-5101.html
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With polls ahead of Thursday's mayoral election putting George Galloway on no more than 1%, we could be witnessing the welcome political demise of a malignant racist.19:43 02.05.16 | 0 comments
YES, Jerusalem is the Capital. Keep in mind one set of you are talking about the PHYSICAL part, and there are those of us that refer to the SPIRITUAL aspect. I consider Jerusalem the Capital. I give higher honor to the spiritual than the mundane, although I recognize the importance of the equilibrium of both.
from the article: J'lem church officials suspect extremist Jews behind arson