text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 31, 1991
|Filing date
|Mar 14, 1986
|Priority date
|Mar 14, 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ernest G. Farrier, Jackie L. White
|Original Assignee
|R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (40), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (89), Classifications (14), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to methods for preparing carbon containing fuels for smoking articles and to the fuel products produced thereby. These methods and fuels are especially useful in making cigarette--type smoking articles that produce an aerosol resembling tobacco smoke, but which contain no more than a minimal amount of incomplete combustion or pyrolysis products.
Many tobacco substitute smoking materials have been proposed through the years, especially over the last 20 to 30 years. These proposed tobacco substitutes have been prepared from a wide variety of treated and untreated materials, especially cellulose based materials. Numerous patents teach proposed tobacco substitutes made by modifying cellulosic materials, such as by oxidation, by heat treatment, or by the addition of materials to modify the properties of the cellulose. A substantial list of such substitutes is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,079,742 to Rainer et al.
Many patents describe the preparation of proposed smoking materials from various types of carbonized (i.e., pyrolyzed) cellulosic material. These include U.S. Pat. No. 2,907,686 to Siegel, U.S. Pat. No. 3,738,374 to Bennett, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,943,941 and 4,044,777 to Boyd et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,019,521 and 4,133,317 to Briskin, U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,031 to Rainer, U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,604 to Ehretsmann et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,544 to Hardwick et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,958 to Rainer et al., Great Britain Patent No. 956,544 to Norton, Great Britain Patent No. 1,431,045 to Boyd et al., and European Patent Application No. 117,355 to Hearn, et al. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 3,738,374 to Bennett teaches that tobacco substitutes may be made from carbon or graphite fibers, mat or cloth, most of which are made by the controlled pyrolysis of cellulosic materials, such as rayon yarn or cloth.
Other prior art patents describe the use of carbon or pyrolyzed cellulosic material either as a component of proposed smokable materials or as a filler for such materials. These include U.S. Pat. No. 1,985,840 to Sadtler, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,608,560, 3,831,609, and 3,834,398 to Briskin, U.S. Pat. No. 3,805,803 to Hedge, U.S. Pat. No. 3,885,574 to Borthwick et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,931,284 to Miano et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,082 to Martin et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,199,104 to Roth, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,244,381 and 4,256,123 to Lendvay et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,072 to Bolt, U.S. Pat. No. 4,347,855 to Lanzillotti et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,391,285 to Burnett et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,191 to Steiner.
Still other patents describe the partial pyrolysis of cellulosic materials to prepare proposed smoking materials. These include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,545,448 and 4,014,349 to Morman et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,818,915, 3,943,942 and 4,002,176 to Anderson, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,079,742 to Rainer et al.
Despite decades of interest and effort, it is believed that none of the aforesaid smoking materials have been found to be satisfactory as a tobacco substitute. Indeed, despite extensive interest and effort, there is still no smoking article on the market which provides the benefits and advantages associated with conventional cigarette smoking, without delivering considerable quantities of incomplete combustion and pyrolysis products.
The present invention is directed to methods for preparing carbon containing fuels useful in smoking articles such as cigarette-type articles, pipes, and the like, as well as intermediate and end products made using such methods.
One method of the present invention makes use of two separate pyrolysis steps to ensure that the carbon used to form the fuel elements for smoking articles is substantially free of materials which could adversely affect the aerosol delivered by such articles. This method includes the steps of:
(a) pyrolyzing a carbon containing, preferably cellulosic, starting material at a temperature range of from about 400� C. to 1250� C., preferably at about 700� C. to 800� C., in a non-oxidizing atmosphere;
(b) cooling the pyrolyzed material in a non-oxidizing atmosphere;
(c) reducing the size of the cooled pyrolyzed material to put such material into particulate or powder form; and
(d) heating the size reduced material in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature of at least 650� C. for a period sufficient to remove volatiles therefrom.
This twice pyrolyzed carbon material may then be used to fabricate carbon fuel elements useful in smoking articles.
Another method of forming carbon products useful for the formation of fuel elements for smoking articles involves two size reduction steps in combination with the intermediate formation of a coherent mass (e.g., by extrusion or by casting) from an admixture of the size reduced carbon and a binder. This assures even distribution of the binder within the carbon particles, and provides a free flowing extrusion or pressing mixture during formation of the fuel element. This method involves the steps of:
(a) reducing the size of the pyrolyzed carbon containing material (e.g., from step (a) of the process described above) to an average particle size of about 10 microns or less;
(b) admixing the particulate carbon material with sufficient binder and water to make a paste;
(c) forming the paste into a coherent mass, e.g., by casting it into a sheet, or by extruding it into a rod-like mass;
(d) drying the coherent mass;
(e) reducing the size of the dried coherent mass into coarse particles (-10 mesh); and
(f) admixing the coarse particles with sufficient water to make a paste which is suitable for forming into fuel elements, e.g., by extrusion or pressure molding. The carbon/binder fuel elements prepared according to the processes of the present invention may be further pyrolyzed after formation, for example, at from about 850� C. to 950� C., for about two hours, to convert at least a portion of the binder to carbon, and to thereby form a substantially all carbon fuel element. This post-formation pyrolysis step reduces taste contributions that the binder may contribute to the mainstream aerosol.
In general, smoking articles utilizing the fuel elements prepared by the processes of the present invention include the fuel element; a physically separate aerosol generating means including an aerosol forming material, attached to one end of said fuel element; and an aerosol delivery means such as a longitudinal passageway in the form of a mouthend piece, attached to said aerosol generating means. Examples of such cigarette-type smoking articles are described in European Patent Application No. 85111467.8, filed 11 Sept. 1985, now EPO Publication No. 174,645, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the preferred processing conditions of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal view of one preferred smoking article which may employ a carbon containing fuel element prepared by the method of the present invention.
FIGS. 2A-2C are sectional views of fuel element passageway configurations useful in the preferred smoking articles.
The starting material for preparing the fuel elements of the present invention may be virtually any of the numerous carbon precursor sources known to those skilled in the art.
In general, the carbon containing starting material which is used to prepare the preferred fuel element should contain primarily carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Preferred carbon containing materials are cellulosic materials, preferably those with a high (i.e., greater than about 80%) alpha-cellulose content, such as cotton, rayon, paper, and the like. One especially preferred high alpha-cellulose starting material is hardwood paper stock such as non-talc containing grades of Grande Prairie Canadian Kraft paper, obtained from Buckeye Cellulose Corp., Memphis, Tenn. Other cellulose containing materials, such as wood, tobacco, coconut, lignin, and the like, while not preferred, may be used. Likewise, other carbon containing materials, such as coal, pitch, bitumen, and the like, while not preferred, may also be used.
The first step in the process of the present invention is the pyrolysis of the starting material, preferably a cellulosic starting material, at a temperature between about 400� C. to about 1300� C., preferably between about 500� C. to about 950� C., in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, for a period of time sufficient to ensure that all of the cellulose material has reached the desired carbonization temperature. When the preferred second pyrolysis step (i.e., polishing step) is to be utilized, this initial pyrolysis step is most preferably conducted at from about 700� C. to 800� C. When no polishing step is to be conducted, the most preferred operating temperature range for this pyrolysis step is from about 750� C. to 850� C.
As used herein, the term "non-oxidizing atmosphere" is defined to include both inert atmospheres and vacuum conditions. Also included within this definition is the slightly oxidizing atmosphere created when moisture and/or other materials (such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons) are driven from the partially carbonized cellulose upon initial heating inside a furnace.
The use of an inert or non-oxidizing furnace atmosphere during the pyrolysis of carbon containing materials is desirable to maximize the yield of carbon solids, while minimizing the formation of gaseous carbons, i.e., carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
A totally inert or non-oxidizing atmosphere is seldom achieved because the pyrolysis products themselves are frequently mildly oxidizing.
Alternatively, the use of a vacuum or inert flushing gas such as argon or nitrogen (or a combination of vacuum and flushing gas) will provide a substantially non-oxidizing atmosphere but will also remove carbon bearing volatile pyrolysis products which in part can be made to contribute to the solid carbon yield.
In small scale production, a positive pressure of an inert gas such as nitrogen may be used to eliminate air leakage into the furnace, (and therefore prevent oxidation) and to suppress volatilization of carbon-bearing pyrolysis compounds. Maximum carbon yields are generally obtained using this technique even though the atmosphere contains some mildly oxidizing components such as water vapor.
In the large volume production of carbon from cellulosic materials, processing economies generally do not favor the use of a positive pressure of an inert gas, or a positive flow of inert gas, or a vacuum, or any combinations thereof. A small amount of loss of solid carbon product, due to the escape of carbon-bearing volatile pyrolysis products, or due to oxidation, is acceptable.
Controlled loss conditions can be achieved by placing the material to be pyrolyzed in a vented closed container, which is then placed within an appropriate furnace. The closed container is then heated through a controlled temperature profile. Preferably, the heating cycle in large volume carbon production is designed to minimize carbon loss.
For cellulosic materials, the chamber atmosphere is initially air, which is replaced by the initial pyrolysis product, water vapor. As pyrolysis continues the water vapor is diluted and replaced by carbon bearing volatiles (e.g., methane, and the like) and hydrogen. The temperature profile is controlled to assure minimum oxidation and maximum residence time for carbon bearing volatiles to maximize solid carbon yield from the volatiles.
Carbonizing furnaces are typically designed to have a minimum volume per volume of carbon, because air is drawn back into the closed container during cooling and a small amount of the solid carbon product is oxidized thereby. Such oxidation may also be minimized by use of controlled cooling. In practice many containers are placed in a large furnace and allowed to cool with the furnace thus providing a minimum cooling rate more than ample to minimize oxidation.
The overall pyrolysis time depends, at least in part, upon the nature of the materials being pyrolyzed. For example variables such as how much material is being pyrolyzed, the packing of such material within the heating means, the nature of the volatiles present, and the like, will each affect how long it takes for the temperature of the core of the material to reach the desired pyrolysis temperature.
Although the pyrolysis may be conducted at a constant temperature, it has been found that a slow pyrolysis, employing a gradually increasing heating rate, e.g., at from about 1� C. to 20� C. per hour, preferably from about 5� C. to 15� C. per hour, over many hours, produces a more uniform material and a higher carbon yield.
The pyrolysis conditions useful in this initial pyrolysis step may be effected by any of the heating means available to the skilled artisan.
A wide range of furnaces can be utilized for the initial pyrolysis. For small scale projects (e.g., research) small tube furnaces such as those made by Lindbergh Company may be used. These furnaces can be used with positive pressure and/or inert gas flow, through either quartz or glass tubing. Pot furnaces, such as those made by Harper Company, may also be used herein. Such furnaces are generally electrically heated.
For slightly larger scale work, standard box furnaces can be used. In furnaces of this type, a closed chamber, generally metal, is placed in the furnace and the starting material is placed in the chamber. Such chambers can be designed to withstand pressure, they can be welded closed for oxidation protection, they can include an interlocking 2 piece box with a porous sand, coke, or ceramic seal, or they can be equipped with a metal sleeve extending out the front of the furnace.
In preferred production procedures, a two piece interlocking box can be used. Where additional atmosphere control is desired, inert gas lines can be added to the chamber. The preferred design for small scale development is a sealed chamber having a positive inert gas pressure (e.g., 1-5 inches of water back pressure) and a gas vent line. Suitable furnaces for this work can be obtained from commercial suppliers such as Blue-M, Hot Pack, Sentry, or other suppliers. These furnaces are generally electrically heated and should be equipped with heat rate controllers such as those supplied by Omega.
For larger scale e.g., pilot plant operations, pot or pit furnaces can be used. These furnaces can be electrically heated, such as those supplied by General Electric, or they can be gas fired. In larger scale furnaces, a 2 piece construction, with a sand or coke seal is preferred.
In the production of carbon from cellulosic materials by the preferred method of the present invention, large scale furnaces designed for baking carbon and graphite electrode stock can be employed.
Following the initial pyrolysis, the pyrolysis atmosphere is preferably maintained over the material until it has cooled to a temperature of less than about 30�, preferably less than about 25� C. This prevents the potential spontaneous combustion of the otherwise hot pyrolyzed mass upon exposure to air.
The preferred process of the present invention also involves a size reduction step wherein pyrolyzed material is ground first into small particles (diameter about 2 mm or less) and ultimately into a fine powder (average particle size less than about 10 microns).
The formation of a powder from the pyrolyzed cellulosic material may be accomplished on any of a wide variety of grinding or milling devices. Generally the grinding/milling operation is conducted for a sufficient time, and with one or more appropriate apparatus, to produce a fine powder, i.e., a powder having a particle size of less than about 50 microns, preferably less than about 10 microns. Preferably, such grinding is accomplished in a series of progressively finer grinding apparatus.
For example, in preparing the preferred powder, the initial grinding may be a coarse grinding, conducted with a hammer mill or a Wiley Mill. This provides material of about -10 mesh. This coarse material is then subjected to additional grinding using an energy mill and/or an Attritor mill. The energy mill forms materials of a relatively uniform small particle size, about 10 microns. Attritor mills typically produce small particles over a broader range of particle sizes, i.e., from about 0.1 to 15 microns. A mixture of these fine powders may be used to produce the preferred fuel elements of the present invention.
The preferred process of the present invention also involves a second pyrolysis or "polishing" step, wherein the carbonized particulate material, or preferably the carbonized fine powder material, is again pyrolyzed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, preferably in an inert gas stream, at a temperature between about 650� C. to about 1250�C. Temperatures between about 650� C. and 850� C. may be used to remove undesirable volatiles and other contaminants not removed during the initial pyrolysis or like contaminants which may be introduced during handling. The presence of such contaminants could adversely effect the quality of the smoke aerosol ultimately produced, by introducing off-tastes, and the like. Higher temperatures, e.g., 850� C. to 1250� C., may be used to reduce the surface area of the carbon, which tends to reduce the overall combustion temperature of the resulting fuel elements.
The polishing step is intended to assure maximum quality of the final product, as the bulk furnaces used for the initial pyrolysis step do not generally assure a product of sufficient quality and uniformity to meet the purity requirements for preferred fuel elements. In addition, the polishing step may be employed to adjust the physical and chemical parameters of the carbon. For example, the surface area of hardwood paper carbons can be controlled over a range of about 500 m2 /g to less than about 50 m2 /g (as measured by the nitrogen porosimetry method). The skeleton density (as measured by helium pictometer) can be varied between about 1.4 g/cc to about 2.0 g/cc. Noncarbon constituents such as sulfur and chlorine can be also be reduced by this polishing treatment. Finally, any remaining organic contaminants are pyrolyzed during this polishing step.
The furnaces used for polishing preferably have an inert flush gas or vacuum to sweep away contaminants such as hydrogen sulfide. The flushing characteristic is a desired feature but is not a required feature.
The furnaces and chamber designs for polishing are similar to those used in pyrolyzing. Suitable polishing furnaces include belt furnaces in which a continuous belt carries the carbon through a metal tunnel and the carbon is protected from oxidation by a nitrogen atmosphere. C. I. Hayes, Electric Furnace, Trent and others, make such furnaces. Another furnace type which might make a superior product is the fluidized bed furnace. If batch type furnaces are employed for the polishing step, residence times of several hours are normally required to ensure that the entire load has reached the polishing temperature. If fluidized bed type furnaces are employed, the residence time of the material being polished may be as little as a few minutes.
If this polishing step is not conducted, the maximum temperature of the initial pyrolysis step may be increased, e.g., up to about 1250� C., to achieve the modification of the combustion temperature of the resulting fuel elements, if desired.
Whether or not a polishing step is employed herein, the preferred carbon powder, prior to blending with other additives or ingredients, should have the following characteristics:
Hydrogen/ Oxygen content--the hydrogen and oxygen content of the carbon used in preparing fuel elements for preferred smoking articles should each be less than about 3 weight percent, preferably less than 2 weight percent, and most preferably less than about 1 weight percent, as determined on a Perkin Elmer Model 240 C Elemental Analyzer. Hydrogen and oxygen levels of this type indicate that the material is predominantly carbon, and that upon burning, primarily carbon oxidation products, i.e., CO and CO2, will be given off. Products having a higher hydrogen and/or oxygen content could contribute significant pyrolysis products to the mainstream combustion gases, which could contribute off tastes to the aerosol delivered to the user of preferred smoking articles.
Surface Area--the surface area of the carbon used in preparing fuel elements for preferred smoking articles should be at least about 200 m2 /g, preferably at least about 250 m2 /g, and most preferably at least about 300 m2 /g, as measured by nitrogen porosimetry. Carbon fuel elements prepared from carbon having the indicated surface areas are easy to light.
Carbon content--the carbon content of the carbon powder used in preparing fuel elements for preferred smoking articles should be greater than about 90 weight percent, preferably greater than about 94 weight percent, and most preferably greater than about 96 weight percent, as determined on a Perkin Elmer Model 240 C Elemental Analyzer. High carbon levels are preferred because upon burning, virtually only carbon oxidation products, i.e., CO and CO2 will be given off.
Skeleton density--The skeleton density of the carbon powder used to prepare fuel elements for preferred smoking articles should range from about 1.4 g/cc to about 2.0 g/cc, preferably about 1.8 g/cc to about 2.0 g/cc, as measured by helium pictometer. Carbon having a skeleton density of this type provides a fuel element which will readily support combustion.
Ash content--The ash content of the carbon powder should be less than about 5 weight percent, preferably less than about 3 weight percent, and most preferably less than about 1 weight percent. Ash is generally determined by burning a fuel element prepared from a given quantity of carbon powder, binder (SCMC) and additives, and weighing the resulting ash.
Volatiles content--The volatiles content of the carbon powder should be less than about 4 weight percent, preferably less than about 2 weight percent. The presence of large amounts of volatiles can lead to off-tastes in the mainstream combustion products. The volatiles content is generally determined by (1) drying and weighing the carbon powder sample; (2) heating the sample to 750� C. under an inert atmosphere for 30 minutes; (3) cooling the sample to room temperature in a desiccator; (4) weighing the cooled sample and calculating the percentage of volatiles.
The resulting pyrolyzed carbon powder is preferably admixed with a binder, water, and additional ingredients (as desired) and shaped or formed into the desired fuel element using extrusion or pressure forming techniques.
The carbon content of these final fuel elements is preferably at least about 60% to 70%, most preferably about 80% or more, by weight. High carbon content fuel elements are preferred because they produce minimal pyrolysis and incomplete combustion products, little or no visible sidestream smoke, and minimal ash, and have high heat capacity.
The binders which may be used in preparing such fuel elements are well known in the art. A preferred binder is sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC), which may be used alone, which is preferred, or in conjunction with materials such as sodium chloride, vermiculite, bentonite, calcium carbonate, and the like. Other useful binders include gums, such as guar gum, other cellulose derivatives, such as methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose, starches, alginates, and polyvinyl alcohols.
A wide range of binder concentrations can be utilized. Preferably, the amount of binder is limited to minimize contribution of the binder to undesirable combustion products which would affect the taste of the aerosol. On the other hand, sufficient binder should be included to hold the fuel element together during manufacture and use. Generally, the carbon/binder admixture is prepared such that a stiff, dough-like consistency is achieved. The term, "stiff, dough-like" refers to the propensity of the admixture to retain its shape, i.e., at room temperature, a ball of the admixture will show only a very slight tendency to flow over a 24 hour period.
The fuel elements of the present invention also may contain one or more additives to improve burning, such as up to about 5 weight percent of sodium chloride to improve smoldering characteristics and as a glow retardant. Also, up to about 5, preferably from about 1 to 2, weight percent of potassium carbonate may be included to control flammability. Additives to improve physical characteristics, such as clays like kaolins, serpentines, attapulgites and the like also may be used.
The preferred fuel elements of the present invention are substantially free of volatile organic material. By that, it is meant that the fuel element is not purposely impregnated or mixed with substantial amounts of volatile organic materials, such as volatile aerosol forming or flavoring agents, which could degrade in the burning fuel. However, small amounts of materials, e.g., water, which are naturally adsorbed by the carbon in the fuel element, may be present therein.
In certain embodiments, the fuel element may purposely contain minor amounts of tobacco, tobacco extracts, and/or other materials, primarily to add flavor to the aerosol. Amounts of these additives may range up to about 25, preferably at about 10 to 20, weight percent, depending upon the additive, the fuel element, and the desired burning characteristics.
In one preferred embodiment, an extruded carbon containing fuel is prepared by admixing from about 50 to 99 weight percent, preferably about 80 to 95 weight percent, of the pyrolyzed carbon powder, with from about 1 to 50 weight percent, preferably about 5 to 20 weight percent of the binder, with sufficient water to make an extrudable paste, i.e., a paste having a stiff dough-like consistency.
The amount of water added to the pyrolyzed material and the binder will vary to some extent upon the binder being used, but is generally from about 1 to 5, preferably 2 to 3, parts of water per part of pyrolyzed material will be sufficient to produce a formable paste. Preferably, the dough is provided in flowable form, i.e., granular or pellets, for ease in feeding of the material to the forming device. The dough is then formed, for example by using a standard ram or piston type extruder, into the desired shape, with the desired number and configuration of passageways. The formed fuel element is then dried, preferably at from about 20� C. to 95� C. to reduce the final moisture content to less than about 4, preferably less than about 2 percent by weight.
In another embodiment, the carbon paste is subjected to a size reduction step prior to being formed into the final desired shape. In this embodiment the paste formed as described above is dried to reduce the moisture content to about 5 to 10 weight percent. The dried paste is then ground to a particle size of less than about 20 mesh size. This ground material is treated with water to raise the moisture level to about 30 weight percent, and the resulting stiff, dough-like paste is fed to a forming means, such as a conventional pill press, wherein a die punch pressure of from 455 kg (1,000 pounds) to 4550 kg (10,000 pounds), preferably about 2273 kg (5,000 pounds), of load is applied to create a pressed pellet having the desired dimensions. This pressed pellet is then preferably dried at from about 55� C. to about 100� C. to reduce the moisture content to between 5 to 10 weight percent.
In another preferred embodiment, a high quality fuel element may be formed by casting a thin slurry or flowable paste of the carbon/binder mixture (with or without additional components) into a sheet, drying the sheet, regrinding the dried sheet into a powder, forming a stiff paste with water, and extruding the paste as described above. Treatment such as this ensures an even distribution of the binder with the carbon particles. In general, the carbon powder is ground to a particle size of less than about 5 to 10 microns and mixed with a binder, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose and sufficient water to make a flowable paste. The paste is cast into a sheet of about 1.6 mm (0.0625 in.) thickness. The sheet is then dried and pulverized to a final particle size of less than about 100 mesh. The moisture level is then raised to between 25 to 30 weight percent by the addition of water and the mixture is then shaped into fuel elements by either extrusion or pressure forming means.
If desired, fuel elements containing carbon and binder may be further pyrolyzed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere after formation, for example, at from about 450� C. to 1050� C., preferably at from about 850� C. to 950� C., for about two hours, to convert the binder to carbon and thereby form a substantially all carbon fuel element. This step reduces any taste contributions which the binder may contribute to the mainstream aerosol.
It has also been discovered that by heating the formed fuel element at above about 1000� C., the CO delivery may be reduced. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that this CO reduction results from changes in the carbon structure which in turn cause a decrease in the combustion temperature of the fuel element.
Fuel elements prepared in accordance with the present invention are especially useful in preparing smoking articles of the type described in European Patent Publication No. 174,645. These articles generally include (1) the fuel element; (2) a physically separate aerosol generating means including an aerosol forming material, which is attached to one end of said fuel element; and (3) an aerosol delivery means such as a longitudinal passageway in the form of a mouthend piece, which is attached to said aerosol generating means.
Preferred fuel elements prepared in accordance with the methods of the present invention are from about 5 to 15 mm, more preferably, from about 8 to 12 mm in length, and from about 2 to 8, preferably about 4 to 6 mm in diameter. Preferably, the apparent bulk density is greater than 0.7 g/cc as measured by mercury intrusion. In preferred cigarette-type smoking articles, fuel elements having these characteristics are sufficient to provide fuel for at least about 7 to 10 puffs, i.e., the normal number of puffs generally obtained by smoking a conventional cigarette under FTC smoking conditions (one 35 cc puff of 2 seconds duration every 60 seconds).
Preferably, the fuel element prepared by the process of the present invention is provided with one or more longitudinally extending passageways. These passageways help to control transfer of heat from the fuel element to the aerosol generating means, which is important both in terms of transferring enough heat to produce sufficient aerosol and in terms of avoiding the transfer of so much heat that the aerosol former is degraded.
Generally, such passageways provide porosity and increase early heat transfer to the aerosol generating means by increasing the amount of hot gases delivered thereto. The passageways also tend to increase the rate of burning of the fuel element, and aid in the lighting thereof. The longitudinal passage or passages, if desired, may be drilled using conventional techniques, or they may be formed at the time of pressing. In most instances, the carbon containing fuel elements should be capable of being ignited by a conventional cigarette lighter without the use of any oxidizing agents.
The preparation and use of the preferred fuel elements of the present invention will be illustrated by reference to the Figures which accompany the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 illustrates a cigarette-type smoking article which utilizes the carbon containing fuel element prepared by the method of the present invention. The illustrated cigarette-type smoking article is approximately the same size as a conventional cigarette, i.e., about 7 to 8 mm in diameter and about 80 mm in length. FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate different arrangements of fuel element passageways 11 which are useful in such smoking articles.
Overlapping the mouth end of the fuel element 10 is a metallic capsule 12, which contains a substrate material 13 including one or more aerosol forming substances (e.g. polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin or propylene glycol). The periphery of fuel element 10 in this article is surrounded by a resilient jacket of insulating fibers 14, such as glass fibers, and capsule 12 is surrounded by a jacket of tobacco 16. Two slit-like passageways 18 and 18' are provided at the mouth end of the capsule in the center of the crimped tube.
At the mouth end of tobacco jacket 16 is situated a mouthend piece 20 comprising a cellulose acetate cylinder 22 which provides aerosol passageway 24, and a low efficiency cellulose acetate filter piece 26. The article, or portions thereof, is overwrapped with one or more layers of cigarette papers 28, 30, 32, and 34.
Upon lighting the aforesaid smoking article, the fuel element 10 burns, generating the heat used to volatilize the aerosol forming substance or substances in the aerosol generating means 12. Thus there is generated a smoke-like aerosol which passes out of capsule 12 through holes 18 and 18', through passageway 24, and through filter piece 26, to the user.
Because of the small size and burning characteristics of the fuel elements of the present invention, the fuel element usually begins to burn over substantially all of its exposed surface area within a few puffs. Thus, that portion of the fuel element adjacent to the aerosol generator becomes hot quickly, which significantly increases heat transfer to the aerosol generator, especially during the early and middle puffs.
The aerosol delivered produced by the preferred articles of this invention is measured as wet total particulate matter (WTPM). This WTPM has no mutagenic activity as measured by the Ames test, i.e., there is no significant dose response relationship between the WTPM produced by preferred articles of the present invention and the number of revertants occurring in standard test microorganisms exposed to such products. According to the proponents of the Ames test, a significant dose dependent response indicates the presence of mutagenic materials in the products tested. See Ames et al., Mut. Res., 31: 347-364 (1975); NAGAO et al., Mut. Res., 42: 335 (1977).
The preparation of the carbon containing fuel elements of the present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following examples which will aid in the understanding of the present invention, but which are not to be construed as limitations thereof. All percentages reported herein, unless otherwise specified, are percent by weight. All temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius and are uncorrected.
Carbon was prepared from a non-talc containing grade of Grande Prairie Canadian Kraft Paper made from hardwood and obtained from Buckeye Cellulose Corp., Memphis, Tenn. This paper had the following characteristics, when analyzed as described hereinabove:
______________________________________ moisture 10%; ash 0.15%; carbon 41%; and hydrogen 6%______________________________________
A large batch of this kraft paper (3000 pounds) was pyrolyzed in an electric pot furnace made by General Electric. The paper was placed in stainless steel cans approximately 32 inches in diameter with a cap and a sand seal. No inert gas was used.
The furnace was fired on a heat rate schedule of 15� C./hr to 550� C. and was held at 550� C. for 8 hours. No attempt was made to measure the internal temperature of the paper.
Approximately 1000 pounds of carbon was produced which, when analyzed in accordance with the methods described hereinabove, had the following properties:
______________________________________Hydrogen 3.3%Oxygen 3.5%Surface area 181 m2 /gCarbon 88.7%Skeleton Density 1.4 g/ccNitrogen Not detected______________________________________
This carbon was not considered to be suitable for use in smoking devices because of decomposition products which could potentially cause taste problems.
The carbon from Step A was ground in a Wiley mill, (Arthur H. Thomas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.), to reduce the carbon to a coarse powder (-10 mesh), and then further ground in a Trost mill (Garlock Co., Newton, Pa.) to a very fine powder, i.e., a powder having an average particle size of less than about 10 microns.
The powder from Step B was placed in a 9 inch diameter stainless steel container and was repyrolyzed (i.e., polished) in the furnace of Example 6. The steel container was positioned in the furnace, and a positive flow of nitrogen was provided as in Example 6, Step A. The furnace was rushed to the final polishing temperature of 850� C. (at a heating rate of approximately 150� C./hr) and held at that final temperature for 8 hours. The polished material was then cooled to room temperature under nitrogen. The resulting polished carbon had the following properties when analyzed as described hereinabove:
______________________________________Hydrogen 0.5%Carbon 95%Skeleton Density 1.99 g/ccMoisture 0.7%pH 7.95______________________________________
The polished powder of Step C was made into an extrudable mix by blending 378.25 g of the carbon with 42.5 grams of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Hercules, Wilmington, Del.) in a Sigma Blade Mixer (Read Corporation, 1 quart capacity) for 10 minutes. 240 grams of water containing 4.25 grams of potassium carbonate, dissolved therein was added to the mixer. After blending for about 5 minutes the lid was placed on the mixer and the mix was allowed to blend until a consistent putty-like mass was formed. The mixing time was about 3 hours. The lid was removed and the mix was allowed to air dry while mixing was continued, i.e., until the large putty like mass started breaking down into small balls about 1/2 inch diameter. This required about 30 minutes. The moisture content of the mix at this point was about 36%. The small balls (about 0.5 in. diameter) were allowed to age in a plastic bag for about 1 hour.
The above mix was extruded using a piston type extruder having a piston size of 1 3/4�9". The small balls of carbon/binder were pushed into the piston and tamped-in with a brass rod to remove air pockets. Approximately 150 grams of mix was used per extrusion. A plastic type extrusion die (streamline flow pattern) was used to produce a solid rod 4.5 mm (0.177 inch) in diameter. The extrusion was conducted in a vertical position on a Fornex LT30D, (Forney Co., Wampum, Pa.), tensile tester. The extrusion rate was 0.7 inches/minute on the ram and the pressure was 3000 PSI.
The extrudate was allowed to dry overnight at 75� C. in 60% humidity. It was then dried to a 4% moisture level at 65� C. in a forced air oven. The rod was then cut into 10 mm lengths, and holes (0.66 mm) were drilled longitudinally through the rod segments.
Fuel sources of the type prepared in Example 1 were pyrolyzed after formation in a flowing nitrogen gas stream using a Lindeburg tube furnace (Lindeburg, Model S4031, Watertown, Wis.). This pyrolysis was conducted to convert the binder material in the fuel element to carbon.
A Vycor tube was placed in the furnace, nitrogen gas was admitted at one end of the tube, passing through the tube and out the other end through a second tube immersed in water creating a 1" of water back pressure in the Vycor tube.
Fuel sources were placed in the hot zone while the furnace was cold, the furnace flushed with nitrogen for 15 minutes with a flow of 100 cc/hr and then heated to 1050� C. in approximately 30 minutes.
The furnace was held at the pyrolysis temperature for one hour and was then allowed to cool to room temperature.
To determine the effect of polishing conditions on the properties of the polished carbon, the powder produced in Example 1, Step B was treated at different polishing temperatures. In the following examples, the carbon powder sample was polished for 2 hours at the indicated temperature. The modifications in the chemical and physical properties of the carbon are indicated following the polishing temperature.
______________________________________ Polish Skeleton SurfaceEXAMPLE No. Temp. �C. Density Area (m2 /g)______________________________________3 750 1.82 4804 950 1.95 2705 1150 1.92 20______________________________________
A stack (4.2 kg) of the paper used in Example 1 was pyrolyzed in a Blue M box-type furnace with a 10�10�8 inch opening. A metal box (304 Stainless Steel) measuring 9�9�28 inch was inserted into the box furnace and a face cover was bolted onto the outer face of the metal box (the portion not in the furnace). The space around the insert was packed with a ceramic fiber insulating material.
Nitrogen gas was fed into the box through the face cover at a rate of about 36 liters per hour. A gas outlet was provided at the top of the box and inserted into a water bath causing a back pressure of 2 inches of water in the metal box.
A temperature control thermocouple was placed inside the furnace but outside the metal insert. The furnace was heated on the following schedule:
1. Heat from 50�-350� C. in 20 hours (at 15� C./hr);
2. Hold for 2 hours at 350� C.;
3. Heat from 350�-650� in 20 hours (at 15� C./hr);
4. Hold for 2 hours at 650� C.;
5. Heat from 650� C.-800� C. in 17 hours (at 9� C./hr);
6. Hold for 13 hours at 850� C.;
7. Cool furnace (2 days to room temperature).
To assure that the paper inside the insert was heated to the desired temperature, a thermocouple was placed in the core of the paper stack. The thermocouple in the paper indicated that the paper was heated to 850� for 7 1/2 hours. 0.98 kilograms of carbon was produced. The carbon produced in this example was ground to a coarse powder which, when subjected to the analysis scheme set forth hereinabove, had the following properties:
______________________________________Hydrogen 0.6%Surface area 275 m2 /gAsh 0.48%Carbon 96%Density 1.92 g/ccNitrogen not detectedpH 10.71______________________________________
Nine parts (by weight) of the carbon powder of Step A was mixed with one part of SCMC powder, K2 CO3 was added at 1 wt. percent, and water was added to make a thin slurry, which was then cast into a thin (ca. 2 mm thick) sheet and dried at room temperature for 48 hours.
The dried sheet was then reground on a Wiley mill to a coarse powder (-10 mesh) and sufficient water was added to make a stiff, dough-like paste. This paste was then loaded into a room temperature batch extruder. The female extrusion die for shaping the extrudate had tapered surfaces to facilitate smooth flow of the plastic mass. A low pressure (less than 5 tons per square inch or 7.03�106 kg per square meter) was applied to the plastic mass to force it through a female die of 4.6 mm diameter.
The wet rod was then allowed to dry at room temperature overnight. To assure that the rod was completely dry it was then placed into an oven at 80� C. for two hours. This dried rod had an apparent (bulk) density of about 0.9 g/cc (as measured by mercury intrusion), a diameter of 4.5 mm, and an out of roundness of approximately 3%.
The dry, extruded rod was cut into fuel elements of 10 mm length and seven passageways (each 0.6 mm in diameter) were drilled through the length of the rod, substantially as illustrated in FIG. 2A.
In a method similar to that of Example 6B, activated carbon powder (Calgon PCB-G) having an average particle size of about 5-10 microns, an ash content of about 2.079% and a sulfur content of about 0.7% was admixed with SCMC binder (Hercules Corp. Grade 7H-F) in a ratio of 9 parts carbon, 1 part binder. Sufficient water was added to the mixture to form a thick slurry which would spread into a sheet.
The thick slurry was cast onto a section of polyethylene film at about 1.5 mm (1/16 in.) thick, and air dried over 24 hours.
The resulting hard, sheet-like flakes were collected from the plastic sheet and ground on a Wiley Mill to a powder. The powder was further pulverized by grinding with a mortar & pestle, to a final particle size of less than about 100 mesh. The moisture content of the powder carbon was about 10 percent at this stage.
The moisture content was raised to between about 25-30 weight percent by spraying a mist of water over the carbon powder with mixing, thus ensuring that the entire powder was evenly treated with moisture. At a moisture content of 25-30 percent, this carbon/binder admixture was deemed a stiff, dough-like paste, suitable for extrusion or pressing into fuel elements.
In the present example, this admixture was pressed at an applied load of about 2,273 kg (5,000 lbs.) in a hydraulic punch and die press, forming a fuel element about 5.5 mm in diameter, 10 mm in length, having one 0.5 mm diameter central passageway. The fuel element was dried in a hot air oven at about 200� F. for 2 hours, bringing the moisture level down to less than about 10 percent.
Cigarette-type smoking articles, substantially as illustrated in FIG. 2, were prepared as follows:
The fuel element, 10 mm long, 4.5 mm in diameter, was prepared as in Examples 1, 2, and 6.
The macrocapsule was prepared from drawn aluminum tubing, about 30 mm in length, having an outer diameter of about 4.5 mm. The rear 2 mm of the capsule was crimped to seal the mouth end of the capsule. In the sealed mouth end of the capsule, two slits (0.1�1 mm) were cut to allow passage of the aerosol materials into the mouthend piece.
The aerosol former used in this example was prepared as follows:
Tobacco was ground to a medium dust and extracted with water in a stainless steel tank at a concentration of from about 1 to 1.5 pounds of tobacco per gallon of water. The extraction was conducted at ambient temperature using mechanical agitation for from about 1 hour to about 3 hours. The admixture was centrifuged to remove suspended solids and the aqueous extract was spray dried by continuously pumping the aqueous solution to a conventional spray dryer, such as an Anhydro Size No. 1, at an inlet temperature of from about 215�-230� C. and collecting the dried powder material at the outlet of the drier. The outlet temperature varied from about 82�-90� C.
High surface area alumina (surface area=280 m2 /g) from W. R. Grace & Co. (designated SMR-14-1896), having a mesh size of from -8 to +20 (U.S.) was sintered at a soak temperature above about 1400� C., preferably from about 1400� to 1550� C., for about one hour and cooled. The alumina was washed with water and dried.
The alumina (640 mg) was treated with an aqueous solution containing 107 mg of spray dried flue cured tobacco extract and dried to a moisture content of less than about 3.5 weight percent. This material was then treated with a mixture of 233 mg of glycerin and 17 mg of a flavor component obtained from Firmenich, Geneva, Switzerland, under the designation T69-22.
The macrocapsule was filled with about 200 mg of this treated alumina.
The fuel element was inserted into the open end of the filled macrocapsule to a depth of about 3 mm. The fuel element - macrocapsule combination was overwrapped at the fuel element end with a 10 mm long, glass fiber jacket of Owens-Corning 6432 (having a softening point of about 640� C.), with 3 wt. percent pectin binder, to a diameter of about 8 mm and overwrapped with Ecusta 646 plug wrap.
An 8 mm diameter tobacco rod (28 mm long) with an Ecusta 646 plug wrap overwrap was modified to have a longitudinal passageway (about 4.5 mm diameter) therein. The jacketed fuel element - macrocapsule combination was inserted into the tobacco rod passageway until the glass fiber jacket abutted the tobacco The glass fiber and tobacco sections were overwrapped with Kimberly-Clark P 878-5 paper.
A cellulose acetate mouthend piece (30 mm long), overwrapped with Ecusta 646 plug wrap and joined to a filter element (10 mm long) having an overwrap of Ecusta 646 plug wrap, by K-C's P 878-16-12 paper. This mouthend piece section was joined to the jacketed fuel element - macrocapsule section by tipping paper.
The present invention has been described in detail, including the preferred embodiments thereof. However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon consideration of the present disclosure, may make modifications and/or improvements on this invention and still be within the scope and spirit of this invention as set forth in the following claims.
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|R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
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|R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
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|R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
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|R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
|Mixed fiber sliver for use in the manufacture of cigarette filter elements
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|R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
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|Oct 2, 2013
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|R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
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|Wick suitable for use in an electronic smoking article
|May 21, 2015
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|Philip Morris Products S.A.
|Apparatus and method for evaluating a smoking article component
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|Tobacco-derived filter element
|U.S. Classification
|131/369, 44/599, 44/577, 131/359
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 28, 1986
Owner name: R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY, WINSTON-SALEM, FOR
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|Jun 1, 1999
|Fee payment
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|Jul 27, 1999
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|Fee payment
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|Sep 22, 2003
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text:
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Concept Redesign: Grown Up Soda
Grown Up Soda, Alex Westgate
Graphic Design, Package Design, Packaging Design, Design Illustration, Soda Packaging, Soda Labels, Design Packaging
Finally got around to posting this conceptual package design project I completed last semester. More pictures and info on my website: http://alexwestgate.com/filter/work#2795962/GROWN-UP-SODA
A self-directed & conceptual redesign of the Grown Up Soda brand completed for a 4th year package design class by Canadian designer and illustrator Alex Westgate. The goal was to reposition the brand as both more fun & sophisticated, making it stand out from other gourmet soda & sparkling juice brands on the market
Conceptual redesign of the Grown Up Soda brand completed for a package design class by Alex Westgate.
Beautiful soda design packaging! #design #packaging
soda package design by Alex Westgate
Alex Westgate Design & Illustration
This is my kinda graphic design!!
Soda bottle #packaging
soda labels
Food Packaging Concept by Nick Hill, via Behance
Food Packaging Design, Appeal Packaging, Graphic Illustration, Package Design, Packaging Concepto, Packaging Food, Design Packaging
Beautifully simple food packaging design and clever use of reversed out print #food #packaging #design
Food Packaging Concept - #Food #Packaging 고기의 겨우 각 부위를 표시해둔 그림을 넣고 그 부위에 해당하는 고기의 포장은 고기가 보이도록 투명하게 만든 것이 직관적이라 생각함
Food Packaging Concept by Nick Hill, Simple and good shelf appeal. #Packaging
Food Packaging Concept - #Food #Packaging
b.right! by Benefit
Fresh packaging design for my favourite young beauty house
Benefit Cosmetics, Skincare Packaging, Beauty Packaging, Packaging Skincare, Packaging Beauty Cosmetics, Color Palette
Benefit Cosmetics is launching a new skin care collection called b.right! this spring, with some innovative packaging for the category. Product line designed and manufactured by Maesa.:
Wonderful way to mix the curves of topographic lines with with structured frames. Nice color palette with the dots and line treatments we've been looking at.
Apothecary Beauty Branding - Antique Bottles Inspire Packaging for Benefit Cosmetics b.right! Line (GALLERY)
Benefit Cosmetics is launching a new skin care collection called b.right! this spring, with some innovative packaging for the category. Product line designed and manufactured by Maesa. -- Love the packaging, love the bottle, not a fan of the label... with such an awesome box and bottle i'd expect a better label.
#brightbyBenefit has an amazing color scheme for packaging- love the details too<3
benefit skincare packaging - Google Search
Beautiful Package Design
Benefit beauty line
Beauty product
great packaging
Branding Design, Cute Packaging, Fun Packaging, Package Design, Packaging Food, Design Packaging, Packaging Creative, Packaging Fisher
Packaging: Fisher Hispanic nuts by Uno Branding | #design #PackageDesign #packaging #creativity #creatividad
Packaging: Fisher Hispanic nuts by Uno Branding | #design #packaging #WeCanDoThisForYou! #CoPackInc. 1.888.745.0336 www.copackinc.com #packaging #design
Funny and cute packaging #packaging #design #creativepackaging #clever #packagingdesign #branding #marketing
Luis Fitch, packaging. Fun package design that any kid would love. #design #packaging #graphicdesign #fun
Packaging: Fisher Hispanic nuts by Uno Branding | #design #packaging More at: http://livinglearningandloving.com/things-we-like-and-love/
Packaging: Fisher Hispanic nuts by Uno Branding | #design #packaging See more at http://www.fashionisly.com
Nutty product packaging Packaging: Fisher Hispanic nuts by Uno Branding | #design #packaging
Funny and cute packaging #packaging #design
Fun package design.
Baby Products, Package Design, Branding Packaging, Packaging Branding, Kids Packaging, Packaging Design, Design Packaging, Babe Packaging
40 Examples of Animal Packaging Design - From Cat Wine Labels to Clumsy Animal Branding (TOPLIST)
"Babé Laboratorios" packaging for pediatric range // packaging design // baby cosmetic products
Línea pediátrica Babé #packaging #cosmetics
BABÉ PEDIÁTRICO #branding #packaging
Graphic Design Packaging
Babe #packaging #design
cute kid packaging
baby products
Creteleon-front.jpg #packagedesign
Olive Oil Packaging Design, Bottle Packagedesign, Packaging Bottle, Oil Olive Packaging, Packaging Design Bottle, Olive Oil Bottle, Olive Oil Package, Creteleon Packagedesign, Bottle Design
Creteleon | Premium organic extra virgin olive oil | #packaging #design #oliveoil #organic #simple #onecolor #black #clean #highend
Creteleon Premium Organic Olive Oil | #packaging #bottledesign #oliveoil >>>I think this bottle design is very clean to look at.
Great use of empty space // Creteleon | Premium organic extra virgin olive oil | #packaging #design
#Creative #olive #oil #packaging #design #inspiration #black #logo #branding #identity
halloween??? Creteleon | Premium organic extra virgin olive oil | #packaging #design
'creteleon' extra virgin olive oil - packaging designed by t e polydorou design
Awesome design for bottle #packagedesign
Creteleon Olive Oil bottle label
Creteleon #packagedesign
packaging for folksaga. caleb heisey.
Graphic Design, Folksaga Liquor, Witch S Wood, Package Design, Label Design, Packaging Design, Design Packaging, Bottle Design
Folksaga Liquors | 34 Coolest Food Packaging Designs Of 2012 http://pinterest.com/fancybt/beautiful-packaging/
Folksaga Liquors - great packaging design! Maybe could do something similar for a winter or Christmas party. Hmmm...
Loving this cool label design! 50+ Inspiring Packaging Designs |
Folksaga Liquors | 34 Coolest Food Packaging Designs Of 2012
Ms lorelei, witch´s woods & sweet hylda #packaging #designs
GRAPHIC Art/Design ► Package Design by Caleb Heisey
Folksaga Liquors – packaging bottle label deisgn
Folksaga Liquors :: label :: graphic design
Folksaga Liquors #bottle #design
Wish Bubble Bath
Lollia by Margot Elena creates gorgeous packaging and products | I want to take a bubble bath now!
Bath Products Packaging, Lollia Bubble, Packaging Design, Bee Packaging, Design Packaging, Bubble Baths
What a sweetly lovely, deeply elegant bottle of Lollia Bubble Bath. #packaging #design #bubble_bath #toiletries #soap
bath product label with a cute bee design | Heavenly bubble bath, love the bottle
Lollia Bubble Bath- I love these prints! Cute sitting next to your bathtub.
Lollia bubble bath. I'm such a sucker for anything with bees on it.
Lollia bubble bath #packaging #bubblebath #design #bees #vintage
:: bubble bath gold & bees packaging
Lollia Bubble Bath #packaging
Lollia bubble bath @Nicole R
♔ Honey Bee
25 Fantastic Package Designs
25 Fantastic Package Designs | From up North
Clever Design, Bottle Shape, Package Design, Product Design, Packaging Branding, Water Bottle Design, Packaging Design, Packaging Inspiration
From up North Effective package design = allows bottles to be stacked in a more creative way. The type/branding on the bottles is placed in one of the flat shapes/fits perfectly. All the type is in unison with the bottle Source: http://www.fromupnorth.com/packaging-inspiration-958/
Brilliant Packaging Design examples for your inspiration // Introducing @moirestudiosjkt a thriving website and graphic design studio. Feel Free to Follow us @moirestudiosjkt to see more #outstanding pins like this. #packaging #graphicDesign
Clever packaging design which allows the merchandiser to stack the shelf in fun and engaging ways
25 Fantastic Package Designs- From up North. Love the water bottle design!
Clever popular bottle shape PD. Design labeling and packaging inspiration
Packaging & Brand ID ... follow us @ www.pinterest.com/signbrand
25 Fantastic Package Designs | From up North #water #packaging
Clever #packaging #product #design
Clever designs
#design #packaging
Pantry Packaging, Pantry Kosher, Branding Packaging, Kosher Salt, Packaging Design, Beautiful Packaging, Design Packaging, March Pantry
March Pantry, March SF, minimal, brand concept, design, packaging, product design, logo, target market, logo design, brand identity
#PACKAGING DESIGN INSPIRATION March Pantry's Kosher Salt | 34 Coolest Food Packaging Designs Of 2012
March Pantry's Kosher Salt - 34 coolest food packaging designs of 2012
March Pantry - Mens line #black #glass #bottle #branding #packaging
Bold kosher salt packaging by March Pantry #packaging
Sexy package design: March Pantry's Kosher Salt
March Pantry Kosher Salt #packaging
beautiful packaging // March Pantry
March Pantry:: Kosher Salt Jar
The Dieline Package Design Awards 2013 Winners
The Dieline Package Design Awards 2013 Winners - The Dieline - This is the look that I am planning to go for in my product redesign.
Graphic Design, Design Adspiration, Brand Packaging, Package Design, Essential Oil Packaging Design, Color Combinations, Design Packaging
The Dieline Package Design Awards 2013 Winners. The Dieline Package Design Awards are a worldwide competition devoted exclusively to the art of brand packaging. The 2013 competition received over 1100 entries from 61 countries around the world. DLWARDS merit health beauty 1
The Dieline Package Design Awards 2013: Health & Beauty, Merit - Essential Patch - The Dieline - #packaging #typography
the dieline package design awards 2013 - Merit (health & beauty)
The Dieline Package Design Awards 2013 Winners - The Dieline <3
Vintage with a twist of modern packaging design great idea.
The Dieline - 2013 Package Design Awards
Nice color combinations
Graphic Design, Package Design, Milk Packaging Design, Bottle Packaging, Packaging Design Inspiration, Black And White Packaging, Design Packaging, Bottle Design, Black And White Logo
Milk Packaging Design Inspiration http://www.etsy.com/shop/BannerSetDesigns?ref=pr_shop_more
Milk Packaging Design | http://graphicdesigncollectionsamerico.blogspot.com
Milk Packaging Design #Graphic Design| http://carsandsuch7274.blogspot.com
Milk Packaging Design #graphic design #Illustrations
Milk Packaging Design Inspiration
milk / graphic design packaging
black and white packaging
Bottle Packaging Design
bottle design
Student Spotlight: Fox & Rabbit
Fox and Rabbit : fruity wine apéritif
Soda Bottle, Graphic Design, Pop Bottle, Package Design, Packaging Branding, Packaging Design, Design Packaging
Fox & Rabbit-Graduate Ting Sia is responsible for this cute and quirky example of packaging design. Marketed for young professional couples and their sophisticated get-togethers, the inspiration behind the brand focuses on the relationship between the mischievous and cunning fox and the innocent and lively rabbit.
Packaging design: 45 inspirational examples | Packaging | Page 3 | Creative Bloq | Fox & Rabbit #packaging
Student Spotlight: Fox & Rabbit — The Dieline #packaging #design #unique #monochromatic #package #ideas #inspiration
Packaging Design - Fox & Rabbit #design #packaging #style
Packaging design for 'Fox & Rabbit' aperitif by Ting Sia
Fox & Rabbit Tangerine Dream package design, Ting Sia
fox & rabbit #wine #packaging #brand #design
fox & rabbit package design
graphic design | Tumblr
Package Design, Wine Bottle Labels Design, Packaging Design, Bottle Packaging, Design Branding, Design Packaging
Vives Gau Package design for Vives Gau wines. Wine / vino mxm #packaging #design #wine #bottle
Vives Gau Package design for Vives Gau wines. Wine / vino mxm - bottle - letter v - lettering
Vives Gau Package design for Vives Gau wines. Wine / vino mxm | repinned by BroCoLoco.com
Vives Gau Package design for Vives Gau wines. #packaging #design #wine
///// Vives Gau #wine #vino #bottle #packaging #design #branding
Vives Gau Package design for Vives Gau wines. Wine / vino mxm
Vives Gau #Package #design for Vives Gau wines. #typography
Package design for Vives Gau wines.
Vives Gau Package design
Steveston Wine Co. Concept
Steveston Village house wine concept designed by Kristian Hay, a Canadian graphic designer. | #wine #packaging #black | www.behance.net/kristianhay
Wine Packaging, Package Design, Wine Design, Packaging Design, Wine Bottles, Design Packaging, Bottle Design
Steveston Wine Co. - Love their wine bottles, would be very cool for a black and white event!
Steveston Wine Co. Concept - The Dieline: The World's #1 Package Design Website -
Steveston Wine Co. #wine #design #packaging #premium
Steveston Wine Co. 'Merlot' #wine #bottle #packaging
Stevestone Wine Co. Identity, Label & Bottle design
New Packaging Design for Steveston Wines.
Steveston Wine Bottle design
Steveston wine packaging.
Wine Label
Concepts We Wish Were Real
Concepts We Wish Were Real; F.C.J. Direct Juice Packaging by Ruslan Simashev
Pop Bottle, Soda Bottle, True Color, Bottle Packaging, Direct Juice, Packaging Design, Juice Packaging, Design Packaging, Juice Bottle
Excellent use of cut outs in the label to let the true color of the juice to show through. The larger font of the flavor instantly stands out.
F.C.J. Direct Juice Packaging by Ruslan Simashev, via Behance
F.C.J. Direct juice packaging. I love those cutout letters!
F.C.J. Direct Juice Packaging on Behance
F.C.J. Direct Juice Packaging
bottle packaging
Package design
Juice Bottles
EIGHT ARMS, THE ARGONAUT There is something unexpected about an octopus wrapping around a wine bottle. A clear brown bottle with the label screen printed in white creates a stunning execution here. The artwork wraps the bottle, so we can see through to the far reaching tentacles of the octopus on the reverse side, achieving a nice sense of depth.
Beautiful wine bottle package design.


text:
Free shipping on orders over $75*
Row in style and comfort when seated over your cooler or dry box. The NRS Frame Flip Seat Mount supports a padded raft seat and tilts forward out of the way to access the cooler or box beneath. * The Seat Mount attaches securely to the crossbar with LoPro U-bolt hardware. * Use NRS Adjustable Cooler…
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…the fisherman needs, plus a thin back that accommodates any kind of kayak or raft seat. * The Ronny Fisher's Thin-Vent™ back panel works comfortably with any raft or kayak seat, including recreational kayak seats with higher backs. * A ventilation channel in the 1/2" foam back panel lets heat…
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New Women's Chiffon Tops. They're just so chiffon-y.
Thanks for stopping by for a look! :-)
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My website → www.mystic-pic.comMy Blog → www.mystic-pic.com/blog.htm
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Andreas this is a gorgeous shot :)
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Please note: we have changed the day of this meetup from Tuesday to Wednesday. If you really want to attend but can never come on Wednesdays, please comment and we will see if we can work something out!
This is a meetup that focuses on practicing the spoken dialect(s) of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan. The goal is to support one another in learning and improving, not to offer a comprehensive Arabic class. Native or experienced speakers are welcome to come and help or get some conversation practice, and others are welcome to come and learn.
This week, we'll play the fun vocabulary game that Omar brought us last week (and which we all enjoyed), and Rand will bring us a short story to listen to and/or read and translate. Thanks, guys!
Don't forget to listen to plenty of Arabic in your spare time! Immerse yourself!
I put together this list of words on memrise.com a while back to practice with. Hope somebody else will find it useful, and if you have any suggestions I'll include more things over time, hopefully subject based.
2 · April 4, 2013
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Prithviraj, Vidya Balan in Kamala Das biopicWe were the first to report that actress Vidya Balan is in talks to portray Malayali's beloved poet and writer Kamala Surayya aka Madhavikutty in director Kamal's biopic on her. The actress has now confirmed she will be part of the project, at an ... Times of India, 1 month ago
Prithviraj, Vidya Balan in Kamala Surayya biopic - Manorama Online, 1 month ago
Vidya Balan to play Kamala Das? - Rediff.com, 1 month ago
Opp seeks removal of Justice Das from chit fund probe panel
[embedded content] Bhubaneswar: In the wake of the controversial remarks of Justice MM Das, chairman of chit-fund commission of inquiry, at a BJD function last week, Congress and BJP on Sunday demanded his removal. While Congress decided to ...Odisha Television, 2 days ago
Quit cry follows CBI notice to Das Burma
Bhubaneswar, April 7: CBI's notice to food and civil supplies minister Sanjay Das Burma has snowballed into a political controversy with the Opposition demanding his resignation despite his lawyers submitting to the investigating agency documents ...Calcutta Telegraph, 3 weeks ago
Here Be Trouble: Vidya Balan to Play Care-Two-Hoots Writer Kamala Das
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: Vidya Balan didn't have the best of times when she made her debut in Malayalam cinema but now the Bollywood actress is returning to her native tongue with a portrayal of the controversial Indian-English writer Kamala Surayya nee ...New Indian Express, 1 month ago Furore Alert: Vidya Balan to Play Stormy Writer Kamala Das New Indian Express, 1 month ago
Producers' awards: Prithviraj, Jayasurya share best actor gong
Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Film Producers' Association announced its awards for 2015 here on Saturday, with Prithviraj-starrer Ennu Ninte Moideen winning the award for best film. Jayaraj bagged the gong for best director for Ottal , which won ...Manorama Online, 1 month ago
White, School Bus, James & Alice: Big Malayalam movies coming up
Which Malayalam film are *YOU* are looking forward to? Quite Malayalam films are up for release this May. With few big hits in the first four months of 2016 already, the mood is upbeat and the industry hopes that the tempo continues during the coming days. Here is a look at the big releases in May: WhiteDirector: Uday Ananthan Mammootty plays a London-based businessman named Prakash Roy in Pranayakalam director Uday Ananthan's White. It's said to be a ...Rediff.com, 2 days ago
Order to demolish Adarsh is welcome, but will corrupt nexus ever learn?
An unfinished 31-storey Adarsh Housing society structure in Mumbai's prime real estate area of Colaba has for long stood as a living symbol of a corrupt nexus between the politicians, bureaucrats, some armed forces officers and builders. Worse, this ...Firstpost.com, 4 days ago
Indian Railways' Jaldoot and parched Latur: All you want to know about country's longest water train
It was in January 2013 that Maharashtra first considered running water trains. It was again to provide water to drought-hit Marathwada. At a Cabinet meeting, then chief minister Prithviraj Chavan said that initial discussions had been held with the ...Financial Express, 2 weeks ago From special orders procuring equipment to the shunting of trains to give Jaldoot preference. From men working day and night, to hurdles, expected and unexpected. From water Miraj is withholding from own, to water now coming to Latur. Indian Express, 2 weeks ago
Pitch against excise duty evokes mixed response fromjewellers
When Congress vice-president Rahul Gandhi stepped on to the dais at South Mumbai's Zaveri Bazaar, the hub of India's gold and diamond trade, his mission was clear — cash in on the ongoing unrest among traders to break into an important voter ...Yahoo! India, 3 weeks ago
Murali as Vidya's hubby
Posted on :20:31:06Mar 19, 2016 Last edited on:20:31:06Mar 19, 2016 Tags: Murali, Vidyabalan In the film on the late poetess Kamala Das to be directed by Kamal, Murali Gopi will also be doing a role. The character of Kamala Das aka ...Kaumudi, 1 month ago
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Photographer captures the difficult journey of Central American immigrants as they attempt to cross the U.S.-Mexico border
A Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer has amassed a collection of stunning photographs that illustrate the plight of Central American immigrants as they make the dangerous journey as they attempt to cross the U.S.-Mexico border in search of a better life.
Illegal immigration has become a hot-button issue in the United States as millions of immigrants try to cross the border illegally in search of employment and a better life for their families.
Because of the complex nature of the debate, photographer John Moore says he tried to approach the issue 'in as many ways possible' by 'putting a human face on the issue.
An estimated 11.7 million people currently are living in the country illegally - and in fear of being deported back to their native countries. Many of these immigrants come from Central American countries like Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica.
In many cases, these migrants risk their lives crossing through unforgiving, desert terrain on their way to the United States.
Moore's photographs illustrate the struggles they face.
Dangerous: Immigrants often risk their lives to make the perilous trek to cross the U.S.-Mexico border
Desert: Crossing the unforgiving desert terrain can be a death sentence unprepared immigrants
'La bestia': Thousands of Central Americans stowaway on trains they call la bestia, or 'the beast' in English
A Guatemalan immigrant shows off his dance moves at a Doctors Without Borders clinic along a popular migration route amongst Central Americans
Ride the rails: Immigrants prepare to de-board a train on which they were stowaways on their trip towards the U.S.
Northbound: Thousands of Central American immigrants use the trains in their travels to the U.S.-Mexico border
Risky: Many immigrants are robbed or assaulted by gangs that control the trains
Hang on: Many immigrants lose limbs if they fall off the train and get caught beneath its wheels, while some fall asleep and fall to the hard ground below
Pit stop: Many immigrants sleep on mats outside the Hermanos en el Camino shelter during their long trip North
Rest stop: Immigrants seen here are walking during a rest stop after a grueling 15 hours atop the train
Weather: The unpredictable weather in the desert can be fatal for immigrants unprepared for the elements
All aboard: Immigrants board a train heading north on their quest for a better life
Charting the course: Immigrants consult a map before boarding a freight train heading north
Monsoons: The desert is subject to monsoon season, which offers gorgeous clouds, but dangerous weather
Lousy odds: Only a small percentage of immigrants will make it to the U.S. safely on their first attempt
Commerce: A Guatemalan man sells candy and cigarettes on the Mexico side of its border with Guatemala
Illegal: Guatemalans traveling through Mexico after illegally crossing the border on their way to the U.S.
Water: Many Guatemalan immigrants must cross the Suchiate River to enter into Mexico on their way to the U.S.
Rafts: Immigrants will construct makeshift rafts to cross the Suchiate River on their way into Mexico
Under their nose: The raft of undocumented immigrants passes right under a bridge that serves as a Mexican immigration checkpoint
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Friday May 10 07:30 PM
Tuesday May 14 07:30 PM
Doris Duke Theatre
Museum members: $8.00
General Admission: $10.00
About the Film:
Directed by Claude Miller. France, 2012, 110 mins. French with English subtitles. Hawai'i premiere
Based on François Mauriac's legendary 1927 novel, the final film by French master director Claude Miller tells the story of Thérèse Desqueyroux (the ever luminous Audrey Tautou), a free-spirited heroine suffocated by a provincial marriage and yearning in vain to escape to a bohemian life in Jazz-Age Paris. When Thérèse's best friend, Anne, falls madly in love with a handsome young Portuguese man, she begins to see what she has been missing and starts to wage a shocking fight against her husband's oppressive family.
Last: Embrace of the Serpent
- Embrace of the Serpent
- Dream Big: Nānākuli at the Fringe
- Wild & Scenic Film Festival 2016
- The Tribunal
- Mauna Kea: Temple Under Siege
- Pele's Appeal + Stolen Waters
- Sundance Native Shorts Lab: …
- Kumu Hula: Keepers of a Culture
- Family Film Sunday: Waltah t…
- Ever the Land
- The Price of Peace
- Mana Wairoa Māori Shorts
- Hōkūleʻa: The Past
- Hōkūleʻa: The Future
- Maisa
Dream Big: Nānākuli at the Fringe :Next