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Limiting the Tools of War
"Nonlethal" Chemical Weapons: A Faustian Bargain
Incapacitants developed for use by law enforcement are more likely to be used by dictators, terrorists, or criminals.
On October 26, 2002, approximately 50 Chechen separatist guerrillas took over a Moscow theater, holding about 750 people hostage. The hostage-takers were well armed with automatic weapons and grenades, and the females were wired with high explosives. They demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya, and threatened to kill the hostages and themselves if their demand was not met. The Russian government refused to negotiate. On the 28th, Russian special forces troops stormed the theater, first releasing a potent narcotic (a derivative of the opiate anesthetic fentanyl) into the ventilation system. When the troops burst into the main hall, they found the hostages and hostage-takers in a coma. The unconscious Chechens were all shot dead at point blank range, and the hostages were rushed to hospitals. In the end, approximately 125 hostages died of overdose; the rest--more than 600--survived. A number of the survivors are likely to have permanent disability. Opiate overdose causes respiratory depression that can starve the brain of oxygen, causing permanent brain damage when prolonged. It took hours to evacuate and treat the hostages. Aspiration pneumonia, a frequent complication of opiate overdose, may also cause permanent damage.
This dramatic event brought into focus a debate that has been simmering in arms control circles for several years, barely noticed by the general public: whether "nonlethal" chemical weapons are legal, and, if they are, whether it is a good idea to develop them. Proponents have argued for some time that situations exactly like the one in Moscow justify the use of such weapons. A more likely result, however, is that these weapons will turn out to be a Faustian bargain--with temporary benefits and high costs.
Was the chemical attack during the Moscow hostage rescue legal under international law? The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) bans the development, production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons. It defines chemical weapons as all toxic chemicals and all devices specifically designed to deliver them. Toxic chemicals are defined as chemicals that "cause death, temporary incapacitation, or permanent harm to humans or animals." Thus, chemical incapacitants are clearly prohibited. (The term chemical incapacitant is preferable to nonlethal chemical weapon because none of the possible agents is really nonlethal, as the death of so many Moscow hostages dramatically demonstrated.)
Under the CWC, however, there are four specific purposes for which toxic chemicals can be used without being considered chemical weapons: peaceful medical, agricultural, research, or pharmaceutical purposes; protective purposes (such as testing defenses against chemical weapons); military purposes not dependent on toxicity (many compounds in high explosives and other munitions are toxic, but their toxicity is irrelevant to their function); and "law enforcement including domestic riot control." The first three of these are not relevant here, but the fourth clearly is. In Moscow, Russia was enforcing its own domestic law on its own territory, and so the use of a chemical incapacitant did not violate the CWC. Whether the development, production, and stockpiling of the agent was originally intended for this purpose, and therefore legal, is unknown.
Thus there are two rather different questions: Given that it is legal to develop and use these weapons for law enforcement purposes, is it wise? And how should prohibited military development be deterred?
Any program developing chemical incapacitants has to start with the realization that they are dangerous and will cause a significant death toll when used at levels that will incapacitate most of those exposed. How high a toll is hard to estimate with certainty, but even with optimistic assumptions, lethality of 10-20 percent has to be expected (see www.fas.org/bwc/papers/sirens_song.pdf), which is what happened in Moscow. Therefore they should be used only as a last resort.
But could it work twice? The Moscow hostage rescue could be considered a success, since more than 80 percent of the hostages were recovered alive. But the next time terrorists engage in hostage-taking, they will certainly be prepared for the use of incapacitants, with gas masks and possibly antidotes. (There is a readily available and effective antagonist to opiates.) Such minimal preparations will completely defeat the advantage of chemical incapacitants and render them nearly useless for the specific scenario that proponents cite as requiring them. Since we can assume that terrorists or criminals would be prepared to defend themselves against chemical incapacitants, what legitimate uses would there be for such desperate measures? I believe that they have little utility for law enforcement in democratic societies.
But criminals, terrorists, and dictators will find them to be quite useful. The ideal targets for chemical incapacitants are people who cannot protect themselves, perhaps do not even expect an attack, and whose death is acceptable. Used by terrorists in conjunction with other weapons, such as incendiary devices or high explosives, chemical incapacitants could prevent flight and thus increase death tolls. Or they could provide a means to neutralize security forces silently, preserving surprise in the first few minutes of an attack on targets such as government buildings. Criminals might also find uses for such weapons; there is already a serious problem with chemical incapacitants being used to facilitate rape. Security forces in despotic regimes could use these agents to immobilize protesters rather than disperse them, as is done with existing riot control agents, thus allowing protesters to be taken into state custody. If chemical incapacitants become weapons in the arsenal of law enforcement agencies, they will enter the legal global trade in police weapons and be as available to despotic regimes as they are to democracies. They will also quickly enter the black market in arms, where they will be readily available to criminals and terrorists.
Like all chemical weapons, chemical incapacitants are primarily weapons for attacking the defenseless. Chemical weapons were used extensively in World War I, but neither side gained any significant advantage from them, because both sides were able to develop them and both deployed defenses. But after the war, two countries used them effectively against tribal peoples unable to defend themselves or retaliate in kind: the Spanish in Morocco and the Italians in Ethiopia. Chemical incapacitants will be the same: relatively ineffectual weapons for law enforcement because of their significant lethality and the ease of defense. But in the hands of terrorists, criminals, torturers, or despots, who care little about the lethality and whose victims are defenseless, they could pose a serious threat.
Military use of incapacitants
Of course, militaries would have additional uses for such weapons if they were willing to ignore the legal obstacles. Chemical incapacitants could have utility in urban warfare and in military operations other than war (counterterrorism, peacekeeping, and so forth). They would be quite attractive to special forces, which could use them to silently incapacitate opponents behind enemy lines. Thus stockpiles of chemical incapacitants for law enforcement would pose a nearly irresistible temptation to those who wanted to divert them to military purposes.
Would this be a bad thing? Nonlethal weapons are often perceived as a humane alternative to lethal weapons. Yet chemical incapacitants cause levels of lethality comparable to those of military firearms (about 35 percent), artillery (about 20 percent), grenades (about 10 percent), and civilian handguns (about 10 percent). Chemical weapons used in World War I were similar; they killed about 7 percent of casualties. Chemical incapacitants are clearly in the same category with respect to their lethality: There is no basis whatsoever for calling them nonlethal or less lethal or any of the other euphemisms that proponents use to imply a categorical difference.
Furthermore, the military use of nonlethal weapons is more often an adjunct to, not a replacement for, lethal force. The history of the U.S. military use of tear gas is a case in point. During the Vietnam War, the United States used tear gas extensively. The public rationale was identical to that now being cited for chemical incapacitants: humanitarian goals of reducing civilian deaths in situations in which combatants and noncombatants were mixed. Although tear gas was occasionally used for that purpose, the major use by far was to drive enemy troops from cover and make them more vulnerable to small arms fire, artillery, and aerial bombing. Thousands of tons of tear gas were used between 1966 and 1969, disseminated in hand grenades, rifle-propelled grenades, artillery shells, rockets, bombs, and helicopter-mounted bulk dispensers. Although considered highly successful by the military, the practice was widely condemned, and in 1975 President Ford issued Executive Order (EO) 11850, which restricted the use of riot control agents to "defensive military modes to save lives," such as riot control in territories under U.S. control, cases where civilians are used as shields, the rescue of downed aircrews or escaping prisoners-of-war, and use behind the lines to protect convoys.
The United States, alone among the 150 parties to the CWC, argues that the convention allows riot control agents. The argument rests in part on the CWC's different definitions of toxic chemicals (causing "death, temporary incapacitation, or permanent harm to humans or animals") versus riot control agents (chemicals that "can produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure"). Thus, the United States does not consider "sensory irritation or disabling physical effects" to be a form of "temporary incapacitation." It also does not consider these chemicals to be toxic, despite the fact that they have caused many deaths and permanent disability.
The United States thus asserts that military use of riot control agents is limited by the CWC only by a single sentence: Riot control agents may not be used "as a method of warfare." This prohibition would prevent future use of riot control agents in the way they were used in Vietnam, but the United States believes that it permits their use under the terms of EO 11850. Indeed, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld testified to Congress that he intended to request presidential approval to use riot control agents in case of war with Iraq. This would be most unfortunate, because the rest of the world would consider this to be chemical warfare. It would vitiate the U.S. argument that the war is a moral one, with part of its purpose being to enforce the CWC.
Despite its uniquely liberal interpretation of the CWC restrictions on the use of riot control agents, it is hard to imagine that even the United States could consider chemical incapacitants as anything other than toxic chemicals, and thus fully covered by the CWC. The intent of chemical incapacitants is, after all, to temporarily incapacitate victims, and their high lethality (compared with riot control agents) makes it clear that they are toxic chemicals. Thus the development of such agents as weapons would, in order to be legal, have to be for law enforcement purposes only; no military development, production, possession, or use would be permitted.
What might such a legal program look like? It would be administered, performed, and funded by nonmilitary agencies, such as the Department of Justice. The rationale under which approval is secured would mention only law enforcement purposes. The work would be unclassified. The safety requirement for agents would be compatible with domestic use. The munitions developed to deliver the agent would be those in common use by police.
Unfortunately, U.S. research into chemical incapacitants fails to satisfy these criteria (see www.sunshine-project.org). Most of the projects have been originated and funded by the military. The rationales refer almost exclusively to military scenarios, including urban warfare, military operations other than war, and even major theater war. Much of the work is classified. And a 81-mm mortar shell with a range of several miles is being developed to deliver "nonlethal" payloads, including chemicals. Only in the area of safety standards does the U.S. program appear to be consistent with law enforcement; the goal is an agent that causes less than 0.5 percent fatalities (comparable to tear gas).
Although research per se is not prohibited by the CWC, and it appears (at least on the basis of unclassified material) that the United States has not yet passed the threshold of prohibited chemical weapons development, its research is nevertheless provocative and destabilizing. The overt interest in prohibited agents and the repeated assertion that they could have military utility make it appear that it is only the lack so far of a suitable agent that has prevented the United States from entering prohibited territory. This perception, whether accurate or not, seriously erodes the U.S. claim to the moral high ground vis-à-vis countries like Iraq.
Of course, much of the U.S. research on chemical incapacitants may be classified, and this further reduces the confidence others can have in U.S. compliance with the CWC. Although the lead agency in this effort (the Marine Corps' Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate) has denied any current efforts to develop chemical incapacitants, retired Rear Admiral Stephen Baker has claimed that special forces are now equipped with "knockout gases" that he expects will be used in Iraq if needed. Clarification of this serious charge is urgently needed.
It would do a great deal of good if President Bush or Secretary Rumsfeld would unambiguously disavow any intent to develop chemical incapacitants as military weapons, deny any current possession or deployment (or, if necessary, order their immediate destruction), and explicitly acknowledge that such incapacitants are prohibited by the CWC. If this were coupled to a commitment to forgo the use of riot control agents against Iraq, the United States could recapture some of the legitimacy lost because of ambiguity concerning its own compliance with the CWC.
The potential for misuse
The pursuit of chemical incapacitants for law enforcement purposes will turn out to be a Faustian bargain at best; their pursuit for military purposes would violate the CWC. By far the best policy option is to eschew this category of weapon entirely and to exert leadership in the international arena to ensure that others do the same.
Although there is some possibility that chemical incapacitants might be useful law enforcement tools in certain special circumstances, the ease of protection against them means that such circumstances will be rare. Their utility will thus be very limited and not worth the price that inevitably would have to be paid.
The price is high in many ways. Incapacitants have a much greater potential to be used by dictators, terrorists, or criminals than by law enforcement. And the temptation to divert such weapons to military uses will be immense. Certainly the world has taken note of the persistent U.S. military interest and the apparent Russian stockpiles. Many nations probably disbelieve U.S. claims that it is restricting itself to permitted research activities, and may thus be encouraged to begin their own clandestine development and stockpiling. In this way a new chemical arms race may begin.
Even if development and stockpiling of incapacitants were scrupulously restricted to law enforcement purposes, the CWC would nonetheless be fundamentally undermined. The overarching purpose of the CWC is to prevent nations from entering military conflict with chemical weapons that they are prohibited from using. The ban on use is secondary, since that ban has been in place since the 1920s. If we permit stockpiles of chemical incapacitants for law enforcement that could be instantly redirected to military use, we have seriously subverted the CWC.
In the long run, the pursuit of chemical incapacitants is likely to be the first step in the exploitation of pharmacology and biotechnology for hostile purposes. It would be naïve to think that this exploitation could be confined to domestic law enforcement. Even if the more trustworthy nations observe their treaty commitments, many others will be seduced by the military utility of pharmacological weapons. And during the next several decades, scientific advances will almost certainly see a tremendous expansion of our capabilities to manipulate human consciousness, emotions, motor control, reproductive capacity, behavior, and so forth. Such capacities have potential for great medical benefits, and this potential (along with the profits that could be made in applying the benefits) ensures that progress will be rapid. But they also have entirely novel and terrifying potential for abuse. Our challenge is to bequeath to our children a future in which the benefits of biotechnology and pharmacology are realized, but their abuses contained. This is a formidable challenge; no militarily useful technology has ever been successfully eschewed.
One important measure would be a new international treaty that prohibits the hostile manipulation of human physiology, particularly with respect to the central nervous system and reproductive physiology. The European Parliament has already called for "a global ban on all developments and deployments of weapons which might enable any form of manipulation of human beings" (European Parliament resolution A4-0005/1999, www3.europarl.eu.int/), and the International Committee of the Red Cross has urged states "to adopt at a high political level an international Declaration on Biotechnology, Weapons and Humanity containing a renewed commitment to existing norms and specific commitments to future preventative action" (www.icrc.org). Given the rapid rate of scientific progress, it is urgent to establish a clear understanding that any manipulation of human biochemistry or genetics for hostile purposes is completely unacceptable. A new international convention would be an important step in establishing such a norm.
Negotiating a new international treaty will take years. More immediately, Congress should initiate active oversight of the nonlethal weapons programs of the Departments of Defense, Energy, and Justice, of the Central Intelligence Agency, and of any other agencies involved. Such oversight should pay specific attention to the long-term policy issues. Since much of this research is probably classified, and thus unknowable to the media or the public, only congressional oversight can ensure that it is conducted in accordance with the best long-term interests of the United States and the world. The long-term potential of biotechnology and pharmacology to be used to do harm is too serious a policy issue to be left to the military, where short-term tactical considerations may lead to unwise decisions.
The United States is certain to be the critical player; it is the world's preeminent biotechnology and pharmaceutical power, and the world's foremost military power. For better or worse, the United States will lead the way into the exploitation of biotechnology as weaponry or into a robust ethical and political system preventing such exploitation. The choice is ours; we should make it actively, and not slide unwittingly into a future we have not chosen and may bitterly regret.
Mark Wheelis (firstname.lastname@example.com) is a microbiologist at the University of California, Davis, and a member of the Working Group on Chemical and Biological Weapons Control of the Federation of American Scientists.


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2004 Fall Books Preview
Nora Rawlinson talked about her favorite books being published this fall: Art Spiegelman, In the Shadow of No Towers; Daniel Libeskind,… read more
Nora Rawlinson talked about her favorite books being published this fall:
Art Spiegelman, In the Shadow of No Towers;
Daniel Libeskind, Breaking Ground: Adventures in Life and Architecture;
Jon Stewart, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction;
A.J. Jacobs, The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World; and
Jim Wooten, We Are All The Same: The Life and Death of Nkosi Johnson. close
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Looking back over the last 40 years, the presidential campaign that most closely resembles this year's is the contest between Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter in 1976. The Republicans were the incumbent presidential party that year, as they are now, but the Democrats had a big advantage in party identification -- on the order of 49 percent to 26 percent then, far more than today.
The Republican president who had been elected and re-elected in the last two campaigns, Richard Nixon, had dismal favorability ratings, far lower than George W. Bush's. His name could scarcely be mentioned at the Republican National Convention. The Democratic nominee was a little-known outsider, with an appeal that was based on the idea that he could transcend the nation's racial divisions. Jimmy Carter, a governor from the Deep South, had placed a portrait of Martin Luther King Jr. in the state Capitol in Atlanta.
Ford's political situation then was far more parlous than McCain's today. An early summer Gallup poll showed him trailing Carter by 62 percent to 29 percent. He had barely limped through the primary contests against Ronald Reagan, who continued his campaign up through the mid-August national convention. His political ads had been disastrous, and on Aug. 1 he did not have a general election media team in place.
Yet by November, the race was about even. Ford ended up losing by just 50 percent to 48 percent. A switch of 5,559 votes in Ohio and 3,687 in Hawaii -- 9,247 votes out of 81 million -- would have made Ford president for four more years.
How this came about is an interesting story, and one of obvious relevance to the McCain campaign this year. Much of it is told in a book two copies of which are currently available new and used on amazon.com, "We Almost Made It," by Malcolm MacDougall -- a professional advertising man, still active, who had played no significant role in presidential campaigns before 1976 and has not done so since.
MacDougall was brought into the Ford campaign on Aug. 7 (!) by Douglas Bailey and the late John Deardourff, whose political advertising firm then worked mostly for liberal Republicans. Bailey Deardourff produced the national advertising, while MacDougall, headquartered in New York, prepared the dozens of ads aimed at specific states and regions, all under the supervision of a former under secretary of commerce from Texas named James A. Baker III. They almost pulled off one of the biggest upsets in the history of American politics.
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ECCC Skybound Panel pics by RyanOttleyWatch
©2012-2016 RyanOttley
Heres some pics of the con that my cousin Brian took, this first one is at the Skybound panel. Its the first panel Ive been on. I always refuse to do this, not into public speaking at all but when I walked in and sat in the back Robert said and here is Ryan Ottley, sitting at the back of the room as usual, come on Ryan, get up here! I went up, didnt say much, then doodled the rest of the time. Heh. Thats how I roll I guess.
Sick doodle!!
Heh, I often doodle in class. Nice ones by the way.
*first panel*
It was love at first sight.
It was love at first sight.
Nice - the doodle reminds me of Greg Cappulo's work
That's an artist thing, well, for i think most of us haha
I understand that crushing fear & loathing of public speaking, but would love to hear your thoughts on many subjects! SPEAK UP MAN!
Haha, that´s awesome xD
That's quite a doodle you've got going there. Haha


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Second Qatar crown for Cavendish
After reconquering the golden jersey yesterday in Madinat Al Shamal, Mark Cavendish battled it out to the line capturing second spot of the final sprint which was enough to give him overall victory on the 15th edition of the Tour of Qatar. The last stage of the event was captured by Alexander Kristoff, claiming his third success this year and his 6th in Qatar. Winner of the Tour back in 2013, Cav manages a triumphant return to the race after a three-year absence. The Brit conquers the race...Read more More news
Tour of Qatar 2016 route
Tour of Qatar 2016
Running from February Monday 8th to Friday 12th 2016, the 15th Tour of Qatar will be made up of a 5 stages and will cover a total distance of 626.4 kilometres.


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Simple Turtle Cheesecake Recipe
5 1
For an almost instant dessert, I spread homemade ganache and caramel sauce over pre-made cheesecake. It makes the holidays feel slightly less hectic. —Laura McDowell, Lake Villa, Illinois
- 1 frozen New York-style cheesecake (30 ounces), thawed
- 1/2 cup semisweet chocolate chips
- 1/2 cup heavy whipping cream, divided
- 3 tablespoons chopped pecans, toasted
- 1/4 cup butter, cubed
- 1/2 cup plus 2 tablespoons packed brown sugar
- 1 tablespoon light corn syrup
- Place cheesecake on a serving plate. Place chocolate chips in a small bowl. In a small saucepan, bring 1/4 cup cream just to a boil. Pour over chocolate; stir with a whisk until smooth. Cool slightly, stirring occasionally. Pour over cheesecake; sprinkle with pecans. Refrigerate until set.
- In a small saucepan, melt butter; stir in brown sugar and corn syrup. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat; cook and stir until sugar is dissolved. Stir in remaining cream and return to a boil. Remove from heat. Serve warm with cheesecake or, if desired, cool completely and drizzle over cheesecake. Yield: 8 servings.
Editor's Note: To toast nuts, bake in a shallow pan in a 350° oven for 5-10 minutes or cook in a skillet over low heat until lightly browned, stirring occasionally.
Originally published as Simple Turtle Cheesecake in Taste of Home Christmas Annual Annual 2012, p97
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A rollover Wednesday morning on I-15 near the Riverside exit ended tragically for a 58-year-old Ogden woman. Information from the Utah Highway Patrol said Maria Morfin Arreola was traveling northbound near milepost 384 about 8:30, in a 1999 green Ford Explorer registered out of Idaho, when the rear passenger side tire separated. The tire failure caused the vehicle to swerve into the median, where it rolled three times. The roof of the vehicle was crushed during the rolls, and the driver, who was wearing a seat belt, suffered severe head trauma. She was transported to Bear River Valley Hospital in Tremonton, where she died from her injuries.
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1 comment for "Faulty tire leads to fatality"
I was right in front of her and watched the whole thing happen. Blew a tire in the right lane and started rolling on the road then rolled into the median. About 5 rolls. Myself and several others stopped and tried to help. Witnessing such a tragedy has been very hard knowing we could do nothing. My condolences to her family for their terrible loss.


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Definitions for punky
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word punky
Princeton's WordNet
punkie, punky, punkey, no-see-um, biting midge(noun)
minute two-winged insect that sucks the blood of mammals and birds and other insects
Of or pertaining to punk (touchwood).
Of or pertaining to the punk subculture.
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Latchingdon: Motorcyclist fighting for life after A12 crash
Emma Robinson, Reporter / / Local News
A Latchingdon motorcyclist has been left fighting for his life after a crash on the A12.
The accident happened after a Honda motorbike collided with a Ford Fiesta at the Boreham Interchange near Chelmsford at around 9.55pm on Friday.
The 53-year-old biker was taken to Addenbrooks Hospital in Cambridge with serious injuries.
He is now in a critical but stable condition and is under sedation.
See this week's MBS for the full story.
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Norman Mailer passed away on November 10, with a number of eulogies published by those in the literary world, some friends or acquaintances, who related their encounters with the esteemed writer/celebrity.
In the 1960s, as an immigrant girl in Rochester, New York, who loved books, I was far removed from Norman Mailer's heady and glamorous life in New York City. Mailer, who had grown up in an upper-class family, had been granted entrée into that world after gaining fame for his novel The Naked and the Dead, a novel that presents a jaundiced view of heroism and the American military. It was based on Mailer's service during World War II, a stint that reportedly exposed Mailer to very little action or danger.
It was not until I was researching my dissertation several years ago that I saw the connection between Norman Mailer and me. Mailer, like the Beats around him, rebelled against "squares," those who, in his estimation, did not live authentically. For the model of the "hip," or the authentic man, Mailer looked to the "Negro." In his 1957 Dissent essay, "The White Negro," Mailer wrote, "Hip is the sophistication of the wise primitive in a giant jungle." Hence, "the white negro."
Mailer posited an elite of those who lived authentically to the point of having no restraint. These he glorified and identified as psychopaths: "The psychopath murders—if he has the courage—out of the necessity to purge his violence, for if he cannot empty his hatred then he cannot love, his being is frozen with implacable self-hatred for his cowardice." Mailer presented the case of two eighteen-year-old thugs beating the brains of a candy-store keeper. Though such murder is not therapeutic because it's not murder of an equal—still, says Mailer, "courage of a sort is necessary, for one murders not only a weak fifty-year-old man but an institution as well."
I was reminded of such a candy store owner, Otto, in my inner-city, multicultural (Ukrainian, German, Jewish, Polish, Italian, and Yugoslavian), neighborhood. Otto had the patience of a saint as he waited for this first-grader as she debated how to spend the nickel she had earned each week for a bag of penny candy. But when the mobs busted his windows and beat him up during the riots of the 1960s, Otto had to close shop. It was the beginning of the end of that neighborhood around Otto's store, on the corner of Conkey Avenue and Saranac Street.
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Set of 2 *AUSTRIA EMAIL* ENAMEL POTS LIDS COOKWARE
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Furniture & Furnishings
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Nov 25,2008
- Channel: Online Auction
SET OF 2 ENAMEL POTS WITH LIDSAUSTRIA EMAIL Fantastic heavy duty pots and lids made in Austria White enamel with retro olive green, orange and yellow design Olive green enamel lids with black knobs Slightly scratched from use 1st pot: 14" diameter, 4" deep. This pot has some signs of wear in interior and has chipped enamel and small cracks on handles (see pic) 2nd pot: 13" diameter, 5" deep White enamel handles Vent hole on side of both lids Coming from a smoke-free, pet-free home
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Open source Web CMS provider Hippo is releasing version 7.8 of its flagship web content management product. The new web content management system includes a number of features designed to make 2013 and beyond very personal for Hippo clients and their customers.
This Time, It's Personal
One of the most important upgrades to Hippo CMS 7.8 is a highly customizable targeting feature that lets marketers create personalized experiences for site visitors. Marketers can also create in-depth customer personas using data from a variety of internal and external sources. In an exclusive advance briefing with CMSWire, Hippo Director of Product Marketing Sonja Wraith explained why the company is now deciding to focus on the development of leading-edge personas.
The market is speaking about customer experience," said Wraith. "It's about the customer journey -- how should I design a digital experience targeting each step."
To that end, the Hippo CMS 7.8 targeting feature -- called the Relevance Module -- allows marketers to customize the site appearance based upon the demographic characteristics of each individual visitor. Information can be gathered whether the visitor is anonymous (using visit context, session information and channel), known (leveraging data from CRM systems, loyality and transaction system) or based on a define Persona (behavior, interest and engagement).
During the briefing, Hippo CTO Arje Cahn explained further how this type of personalized targeting works.
You maintain a profile and store different types of information you gather from a visitor," said Cahn. "Real-time visitor analysis allows you to create characteristics based on external data systems such as CRM and/or a local weather data provider to add to the visitor profile the marketer uses."
Marketers can view the information about each visitor, as well as internal data such as what content the visitor has already seen in a new interface called the Experience Optimizer, and then turn that information into into highly detailed visitor Personas.
In a template composer tool, marketers can then reconfigure and create optimized site experiences tailored to specific Personas. In addition, users can leverage the tool's "alter ego" feature to take on the role of a persona and experience the site the same way a visitor with that persona would, allowing real-time testing and problem resolution.
Note that the Relevance Module is only available to Hippo Enterprise customers and is optional.
Hippo Developers Rejoice!
Hippo is very clearly a developers Web CMS, and Hippos spends a lot of time ensuring that developers have the right tools for the job. In that vein, improvements to the Hippo Web CMS include improved DTAP Updater processes.
The Developer Perspective and Updater Editor allows developers to create, manage and run Groovy updater scripts against a running repository from the CMS user interface, allowing bulk changes to existing content, as well as a "reload on startup" feature that automatically updates newer versions of initialized items. In addition, a "diff and patch" tool allows developers to bring live configurations to the developer environment for revisions.


text: Stellina sits on some steps and starts spitting all over the ground. She knows how much you like to see the warm saliva drip from her mouth. She looks at the pool of saliva on the ground and she starts stepping in it with her high heels. She gets spit all over the soles of her shoes and she holds them up so you can polish it off with your tongue.


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So we just got a new horse and it turns out he is really aggressive. He wasn't like that before we got him though. We had two geldings and a mare before we got the new horse. We have never had any problems with them at all. Well the new horse came and instantly cut the mare out of the herd and became aggressive over her.
My horse is really attached to the mare so at first he tried to get to her and the new horse got really mean with him and started biting and kicking. The new horse is 9 and my horse is 20, my horse was the alpha before this horse moved in. But my horse is smart and knew he couldn't win so he backed off.
Well the mare still wanted to be with my horse and the other gelding so she would run to them away from the new horse. The new horse would then go after the two geldings and attack them even though they were trying to mind their own business. Needless to say my horse got really beat up, our other gelding is old, arthritic, can't fight back at all. I felt so bad for them.
Needless to say I now hate the new horse. I went out there and was tossing dried horse poop at him everytime he came near me or the other geldings. On a plus note he now respects me and won't even dare come near me which is nice because I don't want to even touch him.
But yeah here are some pictures of my horse's wounds.
The only one on his right side, haunch.
Left side haunch
Left side hip
Left side haunch
Left side haunch
Rear left leg
Left side loin
Yeah poor guy I am really glad that the kick didn't make him lame cause that is his arthitic leg.
We hosed him down for an hour to help with swelling and used three different ointments and sprays for the cuts to keep infection and flys and swelling down.


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Add items to your basket to view available delivery options.
Turn heads in one of our French Maid fancy dress costumes! Whether you're going to a fancy dress party or buying it as a treat for your partner we are sure to have a French Maid costume that will make you look and feel great! Today's French Maid fancy dress is based on maid outfits that servants wore during the nineteenth century. Although now the French Maid outfit is much more sexy!
Was: £28.99 £10.99
Here at allfancydress.com we have many different versions of a maid outfit. We have a Flirty French Maid costume which is a black and white dress with an apron, sleevelets and a headband. We have a Plus Size French Maid costume and one of our newer sexy French Maid fancy dress is the Fever French Maid outfit which has "At Your Service" embroidered on the apron. We even have a gruesome Zombie French Maid which would be great to wear to a Halloween party! Men love a sexy French Maid costume so it is sure to be a hit whether you're buying one to please your partner or looking to catch the eye of a new man at your next fancy dress party in your French Maid uniform!
We have many accessories to go with a sexy French Maid outfit such as tights and stockings, feather dusters and garters that will add that extra finishing touch!
The best value fancy dress on the internet!
The best value fancy dress on the internet!


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Originally posted by gracesillups
reply to post by scotsdavy1
Sorry, won't let it happen again. I now see how strict the rules are for staying in course here.
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text: HomeFight Shows Ronda Rousey – Pistols and Predictions – UFC on FOX: Diaz vs. Miller Bruno May 3, 2012 Fight Shows 21 Comments Ronda Rousey – Pistols and Predictions – UFC on FOX: Diaz vs. Miller and Strikeforce HWGP. Tweet Pin It Johny Hendricks Talks About The Power Of The Beard Chael Sonnen Thinks Anderson Silva Has Left Brazil For A Beverly Hills Mansion 21 Comments Brandyn May 3, 2012 I want to stick wang is Rhonda. Log in to Reply Brandyn May 3, 2012 I was so horny I couldn't even put the sentence together correctly. Log in to Reply marvelous mad madam mim May 3, 2012 what??? my .50 has never jammed on me. this bitch needs to learn how to keep her shit clean Log in to Reply drewblood May 3, 2012 better than the Baroni episode… Paul Harris…. I lol'd Log in to Reply peruviannecktie May 3, 2012 Paul Harris, wow. So I guess Ronda isn't a big MMA fan…. Log in to Reply PitfighterZ May 3, 2012 marvelous mad madam mim Says: "this bitch needs to learn how to keep her shit clean" So many jokes… Log in to Reply Shill Gillard May 4, 2012 Sarah Kaufman is going to wreck Ronda Log in to Reply scottc May 4, 2012 Ronda struggling with the AK!! Ten year old kids in Afghanistan shoot it better then her. Log in to Reply woadito May 4, 2012 "Now my boobs are famous!" Log in to Reply woah May 4, 2012 mmmmmm booobs….. Log in to Reply Takeharu May 4, 2012 Ronda was recently offered to face Kyra Gracie in a no-gi grappling match at the World Jiu-Jitsu Expo coming up, and apparently said "no thanks". Maybe not enough time to prepare for it, as she would probably get her hot butt whooped… Anyhow, would love to see a fight between those two taking place some day, in Strikeforce, ADCC, or wherever. Log in to Reply D.B.S.HOMIE May 4, 2012 hendrix does look like king leo Log in to Reply SEAN_VANCE May 4, 2012 LMAO that AK was manhandling her Log in to Reply bob May 4, 2012 Women's MMA makes me visit the sites that promote it LESS. Honestly, I would rather sift through other videos like fishing videos than B rate p*rn. Log in to Reply Mr. Obvious May 4, 2012 I used to want to bang Rousey, but now I still do. Log in to Reply murell May 4, 2012 Ronda Rousey is going to ruin cyborg, as soon as cyborg gets back from his steroid suspension. Log in to Reply VisionQuest May 4, 2012 guns jam with poor trigger pulling, and or reload ammo. Log in to Reply VisionQuest May 4, 2012 dicks jam like in the TUF episode when she was at the house, lol. Log in to Reply failsonnen May 4, 2012 peruviannecktie Says "Paul Harris, wow. So I guess Ronda isn't a big MMA fan…." I guess you aren't because "Paul Harris" is a long running joke name for him everyone knows about Log in to Reply OutlawGuns May 4, 2012 We should outlaw those evil guns and the world would be a better place. Log in to Reply MuffDiggler May 7, 2012 @murell: that was worthy of a laugh! haha Log in to Reply Leave a Reply Cancel replyYou must be logged in to post a comment.


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Eva MacDonald, 2, admires the colourful begonia display at the show in Ayr Picture: Kirsty Anderson
/ News
ORGANISERS of one of Scotland's biggest flower festivals are hoping everything will be blooming lovely.
And songstress Nicola Cassell wil be performing at Rozelle Park as part of the Ayr Flower Show.
The 54th show began yesterday and continues today and tomorrow.
It is an opportunity for gardening fans to admire bonny begonia and dazzling delphinia, or to purchase plants and related gardening items.
There will be a chance to view specially-created miniature and themed gardens; sample speciality food and drinks from across the UK; and enjoy a range of entertainment, floral art and cookery demonstrations.
All accompanied youngsters aged under 16 will admitted for free.
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Moderation is undertaken full-time 9am-6pm on weekdays, and on a part-time basis outwith those hours. Please be patient if your posts are not approved instantly.
Please note: Disqus comments are provided for information only. No new comments will be accepted


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RPM Tidewater
by: ShoutEm, Inc. | 1
by: ShoutEm, Inc. | 1
RPM Tidewater brings the pinnacle of service and results.
How much could I rent my home for? Are there homes for rent in this neighborhood? Stop wondering and get answers on one of the most useful real estate apps on the market. It's like having a Property Manager right in your pocket!
›Search homes for rent in Virginia Beach, Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth and Suffolk.
›Property Owners and Tenants - Manage your account from your phone!
›Request a maintenance work-order.
›Fill out an online Rental Application. Easy!
Tags: tidewater
from 1 reviews
Free - V4.5.7 - 3M


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Vehicle fire on Severn Crossing causes delays
/ News
Heavy traffic is reported on the Second Severn Crossing because of a vehicle fire. The delay is westbound at the toll booths.
The matrix sign set to 50 mph.
Crews from Caldicot are dealing with the blaze.
Promoted Stories
Comments are closed on this article.


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Romeo 8 by Toxic-Muffins-StudioWatch
©2010-2016 Toxic-Muffins-Studio
Romeo is the property of Villa Vanners in Shelbyville,Tn. I went up today to take photos of the horses. But due to short notice (yesterday) I didn't get much time so was only able to get photos of Romeo, this gorgeous Palomino colored Gypsy Vanner.


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Respond to Review of Un Sorriso Integrale
by leneke
Review: Very nice vegetarian restaurant in Naples. This is the only vegetarian restaurant in this city. Menu changes daily. We went there twice for dinner and had two times the 'plate unico'. This is a plate with soup and a bit of everything for 9 EUR, accompanied with lovely bread (1 EUR). All very tastfull and healthy. As a starter we shared brushettas (2.5 EUR). Also very lovely. However we were very full, we couldn't resist the 'chocolate soufflé' we saw the locals eat. This was sooo good (home made of course). The housewine is also of good quality (and organic) and fairly priced (2.5 EUR for a glass). We paid 37 EUR for 2 persons. Highly recommended. Staff was friendly and helpfull. Restaurant is open for lunch and dinner (from 7:45 pm).
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Grilled Radicchio & Chevre
25 Aug 2010
|Radicchio head
|3 , quartered
|Olive oil
|4 Tablespoon
|Chevre log
|6 Ounce, sliced (Goat Cheese)
|Preserved artichoke hearts
|2 Tablespoon
|Walnut oil
|2 Tablespoon
|Chopped basil/Oregano
|1 Tablespoon
|To Taste
|To Taste
1. Preheat the grill. Place the radicchio on a baking sheet, sprinkle with the olive oil and season with salt and pepper to taste. Cook under the preheated grill for 8-10 minutes, turning frequently, until well browned.
2. After 5 minutes of the radicchio cooking time, add the chevre (goat's cheese) to the grill and cook for 3-5 minutes, until well browned and sizzling.
3. Meanwhile, drain the artichoke hearts.
4. Arrange the radicchio, chevre (goat's cheese) and artichoke hearts on individual serving plates. Sprinkle with the capers, walnut oil and chopped basil or oregano.
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Grilled Radicchio & Chevre Recipe


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Tag "android on verizon"
LG Enlighten Spotted in Walmart Catalog
We first heard about the LG Enlighten earlier this month, and we got a better look at it on Tuesday. It appears that the Enlighten will be making its way
HTC Thunderbolt Rooted!
Well, you had to know it would happen sooner or later. The HTC Thunderbolt, one of the most talked about, loved, and delayed phones we've seen to date, has been rooted.
Xoom to Ship Without Flash
We've just gotten word from AndroidCentral that the Moto Xoom won't be shipping with Flash 10.1 preinstalled.
Verizon Samsung Gem Spotted Again
Remember the Samsung Gem? We first found a photo of it along with some specs back in August, and then it popped up again in a leaked Verizon roadmap. Well, it's reared it's head again via an announcement from Sammy, and it's not going to impress a lot of people.
Samsung LTE Android Device for Verizon
We've got a shot of a Samsung LTE device for Verizon. It's running Froyo, and not Bing!
Droid X, Original Droid Receive Maintenance Updates
The Verizon Motorola Droid X and original Droid receive maintenance updates to improve stability and functionality. Check it out!
Verizon Confirms $49.99 Motorola Citrus for November 11
Verizon has issued a press release officially confirming what was leaked earlier this month. The Motorola Citrus handset announced in October will go on sale tomorrow, November 11th.
Mysterious Verizon device to be the Incredible HD?
Remember that nice-looking HTC device we got a glimpse of back in August? The one that looked like an HTC Evo for Verizon? Well, LimitlessDroid is reporting that this mysterious
LG Vortex in the Wild, minus FM Radio
The LG Vortex, that Verizon-bound Android device we told you about, has made another appearance. This time, the Vortex is without its FM Radio feature that was rumored to be
Samsung Fascinate Uses Bing Instead of Google Search (Updated)
I'm severely disappointed in Verizon and Samsung. The Samsung Fascinate, Big Red's version of the Galaxy S, has been reviewed by the folks over at Engadget. They were quick to
Droid 2 Gets First OTA Update
The Droid 2 was only released about 2 weeks ago and it's already getting its first OTA update. No, it's not anything major. It's just a maintenance upgrade to help
Tablets, eReaders, and More Coming from Verizon as 2H Details Emerge
As we draw toward the close of 2010, we're learning what various carriers and handset makers have up their sleeves. We've recently learned that Verizon's Android love is going to
And Here Come the Droid 2 Leaks
Verizon and Motorola are gearing up for a hot summer with a pair of devices due shortly. The first 'known' device is the Droid Shadow which has seen its share
GameGripper Arrives For The Motorola Droid
I don't know about you folks, but when I am gaming on my Motorola Droid I often wish I had a better keyboard. I especially wish I had a better
- 1
- 2


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Corvallis 104.3 FM • Hood River 91.9 FM • Portland 90.7 FM
National Radio Day is a time to honor one of the most longstanding electronic media and its role in our everyday lives. Radio delivers information, news, entertainment and company to millions of Americans every hour of every day. We invite listeners, broadcasters, producers and stations to celebrate on August 20th.
Latest newsletter: January 2016
Past newsletters
The next regular monthly Board meeting will be Monday, February 22nd (the fourth Monday) at 6 pm at KBOO - 20 SE 8th Ave. Portland, and is open to the public
KBOO is seeking new board members! Please click here to find out more!
Unless otherwise specified, all KBOO content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
KBOO Community RadioOffice Phone: 503 231 8032Studio Phone: 503 231 8187Fax: 503 231 714520 SE 8th Avenue, Portland, OR 97214
Copyright © 2012 KBOO Community Radio | Copyright Policy | Community Guidelines | Website Illustration & Design by: KMF ILLUSTRATION


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alpha particlepositively charged particle, identical to the nucleus of the helium-4 atom, spontaneously emitted by some radioactive substances, consisting of two protons and two neutrons bound together, thus having a mass of four units and a positive charge of two. Discovered and named (1899) by Ernest Rutherford, alpha particles were used by him and coworkers in experiments to probe the structure of atoms...
boson...quantum-mechanical units of 0, 1, etc.) that is governed by the Bose-Einstein statistics (q.v.). Bosons include mesons (e.g., pions and kaons), nuclei of even mass number (e.g., helium-4), and the particles required to embody the fields of quantum field theory (e.g., photons and gluons). Bosons differ significantly from a group of subatomic particles known as fermions...
superfluidity...of helium contain from one to six neutrons, so their mass numbers range from three to eight. Of these six isotopes, only those with mass numbers of three (helium-3, or 3He) and four (helium-4, or 4He) are stable; all the others are radioactive, decaying very rapidly into other substances. The helium that is present on Earth is not a primordial component but has been...The stable isotopes of helium are helium-3 (or 3He), with two protons and one neutron, and helium-4 (or 4He), with two protons and two neutrons. 4He forms the bulk of naturally occurring helium, but the lighter isotope 3He has been formed, since about 1950, in experimentally useful quantities by the decay of tritium produced in nuclear reactors.
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Average rating from 11 reviews.
More Products By EntirelyPets.com:
Average rating from 186 reviews.
Average rating from 9 reviews.
Similar Products:
Average rating from 4 reviews.
Average rating from 1 reviews.
Average rating from 8 reviews.
Products We Are Testing:
Readers' Reviews add review
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Dianna Is RIGHT !!
posted 7 years ago
I say "no Cons known" because I recognize the wisdom of Dianna's review below this one....
"WIth all the recalls and all ... "
I don't know where the G.I. Bones are made, but I hope they're safe for the pups.
It's a REALLY SAD state of affairs when companies are wrecklessly manufacturing things we give to our pets to EAT,... that end up being either BAD or worse, FATALLY HARMFUL to them !!!
Pros: Dogs really like 'em, not too expensive, good !!
Cons: none known
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
Did you?
What a bone
posted 7 years ago
I got this on line through entirelypet.com, I got it in the mail today, as soon as I opened the bones the dogs went crazy, they have been going to town on them for a good couple of hours already. I like them because they are thick bones and they have alot of meat left on them and it will kept them busy for awhile and they haven't broken them yet.
Pros: Dogs love it
Cons: None
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
Did you?
Loves them
posted 7 years ago
My dog love these. I hope they will help with cleaning his teeth. I worry about what to give him, with all these recalls and strange things in dog and cat foods.
Pros: Dogs love them
Cons: a little pricey but worth it
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
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Keeps 'Em Busy
posted 7 years ago
My dogs enjoy these bones and they can't destroy them in 2 minutes. Keeps them busy and entertained.
Pros: Taste
Cons: none
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
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Want to review a product, but not finding it? Just add it and review it!
Recent Product Reviews
Tapeworm Tablets
June 8, 2015 | By Lynn
I've used this product on rescued dogs for years. My last large dog rescued had been an outdoor dog her entire life, living among Lamas where she picked up tapeworms. This product expelled several 2 … more ›
November 15, 2014 | By Robyn
July 14, 2013 | By Xiaoxiao111
Pink is my favorite color these are wonderful.I will recommend a good website fou you: www.9footballshirt.org


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Commodity Price Indices
The House Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy held a hearing on the role of commodity prices in… read more
The House Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy held a hearing on the role of commodity prices in the international coordination of economic policies and the conduct of monetary policy. Chairman of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan testified. close
People in this video
- Alan Greenspan Chair Federal Reserve->Board of Governors
- Tom Carper U.S. Representative [D] Delaware
- Robert Garcia U.S. Representative [D] New York
- James "Jim" Leach U.S. Representative [R] Iowa
- Bill McCollum Jr. U.S. Representative [R] Florida
- J. Alex McMillan U.S. Representative [R] North Carolina
- Stephen Neal U.S. Representative [D] North Carolina
- Stanford "Stan" Parris U.S. Representative [R] Virginia
- Nancy Pelosi U.S. Representative [D] California
Hosting Organization
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Testimony was heard from the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board concerning the report on federal reserve monetary…
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The subcommittee begins a series of hearings on some legislation that would establish a zero inflation policy.
Federal Reserve Report on Monetary Policy
The subcommittee members met to review the projections for monetary policy with the chairman of the Federal Reserve,…


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NASHVILLE — Sacramento used seven singles and a walk in a six-run eighth inning, sending the River Cats to an 8-5 victory over Nashville in their final road game of the regular season.
In the victory, the Cats (78-61) had seven different players score runs, paced by catcher Bryan Anderson, who tallied twice, tripled and knocked in a pair of scores.
Designated hitter Colin Walsh went 3-for-5 with an RBI for Sacramento, while Jose Martinez, Alden Carrithers and Billy Burns added two hits apiece.
Fuld's late homer lifts Oakland
HOUSTON (AP) — Sam Fuld hit a tiebreaking, two-run homer in the ninth inning to give the Oakland A's a 5-4 win over the Houston Astros on Wednesday night.
The A's trailed by one entering the ninth before Eric Sogard's RBI single, and Fuld's two-out shot off Chad Qualls (1-4) landed in the seats in right field to put Oakland up 5-3.
Fuld, who entered on a 0-for-9 skid, finished three hits, including a double, while Dan Otero (8-1) pitched 1 1/3 innings to earn the win.
Posey power Giants past Rockies
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Buster Posey hit a game-ending two-run homer for his third clout in two nights, sending the San Francisco Giants past the Colorado Rockies 4-2 on Wednesday night for Bruce Bochy's 1,600th managerial victory.
Posey sent an 0-1 pitch from Juan Nicasio (5-6) just inside the left-field foul pole for his 18th homer of the year and second career walkoff homer. He also had one on May 3, 2013, against the Dodgers.
Tim Hudson's strong eight-inning, eight-strikeout outing was wasted when Santiago Casilla (2-3) blew a save in the top of the ninth.


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Got Cabin Fever, So I Went Out To Take Some Photos...
View Single Post
Knighted Member
Join Date: Feb 2010
Location: The Surface Of The Sun
Posts: 2,657
Got Cabin Fever, So I Went Out To Take Some Photos...
It's been a while since I've gone out shooting...I mean just me, on a drive to nowhere, with a camera. You know? So I got antsy around 12:30, didn't bother checking the weather, grabbed the camera and tripod...And just headed North with no destination in mind....
Then the rain came. It followed me wherever I went. I would drive far and long enough to get out from under a rain cloud to take a shot, and it would start to sprinkle. I'd run back to the car with my equipment and start driving again, haha. I couldn't outrun it. Got some good shots though. Drove maybe 50 miles North of my house and finally got past the rain...To snow. It wasn't sticking...But I did find an abandoned hut/house/thing. Got a lot of shots there. I'll be posting those soon. Not many, but in the interim, here's a few panos I've stitched together since I've been home (A couple hours, stitching so it looks right takes a bit of time
Koda - Sable GSD
Riley - Sheltie Mix
"Some People Are Like Slinkies. They're Not Really Good For Anything, But They Bring A Smile To Your Face When Pushed Down The Stairs."
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Narrow your search
BP energy corporation and drone maker AeroVironment are given the OK to fly an unmanned Puma aircraft over Alaska to survey pipelines, roads, and equipment.
It gets funding from DARPA to build an insect-size device that would conduct recon and surveillance operations indoors and out.
AeroVironment to supply Level 3 DC fast-charging stations along a 150-mile stretch of Interstate 5, from the California border and up to the Willamette Valley.
BMW selected AeroVironment as the preferred supplier and installer for the all-electric ActiveE's 240-volt home charging dock.
AeroVironment successfully flies the first hydrogen-powered unmanned aircraft system. It was in flight for four hours and flew at times above 5,000 feet.
Deal with AeroVironment to result in quick-charge stations and an agreement with EnerDel will make it the exclusive supplier of batteries for the electric cars, Think says.
Are consumers and businesses ready for small turbines or 'building-integrated' wind generators? Companies such as AeroVironment are hoping so.
AeroVironment flies its unmanned airplane on hydrogen fuel cell power


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Bingo Dash HD - Free Bingo Game
By Jarrod Kanizay
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
Bingo Dash comes to the iPad!
Take your love of Bingo worldwide and join the Bingo World Tour!
New York, Dubai, Amsterdam and Rio De Janeiro are just some of the backdrops to this fast action, exciting new spin on the addictive game we all know and love.
#Features of Bingo Dash
- The most challenging game of Bingo yet
- Race your opponents to call BINGO and win big. Are you fast enough to get multiple bingos and earn additional bonuses before your opponents finish?
- Game Center leaderboards - where are you ranking amongst the other players around the world?
- Chance ability power ups - Free squares, bombs, worms and double points. Will using one help or hinder you? Take a chance and find out.
- Bonuses, additions, and a brand new Experience point system that makes it even easier for you to progress through game levels
- Exciting in game challenges and varying difficulty levels
- Optimized for your larger iPad screen
- High end graphics and epic attention to detail
- Addictive fun
Bingo Dash - World Tour is also available for iPhone
For more fun, we highly recommend checking out "Slots Gold", available for iPad and iPhone
What's New in Version 1.14.1
- Content update
iPad Screenshots
Customer Reviews
It's ok
My Bingo cards don't have the word "Bingo" at the top. The numbers aren't called out like most Bingo games. They just roll out and rather quickly I might add. If you buy two cards and get a Bingo on one, the game asks you, do you want to continue? Why wouldn't I? It's a waste of time having to answer that and in the mean time, the numbers keep rolling out so you have to hurry and play catch up.
Fun !
I love this game ! It's addictive and fun, and part of my daily routine of coffee and games in the morning, and any other time I get to lay it !!!
Problem with new software update
Love the game but it does not work with the software update
- Free
- Category: Games
- Updated: Mar 10, 2015
- Version: 1.14.1
- Size: 40.4 MB
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What Is the Proper Mowing Height for Grass in Your Yard?By: Julie Day
How low–or high–should I cut the grass in my lawn? -Rasheem
The proper height for mowing your lawn depends on the type of grass, the season, and the growing conditions. For example, bentgrass can be mowed under 1/2″ while tall fescues should be 3-4 inches high. Choosing the correct mowing height is important since:
- Proper mowing creates a low-maintenance, drought-tolerant lawn.
- Mowing discourages undesirable grasses and weeds while encouraging your chosen grass type. For example, mowing fescue higher will discourage Bermuda grass which is low-growing.
Pointers for Setting Mower Cutting Height
- Shady grasses grow better if mowed a little higher.
- Raise the blade to the top of the cutting range for your type of grass (see chart below) during drought conditions in summer to reduce the stress on your lawn.
- Cut warm-season grasses at the lower end of the cutting range in early spring to remove dead blades.
- In general, cool-season grasses do best when cut as high as possible.
- Different varieties within the same grass type may vary as to the best cutting height, so try to identify the specific variety you have (such as 'Zenith' zoysia or 'Empire' zoysia), then check with a sod or seed supplier for cutting recommendations.
Recommended Mowing Heights for Lawn Grasses
The chart below gives general guidelines for grass cutting height.
|Grass Type
|Mowing Height
|Bahia grass
|2" – 3"
|¼" – ¾"
|½" – 1½"
|2" – 3"
|1½" – 2½"
|Fine fescue
|1½" – 2½"
|Kentucky Bluegrass
|1½" – 2½"
|1½" – 2½"
|St. Augustine
|2" – 4"
|Tall fescue
|2" – 3"
|½" – 1½"
Further Information
- Making Mowing Easier
- Proper Mowing Techniques
- Choosing Grass For Your Climate
- The Basic Grasses (Turfgrass Producers International)
Tags: , lawn, Lawn Care, lawn mower
Please Leave a Comment
8 Comments on "What Is the Proper Mowing Height for Grass in Your Yard?"
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Mr. Sandy Kodish Says:
July 7th, 2014 at 9:56 pm
In the spring, mow frequently…at least once a week. It may not appear that the lawn needs to be cut but by doing so will stimulates growth and helps to choke out winter weeds. I have found that keeping the grass at the top of the recommended cut height in the summer months will protect the roots from the summer heat and help stay off bugs. I do not know why this works since I am not trained in this field. Trial and lots of error over many years makes the difference. And lastly, use a good quality fertilizer. The discount brands are less forgiving when it comes to overuse. Some of them are not time released products and can easily destroy a beautiful yard with an overzealous dosing.
John Says:
July 14th, 2014 at 8:51 am
I think you also have to consider your lawn when choosing cutting height. Such as drainage, pitch of yard, do you have shade or does it get full Sun. My lawn generally has little shade and is flat to pitched. I tend to mow between 3″ and 4″ depending on temp and moisture. In the middle of Summer I tend to raise height closer to 4″ and since my mower only has 1″ increments I feel 3″ in a dry Summer is too low. Yes, I have neighbors who generally scalp their lawn I guess so they don't have to mow as often. But it certainly shows how unhealthy that can be.
Jonathon Says:
July 21st, 2014 at 2:54 pm
During cooler seasons you could mow your lawn until there is approximately three inches left. If its during a warmer season you can mow your grass until there is about two inches left in height. However, with each cut its important to not mow more than 1/3 of the height of your grass.
Hope this helps!
Aurora Says:
April 22nd, 2015 at 8:20 pm
I have been cutting my zoysia 3 inches high but was talking with an Ag agent this week and he told me that 3 inches in too tall because it will cause thatch buildup. I have been using my thatching rake, and sure enough there is a build up of thatch around the roots. I'm lowering my mower to 2 inches.
jerryhall Says:
May 3rd, 2015 at 12:34 pm
Live on Roscoe street, pay property taxes to Metro Gov. as well as Goodlettsville, rear of my home (hollywood st at Dickerson Rd). They will not cut grass until made to by gov. if we pay metro gov property can the owners be made to keep cut, they always say not in our budget to cut. This is a misquata, rats, and snake problem.
Please do not say this is City Of Goodlettsville to make the owers cut if so why do we pay Metro Gov. property taxes
jack Vance Says:
June 5th, 2015 at 6:24 am
How do you measure the mowing height? I set the mower on a flat surface then measure from the bottom of the deck to the surface. Is that the correct way?
Ken Says:
September 9th, 2015 at 2:01 pm
How do I tell what kind of grass mine is so I can figure out how high to cut it?
barbara castillo Says:
October 13th, 2015 at 8:36 am
People used to love well-maintained property. It allows us to enjoy outdoors and boost our self-confidence to show how clean and neat our properties. Thanks for posting those wonderful ideas. It's a great help!
We want to hear from you! In addition to posting comments on articles and videos, you can also send your comments and questions to us on our contact page or at (800) 946-4420. While we can't answer them all, we may use your question on our Today's Homeowner radio or TV show, or online at todayshomeowner.com.
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With this week marking the 25th anniversary of the debut of the '90s sitcom "Blossom," what better time to check in to see what the show's stars are up to today?
Where are 'Blossom' stars today?UPDATED 2:02 PM PST Jan 05, 2016
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- XCLAIREABELLEX is a: Woman looking for a Man
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PICMET ..., Volume 1
Dundar F. Kocaoglu, Kiyoshi Niwa, Timothy Roy Anderson, Dragan Z. Milosevic, Hugo Tschirky, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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activities analysis analyzed application approach areas assessment business model CDMA commercial communication companies competitive advantage complex components concept corporate cost create DaimlerChrysler data mining database decision disruptive technologies dynamic e-business e-commerce economic effective efficient electronic electronic commerce employees Engineering enterprise environment evaluation external factors firms forecast framework functions global growth holonic identified impact implementation important improve increase industry information appliance information technology infrastructure Institute integrated interaction internal Internet investment issues knowledge management Korea learning manufacturing measures method methodology mobile Nokia NTT Docomo operations organization organizational paper patent performance planning Portland State University potential problem product development project management relationship requirements roadmap role sector strategy structure success suppliers supply chain technical technological capability technology management technology transfer telecommunications users variables Zhejiang University


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Featured news
Microsoft signs security pact with Germany
The agreement, signed by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer and Interior Minister Otto Schily, commits Microsoft to working with several security-related bodies and supporting a German standard for secure legal transactions.
As part of the deal, Germany will license extensible markup language (XML) dialects used by Office 2003, the latest version of Microsoft's market-leading productivity package.
Microsoft agreed late last year to provide royalty-free licenses for the XML schemas used by the main applications in Office, following an experiment with the Danish government.
By David Becker at CNET.
[ Read more ]
Reading our newsletter every Monday will keep you up-to-date with security news.
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Latest Stories
TGS 2014: The Many Looks of Tokyo Game Show0 Comments
September 19, 2014
Brand New Ys Game Announced For PS4, Vita0 Comments
September 1, 2014
About This Game
- Summary
- Game Editions
This untitled entry in the Ys franchise is another chapter in Falcom's RPG saga.
Release Date: TBA
Genre: RPG
Publisher: Nihon Falcom Corp
Developer: Nihon Falcom Corp
0 EditsStart a Ys Next Wiki »
Help us solve the toughest (or most puzzling) game puzzles and challenges.
Our attempt to answer issues which most commonly occur on IGN's wikis.


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:thumb58473496: :thumb32641509: :thumb59420036: :thumb60951157: :thumb66258980:
Look at the stamp made for me, isn't she fantastic!! :thumb53305189: Thank you Darlin'!!
The extremely talented just made me a gift of this stamp Thank you Sweetie I can't thank you enough!!
Congrats to both winners and the judges :clap clap:
The winning pieces are all stunning. Great judging!
The winning pieces are all stunning. Great judging!
Congrats!!! They deserved it!!!
congratulaitions to the winners! they much deserved it...so beautiful all 3 of them!
I think so too the winners were great picks, of course I was one of the judges!
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you was not one of the judges?
well, so what? any way they deserved the
well, so what? any way they deserved the
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They deserve it,, CONGRATS to all the winners ..


text:
Volume 10, Number 2, Spring 2002
pp. 261-295 | 10.1353/con.2003.0017
Configurations 10.2 (2002) 261-295
Now nanotechnology had made nearly anything possible, and so the cultural role in deciding what should be done with it had become far more important than imagining what could be done with it.
—Neal Stephenson, The Diamond Age (1995)
Long live the new flesh.
—David Cronenberg's Videodrome (1983)
The Technoscapes and Dreamscapes of Nanotechnology
K. Eric Drexler, pioneer and popularizer of the emerging science of nanotechnology, has summarized the ultimate goal of his field as "thorough and inexpensive control of the structure of matter." Nanotechnology is the practical manipulation of atoms; it is engineering conducted on the molecular scale. Many scientists involved in this ambitious program envision building nanoscopic machines, often called "assemblers" or "nanobots," that will be used to construct objects on an atom-by-atom basis. Modeled largely after biological "machines" like enzymes, ribosomes, and mitochondria—even the cell —these nanomachines will have specific purposes such as binding two chemical elements together or taking certain compounds apart, and will also be designed to replicate themselves so that the speed and scale of molecular manufacturing may be increased. Several different types of assemblers, or assemblers with multiple functions, will act together to engineer complex objects precise and reproducible down to every atomic variable. With its bold scheme to completely dominate materiality itself, nanotechnology has been prophesied to accomplish almost anything called for by human desires.
These prophecies have run the gamut from the mundane to the fantastic: Nanomachines will be able to disassemble any organic compound, such as wood, oil, or sewage, then restructure the constituent carbon atoms into diamond crystals of predetermined size and shape for numerous purposes, including structural materials of unprecedented strength. Nanomachines will be put into your carpet or clothing, programmed to constantly vaporize any dirt particles they encounter, keeping your house or your wardrobe perpetually clean. Nanomachines will quickly and cheaply fabricate furniture, or car engines, or nutritious food, from a soup of appropriate elements. Nanomachines will facilitate our exploration of space, synthesizing weightless lightsails to propel seamless spaceships throughout the universe. Nanomachines will repair damaged human cells on the molecular level, thus healing injury, curing disease, prolonging life, or perhaps annihilating death altogether.
Nanotechnology has been extensively discussed in these terms, but despite the fancifulness of certain nanoscenarios, it is a robust and active science. Many universities, laboratories, and companies around the world are investigating nanotech possibilities, constituting a dense discourse network—a technoscape—of individuals and institutions interested in the potential benefits of this nascent discipline. The U.S. National Science Foundation supports a National Nanofabrication Users Network to coordinate efforts at numerous sites, and the National Nanotechnology Initiative, proposed by the Clinton administration in 2000 and augmented by the Bush administration in 2001, offers funding and guidelines to promote nanotech breakthroughs. Arguably at the center of the technoscape is the Foresight Institute, a nonprofit organization established in 1986 by Drexler and his wife, Christine Peterson, to foster thinking and research related to nanotechnology. Hosting conferences, sponsoring publications and awards, the Foresight Institute strives to be a nanotech mecca of sorts, anchoring the morass of nanotechnological endeavors currently spreading across the globe. Since Drexler first proposed a program for research in 1986 with the publication of his polemical Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, nanotechnology has gained notoriety as a visionary science and the technoscape has burgeoned.
Offering intellectual and commercial attractions, career opportunities and research agendas, nanotechnology foresees a technocultural revolution that will, in a very short time, profoundly alter human life as we know it. The ability to perform molecular surgery on our bodies and our environment will have irrevocable social, economic, and epistemological effects; our relation to the world will change so utterly that even what it means to be human will be seriously challenged. But despite expanding interest in nanotech, despite proliferating ranks of researchers, despite international academic conferences, numerous doctoral dissertations, and hundreds of publications, the promise of a world violently restructured by nanotechnology has yet to become reality.
Scientific journal articles reporting experimental achievements in nanotech, or reviewing the field, frequently speak of the technical advances still required for "the full potential of nanotechnology...
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Looks like center Daniel Naslund, who recently wrapped his UAA career, has found a home for his first season as a pro -- eliteprospects.com reports he has signed with Villard-de-Lans, a club in France.
Naslund, 24, last season earned 4-6--10 totals in 35 games for the Seawolves.
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5 tips for planning an IBM Connections 4.5 upgrade
Colleen Burns 120000C4RP email@example.com | | Tags:  ibm_connections connections_4.5 paul_band connections
0 Comments | 8,189 Visits
5 tips for writing a great Connect abstract
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Have you submitted an abstract for Connect 2014 yet? If not, why not? Maybe you need a little support on what is needed or how to write them. How about I give you a few tips? 1. Think: What can you offer? Decide what you have to offer someone just like you. ... [ + Read more ]
5 Ways to Get Closer to Your Remote Team
Kushaan Shah 310000C7VT firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  remote_work communication teleworking telework remote kushaan_shah flexibility
0 Comments | 9,290 Visits
What comes to mind when you think of Teleworking? Video meetings? Cloud deliverables? Mobile mail? Collaboration software? A New Way to Work? What about flexibility? Cost effectiveness? Work-life balance? While productivity-related technology is growing at a rapid pace and enabling companies to get work done in creative ways, companies like IBM ... [ + Read more ]
A #NewWayToWork and Design Language
Aaron Kilby 3100009VRK email@example.com | | Tags:  ibm_design_language ibmdesign newwaytowork designthinking ibmverse verse ibm_design adam_cutler futureofwork design_thinking
0 Comments | 3,625 Visits
This past week on #MediaChat our guest was Adam Cutler from IBM on the topic of "#NewWayToWork and Design Language." Adam Cutler is the Design Studio Program Director with IBM Design. He is responsible for the IBM Design Studio in Austin, TX including the day-to-day guidance of their designer population ... [ + Read more ]
A bit of social business perspective
Delaney Turner 270003RQ8K email@example.com |
1 Comments | 3,501 Visits
Now comfortably installed into my digs at the Dolphin hotel, I thought I'd take this moment between the opening frenzy of the Social Cafe and tomorrow's opening general session to provide a bit of context about what I'll be writing about this week. If you've watched our recent social business video featuring ... [ + Read more ]
A Business Valentine
Samantha Klein 270006UXPV firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  ronr ted_rubin love valentines_day relationship socbiz valentine ror
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Valentine's Day is not all about love. In fact, Avvo, Inc. reports that the number of consumers seeking information about divorce from its website increases more than 40 percent in the weeks leading up to Valentine's Day. So, often ironically, Valentine's Day really serves as a catalyst to focus our ... [ + Read more ]
A candid debate: email is dead! Long live email!
Jacques Pavlenyi 1000002W2A email@example.com | | Tags:  social-business social email socbiz web20 e20 business
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by Jacques Pavlenyi, Market Segment Manager, IBM Collaboration Solutions To paraphrase a hackneyed quote, the reports of email's death have been greatly exaggerated. To be sure, alternative communication methods have grown rapidly recently, driven by a combination of demographic trends and technology advances. That's business speak for: "What's the matter with kids ... [ + Read more ]
A Cloud Marketplace for Social Apps
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Cynthya Peranandam, Sr. Marketing Manager, Social Business Solutions Strategy IBM recently announced the launch of the IBM Cloud Marketplace, a site full of cloud-based apps for businesses, developers and IT. The Marketplace offers demos, trials and services that allow businesses to experiment and test out capabilities from hundreds of IBM offerings company wide. Catering ... [ + Read more ]
A day in the life of a marketer using IBM Connections
Venkatesh Raman 2700041600 email@example.com | | Tags:  marketing venkatesh_raman connections ibm_connections
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As a competitive marketing strategist in social business I spend much of my day collaborating with our global sales, marketing and product teams. And until recently, this has meant my inbox is overwhelmed with email. Like many others I know, I have made frequent visits to "mail jail". But I ... [ + Read more ]
A Day in the Life of an IBM Marketer: Manage Events and Projects with Suppliers in IBM SmartCloud
Joyce Davis 06000019G0 firstname.lastname@example.com | | Tags:  socbiz smartcloud ibmsocialbiz
1 Comments | 4,322 Visits
A Day in the Life of an IBM Marketer: Manage Events and Projects with Suppliers in IBM SmartCloud By Stefan Pfeiffer, Market Maker Social Business Europe, IBM(Article originally published on Stefan's personal blog) On May 23, I had the pleasure to open up the Dachis Social Business Summit in ... [ + Read more ]
A Fresh, Outside-In Perspective on App Dev at ConnectED 2015
Dwight Morse 27000784KG email@example.com | | Tags:  ibmcloud bluemix mail-next application_devlopment tracks connected best-practices connected2015 app domino
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This year's App Dev track at IBM ConnectED will provide some new and exciting perspectives on IBM's vision and direction for application development. There will be, of course, foundational sessions like "Domino App Dev Futures," and you'll hear about XPages and Connections and WebSphere. But what makes me really like ... [ + Read more ]
A heads up to retailers
Samantha Klein 270006UXPV email@example.com | | Tags:  scgs mobile smarter_commerce #smartercommerce billy-may commerce retail smarter-commerce innovation abercrombie
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Even the sight of gorgeous male Abercrombie & Fitch models – whom I've adored since my teenage years - couldn't pull my eyes away from the Twitter app appearing on my iPhone – heaven forbid I might risk missing a tweet worthy of a RT! It was only when Billy ... [ + Read more ]
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A Marriage of Social and the Cloud: New Report Cites IBM as a Leader in Cloud Strategy
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3 Comments | 8,978 Visits
A Marriage of Social and the CloudBy Bethann Cregg, VP, IBM SmartCloud for Social Business Wedding bells are ringing: we're witness to the marriage of social networking and cloud computing. New research from Forrester Research shows online collaboration tools are increasingly becoming a key part of enterprise deployments. IBM was among ... [ + Read more ]
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