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Difference between revisions of "How to add tooltips to your Joomla! website"
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Clicking the image will take you to <tt>http://www.joola.org</tt>, since that is the "$href" argument.
Clicking the image will take you to <tt>http://www.joola.org</tt>, since that is the "$href" argument.
This code is almost the same as above except the image will not be a link (because the "$href" argument is omitted).
This code is almost the same as above except the image will not be a link (because the "$href" argument is omitted).
Revision as of 17:19, 1 March 2009
This page is tagged because it NEEDS REVIEW. You can help the Joomla! Documentation Wiki by contributing to it.
More pages that need help similar to this one are here. NOTE-If you feel the need is satistified, please remove this notice.
- 1 Tooltips Overview
- 2 Activate Tooltip Behavior
- 3 Create a Tooltip with the JHTML::tooltip Method
- 4 Create a Tooltip Using a CSS Class Name
- 5 Adding CSS Styling to the Tooltip
- 6 Customizing Your Yooltips
- 7 Tooltip With Different Classes
- 8 Using an External Javascript File
- 9 Complete Code Example
- 10 Example Code Screenshots
- 11 More Information
Tooltips Overview
A tooltips is a piece of text that pops up when you hover the mouse over a region on a website. If you use the Joomla! back end, for example, tooltips are used to help explain the action of different parameters, as shown in the screenshot below:
Tooltips are a great way to give the user access to information without using up space on the screen. You can use basic tooltips just by adding a "title" attribute to a tag. However, this doesn't give you the option to style the tooltips. With Joomla! version 1.5, it is very easy to add styled tooltips to your site. This tutorial will show you how.
Note: If you are converting old code, make sure it doesn't use the prototype.js file. That file will keep the tooltips from working.
Activate Tooltip Behavior
To start, you must activate the tooltip behavior. This is done with the following line of code:
Note that you only put this line in once per file. A good place is right after the
defined('_JEXEC') or die('Restricted access'); line. If you are curious about what this line does, it inserts the following JavaScript code in the heading of the HTML page:

This allows tooltips to function, as outlined below.
Create a Tooltip with the JHTML::tooltip Method
One way to create a tooltip is using the JHTML::tooltip method. The API documentation is available at http://api.joomla.org/Joomla-Framework/HTML/JHTML.html#tooltip. The method definition is shown below.
void tooltip (string $tooltip, [string $title = ''], [string $image = 'tooltip.png'], [string $text = ''], [string $href = ''], [boolean $link = 1])
The brackets mean the parameter is optional. The first parameter, "$tooltip", is the only required parameter. The equals specifies the default if you do not pass that parameter. For example, the image file 'tooltip.png' is the default image.
The following is a basic tooltip. Keep in mind that the image variable must be in reference to 'includes/js/ThemeOffice'. Use the prefix '../../../' to reference from the root of the Joomla installation.
JHTML::tooltip('This is the tooltip text', 'Tooltip title', 'tooltip.png', '', 'http://www.joomla.org');
The above will make a tooltip using the default "tooltip.png" image, as shown below.
Clicking the image will take you to http://www.joola.org, since that is the "$href" argument.
Internet Explorer Bug: When you use the JHTML::tooltip method to create an image tooltip, it creates an "alt" attribute with the value "Tooltip". The "alt" attribute is used in cases where the image file cannot be found or for accessibility (for example, for blind users). Internet Explorer automatically displays the "alt" attribute as a tooltip. This means that image tooltips created by JHTML::tooltip (like the example above) will display with two tooltips when viewed with Internet Explorer, as shown below.
You can avoid this problem either by using text tooltips or by coding the tooltip HTML manually as shown later in this tutorial.
This code is almost the same as above except the image will not be a link (because the "$href" argument is omitted).
JHTML::tooltip('This is the tooltip text', 'Tooltip title', 'tooltip.png', '', '', false);
A tooltip can be attached to an image or to text. For example, this code
echo JHTML::tooltip('This is a tooltip attached to text', 'Text Tooltip Title', '', 'Hover on this text to see the tooltip');
will show a tooltip attached to text, as shown below.
Note that specifying the "$text" parameter will override any image you have passed to tooltip.
Create a Tooltip Using a CSS Class Name
If we look at the HTML page source generated by the
JHTML::tooltip function above, here is what we see:
 Hover on this text to see the tooltip
This function generates an HTML "span" tag with the classes "editlinktip" and "hasTip" and an attribute called "title". Notice that the the "title" attribute has two parts,
<tooltip title>::<tooltip text> (for example, "Tooltip Title::This is the tooltip text"). You can create a tooltip with only text or with only a title. The title has implications for styling, as we'll see below.
The Javascript inserted by the
JHTML::('behavior_tooltip') command we entered earlier picks up this tag based on the class called "hasTip". So, a second way of creating a tooltip is to simply create a tag with a class called "hasTip" and an attribute of "title". For example, this code
 Hover on this text to see the tooltip
will produce exactly the same effect as the
JHTML::tootip() example above.
Adding CSS Styling to the Tooltip
The default tooltips, whether using the JHTML::tooltip method or class method, use the following three CSS classes: .tool-tip, .tool-title, and .tool-text.
Here are the default styles.
/* Tooltips */ .tool-tip { float: left; background: #ffc; border: 1px solid #D4D5AA; padding: 5px; max-width: 200px; } .tool-title { padding: 0; margin: 0; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold; margin-top: -15px; padding-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 5px; background: url(../images/selector-arrow.png) no-repeat; } .tool-text { font-size: 100%; margin: 0; }
If you have a custom CSS file, copy this code and alter it to your liking. Note that the .tool-title class uses by default the "selector-arrow.png" image. This is what gives the outline of the tooltip the little pointer in the upper left of the tooltip box. If you leave out a title in your tooltip, you will just get a rectangle, without the pointer.
Customizing Your Yooltips
Ok, now it's time to have some fun. The
JHTML::_('behavior.tooltip') can take two optional parameters. The first parameter is the name of the CSS class that will be used to identify the tooltip. As we saw earlier, this defaults to "hasTip". The second optional parameter is an array of parameters that you can use to fine-tune the tooltip functionality. These are explained below.
- maxTitleChars: The maximum length of the title (the part of the "title" attribute before the "::")
- showDelay, hideDelay: The time to delay showing or hiding the tooltip, in milliseconds. Default is 100.
- className: The first part of the class name used to style the actual tooltip. The default, as we saw, is "tool", and the full class names by default are "tool-tip", "tool-title', and "tool-text". So, for example, if we set this to "custom", we would style the classes "custom-tip", "custom-title", and "custom-text".
- fixed: Whether or not to have the tooltip move with the mouse. If set to "true", the tooltip will be centered below the text or image. If set to "false", the tooltip will move with the mouse. Default is "false".
- onShow, onHide: Functions to call for the onShow and onHide events. We'll see an example below where we can use these to create a fade-in and fade-out for the tooltip.
In the next section, we'll show how to use these parameters with some examples.
Tooltip With Different Classes
In this example, we will create a tooltip using different selector and tooltip styling classes. Why might we want to do this? One reason would be if we had different types of tooltips and we wanted to style them differently.
Here is the code to create the tooltip Javascript function:
$toolTipArray2 = array('className'=>'custom2'); JHTML::_('behavior.tooltip', '.hasTip2', $toolTipArray);
In this code, we are creating an array with just one element -- to set the "className" parameter to "custom2". This means that, to style these tooltips, we would use the classes custom2-tip, custom2-title, and custom2-text. Then we call the method with the arguments ".hasTip2" and the array "$toolTipArray". It can be a little confusing, because we have two CSS classes at work here. The class ".hasTip2" is used in the HTML tag. That is how the Javascript program identifies the tooltips to operate on. The class "custom2" is used as the first part of the three CSS classes to use to style the actual tooltip itself.
To use this new tooltip, we could use the following code:
 hasTip2 and custom2 example
Since we set the class to "hasTip2", this tag will be processed by the new version of the tooltip program. So, if we use both the default tooltip ("hasTip" class) and the new tooltip ("hasTip2" class) in the same page, we can style them differently using "tool-" styles for the default and "custom2-" styles for the "hasTip2" tooltips.
Next, let's look at a more complex example, shown below.
$toolTipArray = array('className' => 'custom2', 'showDelay'=>'500', 'hideDelay'=>'500', 'fixed'=>true, 'onShow'=>"function(tip) {tip.effect('opacity', {duration: 500, wait: false}).start(0,1)}", 'onHide'=>"function(tip) {tip.effect('opacity', {duration: 500, wait: false}).start(1,0)}"); JHTML::_('behavior.tooltip', '.hasTip2', $toolTipArray); ?>
Again, we are building an array to pass to the
JHTML::_('behavior.tooltip') function. Again, we are setting the "className" parameter to "custom2". We are also setting the "showDelay" and "hideDelay" parameters to 500 milliseconds (.5 seconds). So the tooltip will show only after the mouse has hovered for this amount of time.
Notice that we are setting the parameter "fixed" to "true" (without the quotes). This means that the tooltip will not move with the mouse. Instead, it will always show centered below the tooltip text or image.
Finally, the tricky part. We are creating functions to pass in to the "onShow" and "onHide" events. These functions cause the tooltip to fade in and fade out over the space of 500 milliseconds. This is done by gradually varying the tooltip's CSS "opacity" style from "0" (completely transparent) to "1" (completely opaque). If we wanted the tooltip to be partially transparent, we could change these to
start(0,.8) and
These functions are similar to the sample code in the MooTools demo tutorial. Click on the link called "js code" and look at the code for the "Tips2" demo. We have just taken the code from the initialize function and incorporated it into the "onShow" and "onHide" functions.
The last line of code above creates the actual Javascript code in our Joomla! document. If we show the page and view source, we see the following:
window.addEvent('domready', function(){ var JTooltips = new Tips($$('.hasTip2'), { maxTitleChars: 50, showDelay: 500, hideDelay: 500, className: 'custom2', fixed: true, onShow: function(tip) {tip.effect('opacity', {duration: 500, wait: false}).start(0,1)}, onHide: function(tip) {tip.effect('opacity', {duration: 500, wait: false}).start(1,0)} }); });
So we can see the effect of the parameters that we passed to the
JHTML::_('behavior.tooltip') method.
offsets Parameter
Note: The "offsets" parameter doesn't work in version 1.5.9 and earlier because of a bug. As of version 1.5.10 it should work as outlined below.
You can control the x and y distance, in pixels, from the cursor to the tooltip using the "offsets" parameter. This parameter must be an array as shown in the example code below:
// set x (horizontal) distance to 20 pixels, y (vertical) distance to 30 pixels $toolTipArray = array('offsets'=>array('x'=>20, 'y'=>30), 'maxtitlechars'=>40); JHTML::_('behavior.tooltip', '.customOffset', $toolTipArray);
Using an External Javascript File
There are times when you might prefer to work with a separate Javascript file. This gives you complete flexibility to use all of the mootools capabilities. To do this:
- Create the separate Javascript file and save it somewhere in your Joomla! site (for example, "templates/<your template>/js/yourjsfile.js".
- Use the
JHTML::scriptfunction to add this script to your document. For example:
$filename = 'testtooltip.js'; // this file is used for class="hasTip3" titles $path = 'templates/rhuk_milkyway/js/'; // path to the file // true means MooTools will load if it is not already loaded JHTML::script($filename, $path, true);
This will load your script into the document and make sure that the MooTools library is available.
Complete Code Example
Here is an example that incorporates all of the elements discussed in this tutorial. So you can see the code in action, we will create an override of the "mod_stats" Module and add our test code there. We will use the rhuk_milkyway template.
To set up the template override, create a folder called "templates/rhuk_milkyway/html/mod_stats" and copy the file "modules/mod_stats/tmpl/default.php" to this new folder.
After line 2 of this file (
defined('_JEXEC') or die('Restricted access');), insert the following:
JHTML::_('behavior.tooltip'); $toolTipArray = array('className' => 'custom2', 'showDelay'=>'500', 'hideDelay'=>'500', 'fixed'=>'true' , 'onShow'=>"function(tip) {tip.effect('opacity', {duration: 500, wait: false}).start(0,1)}" , 'onHide'=>"function(tip) {tip.effect('opacity', {duration: 500, wait: false}).start(1,0)}"); JHTML::_('behavior.tooltip', '.hasTip2', $toolTipArray); // class="hasTip2" titles $filename = 'testtooltip.js'; // used for class="hasTip3" titles $path = 'templates/rhuk_milkyway/js/'; JHTML::script($filename, $path, true); // MooTools will load if it is not already loaded
Here we are creating the Javascript functions we will need later. The first line is the simple default declaration that will use the ".hasTip" and "tool-" CSS classes.
The next 5 lines create the more customized function that includes the fade-in and fade-out. It uses the ".hasTip2" to create the tip and the classes starting with "custom2-" to style the tooltip.
The last 3 lines reference the external Javascript file, which will be created below. The class information will be contained in that file.
Now, time for some more coding. At the end of the "modules/mod_stats/tmpl/default.php" file, add the code shown below:

Tooltip Examples
 <?php echo JHTML::tooltip('This is the tooltip text', 'Tooltip title', 'tooltip.png', '', 'http://www.joomla.org');?>

 <?php echo JHTML::tooltip('This is a tooltip attached to text', 'Text Tooltip Title', '', 'Hover on this text to see the tooltip');?>

 Tooltip on a link example

  hasTip2 and custom2 example

  hasTip3 hover text

The first two examples using the
JHTML::tooltip function to create the tooltip HTML code.
The third example shows an "a" tag with a tooltip. This illustrates that you can put tooltips on most HTML tags, not just "span" tags. Again, it is using the "hasTip" class, so it will be controlled by the Javascript above called with the ".hasTip" argument and will be styled with the default "tool-" styles.
The fourth example shows a "span" tag using the "hasTip2" class. So it will be styled using the "custom2-" classes and will have the "showDelay" and "hideDelay" of 500 milliseconds and have "fixed" equal to "true" (so the tip will not move with the mouse). Also, it uses the special fade-in and fade-out effects.
The last example will use the Javascript code from the external file, shown below.
Now, some more coding. Create a JavaScript file called "testtooltip.js" and save it into the folder "templates/rhuk_milkyway/js":
window.addEvent('domready', function(){ //do your tips stuff in here... var zoomTip = new Tips($$('.hasTip3'), { className: 'custom3', //this is the prefix for the CSS class offsets: { 'x': 20, //default is 16 'y': 30 //default is 16 }, initialize:function(){ this.fx = new Fx.Style(this.toolTip, 'opacity', {duration: 1000, wait: false}).set(0); }, onShow: function(toolTip) { this.fx.start(0,.8); }, onHide: function(toolTip) { this.fx.start(.8,0); } }); });
This code will operate on the "hasTip3" class and will use style classes starting with "custom3-". We are setting the x distance (from the cursor to the tooltip) to 20 pixels and the y distance to 30 pixels. This also has the fade-in and fade-out functionality, but the final "opacity" value is set to .8, meaning that the tooltip will be slightly transparent.
Finally, add this to the end of your "templates/rhuk_milkyway/css/template.css" file:
.custom2-tip { color: #000; width: 130px; z-index: 13000; } .custom2-title { font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; margin: 0; color: #024A68; padding: 8px 8px 4px; background: #3CA0D0; border-bottom: 1px solid #024A68; } .custom2-text { font-size: 11px; padding: 4px 8px 8px; background: #63ADD0; } .custom3-tip { color: #000; width: 130px; z-index: 13000; } .custom3-title { font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; margin: 0; color: #3E4F14; padding: 8px 8px 4px; background: #C3DF7D; border-bottom: 1px solid #B5CF74; } .custom3-text { font-size: 11px; padding: 4px 8px 8px; background: #CFDFA7; }
Here we are just adding different colors for the "custom2-" and "custom3-" styles so you can see the effect of the different tooltip code.
Notice that .custom2-title and .custom3-title classes do not have a background property. So these tooltips will be a box without the neat little arrow pointing at the mouse. If you wanted, you could create an image similar to "templates/system/images/selector-arrow.png" of the right color and add that as a background to these classes.
Example Code Screenshots
Here are some screenshots taken from the sample code above. The first screenshot shows the modified "mod_stats" modules with our sample code.
The screenshot below shows the fade-in effect for the ".hasTip2" tooltip. Notice also that the tooltip is centered below the text. This is the effect of setting "fixed" equal to "true".
The last screenshot shows the different styling for the ".hasTip3" tooltip, based on the "custom3-" CSS class styles.
More Information
More information about the topics covered in this tutorial is available at the links below. Note that Joomla! version 1.5 uses MooTools version 1.11. The current version of MooTools is 1.2.
- Joomla API - http://api.joomla.org
- Documentation for 1.11 MooTools Tips: http://docs111.mootools.net/Plugins/Tips.js
- Mootools demos for version 1.11 - http://demos111.mootools.net/Tips
- Mootools Website - http://www.mootools.net/


text:
THE SIREN by Vera-ChimeraWatch
©2013-2016 Vera-Chimera
Photographer: *beethy
Weapons and transport: *newti
Hair: ~CandyCov3red
Video: Ryan Rickic
Model, costume, make-up, tattoo: me
Assistance: Tim Van Young
Last Lilith photo! Enjoy!
Weapons and transport: *newti
Hair: ~CandyCov3red
Video: Ryan Rickic
Model, costume, make-up, tattoo: me
Assistance: Tim Van Young
Last Lilith photo! Enjoy!
It's no surprise that you look perfect doing this. After all, you are the official Lilith!
Hello, programmer here, just pointing out if you want those "Borderland" weapons to be real, call me up and I'll give you schematics.
Nice, but lack of trigger discipline always drives me nuts!
Lookin' awesome
really cool
Do you make any cosplay type video's other then tutorials? o.o
I also watch your fb page, but I haven't found any so far
I also watch your fb page, but I haven't found any so far
Nice cosplay and location! Also DAT GUN. You look so badass.
Everyone did such a great job.
I dare say this is a perfect lilith cosplay, awesome work
Nice capture. Im diggin the color tones.
great shot! LOL if you shot this where I work (chemical plants) you'd have the police on you real fast they're picky about photography they think everyone is a terrorist
Excellent costume and great location. One of the benefits of being an Aussie is post apocalypse settings are much easier to pull off I guess
You look great, very tough, but still sexy, and kudos to beethy for some great lighting and general photography wizardry.
Damn gir! Your a really good cosplayer, lol!
very cool cosplay, and legendary game
Incredible and very good cosplay,but shock part is that you look like somebody i know,like a twin,(in this and Litchi cosplay) but yes,, keep it up with amazing work.
One of the best costume. Looks simple but in sophisticated.
Were you the live-action model for Lilith in Borderlands 2?
Love the Borderlands games <3333 You make an amazing Lilith!
you looks cool and dangerous
fkin Awesome!
very cool
amazing !
Always a pleasure to see your Lilith. So well executed that feels my heart with Siren love.
Teenage males everywhere would like to thank DeviantArt for this opportunity to witness attractive women dressing up like game characters...win.
Really great background choice!
AWESOME xD keep it up!
Good job
thats fantastic
Is that a super scope with stuff on it?
The expression HAS FEELING!!! ThankYOU i am inspired!
"A Siren..whose wisdom is matched only by her beauty" - Handsome Jack
great use of tones
Best Lilith ever!
wowowowowow i love you.
Wait... that's a real photograph? Wow. I thought it was 3D...
/me shamed, hides in barracks.
/me shamed, hides in barracks.
Wow,very nice!
It looks like Rebuilt Firestone.
haha nerf fun xD
Awesome picture, too
Awesome picture, too

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Indeed, instead of apologizing, the administration boasts that the website is "less prone to errors" and is "on track to work for a vast majority of users." (Even former White House press secretary Robert Gibbs called BS on that one.) Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius claims "dramatic" improvement but recommends potential "customers" (read: subjects) use the site during "off-peak hours." Comforting, huh? Kind of like "the dog ate my website." But hey, if you can't fulfill your disingenuous promises, why not change the rules midgame? It's not about producing results but about duping and pacifying people.
Apart from the rationalizations and bar-lowering shenanigans, the administration is flat out defrauding us again. As Breitbart and others are reporting, the site can handle only 50,000 users at a time; it loads slowly; small businesses won't be enrolled until after the 2014 midterm elections; technical problems will impede the government's ability to verify users' identities and the transmission of accurate enrollment data to insurance providers; and some crucial parts of the site haven't even been built yet.
In addition, though the administration says the system is working 95.1 percent of the time (excluding scheduled maintenance), the industry standard for websites is 99.9 percent, and "anything below that," reports The Washington Examiner, "is considered a failure and 95.1 percent is a disaster." The Examiner also calls into question the administration's claim that it's working for 80 percent of users. "Centers for Medicare and Medicaid spokeswoman Julie Bataille was a bit vague about whether that goal had been met."
But let's keep our eyes on the big ball, shall we? Regardless of the administration's obfuscation, mendacity, scapegoating, weasel-wording, ex post facto reductions of expectations, and smoke and mirrors manipulation, the website will eventually work in a technical sense.
Yet when all that fairy dust has settled, the substantive problems with Obamacare will remain, as people will continue to suffer involuntary divorces from their plans and doctors, be coerced into paying more for coverage, lose control over their own health care decisions, and receive lesser-quality and less timely care. Doctors will reportedly face a 24 percent pay cut in both Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements, which will force even more of them out of the profession than Obamacare is already doing, and Obamacare will continue to bend the cost curve up, not down, and destroy American jobs.
Improvements to the disgraceful website, as inferior as they are, are but distractions from the real problem, which is Obamacare proper -- a legislative menace that must be repealed. Not massaged, not corrected, not amended, not fixed but outright repealed.


text:
The Journal Sentinel sports staff brings fans the latest news and inside information on the Brewers
Mark Rogers will continue working in Arizona
Phoenix - Right-hander Mark Rogers, who was placed on the 15-day DL on Tuesday with right shoulder instability, will rmain in Arizona on Thursday when the team breaks camp and continue to work here.
"I'll be here for a little bit," Rogers said Wednesday morning. "I'm not sure how long. Maybe it'll only be for a short period of time. We're going to figure that out."
Rogers has dealt with command issues and loss of velocity all spring, which knocked him out of the running for the starting rotation. He's not ready to pitch out of the bullpen yet, either, which is why he'll open the season on the DL.
"The goal is to continue to build strength," said Rogers. "I'm starting to feel better every single day. I just need to get to the point I was at (last) August. I need to continue to strengthen my shoulder. Some of that will be throwing. I'm going to have a long-toss program. Also, just working with the trainers.
"I'm confident that it won't take long. I physically feel pretty good. I don't feel perfect, obviously, but I don't feel it's that far away. I feel with some hard work over the next couple of weeks I can be back to where I want to be."
By placing Rogers on the DL, the Brewers delayed what would have been a difficult decision. He is out of minor-league options and would have to go through waivers to go down to the minors.
"I'm glad that didn't happen," Rogers said of the waiver process. "I want to be here."
Comments »
Read and share your thoughts on this story.


text:
Obama could curb corporate 'inversions' on his own -ex-U.S. official
WASHINGTON, July 28 (Reuters) – President Barack Obama could
act without congressional approval to limit a key incentive for
U.S. corporations to move their tax domiciles abroad in
so-called "inversion" deals, a former senior U.S. Treasury
Department official said on Monday.
By invoking a 1969 tax law, Obama could bypass congressional
gridlock and restrict foreign tax-domiciled U.S companies from
using inter-company loans and interest deductions to cut their
U.S. tax bills, said Stephen Shay, former deputy assistant
Treasury secretary for international tax affairs in the Obama
administration. He also served as international tax counsel at
Treasury from 1982 to 1987 in the Reagan administration.
Foreign tax dodge deals have vexed U.S. for decades
WASHINGTON, July 25 (Reuters) – President Barack Obama
called on Thursday for limits on corporate deals known as
inversions in which U.S. companies shift domicile to foreign
countries to avoid U.S. taxes.
Washington has grappled for 30 years with inversions.
Fifty-two such deals have occurred in the past 31 years, half
since the 2008-2009 credit crisis, a Reuters review showed.
Top U.S. lawmaker wants corporate tax loophole 'plugged now'
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Immediate government action is needed to plug a loophole that allows U.S. corporations to avoid federal taxes by shifting their tax domiciles overseas through deals known as inversions, the head of the U.S. Senate Finance Committee said on Tuesday.
Nine inversion deals have been agreed to this year by companies ranging from banana distributor Chiquita Brands International Inc to drugmaker AbbVie Inc and more are being considered. The transactions are setting a record pace since the first inversion was done 32 years ago.
U.S. Senate panel to debate wave of corporate tax-avoidance deals
WASHINGTON, July 21 (Reuters) – As more U.S. corporations do
deals to cut taxes by shifting their tax domiciles overseas, the
Senate Finance Committee will hold a hearing on Tuesday focused
on these transactions known as inversions.
Nine such deals have been agreed to this year by companies
ranging from banana distributor Chiquita Brands International,
Inc to drugmaker AbbVie Inc and more are being
considered. The transactions are setting a record pace since the
first inversion was done 32 years ago.
U.S. Treasury urges Congress to act on corporate tax dodge deals
July 16 (Reuters) – Calling for a new sense of "economic
patriotism," U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew urged Congress on
Wednesday to take steps quickly to discourage U.S. companies
from moving their tax domiciles abroad to avoid federal taxes.
"Congress should enact legislation immediately," Lew told a
business conference in New York hosted by cable television
channel CNBC. "We should have some economic patriotism here."
U.S. accountants' group sues to block IRS tax preparer program
WASHINGTON, July 15 (Reuters) – A U.S. group that represents
accountants said on Tuesday it has sued the Internal Revenue
Service, challenging its new voluntary program for educating and
testing tax return preparers.
"The IRS's new rule regulating tax return preparers is an
unlawful exercise of government power," Barry Melancon,
president of the American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA), said in a statement.
U.S. House backs permanent ban on Internet access taxes
WASHINGTON, July 15 (Reuters) – The U.S. House of
Representatives voted on Tuesday to ban permanently any taxation
of Internet access, a prohibition that is temporary and
currently set to expire in 16 weeks.
In a move opposed by some Democrats and state and local
governments, the House approved a bill that would bar state and
local governments from enacting Internet connection taxes.
More U.S. companies doing deals to avoid U.S. taxes: Congress study
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Seventy-six U.S. corporations have shifted their tax domiciles out of the United States to other countries since 1983 to avoid U.S. taxes, with a sharp increase recently in such deals, a policy research arm of Congress said on Monday.
Known as inversions, these transactions are still rare but are becoming more common and causing concern in Washington. Responding to a request from lawmakers for background, the Congressional Research Service said it had found 47 such deals had been done in the past decade and more are in the works.
U.S. IRS launches education program for tax return preparers
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – The U.S. Internal Revenue Service said on Thursday it will launch a voluntary education program for tax return preparers, a step back from an earlier mandatory program of testing and regulation that was halted by the courts.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled in February that the IRS did not have the authority on its own to impose rules on up to 700,000 preparers who are not already licensed as attorneys, accountants or "enrolled agents."
Exclusive: U.S. senator warns as Walgreen weighs overseas tax deal
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – As Walgreen Co, the largest U.S. drugstore chain, edged closer to potentially moving its tax home base abroad, the senior U.S. senator from its home state said on Wednesday that he hoped the company would not take such a step.
Illinois Democrat Richard Durbin told Reuters in an interview that he spoke with a Walgreen lobbyist on Tuesday. "I told him I hope that the rumor's not true," Durbin said.


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- 10 years of friendship, arguing, and fanatical Pistons fandom! Read about it here
- PF.com is also on Facebook. Follow/Like us Here.Dismiss Notice
Will Billups playoff performance affect his new contract negotiations??
Discussion in 'Pistons and NBA' started by Dlev59, May 28, 2007.
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Smart Fortwo Night Orange Limited Edition
Car customizer Brabus presents the Ultimate 112, a Smart Fortwo in orange with 18″ black monoblock rims. Fully customized interior, exterior and guts for an "ultimate" Smart car experience. Some will love, some will hate, but the above photo is amazing either way.
More images follow after the click.


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Narrow your search
Watch the Mutants kick butt in Manhattan, courtesy of Platinum Games.
Marvel Studios and 20th Century Fox have released the first trailer for "X-Men: Apocalypse," telling of the powerful, ancient mutant our heroes must defeat to save the world from a bleak future.
A Nike ad featuring soccer star Cristiano Ronaldo and a bend test of Apple's iPhone 6 Plus also rank among the top trending videos of 2014.
See what happens when a guy falls for a mutant girl with pyrokinetic abilities in the music video "Right Now" by Never Let This Go -- released on Stan Lee's World of Heroes YouTube channel.
A team of Italian scientists turns ordinary spiders into super-spiders that can produce a web with fibers stronger than Kevlar. Hopefully the finding will also lead to a better Spider-Man movie.
At a loss when it comes to Marvel's Merc with a Mouth? Let's jump in at the shallow end and wade through the Deadpool. (That's funny because his name is Wade.)
Exfoliate. Massage. Rock out. In the pantheon of tech gadgets you can use in the shower, the Octaloofah may very well rule them all out of sheer strangeness.
Pizza Hut launches a Comic-Con publicity stunt by creating a life-size version of a fictional pizza-flinging vehicle.
A giant star in the Canis Majoris constellation isn't acting like itself, and scientists are doing their best to figure out why.
Yeah, yeah, the X-Men have to go back in time and save the world in their upcoming movie. But can they handle saving Don Draper?


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Good for healthy teeth
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by WildSweetVermont on Jul 21, 2012
I like that Xyli-White is SLS-free and flouride-free, and it contains ingredients I appreciate such as silica and tea tree oil. It cleans well, it tastes good, and I like that xylitol is good for the teeth, not just good tasting. I believe the great reviews for this product...and...everyone's tooth and gum health or sensitivity is different. Check with your own dentist to see what s/he suggests for your own situation. :)
Posted by Reviewer2779632 on Jul 04, 2012
This one was my first experience with fluoride free toothpaste, and I'm surprised over the effectiveness. Its not foaming so much that I'm used to, but leaves my mouth clean and it tastes good. Im not sure if I will buy again, but Im not unhappy with this product.
It whitens
Posted by Reviewer1547814 on Jul 11, 2012
Xyliwhite does whiten your teeth. And I like the feeling it leaves in my mouth and on my teeth. It reminds me of the feeling Pearl drops gave, if you are old enough to remember it.
Not bad
Posted by Reviewer3328364 on Aug 16, 2012
I like its very mild taste, and it cleanes and refreshes well.
Posted by Reviewer2881143 on Aug 23, 2012
Excellent product, cheap leaves you with refreshing breath


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Elmo Videos
First Look at New Season of 'Sesame Street'
The beloved children's TV show gets a new set as the series makes its way to HBO.
'Sesame Street' Introduces 1st Muppet With Autism
index," Elmo is getting a new friend. " Sesame street " is introducing Julia, the first ..... she comes together with Abby and Elmo she shares not only these challenges ..... speak and not all can, into " Sesame street 's" digital programming and into
'Sesame Street' Says Goodbye to Maria
Manzano is moving on now, retiring after 44 years on " Sesame street ." She joined the cast in 1971 at age 22. The first Latina ..... times, when she married her beloved Luis on the show, Elmo was ring bearer. Maria as essential to the cast as cookie
Elmo Shares His Favorite Recipes from New 'Sesame Street' Cookbook
guest. Our friends from " Sesame street " have been stirring things up all morning long. Elmo . Retote that and grover ..... their new book called " Sesame street : Let's cook". Good ..... This is a recipe that Elmo 's mommy taught Elmo
NYPD Bust Fake Elmo in Times Square
this morning on the Elmo busted by police in Times Square was part of an NYPD staying dubbed operation Sesame Street . You cannot make this up 37 year old Rosa Sanchez of a new charged with aggressive solicitation the NYPD sent got a last night
'Sesame Street' Takes Over 'GMA': It's 'Another Good Morning'!
Your friends are on their way to sesame street . What are you doing here? I can't ..... if Amy and robin and Sara made it to sesame street ? We made it, George and Lara. ♪ ♪ the sun ..... it's just another good morning here on sesame street ♪ ♪ cute and furry neighbors say hi
Throwback Thursday: What's Your Favorite Muppet Moment?
about aren't happen to be from. Sesame Street AMP your favorites. Being My favorite ..... abandoned lot adjacent to one to three Sesame Street looking behind buildings. In the ..... think the inspiration for before Elmo And I was always fascinated bottled
Star-Studded 'Sesame Street' Season
too, who come to " sesame street ." Can't get enough ..... the constellation to " sesame street ." Where the biggest ..... Reporter: This year, elmo and the gang invited ..... another cool guy came to " sesame street ." My nickname was grover
Costumed 'Cookie Monster' Allegedly Curses, Pushes Kid
It was dresses an innocent Sesame Street character in Times Square though cookie monster but according to ..... cookie monster in jail. Do you like cookie monster Not anymore. And Elmo is 22 and a half year old and now her first. He's given up on
Student Lands Kate Upton Prom Date With Video
McCarthy and one perk can penguin for the craze viewed on " sesame street " some when melissa McCarthy shares word of the day which ..... act and she can dance. You just saw it there. She and elmo join forces with the penguin choreographer to create their
In his new video not only Sesame Street the first non profit organization ..... all about tell us favorite Sesame Street character. Top big bird Elmo cookie monster count on count ..... of taking Serena needed to Sesame Street and avenue Q hung out with
Elmo Puppeteer Kevin Clash Resigns Amid Sex Allegation
And following some breaking news story of the actor who plays Elmo on Sesame Street has quit his job this in the wake of allegations that he had an affair with an underage boy. Last came forward accusing Kevin
Elmo Puppeteer Accused of Sex With Underage Boy
Trouble on Sesame Street puppeteer who plays Elmo is accused of having a relationship with the sixteen year old boy. Kevin Clash denies all of the charges but is taking a leave
Elmo Calms Children Frightened by Superstorm Sandy
we chat about it, with our friend, elmo . We adults called it a superstorm ..... And an expert on kids, our friend, elmo . I have a little daughter named sarina. And she, actually, elmo , wanted to ask you this question. What
'Evil Elmo' Moves to San Francisco
of the evil Elmo . A man dressed up and an Al mall costume. Who heads the hearse spotted here in new York and now the ..... simply an exercise of free speech but trademark lawyers warned that with a lawsuit from the folks at Sesame Street .
Romney's Rise in Polls; Obama on 'Sesame Street'
deficit, funding pbs . Bernie madoff ..... Reporter: " Sesame street " now asking the ..... how to get to " sesame street ." And the president talking elmo on the stump ..... hammer down on " sesame street ." Reporter
Will.i.am, Obama Bring 'Sesame Street' Theme to Ohio
Local public. Funding for funding for PBS . Now. Now by the way this is not know ..... Now he's now going after big or bird Elmo and make a run for the border. Oscar's ..... but he's gonna bring down the hammer on Sesame Street .
Big Bird's Ruffled Feathers
presidential campaign. I am going to stop the subsidy to pbs . I like big bird and I like you too. Somebody is finally getting tough on big bird, elmo , you better make a run for it. Reporter: Campaign surrogates
Elmo , Grover Lead 'Sesame Street' and 'GMA' Gangs in Song
You don't look a day over 22. I'm only 6 years old. Good morning, everyone. As you can see, the whole gang from " sesame street " is here this morning. Robin is on her medical leave. Why don't you guys say hello to robin? Hi, robin. Hi. Hi
Elmo Remembers Josh Elliott's Trip to 'Sesame Street'
back over to elmo . and friends ..... friends here, elmo . We want to ..... special visit to sesame street . He had a really ..... over a decade, elmo 's been taking ..... his world on " sesame street ." Welcome to elmo ' s world . eporter: NOW
Talk-Like-a-Pirate Day; Stewart, Pattinson Talking?
So happy to have elmo with me for "pop ..... shiver me timbers, elmo . The tenth anniversary ..... happening -- and get elmo away from the bell ..... years to come. And " sesame street " should have been ..... Yeah. We love you, elmo . Congratulations
Grover Throws Teeth-Brushing Party on 'GAA'
elmo teaching how to brush their ..... guest is a great friend of elmo and ours, grover is here ..... music video that my friend, elmo , did. Are you ready? Roll ..... healthy lives, the ad council, sesame street and dentists are here. Why
He's Elmo and He Knows It
The " Sesame Street " character stars in parody of LMFAO's "Sexy and I Know It."
B Is For 'Baking': Elmo , Cookie Monster on 'GMA'
good summer for some recipes from their new book being used for baking yummy dishes to make together Elmo you are in charge today. Regis yeah sushi. Thank you very much to look at it makes them with the red velvet cupcakes. You
Sesame Street's Elmo , Cookie Monster Misbehave During 'GMA' Rehearsal
Clip shows Sesame Street favorites taking issue with how a segment will air.
Man Celebrates 26 Years Voicing Elmo
way behind the scenes on Sesame Street if you've ever wondered ..... becomes clear that what makes Elmo come to life is not what ..... unfit to have to ask him. Elmo has a simple nature. in ..... of the time they don't Elmo And this is master puppeteer
Behind the Face of Elmo
Alter ego. Called Elmo and on the off chance ..... like and a former Elmo has a simple nature ..... time they don't Elmo easy pop. And this ..... Kevin Clash. Are Elmo but you can't be ..... them. In his early Sesame Street episode Elmo voice
WNN Papers: Bathroom Breaks
story from the Washington Post. Sesame Street YouTube channel was apparently packed ..... demonstrate what a safer time go to Sesame Street dot so would do that discussed. Tickle me Elmo and best selling this is people dirt
Elmo Gets Hacked
Today should be a sunnier day on Sesame Street them Sunday was normally it's official YouTube channel ..... off line but is now back there were no complaints and no Sesame Street characters. Appeared in those racy videos and a whole new
Elmo Teaches Kids Importance of Saving
financially education should start early. So Sesame Street has teamed up with PNC bank to help ..... saving and joining us now to talk about Sesame Street for me for you for later campaign is ..... we think we we've partnered with Sesame Street to to teach kids and that they've
Elmo Tackles Finance and Urges Kids to Save
your own children about money. Seems overwhelming. this Sesame Street and ten which is a partnership with PNC which is. Part ..... now encouraged to get to see money to cost five dollars Elmo learned you have to say eight of them went. But what hammer
Elmo , Vanderbilt YMCA Donate to 'GMA' Coat Drive
just like. The TV show Sesame Street live near stage production ..... you have job representing Elmo and the show the Here I'm ..... Your article another shower elmo 's Green to work what are ..... Coat Factory by the way elmo 's Green thumb is New York
How to Eat Healthy on a Budget
raise awareness about. Well at the Sesame Street has launched a wonderful campaign ..... money for an enormous number yup Sesame Street is trying to get across is that even ..... he can't heavy that juice yet. Elmo 's great to have you on the show
Nov. 10, 2009: 40 Years of 'Sesame Street'
That's how you get to Sesame Street . The beloved kid show ..... arguably no bigger name on Sesame Street mom and Elmo I want to ask you a ..... won't. Exactly what Elmo is referring to the ..... all the years that Sesame Street . Between yeah. It's
'Sesame Street' Teaches Self-Esteem
one from the powerhouse Sesame Street did and how he created ..... be the head writer at Sesame Street . So Jolie took his unique ..... recruited Kevin Clash elmo 's puppeteer to get ..... Show little brown on Sesame Street . Encouraging young black


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|26 Apr 2005
|Filing date
|17 Dec 2002
|Priority date
|6 Jun 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Paul Albert Sagel, Robert Stanley Dirksing, Frederick James Rohman
|Original Assignee
|The Procter & Gamble Co.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (108), Non-Patent Citations (44), Referenced by (32), Classifications (37), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/864,640, filed May 24, 2001, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/268,185, filed Mar. 15, 1999, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/040,000, filed Mar. 17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,453, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/870,330, filed Jun. 6, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,691, the substances of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to methods for whitening teeth, and more particularly, to methods for whitening teeth using a strip of material and a tooth whitening substance.
Tooth whitening has become popular in today's culture. More and more consumers are searching for the best method to achieve tooth whitening. Professional tooth bleach by a dentist is common. Generally, there are two types of professional tooth bleaching: in the dentist's office or outside of the dentist's office. In the office tooth bleaching generally involves several visits to the dentist and the use of a rubber dam to protect the patient's gums from the bleaching agents. Out of the office tooth bleaching generally involves the use of a device or tray which is made in the dental office to fit the patient's teeth. The device is reused, and therefore, must be sufficiently robust to endure repeat handling, cleaning, filling, installation, and wearing. Typically, a patient uses the device in time periods when social contact can be avoided.
There are now non-professional programs available to persons interested in whitening their teeth using commercial products available at drug stores. The commercial products provide a kit which includes a generic appliance and a container of bleaching gel. The obvious appeal is the lower cost of the program. A major disadvantage of this generic "one size fits all" appliance is the greater void space between the interior walls of the appliance and the teeth versus a professionally fitted appliance. Hence, in order to insure intimate contact of the bleaching gel and the teeth surfaces, more bleaching gel is required. Furthermore, the poorer fit means a greater loss of bleaching gel onto the gums, into the oral cavity, and eventual ingestion. The commercial kits, an the outside-the-office professionally administered program, require the user to clean and to reuse the appliance. Since generic appliances are not fitted to the individual user, they are even more bulky in the mouth than the fitted appliances and thus they restrict social discourse to a greater degree.
One attempt to remedy some of the problems of the commercial kits is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,654, issued to Fontenot on Nov. 19, 1996. Fontenot discloses a prepackaged moldable dental appliance adapted to fit a wide range of variously sized dental arches. In use, the dental appliance is removed from the packaging, aligned in a parallel fashion to the edges of the teeth and pushed over the teeth in the direction of the periodontal tissue until it covers the teeth surfaces.
Another solution is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,310,563, issued to Curtis et al. on May 10, 1994. Curtis et al. disclose a putty-like material which is formed by pressing against the teeth. It is held in place by mechanical engagement with undercut surfaces and by friction. The composition encapsulates the active.
Other methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,425,953, issued to Sintov et al. on Jun. 20, 1995. Sintov et al. discloses a liquid polymer composition for bleaching of the teeth. The liquid polymer composition forms a film after applied to the teeth. Other references which disclose using a film in the oral cavity include U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,243 issued to Schiraldi et al. on Dec. 15, 1987, and U.S. Pat. No. 2,835,628, issued to Saffir on May 20, 1958.
Methods for whitening teeth are provided. The methods include the steps of providing a strip of material and applying a thin layer of a tooth whitening substance having a whitening active selected from the group consisting of peroxides, metal chlorites, perborates, percarbonates, peroxyacids, hypochlorites, and combinations thereof to a front surface of a plurality of teeth, wherein the amount of the tooth whitening substance is between about 0.05 grams and about 0.4 grams. The method further includes the steps of conforming the strip of material to the front surface of the plurality of teeth and removing the strip of material, wherein the front surface of the plurality of teeth have between a 1 and a 4 VITA LUMIN shade guide improvement in color.
While the specification concludes with claims which particularly point out and distinctly claim the present invention, it is believed that the present invention will be better understood from the following description of preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals identify identical elements and wherein:
The abbreviation "cm", as used herein, means centimeter. The abbreviation "mm", as used herein, means millimeter.
Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to
As shown in
The fold line 35 will be placed over the tips of a user's teeth enabling the strip to fold down onto both the front side and the back side of the user's teeth. The strip will be placed so that the user's two canine teeth are just outside of corners 36 and 37. The fourth side 34 will be located close to the bottom edge of the front side of a user's bottom set of front teeth. Alternatively if the strip is worn on the user's top set of teeth, the fourth side 34 may be placed along the top part of the front side of a user's top set of front teeth. The third side 33 will be along the back side of a user's teeth.
Embodiments 50, 60, and 70 are illustrated by
Tooth Whitening Strip
The tooth whitening strip may be called a tooth whitening strip of material, a strip of material, or a strip. The tooth whitening strip of material will have a shape that is adapted to fit a user's teeth. It is preferred that the strip substantially covers the front side of at least a user's front four teeth and two canine teeth. These teeth are the most visible teeth for most users. The strip of material may cover the front side of additional teeth such as the teeth next two the canine teeth. This may be desired if these teeth are visible to others. By substantially, it is meant that at least half of the front tooth surface is covered. The tooth whitening strip may cover all of the front tooth surface and may also cover portions of the gums adjacent to the teeth. Generally, the tooth whitening strip will begin coverage at the point where the surface of the teeth intersect the gums.
The tooth whitening strip will be foldable over the tips and onto the back sides of one or more of the front four teeth without covering the tips of the two canine teeth. The shape of the strip will allow for canine tips to not be covered. By folding over the tips it is meant that the strip covers or wraps around the front side of the tooth over the tip and onto the back side of the tooth. Depending upon the size of the strip of material, the entire back side of the tooth including the adjacent gum may be covered or only a portion of the back side of the tooth.
The shape of the tooth whitening strip is critical to allow for coverage of the front side of the canines by not coverage of the tips. The shape of the strip may be any shape which allows this to result. The shape of the tooth whitening strip may be of many shapes. The strip may be substantially trapezoidal in shape. The term substantially trapezoidal is used to mean any shape having four general sides where there are two sides which are generally parallel or arched the same way. This may result when one side is convex and the opposing side is concave. The arched shape may help to reduce bunching of the strip and allow the strip to lay smoother along the surfaces of the teeth. The other two opposing sides will generally not be parallel. The strip may be substantially rectangular in shape. This is used generally to mean a shape with four sides which each of two sides are close to parallel. Parallel is used broadly to include when sides are arched, not straight, and generally not perpendicular. Alternatively, the strip may be of any shape such as round or oval. The strip may also be of a shape with many numbers of sides. The shape of the strip does not need to be symmetrical.
Any of the sides or edges of the strip may be notched, stair stepped, or arched. By notched it is meant that there is a recess, indentation, or curve of some type. By stair stepped it is meant that the side is not straight and may contain one or more stair steps. The strip may also contain slits, cross-slits, holes, perforations, or any suitable formation that allows for the canines to protrude through or be avoided by the strip of material. In generally, a recess should allow approximately 2 cm for protrusion of the canines.
Each strip of material will contain a fold line. The fold line is defined as the part of the strip where the tips of the teeth meet the strip when the strip is folded or wrapped over the tips. This line may be from the point where one recesses, stair steps, or notch on one side extends into the strip the farthest to where the other recess, stair step, or notch extends into the strip the farthest on the opposing side. For example, at the corner of a stair step or at the point of a notch. The fold line will generally extend from one side of the strip to another parallel side and along the longer part of the strip. The fold line may be self adjusting depending upon the size and shape of the strip. With a trapezoidal shape strip, the fold line will be determined based upon the positioning of the strip on a user's teeth. The fold line is generally up to about 4 cm in length for a strip designed to fit on a user's bottom set of teeth. There is not a minimum requirement for the fold line as long as part of the strip folds over the tips of at least part of one of the front four teeth. Generally, the fold line will be from about 0.1 cm to about 4 cm, preferably from about 0.5 cm to about 3.5 cm, more preferably from about 1 cm to about 3.2 cm, and most preferably from about 2 cm to about 3.1 cm. For the top set of a user's teeth, the fold line is up to about 4.3 cm in length. The fold line is generally from about 0.1 cm to about 4.3 cm, preferably from about 0.5 cm to about 4 cm, more preferably from about 1 cm to about 3.5 cm and most preferably from about 2 cm to about 3.4 cm.
Preferably, the shape of the strip of material is any shape that has rounded corners. "Rounded corners" is defined as not having any sharp angles or points. The conformable strip of material is preferably of a size that individually fits the row of teeth desired to be bleached. The size of the strip of material depends upon many factors, including the number of teeth to be bleached, the size of the teeth, and personal preference of the wearer. In general, the length of the strip of material is from about 2 cm to about 12 cm, preferably from about 3 cm to about 9 cm, and more preferably from about 4 cm to about 6 cm. If the strip of material is stair stepped on the sides or trapezoidal shaped, the longer side of the strip of material is generally from about 3 cm to about 12 cm, preferably from about 3.1 to about 10 cm, more preferably from about 3.5 cm to about 8 cm, and most preferably from about 4 cm to about 6 cm. The shorter side is from about 0.1 cm to about 12 cm, preferably from about 0.5 cm to about 8 cm, more preferably from about 1 cm to about 5 cm, and most preferably from about 1.5 cm to about 3 cm. The width of the strip of material will also depend upon many factors, including whether or not the strip of material wraps completely around the teeth and covers part or all of the front and back surfaces of the tooth. In a general application, the width of the strip of material is from about 0.5 cm to about 4 cm and preferably from about 1 cm to about 2 cm.
The strip of material serves as a protective barrier to substantially prevent saliva contacting the tooth whitening substance and leaching and/or erosion of the tooth whitening substance from the surface of the teeth by the wearer's lips, tongue, and other soft tissue. In order for an active in tooth whitening substance to act upon the surface of tooth over an extended period of time, from several minutes to several hours, it is important to minimize such leaching and/or erosion. The term "act upon" is herein defined as bringing about a desired change. For example, if the substance is a tooth whitener, it bleaches color bodies to bring about whitening.
The strip of material may comprise materials such as polymers, natural and synthetic wovens, non-wovens, foil, paper, rubber, and combinations thereof. The strip of material may be a single layer of material or a laminate of more than one layer. Generally, the strip of material is substantially water impermeable. The material may be any type of polymer that meets the required flexural rigidity and is compatible with tooth whitening actives, such as peroxide. The material may comprise a single polymer or a mixtures of polymers. Suitable polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene, ethylvinylacetate, ethylvinyl alcohol, polyesters such as Mylar� manufactured by DuPont, fluoroplastics such as Teflon� manufactured by DuPont, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the material is polyethylene. The strip of material is generally less than about 1 mm thick, preferably less than about 0.05 mm thick, and more preferably from about 0.001 to about 0.03 mm thick. A polyethylene strip of material is preferably less than about 0.1 mm thick and more preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.02 mm thick.
The strip of material may contain shallow pockets. When the substance is coated on a substance-coated side of strip of material, additional substance fills shallow pockets to provide reservoirs of additional substance. Additionally, the shallow pockets help to provide a texture to the delivery system. The film will preferably have an array of shallow pockets. Generally, the shallow pockets are approximately 0.4 mm across and 0.1 mm deep. When shallow pockets are included in the strip of material and substances are applied to it in various thicknesses, the overall thickness of the delivery system is generally less than about 1 mm. Preferably, the overall thickness is less than about 0.5 mm.
Flexural stiffness is a material property that is a function of a combination of strip thickness, width, and material modulus of elasticity. This test is a method for measuring the rigidity of polyolefin film and sheeting. It determines the resistance to flexure of a sample by using a strain gauge affixed to the end of a horizontal beam. The opposite end of the beam presses across a strip of the sample to force a portion of the strip into a vertical groove in a horizontal platform upon which the sample rests. A microammeter, wired to the strain gauge is calibrated in grams of deflection force. The rigidity of the sample is read directly from the microammeter and expressed as grams per centimeter of sample strip width. In the present invention, the strip of material has a flexural stiffness of less than about 5 grams/cm as measured on a Handle-O-Meter, model #211-300, available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Co. of Philadelphia, Pa., as per test method ASTM D2923-95. Preferably, the strip of material has a flexural stiffness less than about 4 grams/cm, more preferably less than about 3 grams/cm, and most preferably from about 0.1 grams/cm to about 1 grams/cm. Preferably, the flexural stiffness of the strip of material is substantially constant and does not significantly change during normal use. For example, the strip of material does not need to be hydrated for the strip to achieve the low flexural stiffness in the above-specified ranges.
This relatively low stiffness enables the strip of material to drape over the contoured surfaces of teeth with very little force being exerted; that is, conformity to the curvature of the wearer's mouth and gaps between adjacent teeth is maintained because there is little residual force within strip of material to cause it to return to its substantially flat shape. The flexibility of the strip enables the strip of material to contact adjoining soft tissue over an extended period of time without physical irritation. The strip of material does not require pressure forming it against the teeth.
The strip of material is held in place on a plurality of adjacent teeth by adhesive attachment provided by the substance. The viscosity and general tackiness of the substance cause the strip of material to be adhesively attached to a plurality of adjacent teeth without substantial slippage under the potential friction from the lips, tongue, and other soft tissue rubbing against the strip of material during mouth movements associated with talking, drinking, etc. However, this adhesion to the teeth is low enough to allow the delivery system to be easily removed by the wearer by peeling off the strip of material using one's finger or fingernail. The delivery system is easily removable from the surfaces of the teeth without the use of an instrument, a chemical solvent, or undue friction. Chemical solvents include any organic solvents commonly used in oral care products such as alcohol and other safe solvents such as water, which could be used to dilute the gelling agent. Undue friction is described as any type of rubbing with one's finger or a soft implement, such as cotton balls, swabs, or gauze pads.
A peel force of from about 1 gram to about 50 grams for a 1.5 cm strip width (approximately 17 grams/cm) is all that is required. Preferably, the peel force is from about 5 grams to about 40 grams and more preferably from about 10 grams to about 30 grams. The low peel force is desired for consumer handling purposes. The low peel force is possible because of the non-aggressive nature of a gel substance. Only when the flexural stiffness of the strip is low can the adhesion of the substance also be low. The adhesion of a stiffer strip would have to be greater in proportion to the strip stiffness in order to prevent the strip from returning to its flat condition and pulling away from the contoured surface of a plurality of teeth.
The strip of material may be formed by several of the film making processes known in the art. Preferably, a strip of material made of polyethylene is made by a blown process or a cast process. Processes, such as extrusion and other processes that do not affect the flexural rigidity of the strip of material, are also feasible. Additionally, the substance may be incorporated onto the strip during the processing of the strip. The substance may be a laminate on the strip.
Tooth Whitening Substance
The tooth whitening substance is a composition, compound, or mixture capable of influencing or effecting a desired change in appearance and/or structure of the surface it contacts. Examples of appearance and structural changes include, but are not necessarily limited to, whitening, stain bleaching, stain removal, plaque removal, and tartar removal. Preferably, the active is for the whitening of the tooth surfaces.
The tooth whitening substance may be coated on the strip of material, be applied by the user to the strip of material, or be applied by the user to their teeth and then apply the strip over the coated teeth. The amount of substance applied to the strip of material or teeth will depend upon the size and capacity of the piece of material, concentration of the active, and the desired benefit. Generally, less than about 1 gram of substance is required. Preferably, from about 0.05 grams to about 0.5 grams and more preferably from about 0.1 gram to about 0.4 grams of the substance is used. The amount of substance per square cm of material is less than about 0.2 grams/cm2, preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.1 grams/cm2, and more preferably from about 0.01 grams/cm2 to about 0.04 grams/cm2.
The substance of the present invention can be in the form of a viscous liquid, paste, gel, solution, or other suitable form that can provide sufficient adhesion. Preferably, the substance is in the form of a gel. The substance will have a viscosity of from about 200 to about 1,000,000 cps at low shear rates (less than one 1/seconds). Preferably, the viscosity is from about 100,000 to about 800,000 cps and more preferably from about 400,000 to about 600,000 cps.
Actives suitable for whitening include any material safe for use in the oral cavity which provides bleaching or stain removal. The actives suitable for whitening are selected from the group consisting of the peroxides, metal chlorites, perborates, percarbonates, peroxyacids, and combinations thereof. Suitable peroxide compounds include hydrogen peroxide, calcium peroxide, carbamide peroxide, and mixtures thereof. Most preferred is carbamide peroxide. Suitable metal chlorites include calcium chlorite, barium chlorite, magnesium chlorite, lithium chlorite, sodium chlorite, and potassium chlorite. Additional whitening actives may be hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide. The preferred chlorite is sodium chlorite.
The tooth whitening active is present in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 40%, by weight of the substance. If a peroxide compound is chosen as the active, the peroxide compound should provide an amount of hydrogen peroxide equivalent of from about 0.1% to about 20%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 10%, and most preferably from about 1% to about 7%, by weight of the substance. To deliver this amount of hydrogen peroxide equivalent, the peroxide compound, such as carbamide peroxide, is generally present in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 30% and preferably from about 3% to about 20%, by weight of the substance.
The actives are generally contained in an aqueous gel. The gel is a high viscosity matrix formed from gelling agents known in the art. These gelling agents are safe for oral use, do not readily dissolve in saliva, and do not react with or inactivate the oral care compounds incorporated into them. Generally, the gelling agent is a swellable polymer. Furthermore, the gel formed with these agents provides sufficient adhesive attachment of the film material to the targeted area of the mouth. The level of gelling agent to form the gel composition is from about 0.1% to about 15%, preferably from about 1% to about 10%, more preferably from about 2% to about 8%, and most preferably from about 4% to about 7%, by weight of the substance.
Suitable gelling agents useful in the present invention include carboxypolymethylene, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxypropyl cellulose, poloxamer, carrageenan, Veegum, carboxyvinyl polymers, and natural gums such as gum karaya, xanthan gum, Guar gum, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, and mixtures thereof. The preferable gelling agent for use in the present invention is carboxypolymethylene, obtained from B. F. Goodrich Company under the tradename "Carbopol". Particularly preferable Carbopols include Carbopol 934, 940, 941, 956 and mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred is Carbopol 956. Carboxypolymethylene is a slightly acidic vinyl polymer with active carboxyl groups. The normal concentration of various carboxypolymethylene resins in water, according to the manufacturer, is below about 2%. However, it has been found that by preparing supersaturated carboxypolymethylene compositions having an absolute concentration in the ranges specified above, suitable high viscosity oral gel compositions may be prepared.
The concentrated carboxypolymethylene gels have a number of important characteristics in addition to high viscosity. Enough carboxypolymethylene is added to the oral gel compositions beyond that required to provide high viscosity such that a significant quantity of saliva or water is required to lower the viscosity to the point that the composition may be diluted and washed out by saliva. The concentrated carboxypolymethylene composition also has a unique tackiness or stickiness which retains and seals the strip material against the targeted oral cavity surface it is affixed to, particularly teeth. However, care should be taken to avoid too much carboxypolymethylene thereby making insertion or withdrawal of the strip material difficult.
Water is also present in the gel compositions disclosed herein. The water, employed in the present invention should, preferably, be deionized and free of organic impurities. Water comprises from about 0.1% to 95%, preferably from about 5% to about 90%, and most preferably from about 10% to about 80%, by weight of the substance. This amount of water includes the free water that is added plus that amount that is introduced with other materials.
A pH adjusting agent may also be added to optimize the storage stability of the gel and to make the substance safe for oral tissues. These pH adjusting agents, or buffers, can be any material which is suitable to adjust the pH of the substance. Suitable materials include sodium bicarbonate, sodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium stannate, triethanolamine, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium citrate, and combinations thereof. The pH adjusting agents are added in sufficient amounts so as to adjust the pH of the gel composition to about 4.5 to about 11, preferably from about 5 to about 8.5, and more preferably from about 5.5 to about 7. pH adjusting agents are generally present in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 15% and preferably from about 0.05% to about 5%, by weight of the substance.
While the gel described above provides sufficient adhesiveness, additional gelling agents may also be included in the formula to help the active ingredients adhere to the tissues of the oral cavity. Suitable agents include both polymers with limited water solubility as well as polymers lacking water solubility. These polymers deposit a thin film on both the oral cavity's soft and hard tissues when saliva combines with the instant composition. Suitable limited water solubility adhesives include: hydroxy ethyl or propyl cellulose. Adhesives lacking water solubility include: ethyl cellulose and polyox resins. Another possible adhesive suitable for use in the instant composition is polyvinylpyrrolidone with a molecular weight of about 50,000 to about 300,000. Still another possible adhesive suitable for use in the instant composition is a combination of Gantrez and the semisynthetic, water-soluble polymer carboxymethyl cellulose.
An additional carrier material may also be added to the substance. Carrier materials can be humectants. Suitable humectants include glycerin, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and other edible polyhydric alcohols. Humectants are generally present in an amount of from about 10% to about 95%, preferably from about 20% to about 80%, and more preferably from about 50% to about 70%, by weight of the substance. In addition to the above materials of the gel of the present invention, a number of other components can also be added to the substance. Additional components include, but are not limited to, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, xylitol, opacifiers, coloring agents, and chelants such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. These additional ingredients can also be used in place of the compounds disclosed above.
Release Liner
The release liner may be formed from any material which exhibits less affinity for substance than substance exhibits for itself and for the strip of material. The release liner preferably comprises a rigid sheet of material such as polyethylene, paper, polyester, or other material which is then coated with a non-stick type material. The release liner material may be coated with wax, silicone, polyester such as Teflon�, fluoropolymers, or other non-stick type materials. A preferred release liner is Scotchpak�, produced by 3M. The release liner may be cut to substantially the same size and shape as the strip of material or the release liner may be cut larger than the strip of material to provide a readily accessible means for separating the material from the strip. The release liner may be formed from a brittle material which cracks when the strip is flexed or from multiple pieces of material or a scored piece of material. Alternatively, the release liner may be in two overlapping pieces such as a typical adhesive strip bandage type design. A further description of materials suitable as release agents is found in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition, Volume 21, pp. 207-218, incorporated herein by reference.
The strip of material is preferably a 0.009 mm thick piece of polyethylene film. The film preferably has an array of shallow pockets, typically 0.4 mm across and 0.1 mm deep. The strip of material has a flexural stiffness of about 0.6 grams/cm as measured on a Handle-O-Meter, model #211-300, available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Co. of Philadelphia, Pa., as per test method ASTM D2923-95.
An example of a tooth whitener is a gel described as follows: Combine 70% glycerin, 5% carboxypolymethylene, 10% carbamide peroxide, and 15% water adjusted to pH 6.5 with sodium hydroxide. Mix until homogeneous.
Additional examples of alternative tooth whitening gel are described as follows: Combine 8% carboxypolymethylene in approximately 84% water, add 4% sodium hydroxide and enough sodium bicarbonate to bring the pH to about 10. Dissolve in 3.75% sodium chlorite and mix until homogeneous.
Combine 60% glycerin, 4.5% carboxypolymethylene, and 5% hydrogen peroxide. Add sodium hydroxide (50% solution) until the pH is adjusted as desired and then add the remainder as water. Mix until homogeneous.
Combine 56% glycerin, 6% carboxypolymethylene, 10% carbamide peroxide, and 24% water. Add 4% sodium hydroxide (50% solution) to adjust the pH. Mix until homogeneous.
Combine 68% glycerin, 6% carboxypolymethylene, 22% carbamide peroxide, and 4% sodium hydroxide (50% solution). Mix until homogeneous.
Combine 25% glycerin, 69.7% water, 2% xanthan gum, 3% carboxymethylcellulose, and 0.3% carbamide peroxide. Mix until homogeneous.
Combine 24% poloxamer, 20% glycerin, 46% polyethylene glycol, and 10% carbamide peroxide. Mix until homogeneous.
Commercial tooth whiteners, such as Opalescence and Nu-Pro Gold, are also operable with the delivery system of the present invention.
Method of Use
In practicing the present invention, a strip of material is applied by the user to the teeth. The side of the material facing the teeth is coated with a tooth whitening substance which is preferably in a viscous state to provide not only the active but also tackiness between the tooth surfaces and the strip of material to hold the strip in place for an extended period of time. Alternatively, the user may apply a tooth whitening substance to the teeth or to the strip before applying the strip to the teeth. The strip of material readily conforms to the teeth by lightly pressing it against the teeth and/or by the wearer gently sucking through the gaps between the teeth. The strip of material is easily removed by the wearer by peeling it off. Preferably, each successive treatment will use a fresh strip of material.
The tooth surface is not required to be prepared before the delivery system is applied. For example, the wearer may or may not choose to brush his teeth or rinse his mouth before applying the delivery system. The surfaces of the teeth are not required to be dried or to be excessively wet with saliva or water before the strip of material is applied.
Preferably, the strip of material and substances are substantially transparent so as to be almost unnoticeable when worn. Thinness of the delivery system enables the higher temperature inside of the wearer's mouth to conduct heat through the strip of material to the normally cooler teeth in order to accelerate the rate of diffusion of the active material into the surfaces of the teeth.
Preferably, the wearer applies the delivery system of the present to the teeth continuously for about 5 minutes to about 120 minutes a day, preferably from about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes. Generally, this is done once a day for about 7 to 28 days. The amount of time and the number of days are dependent upon several factors, including the amount of bleaching desired, the wearer's teeth, and if initial or maintenance bleaching is desired. The bleaching is done to achieve a whitening benefit of 1-4 shade guide improvement as measured by VITA LUMIN� Vacuum Farbskala Shade Guides, a product of VITA Zahnfabrik, of BadSackingen, Germany.
When the wearer removes the strip of material from the tooth, there may be a residue of substance remaining on the surface. This residual will not be great, as the tooth whitening substance has affinity for both the film and for itself. If residual substance remains, it may be easily removed by brushing or rinsing.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications that are within the scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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|European Classification
|18 Sep 2008
|Fee payment
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|27 Sep 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8