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Freshmen gay students give blowjob in college bathroom
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- Description: A bunch of freshmen students gathered insidea college bathroom sucking each others dicks. They are naked and have to do a lot of really gay thing to become fraternity members.
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When a young American boy washes ashore near a village populated by skilled Japanese warriors, they raise the child as one of them and instruct him in the ways of ninjitsu. Unfortunately, he grows up to be the overweight and inept but very enthusiastic Haru, who remains intent on becoming a real ninja. Haru's first assignment -- protecting a beautiful woman from California -- doesn't go smoothly, since he's both uncoordinated and completely unaccustomed to Western culture.
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This rich formula hydrates to renew skin's appearance at night when it needs it most to reduce the appearance of wrinkles instantly and works over time to reduce the look of fine lines - leaving your skin feeling soft and smooth.
Water, Glycerin, Isohexadecane, Niacinamide, Dimethicone, Isopropyl Isostearate, Polyacrylamide, Titanium Dioxide, Panthenol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Retinyl Propionate, Ethylhexyl Salicylate, Ascorbic Acid, Stearyl Alcohol, C13-C14 Isoparaffin, Laureth-7, Dimethiconol, Ammonium Polyacrylate, Cetyl Alcohol, Polyethylene, Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate, Behenyl Alcohol, Benzyl Alcohol, Cetearyl Glucoside, Cetearyl Alcohol, Ethylparaben, Stearic Acid, PEG-100 Stearate, Propylparaben, Disodium EDTA, Fragrance
Additional information on fragrance components can be found by clicking here
This area allows consumers like you to express their own opinions and comments. Olay does not represent or warrant the accuracy of any statements or product claims made here, nor endorses any opinions expressed by the reviewer
I love, love this product. I use it as a day moisturizer & as a night cream. You can tell the minute you apply the. Product, that it is nourishing your skin.
I started to use this product daily at night along with Olay Active Hydrating Beauty Fluid Lotion in the morning. They were both recommended to me while taking the Olay Online Questionnaire. Well, I love them both. I am 47 years old and my facial skin has been dry all my life. After 4 1/2 months(that's how long the jars lasted) my skin is no longer dry and my wrinkles have diminished or disappeared. I will continue to use these products on a permanent basis. Also, great value for the money!
I love Olay products and pretty much use everything for all of my skin care needs. Although all products used get high remarks, this is the product that lead me to take the time and actually write a review. I'm skeptic of everything by nature and usually keep expectations for beauty creams pretty moderate. But this product delivers as promised. I LOVE IT! I have laugh lines that although not super deep, don't seem fine either. When I use this product, they honestly seem to instantly vanish. I mean GONE. It seems to work as a filler of some sorts. When I don't use the product, they seem to reappear. I've done this little experiment a few times. After the last time, I decided that as long as Olay continues to produce this product, I will continue to purchase it. I will no longer go to bed without applying it.
This rich formula hydrates to renew skin's appearance at night when it needs it most to reduce the appearance of wrinkles instantly and works over time to reduce the look of fine lines - leaving your skin feeling soft and smooth.


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Through this article you may raise your understanding as to what do dolphins eat. Dolphins are sociable mammals by nature which is why they are habitually found in zoos and water parks. One of the most common dolphins is bottlenose dolphin that is regularly kept under captivity. In the wild, these mammals are carnivorous and they forage in groups.
Over the recent years, scientists have discovered some of the advanced hunting techniques employed by dolphins. These animals are akin to hunt at coastal waters and they use echolocation to identify their prey. By emitting a sonic pulse, which is reflected by the nearby fish or other prey, dolphins actually locate where the victims are. Bottlenose dolphins are also known to be trapped in the fish nets consequently a rapid decrease in the dolphin population. Dolphin is by far one of the most intelligent living animals on earth. Some dolphin species do not live in ocean; rather they prefer to inhabit in rivers. Amazon River dolphin is one of these. Amazon River dolphins are considered to be endangered species.
What Do Dolphins Eat
There is a significant variation amongst dolphin's diet in that some have flexible diet plan whereas others are restricted to a single population. Dolphins are primarily known to ingest fish and squid. Dolphins are particularly known to chase down the fish in the shallow water. This is method is known as Coralling. Some other dolphin species such as bottlenose dolphins have a unique method of catching small fish. These mammals encircle the small fish while beating its tail down to produce dust particles so that these fish cannot see any escape route. The encircled fish then try to jump over the barrier created by bottlenose dolphins (dust particles) consequently allowing the dolphins to swallow as many as they can.
These marine mammals are also renowned for foraging in groups comprising even thousands of individuals. They tend to form a superpod momentarily in places where food is abundant. These species are more likely to communicate by creating whistle-like sounds. Dolphins have also killed porpoises for reasons that are not known to scientists. Dolphins predominantly feed on mackerel, seals, fishes, cod, herring, and squids. These mammals are in need of squid more than the mackerel since the former does not have too much fat. Dolphins weighing 200 kg to 250 kg tend to consume 10 kg to 25 kg of food every day.
Do You Want to Know More About Dolphins
- Facts About Dolphins For Kids
- Pink Dolphin Facts For Kids
- What Do Bottlenose Dolphins Eat
- Dolphins Facts For Kids
- Dolphin Facts For Kids
- Bottlenose Dolphin Facts For Kids


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Practice Area
- Railroad Law
- Civil Litigation
- Transportation Law
- Regulatory Law
Toronto Railway Club - Director
- Employment Law
- Commercial Law
- Aboriginal Law
Peer Rating
Overall Peer Rating4.4 out of 5.0
No feedback is available.The individuals that have reviewed this lawyer have not provided any additional feedback.
- Meets very high criteria of general ethical standards
Experience & CredentialsPositionPrincipalAdmission DetailsAdmitted in 1977, OntarioAdditional Payment InformationFree Initial ConsultationLaw School AttendedOsgoode Hall Law School of York University
Class of 1975
LL.B.University AttendedSir George Williams University
Class of 1972
Honours, with distinctionLanguagesEnglish and FrenchAssociations & MembershipsOntario and Canadian Bar Associations; Advocates' Society; National Association of Railroad Trial Counsel (NARTC); Transport Lawyers' Association (TLA); Toronto Law Association.Representative TransactionsNumerous transactions in relation to railway matters, including negotiations between municipalities and railroads, or railroads and mining companies (e.g. Tshiuetin Rail with Labrador Iron Mines), & disposition of lands & premises (Union Station, Toronto, 1998) (transaction with GO Transit for Barrie line 2007)Representative Casesvarious in SCC and Ontario civil case reporting, as well as labour grievance cases reported through CROA.Hobbies & InterestsCharitable support e.g. Ride to Conquer Cancer 2011
Community ContributionsArticles Blogs Q&A
... Read more
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Contact InformationFirm AddressKenneth R. Peel Barrister & Solicitor
333 Spadina Road,
Toronto, ON M5P 2V5


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Jul 24, 2010
I LOVED Flowers by Anne! I searched all over the internet for a florist who had their prices posted online, and she did! Her prices are amazing! Anne did a great job with my flowers, and they looked beautiful and exactly we had discussed. She was flexible with me when I needed to change my order at the last minute. Highly recommend!
Services used: Flowers
Sequoyah Country Club
My parents are members of this club - and have been for years. The architecture is beautiful and the landscaping is gorgeous. We got married outside on the green. The weather was perfect, and our guests absolutely loved it. The food was great for the price, and they include many things like string lights, mirror tiles, candles, etc in the price. They also were helpful with putting out all of my DIYs, flowers, and other things. I did feel rather rushed during the dinner (dinner was served and plates collected within 45 minutes), which made my guests think the festivities ended earlier than they did. But overall, the coordinator was very helpful and flexible and we felt we got a lot for what we paid.
Services used: Wedding Venue
Kate's Kouture Bridal
This was the second place I went to to look for wedding gowns. It felt a little cheap inside - like a bargain place. My appointment was at 1:00 and I did not get upstairs into the fitting room until 1:40 because they were running late. I brought the gowns I wanted to try on upstairs. The person helping me made a few comments when I tried on the dresses, and then went downstairs while I looked in the mirror to help the previous appointment check out. She did help me try on dresses I didn't think I would like - but they did look nice on me, which was a surprise. I liked the top of one dress and the bottom on another, and she told me that I could order it that way. She would call me with the estimate in two business days. Never heard from her again. So - I bought my dress at The Wedding Party, LLC in Berkeley. And even though the dresses are cheaper than Kate's, the feeling inside casual yet luxurious. And the ladies followed up with me immediately. Kate's is worth going to I suppose. Maybe you will have a better experience? Definitely a place for people who want bling, glitter, bustles, and pick-ups!
Services used: Dress & Attire
Hannah Suh Photography
I searched high and low throughout the Bay Area for a reasonably priced but professional photographer. After meeting with a few strange ones, Hannah was the perfect fit. She is very personable and professional. She made the contract signing and little details easy to manage. She wasn't pushy - totally the kind of girl I would go have drinks with. We had our engagement photos taken, and even though Hannah was really sick, she totally rocked the shoot. We are so happy with our photos! Our wedding is in July 2010, so I'll let you know how it goes!
Services used: Unique Services
The Wedding Party
Love it here! Clara and Jennifer are super nice and helpful. They have a small shop with dresses under $1000. They carry Nicole Miller, Wtoo, and a few other brands. Simple is the name of the game though - no hideous bussles or oodles of beading here. They have a great selection of bridesmaids dresses too. Wtoo, Lucy someone, and Siri are offered. I bought my dress and bridesmaids dresses here. I really recommend you go and try it out. Best experience I had in shopping for the dress! Update 2/11/10 - We went back to get the MOH dress here too! I guess we just can't get enough!
Services used: Dress & Attire


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Pink Ice Cream Pop Standee
Ice Cream Pop Pink Standee
Made to Order - 1 business day processing+shipping
Your Price: $32.99 each
Item ships to the 48 contiguous states only. Item unavailable for shipment to APO/FPO addresses.
This popsicle standee makes a great photo op for a sweet party!This Pink Ice Cream Pop Standee features a delicious looking popsicle with ice cream in the center! Each one-sided free-standing cardboard Pink Popsicle Standee measures 7 feet high x 3 feet wide. Easy assembly.
Please allow ample time for delivery. Our ship date for this product is noted in your shopping cart. Many items are shipped separately, so please allow extra time for these items to arrive. Shipping charges are based on the value of the merchandise and not the number of shipments. For additional shipping information, please contact our Customer Service Department at (firstname.lastname@example.com or 1-800-314-8794).
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From the comfort foods we all crave—macaroni and cheese, spaghetti Bolognese, or good old Yankee Pot Roast—to familiar dishes for formal gatherings, our classic and traditional recipes offer something for every person and occasion.
Carolina Crab Cakes
Crab cakes can be prepared in advance for convenience. After browning, store them on a parchment-lined tray and refrigerate them until time to bake.
Cinnamon Honey Buns
Start with frozen bread dough and add honey, nuts, cinnamon and raisins for easy-to-make cinnamon rolls.
Chicken Scaloppine
Lemon, olives, and capers elevate the flavors of this simple chicken and pasta dish.
Irish Honey Pot Roast
This roast beef, with a healthy serving of vegetables, can be roasted in the oven or cooked in a crockpot.
Gateau Basque
Filled with creamy custard, this dense cake might remind you more of a very thick and decadent tart, with buttery crunchiness around the edges.
Low-Fat Honey Crepes
Lightly sweetened with honey, these crepes make the perfect wrap for fruit desserts.
Butter Pecan Cake
Preheat oven to 350F. Grease and flour 2 (9-inch) cake pans. To prepare cake, beat butter in mixer bowl on high speed. Add sugar, beat…
Pasta with Tomatoes, Brie and Basil
Brie, summer basil and garden-fresh tomatoes star in this quick-and-easy pasta dinner.
Zucchini Bread with Walnuts
Do you have an over-abundance of zucchini from the garden? Make this classic Zucchini Bread.


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R4-499ICA 4 Inch New Construction IC Housing Airtite
4 Inch New Construction IC Airtite low voltage housing features a step-down magnetic transformer. IC designation for housings that have direct contact with insulation. Airtite feature prevents airflow between attic and living areas. Meets restricted airflow requirements. 50 watt max 12 volt GU5.3 MR16 halogen lamp, not included. Dimmable with a low voltage magnetic dimmer. UL listed. 4 3/8 inch diameter opening. 14.9 inch length x 7.1 inch housing height. For use with 4 inch trim, sold separately.
|Dimensions: 14.9"L x 7.1"H
|Lamp Source: Halogen
1 x MR16/GU5.3 (bipin)/50W/12V Halogen
MR16/GU5.3 (bipin)
Bulb not included
|Dimmer: Low Voltage Magnetic
LED/ES Bulb Options:
1 x MR16/GU5.3 (bipin)/12V LED
1 x MR16/GU5.3 (bipin)/12V LED
MR16/GU5.3 (bipin)
|Housing Type: New construction IC Airtight
|Housing Height: 8"
|Aperture Size: 0.000"
Manufacturer's / Catalog Specification Sheet
UL, Airtight


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- 99Promote
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Skins are thin, easy-to-remove, vinyl decals for customizing your device. Skins are made from a patented material that eliminates air bubbles and wrinkles for easy application.
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Spundge: a FinTech content platform (Infographic)
Check out our new infographic entitled "Spundge: a FinTech Content Platform".
Spundge comes in two different versions: Basic which is free. Pro: all features of Basic plus a wide array of additional tools including syndication, analytics, collaboration, custom branding and many more. If you are interested in using either version please send an inquiry to firstname.lastname@example.com. A member of our team...
The Spundge team recently developed a short presentation. It focuses on Spundge as a financial content marketplace where content producers meet investment professionals. Sit back and enjoy. View the presentation on Prezi.com. Please send all questions and inquiries to email@example.com.


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Kyuukyuu Sentai Go Go Five
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It's Urban Shield 2014, September 4th through 8th at the Marriott Hotel in downtown Oakland. Just a bean-bag round's throw away from where Scott Olsen was nearly murdered by the same kind of thugs you see in these pictures. Urban Shield has grown into a comprehensive, full-scale regional preparedness exercise assessing the overall Bay Area UASI Region's response capabilities related to multi-discipline planning, policies, procedures, organization, equipment and training. Urban Shield continues to test regional integrated systems for prevention, protection, response and recovery in our high-threat, high-density urban area. Vendors … Continued
Open Forums
You Have a Choice. Einstein, or one of Twenty Two-Footed, Prehensile Two-Handed Humans.
Twenty candidates for Mayor on the wall. Twenty candidates for Mayor. You take one down… You pass him or her around… Twenty-one candidates for Mayor on the wall. And then there's Einstein. On the Internet, no one has to know you're a dog, but at the City Clerk's office it's a different story. Species bias has prevented the next Mayor or Oakland from being listed on the ballot, but that has not stopped the future His-Canine-Honor from creating a Mayoral platform, website, twitter account and a Facewoof page. Now, … Continued
Thousands Rally, March in Protest in SF Against the Bombing of Palestine.
Saturday afternoon thousands took to the streets of San Francisco to protest Israel's bombing of Palestine. Around the country and around the world similar protests have been taking place: in London, Paris and Rome; in Oslo and Stockholm; in Chicago, New York City, and Minneapolis. Selected tweets and pictures from today's action in San Francisco from Alyssa. The crowd gathers. Stop Bombing Children- Free Gaza #youth4palestine pic.twitter.com/6LqCiaoaZW — Alyssa (@alyssa011968) July 12, 2014 "From the River2the Sea Palestine Will b Free!Justice is our demand.there will b no peace on … Continued
Chalkupy Returns. Not As Protest but in Sadness.
They've been away for too long, but the Chalkupy crew came back, with Fresh Juice Party and a host of other sketchers creating chalk art at Oscar Grant Plaza in honor of Monique Robinson, honoring her life and mourning her death. Occupiers can from as far away as Canada to participate in the Chalkupy that began around 1:00 PM on Thursday, July 10th, 2014. Below are snaps showing the design, the work, and the result. More Chalkupy art can be seen here and here. Chalkupy was a weekly occurrence on … Continued
No Justice for Andy Lopez.
Slain by a Sonoma Sheriff's Deputy who believes he's perpetually in the "kill zone", Andy Lopez of Santa Rosa, CA will have no justice in death. His executioner, Eric Gelhaus will have to live with whatever conscience he dubiously possesses, as no jury will judge him. The Sonoma County District Attorney's Office announced Monday that it will not file criminal charges against a sheriff's deputy who shot and killed 13-year-old Andy Lopez. District Attorney Jill Ravitch said … that investigators concluded Deputy Erick Gelhaus "fired his weapon in response … Continued
Debt Resistance! Projects! Books! Shirts! Strike Debt Bay Area Has It All.
Strike Debt Bay Area made its presence known at First Friday this Forth of July, featuring copies of the Debt Resisters' Operations Manual, T-Shirts advocating for a Public Bank of Oakland, Occucards and a Strike Debt Bay Area tri-fold describing its ongoing projects. For any of the above, or to get involved, contact Strike Debt Bay Area at firstname.lastname@example.com, check out the web page, facebook page, twitter feed, and/or come to the next meeting on July 19th at 3:00 PM at or near he Oscar Grant Plaza amphitheater. Read about … Continued
Monique. OO Comrade. Rest in Peace.
Oaklander and OO participant Monique Robinson was found unresponsive near the corner of 24th and Chestnut streets Thursday morning, July 3rd. News articles say that she was murdered. She was the mother of a small child, Taylor, who is being taken care of now by some of Monique's comrades. You can help support Taylor with a donation through YouCaring. A memorial shrine has been set up at Oscar Grant Plaza as of the afternoon of July 4th and people were gathered there in the late afternoon in her memory. … Continued
$0.00 – What a Jury Just Told Oscar Grant's Father His Life Was Worth.
This morning, July 1st, 2014, five and a half years after Oscar Grant was killed at the Fruitvale BART Station, a verdict of "no justice" was given to Oscar's father. Former BART Police Officer Johannes Mehserle won't have to pay any monetary damages to the father of BART rider Oscar Grant. A federal jury in San Francisco ruled Oscar Grant Jr. is entitled to no monetary damages in the death of his son who was shot and killed at the Fruitvale BART station early on New Year's Morning 2009. Mr. … Continued
Yet Another Civil Rights Lawsuit Against OPD.
What's one more? From OPD's attacks on Iraq war protesters, to the Riders case which ultimately brought on Federal monitoring – which continues to this day, to the Oscar Grant and J28 kettling lawsuits (only the former has been settled), to Scott Olsen, Scott Campbell et al and Kevan Sabeghi, one more is hardly a blip. But one more it is. As the San Francisco Chronicle reports Two independent journalists filed a federal civil rights lawsuit… saying they were wrongfully detained and ticketed for minor infractions at protests because of … Continued
Not Bending, Not Folding, Definitely Not Spindling; Just Keepin' it Lively Outside of Staples.
This is the one week anniversary of the Berkeley Staples table and outdoors occupation, staffed continually. Dave Welsh honored that one-week anniversary by bringing his keyboard and playing from his repertoire of resistance songs, along with other musicians. The Boycott of Staples is in full swing. #StopStaples #BerkeleyPO pic.twitter.com/qLXT5zAF2o — Strike Debt Bay Area (@StrikeDebtBA) June 28, 2014 Meanwhile, a number of people, some from Berkeley Post Office Defenders, some from Save the Berkeley Post Office, passed out flyers to passersby, engaging them and convincing them not shop at Staples, … Continued


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Formerly known as The Hi-Fi. Down the steps underneath Swanston Street is Melbourne's best venue for live bands. The upstairs balcony bar can host its own little party, but it's best when the music is piped through from the main stage and the entire venue is jumping as one.
More gigs & concerts in Melbourne? Sign up to our Weekend Planner


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Raphinhatrs Oct 1, 2012 5:46 PM
in response to TheDesmodus
I change my 4s 3 times in a month, in apple support they say " you are the first person who have this problem, try change another time"
Brazil Iphone 4s White 16gb iOS 6.0 ( 2 carrier VIVO and OI ) - this phone here cost R$ 2.000,00 or +/- US$ 1.000,00
61 pages of this, we need a solution
Drigobarreto Oct 1, 2012 5:50 PM
in response to TheDesmodus
I've the same issue. Since the first call at january I thought about replacement, but had never go ahead. Well, as many people are reporting that problem, it couldn't be a simple malfunction or something randomized between millions.
It's in fact an engineering problem. It depends as I noticed on the the signal strength, that will require an equivalent power to send cell-antenna signals. It could vary on each carrier by the frequency used at the net. That may affect more or less the onboard speaker due to the power density inside the device.
Any apple engineer to des argue me?
tfsimoes Oct 1, 2012 6:10 PM
in response to Raphinhatrs
I'm from Brazil too and since the first time I made a call on my first iPhone 4S I noticed this annoying noise. Since then, Apple replaced the phone 3 times too, until I wasn't convinced anymore that this phone was a good choice and that Apple wouldn't do nothing about this issue. So I just made a last call to Apple support and ask for my money back, what they promptly did. Considering the amout of complaints about iPhone 5, I think that it isn't a good choice too, what makes me believe in a dramatic step down in quality patterns in Apple's engineering. Unfortunately, I'm looking for another cellphone, and Samsung's seems to be a considerable choice. Steve Jobs was Apple's quality certificate, without him this is not guaranteed.
Drigobarreto Oct 1, 2012 6:15 PM
in response to tfsimoes
What surprise me, is the fact that some devices had never shown this problem.
I bought my 4S side by side with a friend, same product lot, and he've never heard "bees" inside the phone...good for him.
tfsimoes Oct 1, 2012 6:37 PM
in response to Drigobarreto
After reading a lot of topics about this issue, it seems to me that most people don't notice the noise, which doesn't mean that it doesn't exist. In fact, if you make calls on noisy places, it becomes more tolerable and some people are not so attached to these details. In the last days with my iPhone, I was using the earphones all the time. It was the only way not get crazy. I don't know, but coincidence or not, my 3 iPhones were assembled in Brazil.
Drigobarreto Oct 1, 2012 6:42 PM
in response to tfsimoes
There is no factor. My own is Chinese. As I said, should be project mistake, or assemble mishape.
tfsimoes Oct 1, 2012 6:47 PM
in response to Drigobarreto
Engineering mistake seems more probable.... In fact, I tried hard to get use to the noise, but finally I give up. There was no other option than my money backs. It didn't work.
Drigobarreto Oct 1, 2012 6:54 PM
in response to tfsimoes
Well, at this point i've a different position.
I hardly can stand and keep using the phone. As I've no hope to find a noiseless phone and give up from it is not an option...I should handle that.
I just wonder about an feedback from Apple, and an "Sorry, you guys are right to complain about this!"
Maybe one day...
Raphinhatrs Oct 2, 2012 5:59 AM
in response to tfsimoes
My first from Brazil and another 2 from China.
KaptnKoz10 Oct 9, 2012 5:05 AM
in response to JamiDianne
I keep coming back to this thread every few weeks hoping for some SUPPORT from Apple...And so it seems it will never come. I don't talk on the phone so much so the static isn't constantly drilling in my head so I can tolerate it for the time being. My phone is an AT&T model. I called European customer support since I am living in Denmark at the moment and I can't walk into a physical retail store. Since my phone was not bought directly through Apple the rep said she could not help me. That really ****** me off. My phone is under warranty until April 9, 2013, and since I bought it through AT&T they couldn't help me? What is going on here? Your phones have a wide spread problem wake the F up Apple, man up and fix this problem instead of hiding from it!
Kinst Oct 9, 2012 5:13 AM
in response to KaptnKoz10
My experience is: I take my iPhone from Sonera Finland. From the beggining I got an "OCNA" issue - no audio on outgoing calls. Being in London I went to the Apple Store (Regent Street) and my iPhone was replaced without any problem. Stuff even asked me "where you bought it" and I tell him that "in Finland"...
But my iPhone was unlocked by my request. So mey be that's why genius at Regent street had no doubts.
If you have Apple Store nearby, try to exchange.
As per static, I have the sam but very VERY small... To reproduce it I must start downloading some file and immidiatelly dial some number to have in silence of waiting dialtones some static...
Actually all my 5 iPhones which I exchange by different reasons (OCNA, vibro buzzing, battery drain and the last with earpiece defect) had no obvious static issues... May be the SIM card is the reason? Try to insert another one.
Buzzi Nov 8, 2012 12:34 PM
in response to JamiDianne
Same noise here on iPhone 4S 16 GB black. I noticed it few days ago while i was making a call in a silent environment. Don't know if claim for a substitution because i've read about other users changing 2 or 3 phones without success and the nearest Apple Store is too far away. So ****** off.
rioachim Jan 10, 2013 12:44 PM
in response to JamiDianne
Here is my experience:
1. static sound is present only on 3G when transferring data
2. static sound comes from inside the phone, not speaker!
3. static sound only exists when signal is low
How to test:
1. disable wireless and make sure you have 3G and cellular data enabled)
2. open field test mode (on iOS 6.0.1 dial *3001#12345#* then UMTS Cell environment > UMTS RR Info)
3. wait until some of the missing fields are updated (RRC State for example, usually to CELL_FACH value)
3. long press home to start siri but then touch the screen to cancel it (RRC State updates to CELL_DCH value)
4. listen to iPhone body (back side is a good choice to be convinced that the noise is not from earpiece)
CELL_DCH is the highest power state of the 3G module. The static sound comes from the 3G module when signal is low and it needs power. In the following picture, in the upper left corner, the negative value of "-65" is the signal level (full bars). A value lower than -100 means bad signal, and I have read that -113 is close to the limit.
So right now I have full signal ("-65") and I've just transferred data (CELL_DCH state). At "-65" I did not hear any static, but at "-105" I've heard lots of it. The second the 3G module goes to CELL_FACH state, for me the static noise stops. Why you hear it during a call? A call is data transfer and when you press your ear to the body of the phone you get the impression the static comes from the earpiece.
That's it. Now you have a way to test it for sure, without the influence of the call factors.
Drigobarreto Jan 10, 2013 1:00 PM
in response to rioachim
Excellent notes for this issue, but the static isn't only in 3G data mode on.
My Carrier "TIM" still have a big share on the network only on EDGE, and at that with cell data turned off, that sound continues going on.
When the values above are shown as low (weak signal expressed on dBmw probably) the phone uses more transmission power, as you said. At this point, higher the transmition power, higher the interference.
Most part of the speakers are made using copper espirals to produce sound by vibration, as you certainly know.
At high transmit. powers it may suffer electromagnetic induction by cell transmition, generating the "bee like" interference.
A well done eletromagnectic shield must keep this away! The question is : How are the iPhone e.m. shield?!
rioachim Jan 10, 2013 10:56 PM
in response to JamiDianne
UPDATE: static noise example (again, it comes from inside the phone, not speakers)
Additional info: I'm on 2100 frequency band (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands#UMTS-FDD)


text:
Published on
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Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later.


text:
In diagnostic messaging, services are the functions. Think of each command as a sentence. The service is the verb. In standard OBDII services are often referred to as Modes. You can also think of them as functions to be performed by the controller(s) that you are commanding.
With diagnostic messages, there is always a command and almost always a response from the controller(s) you are commanding.
When looking at raw CAN Bus data the service is often the second, third, or in very few cases the fourth data byte of the message. In nearly all cases, OEMs will implement ISO 15765-2 (Click Here to read about this protocol). So the service will be the first byte after the Transport Protocol information.
Here is an example of and OBDII message to get Engine Speed using the CAN Bus ($01 is the Service):
Will hopefully return the following:
Here is a simple list of some common Services that you might find:
OBDII Services (a.k.a. Modes):
$01 - Request Current Powertrain Diagnostic Data
$02 - Request Powertrain Freeze Frame Data
$03 - Request Emission-Related Diagnostic Trouble Codes
$04 - Clear/Reset Emission-Related Diagnostic Information
$05 - Request Oxygen Sensor Monitoring Test Results
$06 - Request On-Board Monitoring Test Results for Specific Monitored Systems
$07 - Request Emission-Related Diagnostic Trouble Codes Detected During Current or Last Completed Driving Cycle
$08 - Request Control of On-Board System, Test or Component
$09 - Request Vehicle Information
$0A - Request Emission-Related Diagnostic Trouble Codes with Permanent Status
Services $10 and higher are non-OBDII services also known as Enhanced Diagnostics. This is because, unlike OBDII Diagnostics, these services are not government mandated thus each OEM will use their own specification. For Example GM vehicles use the GMLAN diagnostic protocol. Ford used ISO-14230 but now use ISO-14229 (UDS). Each OEM is can decidedly use their own enhanced diagnostic protocol.
GMLAN Enhanced Services:
$10 - Initiate Diagnostics
$12 - Read Failure Record
$1A - Read Diagnostic ID (DID)
$20 - Return To Normal
$22 - Read Data By Parameter ID (PID)
$23 - Read Memory Address
$27 - Security Access
$28 - Disable Normal Communications
$2C - Define Dynamic Data Packet ID (DPID)
$2D - Define PID by Memory Address
$34 - Request Download
$36 - Transfer Data
$3B - Write DID
$3E - Tester Present
$A2 - Report Programming State
$A5 - Enter Programming Mode
$A9 - Check Codes
$AA - Read DPID
$AE - Device Control
Here is an example of a CAN Bus message to get the Engine Speed using Enhanced Diagnostics (where $22 is the service):
And this will hopefully return:
$10 - Diagnostic Session Control
$11 - ECU Reset
$14 - Clear Diagnostic Information
$19 - Read Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC)
$22 - Read Data by ID
$23 - Read Memory by Address
$24 - Read Scaling Data by ID
$27 - Security Access
$28 - Communications Control
$2A - Read Data by Periodic ID
$2C - Dynamically Define Data ID
$2E - Write Data by ID
$2F - Input/Output Control
$31 - Routine Control
$34 - Request Download
$35 - Request Upload
$36 - Transfer Data
$37 - Request Transfer Exit
$3D - Write Memory by Address
$3E - Tester Present
$83 - Access Timing Parameter
$84 - Secured Data Transmission
$85 - Control DTC Setting
$86 - Response on Event
$87 - Link Control
Now that you have a list of Services, hopefully this will make reading the raw can data a bit more manageable. Soon I will post more information about specific services themselves. If any are more interesting to you, please post in the comments below.
This year's Defcon will host yours truely. I will be giving a workshop on CAN BUS Hacking. So if you have some time come out and join us at Defcon August 4~7 @ the Rio Hotel in Las Vegas, NV.
Please check out www.defcon.org for more information about what days the workshops will be held.
Here is a preliminary example of what will be:
* Introduction
* What is Vehicle Network Communications (Demo)
* Compare Vehicle Comms vs. Ethernet
* Compare Vehicle Comms vs. TCP/IP
* Types of Vehicle Network Physical Layers
* CAN Bus
* Devices Used to Connect to CAN BUS
* Arduino (Demo)
* neoVI/ValueCAN (Demo)
* Generic ELM Tool
* DW CAN Bus Physical Network (Wires and Resistive Properties)
* CAN BUS Data Frame
* IPC or other Controller (Demo)
* Understanding the data on the Bus: Diagnostic Message vs. Normal Messages
* Reverse Engineering Normal Messages (Demo)
* Diagnostic Protocols
* Commanding the Vehicle Controllers using CAN BUS
* Understanding Security Systems
* Controller Security Access (Possible Demo)
* Immobilizers (Possible Demo)
* The autoAPIa Project
Workshops schedule has been released go to https://www.defcon.org/html/defcon-19/dc-19-workshops.html#Leale for more information about the workshops. The cost is $200 (Cash only) and it will take place starting at 10:00 AM on Friday, August 5th. I am not sure yet if it is first-come-first-serve or not. I will update when I find out.
Thank everyone for coming out to the DefCon workshop, had many more people that I thought could make it. It was a wonderful success. As promissed here are the links for the workshop's powerpoint: http://www.canbushack.com/defcon19/workshop.pptx
Every CAN message has an Identifier. This is referred to as the Arbitration ID or ArbID. It serves two functions. First, it is to help identify the payload or data of the frame. Second, because no two modules are allowed to send a frame with the same ID, it serves as an arbitration method on which frame gets priority on the bus when two or more messages are sent at the SAME TIME (in other words if a low priority ArbID frame is half-way through sending, a higher priority ArbID will not stop that frame from sending).
So if the ArbID is the identifier of the message, what are Extended IDs? The concept is simple, take the ArbID and add data bytes from the frame as the ID as well. For instance, say you have to messages you want to send: Engine Speed and Engine Coolant Temp. A lot of the time you will see them sent in the same message with the same ID and always in their same respective location in that message. However what if you wanted all of your parameters to occupy byte 5 of every frame, and instead you change out the ID to denote the parameter, but because of application rules you are only allowed to broadcast on a single ID? In this case you would use Extended IDs.
For example your only ID you are allowed to send is ID 0x444 (again this is because of rules imposed by a network design committee not by CAN Bus itself). And you have more data than one frame can possibly hold or you want all of your parameters to be in the 5th byte? In this case you may set byte 1 as your Extended ID and for each parameter you would assign a new ID. So Engine Speed would be 0x0C and Coolant Temp would be 0x05 and Engine Parameter X = 0x06, Y=0x07, etc.
Your Engine Speed Frame would look like this: 0x444 0C 03 00 FF 22 00 00 00 00; where 0x22 Is the engine speed. And for Engine Coolant Temp it may look like this 0x444 05 04 00 FF 10 00 00 00 00; where 0x10 is the Engine Coolant value. So you can see that if you have certain limitations on network IDs, Extended IDs can give you more versatility.
Extended IDs can also be seen in Diagnostics messages as well. For instance Toyota vehicles often use Extended IDs for Diagnostic Requests and Responses. A typical Enhanced Diagnostic Request on Toyota vehicles starts with 0x750 and the first data byte is the Destination Controller Address. Compare this with an OEM that does not use Extended IDs, but rather assigns each ECU Destination address its own Arbitration ID (Ford, GM, Chysler, etc.) The more controllers you have the fewer available Arbitration IDs would be available because they would be taken by Diagnostic Identifiers.
Now you know what some applications are for extended IDs and know that you know, it should be easier for you to identify them when reverse engineering data on the CAN Bus.
With thousands of data parameters flowing continuously along one or more CAN Buses in any particular vehicle, there is no doubt that finding out what these parameters mean can be very benificial, but, in having the data, you can also use it to simulate what is there.
So why would you want to simulate what is ALREADY there? One, because you want to get rid of what is there and add something of your own. Removing the engine and engine controller? No problem just simulate it, the other modules probably wont care. Removing the driver or passenger seat, no problem just simulate it, the other modules probably wont care.
Or two, you want to enhance the functionality of existing controllers. Want the doors to auto-lock at 2mph not 5mph? No problem simulate the lock message, the doors won't mind. Want to have the vehicle chime all the time while the seat belts aren't buckled, no problem simulate the chime.
So how does simulation work? Typically, you will need to look at the message(s) that you want to simulate. What is there Arbitration ID? What is there data length? Is the data static or dynamic? Is it sent periodically, on event, or both? If you send the message and do not remove the original controller that is sending the message are the desired results nullified by the original controller (i.e. if you are sending head lights ON and the original controller is sending head lights OFF, do the headlight turn ON, OFF or flicker?) ?
Once you've answered these questions, then you are ready to begin. So what was the Arbitration ID? Let's say it was 0x555. Ok now what's the data length? 8 bytes with static data, sent periodically at 100ms update rate.
Let's assume this message is a command that moves the driver mirror up when we change the first byte from 0x00 to 0x01. So the message on the Bus looks something like this: 0x555 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00. But if we send our simulated message of 0x555 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 the mirror will move up just a smidge and if we send it at 100ms it will continue to move up until we stop sending or we change the first data byte from 0x01 back to 0x00. However we may notice that the upward movement of the mirror is not as smooth as when I press the up button of the mirror control switch. This is because you are simulating a message that is already present on the CAN Bus. This means that the receiving controller is receiving your message 0x01 and the original controller's message 0x00 and interpreting an Up command when your message arrives and a Stop command when the original controller's message arrives. Depending on how well or bad the software for the mirror control module is written, this may cause havoc on the system you plan to implement, and will most definitely be the source of many CAN Bus Error frames (don't worry there not too bad, in general it is almost impossible to cause any issue when simulating an existing CAN Arbitration ID).
So, in this instants, if we want to make the control as smooth as the original switch, we must stop the existing controller from sending the message. There are a couple of ways to do this, the first is obvious, disconnect or power-down the original controller. Remove a fuse, disconnect the CAN Bus or power from the controller. Now of course this will most definitely have other symptoms, but if your application can tolerate this, then its the easiest and simplest solution.
Next to physically disconnecting the module is using diagnostic messaging to ask the module the stop sending. Often called Disable Normal Communications. If supported, this service will make the module stop sending its data. The problem is that the message format and rules are typically quite different from vehicle manufacture to manufacture, so unless you know what this message is, it is difficult to make this work. Plus this method suffers similar draw-backs as the power-down method mentioned above.
Last, you can gateway the message. Gatewaying the message is done by disconnecting the sending OR receiving module (typically easier when it is the receiver). Once disconnected, you can gateway all of the message to the receiving module EXECPT the one that you want to simulate. This allows you to have complete control over the data in that message while maintaining the messages and data from other modules. As you can imagine this solution requires the most work because you must have a device that is fast, support at least two identical CAN Bus channels, and is quickly programmable. But if you can get these three things together, you will can simulate nearly any message with nearly zero issues.
Well this has been some simulating conversation...
Let me start out with this statement: my OSEK skills are decent, but I'm not the foremost expert here. I will tell you what I know and leave it up to you to belittle me in the comment section. Thank you.
The OSEK standard is a large section of documents that cover many, many aspects of CAN BUS communication, Network Management is a small section of this entire cadre. The entire document can be purchased publicly, I just don't remember how. The Network Management section (2.5.3; available for free download here) is 130+ pages and is a riveting tale of bits and bytes. So let me tell you about some of the highlights…
OSEK Network Management (NM) primarily works by passing a 'token' around a logical 'ring'. This token is simply like passing a one byte message to your neighbor and then your neighbor passes it to his neighbor and so on until it comes back to you and you start the process all over again. The key here is what does the message token mean? At first the message token just broadcasts your network management ID. For example if your CAN BUS Arbitration ID is 0x420 your NM ID would be 0x20 (the lower byte of your Arb. ID). Each node on the bus would have its own NM message. So if you have five nodes you would have five NM messages all of them within a particular range (this range is specified by the OEM not OSEK).
Once the node has sent out its ID, it starts listening for other NM messages (it knows of other NM messages because these messages will be in a particular range of Arbitration IDs). Once a certain time has elapsed it will send a token to its neighbor. This might look like this: 0x420 21 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00. Where the 0x21 is its neighbor's ID and 0x12 is the token. Once the neighbor has received his message, he will in turn send his own NM message with his own token: 0x421 26 32 00 00 00 00 00 00. Where 0x26 is the next node ID in the ring and 0x32 is the token. And then the cycle would continue, where each node passed their token to the next node and so on.
The token is encoded data that indicates the node's desired state for the network. For instant if the network should go to sleep, nodes that wish for sleep will turn on an "enable sleep" bit in the token. If all of the nodes enable this bit, then the final node to elect for sleep will then send the "sleep network" bit and the network will go to sleep. This sleep is only temporary until another message is sent, this will initial a network wakeup and NM messages will start broadcasting with a token that indicates this message is an Initialization message.
So the key to a NM message is how the token is decoded and this is not specified by the OSEK layer but rather by the OEMs themselves.
A legal requirement in most countries, including the U.S., odometer is the measure of the distance your vehicle has traveled. Possibly, this is to aid sellers of the car in appraising the true market value of the vehicle.
Many people have requested if there was a way to modify this value so that they could increase the value of their vehicle correct their miscalculated Odometer and as you can imagine, this is a very difficult task. Similarly I have had request on how to simply read this parameter from the CAN Bus.
First off let me just note that changing or rolling back your odometer is technically not illegal. If you wish you can modify this number without penalty (Don't listen to me I'm not a lawyer). However when it comes time to sell the vehicle you must properly report the true odometer reading by placing a tag on the inside driver's door along the side. This is because device that displays the odometer could go bad and could need to be replaced. In some cases, this means that the odometer value is reset back to zero. When this happens the installer will typically add this tag with the old odometer value and legitimize the install.
So how do you modify an existing odometer? The answer depends firmly on the vehicle that you are attempting to use. This means that some vehicles are moderately difficult and others unbelievably impossible. There are a handful of tools available for technician. If your engine is replaced, in some cases you may be able to reset the odometer. So for this event a technician will have a specialized tool designed to connect to the controller or controllers that may store the odometer's value. This tool, through some secure method, will modify the odometer data that is stored on the controller(s). Of course these tools are difficult to find, cost upwards of $2,000 for one unit, and typically only work for one manufacturer. So they are not very accessible.
So what if you only want to read the odometer from the network? There are a handful of applications that could use the odometer's value as an input. For instance, automotive insurance companies around the globe would like to create a more equitable method for charging rates. In some cases they can install a data logging device into your vehicle and measure the distance that you typically travel. Like your electrical bill, these devices would allow you to pay for only what you use. In the case if you drive a shorter distance you will pay less than another person who drives more than you. This pay-per-mile or pay-per-kilometer idea could give a particular auto insurance agency a competitive advantage for those who commute less and could prove it.
Sadly odometer is not an OBDII legislated PID. This means the federal government does not require OEMs to have this information available to the general public via vehicle diagnostics. So you if you wanted odometer you would have to find it. Like other similar data, odometer may or may not be available via an enhanced diagnostic command and if it is available its ID and request method is not required to be publicly available. So if you want to find it you're going to have to roll up your sleeves, get out your CAN Bus Hacking tool and start reverse engineering.
So what are you looking for? If it is available, odometer could be obtained in one or two different ways: Enhanced Diagnostics or Normal Messages (data that is sent without a request). This means we have two vectors (cool buzz word I learned at defcon) (I'm probably using it wrong) that we need to explore.
Getting Odo via Diagnostics:
As stated in some of my previous blog entries, Enhanced Diagnostics is a Command/Response protocol that allows you to "ask" the controllers for data. This is the preferred method as we can control when the data is broadcast on the network simply by asking. So let's assume we know nothing about how this request is going to look, Enhanced Diagnostics must follow a very specific format for it to be effective. This message format is based on the ISO 15765-2 specification (CANBUSHACK.com: ISO-15765 ). We must also have made a list of command Request IDs (a.k.a. Node IDs) and Response IDs (CANBUSHACK.com: Scan for Diagnostic Data). Once we have the IDs for each node we must now find a list of valid PIDs (Parameter IDs). PIDs are typically a representation of a single parameter for example PID 0x0C in OBDII diagnostics is the Engine Speed data request. So we are looking for the PID that belongs to Odometer…
So let's take a big step back and narrow down the list of possible Services that may be used to request a parameter like odometer. This list is essentially vehicle specific and is not necessarily published anywhere so you will have to have some experience with this to narrow the list. If you don't then your effort will take a bit more time, but it isn't impossible. Typically PIDs are requested using the following services: 0x1A, 0x22, and 0x21. Now it's important to know one thing before we continue: what is the PID size (in bytes) that the controller is expecting. This is typically one or two bytes. For example service 0x1A on GMLAN requires the PID (actually they call it a DID) to be 1 byte in length whereas, the service 0x22 on GMLAN requires two byte PIDs.
Now that we have a small list of possible services, let's start with them (Tip: Services are essentially functions that you are requesting the controller to perform). Let's assume that we have a controller that has a Diagnostic Request ID of 0x734 and a response ID of 0x744, I want to send 0x734 03 1A 01 00 00 00 00 00 to the controller. Translation: Function 0x1A, PID 0x01. Now we are hoping for the following positive response from the controller: 0x744 06 5A 01 00 02 03 04 00 where the 0x5A is the positive response to our 0x1A request (Recall: Service ID plus 0x40 = positive response) and 0x06 lets us know that the data coming back is going to be 4 bytes (why not 6? Because 0x06 includes the service ID response and the PID Echo). 4 bytes is very promising when looking for odometer because chances are we will need this size to be large enough to store all potential values of odometer including possibly scaling it to the 10ths or 100ths of a Mile or Kilometer. 0x01 is the PID that we requested and 0x00020304 is the four byte response data we received.
Odds are that odometer will likely be stored in a large number of bytes because typically the odometer will need to be an overly large number just in case. 4 bytes = 8 bits * 4 = 32 bits; Upper Limit is 2^32 = 4,294,967,296. Why so big? I don't know, maybe it's scaled so the upper limit will be smaller.. But in this case if we rescaled 4,294,967,296 to X/100, this would allow us more granularity of the odometer value itself. Now let's look at our vehicle's odometer value on the dash display. We'll assume it reads 824 Miles. The first thing we that must do is change this value to Kilometers. The metric system is an absolute when dealing with data on the CAN Bus (mostly :). So this is approximately 1,318.4 KM. Now let's convert the data we got back from our controller from hexadecimal to decimal. 0x00020304 = 131,844. So now we simply take the observed data from the CAN Bus and see if there is some correlation to what we saw on the dash and of course we can see this one is quite easily: 131,844/100 = 1,318.4 KM. Now we must hope this isn't some strange, strange coincidence and we'll mark this one down in our book as solved. If we have a chance to validate this on another vehicle this may be ideal.
But what would happen if the controller didn't send a positive response? Nearly 90% of the time the controller is going to say that you have requested a non-existent PID these responses can take many forms but they will always have 0x7F in the second data byte. A typical negative response would look like this 0x744 03 7F 1A 30 00 00 00 00. This follows the ISO 15765 protocol for negative responses and in this example 0x30 is the NRC (negative response code). This code is a clue as to why the data was rejected. Be careful, because sometimes the NRC may be telling to send another message before you request a PID and NOT that you have a bad PID. So pay close attention to the NRC and again take a look at my ISO 15765 post to view a list of NRCs.
Now that we have the Odometer we should be able to read it any time we want. This allows us full control of when we get the data, but there is a possibility that we won't be able to find it using this method. We may want to find a factory scan tool (not an easy task at all!) and see if it can request odometer from the vehicle. If it can, then we need only monitor the request and simulated it by connecting our CAN Bus tool at the same time as the scan tool (OBDII Y-splitter is recommended, obdiicables.com).
Getting Odo via Normal Messages:
Like in our previous example, we are going to be looking for a parameter; the difference is we are essentially looking for a needle in a needle stack. The needle is the odometer and the stack is a lot of other data parameters that are being broadcast by a handful of controllers.
So let's take a second to figure out how we might narrow the list of possible candidates. First, since we are probably in a stationary car, the data should not be changing. So filter out any changing data. Second, the data should be a non-zero value about two to four bytes in length. Third, the data will have to have some type of correlation with odometer value that we see on the dash. The smaller the width (in bytes) of the odometer parameter that we find the more likely that there is some type of scalar associated with it. These scalars may be something like: x/10 or even x*10 or more likely x*2^y (where y could is typically between -4 and 4) or simply x*1. Try to run each possible hit through each possible scalar; this should yield the best results.
In short, odometer is an elusive parameter to find, but with some perseverance you can find it… but then again who cares right?
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On a side note, if you do find odometer on a vehicle, please post.
Ask an "expert." No seriously, an expert. If you have a CAN Bus Hack related question and you want to share your incompetence to the rest of my readers, please feel free to post your questions. If you don't want anyone to know that you don't know what you think you would like to know. Then give shoot me an email by clicking on the "Contact" link on the title bar of canbushack.com.
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Here's a theme that's been causing a lot of debate amongst my peers of late -- is a social intranet the same thing as a social workplace and the same as social collaboration? Can one product or set of features meet the needs of all of these requirements?
The issue here requires an understanding of the differences between communities and teams, affinities and goals.
Defining the Terms
One of the key challenges in this rapidly emerging space is that the vocabulary we have for discussing it is rather poor.
So, the first thing I want to do is define and clarify a few terms. I invite you to debate, discuss and add dimension to these terms. This is what I've laid out as a framework so far.
- Community: a group of people, usually a larger one, 25+ members with some affinity for each other.
- Organization: a company, government agency, enterprise or other formally recognized institution that has a defined purpose for its existence.
- Team: a group of people with a specific objective or purpose for their association.
Many Flavors of Collaboration
Collaboration is not a single concept, but a collection of at least three, which can be subdivided even further once we get into the details. (Hey, if the Inuit can have 37 words for snow...)
I will summarize my ideas on these three types of collaboration (you can also check out the in-depth post I wrote a while back).
- Creative collaboration is a purpose-driven effort toward a specific outcome. There is a specific group of people with a shared objective - in other words, a team. Process, Communication, Organization and Decision making are the critical activities here.
- Connective collaboration is the fine are of connecting the dots, where we (through a weaker set of ties) are able to discover related ideas, key information, spot trends and generally ensure that information and insight is discovered and connected in the right context, at the right time, by the right people. People also use terms like "expertise identification" and "serendipity" to describe this type of collaboration. I think that these are just examples of this type of collaboration, and I don't think that serendipity is a good business plan (we have ways of making serendipity happen - just wait).
- Compounding collaboration is where present meets and leverages past. Where the work of the past is added to, layered upon and compounded so that each of us may stand on the shoulders of those who've come before to accomplish more that we ever could if each had to start from scratch. Some people call this knowledge management. I think it goes well beyond that.
Editor's Note: Also read Hutch Carpenter's Three Types of Collaboration that Drive Innovation.
Connectiveness of Social Intranets
An intranet is (or should be) the digital embodiment of an organization's purpose and resources. It should inform, empower and enable employees to understand the organization, its mission, and the resources and processes available to help them get their work done.


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It was fun running this place for a little over a year but I am no longer interested in running it anymore, let alone staying active on dA anymore, so now I am in search of someone else to run this place. ^ ^;
If you're interested and are capable of answering peoples questions/problems on here with a helpful response then please leave a comment below. You can feel free to do whatever you want with the group (just don't trash it.. or else this was pointless lol).


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From the Cheapskate: Well, after you install them, that is. Plus: one of the best Xbox One deals ever!
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Readers ask questions about how to automate keystroke sequences in OS X, and other topics.
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In Izalco, El Salvador, an idyllic but very poor village nestled under the gaze of the great volcano of the same name, I asked Juliana Ama to help me understand how the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), the guerrillas-turned-political-party, had managed to triumph over the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) in the presidential election on March 15, ending the right-wing party's twenty-year reign. Ama guided me to a dusty, football field-size dirt lot adjacent to a church. The 61-year-old schoolteacher said nothing at first, staring meditatively at a round spot blackened by a campfire or some burnt offering. Then she said simply, "It's our dead."
Her explanation lacked the revolutionary bravado and the análisis político heard from chain-smoking former guerrilla commanders and Facebook-using radical students in San Salvador, the capital. Instead, she threw open her arms and said, "Most of the people killed in the Matanza [the Great Killing] are buried here." Before us lay the remains of many of the 20,000 to 30,000 mostly indigenous Pipil-Nahuat killed in January 1932 on the orders of military dictator Maximiliano Hernández.
In slow, measured speech, Ama, one of a tiny fraction of Salvadorans who identify themselves as indigenous, explained how indigenous peasants like her great-great-granduncle, the peasant leader Feliciano Ama of Izalco, and others from the western coffee-growing part of El Salvador rose up against deadly poverty, stolen land and other abuses in Depression-era El Salvador, only to be brutally slaughtered.
"We've organized commemoration ceremonies on this spot since 2001," said Ama, as she pointed at the darkened patch on the lot. "People who can't remember and are silent are people who are submitted (sumisos). Those ceremonies made it normal and acceptable to be open about the loss of long ago, the loss that still lives with us. Nothing like this was ever possible before, and I think that the ceremony made it possible for people to start being more open about political feelings too."
My initial reason for visiting Izalco during the country's presidential election season was that I'd learned of ARENA's defeat in the Izalco mayoral race in January–the party's first defeat since it was founded in 1981 by Roberto D'Aubuisson, who also founded El Salvador's notorious death squads. The death squads, backed by the right-wing military government, were responsible for killing many of the 80,000 people who died during the bloody civil war of 1980-92.
The FMLN's recent victory in small, neglected Izalco–after campaigning on a message of change backed by a coalition of Catholics, students and evangelicals–had political analysts buzzing about how it might herald a national trend in the lead-up to the historic presidential election. Even some ARENA loyalists I interviewed quoted D'Aubuisson's prophetic maxim: "The day we lose Izalco, that day will be the end of the party."


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March 26, 2014
Scott Hood
With Sharrod Golightly unable to practice as he completed his rehab from recent arthroscopic knee surgery, spurs Jordan Diggs and Larenz Bryant took most of the practice snaps with the first-team defense in the first five spring practices. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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YOUTH FOOTBALL: the talented Penarth Town U8s enjoyed their match against Bogota Columbia
Rebecca Lord / / Sport
PENARTH Town AFC U8s recently played in the 30th Welsh Super Cup Football Tournament in Cardiff and played against a very gifted and talented academy team who had not lost a game from Bogota Colombia.
Penarth were congratulated by the Colombian coaches, officials and the referee after the game heaping praise on the Penarth Town set up of local boys and their style of football vs. the best of Bogota Columbia. The game ended in a 1-1 draw.
"The attitude, enthusiasm and confidence the U8s played with in the tournament was fantastic. I am very proud of what these local boys achieved over two tough days of football against teams who were made up of specially selected players for this prestigious tournament," said Penarth Town coach Shaun Watkins.
Penarth Town were sporting a new style football kit specially designed for the tournament. This was supplied by their sponsor Floor Furnishings Ltd, a professional local flooring company.
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The American Metal Filter RHF0513 is the correct replacement for the following:
The American Metal Filter RHF0513 Range Hood Filter is a standard grease range hood filter made by American Metal Filter Company. It is constructed with an aluminum frame surrounding layers of expanded aluminum and aluminum foil.
American Metal RHF0513 Range Hood Filter Specifications:
The American Metal Filter RHF0513 Range Hood Filter is used in ducted and ductless range hoods, along with over the counter microwave ovens. This grease elimination filter is washable for extending the life of the filter.


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I'm going to go out after school to ride Blu. I'm going to ride strictly in halter and bareback. I plan on posting videos of Groundwork and Bareback stuff. I want to use a halter because 1. I don't have a Bosal 2. I want to test Boo. I want to work on Groundwork and Halter stuff because 1. Blu needs a tune up 2. I just found out that Halter Showmanship is a requirement to complete the horse 4-H program(even though I've never been informed of this/even though our leaders our horrible and our program is definitely downhill).
So, in the longrun, I was hoping you guys wouldn't mind critiquing. Heck, I don't even care if you say you don't like him. I want any and all thoughts. :)
I will also be posting pics of Blu with his "Equine Eyeliner".
I will be focusing on the following in halter:
Head Carriage
I will be focusing on the following in halter riding bareback:
Head Carriage
Seat Control
Leg Pressure
One-Rein Stops
Please critique on the above and anything else you'd like. (Man, I feel professional.)
All my videos will be raw material. Be prepared. However, I will warm up and see how its going to to go before hand. (Lunging/Making sure he'll let me ride bareback since its been awhile/Etc.)
Thanks in advance. It means alot!
NOTE: Remember, I bought Blu as a 'broke' horse. Not a 'trained' one. All I've been doing with Blu has been training. Anything you say will either benefit training/riding or just help me improve. Sorry for such a long post. THANKS again!


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DYERSBURG, Tenn. (AP) -- The state Department of Children's Services has been found liable the deaths of a teenager and her foster father and the injuries of her foster mother after the biological father went on a shooting rampage.
Susan Randolph sued DCS after she was shot and her husband and foster child were killed on Aug. 2, 2009.
Four days earlier, the Randolphs had agreed to temporarily take in the 15-year-old daughter of neighbor Chris Milburn at his request.
In a November ruling that was unsealed last week, a judge ordered DCS to pay $875,000, finding that DCS never warned the Randolphs that Chris Milburn was accused of serious sexual and physical abuse or that he could be violent.
The judge also found the caseworker acted improperly.


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Advanced Search
Online Assessments | News
At a recent policy-making event, Smarter Balanced's governing states cemented their support for several key implementation decisions and are calling for help from educators in participating states to help set the four "performance levels" in advance of the first online assessments, slated for the 2014-2015 school year.
The conference in Minneapolis brought together education chiefs from participating states--there are 21 total — who also voted on their self-developed Career Readiness Frameworks and revised preliminary summative blueprints for ELA and math.
In order to set the four performance levels on the assessments, the consortium will first review the results of the field tests wrapping up in June. For the field tests, more than 20,000 test items and performance tasks were tried out. Afterward, Smarter Balanced will solicit recommendations from educators and other stakeholders in three phases before setting the so-called "threshold test scores," which will ultimately separate the performance levels. The phases include:
As a final step, governing states will meet this fall to review and endorse achievement level recommendations.
"Our approach to achievement level setting emphasizes collaboration and transparency to establish a consistent means of measuring student progress on the Smarter Balanced interim and summative assessments," said Smarter Balanced Executive Director Joe Willhoft in a statement.
The states also voted to endorse the Career Readiness Frameworks created by a special taskforce comprised of representatives from participating states and other experts. The 16 frameworks provide guidance to students, parents, and teachers to help inform students as they set future career and education goals. A different framework was developed for each of the career clusters developed by the National Association of State Directors of Career Technical Education Consortium (NASDCTEc).
Also approved at the meeting were the revised preliminary summative assessment blueprints for ELA/literacy and math, which take a look at the assessments for grades 3-8 and 11 and outline the content and skill areas that will be covered, the number of items used to assess each content and skill area, and whether those items will be part of the computer-adaptive test or the performance task.
The next Smarter Balanced Collaboration Conference will be held in fall 2014.
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Find out why over 900 educators in 48 states say they could be better equipped for emergencies – and what stands in their way. Plus, learn how your school can improve safety, emergency preparedness and everyday efficiency in this just-released report. Download the results and see how your school communications compare.
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Cleveland, OH (SportsNetwork.com) - Tristan Thompson had 17 points, Kyrie
Irving scored 14 and the Cleveland Cavaliers beat the Milwaukee Bucks 99-87 on
Tuesday in the preseason opener for both teams.
Undrafted rookie Kenny Kadji added 15 points and C.J. Miles and Dion Waiters
both scored 12.
Thompson scored eight of his 17 points in the first quarter as the Cavs built
a 28-16 lead going into the second.
Stephen Graham scored 15 points to lead the Bucks and Giannis Antetokounmpo,
this year's No. 15 draft pick, had 14.
Brandon Knight, acquired by the Bucks from the Pistons as part of the Brandon
Jennings deal, was 1 for 8 and scored four points. O.J. Mayo, signed as a free
agent, had seven points.
The Sports Network


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Design: MT443
Graduation Hat Mint Tin
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A great little gift for your BIG day!The Personalized Graduation Hat Mint Tins are a colorful accent to your Graduation party with its grad accents. Each 5/8 inch x 1 3/4 inch Graduation Hat personalized mint tin includes 0.45 ounces of peppermints. Best of all, the Graduation Hat Mint Tins can be personalized with your own custom text.
Please allow ample time for delivery. Our ship date for this product is noted in your shopping cart. Many items are shipped separately, so please allow extra time for these items to arrive. Shipping charges are based on the value of the merchandise and not the number of shipments. For additional shipping information, please contact our Customer Service Department at (email@example.com or 1-800-314-8794).
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2012 Gear & Apparel on SaleSave on 2012 Gear & Apparel on Sale at Proboardshop.com! Great selection of snow gear at unbelievably low prices. Proboardshop has been selling 2012 Gear & Apparel on Sale and outdoor gear for over 30 years and we're proud of it.
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Comment guidelines: Please be respectful to other people when making comments on this page. Bullying and abuse will not be tolerated and may result in your account being banned. Due to feedback from our user community, comments are now only available to registered users.
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Richard Kristian Gutierrez, popularly known as Richard Gutierrez, is a Filipino actor. He is one of the sons of actor Eddie Gutierrez.
List of links to Richard Gutierrez fansites:


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Article Summary
While you may feel quite virtuous when you leave all your glass containers out for recycling, you might be surprised to know that much of your colored glass won't be used. That's because even though there's a fairly constant demand for recycled clear glass, glass in colors such as green, brown and blue isn't all that sought-after, so many recycling centers don't bother processing it. As a result, waste colored glass is now being stock-piled in some locations, waiting for a use. Thanks to research conducted at the University of Greenwich, however, that glass may soon be used for filtering pollutants out of ground water.
Read the full article: Waste glass could be used to clean water
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I've started my first quarter at Cal State LA, and so far I feel like I'm where I'm supposed to be. I really like the energy on campus, the... More.
On Power and Appearance
April 28, 2011 | 1:07 pm
In this latest dispatch from my brain, I'm thinking about appearance and power. A good friend of mine has been reporting getting harassed on her street a lot... More.


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We Are the Dead by tntrekabulatorWatch
©2013-2016 tntrekabulator
Daily DeviationGiven 2013-08-01
We Are the Dead by *tntrekabulator ( Suggested by DiamonEyes and Featured by pullingcandy )
The August, 2013 Horror/Macabre Daily Deviation Round-Up has been released. You can find your spooktacular piece right here! Thank you for submitting your gloriously gory work to Deviant Art.
ur make up looks like kurloz's off of homestuck...I LIKE IT! :3
This is amazing!
I saw your other deviations they are equally great!
Kudos to you!
I saw your other deviations they are equally great!
Kudos to you!
This is cool.
Really cool
not so scary when looking at it straight on, but out of the corner of my eye thats HORRIFYING. o_o
Congrats on the DD!
Well, who needs sleep anyways?
I'm thinking of The Machinist from seeing this. =O
Congrats on the DD!
never seen it is that the one where christian bale is skin and bones? XD
This is the kind of disturbing that's intriguing and sad and beautiful all at the same time... Sort of the way I feel about the dark...
hahahah XD thanks
Simple, yet fantastic. Nice work!
Reminds me of the music video for "If I Had a Heart" by Fever Ray. Cool stuff, yo.
Wow when I saw this, I literally got chills running down my spine. great job!
And congrats on DD
I was listening to some Silent Hill music when I saw this, pretty fitting I think


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Advanced Search
Learning Resources | News
MathTutor Educational Software is now offering permanent site licenses for its Math Tutor series of interactive learning software.
The series is designed for students in grades 6 through 12 and includes concepts and skills and practice and review versions on each of the following topics:
The new licenses are non-expiring and cover an unlimited number of students and computers at a single site. Licenses will also allow schools to provide free copies of the software to students for home use.
More information is available at mathtutor.com.
About the Author
Joshua Bolkan is the multimedia editor for Campus Technology and THE Journal. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Find out why over 900 educators in 48 states say they could be better equipped for emergencies – and what stands in their way. Plus, learn how your school can improve safety, emergency preparedness and everyday efficiency in this just-released report. Download the results and see how your school communications compare.
Read more...
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About weatheringpoints
By: weatheringpoints , 6:36 PM GMT on November 23, 2013
Now on DVD/BLU-RAY A Place at the Table: One Nation. Underfed.
About the Film:
50 Million Americans—1 in 4 children—don't know where their next meal is coming from. A Place at the Table tells the powerful stories of three such Americans, who maintain their dignity even as they struggle just to eat. In a riveting journey that will change forever how you think about the hungry, A Place at the Table shows how the issue could be solved forever, once the American public decides—as they have in the past—that ending hunger is in the best interests of us all.
Hunger in Your Community
Take the Hunger Quiz here
From MSNBC: America's New Hunger Crisis
One more thing . . .
Vote for a GoldieBlox commercial to air during the Super Bowl at Small Business Big Game
hattip: upworthy
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The most powerful schools in college sports are about to get a chance to make their own rules.
The NCAA board of directors voted 16-2 on Thursday to approve a historic package of changes that allows the five richest football conferences — the ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12 and SEC — to unilaterally change some of the rules that have applied to all Division I schools for years. The 65 universities in those leagues will also benefit from a new, weighted voting system on legislation covering the 350 schools in Division I.
"I think what it really does is pave the way for us to enact changes that will benefit student-athletes in a more significant way," said Colorado athletic director Rick George. "It preserves the collegiate model, so I think this is a great day for student-athletes."
Colorado is a member of the Pac-12.
Athletic directors of area schools not in the "power five" conferences were not so enamored with the vote. Hans Mueh of the Air Force Academy and Peg Bradley-Doppes of the University of Denver took an apprehensive view of Thursday's action.
"The devil is in the detail," said Bradley-Doppes. "It's crucially important that we remember we're dealing with amateur athletics. We're not a farm program for professional sports. We're in the business of educating our students through sports about the game of life.
"I think this will create incredible discussions on every campus throughout the country. I hope those discussions cause people to get their heads out of the sand. I would love to keep Division I athletics intact. This will only increase the gap between the haves and have-nots."
Mueh said he isn't opposed to all items in the proposal, such as improved insurance coverage for student-athletes. But, he has doubts about the decision.
"The big five say they are doing this for all the good reasons," Mueh said. "I would like to believe that. But I hope the educational and ethical standards we have aren't eroded by this. I hope I'm wrong, but when you get into this super conference structure, some of those values will take a back seat.
"Those five conferences already get 97 percent of the television revenues. What do they want, 100 percent?"
On the field, Colorado State coach Jim McElwain plans to keep making strides while knowing his job just became harder.
"When it comes down to it, obviously, from a recruiting standpoint, a kid might go to some lower-end big five because of the money, which I can't blame them," McElwain said. "But you know what, Colorado State has a lot to sell, and we'll adjust and adapt and overcome. I'm sure none of us know the ramifications of exactly what (will happen), and I'm sure there are probably some of those coaches and administrations who are wondering how they're going to do it. ...
"It's going to get harder and will depend on how big is the separation. I don't think any of us know that yet."
Among the first key decisions by the power conferences is whether to expand scholarships to cover up to the full cost of attendance. Legislation to give athletes an additional $2,000 to cover college expenses was approved by the board in October 2011 but was overridden later after complaints from smaller schools, spurring the effort to pass the autonomy reforms. The power conference schools will likely need to expand their budgets to cover more spending for athletes, such as the cost of a scholarship and added insurance.
"We're anticipating that, yes, there will be a hit to our budgets financially," George said. "But we'll work to find out what's best for CU."
This report contains material from Denver Post sports writer Terry Frei and The Associated Press.


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endedJournal Entry: Mon Jan 7, 2013, 8:49 AM
this give away has ended go here for this weeks
Project Weekly give away comment to enter 21 Jan
this give away has ended
here is the new one of this week
ended by Tsuki-SoraRukiWatch
©2013-2016 Tsuki-SoraRuki
ok and this will be my 2nd
comment number 1
I love this giveaway ^_^
Ehm... hello... i guess
commento numba thuree (comment number #3)
Have I commented on this yet...?
Comment 3
comment 2
comment 4
comment 4 (I think--it was either 3 or 4...)
Comment 4!
Comment 2 (or 3?) I dont know
Last Comment! Good luck guys!
WoopWoop! Good luck everyone XD
Good luck, all. n_n
Comment #4~~~
Comment 3~
3rd~ By the way, thanks so much for doing this! And to all those that contribute! ^^
3th comment ^^
5th comment.
2nd comment!
thirrrddd commeeennttooo lol!
First comment!
1st comment!!!
Comment #3!
And so it end here.
Comment 3!
Comment #5
seconnddd comment hehehe!
4th comment!
sencond ~
well i think i could give this a shot (1st Comment )
4th Comment
4th comment.
i think this is my third comment... i think.
Comment #2! GOODLUCKGUYS


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Building and Planning
Public Works Building
1026 W. Broadway
Spokane, WA 99260
Our team of professional administrative, technical, and support staff carry out responsibilities involving administration and enforcement of County and State Codes related to regional comprehensive land use planning, development, construction and alteration of buildings within the County.
The Permit Center, located on the main floor of the Public Works Building, is designed to provide for the majority of County land use, development, permitting and construction plan review functions at a single, convenient location. In most cases, the Center eliminates the necessity of traveling to other buildings for information, clearances or approvals.
Building and Planning fees will remain unchanged for the 2016 fiscal year. Minor housekeeping revisions will be made to our building permit applications and fee brochure i...read more
Notice is hereby given that the Spokane County Commissioners will hold a Public Hearing on Tuesday, September 22, 2015, at 5:30 p.m. to consider oral and written testimon...read more
The Spokane County Board of Commissioners held a public hearing on June 15, 2015. The purpose of the public hearing was to consider testimony for a proposed amendment to th...read more
The Airport Overlay Zoning Text and Map Amendments will be applicable to the unincorporated areas around Spokane International Airport, Felts Field and Deer Park airports...read more
Spokane County will begin an emphasis program focusing on IRC Section R602.10 and the wall bracing details for plans submitted on or after November 3, 2014. This will appl...read more
Public Works Building
1026 West Broadway
Spokane, WA 99260
Map & Directions


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This course will introduce the student to the core development skills and practices needed to develop an application on the Android platform. Code examples will be provided during instruction with the goal of development of an application by the student at the end of the course. The language for the course is Java.
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- Detail Images
What keeps you warmer, a T-shirt or the MontBell Women's Ultralight Down Vest? If you guessed the former, remind us not to plan a winter camping trip with you. If you picked the latter, you are correct; and yet this super-warm vest doesn't occupy any more space in your pack, or weigh any more, than your average tee.
The Ultralight Down Vest is packed with 800-fill goose down, which is lightweight and lofts easily after being compressed. While warmth is this jacket's hallmark, it also does a nifty job at keeping wind and moisture out. The 15D Ballistic Airlight nylon shell ensures durability without sacrificing weight, and Polkatex DWR coating keeps out all extra moisture trying to sneak in (it's rated to maintain effectiveness for 100 washes). Single-quilt construction reduces weight and stuffs easily into your pack or pocket. Can your tee do that? Nope, it can't.
- 15D Ballistic Airlight nylon shell
- Polkatex DWR coating
- 800-fill goose down
- Single-quilt construction
- Stuff sack included
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My favorite vest
- Familiarity:I've put it through the wringer
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I bought this vest last year and been using it all the time. I love everything about it, it is so light and compact, it is warm, it is very stylish and functional.


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Sociolcultural Perspectives: Building School, Family & Community Relationships
Examine the interrelationships among students, schools and society. Learn about the ways in which race, class, gender, language, culture, and ethnicity influence how we define each other and ourselves within the broader culture of U.S. society. Explore the historical antecedents influencing the lives of exclusive and diverse peoples of the United States, as a foundation for understanding the policies, goals, assumptions, strategies, and practices of multicultural approaches to education. Draw on various models to construct educational curricula that are multicultural and socially re-constructionist. Within the context of public schooling today, read about how to develop students cultural consciousness of the shared societal assumptions, experiences and/or our interactions with individuals from diverse backgrounds. Prepracticum experiences will deepen understandings of the interrelationships among students, schools and society.
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Brian comes to the realization that he's in love with Lois after leaving messy stains on the Griffins' carpet.
Peter and his family take cover in the basement on New Year's Eve and emerge to find a different world.
The Griffins and their neighbors build an award-winning float, but the trophy disappears; Child Services takes Stewie from the family.
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Welcome to West Side MOPS!
Meeting the 1st & 3rd Fridays
October 2015 thru May 2016 from
9:30 a.m. to 11:15 a.m.
Registration is open!
About Us
West Side MOPS (Mothers-of-Preschoolers) is a support group for mothers of young children that has been an actively serving West Seattle for over 25 years! We recognize the incredibly important task that mothers are taking on and offer them a unique opportunity by providing a 2-hour retreat that includes childcare. It's a chance for worn-out mothers to relax, enjoy a snack, an uninterrupted conversation, and to receive encouragement from our mentor moms. It's also a wonderful place to forge friendships with other women who can empathize about these challenging preschool years.
Join us Friday, October 2nd at our first meeting with this year's theme. A Fierce Flourishing!
For you shall go out in joy and be led forth in peace; the mountains and the hills before you shall break forth into singing, and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands. Isaiah 55:12
Sometimes we need new eyes. A perspective shift that recalibrates our hearts to the rhythm of God's goodness surrounding us. To tune our hearts to better hear the music of the divine echoing throughout this world. That we might let that goodness seep into our bones and into our hearts so we can remember what it feels like to flourish.
This year, each registered member will receive A Fierce Flourishing Guidebook, a workbook for every mom.
We meet twice a month at West Side Presbyterian Church in West Seattle. We meet formally October through May, the first and third Friday of the month from approximately 9:30 a.m. until 11:15 a.m.
Childcare is provided by West Side Presbyterian volunteers, whom we lovingly refer to as our MOPPETS Helpers. Moms drop off the children in their pre-assigned MOPPETS rooms between 9:00 a.m. and 9:15 a.m. and then join the group in Howell Auditorium for some much-needed Mom Time.
West Side MOPS is a member of MOPS international.


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January 6, 2013
I am looking to connect with a theater community again, as I have been, off and on, throughout most of my life. The most fun is to read the play, of course, discuss it, laugh a lot, and then maybe go get a beer together when we are done.
High School. Community theater in SF years ago (Interplayers, Actors' Workshop, Marina Players.) Millbrae Players, Hillbarn. Most recently, I wrote and performed a comic monolouge for Marsh Theater in SF.
I love the heavies, like those of Eugene O'Neill. But I am drawn to play comedy--I am good at it. I have been told I have good timing. I love character roles.
I am a writer and dancer, (3 books published, including "Power to the Dancers!") Born in SF. Now on peninsula. Love people, theater, and parties (and most other things.) Recently belonged to a play-reading group which disbanded, unfortunately.
A very fine group
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About This Activity
Family friendly 5K! $80 maximum fee per family. Registration form available at organization website.New this year - Half Marathon 2-person relay. Relay exchange takes place right at the halfway mark. Prizes for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place only. We will not distinguish between co-ed and same sex teams.Super fast and flat course along the Gulf of Mexico.Free pasta dinner for half marathon entrants the night before the race. $10 for additional adults, $25 for the whole family.