text:
Small Business:
Analysis of SBA's Preferred Lenders Program
RCED-92-124: Published: May 15, 1992. Publicly Released: Jun 15, 1992.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
(202) 512-7631
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Small Business Administration's (SBA) Preferred Lenders Program, focusing on: (1) preliminary program results; (2) characteristics of preferred loans compared with other SBA-guaranteed business loans; (3) the geographic distribution of preferred loans; and (4) independent audit determinations of preferred lenders' compliance with SBA regulations.
GAO found that: (1) the Preferred Lenders Program has achieved better results than either the certified or regular loan programs, but most preferred loans have not reached the age when loans typically fail; (2) preferred lenders have not always complied with SBA rules and regulations; (3) the number of preferred loans has increased nearly every year since the program's inception in 1983; (4) loan processing takes one-third the time of loan processing under the certified loan program, and one-quarter the time under the regular guaranteed loan program; (5) such efficiency helped SBA maintain a fairly stable volume of guaranteed lending despite reductions in staff; (6) the failure rate of preferred loans is only one-third that of loans made under other SBA guaranteed loan programs; (7) compared with other SBA-guaranteed loans, preferred loans are larger in dollar amount but have similar interest rates, receive the maximum SBA guarantee applicable to that program more often, and are typically made to businesses that are similar in terms of their organizational type and industry; (8) lending under the preferred loan program is concentrated geographically due to competition among lenders and regional economies' effect on the demand for loans; (9) recent Preferred Lenders Program audits identified problems with preferred lenders' loan making, use of loan proceeds, and inadequate collateral to secure loans; and (10) the 1990 SBA Federal Managers' Financial Integrity Act report identified SBA oversight of preferred lenders as a material weakness.
Recommendation for Executive Action
Status: Closed - Implemented
Comments: SBA is modifying the existing system to ensure that it accurately compiles loan information on individual lenders.
Recommendation: Because of the increasing volume of preferred loans and to ensure that SBA is aware of the performance of all lenders, the Administrator, SBA, should require the Assistant Administrators for Information Resources Management and for Financial Assistance to develop an automated process capable of compiling loan data on individual lenders and ensure that monitoring staff use this information when reviewing lenders' performance and renewing lenders' certification.
Agency Affected: Small Business Administration
Explore the full database of GAO's Open Recommendations »
Feb 8, 2016
Supply Chain Risks:SEC's Plans to Determine If Additional Action Is Needed on Climate-Related Disclosure Have EvolvedGAO-16-211: Published: Jan 6, 2016. Publicly Released: Feb 8, 2016.
Jan 27, 2016
Small Business Investment Companies:Characteristics and Investment Performance of Single and Multiple LicenseesGAO-16-107: Published: Jan 27, 2016. Publicly Released: Jan 27, 2016.
Nov 16, 2015
Small Business:Action Needed to Determine Whether DOD's Comprehensive Subcontracting Plan Test Program Should Be Made PermanentGAO-16-27: Published: Nov 16, 2015. Publicly Released: Nov 16, 2015.
Oct 28, 2015
Small Business Administration:Views on the Operational Effects of Closing Regional OfficesGAO-15-369: Published: Sep 22, 2015. Publicly Released: Oct 28, 2015.
Sep 8, 2015
Lender-Placed Insurance:More Robust Data Could Improve OversightGAO-15-631: Published: Sep 8, 2015. Publicly Released: Sep 8, 2015.
Jul 27, 2015
Mortgage Reforms:Actions Needed to Help Assess Effects of New RegulationsGAO-15-185: Published: Jun 25, 2015. Publicly Released: Jul 27, 2015.
Jul 8, 2015
Small Business Administration:Additional Steps Needed to Help Ensure More Timely Disaster AssistanceGAO-15-727T: Published: Jul 8, 2015. Publicly Released: Jul 8, 2015.
Jun 25, 2015
Accessible Communications:FCC Should Evaluate the Effectiveness of Its Public Outreach EffortsGAO-15-574: Published: Jun 25, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 25, 2015.
May 19, 2015
Nutrition Assistance:Actions Needed to Address Potential Online Sales of Infant FormulaGAO-15-605T: Published: May 19, 2015. Publicly Released: May 19, 2015.
Apr 15, 2015
Small Business Research Programs:Challenges Remain in Meeting Spending and Reporting RequirementsGAO-15-358: Published: Apr 15, 2015. Publicly Released: Apr 15, 2015.
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text:
Originally posted on Section 303 | Last updated 11/13/12
All we can say is "We told you to come." On Tuesday night, Nashville Predators fans came together and gave some youth hockey players an experience they'll never forget. Oh sure, there were free pizza and beverages, courtesy of Hunt Brothers, but that was just the cover story. The Preds needed a reasonable excuse to get fans collected at A-Game Sportsplex in Franklin so they could pull off a flash mob-type event for some unsuspecting kids. "We all kind of thought something was going on when they were recording us in the locker room," Blizzard forward Quentin Rummo, 11, said. The NHL club wanted to bring the youth players as close-as-possible to the NHL experience. As a result, Paul McCann, the PA Announcer for Nashville games inside Bridgestone Arena, took to the mic to address the crowd from the scorers table, "Krazy Kyle" brought his keyboard to supply the in-game tunes and Gnash and the Ice Girls entertained the crowd with their antics. The icing on the cake? Roughly 300 screaming...
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subset: commoncrawl


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- Volume Discount
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Aura Cacia, Organic, Rosemary, .25 fl oz (7.4 ml)
By Aura Cacia32 Reviews
Shipping Weight:?0.17 lbs (0.08 kg)
Shipping Weight
The Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: AUR-90806
- UPC Code: 051381908065
- Package Quantity: .25 fl oz (7.4 ml)
- Dimensions: 2.5 x 1 x 1 in, 0.1 lbs (0.05 kg)
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Combo Discount: -$12.00
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Product Overview
- Pure Aromatherapy
- USDA Organic
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Camphoraceous, Top Note
Other Ingredients
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) oil
Caution: If pregnant, suffering from any medical condition, or taking medication, consult a health care practitioner before use. Avoid eyes and mucous membranes.
Dilute Properly · May irritate skin
Not for internal use · Keep out of reach of children
iHerb Customer Reviews


text:
Suzanne Cook's .NET CLR NotesCommon Language Runtime Developerhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/atom.aspxTelligent Evolution Platform Developer Build (Build: 5.6.50428.7875)2003-05-30T20:14:00ZChannel 9 Interviewhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2005/02/11/channel-9-interview.aspx2005-02-12T02:01:00Z2005-02-12T02:01:00ZCharles Torre and Robert Scoble (behind the camera) dropped by my office to chat with me about the loader for MSDN's Channel 9: part I and part II.
Also, check out the PDC video I was in for Channel 9: http://channel9.msdn.com/ShowPost.aspx?PostID=79591

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxNew Assembly, Old .NET (and Vice-Versa)http://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2005/01/26/new-assembly-old-net-and-vice-versa.aspx2005-01-27T01:40:00Z2005-01-27T01:40:00Z
I typically recommend that you build and test your assemblies against the same version of .NET that you will be running them against. That way, you'll have correct references and avoid surprises from behavior differences between builds.

Older assembly, newer .NET

But, sometimes you don't run against the same version that you built against. For example, the latest available CLR is the default when interop causes it to be loaded. Or, if the version of the CLR the assembly was built against is not available, the latest version can also be used instead. If there is a compatibility problem with that for your application, you can force the use of a preferred CLR version by using an app.config.

Compatibility

Yes, there are going to be behavior differences between versions - no way around it. It is the .NET team's goal to be as backwards compatible as realistically possible between versions. But, some changes are required - new features are added which sometimes require (hopefully minimal) behavior changes in other features. If we were required to never break any app, ever, we wouldn't be able to fix any bugs or add any features for fear that someone, somewhere relied on the broken behavior in some strange way. As Dll Hell has shown in the past, new versions of components aren't really compatible. The only guaranteed 100% compatible version is the same one you tested against.

V2+ assembly, older .NET

Say you see a BadImageFormatException for hresult 0x80131107 (CLDB_E_FILE_OLDVER) with message "Version [...] is not a compatible version." That means that you've tried to load an assembly built against a newer version of the CLR than was running.

This fails because new files can't be opened on an older CLR that does not understand them. You will need to either use the v2 CLR to load the v2/v1 assemblies, or load only v1 assemblies on the v1 CLR. That's just good practice, anyway. If you try to use an older .NET than you built against, a method you built against may not exist, etc.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxVersioning/Deploying Unmanaged Fileshttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2004/10/28/versioning-deploying-unmanaged-files.aspx2004-10-29T00:37:00Z2004-10-29T00:37:00Z
An unmanaged dll can be wrapped in a managed assembly by adding it as a file of a multi-module assembly. Then, it can be deployed and versioned in the same way as managed assemblies. (So, that assembly could contain nothing but metadata and unmanaged code - no managed code, if you prefer. It can also contain multiple unmanaged files in the same assembly.)

If your compiler does not support this directly, you can get this to work by adding that file as a linked managed resource. For example, see Visual Studio's /linkresource option (if using it for command line compiling).

This is useful in the case where DllImport() is used to access a function in that file. That call should be updated with the new assembly's info. For example, in the place of "unmanagedfile.dll", change it to include the display name like this: "unmanagedfile.dll, managedassembly, Version=22.214.171.124, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089".

If that unmanaged file needs to be loaded by LoadLibrary() outside of DllImport(), however, it will need to follow the rules of LoadLibrary(), like the usual unmanaged file use outside the CLR. (See Junfeng's blog for an extra tip regarding that when using v2.)

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxLoad(AssemblyName)http://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2004/08/04/load-assemblyname.aspx2004-08-04T23:20:00Z2004-08-04T23:20:00Z
Calling Load(AssemblyName) is not necessarily the same as calling Load(String). If the AssemblyName.CodeBase is not set, then they do do the same thing. So, if you've set the AssemblyName.Name, CultureInfo, public key token / public key and/or Version properties, it would be the same as if you had specified those properties in a String (as a display name) and passed that to Load(String).

If the CodeBase is set, but the Name is not, however, then it's the same as calling Assembly.LoadFrom() on that CodeBase.

When both the CodeBase and the Name are set, then the bind is tried with all the given binding information except the CodeBase (so, again, just like calling Load(String)). If that succeeds, we're done. But, if that fails, then the bind is tried again with just the CodeBase (just like LoadFrom()). If it fails again, then, of course, the whole bind fails. But, if it succeeds, then we verify that the binding properties in the AssemblyName match the found assembly. If they don't match, a FileLoadException will be thrown for hresult FUSION_E_REF_DEF_MISMATCH.

So, setting both the CodeBase and the Name is useful for when you want to both load an assembly at a given path into the LoadFrom context, and verify that it has the public key token, etc. that you expect. Of course, as described above (and due to binding context rules), keep in mind that just because you call Load(AssemblyName) with a CodeBase, it does not mean that it will be loaded from that path.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxDebugging an InvalidCastExceptionhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2004/06/02/debugging-an-invalidcastexception.aspx2004-06-03T04:57:00Z2004-06-03T04:57:00Z
First, obviously, find the two types for which the cast failed and verify that they are the same type or otherwise castable.

Next, if the type was just deserialized, also verify that its assembly successfully loaded in the target appdomain.

If everything seems fine, check to see if the assemblies for those two types are loaded from different locations and in the same appdomain. (The actual cast is done in just one appdomain, even if the exception happens when passing a type between two appdomains.) Even if the bits of those assemblies are totally identical, if they are loaded from different paths, they will be considered different, so their types will be considered different. (See Comparing Already-Loaded Assemblies.)

A quick way to check for that is to examine the loaded module window of a debugger to see if that assembly was loaded multiple times. If it was, break on module loads to get the callstack for the unexpected load. If that's inconvenient, try getting the Fusion log.

Usually, the problem is that:

The assembly is available in the GAC (or the ApplicationBase) and loaded there by static reference (something was compiled against that assembly).
It has also been loaded dynamically by path, from another path (LoadFrom(), LoadFile(), etc.).
Then, the code tries to cast the type from (2) to the corresponding type from (1).

To fix this, once you find the offending caller, you will need to either cause the two types to be loaded from the same assembly from the exact same path, or avoid doing the cast. To decide between the assemblies at paths (1) and (2), see Choosing a Binding Context. Usually, I recommend using (1) - see Switching to the Load Context for help with implementing that.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxApp.config Exampleshttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2004/05/14/132022.aspx2004-05-14T16:25:00Z2004-05-14T16:25:00Z
Below are three examples of useful application configuration files.

Forces the v1.0 CLR to be run. If the v1.0 CLR is not installed, the app will fail to run.

<?xml version ="1.0"?>
 <configuration>
 <startup>
 <requiredRuntime version="v1.0.3705"/>
 <supportedRuntime version="v1.0.3705"/>
 </startup>
 </configuration>

Redirects "assemblyName, Version=184.108.40.206, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=25283151a234958d" to version 188.8.131.52 of that assembly. This is only useful for strongly-named assemblies, since versions don't matter for those that are simply-named.

<?xml version ="1.0"?>
<configuration>
<runtime>

 <assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1">

 <dependentAssembly>
 <assemblyIdentity name="assemblyName" culture="" publicKeyToken="25283151a234958d"/>
 <bindingRedirect oldVersion="126.96.36.199" newVersion="126.96.36.199"/>

 </dependentAssembly>
 </assemblyBinding>

</runtime>
</configuration>

Redirects "assemblyName, Version=220.127.116.11, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=8968ee41e78ce97a" to codebase "http://www.yourwebsite.com/filename.dll". 'Href' can also be set to something like "file:///c:/localfile/filename.dll". Note that redirecting to a codebase causes a System.Net.WebPermission or System.IO.FileIOPermissionAccess.Read + PathDiscovery demand when loading that assembly.

<?xml version ="1.0"?>
<configuration>
<runtime>

 <assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1">

 <dependentAssembly>
 <assemblyIdentity name="assemblyName" culture="" publicKeyToken="8968ee41e78ce97a"/>
 <codeBase version="220.127.116.11" href="http://www.yourwebsite.com/filename.dll"/>

 </dependentAssembly>
 </assemblyBinding>

</runtime>
</configuration>

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxDetermining Whether a File Is an Assemblyhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2004/03/17/determining-whether-a-file-is-an-assembly.aspx2004-03-18T08:37:00Z2004-03-18T08:37:00Z
A file is an assembly if and only if it's managed and it contains an Assembly entry in its CLR metadata.

Determining by hand

A fast way to determine whether a file is an assembly is to run ildasm.exe on it. If it immediately gives an error saying that it may not be a PE file, then it's not a managed file. But, if it is an assembly, then ildasm will show an entry for the Assembly definition (".assembly" in the MANIFEST window or at the bottom of the original window).

Determining programmatically

From unmanaged code, you can call GetAssemblyFromScope() on the IMetaDataAssemblyImport interface for the file. If it returns S_OK, it's an assembly. If it returns CLDB_E_RECORD_NOTFOUND, it's not an assembly.

From managed code, if AssemblyName.GetAssemblyName(), Assembly.Load*(), etc. succeeds when given that file, then it's an assembly. If the load failed with a BadImageFormatException, then it may not be an assembly. There are other reasons, however, why that exception may have been thrown (maybe it's an assembly but could not be loaded because it has an incorrect format). Coming soon in v2, if the hresult for BadImageFormatException is COR_E_ASSEMBLYEXPECTED, then it's because it's not an assembly. Catch the exception and call System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.GetHRForException() to get its hresult to find out.

Note that this assumes that you are not concerned about performance. If you are concerned about that, then the way to optimize for it is to not try to determine whether files are assemblies at runtime at all. (Some people are concerned about the exception that is thrown if the file is not an assembly. They overlook that in order to determine that it is not one, it has to be loaded and then thrown away, which can be even more expensive than catching an exception!) Instead, require that only assemblies are given to you. Then, if a file is not an assembly, it will be an exceptional situation. That way, you avoid the bad perf of both the exception and the unnecessary file loading.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxDebugging a MissingMethodException, MissingFieldException, TypeLoadExceptionhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2004/02/13/debugging-a-missingmethodexception-missingfieldexception-typeloadexception.aspx2004-02-14T03:03:00Z2004-02-14T03:03:00Z
Say you've just installed some assemblies from a third party and now you're seeing a MissingMethodException, MissingFieldException, or TypeLoadException (during the run of an application using those assemblies). Below are the common causes.

Loading failures
First, check for assembly binding failures by getting the Fusion log. Look for the assembly containing that method/field/type or assemblies containing types referenced by it. If an assembly failed to load, use the instructions at the same link to help resolve that issue.

Unexpected assembly version loaded
But, if that's not the problem, turn on the Fusion log for everything - not just failures - and check to see if the wrong version of those assemblies is being loaded. Look at the display names requested. Are any requesting outdated versions, even after policy has been applied (see further down in the log for the post-policy display name)? If so, you may want to recompile part of your app so that it has current references.

Loaded from unexpected path
If that doesn't help, run filever.exe on the file at the path it was loaded from. You can get that from the loaded modules list in a debugger. It's also the last path listed in the Fusion log, for a successful log (if it's in the GAC, no path is listed). Make sure it is the same path as you would expect.

Not in this version of the assembly
Next, run ildasm.exe on the file at the path it was loaded from at runtime. Make sure that the method/field/type is there and is defined how you would expect it. Maybe the file has changed, adding or removing methods or the like, but the assembly version and location have stayed the same.

Invalid IL
Now, try running peverify.exe on the file containing the method/field/type using the path it was loaded from at runtime. If it gives an error, check back to see if there was a warning at compile-time for this file.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxWhere to Find Technical Supporthttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/12/05/where-to-find-technical-support.aspx2003-12-06T02:13:00Z2003-12-06T02:13:00Z
Microsoft's official support website is http://support.microsoft.com/. It has all kinds of resources like product FAQs, downloads, searchable KB articles, newsgroup pointers, and ways to reach people to help with your individual needs or feedback.

Unfortunately, I can't give attention to individual customer issues. That's because I work in product design and development, not customer support. Someone has to be focused on that or else we'd never ship anything! So, I'm going to have to leave your questions and comments to MS's official channels which specialize in that. Please keep comments you post here general and about the loader or performance.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxDetermining the Referencing Assemblyhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/11/14/determining-the-referencing-assembly.aspx2003-11-15T10:23:00Z2003-11-15T10:23:00Z
Say you're debugging your application and you see that version 1.0 of an assembly is being loaded when you thought it should be version 2.0. Where is the reference to 1.0 coming from?

The easiest way to find out is to look at the Fusion log for this bind. If the version 1.0 assembly was successfully loaded, use the ForceLog/"Log all binds" option of FusLogVw. Then, look for the line in the log showing the calling assembly:

Calling assembly : referencingAssembly, Version=184.108.40.206, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=12ab3bf24c56c45b.

It shows the display name of the calling assembly when available. It doesn't tell you whether this is a static or a dynamic reference because Fusion doesn't know or care (that doesn't matter for binding purposes). So, this could mean that referencingAssembly was built against the other 1.0 assembly, or that it asked for it at runtime via Assembly.Load(), etc.

Sometimes the calling assembly is not specified in the log. There are a few possible cases where that happens:

The assembly was requested by unmanaged code (interop).
The calling assembly was in another appdomain (AppDomain.CreateInstance(), etc.).
The calling assembly had not been loaded through Fusion (Assembly.Load(byte[]), Assembly.LoadFile(), etc.).

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxLoadFile vs. LoadFromhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/09/19/loadfile-vs-loadfrom.aspx2003-09-20T04:34:00Z2003-09-20T04:34:00Z
Be careful - these aren't the same thing.

LoadFrom() goes through Fusion and can be redirected to another assembly at a different path but with that same identity if one is already loaded in the LoadFrom context.
LoadFile() doesn't bind through Fusion at all - the loader just goes ahead and loads exactly* what the caller requested. It doesn't use either the Load or the LoadFrom context.

So, LoadFrom() usually gives you what you asked for, but not necessarily. LoadFile() is for those who really, really want exactly what is requested. (*However, starting in v2, policy will be applied to both LoadFrom() and LoadFile(), so LoadFile() won't necessarily be exactly what was requested. Also, starting in v2, if an assembly with its identity is in the GAC, the GAC copy will be used instead. Use ReflectionOnlyLoadFrom() to load exactly what you want - but, note that assemblies loaded that way can't be executed.)

LoadFile() has a catch. Since it doesn't use a binding context, its dependencies aren't automatically found in its directory. If they aren't available in the Load context, you would have to subscribe to the AssemblyResolve event in order to bind to them.

So, which one should you use? That depends on which binding context is right for you and whether it matters that the LoadFrom context may redirect the bind. Regarding the latter:

If no other code can load assemblies in your AppDomain, your LoadFrom() call can prevent a redirect* by just not loading anything else with a duplicate identity.
If you do need to load a duplicate, you could get away with it by loading it into anything other than the LoadFrom context (or into another AppDomain) instead.
But, maybe the redirect is really okay. Are they identical assemblies, just at different paths? If yes, it may be safe to risk the redirect unless its dependencies aren't available in the dir of the first one loaded.
Or, are they possibly different bits, just with the same assembly identity? If so, it may be unsafe to risk the redirect: maybe you'll get an more-updated/not-as-updated version which you didn't expect. Or, if it's not strongly-named, maybe this is a third-party's assembly, totally unrelated to the one you expect.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxLoadFrom's Second Bindhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/09/16/loadfrom-s-second-bind.aspx2003-09-17T03:49:00Z2003-09-17T03:49:00Z
Pre-v2, when you load an assembly by path through Fusion (LoadFrom(), ExecuteAssembly(), etc.), it can actually cause two binds, not just one. The first bind loads the file at the given path. If that is successful, another bind is done with the display name of that assembly to see if it's available in the Load context. If it's not available, the LoadFrom() call is still successful - we throw away the results of the second bind. If it is available, we check the path returned from the first bind against the path from the second bind. If they're identical, we keep the Load context IAssembly and throw away the LoadFrom one. (That means that that assembly will be in the Load context, not the LoadFrom context.) Otherwise, we keep the LoadFrom context IAssembly.

This is to ensure that the Load context remains order-independent - an important part of the design for that context. It's an implementation detail, but I bring it up because it has some side-effects that are surprising to customers:

The second bind shows up in the Fusion log. (It's just another bind to Fusion.) It's unsettling to see a failure in the log (for the second bind) when the LoadFrom() call succeeded.
Doing a second bind by display name causes probing which slows down the performance of LoadFrom(), especially over http, when the file isn't found immediately.

Fusion has stopping doing the second bind in v2. But, when using an older CLR, customers can avoid both side-effects by putting a redirect from the display name to the codebase in a config file. That will skip probing, helping perf, and, assuming it's the correct codebase, avoid a Fusion log noting an ignorable failure.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxAvoid DevPathhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/08/15/avoid-devpath.aspx2003-08-16T04:22:00Z2003-08-16T04:22:00Z
I hesitate to talk about this because I don't want people who don't know about it to think, "Hey, what's this DevPath thing? I need that." But, maybe if I don't explain how to use it, it will be too much effort for people who don't already know how. :) (And, for those who already know how and are, in fact, using it, hopefully, they'll see this and get off that plan.)

The intent of DevPath was to make the development environment less painful. Assemblies could be put there and bound to at runtime, ignoring the assembly version and overriding the GAC.

It turns out that that's badness for several reasons (below). So, DevPath is soon to be deprecated. Don't use it - not even in the development environment.

Why It Should Never Be Used
Versioning alone is why you should never, ever use it in a production environment. It subscribes your users to dll hell. See Avoid Partial Binds for details (DevPath causes partial binding, since the version is ignored for the bind).

It's not good for the dev. env., either - it makes it unnecessarily different from the shipping env., which may lead to uncaught versioning or deployment bugs in the shipping env.

What to Do Instead
If DevPath was a development environment-only solution for you:
I strongly recommend not changing your assembly versions between non-shipping builds instead of using DevPath.

If you are shipping code relying on DevPath:
One thing you could do is create a new AppDomain with the ApplicationBase set to the path you care about. Once you do that, see Executing Code in Another Appdomain.

If there are multiple paths you want to load assemblies from, use PrivateBinPath or multiple AppDomains. If that's not reasonable for you, consider using the LoadFrom context.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxReflectionTypeLoadExceptionhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/08/11/57236.aspx2003-08-12T01:40:00Z2003-08-12T01:40:00Z
If a type can't be loaded for some reason during a call to Module.GetTypes(), ReflectionTypeLoadException will be thrown. Assembly.GetTypes() also throws this because it calls Module.GetTypes().

The Message for this exception is "One or more exceptions have been thrown while loading the types" or "Unable to load one or more of the types in the assembly", which doesn't seem very descriptive. But, the exception actually provides more info that that. Just get the LoaderExceptions property of the ReflectionTypeLoadException instance. That will give an array of the exceptions caught while loading all of the types from the module. If the exceptions are due to an assembly loading problem, see my general debugging advice.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxBinding to .NET Frameworks Assemblieshttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/07/30/binding-to-net-frameworks-assemblies.aspx2003-07-31T04:30:00Z2003-07-31T04:30:00Z
By "Frameworks assemblies," I mean the assemblies that ship with the CLR. But, I'm not counting mscorlib.dll, since it's special in a different way.

With v1.0 SP3 or later, Frameworks assemblies are unified. That means that the version of those assemblies that you request is ignored - you get the version that matches the loaded CLR. This only applies when the assembly is loaded by version - that is, by assembly display name or static reference (AssemblyRef in the CLR metadata).

For example, if the v1.1 CLR is loaded and you request v1.0's system.dll, then you'll get the v1.1 system.dll back. If you load it by path from c:\foo\system.dll, however, then you'll get c:\foo\system.dll back, not the v1.1 system.dll.

Those assemblies are unified because the owners of the code feel that they are so closely tied to the CLR/mscorlib.dll that they should not be loaded with a different version than they were built against. Additionally, there are some cases where they expect that only one copy of the Frameworks assemblies be loaded in a given process.

If the v1.0 (pre-SP3) CLR is loaded, though, you will get the assembly that you ask for. Unification isn't done for Frameworks assemblies in that version.

Do not rely on this behavior. You should still fully-specify assembly references with the correct version. That's just good practice, in general. Besides, if your assembly is loaded in a CLR later than v2.0, those references may not be unified, so you may get unexpected behavior.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxAssembly Identityhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/07/21/assembly-identity.aspx2003-07-22T01:12:00Z2003-07-22T01:12:00Z
There are two types of assembly identity that the loader deals with: bind-time and after bind-time. The identity is used to determine whether we will consider a certain assembly to be the same thing as an assembly reference or another assembly.

Assembly Binding
At assembly-bind time, the components of the assembly display name determine identity. This will be used to match an assembly reference (the assembly that the user wants to load) to a manifest file.

Not all of the components matter in all cases. If the assembly is not strongly-named, then the version is ignored for binding. But, if it is strongly-named, the entire version in the assembly reference needs to match the found assembly.

There are other details about what is and isn't necessary to specify for binding, but please always give the entire display name EVERY time, anyway. Otherwise, you are asking for trouble!!

Comparing Already-Loaded Assemblies
Unless this comparison is for binding, the path to the manifest file of this assembly is used for determining whether this is the same assembly as another one.

For example, path matters when determining whether a type is castable to another type. Even if the assemblies containing the types are identical, if they're loaded from different paths, they're considered different assemblies and therefore their types are different. This is one reason why using contexts other than the Load context is risky. You can get into situations where the same assembly is loaded multiple times in the same appdomain (once in the Load context, once in the LoadFrom context, and even several times in neither context), and their corresponding types won't be castable.

Some assemblies don't have paths associated with them, such as those loaded by Load(byte[]) or created by Reflection Emit. Those are always just considered different assemblies, even if all of their bytes are identical.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxUnloading an Assemblyhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/07/08/unloading-an-assembly.aspx2003-07-09T05:11:00Z2003-07-09T05:11:00Z
There's no way to unload an individual assembly without unloading all of the appdomains containing it. (See here for why not.) This can by done by calling AppDomain.Unload() for each AppDomain that has it loaded. (You could also use UnloadDomain() on the v1 unmanaged hosting API, but in general, I recommend using managed code whenever possible.)

I should point out that this means that even if your managed Assembly/Module/etc. instances go out of scope, GC may clean those instances up. The actual file will remain loaded until you unload all of the appdomain(s) containing it, however. (In general, that's better, anyway. Loading a file, especially by http, is too expensive to be done over and over when it can just be cached.)

If you want to unload some assemblies but not others, consider creating a new AppDomain (requires ControlAppDomain permission), execute the code using the temporary ones from within that AppDomain, and then unload that new AppDomain when you're done. I recommend minimizing the number of AppDomains, though, since there is overhead involved in creating them, transitioning between them, and unloading them. So, it's best if you do all of that work at once, in one AppDomain, minimizing the cross-domain communication, and just unload that when possible (as opposed to creating a new AppDomain for each assembly to unload, etc.).

Gotchas
Watch out for references to that assembly leaking to other appdomains. If that happens, that assembly will remain loaded if you just unload one AppDomain. For example, passing a Type object to another appdomain will cause its assembly to be loaded there.

Calling Unwrap()/AppDomain.CreateInstanceAndUnwrap()/etc. may also cause the runtime to try to load the assembly in the calling appdomain. In that case, call CreateInstance*() on a MarshalByRefObject type from a different assembly. For example, using AppDomain.CreateInstanceFrom() on the calling assembly (the one currently calling Unwrap()) may be the most convenient way. Then, call a method on it which will do all of your assembly loading. That way, those assemblies can be loaded in just the target appdomain.

Also, note that assemblies loaded as domain neutral will not be unloaded until the process exits, since other appdomains are technically still using them.

Alternatives
But, maybe you don't need to load that Assembly, anyway. If you just need info about it, you could call AssemblyName.GetAssemblyName() with the path to the file. That will temporarily load the file to get the info and then immediately unload it. That call will not cause it to show up as an Assembly in the AppDomain.

Or, if you're only worried about keeping the file locked, you could use shadow copying. That will make a copy of the file on disk and load it from the new location. The original file will not be locked by that load. To do that, set AppDomainSetup.ShadowCopyFiles to "true" when creating the AppDomain or set AppDomain.ShadowCopyFiles to true after it's already been created.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxMscorlib.dllhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/06/30/mscorlib-dll.aspx2003-07-01T02:14:00Z2003-07-01T02:14:00Z
At least for v2 and earlier, mscorlib.dll is a special case. That causes it and its types to be loaded differently from other assemblies.

Loading Mscorlib.dll Without a Path
It and the execution engine are so closely integrated that it's required that they match each other. So, once a version of the CLR is chosen, the version of mscorlib is also chosen automatically. That means that, when late binding (Assembly.Load(), etc.) for it without a path, the 'official' mscorlib Assembly will always be returned - regardless of the version that was requested. The same thing goes for loading by static reference to it.

This doesn't mean that it's okay to give an incomplete or incorrect reference for it! If/when mscorlib.dll is factored away from the execution engine, it won't be such a special case and bad references will start to fail to load.

Reflecting On Another Mscorlib.dll
It's possible to load another mscorlib.dll if it's loaded by path. But, it's not possible to load its types, due to optimizations done by the CLR's execution engine. (Same goes for ReflectionOnlyLoadFrom() on another mscorlib.dll.) This means that even if you rename the mscorlib.dll that you want to reflect over, it may be loaded, but its types will still be unloadable. So, the options for working around this are:

Reflect on the 'official' mscorlib.dll. You could change the version of the CLR that your app loads in order to reflect on the desired mscorlib version.
Use the unmanaged metadata API to get the desired info.
Create an asmmeta file for the desired mscorlib.dll and parse it at runtime.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxAssembly.CodeBase vs. Assembly.Locationhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/06/26/assembly-codebase-vs-assembly-location.aspx2003-06-27T03:27:00Z2003-06-27T03:27:00Z
The CodeBase is a URL to the place where the file was found, while the Location is the path from where it was actually loaded. For example, if the assembly was downloaded from the internet, its CodeBase may start with "http://", but its Location may start with "C:\". If the file was shadow copied, the Location would be the path to the copy of the file in the shadow-copy dir.

It's also good to know that the CodeBase is not guaranteed to be set for assemblies in the GAC. Location will always be set for assemblies loaded from disk, however.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxDetermining an Image's CLR Versionhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/06/20/determining-an-image-s-clr-version.aspx2003-06-21T04:34:00Z2003-06-21T04:34:00Z
To get it programmatically, from managed code, use Assembly.ImageRuntimeVersion. From unmanaged, use mscoree.dll's GetFileVersion(). (From the command line, starting in v2.0, ildasm.exe will show it if you double-click on "MANIFEST" and look for "Metadata version".) Those will give you the CLR version that the image claims it wants. By default, it's the version that the image was compiled against. That's not necessarily what it will be, however, since compilers can be configured to put any string there.

Also, the CLR version that will be run by an exe is not necessarily the same as what is in its image runtime version. The chosen version can also depend on its hosting application's choice, a config file, environment variables, and registry settings. If you need to override those, you can set the supportedRuntime/requiredRuntime in the app.config for the process exe.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxAppDomain.Load()http://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/06/16/57188.aspx2003-06-16T20:37:00Z2003-06-16T20:37:00Z
AppDomain.Load() is only meant to be called on AppDomain.CurrentDomain. (It's meant for interop callers only. They need a non-static method, and Assembly.Load() is static.) If you call it on a different AppDomain, if the assembly successfully loads in the target appdomain, remoting will then try to load it in the calling appdomain, potentially causing a FileNotFoundException/SerializationException for you.

If you need to execute an exe, use AppDomain.ExecuteAssembly() or (starting in v2.0) AppDomain.ExecuteAssemblyByName() instead. Otherwise, you should change to use Assembly.Load() from within the target appdomain. See Executing Code in Another AppDomain for more info.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxSwitching to the Load Contexthttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/06/13/switching-to-the-load-context.aspx2003-06-14T00:24:00Z2003-06-14T00:24:00Z
So, after checking out the binding context options, you've decided to switch your app to use the Load context. Now, you just need to figure out how to do it.

Maybe it will be as simple as using Assembly.Load(assemblyDisplayName) instead of Load(byte[]), etc. That will work if the assembly is available in the GAC, the AppDomain's ApplicationBase, or a PrivateBinPath beneath the ApplicationBase. If the assembly is not already in one of those directories, consider changing your deployment strategy.

"I won't use the GAC because I want to have my own shared path outside of the ApplicationBase" is NOT a good answer! Don't be afraid to move away from old habits. You're losing out on all of the benefits of the Load context/versioning and asking for the pain of the other contexts if you don't. If this is what you're doing, I recommend putting these in the GAC instead.

If the problem is that you don't want other apps using your assemblies, using a shared path won't stop them, anyway. Try a Code Access Security solution instead and put them in the GAC.
If the problem is that you don't want to deal with new assembly versions, see my blog entry, When to Change File/Assembly Versions.

If it's really not possible to deploy those assemblies differently, then creating a new appdomain may be right for you. Create a new AppDomain using an AppDomainSetup.ApplicationBase set to the dir containing the assemblies to load. If you have multiple directories that you want probed, you can set the ApplicationBase to a root directory, and set those as subdirectories to be probed using AppDomainSetup.PrivateBinPath. If that won't work for you, consider creating multiple AppDomains, each with the ApplicationBase set to the appropriate dir for its assemblies.

Once you have created the new AppDomain, you will need to find a way to execute code in it. See my blog entry, Executing Code in Another AppDomain for more info.

Note: you can still call LoadFrom() on these assemblies, but they will now be placed in the Load context (as long as they are the first available by that name in the GAC/probing path). However, if at all possible, switch your call to use Assembly.Load() instead of LoadFrom().

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxExecuting Code in Another AppDomainhttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/06/12/executing-code-in-another-appdomain.aspx2003-06-13T05:30:00Z2003-06-13T05:30:00Z
The easiest way to run code in another appdomain is to execute an assembly entrypoint using AppDomain.ExecuteAssembly() or (starting in v2.0) AppDomain.ExecuteAssemblyByName().

If you want to execute a method other than an assembly entrypoint, call AppDomain.CreateInstance() on a type which extends MarshalByRefObject. Then, call a method on that type which does the Assembly.Load() or whatever work you needed to do there.

An easy way to get that to work is to have your MarshalByRefObject type be in your process exe. Then, call AppDomain.CreateInstanceFrom(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location, MBROtypeName).

Be sure to not pass any Type/Assembly/etc. instances (besides your MarshalByRefObject type) back to the original appdomain. If you do, it will cause those assemblies to be loaded into the original appdomain. If the appdomain settings are different between the two appdomains, those assemblies may not be loadable there. Plus, even if they are successfully loaded, the assemblies will remain loaded and locked after the target appdomain is unloaded, even if the original appdomain never uses them.

If the reason why you need to pass it back is so that it can interact with some assembly B in that other appdomain, instead, you could pass B to the new appdomain and do all of B's work there instead of in the original one. For example, for some applications, it's best if the only work done in the default appdomain is creating the new one and calling CreateInstanceFrom() on it. So, the new appdomain will do all the real work for that application.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxApp.Config Fileshttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/06/02/app-config-files.aspx2003-06-03T04:50:00Z2003-06-03T04:50:00Z
By default, the application configuration file of the default appdomain (and other appdomains for v1.1 and later) is in the process exe's directory and named the same as the process exe + ".config". This is true even if that exe is unmanaged. Also, note that a web.config file is an app.config - ASP.NET sets that as the config file for your appdomain.

To change the config file, set an AppDomainSetup.ConfigurationFile to the new location and pass that AppDomainSetup to your call to AppDomain.CreateDomain(). Then, run all of the code requiring that application config from within that new appdomain.

Note, though, that you won't be able to choose the CLR version by setting the ConfigurationFile – at that point, a CLR will already be running, and there can only be one per process.

Application configuration files are per-appdomain. So, you can set a 'dll config' by using the method above, but that means that it will be used for the entire appdomain, and it only gets one.

Check here for info about the contents of configuration files or here for common examples.

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashxAvoid Partial Bindshttp://blogs.msdn.com/b/suzcook/archive/2003/05/30/avoid-partial-binds.aspx2003-05-31T06:14:00Z2003-05-31T06:14:00Z
A partial bind is when only part of the assembly display name is given when loading an assembly.

Assembly.LoadWithPartialName() also uses partial binding. First, it calls Assembly.Load(). But, if that fails to find the assembly, it will return the latest version of that assembly available in the GAC.

But, avoid using any form of partial binding – it's the cause of Dll Hell:

May Be Backwards-Incompatible
What if you want version 1, but you get version 50, which is totally incompatible with the one you wanted? Apps get broken by getting the latest version, even if you get supposedly 'compatible' version 2. If there's any change at all, there's a risk of breaking compatibility.
May Be Forwards-Incompatible
What if you built with version 50, but get version 1 (since that's the only one available) - are all of your assemblies really going to be forwards-compatible? If so, that means that you aren't allowed to add any new features - ever!
Can't Safely Install Other Apps
Installing one app can break another app calling LoadWithPartialName() by installing a newer, incompatible version of a shared assembly.
Breaks Assemblies Dependent On Others
Say that A requires a certain version of B. But, you mix-and-match by loading one version of A and an incompatible version of B. Not only does that risk strange new failures, but it also risks opening up a new security hole which the makers of A didn't expect.

For these reasons, LoadWithPartialName() has been deprecated in v2 - use Assembly.Load() instead. I vote that it's better to fail with a good error message than to automatically use another version of an assembly. It will make a lot more sense to the user and should be easy to remedy (while failing in weird, unpredicted ways will just confuse the user and make them think that you write buggy code).

Suzanne Cookhttp://blogs.msdn.com/suzcook/ProfileUrlRedirect.ashx


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- Mar 15:
- Chatfield High kids chatted up, fed by disgraced Gov. Blagojevich on his way to federal prison
- With Rod Blagojevich on the plane from Chicago to Denver — and a federal prison
- Blagojevich speaks one last time before reporting to Colorado prison
- Dec 14:
- FCI Englewood might be the new home for Blagojevich
- Dec 13:
- If Littleton federal prison is the pick, Blagojevich can keep his hairstyle
- Judge recommends Blagojevich serve sentence in Englewood federal prison in Littleton
- Dec 8:
- Blagojevich gets 14 years in prison for corruption
- Jun 28:
- Former Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich convicted of corruption
- May 28:
- Blagojevich finishes second day of testimony by getting into nitty-gritty of political fundraising
- May 27:
- Ousted Illinois Gov. Blagojevich fills testimony with personal stories
- May 26:
- Emanuel, Jesse Jackson Jr. testify at Blagojevich retrial
- Aug 21:
- Lewis: Blago gets slammed against a wall
- Aug 18:
- Blagojevich convicted on 1 count; jurors deadlock on other 23
CHICAGO — In a move intended to force public testimony from President-elect Barack Obama's inner circle, a lawyer for Gov. Rod Blagojevich has asked the legislative panel considering impeachment of the governor to subpoena more than a dozen witnesses, including Obama's incoming chief of staff.
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Currie, the head of the impeachment committee, said she didn't yet know what the committee's response to Genson's request would be.
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None of the possible candidates for Obama's Senate seat — said to include Jarrett and Jackson — is identified by name in the complaint, but Jackson has said he is the individual dubbed "Senate Candidate 5." The congressman has said federal prosecutors told him he is not a target of their investigation.
Emanuel was the only Obama transition team member who discussed the Senate appointment with Blagojevich, and those conversations were "totally appropriate and acceptable," according to incoming White House attorney Greg Craig.


text:
Military Bowl en
The Military Bowl is an annual NCAA Division I FBS college football bowl game played since 2008. The game was held at RFK Stadium through its 2012 edition, after which it was moved to Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium in Annapolis, Maryland for the 2013 edition. The bowl game previously featured a team from the Atlantic Coast Conference and either a team from Conference USA or one of the service academies. In the 2013 season, the game was one of C-USA's official bowl tie-ins. However, the 2014-19 games will feature eligible teams from the American Athletic Conference and ACC. The Military Bowl is one of the two FBS bowls held in the Northeast, the other being the Pinstripe Bowl. The game was originally sponsored by Washington-area financial institution EagleBank. After Northrop Grumman, one of the world's leading defense contractors, became its sponsor in 2010, it was renamed the Military Bowl. [ - ]
Freebase Commons Metaweb System Types /type
- #9202a8c04000641f80000000083b859a
- Military Bowl
- Saturday, May 17, 2008 6:55 PM
- -
- /m/043r1dv
- Congressional Bowl
- -
- -
- Sunday, December 14, 2014 4:06 PM


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So I like nerd flair and costumes as much as the next gal, and wanted a couple of clothing pieces that were casual and subtle-ish. Thus the Bat skirt was born. Previously people have asked if I sold my costume pieces or if I do commissions and this time I can finally answer yes!
Cute AND sexy!
I like how it looks. It is simple but still makes a statement. In all seriousness this makes you look like a member of the birds of prey!
Very pretty... very sexy!!!
Wowsers, this is wonderful! Quite attractive to look at, but not overly-complex or gaudy. Plus, it's very generous for the wearer's form.
I think you picked a winner this time! <3
XD Thank you! I tend to like simplistic designs. I can't quite call this 'subtle' but I enjoy things that are themed after a costume like this, rather thank a skirt with comic book pages or batmans face on it
Well dear, it's definitely more subtle than a whole Batgirl costume or a Catwoman one, at leas. <:


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It has been more than two weeks since Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz issued a "respectful request" for customers to stop bringing guns into his company's coffee shops, and the response by and large has been one of courteous compliance.
Considering how polarized and emotional America's gun debates usually get, some people were sure Starbucks was in for weeks of controversy. "The backlash and boycott talk has already begun," reported the Los Angeles Times the day Schultz's open letter appeared. Entrepreneur.com's Ray Hennessey, an experienced business editor, warned that Starbucks risked "alienating a large portion of its customer base."
That didn't happen. And to judge from a new nationwide survey, it isn't going to.
Asked about the Starbucks no-guns request in the latest Quinnipiac University poll, two of every three respondents — 66 percent — call it a good idea. Even among individuals from gun-owning households, 52 percent support Starbucks' position. The overwhelming majority, 72 percent, say it won't make any difference in where they get their coffee. The scale of that placid response is the same across every demographic subgroup: Democrats and Republicans, men and women, Northeasterners and Southerners, city-dwellers and rural residents — and, yes, gun owners — all say by lopsided majorities that Starbucks' shift on guns isn't going to change their economic behavior.
For the record, I've long been a Starbucks customer. I've been a supporter of gun rights for even longer. I often find myself in the minority on political or cultural questions, but on this I share the mainstream view: I have no problem with Schultz's request, and my coffee-buying habits won't change.
Famed Voting Rights/Anti-Poverty Activist Fannie Lou Hamer Called Abortion "Genocide" | Ryan Bomberger
Rush Limbaugh defends Rubio's debate answer: He's absolutely right that Obama knows what he's doing | Allahpundit
Time for Team Hillary to break out the gender card for young liberal women who prefer Sanders | Allahpundit


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Tue, 11 March 2008 at 8:56 am
Mary-Kate Olsen's Double Trouble
Mary-Kate Olsen leaves a downtown NYC office building on Monday and is escorted into her waiting SUV by not one but two of her bodyguards.
Her stylish coffee-table book called "Influence" will debut this fall.
FYI: MK's Starbucks drink of choice is an iced vanilla soy latte.
Like Just Jared on Facebook
Photos: Anderson/Bauergriffinonline.com Posted to: Mary-Kate Olsen, Olsen Twins


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[This is an excerpt from Norman Solomon's new book "Made Love, Got War: Close Encounters with America's Warfare State."]
A story could start almost anywhere. This one begins at a moment startled by a rocket.
In the autumn of 1957, America was not at war ... or at peace. The threat of nuclear annihilation shadowed every day, flickering with visions of the apocalyptic. In classrooms, "duck and cover" drills were part of the curricula. Underneath any Norman Rockwell painting, the grim reaper had attained the power of an ultimate monster.
Dwight Eisenhower was most of the way through his fifth year in the White House. He liked to speak reassuring words of patriotic faith, with presidential statements like: "America is the greatest force that God has ever allowed to exist on His footstool." Such pronouncements drew a sharp distinction between the United States and the Godless Communist foe.
But on October 4, 1957, the Kremlin announced the launch of Sputnik, the world's first satellite. God was supposed to be on America's side, yet the Soviet atheists had gotten to the heavens before us. Suddenly the eagle of liberty could not fly nearly so high.
Sputnik was instantly fascinating and alarming. The American press swooned at the scientific vistas and shuddered at the military implications. Under the headline "Red Moon Over the U.S.," Time quickly explained that "a new era in history had begun, opening a bright new chapter in mankind's conquest of the natural environment and a grim new chapter in the cold war." The newsmagazine was glum about the space rivalry: "The U.S. had lost its lead because, in spreading its resources too thin, the nation had skimped too much on military research and development."
The White House tried to project calm; Eisenhower said the satellite "does not raise my apprehension, not one iota." But many on the political spectrum heard Sputnik's radio pulse as an ominous taunt.
A heroine of the Republican right, Clare Boothe Luce, said the satellite's beeping was an "outer-space raspberry to a decade of American pretensions that the American way of life was a gilt-edged guarantee of our material superiority." Newspaper readers learned that Stuart Symington, a Democratic senator who'd been the first secretary of the air force, "said the Russians will be able to launch mass attacks against the United States with intercontinental ballistic missiles within two or three years."
A New York Times article matter-of-factly referred to "the mild panic that has seized most of the nation since Russia's sputnik was launched two weeks ago." In another story, looking forward, Times science reporter William L. Laurence called for bigger pots of gold at the end of scientific rainbows: "In a free society such as ours it is not possible 'to channel human efforts' without the individual's consent and wholehearted willingness. To attract able and promising young men and women into the fields of science and engineering it is necessary first to offer them better inducements than are presently offered."
At last, in early February 1958, an American satellite -- the thirty-pound Explorer -- went into orbit. What had succeeded in powering it into space was a military rocket, developed by a U.S. Army research team. The head of that team, the rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, was boosting the red-white-and-blue after the fall of his ex-employer, the Third Reich. In March 1958 he publicly warned that the U.S. space program was a few years behind the Russians.
Soon after dusk, while turning a skate key or playing with a hula hoop, children might look up to see if they could spot the bright light of a satellite arching across the sky. But they could not see the fallout from nuclear bomb tests, underway for a dozen years by 1958.


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|Quick links:
Latest Team Rankings
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February 12, 2009
Ole Miss' Hartmann eager to prove his worth
OXFORD, Miss. - Andy Hartmann hated to see Jason Cook's eligibility expire at the end of last season.
On the other hand, Ole Miss' rising senior fullback knew Cook had to move on for him to get his chance to be a starter in the Southeastern Conference.
"I'm so excited," Hartmann said earlier this week. "It's a shame to lose Jason. He's such a great friend to me and he's my roommate and everything, but he's excited for me too. I'm so excited to show coach and everybody what I can do."
Hartmann got a taste of the starter's role late last season when Cook was injured during the first quarter of the Rebels' 45-0 victory over Mississippi State. Cook's injured knee healed enough for him to play sparingly in Ole Miss' Cotton Bowl win over Texas Tech, but Hartmann started and played every significant snap at fullback.
"That gave me confidence in myself, because I think in those two games, I played fairly well," Hartmann said. "It gave me hope leading into this season that yeah, I can do it. I'm just excited about showing everybody that hopefully, I can do more."
Last season, Hartmann had one carry for 10 yards. He added two receptions for 11 yards. Cook, who started 11 games, had one carry and seven receptions. With Cordera Eason, Dexter McCluster, Derrick Davis, Brandon Bolden, Enrique Davis and Devin Thomas returning and a host of freshmen - including heralded four-star Rodney Scott -reporting this summer, the fullback's role in the Rebels' multidimensional offense is undetermined.
"I hope it's as much as Coach [Houston] Nutt lets me do," Hartmann said. "[Ole Miss strength and conditioning coach Don Decker] has me working on a lot more speed and more agility, so hopefully in pass situations, I can go out on more routes. It's whatever Coach Nutt asks me to do pretty much."
Hartmann said he expects Ole Miss' running game to improve in 2009, a pretty heady prediction given the effectiveness of the ground attack late last season.
"They're all really young except for Cordera, and I think Cordera is an amazing running back," Hartmann said. " You saw Brandon in the [Cotton Bowl] and Enrique is awesome. I just try to block guys and let them make plays like they were born to do."
Hartmann said he's far more concerned with team goals than individual accomplishments. Ole Miss finished 2008 with a 9-4 record and a No. 14 national ranking. Now, the Rebels get set for spring practice (tentatively scheduled to begin March 26) with loftier goals in mind.
"Before, we didn't know how to win games," Hartmann said. "Now we know how to win them and we've gotten on a pretty good roll. Now we just have to keep a sense of being unsatisfied. We don't want to settle for being a Cinderella. We want to be on top."


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Cable TV in Kerkhoven, MN
Looking at national trends helps us get a picture of cable TV in Kerkhoven, MN. Half of the population watches some of their favorite shows online. Even though streamed content is on the rise, 97% of Americans still watch television the old fashioned way, on their TV, and 33% of people have four or more televisions in their home for watching these shows. Because so many people use both television and Internet, it is no surprise that 72% of Americans bundle their cable and Internet subscriptions. To help you put that in context, because we're just that nice, of the 565 people in Kerkhoven, that's:
- 186 owners of at least 4 TV's
- 271 using the Internet to watch TV shows
- 548 who do just fine with a traditional TV, thank you
- 407 smart folks, a.k.a the cable bundlers
- 469 Kerkhoven residents confined to network air dates and times.


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iMac G5 17" Model A1058 PRAM Battery Replacement
- Author: Walter Galan
- Difficulty: Moderate
Use this guide to replace your PRAM battery.
Embed this guide
Choose a size and copy the code below to embed this guide as a small widget on your site / forum.
- Rear Panel 2 steps
- AirPort Extreme 2 steps
- PRAM Battery 3 steps
Lay the iMac display-side down on a flat surface.
Loosen the three Phillips screws securing the rear panel to the iMac.
These screws are captive in the iMac. The center screw will stop turning after about 3.5 turns and the outer screws will stop turning after about 5.5 turns. Do not try to remove these screws from your iMac.
Lift the rear panel slightly from the bottom edge of the iMac.
Pull the rear panel toward yourself and remove it from the iMac.
Lift the AirPort card slightly by its plastic tab and pull it straight away from its socket.
During reinstallation, insert the AirPort card such that the antenna side is nearest the center of the logic board.
Insert the flat end of a spudger between the body of the AirPort card and its antenna connector.
Push the spudger away from the AirPort card to disconnect the AirPort antenna.
When reassembling your iMac, be sure to insert the AirPort card the way it was before disassembly.
Remove the two 5.5 mm T6 Torx screws securing the AirPort bracket to the logic board.
Slightly lift the AirPort bracket off the logic board.
De-route the AirPort antenna through the slot in the AirPort bracket.
Slightly insert the tip of a spudger (or any other small wedge-shaped object) under the PRAM battery directly across from its retaining clip.
Do not bend the metal retaining clip up, as it is brittle and will break.
Use another spudger to slide the PRAM battery out from under its socket's retaining clip.
To reassemble your device, follow these instructions in reverse order.
To reassemble your device, follow these instructions in reverse order.
4 CommentsAdd a comment
My iMac has only ONE catch, the central one, so the two outer screws are not to be touched.
In fact, I tried so hard to unscrew them, with a good screwdriver, that my hand hurt. Knowing that some times captive things (like these screws or a faucet) can be already at the end of their travel and we only lock them further into that position, I tried both screwing and unscrewing to no avail.
That chick MJ is sexy!!!!!
Looks like one of these screws is not like the others... a security Philips?! Never seen one of those before.
Please Note: If your iMac has an antenna for the airport extreme and not the bluetooth card. Don't buy the bluetooth get the airport extreme instead. Also, some newer devices may not work with these units.


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Moving on is Simple by Mon-PapillonWatch
©2011-2016 Mon-Papillon
Just a quick, inspiration quote from Adam Young.
Edited on photoshop.
Edited on photoshop.
So true!!
i love his quotes. there so good<3
I know right. They're so inspirational, it's ridiculous. He's such a great man.
wasn't this on f***yeahowlcity.tumblr? were you the one who submitted it?
I swear, where do people find these quotes of his?


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sweet curried pork tenderloin
prep time: 10 minutes
cook time: 30 minutes
ready in: 40 minutes
makes: 6 servings, 7 ounces each
- 1 ½ lbs pork tenderloin
- 1/8 teaspoon salt
- 1/8 teaspoon ground black pepper
- 1 Tablespoon olive oil, divided
- 2 cups sliced onion
- 1 medium apple, cored and sliced
- 15 oz. can diced tomatoes
- 1/4 cup raisins
- 1 ½ teaspoon curry powder
- 1 teaspoon sugar
- 1/4 teaspoon chili powder
- 1/4 teaspoon red pepper flakes (optional)
The nutritional content of recipes is calculated by a registered dietitian. Because ingredients and measurements may vary, the values we give are close approximations.
- Season pork with salt and pepper, then slice into medallions about 1/2 inch each.
- In a large skillet heat half the olive oil over medium heat and sauté the onion and apple slices until the onion is tender. Remove from skillet and set aside.
- In same skillet, in remaining oil brown tenderloin slices on both sides.
- Stir in tomatoes, raisins, curry powder, sugar and chili powder. Return the apple and onion mixture to skillet as well.
- Bring to a boil and then reduce the heat. Simmer, covered, for 10-15 minutes or until tenderloin is cooked to at least 145°F.
- Add pepper flakes if you like more spice.
per serving: 240 calories, 8g total fat, 3g saturated fat, 75mg cholesterol, 270mg sodium, 17g carbohydrates, 3g dietary fiber, 24g protein


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Letter to a College Writer by Doug Dalenburg
Dear Paul,
I am glad to hear that college is going well. Yes, I agree, writing papers is hard. I have always enjoyed reading and especially reading about how people work. I read somewhere that Hemingway used to stop his writing sessions in mid-sentence so that when he started up again the next day it would be easy to get going; I have never been able to get that trick to work. Robert Boice writes about the importance of working regularly in small pieces rather than trying to wait until you have a big chunk of time. I think he is correct; there is nothing like having to pull an all-nighter to make you hate writing, but if I can write a little bit here and there I seem to gain momentum. However, this doesn't work for everyone. Many of the big picture thinkers I know need a big chunk of time. It often takes them thirty minutes just to get going. So try out working in small pieces before you embrace it. Some people love outlining while others like word webs. I prefer word webs, but I have found outlining very helpful after I have written a first draft of a paper; it helps me see my logic more clearly and where I have holes. I fondly recall a former colleague of mine in the office next door reading drafts of his journal articles out loud and this can be very valuable. I used to be devastated when people made suggestions about my writing. I seem to have grown out of that and now I welcome suggestions regarding my writing (but not so much in other areas of my life). However, I think the most important tip deals with outlook.
In the past we have had discussions about flow and motivations. You have mentioned to me the difference between feeling the music and performing when you play trombone and you said you always play better when you are just feeling the music. The same holds for writing. When you write to get a grade or just to get finished, it feels like you are writing to be judged. Rather it is best to remember that we write to learn. If I can keep that perspective, it really helps me. When writing is hard I know it means that my understanding is incomplete, not that I have failed in some way. When writing is hard, I know I need to read more, think more, and write more. Writing to learn is like feeling the music, writing for a grade is like trying to perform. In life and writing it is more important to feel the music.
Best of luck with your term,
Doug Dalenburg is a Professor in Economics.


text:
Template:File sharing sidebar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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|Part of a series on
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Join Date: Sep 2006
Posts: 2,356
Mentioned: 0 Post(s)
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So concerning true cord injuries---
Are these injuries predictable before birth? Is the only option c-section?
Bandgeek said she didn't believe that doctors in a hospital would have been able to handle anything differently; that makes me wonder if worrying about this can even be productive. If nothing can be done, then it makes no sense to stress it, yk?
You could ask a midwife what the time from emergency to cut is in the hospital nearest you or that does emergency c/s. At both hospitals in my area when I had c/s, the time duration from decision to cut was 45 minutes!!! BUT that was only for in hospital emergencies. If I were transported by ambulance, with a call ahead, I would be cut within 20 minutes from the time we placed the 911 call.
So, for us, a UC was actually safer in both situations. If everything went well, great, and if I needed a transfer for repeat c/s, it was still safer to be at home and call 911. The medics were literally within one minute of my home too, and when we did have to call them another time for something completely unrelated, they were there within 2 minutes with an oxygen mask on the person needing it. So stabilizing if necessary would have been within a reasonable amount of time too.
If you can obtain this info, it may cast some more light on the safety issue. Where we used to live, the difference was that if we were already in hospital, it woud be a maternity surgery, but from an ambulance, it's straight to the ER, and much faster because they have an anesthesiologist on at all times, unlike the maternity ward.
We live literally across the street from the hospital. I can see it from my bedroom window. It is good to know that their response time is faster from a phone call to the ER than from Labor and Delivery to c-section.
If we UC, I honestly don't intend on doing any fetal monitoring. I intend on tuning in and being really focused on my body, what it needs, and pushing the baby out once I feel the urge to push. I don't really intend on even checking the cervix or anything . . . maybe I'll have dp check if it's "grapefruit" sized, but I just think that if I'm sitting there timing ctx and checking myself and fetal monitoring, then I'm going to be a nervous wreck and should just go over to the hossy. Maybe choosing not to monitor the heartbeat could be considered irresponsible, but w/ dd (hospital birth), I got there pushing and had the monitor on for maybe a minute and I hated it---having it or not having it didn't make any difference in the birth. I know all births are different, but I don't think I could even go into this with the intent to UC if I really felt like horrible sh.t was going to happen anyways---I think if I felt that way I'd have no choice but to surrender myself to the hospital.
I just want to thank you all so much for sharing on this thread. I know it's not all about cord, a lot of this discussion is about fear, how people over-exaggerate, and how "necessary" or unnecessary is the medical approach to birth. So thanks a lot for sounding it out with me.
Well, I've been absent for 8 months, and during that time, it turns out that I have completely transformed. You are all precious. Thank you for being here and sharing your lives. You are truly a gift. Jan. 23, 2012
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text:
(Ban Stacy Banner from owning animals and arrest the people in connection to her breeding e.g. by helping her/hiding her lies/covering for her/lying..) -----------------
21st/12/2013 - UPDATE: The longer you ALLOW her to lie to you (The RSPCA/Council/other) the longer she will do it and get away with it like she already is doing currently. I don't have time anymore to do your work for you but I won't close this petition nor will I give up till something is done against this so called human being. Everything said on this petition has more than 150+ peices of evidence (which has been sent to the council and comes back with the same reply despite it being completely obvious! as well as taking weeks to reply) and statements from 30+ people to back what I say up either by witnessing it or making the same mistake as I have or other (e.g. her offering to stud dogs that she claims doesn't have).... The petition will be taken over by a very close friend of mine and all e-mails will be going through her as I don't have the time to run this at the moment and probably till around september next year! I won't stop pestering and I won't give up till action is taken, even if it takes years. Stacy Banner was investigated within weeks of this petition where no breeding bitches were found at her house (this is where the fact she doesn't breed at her home comes to light and the fact she was in such a rush to get rid of all these dogs at one) BUT the dogs there wern't having their welfare needs met. Also new evidence shows that she bred 8 and more litters last year without a license which is an offence, the sad thing is it wasn't just dogs. EVERYTHING ON THIS PETITION IS 100% FACTUAL. Any messages/e-mails will be forwarded onto me if they can't be answered by the person now running this. Thank you so much for your continued support, you really do not understand how much this means to US and all them souls... this will be my last comment for now (and probably a long time)... never give up... ever....
ORIGINAL: Sadly I fell for this woman's lies and unknowingly supported her backyard breeding... I noticed what a terrible state my dog was in as soon as I saw her... She came to the house in the back of an estate car which I thought was strange as I was led to believe they was her pets, her husband is also in the army and the house is located on army property - he is fully aware of what's going on.. When I got home I bathed her 3 times and the stench from her fur would not go away at all.. I immediately started to question things like why is the "undercarriage" so low down if she has never had puppies? (this what we was told) or why is she scared? why did they say she was good in the car when she puked everywhere in the boot? why isn't she lead trained properly when we was told she doesn't pull? why has she got scars on her face? bloodshot eyes? missing piece of her tongue? and why does she look older that 18 months old? ...I can tell you it was a total mistake buying off her but it's the best mistake I ever made was saving my poor dog... sadly I had no experience or could give her the training she so desperately needed. She went to a home which can give her the training and an easy life style instead of being a worked dog. We discovered she was 6 YEARS OLD, she has organ damage from having worms, she needs dental work on her teeth and they're in such bad condition and something I will never forget being told that the vet turned around and had said "If you had left her there any longer the chances would be she would of just given up on life and died" - I have not stopped investigating ever since I got my dog, even if I had to give her up (which I will ALWAYS regret till the day I die!) and all I want to do is save the existing dogs from that hell hole and bring justice for the dogs AND owners. It's about time something was done and I will stop at NOTHING to make this happen!! I just want to say Thank You to anyone and everyone who signs this petition and supports it, it will help bring public awareness and hopefully will grab the media's attention sooner rather than later. x
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text:
Results 46 to 60 of 78
-04-05-2008 #46Tony Soprano Guest
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!
I'm surprised he has benched 455 lbs.
The more I read about this guy the more impressed I am.
I am looking (or hoping) for Charles Haley, Richard Dent, Chris Doleman type and the strength was one of the things I was wondering about. The Speed is known by everyone that has seen him play.
In the initial post, it was stated that Chris Long, Jake Long, Dorsey, and Ghoulston are all can't miss picks. I think statistics and past drafts show that this isn't the case at all.
Every year, people tend to act like these things are given and fixed - in reality a lot of the first round picks never, ever reach their predicted performance level.
This guy is REALLY intriguing.
-04-05-2008 #47
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!
How much better do you think Gholston would be if he had the work ethic of Chris Long, was a student of the game like Chris Long, and had the help with technique that Long has gotten over the years? Lot's better is my guess. Right now he's getting by mainly with his athleticism and as such, has far more upside potential. But then of course that's where the greater risk comes in. Will he be willing to work hard enough at t he next level to develop his skills? No one knows.
-04-05-2008 #48
-04-05-2008 #49
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!
I agree with you that Long is an underrated athlete - the fact that Miami is looking at him as a possible 3-4 OLB shows that - but I think some of your numbers are a bit off.
-04-05-2008 #50
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!I don't care about his measurables
I'm surprised he has benched 455 lbs.
The more I read about this guy the more impressed I am.
-04-05-2008 #51
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!Originally Posted by Nick
But my point remains......Long betters VG in the 20-Shuttle & 3-Cone, misses his broad by a single inch, and ties in the 10-split. Where is the significant difference in athleticism?I think given the choice between Long and Gholston, most would prefer Long.
-04-06-2008 #52
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!
People tend to use the "crapshoot" theory as a reason not to take risks on early picks, or not to "reach" for a guy you want, but I disagree. Take a risk for the guy you want, the guy you feel will fit on your team, and it will pay off just as often as going the conservative route... as long as you have a good eye for talent, of course.
-04-06-2008 #53
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!
-04-06-2008 #54
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!
Chris seems like a smart kid maybe he knew there was no way he was going to get close to Gholston in the bench unless there are some injuries that I don't know about?
-04-06-2008 #55
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!
Anyway, if he's there I think we will take Chris Long. My feeling is, at #2 Chris Long is a safer pick and the one I would prefer.
But given the choice between Chris Long at #2 or trading down a couple spots and being able to grab Gholston, I'd prefer the latter.
-04-07-2008 #56Tony Soprano Guest
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!
I was surprised by his numbers, but they are only numbers. Yes.
So we don't put too much stock in workout numbers, here's DE Anthony Hargrove's numbers (3rd round of 2004 Draft):
6'3" 274lbs
4.63 in the 40-yard dash 380-pound bench press 39½-inch vertical jump 10-foot-6 broad jump 7.17 three-cone drill ...31 reps at 225 lbs.
Rams Head Coach Mike Martz on 3rd Round Draft Pick Tony Hargrove:
We are excited about Tony. Bill (Kollar) just went down and worked him out, again. The measurables were off the charts for a man his size. He had a terrific year, obviously he had academic issues last year and sat out, but the year before that, hes what we look for in a defensive lineman. He has a terrific motor, I think he had a 39-inch vertical jump, 31 reps on the bench, hes a big guy with speed that plays with a great deal of passion. Hes very athletic, he came to Georgia Tech as a quarterback.
Hargrove had 1 sack in 2007
Last edited by Tony Soprano; -04-07-2008 at 04:00 AM.
-04-07-2008 #57
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!Originally Posted by Nick
-04-07-2008 #58
-04-07-2008 #59
Re: Jim Tressel, EDM: Take Vernon Gholston!
In 2004, he played in 6 games with a grand total of zero tackles. Man, he put on a clinic that year!
In 2005, he medically redshirted after breaking his hand after two games and had a whole tackle to himself!
In 2006, his true Junior year, apparently he was finally able to break onto the starting squad: 13 games, 49 tackles, 15 TFL, and 8.5 sacks.
In 2007, again 13 games, only 37 tackles, 15.5 TFL, and 14 sacks.
To quickly skip ahead to your final point, a pick at #2 doesn't have time to learn the intricacies of his position. He needs to be ready to start immediately and be a difference maker. Other than injuries, Calvin Johnson did that last year. I question Gholston's lack of knowledge of the game because he is just as much a bust risk as he is a pro bowl possibility. There's something to be said about athletic ability yes, but Gholston doesn't have the awareness that he needs, and the numbers back me up on this.
As for Chris Long, yes, he has a Hall of Fame father, not just pro bowl. He uses him extensively to learn and polish his game. Exactly what you want in a #2 pick. He is an obsessive worker and will better the guys around him. Do you think that Gholston doesn't have experienced line coaches and even current NFL stars from OSU that would help him? I'm sure someone would be more than happy to teach him how to play DE if he asked.
I don't think you want me to list his stats, as his, even while playing in a 3-4 scheme where his job wasn't always to get to the ball, are better than Gholston's who always played a position designed to move him away from blockers, not into double teams like Long, and into coverage as well, where he could supposedly read the offense and make plays downfield too. Supposedly being the operative word. In other words, he didn't.
Last edited by TekeRam; -04-07-2008 at 02:52 PM.
-04-07-2008 #60
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Always a good job right here. Keep rolling on through.
you're right, but your line of thinking is not what I'm tainlkg about. If you're on the team, if you're on staff with a pastor I'd certainly hope that you've done your homework to know if you can trust them.I'm tainlkg about being on a team, being friends, with those who lead with you. If anyone is in a situation where trust has to be built and you're already on staff, then maybe you've jumped the gun.From your comment, it sounds like your situation is one where you've been hurt by leadership and created walls to keep a distance between you and them.I'm not referring to this type of situation, I'm tainlkg about a situation where everyone is on the same page and trust flows freely. Again, if you or anyone else is on a pastoral team and you don't trust one another then something needs to change.We need to quit looking at our pastors as our bosses and begin to look at them as teammates who lead and journey with us. This is the gist of my entire post, not blind loyalty.Thanks for your thoughts.
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