text:
Characters: Watership Down
Spoilers are unmarked below.
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Sandleford Warren rabbits
- Voiced by: John Hurt (movie), Ian Shaw (TV Series)
- Ascend to a Higher Plane of Existence: At the end of the book, El-ahrairah invites him to join his Owsla.
- Badass Normal: Is not extraordinarily strong or big and certainly nothing against Bigwig or Holly. Still becomes chief rabbit and even keeps the position after he has a permanent slight limp from being shot. Just by having earned the trust and respect of his fellow rabbits before and keeping up to it. Hell, even Bigwig follows his orders without hesitation even though he would only call him Chief Rabbit the day he would stop fighting. In the usual warren structure, he would have been kicked out or even killed by a stronger opponent.
- Big Brother Instinct / Big Brother Mentor: Toward Fiver.
- The Captain
- Deadpan Snarker: Though only towards Bluebell, who just seems to bring out that side in him.
- A Father to His Men: There are plenty of rabbits more powerful than Hazel, Bigwig for example, and in most warrens, Asskicking Equals Authority. Hazel never gets challenged as leader though, because he has earned the trust and respect of the rest of his warren.
- Founder of the Kingdom
- Handicapped Badass: After he gets shot, his leg causes him infrequent pain and makes it difficult for him to run for the rest of his life. Within the plot he notes that this would normally end his rule as chief rabbit, if not get him exiled or killed, so the fact he keeps on acting as chief-rabbit is impressively badass.
- Woundwort spares his life, considering him not worth killing. He doesn't even consider that he could be the chief rabbit because he is only of average size and walks with a slight limp, and this mistake ultimately dooms Woundwort.
- The Hero
- Meaningful Name: The hazel tree is a symbol of wisdom.
- Non-Action Guy: He's not very strong to begin with, and after his injury, he'd be pretty much useless in a fight.
- Officer and a Gentleman: He was actually modeled on a British officer the author knew.
- The Quest
- Shrouded in Myth: Hazel-rah.
- Take a Third Option: Several times. In fact, one of the main reasons why he makes such a good leader is his willingness to think outside the box and try new solutions.
- The Men First: If the group as a whole can't escape he'll remain with the ones that can't (Usually Fiver and Pipkin) to protect them as best he can.
- Wide-Eyed Idealist: Many characters view him as this; even his own followers sometimes think he's too naive in his belief in the good of everyone. However, when it comes down to it he's usually right when he decides to trust someone.
- Voiced by: Richard Briers (movie), Anthony Falvey (TV series)
- The Cassandra: Subverted, somebody actually listens and some of them leave Sandleford Warren before it's too late. Furthermore, after the others realize his warning about the danger of Cowslip's Warren is on the money, his counsel effectively becomes Word Of God to them.
- Cowardly Lion: While he cowers, shakes in fear and has to be coaxed going everywhere, it's also surprisingly a Moment of Awesome when he goes out on his own to find his brother, even though he knows full well that his brother was shot.
- Dissonant Serenity: His little chat with Vervain. Dear God. Fiver, previously thought to be dead by the Efrafrans suddenly sits there, calm, looking at them, and then apologizes to Vervain for Vervain's imminent death. And continues to explain that after all it was their own fault. Since they came to kill the rabbits of the Watership Down warren... and he says this all in a very calm, serene, soft voice... while Vervain sees him surrounded by ghosts of 'rabbits done to death months before in the tunnels of Efrafa...' Fiver is a Freakin'. Damn. Scary. Fluffball.
- Dream Land/Another Dimension: Fiver discusses the concept with Hazel, as Fiver travels in this land in a vision to find out whats happened to Hazel after he goes missing. No one doubts its existence because in Lapine mythology El-ahrairah moves between this place and "Another" at will, and Fiver is well aware of its existence from his visions, and claims that this spirit world is, in its own way, just as dangerous as the mundane one most rabbits know.
- Fainting Seer
- Herald: Fiver's visions call Hazel to action.
- Intellectual Animal: He's not on Blackberry's level. But he's almost always the only other rabbit to understand the concepts Blackberry tries to explain.
- Indeed, sometimes the others refer to him and Blackberry collectively as "the clever rabbits."
- Waif Prophet: He was the runt of the litter.
- You Are Number Six: His name, "Hrair-roo," literally means something like "little many," since rabbits can't count past four.
- Voiced by: Michael Graham Cox (movie), Stephen Mangan (TV series)
- Badass
- The Big Guy: One of three Big Guys, in fact, but he's definitely the Biggest.
- Boisterous Bruiser
- Colonel Badass
- Deadpan Snarker: He can get quite sarcastic if he's being given orders that he thinks are ridiculous. He'll still carry them out though.
- Determinator: Shown several times - in getting away from Holly at Sandleford, in surviving the snare at Cowslip's warren, and so forth - although the pinnacle of this trope is shown when he places himself bodily between Watership Down and its complete destruction.
- Fake Defector
- Hidden Depths: It's easy to write him off as Dumb Muscle, but you'd be doing him a great disservice. He's quite a bit smarter than he would appear and his gruff demeanour hides a Jerk with a Heart of Gold.
- Jerk with a Heart of Gold
- Jumped at the Call: He found Fiver to be very persuasive and joined the group with little additional prompting
- The Lancer
- The Mean Brit: He does have a kinder side though.
- Not Quite Dead: "My heart has joined the thousand, for my friend stopped running today."
- Pardon My Klingon: "Silflay hraka, u embleer rah!"
- Reverse Mole: He infiltrates Efrafa and joins the Owsla for the express purpose of bringing its does to Watership Down.
- Sergeant Rock: At times he slips into Drill Sergeant Nasty mode as well.
- You Shall Not Pass: And unlike many examples, he survives.
- Voiced by: Simon Cadell (movie), Sue Elliott Nicholls (TV series)
- Big Brother Mentor: He's the person Hazel turns to for advice.
- Gender Flip: The TV series made him a doe, for some reason.
- Intellectual Animal: Not by very much, but enough.
- The Professor: Has a dim grasp of buoyancy, leverage and other technical matters that go completely over most rabbits' heads.
- The Smart Guy: He's the rabbit that discovers the concept of floating. This bit of insight comes in handy later in the book.
- Voiced by: Roy Kinnear (movie), Elliot Herderson-Boyle (TV series)
- Character Development: Though it mostly happens in the background, and in small ways, Pipkin does change and develop a lot over the book, starting out as afraid of everything and gradually becoming a loyal and steadfast companion.
- Cheerful Child: The TV series not only portrays him as very young, but removes his timid nature as well, making him this.
- Cowardly Lion: Timid and easily scared he may be, but thanks to his fierce loyalty to Hazel and Fiver he'll show surprising courage at times.
- Tagalong Kid: More in the TV series than in the book.
- Took a Level in Badass: Replace "Pippin" with "Pipkin" and you get the idea.
- Undying Loyalty: Towards Hazel. At one point Hazel is considering a suicide-mission into Efrafa to rescue Bigwig and Pipkin responds simply "I will go with you."
- Towards Fiver, as well. He's willing — heck, he begs — to try to save Fiver, despite knowing he would likely be killed in the attempt.
- Voiced by: Richard O'Callaghan (movie), Phil Jupitus (TV series)
- Composite Character: In the TV series, he has taken on most of Bluebell's character traits.
- Spoony Bard: Subverted a bit given that his speed makes him quite useful; when they fight a cat, for instance, Bigwig goes for it first but Dandelion actually reaches it first, giving it a scratch before jumping clear.
- And then completely averted in the part with the dog. It's explicitly stated that he had to run faster than even he ever had before to stay ahead of it, meaning that if he had not been there, and Hazel had to make do with a slower rabbit (i.e. any other rabbit), that rabbit would have been caught and killed, the plan would have failed, and the warren would have been destroyed.
- The Storyteller
- Those Two Guys: With Hawkbit in the TV series.
- Voiced by: Terence Rigby (movie)
- The Big Guy: He's the muscle of the team when Bigwig is incapacitated, not available, or just not willing to follow orders.
- Determinator: He certainly has shades of this, particularly when it comes to the defeat of Efrafa.
- Noble Fugitive: Although Silver is the nephew of Threarah (the Chief Rabbit of the warren where the story begins), he joins Hazel's exodus and proves himself a skilled fighter and reliable follower.
Described as a "decent, straight-forward fellow," Buckthorn is an outskirter from Sandleford with a tough, sturdy and sensible nature.
- The Big Guy: Along with Bigwig and Silver.
- Gentle Giant: Of the three Big Guys, Buckthorn is the gentlest and least inclined to fight.
- Simple-Minded Wisdom: Though he doesn't play the classic trope completely straight, since nobody thinks of him as an idiot and Hazel in fact deliberately labels him as the most sensible one in his crew. At the end of the book, he and Strawberry become Groundsel's chief advisors in the new warren.
- The Worf Effect: Twice gets injured in a non-critical fight to demonstrate the dangers of the situation (first by rats during the journey, then in the escape from Efrafa).
- Voiced by: Lee Ross (TV series)
- Ascended Extra: He's an extremely minor character who is left out of every single adaptation of the book except the TV series, where he's one of the main characters.
- Deadpan Snarker: Not in the book, but in the TV series he's developed a notable talent for sarcasms.
- The Eeyore: He grows out of it in the book. In the series, not so much.
- Grumpy Bear
- Jerk with a Heart of Gold: He may complain and say mean things, but he proves to ultimately be a loyal and dependable rabbit.
- Took a Level in Jerkass: In the ninth episode of the TV series, he harshly blames Fiver for the destruction of the old warren. But after Bigwig gives him a "very serious talk", it's shown that he was so angry at Bigwig earlier that he took his anger out on Fiver. Fortunately, he goes back to normal.
- Sarcastic Devotee
- Sour Supporter
Speedwell and Acorn
Two outskirters from Sandleford who join Hazel's crew. Apart from a few scenes and lines here and there, they don't get very much attention in the original novel — though Speedwell got A Day in the Limelight in the sequel, Tales From Watership Down.
- Cloudcuckoolander: In Speedwell's Story the story he tells makes Speedwell come across as this.
- A Day in the Limelight: Speedwell's Story from the sequel, a nonsense tale which Speedwell tells the other rabbits, is easily the book's Funny Moment (and usually the one part that even fans who didn't like the sequel enjoy).
- Deadpan Snarker: Speedwell has traces of this.
- Generic Guy: Acorn doesn't get much characterization.
- Killed Off for Real: Not in the original novel, but in the sequel Acorn dies.
- Red Shirt: Along with Hawkbit, they're really only in the story to fill out the number of rabbits — though it can be argued that Speedwell, thanks to the sequel has been upgraded to Mauve Shirt.
- Those Two Guys: Or those three guys, with Hawkbit.
- Voiced by: John Bennett (movie)
- The Good Chancellor: Reliable, unambitious and not prone to mischief.
- Head-in-the-Sand Management: He was the Threarah's Captain of Owsla and tried to stop anyone from deserting the warren.
- Heel-Face Turn: In the beginning of the book, Holly tries to arrest Bigwig and Silver. He eventually ends up joining the group.
- My Master, Right or Wrong: In a way he is the "good side" version of Campion, always sticks by his chief and is very efficient. He stuck by the Threarah, and when the Threarah died he stuck by Hazel.
- Number Two: Described in the novel as a born second-in-command. He was the Threarah's Captain of Owsla and kept discipline in the Sandleford Warren. While serving Hazel he is still a loyal, no-nonsense, officer.
- Officer and a Gentleman
- Pair the Spares: Holly and Clover end up as mates while most of the other characters are on the expedition to Efrafa.
- Supporting Protagonist: Holly gets this duty twice in the book. And neither story is a happy one.
- Hazel: "Don't make it too grim, Holly."Holly: "Grim? I haven't even begun."
- Zen Survivor
Another ex-member of the Sandleford Owsla, Bluebell survives the Sandleford Massacre and is the only one of Holly's group to make it to Watership Down.
- Adapted Out: Despite being a major character in the latter parts of the novel, as well as the sequel, he has yet to appear in any of the adaptations. The cartoon series gives several of his character traits to Dandelion, though.
- Ascended Extra: Within the novel itself. He's literally a nameless extra in the first part of the book, but upon his re-introduction along with Holly in the second part, he gets not only a name and a characterization, but becomes one of the major characters. In the sequel he's also a constant presence, constantly joking and lightening the mood for the other rabbits when things get difficult.
- Heel-Face Turn: He follows Holly's, though unlike Holly he is not named and gets no characterization in the initial confrontation with Bigwig.
- The Jester: Though he annoys many of the rabbits with his jokes, Holly notes that if it wasn't for Bluebell's joking, both of them would have given up and died long before reaching Watership Down.
- Motor Mouth: He's a chatterer, constantly joking and rambling on about nonsensical things — though his constant talking has a clear purpose, namely to relieve tension and encourage the others to forget how dire their situation really is.
- Plucky Comic Relief: Pretty much his main function as The Jester.
- Rhymes on a Dime: It becomes a minor Running Gag in the novel that Bluebell makes up some nonsense poem and Hazel, in Deadpan Snarker mode, finishes it with a biting final rhyme.
- Spoony Bard: Perhaps even more so than Dandelion.
- The Storyteller: When Dandelion isn't available, or in the mood, for telling stories, Bluebell is the one who steps in.
The Threarah
- Voiced by: Ralph Richardson (movie)
- Accidental Misnaming: Keeps calling Hazel "Acorn" to the point where it's hinted he's doing it on purpose.
- Asskicking Equals Authority: Mentioned more than actually shown, but the Threarah is noted as being a very dangerous fighter.
- Genius Bruiser: Was this in his prime; his physical strength combined with his wits and his capabilities to think outside the box was what made him Chief Rabbit in the first place. At the time of the story, he's getting old, but isn't quite the Retired Badass just yet.
- Head-in-the-Sand Management: Can seem like this to the reader when he refuses to listen to Fiver's warnings, but as Holly later explains, his reasons for doing so were actually quite sound — most self-proclaimed prophets are frauds, and even if Fiver is genuine the warren will lose more rabbits from a mass evacuation than from a flood or hunters. Tragically, the oncoming disaster is more massive than the Threarah can imagine or Fiver can explain coherently.
- Spell My Name with a "The": He's always referred to as the Threarah, though nobody can really say why — the narrator theorizes that it might be "because there happened to be only one threar, or rowan, near the warren, from which he took his name."
One of the officers of the Sandleford Owsla; he's a jerk and a bully — which unfortunately seems to be rather common for Sandleford Owsla members. He escapes the warren with Holly and Bluebell but his brain has been addled by the humans' poisons and he dies shortly after.
- The Bully: He picks on outskirters like Fiver and Hazel mainly because he's bigger and stronger than them.
- Final Speech: One of the few characters in the novel to get one, in which he displays an accurate understanding of why the humans destroyed the colony:Holly (narrating): Bluebell had been saying that he knew the men hated us for raiding their crops and gardens, and Toadflax answered: "That wasn't why they destroyed the warren. It was just because we were in their way. They killed us to suit themselves." Soon after that he went to sleep, and a little later, when we were alarmed by some noise or other, we tried to wake him and realized he was dead.
- Hair-Trigger Temper: Notorious for knocking you down first and asking questions later.
- Jerkass: This is his primary characteristic.
Cowslip's warren
- Voiced by: Denholm Elliott (movie), Stephen Fry (TV series (Season 1-2)), Anthony Jackson (TV series (Season 3))
- Berserk Button: The wires.
- The Fatalist
- The Scottish Trope: Never mention the wires, and if someone disappears, never ask where they have gone.
- Wicked Cultured: poetry, rudimentary cave art, and other human-like mannerisms. And in every dramatization he speaks with a posh accent.
- Voiced by: Robert Harper (TV series (Season 1-2)), Paul Panting (TV series (Season 3))
- Default To Good: After Nildro-hain, his mate, dies, Strawberry joins the heroes because he realises that they're his best chance to stay alive, and he doesn't want to stay in the place that would ignore the fact that his mate died.
- Defector from Decadence
- Gentle Giant: Like all the rabbits of his warren, he's pretty big, but he's not at all a fighter.
- Heel-Face Turn
- Lazy Bum: At first in the TV series until Character Development kicks in. In Season 3, you can tell that he's worked hard.
- Non-Action Guy
- Voiced by: Tim McInnerny (TV series (Season 1-2)), Stephen Mangan (TV series (Season 3))
- Ascended Extra: A curious version in the TV series; he's not present for his original scenes, but in the third season he appears and gets a large role.
- Evil Counterpart: Although he's not actually presented as evil, he's clearly the dark counterpart to Fiver, who is terrified at the truth of Silverweed's poetry. In the TV series, he has more of an antagonistic role, though as we find out, he's actually just misguided.
- Fiver: "He smells like barley left out in the rain to rot. He smells like a mole that's wounded and can't get underground."Hazel: "He smells like a big fat rabbit to me, with a lot of carrots inside."
- The Fatalist: most prominent in Silverweed's poem.
- Trapped in Another World: After Fiver travels in "another place" to find Hazel after he's gone missing, he tells Hazel that the other place exists, and is just as dangerous as the mundane world, if not more so. He then mentions Silverweed and states that:"He knew where he belonged, and it wasn't here. Poor fellow, I'm sure he's dead. They'd got him all right—the ones in that country. They dont give away their secrets for nothing, you know."
Efrafan rabbits
General Woundwort
- Voiced by: Harry Andrews (movie), John Hurt (TV series)
- Authority Equals Asskicking: He's killed and mutilated rivals and upstarts to stay at the top of the heap.
- Badass: Fearless, domineering and vengeful.
- Handicapped Badass: The film version only has one working eye, but kicks ass regardless.
- Big Bad
- The Brute
- Dying Moment of Awesome: In-universe example. Defeating Watership Down would have left him a tyrant: being defeated would have marked him a failure. Taking A Third Option made him a legend.
- Such was Woundwort's monument; and perhaps it would not have displeased him.
- Evil Counterpart: He manages to be one to both Hazel and Bigwig. Like Hazel, he is a visionary who'll gladly go away from tradition if he finds that the new ways work better, but where Hazel uses cleverness, forms alliances and basically treats everyone with kindness, Woundwort is a military rabbit who bullies and intimidates his followers. And like Bigwig, he's a strong and suicidally brave Lightning Bruiser, but where Bigwig uses his strength to aid his friends, Woundwort uses his to oppress his enemies.
- Founder of the Kingdom
- Four-Star Badass: Discontent with the ordinary title of Chief, Woundwort has created a police state and given himself the rank of General.
- Freudian Excuse
- From Nobody to Nightmare: Last survivor of an isolated rabbit family destroyed by weasels, he was taken in by a kindly human. Once he felt strong enough to make his own way, he escaped, survived the perils of a lone rabbit in the wilderness, found a warren and fought his way to the top.
- General Ripper
- Genius Bruiser: He's physically by far the most intimidating rabbit in the whole story, but he's also got a sharp mind and a capability to think outside the box shared by few other characters in the story. This combination of cunning and sheer brute strength allowed him to gain control of a warren he entered at the bottom rung.
- Hair-Raising Hare: He's pictured on the main page for a reason.
- The Heavy
- Killer Rabbit
- Knight Templar: Publicly he orders everyone in Efrafa around for their safety, but he's actually just driven by a lust for power.
- Large And In Charge: Woundwort is probably the largest and strongest rabbit in the entire novel and he rules Efrafa with an iron fist.
- Names to Run Away from Really Fast: The irony being that, while the word "wound" certainly bears negative connotations, the woundwort plant is actually a widely-used medicinal herb.
- Villainous Valor: A severe case, possibly even a mental illness. Even his determination to keep Efrafa hidden from humans is based not on fear, but on his knowledge of humanity's abilities.
- Visionary Villain: Although this is explicitly rejected by Adams in a crucial scene, when Hazel tries to convince him they can co-exist peacefully:At that moment, in the sunset on Watership Down, there was offered to General Woundwort the opportunity to show whether he really was the leader of genius and vision which he believed himself to be, or whether he was no more than a tyrant with the courage and cunning of a pirate. For one beat of his pulse the lame rabbit's idea shone clearly before him. He grasped it and realized what it meant. The next, he had pushed it away from him. The sun dipped into the cloud bank and now he could see clearly the track along the ridge, leading to the beech hangar and the bloodshed for which he had prepared with so much energy and care."I haven't time to sit here talking nonsense," said Woundwort.
- Woobie, Destroyer of Worlds: Knowing his backstory, it's hard not to feel sympathy for the little rabbit kitten crying over his dead mother.
- Voiced by: Hannah Gordon (movie)
- Action Girl: Less so in the novel than in the film, though she has her moments.
- Adaptation Name Change: In the TV series, she's named Primrose.
- The Cassandra: In an interesting variant, she manages to dismiss her own visions as being too ludicrous, even though they turn out to be completely accurate.
- The Chick: She's the primary female character, as Clover drops out of the third act.
- Defector from Decadence: Hyzenthlay helps lead the does out of Efrafa.
- Love Interest: Not so much in the original book; she bonds with Bigwig and it's implied, rather than outright stated, that she eventually becomes Hazel's mate, but this is notably downplayed. In the TV series, she is definitely Hazel's Love Interest. In the film, she appears to be Bigwig's Love Interest. Of course, these are rabbits we're talking about here...
Captain Campion
- Voiced by: Nigel Hawthorne (movie), Rob Rackstraw (TV series)
- Defector from Decadence: TV series only.
- The Dragon: Subverted, more stereotypically The Lancer than Bigwig.
- The Good Chancellor: Vis-a-vis the other Efrafan leaders.
- Heel-Face Turn: At the end of the novel, he becomes the head of Efrafa and establishes good relations with the Watership Down rabbits.
- Heroic Sacrifice: He eventually dies saving his subordinates from a pfeffa.
- My Master, Right or Wrong
- Punch Clock Villain: He is just doing his job in the book, and Hazel and Bigwig grudgingly admire him for it.
- Worthy Opponent: To Bigwig.
- Voiced by: Derek Griffiths (movie), David Holt (TV series)
- The Bully
- Dirty Coward: In the TV series.
- The Dragon: Not really for the heroes, but in Efrafa he is certainly this.
- Evil Chancellor: Made out as such in the TV series.
- Jerkass: He has few, if any, positive qualities.
- Voiced by: Clifton Jones (movie), Stephen Gately (TV series)
An Efrafan officer, who despite his obvious hero worship of Woundwort, is a skilled, sensible and decent rabbit. He eventually becomes Chief Rabbit of a third warren, which in Tales from Watership Down gets the name Vleflain.
- Heel-Face Turn: He surrenders to the Watership rabbits towards the end and eventually becomes the Chief Rabbit of Vleflain, a new warren that's established between Watership and Efrafa and is populated by rabbits from both warrens.
- Hero-Worshipper: To Woundwort (even after his Heel-Face Turn he speaks of Woundwort with awe), although he is far more competent and practical-minded than most other examples of this trope.
- Reasonable Authority Figure: As Chief Rabbit of Vleflain.
An Efrafan doe, Hyzenthlay's friend and co-conspirator. Implied to later on become Bigwig's mate.
- Generic Girl: She doesn't really get much of a personality and has very little screen-time.
- Red Shirt: She doesn't have much of a role in either book and is notable mostly for being one of the Efrafan does that are named.
- Satellite Character: To Hyzenthlay — possibly to Bigwig.
A very young and rather silly Efrafan doe, who basically opposes the authority figures for the thrill of it. Originally lauded by Bigwig for being one of the few non-officer Efrafans who still has a bit of fighting spirit, but proves to be too ditzy and unable to take things seriously to be entirely reliable.
- Brainless Beauty: She's noted as being very pretty, but rather short on brains.
- Deadpan Snarker: "May we have permission to go, sir? The company of officers absolutely overpowers us, you see: we find a little of it goes an awfully long way."
- The Ditz: Hyzenthlay warns Bigwig against trusting her too much because she never realizes the gravity of a situation.
- The Stool Pigeon: Still thinking it's all a big game, she gives one too many gleeful hints of the upcoming escape to the officers of Efrafa, upon which she is imprisoned and tortured into giving out the details.
An Efrafan doe who's a friend of Hyzenthlay and Thethuthinnang, and who becomes Fiver's mate. She's stated to be one of the few rabbits who understand Fiver's burden and is hinted to have visions herself. This hint is more or less confirmed in the sequel, where she has a larger role.
- Ascended Extra: In the sequel.
- Granola Girl: Can come across as this sometimes, insofar as a rabbit is able to.
- Mauve Shirt: Like Speedwell, she's upgraded from Red Shirt to this in the sequel.
- Nice Girl: Despite Bigwig's claims that she's impossible to understand, she gets along with everyone and is well-thought of all around.
Mythical characters
- Voiced by: Michael Hordern (movie)
An Anglicized rendering of the rabbit term elil-hrair-rah, "thousand-enemies-prince." The rabbit folk-hero, El-ahrairah is the protagonist of most if not all of their stories.
- Batman Gambit: He's an expert at these.
- Composite Character: Of all the best Chief Rabbits.
- Cursed with Awesome: "All the world will be your enemy, Prince of a Thousand enemies. And when they catch you, they will kill you. But first they must catch you; digger, listener, runner, Prince with the swift warning. Be cunning, and full of tricks, and your people will never be destroyed."
- Expy: In-universe, the narrator speculates that Br'er Rabbit might be an Expy of El-ahrairah."Uncle Remus might well have heard of him, for some of El-ahrairah's adventures are those of Brer Rabbit."
- Folk Hero
- The Fool: Often masquerades as this.
- Guile Hero
- Heterosexual Life-Partners: With Rabscuttle.
- Honorific: His name itself is one ('Prince with a thousand enemies'), but he also has the honorific 'Lord of the Starlit Ears.'
- Jerk with a Heart of Gold: Sometimes lapses into true Jerkass status, especially in the first story, but as a rule he is genuinely concerned with the well-being of his people.
- Jesus: The rabbit equivalent, anyway. As you can probably tell, though, he is very different from the biblical Jesus.
- Locked into Strangeness: When Frith restores his body in 'El-Ahrairah and the Black Rabbit of Inle', his new ears have a glow of starlight.
- Meaningful Name: His full name in the lapine language is Elil-hrair-rah. Elil means "Enemy", Hrair is any number bigger than four (but normally taken to mean "A thousand"), and Rah is an honorific applied to chief rabbits. So his name means "Prince with a thousand enemies".
- The Men First: Although some of his adventures are merely for his own amusement, most of them start with his warren in trouble. This gives him a more sympathetic motivation than most tricksters.
- Nice Job Breaking It, Hero: His arrogance is what curses the rabbits to be hunted in the rabbit mythology.
- Obfuscating Stupidity: A common ploy of his, as mentioned above.
- Rascally Rabbit: It's why he's the idol and hero of all rabbits.
- The Trickster: Considered a role model for it.
Captain of El-ahrairah's Owsla, as well as his closest friend and ally.
- Deadpan Snarker
- Heterosexual Life-Partners: With El-ahrairah.
- Rascally Rabbit: He's not quite, but almost, El-ahrairah's equal when it comes to tricks.
- Sidekick
- Undying Loyalty: He follows El-ahrairah to the land of the dead and back without hesitation.
Prince Rainbow
Frith's deputy and right-hand man on earth, who has "the power of the sky and the power of the hills." He tries to keep El-ahrairah in check, which lands him the role of antagonist in some stories, but in others he's more friendly and even helps El-ahrairah out with good advice.
- Energy Beings
- Hero Antagonist
- Sympathetic Inspector Antagonist: He's genuinely trying to keep the peace and be a good ruler for everyone in Frith's stead, though he develops a personal vendetta against El-ahrairah, who just keeps making trouble.
- Well-Intentioned Extremist: At least from the rabbits' point of view, a lot of his attempts to keep El-ahrairah in check are unnecessarily cruel.
The Black Rabbit of Inlé
- Voiced by: Joss Ackland (movie)
- Dark Is Not Evil: Mortal rabbits regard him with terror and awe, although they concede that he is not one of the elil: he was assigned his duty by Frith.
- The Black Rabbit: I have no wish to make you suffer. I am not one of the Thousand.
- The Dreaded: The Black Rabbit of Inlé is not evil, but in the book he is terrifying. In his presence even El-ahrairah cannot think straight, and therefore loses all of the Black Rabbit's games.
- The Grim Reaper: Not malicious, but merciless.
- Moon Rabbit: He is associated in rabbit-lore with the moon and shares its name.
- No Sell: El-ahrairah's efforts to defeat the Black Rabbit are completely futile.
- Reasonable Authority Figure: The Black Rabbit is a servant of Frith and bears no malice whatsoever toward El-ahrairah or any rabbit. While he brooks no argument when it is a rabbit's time to die, he simply calls their name; he is neither cruel nor taunting, avenges any rabbit who is killed before their time, and never causes them pain when he takes them.
- Uncanny Valley: Invoked. Dandelion's description makes him rabbit-shaped, but not a rabbit. He digs a burrow like any rabbit, except that it's through solid stone: he sniffs like any rabbit, but 'thrusts his nose forward, like a dog' rather than wiggling it side-to-side.
A rabbit who is planted in El-ahrairah's warren as a spy for Prince Rainbow, and thwarts many of El-ahrairah's plans before he's found out.
- Cassandra Truth: El-ahrairah invokes this in order to get rid of him. How do you discredit a spy? By implying to everyone that he's crazy, and then have him "prove" to them that he is when he tells of the many unbelievable situations he's been in, that you secretly set up.
- The Quisling: To rabbits, his name is synonymous with "traitor."
King Darzin
A recurring villain in the El-ahrairah stories; probably an animal of some sort but his species is never confirmed — Dandelion, when telling the story, even directly says that there's no animal alive today who knows what sort of creature King Darzin really was.
- Evil Overlord: The closest thing the rabbits' stories have to one.
- Uncertain Doom: Nobody knows his, or his people's, final fate — all that's certain is that they are no longer around.
Rowsby Woof
A bad-tempered and incredibly stupid dog who serves as the villain for one of the El-ahrairah stories.
- Dogs Are Dumb: A prime example.
- Ineffectual Sympathetic Villain: Rowsby Woof is easily the least threatening and most comical of all El-ahrairah's villains.
- Small Name, Big Ego: Renowned as a tremendous ratter, Rowsby Woof has become incredibly conceited and arrogant with the praise, believing himself to be the finest dog in the world.
- Tuckerization: "Rowsby Woof" was also the name of a celebrated violin instructor at the Royal Academy of Music; One of Adams's daughters was having trouble with one of his pieces, so he told her he'd "take care of him" by writing him into a story as a stupid guard dog.
Yona the Hedgehog
A minor character in several of the El-ahrairah stories; an unrepentant gossip who sometimes causes trouble for El-ahrairah by informing his enemies of his plans, but who occasionally helps him out as well.
- A Dog Named Dog: "Yona" is the Lapine word for "Hedgehog."
- Gender Flip: Is depicted as female in the TV series.
- Lovable Traitor: As opposed to Hufsa, who gets no sympathy from the rabbits, Yona is on fairly decent terms with them, even after having spilled their secrets to King Darzin.
- Voiced by: Zero Mostel (movie), Rik Mayall (TV series (Season 1-2)), Anthony Jackson (TV series (Season 3))
- Badass: Notably, he fought off the cat that injured his wing. Demonstrated elsewhere in the story as well.
- Eloquent In My Native Tongue
- Feathered Fiend: Subverted. Aggressive and disagreeable, but firmly on the protagonists' side.
- Funetik Aksent
- Funny Foreigner: Heavily accented speech, strange habits, and goofiness.
- Giant Flyer: Sort of. Black-headed gulls are quite small birds, but he's huge from a rabbit's point of view. Used to great advantage on the Efrafa Warren raid.
- Plucky Comic Relief: In the movie and TV series; to a lesser extent in the novel.
- Odd Friendship: He and Bigwig form an unlikely pair.
- Polly Wants a Microphone
- Precision F-Strike: When he's first approached by the rabbits, his first reaction is "Piss off!"
- Put on a Bus: As a way of Holding Back the Phlebotinum, he leaves for the Big Water after helping the rabbits escape from Efrafa, and so isn't there to help them in the last battle. In the movie, his departure doubles as Shoo Out the Clowns.
- Speech-Impaired Animal: He's using his own dialect of the pidgin 'hedgerow' speech and isn't too proficient with it. Presumably he's fully fluent in Black-Headed Gull.
The Hutch Rabbits
- Voiced by: Mary Maddox (movie), Joanne Rodriguez (TV series) (Clover)David Holt (TV series) (Boxwood)
- Generic Guy: Apart from being tame rabbits and not knowing a lot about life as wild rabbits, they don't really have much in the ways of characterization. Only Clover gets an actual personality.
- Locked Up and Left Behind: Happens to Laurel during the escape; he's the only one of the hutch rabbits who's caught by the humans and returned to his hutch. The other rabbits leave him behind because they know that they have no fighting chance against humans — and besides Laurel isn't going to suffer at their hands.
- Odd Name Out: Perhaps as a reference to the fact that they're tame rabbits, Clover and Haystack are the only rabbit does in the book whose names are translated to English rather than kept in Lapine.
- Spirited Young Lady: Clover.
The Mouse
- Voiced by: Jane Horrocks (TV series (Season 1)), Maria Darling (TV series (Season 2))
- Ascended Extra: Is a main character in the TV series, where he is turned into a female and given the name Hannah.
- Funetik Aksent: A Super Mario style Italian accent, no less.
- Gender Flip: In the TV series.
- Yes-Man: To the rabbits, which ironically enough makes them less inclined to listen to him, because he tends to tell them what he thinks they want to hear rather than the actual truth.
A doe introduced in Tales from Watership Down; she was originally Chief Rabbit of a doe-dominated warren called Thinial, but was overthrown and expelled from it because her obsessive fear of the White Blindness was consuming her.
- Action Survivor: Very much so.
- Humans Are Bastards: The most vocal supporter of this view in either book; while most other rabbits do regard humans as cunning, unpredictable and impossible-to-understand enemies, Flyarth is convinced that any human spotting any rabbit will at once try to infect said rabbit with the White Blindness.
- Take a Third Option: Like Hazel and Woundwort, she is good at thinking outside the box and come up with new solutions, which is why she's an effective Chief Rabbit at Thinial — at least until her growing obsession with the White Blindness starts losing her supporters.
- Well-Intentioned Extremist: She's willing to do anything to avoid an outbreak of the White Blindness.
A young, but big and strong buck introduced in Tales from Watership Down, who was born in a hutch, but who escaped to the wild. Having grown up in a sheltered environment, he lacks the other rabbits' survival instincts and fear of predators — which would normally have meant he wouldn't last for long, but since he smells so strongly of Man, predators don't dare come near him.
- Berserk Button: He functions as one for most of the other rabbits; his strong smell of human means they automatically dislike and distrust him. Several of them even try to kill him, and Hazel loses a lot of respect and support when he doesn't want to let them do it.
- Big Damn Heroes: He single-handedly rescues the entire warren of Vleflain by chasing away a group of attacking weasels, which is how he's ultimately accepted by the rabbits.
- The Big Guy: Despite not having much experience in the wild, he's definitely big, strong and tough.
- Fearless Fool: He refuses to run from any danger, and fearlessly charges a group of weasels (who luckily for him run away because of his smell).


text: I have some links to some static pages or other directories on my site. The thing is that I only want users of a certain level to have access to those static pages or directories. Is there any way using the view level plugin that a plugin could be made that will let only logged in users of a certian level have the ability to see those links?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Magi: Judal by chibinis-chanWatch
©2013-2016 chibinis-chan
Favorite shot of my Judal cosplay. I love everything about it *-* EVERYTHING~ And that's REALLY rare for me. Sinta did a great job and I am so happy I was able to shoot with her. Thank you so much, dear <3 You made me the happiest Judal in the whole world, because you made me like myself~ <3
Judal: *chibinis-chan
Photo: *Midgard1612
Series: Magi - the Labyrinth of Magic
Judal: *chibinis-chan
Photo: *Midgard1612
Series: Magi - the Labyrinth of Magic
J'admire les gens qui font Judal parce que franchement cette perruque XD
How did you make the jewelry? Everything looks fantastic
Fantastic! Great cosplay...and a lovely model
you gorgeous *3*
love this cosplay, so awesome
love this cosplay, so awesome
Hmmm sexy Magitier I really adore that picture of you!
Awesome Judal
thanks so much
Sweetness, Chibi!!! You always look awesome!!
Thanks a lot, dear Glad you like it ^^
This is a really good cosplay, the pose fits really well!
yeah! awesome judar!!


text:
1 Kings 19:9-13New International Version (NIV)
9 There he went into a cave and spent the night.
The Lord Appears to Elijah
And the word of the Lord came to him: "What are you doing here, Elijah?"
10 He replied, "I have been very zealous for the Lord God Almighty. The Israelites have rejected your covenant, torn down your altars, and put your prophets to death with the sword. I am the only one left, and now they are trying to kill me too."
11 The Lord said, "Go out and stand on the mountain in the presence of the Lord, for the Lord is about to pass by."
Then a great and powerful wind tore the mountains apart and shattered the rocks before the Lord, but the Lord was not in the wind. After the wind there was an earthquake, but the Lord was not in the earthquake. 12 After the earthquake came a fire, but the Lord was not in the fire. And after the fire came a gentle whisper. 13 When Elijah heard it, he pulled his cloak over his face and went out and stood at the mouth of the cave.
Then a voice said to him, "What are you doing here, Elijah?"
Cross references:
New International Version (NIV)
Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
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Every day there is a headline or feature on the Lieberman-Lamont primary contest in Connecticut, today's being that Lamont is in a dead heat with the incumbent, and that Bill Clinton has come to town to declare for Lieberman.
Here are thoughts for independent voters to consider, even if they don't speak these thoughts out loud.
(l) Conservative voters don't have very much to applaud in Lieberman. Yes, he has been faithful to his word in supporting the Iraq war. But his conservative impulses live very short lives. For a photogenic moment, he turned on Bill Clinton after the Lewinsky episode, registering dismay over what Clinton had been up to. The most decisive means for a Democratic senator to register that dismay was to vote to affirm the impeachment of Clinton. But Lieberman didn't do that. When the big moment came, he voted against conviction. Bill Clinton has now affirmed his own support for Lieberman by traveling to Connecticut to back him in the primary fight.
Lieberman intuitively questioned the implications of affirmative action. But when the vote came, he voted against the principles he had adumbrated. Lieberman sensed the strong case for school choice. But -- yes: When the time came, he opposed choice (although he has since supported school vouchers in Washington, D.C.). He opposes a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, opposes the ban on partial-birth abortions, voted against Samuel Alito for the Supreme Court, voted against drilling in the Arctic preserve -- and so on, earning a zero from the American Conservative Union.
(2) Conservatives can't, under the circumstances, make ideological headway by voting for Joe. But what will happen on Aug. 8 is enormously important nationwide for the future of the Democratic Party. The backing for Ned Lamont is by people, explicitly and implicitly, who wish to send the Democratic Party into a hard left turn. They are the equivalent of the Henry Wallaceites in 1948.
Wallace, having been rejected for renomination as vice president by FDR, turned against Harry Truman, his replacement, and bade for command of the Democratic Party. The Nedheads (as they are being designated) want to try that in 2006. For Wallace, the cardinal question was how to deal with the Soviet Union. For the Nedheads, it is how most deeply to reject the memory of George W. Bush and his works.
(3) The turnout in Connecticut primaries is pretty small, traditionally about 20 percent. This year the Democratic turnout will be larger, that primary being the focus of national interest and the harbinger of the future ideological cast of the Democratic Party.
William F. Buckley, Jr. is editor-at-large of National Review, the prolific author of Miles Gone By: A Literary Autobiography.
Be the first to read William Buckley's column. Sign up today and receive Townhall.com delivered each morning to your inbox.


text:
Last edited by maverick; 03-31-2014 at 07:10 PM.
Last edited by thorn; 03-31-2014 at 10:31 PM.
The Aeronaut DOES fit in the overhead of a CRJ. I taker mine all the time in a CRJ from Phoenix to Flagstaff. I can fit in the overhead (I don't pack to bulging), but if there are too many overhead bags, I can also fit under the seat!
Seeking Cardinal Co-Pilot!
I'm really digging the photo of the Loaded Pocketz Tri-Star under the seat in the blog section! No overhead needed! Could the side handle be less obtrusive when the Aeronaut Jr is made? The end handles appear usable enough and easy to grab. Make the main side handle more similar to those.
And another suggestion: make the shoulder strap clips hide-able like the backpack clips are when they are not in use.
Well, as long as we're talking about a new bag, how about making the shoulder strap completely removable so you can stow it away?
The stockpile keeps growing...I'm in serious trouble.
Any pre-pics avilable? I like how the tri-star and western flyer look more symetrical than the aeronaut in this pic. I like the design of having a full-opening. Hopefully the aeronaut jr/cavernous-star will be similar instead of the clamshell.
So much to catch up!
The Aeronaut is my perfect carry-on bag! I just love it´s form factor and like even better the (very well known) fact that it is the maximum carry on size!!
I can easily accommodate most of my needs using the packing cubes and a assortment of pouches.
But the Aeronaut is a bag made to carried and stored away.
So I also need a personal items bags that fit under the seat on flights.
I am will buy the Western Flyer to fill the gap but will be still hoping that Tom will gives some serious thought about this new "Navigator" bag!
Last edited by eWalker; 04-16-2014 at 04:59 AM.
So much to catch up!
And since we talking about wishes...
I hope Tom will also consider making a "Steward" bag!
I love the form factor of Co-Pilot and I wish that there was a bit smaller version of it. Something like the size of Small Cafe Bag with the organization of a Lead Pocket that could be nested on the end pocket of the smaller Aeronaut bag.
It would be like a larger size Side Effect that would function as EDC on arrival.
That would be my perfect travel set up!
Aeronaut as carry-on / Smaller Aeronaut as personal itens bag / Smaller Co-Pilot as EDC.
On the plane that would be: Over the seat / Under the seat / Back of the seat (hooked with double carabiners)
Last edited by eWalker; 04-17-2014 at 03:56 AM.
So much to catch up!


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Dumper Truck unloading goes wrong **Volume**
Better get the shovels ! (Skip to around the 01:23 mark for the action)
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The average Liveleak user?
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Somewhere in Balkan
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Video of a monitor unfortunately but damn that was close !. Another guy isn't so lucky and gets knocked over.
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A safety meet at an apartment complex turned deadly for two on ECR (East Coast Road) here, after a speeding car killed the apartment's welfare association secretary and security bureau officer on Tues
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Leopard eats dog!
Dogs were no match!
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A Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak, Alaska, MH-60 Jayhawk helicopter aircrew medevacs two injured crewmen from the 728-foot cargo ship Cemtex Venture approximately 220 miles southeast of Kodiak, Feb. 9,
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The apparently drunk girlfriend make a glorious effort to catch one of the flying rats (pigeons) that had invaded the apartment, with a bunch of fancy footwork on the couch to keep her balance ......
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BERRIEN COUNTY, MI -- The Berrien County Prosecutor's Office has released dash cam video from a police cruiser that hit a woman attempting to cross a street, following a jury finding last week that
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google translation Reckless driver behind the wheel of the "volvo s80" drove into oncoming traffic where he collided with "vaz 2112"as a result of the accident driver of "vaz 2112" died on
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Torpedo Wet Heater
A selection of articles related to torpedo wet heater.
Original articles from our library related to the Torpedo Wet Heater. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Torpedo Wet Heater.
- Popular Oracles and Omens
- I think it would be correct to assume that man has always been anxious to lift a corner of the veil of the future. In this section I've included several popular oracles, omens and superstitions. Some of these might seem a bit ridiculous, but why not consider...
Psychic Abilities >> Divination
- An Overview of Different Types of Scrying
- Scrying is a method of divination. It consists of gazing into a crystal, a mirror or some water for example, anything shiny really, in order to enter altered mind states...A good cliché that best describes scrying is the gypsy fortune-teller and her large...
Divination >> Scrying
- Starting an Herbal Garden
- When planning an herbal garden it is important to decide what herbs you want to grow. Then decide where you're going to plant them. Will it be indoors or outdoors? Is there enough sunlight? Is the soil loose with good drainage or very firm and rocky? And so...
Earth Mysteries >> Herbalism
- The healing heat of Ginger
- My first amazing experience with the healing power of Ginger was during a fasting week I assisted as a student. A bit nervous I applied slices of fresh cut Ginger on the lower back area of my teacher-naturopath, since she was suffering from back-ache since...
Herbalism >> Herbs dictionary G
- Dealing With World Mind Effects Through Greater Self Mastery (GM5)
- At one time or another, we have all experienced occasions where other people in the same room began to have a heated argument. The psychic dissonance created at that time, produced in us symptoms of shakiness, nervousness, a scattered thought pattern or other...
Mind >> World Mind
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 4
- THE TRANSFORMATION OF CATERPILLAR TO BUTTERFLY It is not difficult to see that the whole Agenda behind owning a bigger home, a newer car and more land is one of ego. This is an orientation toward the building of an empire of material wealth, in a vain...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Perthro
- Welcome to the Perthro column of Rune-of-the-Month Club. Perthro is the Rune for the sound represented by the Roman letter "P." This is the sixth Rune of the second Aett, hence the fourteenth Rune, so we are moving right along! Perthro is the reconstructed...
Divination >> Rune Stones
Torpedo Wet Heater is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Torpedo Wet Heater books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- NUWC looking back… Adm. Ralph W. Christie, Inspector of
- the MK 14 torpedo, which would become the primary American submarine weapon in WWII.
- www.navsea.navy.mil
- Torpedoes of this type were popularly known, at least in the United States, as " wet heaters," while those that did not generate steam were called "dry heaters.
- eaglescholar.georgiasouthern.edu
- Electric Heaters for Naval and Marine Applications
- to designing and manufacturing electric heaters, a separate facility dedicated to electronic controls, a staff of Tugboats. TWR – Torpedo Weapons Retriever. T- AGOS ..
- www.indeeco.com
- German Torpedoes Sink the LUSITANIA
- was the result of contact between the German torpedo and a large . sprayed with cold rain or wet snow after being heated by but a poor heat conductivity.
- salempress.com
- This manual describes the TORPEDO VB-101 and provides instructions for its operation. It is highly rec . Dry / Wet .
- www.two-notes.com
Suggested Web Resources
- Torpedo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- en.wikipedia.org
- Mark 14 Torpedo Engine Operation
- (Senior Chief Torpedoman's Mate (Submarines) Robert F.
- www.fleetsubmarine.com
- A History of the Torpedo The Early Days
- Sep 18, 1999 These systems became known as the "dry heater" and "wet heater" respectively.
- www.btinternet.com
- Torpedo Model
- TNT: 41. Torpex: 14. Wet Gun Cotton: 15.
- navalhistory.flixco.info
- Torpedo Wet Heater | RM.com ®
- Torpedo Wet Heater articles, reference materials. Need more on Torpedo Wet Heater? We suggest these original texts: The Story of Torpedo Wet Heater roots.
- www.realmagick.com
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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OCAP camps out in front of Mayor Ford's office, accusing the city of covering up the needs of homeless people in this city.
Hear from a doctor who is pulling back the curtain on pharmaceutical companies who he says mislead doctors and harm patients. Ben Goldacre, author of Bad Pharma, joins us in-studio.
Are you actually spending Family Day with your family?
Find out what got a Manitoba hockey dad banned from his son's game.
Simply confirm your registered email address below and click "Reset Password." We will immediately email you a link back to the site where you can enter a new password for this account.
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As lovers of flounce and frill, even our paired-back summer look isn't without a touch of femme.
This summer is set to leave Sydney in sweatsville, so stay effortlessly cool with a cotton jersey tube dress, up-do and some pretty sandals. Add a pop of colour with a woven ikat print belt and a bright orange lip colour. If you want to sexy up your look a little, a dress with a mid-thigh split will flater almost every body shape. Also, remember to stay away from heavy makeup and eyeliner. That wide-eyed 'I just woke up looking like a freakin' goddess ' look is key. Whatever you do, less is definitely best when 30+ degree temperatures are involved.
Finally, adding a vintage-looking headscarf will not only add an element of girly quirk, it will hide that heinously sweaty hair-mess we're all bound to harbour this summer. Win!


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fuck all of yall, belladonna will make a great mother 4 sure, every 1 has sex, she just does it on cam :o) Atleast her child will grow up knowing that sex is a natural thing!
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Wow, Melissa, la plus belle et surtout la plus salope des françaises ;)
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Muscle Toning Workouts and NutritionToday's Tips: The hardest aspect of training is in the mind.
Our Goal...
If you read over anything on this site, I would have you read this single paragraph as it helps sum up the entire objective we, the webmasters of howtout.com, try to strive for. Toning Muscle, or building muscle tone, is a combination of lowering your bodyfat through proper diet and cardiovascular workouts and also implimenting the use of resistance technology to help build muscle mass. While some people strive for pure fat loss, and others strive for pure muscle mass, it is those who strive for toned muscles who define the middle grounds in the fitness world. We will attempt to help you through our free articles and our muscle toning discussion forums. Exercise Programs | Online Fitness Training
How to Effectively Tone Muscle
- Eliminating Excess BodyFat
- You must decrease the amount of bodyfat your body contains to allow muscle to become visible. You do this with a negative caloric diet and a workout routine that impliments cardiovascular training.
- Building Muscle Mass


text:
Watching Cable TV in Clifton
To learn about viewing trends and cable TV in Clifton, IL, examine habits of Americans at large. In America, 33% of homes have four or more TVs, and even though about half the population streams some TV content, 97% of U.S. residents still primarily watch broadcast TV. Because so many people use both television and Internet, it is no surprise that 72% of Americans bundle their cable and Internet subscriptions. For the 1,169 people in Clifton, those stats equate to:
- 386 with a TV for every finger on their right hand (thumbs don't count)
- 561 using the Internet to watch TV shows
- 1,134 who do just fine with a traditional TV, thank you
- 842 users with bundled cable subscriptions
- 970 lucky enough to have free evenings to watch live television.


text:
The Vampire Diaries News
The Vampire Diaries Season 6 Episode 18 is in the books. What went down during the hour? Watch online now.
Posted in: Vampire Diaries
The Vampire Diaries Review: Mother Knows Best
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text:
@blowdart: yes I know that ...
If MS offered a 100% on premise solution to this , no reason why they couldn't, then I'd be more open to this feature. If this meant dedicated TFS server etc. so be it.
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@blowdart: yes I know that ...
If MS offered a 100% on premise solution to this , no reason why they couldn't, then I'd be more open to this feature. If this meant dedicated TFS server etc. so be it.
@felix9: At the MVP summit I voiced my opposition to having the sign on into VS2013 ... I don't believe MS has the right to know such things. Infact seeing as my day job is coding, I bet my employer would want to know exactly what is shared and future roadmap of such a feature! etc.
I can sort of understand why MS would want to do this, for syncing and making VS more personal across devices etc. BUT I still feel strongly that VS should steer clear of this authentication feature!!
@felix9: you don't see how the api's are being elevated into UserMode as something similar to what Drawbridge is doing ?
No one here is talking about ... "what if windows code were open source like Linux" ... then this would be a non issue as all code would be open/visible and clearly contribution can come from anyone and fixes/changes/enhancements will rise to the top based on there own merits..
I agree that what this so called junior, or other business unit dev did was wrong, but I also wished that MS were more open with their code bases! Would be great to see what the evolution of the kernel would be like if it were open
I would love if you could ask
1. Why did they choose the NUGET mechanism for the ImmutableCollections feature. Is this something we should expect going forward for other features from them
2. What made them choose using NUGET over VISUAL STUDIO EXTENSIONS.
3. What is the next step from this preview, or more importantly how do they envision the roadmap for these NUGET delivered features...
4. How do these features finally make there way into .NET framework?
5 hours ago, BitFlipper wrote
I'm not familiar with Redhawk but I assume you mean "Reverse P/Invoke"? If so, yes the .Net framework supports being called from C. Unfortunately this functionality is not plumbed all the way through to say, C#. Ideally there should be a "DllExport" attribute that allows a .Net assembly to have that method exported and be able to be called purely from C (while initializing the .Net framework during the 1st C call).
This is a primer to the fabled 'Redhawk' ... its the future api of windows (or rather the base classes of windows)
This is awesome stuff ... simply awesome!!!
@evildictaitor: I found this other document that talks about the architecture of Singularity including background information on how they came up with those cycles calculations..
Would love your input seeing as you know this stuff intimately (assuming you have time ofcourse as its 44 pages long) BUT its a great read
Quote from the document
Singularity is a micro-kernel operating system that uses advances in programming languages and compilers to build lightweight, software-isolated processes, which provide code with protection and failure isolation at lower overhead than conventional, hardware supported processes. Singularity provides an isolation boundary by running verifiably safe programs and by preventing object pointers from passing between processes' object spaces.
SIPs, in turn, enable a new solution to the problem of code extension in systems and applications. In Singularity's model, extensions are not loaded into their parent process, but instead run in their own process and communicate over strongly typed channels. This model fixes some of the major problems with extensions, since in Singularity, they cannot directly access their parents' data or interfaces, and, if they fail, they can be easily terminated by killing their parents.
Singularity is above all a laboratory for exploring interactions among system architecture, programming languages, compilers, specification, and verification. Advances in each of these areas enable and reinforce advances in the others domains, which limits the benefit and impact of studying an area in isolation. Singularity is small and well structured, so it is possible to make changes that span the arbitrary boundaries between these domains. At the same time, it is large and realistic enough to demonstrate the practical advantages of new techniques.
Definetely sounds like evildicator knows his stuff, not questioning that. BUT I do agree with Joe Duffy as well with the overuse of split normally for massive dynamic strings and almost always with a collection of strings.. Lots of .NET devs, including myself, are very poor optimized programmers as Joe hints at..
Regardless I also know that Joe and his team is probably working on Midori and the SingularityOS project, that several millions of lines of managed code on a managed os.
Anyway I found some stats of Singularity, of how it improves across the board on certain OS system cycles ... Some of you may find it interesting :
I found a nice Singularity paper that actually goes into some performance statistics..
Shows across the board Cycle reductions at the OS level for many systems within the SinguarlityOS.
I really want to see this Midori project's managed SingularityOS work (with dev platform) ... It really does sound exciting...
e.g. results
Software Isolated Process: Creation
[Process create and start]
OS - Cycles
Singularity - 353,000
freeBSD 5.3 - 1,030,000
Linux 2.6.11 (Red Hat FC4) - 719,000
Windows XP (SP2) - 5,380,000
Software Isolated Process: Syscall
[Minimum Kernel API Call]
OS - Cycles
Singularity - 91
freeBSD 5.3 - 878
Linux 2.6.11 (Red Hat FC4) - 437
Windows XP (SP2) - 627
etc. etc. (lots more stats in pdf above)
We know that his working on a managed code base, that's several millions of lines long of managed code ... that can beat the pants off any native programming environment ...


text:
Kingdom of Singapura
|Kingdom of Singapura
|Kerajaan Singapura
Location of Kingdom of Singapura (red)
|Old Malay
|Syncretic form of Hinduism, Buddhism and Animism; Islam
|Seri Teri Buana
|Seri Wikrama Wira
|Seri Rana Wikrama
|Seri Maharaja
|Iskandar Shah
|Founding of Temasek by Seri Teri Buana
|Siege by Siam
|Siege by Majapahit under Hayam Wuruk
|Majapahit Invasion and escape of Iskandar Shah to the Malay Peninsula
|Native gold and silver coins
|Today part of
| Singapore
Part of a series on the
|History of Singapore
|Early history of Singapore (pre-1819)
|Founding of modern Singapore (1819–26)
|Straits Settlements (1826–67)
|Crown colony (1867–1942)
|Battle of Singapore (1942)
|Japanese Occupation (1942–45)
|Post-war period (1945–62)
|Internal self-government (1955–62)
|Merger with Malaysia (1962–65)
|Republic of Singapore (1965–present)
|Singapore portal
The Kingdom of Singapura (Malay: Kerajaan Singapura) was a historical Malay kingdom that existed on the island of Singapore from 1299 until its fall in 1398. Conventional historical view marks circa 1299 as the founding year of the kingdom by Seri Teri Buana, whose father is Sang Sapurba, the common great ancestor of most of the Malay monarchies in the Malay World. He claimed to be a descendant of Alexander the Great.[1][2][3]
In the 14th century, the settlement developed concurrently with the Pax Mongolica era and rose from a small Srivijayan trading outpost into a centre of international trade with strong ties with Yuan Dynasty. Its wealth and success however, alarmed two regional powers at that time, Ayuthaya from the north and Majapahit from the south. As a result, the kingdom's fortified capital was attacked by at least two major foreign invasions before it was finally sacked by the Majapahit in 1398.[4][5][6] The last king, Iskandar Shah fled to the west coast of Malay Peninsula to establish the Malacca Sultanate in 1400.
Singapura was known as Temasek before the arrival of Seri Teri Buana. It means 'Sea Town' in Old Javanese.
Legend has it that Seri Teri Buana and his men was on an exploration around the Malay Archipelago when they spotted an island with white sandy beach from a high point in Tanjong Bemban, Bintan. They set sail for the island, enduring rough storms, before finally landing at the beaches of Telok Blangah and went inland to hunt for wild animals. Suddenly, he saw a strange animal with an orange body, black head and a white neck breast. It was a fine-looking animal and moved with great speed as it disappeared into the jungle. He asked his chief minister, Demang Lebar Daun, what animal it was, and was told that it probably was a lion.
Seri Teri Buana was pleased with this as he believed it to be a good omen—a sign of good fortune coming his way. Thus, he decided to build his new kingdom in Temasek. He named the kingdom "Singapura". "Singa" meaning lion[7] and "Pura" meaning city in Malay.[8][9] The name thus means the "Lion City".
The series of raids launched by the Chola Empire in the 11th century had weakened the once glorious Malay empire of Srivijaya. By the end of the 13th century, the already fragmented Srivijaya caught the attention of the expansionist Javanese King, Kertanegara of Singhasari. In 1275, he decreed the Pamalayu expedition to overrun Sumatra. By 1288, Singhasari naval expeditionary forces successfully sacked Jambi and Palembang and brought Srivijaya to its knees. The complete destruction of Srivijaya caused the diaspora of the Srivijayan princes and nobles. Rebellions against the Javanese rule ensued and attempts were made by the fleeing Malay princes to revive the empire, which left the area of southern Sumatra in chaos and desolation.
In Srivijayan era, Temasek was a small trading outpost and primarily inhabited by Orang lauts. Historically, the Orang Laut were very loyal to the Malay kings. They patrolled the adjacent sea areas, repelling other petty pirates, directing traders to their Malay overlords' ports and maintaining those ports' dominance in the area.[10]
Seri Teri Buana[edit]
According to the Malay Annals, a fleeing Srivijayan prince named Seri Teri Buana, who claimed to be a descendant of Alexander the Great, took refuge in the island of Bintan for several years before he set sail and landed on Temasek in 1299.[11] The Orang Lauts, famous for their loyal services to Srivijaya, eventually made him a Raja ("king"). Seri Teri Buana renamed Temasek as "Singapura" and founded his capital around the mouth of the Singapore River. The area was suitable for a new settlement due to the nearby presence of a spring and a hill. The fresh water from a spring on the hill's slope served both as a bathing place for royalty and, at the base of a hill, a source of fresh water for the populace. The hill (modern-day Fort Canning hill) itself represented Mount Meru, the seat of the gods in Hindu-Buddhist mythology, which was associated with kingship and divinity in ancient Southeast Asian culture. Building a palace on a hill would have helped Seri Teri Buana to assert his role as a semi-divine ruler.[12]
In the early years of the kingdom, the Srivijayan tradition of seeking to establish diplomatic relations with China was continued by Seri Teri Buana when he began initiating a series of diplomatic overtures toward the Yuan court,[13] as this was vital for Singapura's recognition and security it needed to prosper. The king was officially recognized as a sovereign by an envoy of Yuan Emperor and was styled Sri Maharaja Sang Utama Parameswara Batara Sri Tri Buana (meaning: "Lord Central King Batara of "Sri Tri Buana" or 'Three world Realm'"), signifying his symbolic lordship over Palembang, Bintan and Singapura.[14] Within few decades, the small settlement grew into a thriving cosmopolitan city serving as a port of call for richly laden trade ships plying the pirate-infested waters of the Melaka Straits region. The Malay annals describes that supplies of workers, horses and elephants were sent from Bintan by the king's adoptive mother, Queen Paramisuri. This is in fact proven in Chinese record mentioning that in 1320, Chinese merchants purchased elephants from the island[which?].[15] In the 1330s, a Chinese traveler Wang Dayuan visited Singapura and wrote the account of his travel, Dao Yi Zhi Lue. He describes Singapura as comprising two settlements – "Banzu" (after the Malay word "pancur" or fresh-water spring), a peaceful trading port city under the rule of the King. The second settlement he describes as an area surrounding the "Long-ya-men" (an area which likely stretched from modern-day Keppel Bay south to northwestern side of Sentosa and west to what is today Labrador Park), which was occupied by ferocious pirates who launched frequent attacks on passing merchant ships. He also notes that Chinese traders lived there, "side by side with the natives". He also mentions some of the trade goods bartered in Singapura: red gold, cotton prints, blue satin, aromatic wood and fine hornbill casques.[16][17]
Seri Wikrama Wira[edit]
In 1347, Seri Teri Buana was succeeded by Seri Wikrama Wira. His reign marks the first attempt of the Siamese to subjugate the island kingdom. As recorded by Wang Dayuan in 1349, a Siamese fleet consisted of 70 junks descended upon the island kingdom. The heavily fortified city managed to withstand the siege of the Siamese until the fleet fleeing with the arrival of Chinese ships.[18] At the same time, the increasingly powerful Javanese kingdom of Majapahit, the successor of Singhasari, began eyeing the growing influence of the tiny island kingdom. Under the leadership of its ambitious warlord, Gajah Mada, Majapahit started to embark on overseas expansions against all kingdoms of Nusantara including the remnants of the Srivijaya. In 1350, Hayam Wuruk ascended to the throne of Majapahit. The new king sent an envoy to Singapura demanding the submission of the tiny kingdom. Wikrama Wira refused to do so and even sent a symbolic message threatening to shave the Majapahit king's head should he proceed to Singapura.[19] The furious Majapahit king ordered an invasion with a fleet of 180 main warships and innumerable small vessels. The fleet passed through the island of Bintan, from where the news spread to Singapura. The defenders immediately assembled 400 warships to face the invasion. Both sides clashed on the coast of Singapura in a battle that took place in three days. The Javanese soldiers, largely inexperienced in naval warfare, were completely overwhelmed and forced to flee.[20]
Seri Rana Wikrama[edit]
The victorious Seri Wikrama Wira died in 1362 and succeeded by his son, Seri Rana Wikrama. Despite the failure in the previous campaign, the Javanese chronicle Nagarakretagama list Singapura as a subject of Majapahit in 1365. During his reign, "Rana Wikrama" established a diplomatic ties with a Sumatran Muslim kingdom, Peureulak.[21] It was during this time also, a legendary man with an unusual strength, Badang, was said to have demonstrated his feat of strength in Rana Wikrama's court.
Seri Maharaja[edit]
In 1368, the Yuan Dynasty was defeated in mainland China. While the new Ming Dynasty is consolidating its rule over China, Singapura lost the traditional Chinese patronage it needed in securing its position in the region. In 1375, Rana Wikrama was succeeded by his son Seri Maharaja. According to Malay Annals, the reign of Seri Maharaja was marked with the event of Todak (garfish) ravaging the coast of Singapura. A young boy, Hang Nadim, thought of an ingenious solution to fend off the todak. The king was initially grateful, but felt increasingly threatened by the boy's intelligence, and ordered to have the boy executed.
Iskandar Shah[edit]
In 1389, Paduka Seri Maharaja was succeeded by Iskandar Shah. Based on his peculiar Persian name and title, it is believed that Iskandar Shah was the first king of Singapura to embrace Islam which early evidences of its influence traced back to the reign of Rana Wikrama when he first established relationships with a Sumatran Muslim Kingdom, Peureulak.
As mentioned in the Malay annals, the story of the fall of Singapura and the flight of its last king begins with Iskandar Shah's accusation of one of his concubines of adultery. As punishment, the king had her stripped naked in public. In revenge, the concubine's father, Sang Rajuna Tapa who was also an official in Iskandar Shah's court, secretly sent a message to the king of Majapahit, pledging his support should the king choose to invade Singapura. In 1398, Majapahit dispatched a fleet of three hundred main warships and hundreds of smaller vessels, carrying no less than 200,000 men. Initially. the Javanese soldiers engaged with the defenders in a battle outside the fortress, before forcing them to retreat behind the walls. The invasion force laid a siege of the city and repeatedly tried to attack the fortress. However the fortress proved to be impregnable.[22][23][24]
After about a month passed, the food in the fortress began to run low and the defenders were on the verge of starvation. Sang Rajuna Tapa was then asked to distribute whatever grain left to the people from the royal store. Seeing this opportunity for revenge, the minister lied to the King, saying the stores were empty. The grains were not distributed and the people eventually starved. The final assault came when the gates were finally opened under the order of the treacherous minister. The Majapahit soldiers rushed into the fortress and a terrible massacre ensues.[25] According to the Malay Annals, "blood flowed like a river" and the red stains on the laterite soil of Singapore are said to be blood from that massacre.[26] Knowing that defeat was imminent, Iskandar Shah and his followers fled the island.
Malay Annals provides a well-defined hierarchical structure of Singapura, which was later partly adopted by its successor, Melaka. The highest hierarchical position was the Raja (king) as an absolute monarch. Next to the king were Orang Besar Berempat (four senior nobles) headed by a Bendahara (equivalent to a Grand Vizier) as the highest-ranking officer and the advisor to the King. He was then assisted by three other senior nobles based on the order of precedence namely; Perdana Menteri (prime minister), Penghulu Bendahari (chief of treasurer) and Hulubalang Besar (grand commander).
The Perdana Menteri assisted Bendahara in administrating the internal affairs of the kingdom and usually sit opposite to Bendahara in the royal court, while Penghulu Bendahari was responsible to the financial affairs of the kingdom.
The Hulubalang Besar acted as a chief of staff.of the army and commanded several other Hulubalangs (commanders), that in turn leading smaller military units. These four senior nobles were then assisted by other lower ranking officials titled Orang Besar Caterias, Sida Bentaras and Orang Kayas.[27]
Scholars have found that Singapura's rise as a trade-post developed concurrently with the era known as Pax Mongolica or "Mongolian peace", where the Mongol influence over both the overland and maritime silk roads provided a context in which a new global trading system could develop. Previously, shipping occurred on a long-distance routes from the far east to India or even further west to the Arabian peninsula, which was relatively costly, risky and time-consuming. However, the new trading system involved the division of the maritime silk road into three segments: an Indian Ocean sector linking the Gulf of Aden and the Straits of Hormuz-based Arab traders to India, a Bay of Bengal sector linking the Indian ports with the Straits of Malacca and its associated ports including Singapura and the South China Sea sector linking Southeast Asia with Southern China.[28]
Singapura achieved its real power and fame due to its role as a port. It seems to fit as least in part the definition of a port of trade in which trade is less a function of the economy and more a function of government policy; thus trading would have been highly structured and institutionalized, with government agents playing key roles in port activities. Portuguese traders' account in particular, suggest that Singapura operated in such a manner. Reports from merchants of different countries also indicate that Singapura was a point of exchange, rather than a source for goods. Local products were limited in type and mainly consisted of tin, hornbill casques (an ivory-like part of the hornbill bird, which was valued for carved ornaments), some wooden items and cotton. Other commonly traded products included a variety of fabrics (cotton and satins), iron rods, iron pots, and porcelains. Chinese traders also reported that there were agricultural products but very few due to poor soil. Although these goods were also available from other Southeast Asian ports, those from Singapura were unique in terms of their quality. Singapura also acted as a gateway into the regional and international economic system for its immediate region. South Johor and the Riau Archipelago supplied products to Singapore for export elsewhere, while Singapura was the main source of foreign products to the region. Archaeological artefacts such as ceramics and glassware found in the Riau Archipelago evidence this. In addition, cotton was transshipped from Java or India through Singapura.[29]
The increase in activities by Chinese traders seems especially significant for Singapura and its trade. Various traders reported that, by this time, there was a permanent Chinese settlement in Singapore living peaceably with indigenous population. This could have made the port especially comfortable and desirable for Chinese traders.[30]
After the sack of Singapura, the Majapahit army abandoned the city and returned to Java. The city left ruined, greatly depopulated and gradually lost its function as a trade port. The Majapahit victory against its vanquished foe marks a brief end of the centuries-old fierce rivalry[31] between the courts of Javanese and Malay in the region. This nevertheless was renewed few years later when the last king Iskandar Shah, founded his new stronghold on the mouth of Bertam river in the west coast of Malay peninsula. Within decades, the new city grew rapidly to become the capital of Melaka Sultanate and emerged as the primary base in continuing the historic struggles of Singapura and Srivijaya, against their Java-based nemeses. By the mid 15th century, Majapahit found itself unable to control the rising power of Melaka that began to gain effective control of Melaka straits and expands its influence to Sumatra. Singapura was also absorbed into its realm and once served as the fiefdom of Melakan Laksamana (or admiral).[32] As a major entrepot, Melaka attracted Muslim traders from various part of the world and became a centre of Islam, dissemanting the religion throughout the Maritime Southeast Asia. The expansion of Islam into the interiors of Java in 15th century led to the gradual decline of Hindu-Majapahit before it finally succumbed to the emerging local Muslim forces in the early 16th century. The period spanning from Melakan era right until the age of effective European colonisation, saw the domination of Malay-Muslim sultanates in trade and politics that eventually contributed to the Malayisation of the region.
Historical sources[edit]
There is basically only one record which give in some detail on the kingdoms of Singapura and Melaka - the Malay Annals written during the heyday of Melaka and re-compiled in 1612 by the Johor court. It is the basis for accounts of its founding, the succession of rulers and its decline. Another important record, the Suma Oriental written shortly after the Portuguese conquest of Melaka, briefly mentions about Singapura in relating it with the foundation of Melaka. Both Suma Oriental and Malay Annals do contain similar stories about a fleeing Srivijayan prince arrived in Singapura and about the last king of Singapura who fled to the west coast of Malay peninsula to found Melaka. However, both accounts diifer markedly when Suma Oriental identified the fleeing prince and the last king of Singapura as the same person known as "Parameswara". On the other hand, the more detailed Malay Annals identified the fleeing prince and the last king as completely two different persons separated by five generations. Suma Oriental noted further that the fleeing Srivijayan prince usurped the throne of Singapura from a Siamese viceroy named "Temagi" sometimes around the 1390s. However, this is refuted by the only Chinese first-hand account of 14th century Singapura, Dao Yi Zhi Lue written by Wang Dayuan, that explicitly mentioned that Singapura was ruled by local government.[33]
"... have the honour of mixing with those of ashes of Malayan kings ..."
Historians are generally in doubt over the existence of the kingdom which much of its information obtained from the semi-historical text, Malay Annals. However, archaeological excavations on Fort Canning and its vicinity along the banks of the Singapore River since 1984 have confirmed the elliptical and fragmentary textual references to a thriving settlement and a trade port from the beginning of the 14th century, which an earlier generation of historians had queried the existence of. Remnants of a wall of significant size were found inland along present day Stamford Road, which according to certain scholars, unique to the region. Scholars have speculated that the inland position of the wall may indicates that it only served as a defense from a land-based invasion and that the residents must have had sufficient confidence in their naval prowess to fend off a frontal sea-based assault. In addition, excavations found evidence of structures built on what is now Fort Canning Hill, along with evidence of fruit orchards and terraces. Since ancient times in Southeast Asia, hills and mountains were associated with kingship and divinity. Thus, the hill that was only a little over a mile from the mouth of the Singapore River would be a logical place for the ruler to establish his residence, as suggested in the legends of the Malay Annals. The local lore when the British arrived in the early 1800s also supported the idea of a royal residence, with local people expressing unwillingness to go up on the hill, known to them as the forbidden hill, as it was the site of spirits. During excavations for the reservoir in the 1920s, items of gold jewelry were found, including rings, earrings, an arm band and what was likely a head ornament. Certainly these items would much more likely have been the possessions of a royal person than common people. Excavations by archaeologists in recent decades have found the remains of various ceramics, porcelain, and other objects at three different locations around the Singapore River and Fort Canning Hill. The Fort Canning Hill remains were of a higher quality than the others, offering further evidence that it was the residence of elites, as the old legends suggested. The records strongly support the notion that Singapore was a political center in the 1300s.[35]
- ^ Sabrizain
- ^ Abshire 2011, p. 19
- ^ Tsang & Perera 2011, p. 120
- ^ Tsang & Perera 2011, p. 120
- ^ Sabrizain
- ^ Abshire 2011, p. 19&24
- ^ Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 2010
- ^ O'Mara 1999, p. 830
- ^ Commonwealth Secretariat 2004, p. 348
- ^ Heidhues 2001, p. 27
- ^ Abshire 2011, p. 18&19
- ^ Abshire 2011, p. 18
- ^ Ooi 2004, p. 1311
- ^ Buyers
- ^ Ooi 2009, p. 310
- ^ Taylor 2000, p. 199
- ^ Ooi 2004, p. 1311
- ^ Sabrizain
- ^ Leyden 1821, p. 52
- ^ A. Samad 1979, p. 47
- ^ Tsang & Perera 2011, p. 120
- ^ Tsang & Perera 2011, p. 120
- ^ Sabrizain
- ^ A. Samad 1979, pp. 69–70
- ^ A. Samad 1979, pp. 69–70
- ^ Windstedt 1938, p. 32
- ^ A. Samad 1979, pp. 44–45
- ^ Abshire 2011, p. 21
- ^ Heng 2005, pp. 12–16
- ^ Abshire 2011, p. 20
- ^ Liow 2004, p. 37
- ^ Sinha 2006, p. 1526
- ^ Taylor 2000, p. 199
- ^ Abshire 2011, p. 19
- ^ Abshire 2011, p. 19&20
- A. Samad, Ahmad (1979), Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu), Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, ISBN 983-62-5601-6
- Abdul Rahman, Haji Ismail; Abdullah Zakaria, Ghazali; Zulkanain, Abdul Rahman (2011), A New Date on the Establishment of Melaka Malay Sultanate Discovered (PDF), Institut Kajian Sejarah dan Patriotisme ( Institute of Historical Research and Patriotism ), retrieved 2012-11-04
- Abshire, Jean E. (2011), The History of Singapore, Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-313-37742-6
- Aljunied, Syed Muhd Khairudin; Heng, Derek (2009), Reframing Singapore: Memory - Identity - Trans-Regionalism, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 978-90-8964-094-9
- Buyers, Christopher, The Ruling House of Malacca – Johor, retrieved 2012-10-04
- Commonwealth Secretariat (2004), Commonwealth Yearbook 2006, Commonwealth Secretariat, ISBN 978-0-9549629-4-4
- Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2010), Search: Singa, retrieved 2010-12-06
- Heng, Derek (2005), "Continuities and Changes : Singapore as a Port-City over 700 Years", Biblioasia (National Library Board) 1, ISSN 0219-8126
- Heidhues, Mary Somers (2001), Southeast Asia: A Concise History, Hudson and Thames, ISBN 978-0-500-28303-5
- Leyden, John (1821), Malay Annals (translated from the Malay language), Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown
- Liow, Joseph Chinyong (2004), The Politics of Indonesia-Malaysia Relations: One Kin, Two Nations, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-34132-5
- O'Mara, Michael (1999), Facts About the World's Nation, H. W. Wilson, ISBN 978-0-8242-0955-1
- Ooi, Keat Gin (2004), Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-770-5
- Ooi, Keat Gin (2009), Historical Dictionary of Malaysia, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-5955-5
- Sabrizain, Palembang Prince or Singapore Renegade?, retrieved 2012-10-04
- Sinha, Prakash Chandra (2006), Encyclopedia of South East and East Asia, Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, ISBN 978-81-261-2646-0
- Taylor, Nora A. (2000), Studies on Southeast Asia (Studies on Southeast Asian Art: Essays in Honor of Stanley J. O'Connor) 29, Southeast Asia Program Publications, ISBN 978-0-87727-728-6
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- Windstedt, Richard Olaf (1938), "The Malay Annals or Sejarah Melayu", Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (The Branch) XVI


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ORIGINAL ROGERS - Antique, Rose Pattern Flatware
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Metals
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Nov 25,2006
- Channel: Online Auction
ORIGINAL ROGERS, Wm Rogers Mfg Co, . Rose Pattern Flatware, 1 place setting. Beautiful condition. Very shiney. Picture is slightly shadowed.


text:
Giro d'Italia Results
Updated: May 6, 2013, 1:10 PM ETAssociated Press
At Marina di Ascea, Italy
Third Stage
138 miles from Sorrento to Marina di Ascea
1. Luca Paolini, Italy, Katusha, 5 hours, 43 minutes, 50 seconds.
2. Cadel Evans, Australia, BMC, 16 seconds behind.
3. Ryder Hesjedal, Canada, Garmin Sharp, same time.
4. Mauro Santambrogio, Italy, Vini Fantini-Selle Italia, same time.
5. Samuel Sanchez, Spain, Euskaltel-Euskadi, same time.
6. Giampaolo Caruso, Italy, Katusha, same time.
7. Pieter ...
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The Central Permitting Division is repsonsible for processing applications for all residential, commercial, trade, and miscellaneous permits. It is also the purpose of the Central Permitting Division to enhance the quality of life for all citizens of Pender County by providing for the public's safety through effective and efficient administration and enforcement of the local, state, and federal regulatory agencies.
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A U.S. district court recommended that Iran, the Taliban and al-Qaida pay $6 billion in compensation to the families of the victims of the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
The symbolic decision came Monday in New York as a recommendation in response to a lawsuit brought by relatives of 47 victims that was decided in the relatives' favor last year, according to The Associated Press.
"It's hard being happy, but I am happy about it," plaintiff Ellen Saracini, wife of one of the captains of a plane that hit the World Trade Center, told the AP. "But it opens up old wounds. We were never in it for a lawsuit. I wanted to know what happened to my husband."
Iran repeatedly has denied any connection to the attacks but gave several of the terrorists passage through the country, according to AP.
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