text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|18 Feb 1997
|Filing date
|31 May 1995
|Priority date
|31 May 1995
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Michel M. Colmant, William A. McIntosh, Alexander A. Smith
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (69), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Tregister =Tsync -Tmax
Copending application entitled "Multimedia Communication Apparatus and Methods" (BT9-93-060), Ser. No. 08/282,376, filed Jul. 29, 1994, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. This copending application is related to this application through common inventorship.
Application entitled "An Architecture for High Performance Management of Multiple Circular FIFO Storage Means" (BT9-93-061), Ser. No. 08/412,812, filed Mar. 29, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,701, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. This application is related to this application through common inventorship.
Copending application entitled "Multimedia Communication Apparatus and Methods" (BT9-93-060), Ser. No. 08/282,376, filed Jul. 29, 1994, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. This copending application is related to this application through common inventorship.
Application entitled "An Architecture for High Performance Management of Multiple Circular FIFO Storage Means" (BT9-93-061), Ser. No. 08/412,812, filed Mar. 29, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,701, is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. This application is related to this application through common inventorship.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to communication systems and methods for transferring multimedia and packet data, in either direction, between a host system and a station in a FDDI or token passing network and managing bandwidth at a station in real time. More particularly, the invention relates to communication systems and methods for real time, dynamic management of bandwidth on a station in a FDDI or token passing network transferring data, in either direction, between the network and a host system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Prior art systems for communicating in either direction multimedia and packet data between a host system and a FDDI and managing bandwidth include the following:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,862,451 describes switching apparatus and a method for transferring information between channels carrying synchronous information traffic and channels carrying asynchronous data packet traffic. The apparatus interrupts asynchronous packet transmission at the end of a preselected time frame and re-arranges finished or established connections in accordance with a flexible arbitration scheme to support synchronous and asynchronous traffic in a single exchange operation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,981 describes a data flow controller which detects various conditions of a particular queue of an output buffer memory receiving framed data of a particular priority when the amount of storage remaining available for the particular queue is not greater than the predetermined storage capacity of the memory. In response to selected conditions, the controller terminates transfer of data from the system memory to the controller memory and initiates transfer of data, having a different priority from the system memory through the controller memory to a particular queue of the output buffer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,605 describes a method and apparatus for controlling the transmission of a first class of traffic which is transmitted on a ring network with a second class of traffic. The '605 Patent provides for the transmission of a first control signal where both classes of traffic may be transmitted on the ring if current protocols permit. The first control signal will be changed to a second control signal if, after the first control signal is transmitted at least once around the network, the first control signal reaches a station having a backlog of second class traffic. The second control signal is transmitted once around the network to indicate to each station that it may not transit the first class traffic. The first class of traffic is usually asynchronous data while the second class of traffic is usually synchronous data.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,392,280 describes a data transmission system and scheduling protocol utilizing both synchronous transmission and asynchronous transmission in an alternating pattern to provide each user with a guaranteed transmission bandwidth or capacity to accommodate real time communication. The synchronous time slots provide for the bandwidth guarantees while the asynchronous time slots are used to transmit data when a part of a previous synchronous slot is not used. The asynchronous time slots also permit asynchronous data transmission using unallocated time within a given time frame.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,809 describes a node for use with asynchronous and synchronous communication networks to indicate interconnect data systems with networks having transmission paths interconnecting network nodes. Clock apparatus synchronizes a flow of data on an incoming transmission both within the node at a pulse rate of the generated clock pulses independent of a data transfer rate on the data flow on both the incoming and outgoing transmission paths.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,518 describes a data bus system including a plurality of serially connected active terminals configured to receive data and either, retransmit the received data or transmit new data to the next adjacent terminals. The system is devised where a plurality of user data sinks may receive synchronous data occurring at predetermined times and asynchronous data occurring at random times.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,857 describes a technique for distributing timing synchronization among selected nodes of a ring network. Clock synchronization is optionally and independently available to a node in the system which simultaneously supports both synchronous and asynchronous data transfer. Each node includes a clock for supplying timing information to equipment at the node. A master node measures time delay encountered by data in the network and transmits the measurement to a slave node. The difference between the master and slave measurement adjusts the clock at the slave node.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,763,321 describes a system for dynamically allocating circuit slots in frames which are used for exchanging bits between users connected to nodes of a communication network linked by means of medium links having transmit and receive interfaces. The frames are delimited by flags and divided into bit slots which may be used for synchronous circuit flow or asynchronous packet flow. The system insures a dynamic allocation of bandwidths to circuit or packet switched bit users according to user activity.
None of the prior art discloses apparatus and method in a communication network for switching between synchronous and asynchronous data and dynamically guaranteeing bandwidth for the traffic in either direction between a host bus system and a FDDI system. The method and apparatus further provide for (1) giving multimedia traffic preference over packet traffic; (2) managing the data flow within the bandwidth of the network; and (3) early capture of a token before multimedia or packet data has been buffered for transmission.
An object of the invention is an adapter in a communication system which automatically and dynamically manages bandwidth on a station in a FDDI network without intervention of the system.
Another object is an adapter in a communication system which can dynamically switch between multimedia and packet data while ensuring multimedia and packet bandwidth are not exceeded.
Another object is an adapter which can initiate token capture on a FDDI network before an entire frame, either multimedia or packet data, has been buffered.
Another object is an adapter which may be programmed and reconfigured at any time to manage the bandwidth on a station in a FDDI network without outside interference.
Another object is an adapter which dynamically manages traffic transferred in either direction between a host bus system and a FDDI network whereby multimedia traffic is given higher priority over packet traffic.
Another object is a method for efficient and dynamic management of bandwidth for synchronous and asynchronous data on a station in a FDDI network.
Another object is a method of capturing a token before an entire frame of multimedia or synchronous data has been buffered.
Another object is a method of capturing the token on a FDDI network and commence transmitting multimedia or packet data frames as early as possible.
These and other objects and features of the invention are accomplished by an adapter in a communications system for transferring multimedia and packet data in real time between a FDDI network and a host bus system. For purposes of the present invention, multimedia data refers to synchronous (packet) traffic and packet data refers to asynchronous (packet) traffic, as defined in the FDDI standard. The adapter includes a queue manager comprising a multimedia threshold register and counter, and a packet data threshold register and counter. The queue manager is coupled to a first interface coupled to the host bus. A storage means for storing multimedia and packet data in separate queues is coupled to the queue manager as a second interface. A third interface couples the FDDI network to the queue manager. Bandwidth control logic is coupled to the queue manager, the third interface and a local processor whereby a token capture on the FDDI can be initiated before multimedia or synchronous data has been buffered in the storage with the queue manager managing data transfer in both directions between the host bus system and the network on a real time basis. The queue manager automatically switches between transferring multimedia and packet data without intervention from the system.
As words are received from the host, an asynchronous or synchronous threshold counter is increased depending upon whether the word was part of a synchronous or asynchronous frame. The frames are interleaved. When reaching a program threshold or receiving one complete frame, a token capture is implemented. When a token is captured, all synchronous traffic is transmitted first over asynchronous frames due to a higher priority. Once all synchronous traffic has been transmitted, all asynchronous traffic is transmitted, asynchronous frames are transmitted provided a token holder timer is less than or equal to a target FDDI station time. In order to prevent a station from utilizing more than its allocated bandwidth, a synchronous register value is set. If the station uses more than its allotted bandwidth while in the middle of transmission, the frame is completed, the counter is disabled; upon release of the token, the counter is reloaded with a value in a holding register. The counter is enabled at the beginning of the next FDDI service opportunity.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a multimedia communications adapter incorporating the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a physical interface layer as shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a Media Access Control (MAC) included in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a composite diagram of a controller included in FIG. 1.
FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) are block diagrams of the controller of FIG. 4.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the data flow, pointers and descripters employed in the adapter shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 5(A) is a table describing the usage of received queues shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 5(B) is a table describing the usage of transmit queues shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 6 is a representation of a mode register included in the controller of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6(A) is a representation of a queue status register included in the controller of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6(B) is a representation of the queue enable/disable register included in the controller of FIG. 4.
FIG. 7 is a representation of a P-MAC copy criteria register included in the controller of FIG. 4.
FIG. 8 is a representation of a I-MAC flow/dummy byte register included in the controller of FIG. 4.
FIG. 8(A) is a representation of a FDDI RAM Buffer/FIFO parity/tag register included in the controller of FIG. 4.
FIG. 9 is a representation of a synchronous bandwidth allocation register included in the controller of FIG. 4.
FIG. 10 is a representation of master interrupt register included in the controller of FIG. 4.
FIGS. 11 and 11(A) are representations of an IMAC Steering Register and addressing representations, respectively, included in the controller of FIG. 4.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a bandwidth control logic unit in the controller of FIG. 4 and incorporating the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of a bandwidth algorithm for managing FDDI traffic on a station in a network and using the unit of FIG. 12.
FIG. 1 shows an adapter 110 in a communication system for receiving and transmitting packet and/or isochronous data between a FDDI ring 112 and a Host Bus system 114, which in one form may be a Micro Channel. The adapter includes a physical interface layer 116 that implements the physical layer defined by ANSI X3T9.5 Standard and also provides the functions required for hybrid mode operation. The interface 116 converts the serial bit stream from the FDDI ring into an 80 nanosecond (n.s.) byte stream for a Media Access Register (MAC) 118 with all bytes tagged as packet or isochronous. The interface 116 also connects to a request bus 120 for receiving an 80 n.s. byte stream from a controller 122.
The Media Access Control (MAC) 118 implements the function defined in ANSI X3T9.5 Standard. Each byte received from the MAC 118 is received by the controller 122 on a packet memory access control indicate bus 124. Along with the data bytes, the MAC 118 provides a set of sequencing signals and flags that are asserted on the occurrence of events, e.g., frame controlled on the indicate bus 124, match on the destination address received, etc. The MAC 118 also controls the transmission of packet data, but before transmission can occur the token must be captured on ring 112. The controller 122 first requests the capture of the token by asserting a non-zero value on a request bus 126 which connects to bus 120. When the MAC signals the controller 122 that the token has been captured, the controller 122 begins transmitting the packet frame on the bus 126. The MAC either repeats the data it receives on the bus 117 or transits the data output on the bus 126.
The controller 122 controls data flow between the FDDI ring 112 and a System Interface Unit (SIU) 128, and may temporarily buffer data in a FDDI Ram Buffer 130 (FRB), if necessary. A local bus interface 133 is connected to a local processor 134 which provides interrupts at access registers of the controller 122 or the FRB 130. The path to the FRB 130 is provided for two reasons. First, the processor 134 can write and read FRB 136 to verify its functionality as part of bringing up diagnostic routines. Secondly, the processor 134 can store network protocol frames in the FRB 130, and when it desires, requests the controller 122 to transmit those frames to the ring 112. The controller 122 is designed to interface with the ring 112 operating at either basic or hybrid mode. Basic mode refers to an operation mode where only FDDI traffic, i.e. asynchronous and/or synchronous traffic is transmitted/received. Hybrid mode refers to an operation mode to support all FDDI-2 traffic, i.e. asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous. Included in the controller 122 are packet and media access control (PMAC) request and indicate engines 132 and 136, respectively, and isochronous memory access (IMAC) request and indicate engines 140 and 142, respectively. The IMAC is a FDDI-2 extension to the FDDI standard and allows transmission of isochronous traffic on a packet network by time division multiplexing the isochronous data with the packet (asynchronous and synchronous) traffic. The engine 132 handles the processing of all packet data received from the MAC 118. The indicate engine 142 processes all isochronous data received from the MAC 118. Data transmitted to the interface 116 is handled out of the request engines 136 and 140. In basic mode, all data input from an indicate bus 123 is repeated on to request bus 120. The controller provides a minimum amount of buffering as isochronous/packet data is transferred to/from the modules 116/118 and the interface 128. The controller 122 has the capability to transfer data directly to/from the system interface 128 and the PMAC and IMAC engines by passing the FRB 130. For the most part, packets and isochronous data are placed into queues 214, 216 (see FIG. 5) in the FRB 130, operating as circular FIFO's (First In/First Out) registers. FRB 130 is implemented with fast static rams providing the fast access required to meet the controller's bandwidth requirements. The controller manages read and write pointers to sixteen queues (8 RCN or receive, 8 TRN or transmit) in the FRB 130. Threshold registers are provided for each queue within the controller, and are programmed by the local processor 134. As thresholds are crossed for a particular queue, the controller sets the associated bit (for that queue) in a status register (not shown) of the controller/system interface 127 which is periodically polled by the SIU 128. Once SIU 128 has determined which queue in the FRB 130 it desires access to, it places the queue number on a controller/system interface 127. Data is transferred into the queue and the FRB 130 is either filled or becomes empty. A local bus controller 135 gains access to the registers of the controller 122 by providing address/data and controls (select, address latch, data enable, etc.) to the local bus interface 133. The local bus interface 133 decodes the address and routes the incoming data to the correct registers and the controller 122 for a write operation. The interface 133 also routes the data from the desired register to the local bus on a read operation. Associated with the processor 134 is a dynamic RAM and ROM 137. The dynamic RAM is used as a program and data store. The ROM is provided for diagnostics, initialization, and vital product data.
The interface layer 116 (see FIG. 1) performs clock recovery and the 4b/5b encoding/decoding of the 125 mhz. serial ring data. An example of an interface layer is shown in FIG. 2 which is taken from the National Semiconductor FDDI Data Handbook, 1991 Edition, page 2-39.
The MAC 118 provides for the FDDI-1 media access control function including the time token protocol, station address matching, etc. All bytes that are tagged as packet bytes by the interface layer 116 (see FIG. 1) are processed by the MAC. Additionally, all packet bytes to be transferred are inserted into the allocated master cycle packet slots by the MAC. The MAC supplies source addressing stuffing in hardware. An example of a MAC is shown in FIG. 3 which is taken from the National Semiconductor FDDI Data Handbook, 1991 Edition, page 2-133.
Referring to FIGS. 4(A) and 4(B), the controller 122 consists of eight major components which are: An FRB interface 210, the local bus interface 233, a controller/system interface 227, PMAC/IMAC indicate engines 132 and 142, respectively, request engines 136, and 140, respectively, and a queue manager 212. The controller 122 provides the FRB 130, with data to/from either the SIU 128 or the interface 116 and MAC 118 (see FIG. 1). The controller manages the receive and transmit data by placing the data into 8-receive 214 and 8-transmit 216 queues (see FIG. 5) operating as circular FIFO registers. For each queue, there exists a set of registers that must be programmed by the local processor 134 (see FIG. 1) before operation commences. These registers are a base pointer, queue size, threshold value, and read and write pointers, all located in a parameter RAM 218.
The controller includes a set of registers 220, one of which is a mode register (see FIG. 6) which may be set to stop/reset mode. In the stop mode, the P-MAC indicate and request buses 124 and 126, respectively; the I-MAC indicate and request buses 120 and 123, respectively; and the interface 127 are disabled and frozen in their idle state. The local processor 134 (see FIG. 1) still has the ability to read/write the FRB 130 for diagnostic purposes and can configure the controller's register for operation. Once programmed, the local processor 134 sets the mode bits to normal mode. In normal mode, operation commences, and any frame control bytes recognized at the P-MAC interface 124 are immediately copied into P-MAC receive FIFO 220. Likewise, isochronous bytes are received and transmitted based on valid steering map entries in an I-MAC receive register 222. At the interface 227, the controller 122 responds to any request (read or write to any queue).
The P-MAC interfaces 132, 136 have a separate indicate (receive) 124 and request (transmit) 126 bus with an 80 n.s. byte stream transferred in each direction. Along with the byte stream, the MAC 118 (see FIG. 1) provides a set of sequencing flags and control signals to the P-MAC. As shown in FIG. 1, the I-MAC section is connected in a series with the P-MAC which operates independent of the FDDI ring mode. A strobe signal is provided along with a byte stream identifying whether the incoming byte is intended for the P-MAC. When the strobe is disasserted, the P-MAC ignores all incoming bytes. On those bytes intended for the P-MAC, the P-MAC looks at the flags qualified by the sequencing signals to make a decision to copy or not copy a frame. The copy criteria can be different for frames with different fields. On the output side, the request interface outputs a byte stream to the ring 112 (see FIG. 1) on a service opportunity (i.e., the token has been captured). The MAC 118 outputs on its physical request bus 124 a byte stream that is either the repeated physical indicate bus along with tag bits (identifying the bytes as packets/isochronous) or the MAC request byte stream from the controller which is inputted to the I-MAC 140, 142. All incoming bytes not tagged as isochronous are wrapped to the output of the I-MAC and transmitted to the interface device 116 via its physical request bus 120. Thus, the I-MAC interface also has an 80 n.s. byte stream transferred in each direction.
The I-MAC accesses a steering map and table 222 in synchronism with a hybrid ring cycle when operating in hybrid mode. For each byte in a hybrid ring cycle, the entry in the I-MAC steering table identifies a queue for an incoming isochronous byte to be placed and the queue from which the isochronous byte is to be read from for transmission into the physical request bus to interface 116. The controller gets into synchronism with the FDDI ring by detecting the starter delimiter field at the beginning of a cycle header.
The P-MAC indicate engine 138 consists of an 8-word circular FIFO 219 and decision logic in the form of a wired standard gate array that determines, among other things, whether to copy or not copy frames. The P-MAC copy criteria register (FIG. 7) is used by software to program the criteria for which different frame types are copied into FRB 130. Those packets that the P-MAC indicate engine 132 has determined should be copied are then written to FRB 130 under control of the queue manager 212. A packet frame is then placed into either queue zero, 1, or 2 (see FIG. 5) on whether the code of the frame control field indicated synchronous, asynchronous/MAC, or Station Management (SMT), respectively. Four frame types are recognized and copied into separate queues: Synchronous (Queue zero), Asynchronous/MAC (Queue 1), and SMT frames (Queue 2). Eventually, the external queue in the FRB reaches threshold (this is maintained by the Queue Manager as bytes are written to FRB) or the end of the frame is reached. In either case, a bit in a queue status register (see FIG. 6(A)) that corresponds to the queue is set. The interface 127 periodically polls this register and in subsequent cycles reads that queue.
The P-MAC request engine 136 also consists of an 8-word buffer and a wired standard gate array that is used to transmit in one of the frame types: asynchronous and synchronous. Asynchronous and synchronous frames initially transmitted from the system interface 128 are directly located into a P-MAC transmit FIFO 220 under control of the queue manager 212. Subsequent bytes are placed in the FRB 130 and eventually the end of frame (EOF) or threshold is reached for that queue. At that point, the queue manager instructs the P-MAC request bus 124 to capture the token. Queues 0 and 1 are used to transmit synchronous (queue 0) and asynchronous/SMT (queue 1) frames. In addition, the P-MAC transmit FIFO inputs a synchronous bandwidth allocation counter (see FIG. 9) used to control the amount of synchronous bandwidth on a service opportunity. The P-MAC transmit engine 136 transmits all the synchronous frames buffered within the time limit defined by the synchronous bandwidth allocation counter. While the synchronous frames are being transmitted, any asynchronous frames that the system interface unit (SIU) 128 receives are front-loaded into the P-MAC FIFO 220, with subsequent bytes written to FRB 130.
The controller begins to transmit asynchronous traffic once all of the synchronous traffic is sent or the synchronous bandwidth allocation counter has expired, and a token holder timer (not shown) maintained in the MAC 118 has not expired. Any frames, synchronous or asynchronous, once the controller has initiated transmission, always complete, regardless of subsequent counter or timer expiration.
The I-MAC indicate engine 142 is a wired standard gate array that, among other things, copies the incoming isochronous bytes destined for the station. As previously mentioned, the I-MAC must first get in sync with the FDDI master cycle. This is done by comparing all incoming bytes tagged as control bytes with the starter delimiter of the cycle header. Once detected, the 1560 byte steering map 222 is read in advance of each byte in the wideband channels to be received/transmitted to the ring. The steering map is a one-for-one entry of each byte slot in a FDDI II cycle. Each entry contains the queue from/to which the bytes are to be received/transmitted to the ring for that time. Invalid entries indicate nothing is to be received or transmitted. The wideband channels can be configured in a variety of ways. For example, within an isochronous wideband channel, the bytes can be received/transmitted from different queues. The I-MAC indicate engine 142 accounts for this by providing two levels of buffering. At the first level, a 4-byte word is constructed from each byte received for each queue. The second level of buffering is a pool of built words staged from the first level along with the queue numbers for that word. The words are loaded into an 8-word deep FIFO 223 from which the queue manager transfers the word to either the interface 227 (if buffering is available for that queue) or to the FRB 130.
The I-MAC request engine 140 is a wired standard gate array that, among other things, handles the transmission of isochronous data to the ring. The I-MAC request engine indicates to the queue manager 212 the queue whose buffer is not full. The queue manager sets the queue status register bits to indicate the queues used for isochronous traffic, and which are ready for transmission. The initial words are directly located into the I-MAC request engine 140 and only when the buffer for that queue in the I-MAC request is full or the queue manager has placed data for that queue into the FRB are subsequent words written to FRB. The queue manager attempts to keep all the buffers for each active transmit queue full. In a similar fashion to that for the engine 142, two levels of buffering are provided for the request engine 140. At the first level, are the words of each queue, and as the steering map is read, the appropriate byte is transmitted to the ring, provided a valid entry is in the steering map for that queue. The request engine 140 maintains which byte is to be transmitted to the ring, once all the bytes of the word for a particular queue have been transmitted, then a new word is staged from the second level of buffering. In the second level of buffering, two words of buffering are provided for each queue. The request engine 140 keeps the queue manager informed as to which queues need words. The queue manager attempts to keep all the buffers full for all active queues.
The queue manager 212 is a wired standard gate array, and among other things, services requests from all the other sections within the controller such as: The P-MAC request 136 and indicate engines 132, the I-MAC indicate 142, request 140 engines; the controller interface 227, and the local bus interface 233. A request signifies one of the sections asking the queue manager to either receive or transmit a word to/from another section via one of the internal buses, that is, the queue manager controls usage of the internal buses (drives the multiplexor controls) and with each service maintains the status of an affected queue. The queue manager also maintains a parameter RAM 218 where the thresholds, read and write pointers for all queues reside. Simultaneous requests are prioritized and processed sequentially, the queue manager having the intelligence to service two requests in the same cycle provided those requests do not contend for the same bus. Further, the queue manager is adapted to front-load the system interface unit 128, the P-MAC sections 136 and 132, or the I-MAC sections 140, 142, when buffer space is available instead of writing the words to the FRB 130. As an example, the P-MAC indicate engine 138 requests a receive packet word to be taken from the P-MAC's FIFO 219 (which will frequently happen as packet frames destined for this station are received). If that is the only request, the queue manager reads the word out of the P-MAC FIFO and either directly loads the controller/system interface 227 into the associated queue (provided there is buffer space available) or commands the FRB to write the word to FRB. If the word must be written to FRB, the parameter RAM 218 is read to obtain the location where the word is to be written. Once the operation completes, the write pointer is updated and written back to the parameter RAM.
The controller/system interface 227 is a synchronous interface running at 50 mhz. The system interface 128, is the master device requesting status on the FRB queues. Once a particular queue has reached threshold, the corresponding bit in a status register is set and the system interface 128 determines which queue it wishes to transmit or receive data from by placing the queue number on the interface. The transmission of each word across the interface 227 is done using a request/acknowledge scheme.
The local bus interface 133 is provided for the local processor 134, a commercially available micro processor, to configure the controller's internal registers. Also, the local processor can access the FDDI RAM buffer, if so desired, as part of the diagnostic routines during bring up. The local processor can also place network protocol frames in the FRB when it desires the controller to continuously transmit these frames.
The register 220 contains five (5) register sets used in the controller: Control registers; Event registers; Queue and Parameter RAM Registers; and IMAC Map Steering registers. The control registers comprise a mode register; queue enable/disable register; PMAC copy criteria register; I-MAC flow control register; parity control register and synchronous bandwidth allocation register.
In FIG. 6, the mode register is shown. Two bits are set in the mode register for operating the controller 122. Four modes are available: Stop/Reset; Beacon; Void; and Normal. In the stop/reset mode I-MAC, P-MAC and the controller interface 127 are in a stop mode and no data can be transferred. The Beacon mode causes the controller to transmit directed beacon frames located in the FRB without capturing a token. The Void mode causes the controller to transmit the void frame located in the FRB after the token has been captured. Normal mode enables the P-MAC, I-MAC and System Interface Unit to begin processing isochronous and packet MAC frames.
In FIG. 6(A), the Queue Status register is shown. The register allows software to know whether each receive and transmit queue is empty or full. The register will be discussed in more detail in connection with the description of the parameter RAM, hereinafter.
In FIG. 6(B), queue enable/disable register as shown allows software to enable/disable any of the 8 receive or 8 transmit queues individually. Each bit when set enables a particular queue for usage, bit 0 to 7 control the enabling or receiving queues 0 to 7 respectively. Likewise, bits 8 to 15 are used to enable/disable transmit queues 0-7.
In FIG. 7, a P-MAC copy criteria register is shown and used to program the copy criteria of MAC, SMT, SYNC, and ASYNC frames at the P-MAC indicate bus individually. Two bits are used for each frame type. When the copy criteria for MAC frames is not set to indiscriminate, the controller copies all MAC frames except voids and tokens. In the promiscuous mode, all frames are copied but not tokens.
In FIG. 8, an I-MAC flow control register is shown and only applies to I-MAC queues. Bits 0 to 7 of this register specify the flow control byte that is transmitted when either: threshold has not been reached for an isochronous queue or the isochronous queue is transmitting and became empty.
When the flow control byte is received on the receiving end of a downstream station, a word being built is upstaged. This also terminates receiving any more bytes for that queue. Reception is resumed when the control byte is no longer being received and only at the beginning of the next FDDI-2 cycle. If the control byte being received is not equal to the flow control byte, then the programmable dummy byte is loaded into that queue. This is used to handle "out of sync" problems, where an early (starting delimiter limiter) is received. The dummy byte is loaded until the end of the current FDDI-2 cycle.
In FIG. 8(A) a parity control register is shown and used to enable/disable parity checking/generation and provide odd/even parity select at all the interfaces. After reset, this register is set with odd parity enabled at all the interfaces. This register allows software to verify the functionality of the parity circuits at all of the interfaces in either a diagnostic mode during bring up or in a de-bug session to isolate parity errors.
In FIG. 9, a synchronous bandwidth allocating register is used to manage the bandwidth for the adapter and will be further described in conjunction with FIG. 12.
Event registers record the occurrence of events or a series of events that contribute to generating the interrupt signal. There is a two or three level hierarchy in generating this interrupt signal. At the first level of the hierarchy is a global disable interrupt from a master interrupt mask register, shown in FIG. 10, which serves as global interrupt control and when it is set to a (1) prevents the interrupt signal from ever being asserted. This does not prevent the interrupt register from recording any error that may occur. At the second level of the hierarchy are the mask bits (bits 0-7) of the master interrupt mask register. If one of these bits is set and the corresponding bit in the master interrupt register is set to a "1", then the error has been captured in the master interrupt register but the interrupt signal will not be asserted. The third level of the hierarchy is the mask that corresponds to each individual error in the following registers (not shown): receive/transmit error register, transmit underrun error register, receive overrun error register, parity error/mask register, and system interface error/mask register. If the mask bits are set to "1", then the corresponding error will not set a bit in the master interrupt register and will not generate the interrupt signal. However, the error will be captured in the error register for that particular error.
The Parameter RAM 218 (see FIG. 4) includes queue status registers (all not shown) which are read only registers and provide the status of each queue (receive and transmit). The registers include: A queue empty register; a queue full register; a queue threshold register; queue pointer wrap register; and an almost full register. The queue empty register allows software to know whether each receive and transmit queue is empty/not empty. This register is read only, software can read this register to know whether a queue is empty before disabling it. The Parameter RAM registers are configured in a standard RAM.
The queue full register provides software with a full/not full status indication for each queue. This register is read only. Individual bits are reset when the size and base pointer is loaded to a particular queue, set during the status bit update for FRB writes when the second to last word has been written into the queue and is reset whenever there is room for two or more words.
The queue threshold status register allows software to know which receive or transmit queues are at or above threshold. During every status bit update, the bit for the queue involved will be set when the computed number of words in the queue is equal to or greater than the queue's threshold parameter, or else it will be reset. This register is reset after power on and when software sets the size and base pointer. Transmit threshold queue status bits along with the frame counters are used by the P-MAC transmit to initiate a token capture as well as the starting frame transmission to the ring. Transmit threshold queue status bits are used by the I-MAC to start a queue's transmission to the ring. Receive threshold queue status bits are used by the queue manager to set the receive queue status register bits which tells the SIU that the controller has buffered an adequate number of words for transfer to the system.
The queue pointer wrap register allows software to know which queues are wrapped, that is when the read pointer is larger than the write pointer. The bit is set when the queue's write pointer is updated by the queue's base pointer parameter. This bit is used by the controller's queue manager hardware in calculating the number of words in the queue. A queue almost full status register has bits 0-7 for transmit queues 0-7 respectively. A bit is set during queue status bit updates if the queue has room for less than 65 words. The content of these bits is used to acknowledge the System Interface Unit (SIU) 128 during a transmit operation if the transmit queue being accesses is almost full. These bits are reset by power on, when software sets the size and base pointer in doing queue status bit updates if the queue has room for more than 64 words.
In FIG. 11, the I-MAC steering map table 222 (see FIG. 4) provides the I-MAC receive and transmit interfaces the receive/transmit queue numbers of each isochronous byte. Each byte of the FDDI-2 master cycle is mapped one for one in the steering map, progressing across the cyclic groups, as they are received from the ring. The steering map includes the mapping of the cycle header and the dedicated packet group bytes including the isochronous maintenance channel. The map has 1560 receive/transmit entries. Each steering map entry has 4 bits providing the transmit queue number and 4 bits for the receive queue number, addressing for the IMAC steering registers as shown in FIG. 11(A).
The steering map can map isochronous bytes to any of five (5) isochronous receive queues (queue number 3 through 7) and any of the seven (7) isochronous queues (queue number 0 and 2 through 7). See FIG. 5(A). Queue number routing to isochronous queues are the only valid entries for the steering map. Other values indicate an inactive entry and therefore no receive or transmit routing at the I-MAC engine is provided for that corresponding cycle byte.
Turning to FIG. 12, as words are received from the system interface 128, the packet or multimedia threshold counters 300 and 302 are incremented depending upon whether the word was part of a multimedia or packet frame. The registers 300, 302 (part of Queue Manager 212) are used by software to specify a programmable threshold of received word from SIU 128 and reside in the queue manager 212. The queue manager also controls the counter and comparator that detects threshold on words received. When threshold is reached, the controller 122 initiates a token capture request. The controller will also initiate a token request for any received frame less than a threshold.
The system interface 227 interleaves the transmission of these frames to the controller 122. Upon either reaching the program threshold or receiving one complete frame (for either traffic type), the controller initiates a token Coupled to the registers 300, 302 is a bandwidth control logic unit 304 which consists of a 21-bit holding register 306 and a 21-bit counter 308 used to specify the amount of bandwidth available for synchronous frame transmission. The form of each register is shown in FIG. 9. The counter is enabled after the token has been captured and increments after each byte of a synchronous frame is transmitted; it is never incremented for any other frame type. If MAC 118 does not capture the token, a write to this register loads the holding register as well as the 21-bit counter, otherwise only a holding register is loaded. A bit in this register signifies 80 n.s. of time, which also represents one byte transmitted to the ring. The FDDI standards specify the default maximum amount of synchronous bandwidth to be 165 ms., thus requiring 21-bits for the holding register and counter. This register must be loaded with two's complement value, since the counter is incremented and an over flow occurs when the bandwidth has expired. If the station has used up more than its allotted bandwidth, than an interrupt is generated. Nevertheless the controller completes the current transmission and the counter is disabled. Once the token is released the counter is reloaded with the value in the holding register. The counter is enabled at the next service opportunity. Note each release of the token causes a reload of the counter with the value in the holding register, and a reload is not caused by the counter overflowing capture request to the MAC 118. When the token is captured, all multimedia traffic is transmitted first since that is given higher priority over packet frames, and all multimedia traffic is transmitted up to the allocated amount. Once all multimedia traffic has been transmitted for the bandwidth or the bandwidth for the FDDI station has been used up, packet frames are allowed transmission, provided a token holder timer (not shown) included in the MAC 118 is less than or equal to a target token rotation timer (TTRT) (not shown) also included in the MAC 118. The MAC 118 maintains those timers and counters and indicates this event via a Token Holder Timer Disabled (THDIS) signal. After each packet frame is transmitted, any multimedia frames that may have been received are allowed transmission provided the synchronous bandwidth has not been exceeded. Otherwise, any additional packet frames are transmitted provided THDIS has not been asserted. Once all synchronous bandwidth has been used or the token holder timer has been exceeded, the target rotation time or there are no more frames to transmit, then the token is released. The synchronous bandwidth counter 308 is then reloaded with the contents of the synchronous bandwidth register 306. All of the intelligence for requesting a token and managing the dynamic switching of transmitting different traffic types is contained in the bandwidth control logic 304.
The synchronous bandwidth that is allocated to a station is determined through a FDDI Station Management Protocol. Any station on the ring may request synchronous bandwidth to the bandwidth allocator. If bandwidth is available, the station is granted synchronous packet transmission, up to a maximum time every time the token is captured. To determine the synchronous transmission time, let the maximum allotted time of synchronous transmission be Tsync (specified in terms of number of bytes). The station is not allowed to transmit synchronous data after Tsync. In order to prevent a station from utilizing more than its allocated synchronous multimedia bandwidth, that is transmit synchronous packets after Tsync, the synchronous register value for register 306 is set to:
Tregister =Tsync -Tmax
where Tmax is the maximum length of a packet. The maximum packet length is known from the application, or can be defaulted to the maximum length allowed by the protocol, typically 4500 bytes. This value of Tregister permits the completion of transmission of a packet when the synchronous counter expires without ever overrunning the allocated synchronous bandwidth Tsync. Since the packet being transmitted when the counter expires has a length smaller or equal to Tmax, the bandwidth is not overrun.
Summarizing, as words are received from the host, an asynchronous or synchronous threshold counter is increased depending upon whether the word was part of a synchronous or asynchronous frame. The frames are interleaved. When reaching a program threshold or receiving one complete frame, a token capture is implemented. When a token is captured, all synchronous traffic is transmitted first over asynchronous frames due to a higher priority. Once all synchronous traffic has been transmitted, all asynchronous traffic is transmitted. Asynchronous frames are transmitted provided a token holder timer is less than or equal to a target FDDI station time. In order to prevent a station from utilizing more than its allocated bandwidth, a synchronous register value is set. If the station uses more than its allotted bandwidth while in the middle of transmission, the frame is completed, the counter is disabled; upon release of the token, the counter is reloaded with a value in a holding register. The counter is enabled at the beginning of the next FDDI service opportunity.
Turning to FIGS. 4 and 13, the bandwidth algorithm for the FDDI traffic will now be described. The bandwidth control logic 304 (FIG. 12) is programmed to identify a condition "A" or "B". Condition "A" equals (asynchronous threshold reached) or (1 or more packet frames buffered). Condition "B" equals synchronous threshold reached) or (1 or more synchronous frames buffered). Accordingly, threshold signals inputted to the bandwidth control logic 304 from the register counters 300 and 302 are tested in an operation 500 to determine their presence. A "no" condition places the bandwidth control logic in an active state for the next set of signals. A "yes" condition initiates a token capture operation 502. The token capture operation initiates a signal to the MAC 118 to capture the token on the FDDI network 112. A "no" condition causes the operation 502 to recycle until the token is captured. Once the token has been captured the conditions "A" or "B" are detected in an operation 504. A "no" condition initiates an operation 506 to test for a condition "A" "true" case. A "no" condition for the operation initiates a release of token operation 507. A "yes" condition for the operation 506 initiates a comparison of Token Holder Timers (THT) equal to or greater than Token Target Rotation Timer (TTRT) in an operation 510. A "no" condition for the operation 510 initiates a release of token operation 507. A "yes" condition initiates an operation 512 to transmit one synchronous/asynchronous frame to the FDDI network.
Returning to the operation 504, a "yes" condition initiates a test of the amount of synchronous bandwidth available performed in an operation 514. A "yes" condition initiates the operation 506 which causes the operation 507 to release the token. A "no" condition initiates an operation 516 which erases the synchronous bandwidth counter 308 (see FIG. 12) and enables the transmission of one synchronous frame to the FDDI network. After the frame has been transmitted, an operation 518 disables the synchronous bandwidth counter. An operation 520 is performed to determine whether the conditions are "true". A "no" condition initiates the operation 506 which releases the token. A "yes" condition indicates that the synchronous bandwidth is tested to determine whether it has been expired or not in the operation 514. Synchronous frames continue to be transmitted in the operations 516, 518 until the bandwidth has expired whereupon the operation 506 and 507 release the token.
In summary, the present invention provides minimal system intervention in managing bandwidth on a station in a FDDI network. The two threshold registers 500 and 502 and synchronous bandwidth registers 306, 308 are programmed at start up and control the management of the bandwidth. The registers can be reconfigured at any time if desired.
Once configured, the bandwidth control logic unit 304 manages the traffic to the FDDI ring. Intelligences is provided in the control logic so that multimedia traffic is given higher priority over packet data. Further, the bandwidth control logic can switch back and forth between the two traffic types as frames are received while holding the token, thereby avoiding early release of the token.
The threshold registers 300 and 302 provide a method of capturing the token sooner. Also less memory can be required in the adapter since less of the packet needs to be buffered. The packet can be used to capture the token sooner than otherwise would occur on the network. Furthermore, if the token is captured sooner, the packet gets to the destination station sooner which is more efficient.
While the operation of the invention has been described with respect to a FDDI, the invention can be used for other systems such as ethernet and ATM's. Having described the invention in connection with certain specific embodiments, it is to be understood that further modifications may now suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover such modifications as falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention and the appended claims.
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|31 May 1995
Owner name: IBM CORPORATION, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:COLMANT, MICHEL M.;MCINTOSH, WILLIAM A.;SMITH, ALEXANDERA.;REEL/FRAME:007513/0476;SIGNING DATES FROM 19950502 TO 19950525
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|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|8 Sep 2004
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|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|12 Apr 2005
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20050218


text:
BO administration interferes: AT&T drops bid for T-Mobile, takes $4B penalty?
But because the deal would have landed AT&T; a total of more than 120 million customers, federal regulators fought the merger — the first major corporate deal to be struck down during the Obama administration.
AT&T;, which has poured millions into its lobbying and legal efforts to win the merger, slammed the government's findings.
The wireless industry "is one of the most fiercely competitive industries in the world." the company said in a statement. "The AT&T; and T-Mobile USA combination would have offered an interim solution to this spectrum shortage. In the absence of such steps, customers will be harmed and needed investment will be stifled."
Considering the loss of the merger and the new agreements recently struck by Verizon Wireless and cable firms, analysts question the future of AT&T; and T-Mobile.
Read More: http://dancingczars.wordpress.com/2011/12/20/obama...
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2016/02/10 06:52:53

subset: commoncrawl


text:
iHerb Customer Reviews
Spirulina for Life
5 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2397244 on Mar 30, 2010
I've used the Now Foods Natural Spirulina for from iHerb for several years. The quality of the product is always superior and iherb service is great. Spirulina ensures that my body is getting all the nutrients that are lacking in my diet. I have restless leg sydrome (RLS) and my natruopath recommended spirulina to address the nutrient deficiency that caused it. After taking a spoonful of spirulina mixed in applesauce for three nights, the RLS stopped. Randy from Colorado Springs
Smells bad
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2156633 on Feb 21, 2012
But the taste is not so bad. I have some every mormin in my spinach, apple and banana juice.
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2934595 on Aug 07, 2008
Bit messy,but other than that, good product. Actually bought it for my dogs and cats. Have seen results with one of them who has tumors that have mastisized into her lungs, she seems to breath a bit easier. Reduced coat shedding, and they seem to be a bit more active.
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2954346 on Oct 27, 2009
Great product. The only thing that I don't like it is the taste of it.
good spirulina but bad container...
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer3265114 on Dec 22, 2010
Spirulina, if you can mind the taste is an amazing alkalizing super food and is a wonderful addition to my health shakes. The quality is top notch and the price is amazing, but I ordered this before and it had the cylindrical conter (as displayed) and it was far superior. The last batch that I ordered came in a Plastic container and causes the spirulina to bunch up and jump all over the place when I scoop it out and it is very difficult to clean up. if it had the old style container I would give it a 5/5 but being that they changed the container it gets a 4/5.


text:
Rated 4 out of 5 by 827 reviewers.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Mka6891 Needs More Staffing The hotel was very nice, great amenities and great location. We were very disappointed with the staffing levels in the hotel restaurants. We went to have breakfast and were told it was a 30 minute wait, but most of the tables were empty, they just needed to be cleaned. The hostess said she had a bad foot and couldn't help. The other workers, including a woman who looked like a manager, worked at a snails pace. There were about 20 people other than ourselves who were waiting, but it didnt seem to be an issue with the staff. Several people decided to do to go orders from the buffet. We went and ate elsewhere. Working in the hotel industry for over 20 years, i would and have sacrificed profit to enhance the guest experience, this hotel does not do that. June 28, 2013
Rated 3 out of 5 by Dave39 Great location, service lacking Excellent location, facilities very nice, but overall service levels not close to those experienced at most other Starwood properties. Excellent bell staff. Front desk, restaurant personnel were very slow to respond to all requests. Front desk personal were rude and unconcerned with meeting our requests. We did not get room serviced one of the three days. Wait time in the restaurant for drinks, food, etc. were way to long, with personnel there admitting they were very understaffed. I would not recommend or stay here again. Very disappointed that I used 3 suite night upgrades and points to stay. June 28, 2013
Rated 3 out of 5 by KMR3045 Underwhelming service this time around Disappointing. Westin is my preferred hotel when I travel to Savannah. This time they fell short of my expectations. The hotel did not seem to be properly staffed for the large conventions. I waited an hour and a half for my bags to come up to my room- finally gave up and went to get them myself. no staff available to take guest to spa. After waiting 20 minutes, I had to ask the concierge to call spa to advise that I would be late for my appointment. I ordered room service and received doughy, undercooked pizza. On the plus side- bed was dreamy, staff was apologetic, professional and always polite. June 27, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by RHETT SPECTACULAR LOCATION & AMENITIES MY FAMILY ENJOYED A SPECTACULAR EXPERIENCE WITH THIS HOTEL WHICH IS UNSURPASSED IN IT'S SERVICE, AMBIANCE & VIEWS! THE STAFF WAS OUTSTANDING, FROM CONCIERGE TO HOUSEKEEPING AND VALET!! WE WERE ABLE TO RELAX AND ENJOY THE CUISINE IN THE AQUA STAR WHICH WAS A TREMENDOUS EXPERIENCE AS EVEN OUR PALATES WERE TREATED WITH GREAT CARE. THE COMFORT AND BEAUTY OF OUR SURROUNDINGS ALLOWED US TO EXPERIENCE PARADISE RIGHT ON THE PROPERTY. WE HIGHLY ANTICIPATE OUR NEXT VISIT!!! June 17, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Tim627 From the start great service We arrived late and wanted a different view than what was given. Staff handled this so nicely, offering to work with us. This is what wowed me though... the conference let out and many were waiting in line for elevators. The staff took over the situation like pros - next thing you know the piano player was playing and a staff member was helping fill the escalators. They kept my golf clubs by the door - stored away until I needed them. Staff was always happy to serve. It was not fake, from my good morning to my welcome back. June 16, 2013
Rated 3 out of 5 by Savy2013 Beautiful Hotel, Poor Guest Service This hotel is in a beautiful location and the rooms exceeded expectations; the staff, not so much. I was there for the weekend with several friends who had traveled from all over. When we arrived we were told we were not allowed to take our own bags to the room and it was against hotel policy. Fine, I understand the bellhops would like to be tipped. After waiting 20 minutes and still no bags I called the front desk and they told me the bags were coming. After waiting another 15 minutes I went down and got the bags myself only to shortly receive a rude phone call asking if I taken my own bags. Yes, I was tired of waiting. Later I asked the concierge desk if there was any car service, shuttle, etc options that could help me pick up a large dinner order for our group that would not be delivered to the hotel. The concierge reacted rudely as if that was the most ridiculous question I could have asked. Her only suggestion to me was to cancel my dinner order and find a restaurant that would deliver. She handed me a take-out menu, zero help. That night we had a visitor at the door telling us our group was not allowed to all be in the same room and that we were being too loud for this hour of the night, 10:45 on Friday. We decided to pack up our dinner and head outside were we wouldn't disturb any guests however the same manager was back at our door within a matter of minutes telling us we had to relocate. I swear it was déjà vu and I informed him we were trying to do so as he had previously just instructed. Needless to say I avoided all staff and questions for the remainder of the weekend as they could not be bothered with politeness or customer satisfaction. June 10, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by Richard Great Place Internet was a problem day 1, Carrier had a block where 1 could not send pictures. day 2 could not connect to internet. Problem was resolved. The bar could not get ABC on tv to watch playoff basketball game. Service in lobby bar was poor. OTHER THAN THAT HAD A GREAT STAY June 10, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by rjacec Great Golf and Spa Enjoyed the golf course and Spa. Course was in excellent condition. Had a great dinner at hotel, featuring a seafood appetizer buffet. June 10, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Mary Terrific Place To Stay! Food was phenomenal. The location could not have been better and the hotel went to great lengths to make sure guests could get to the other side of the river when the boat service had to be discontinued because of bad weather. The spa was also very nice. All of the staff spoke each time they saw a guest and they were very helpful. June 10, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by FrequentTravelerWithPet Excellent Hotel - best one yet for pets Excellent Hotel - best one yet for pets June 9, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by Vickie128 This Hotel met many nice features We are from the southern part of Michigan and after driving 1000 miles it was nice to have the ferry boat to take across the river for shopping and eating. June 8, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by ExperiencedTraveler54 Good location and service Good experience here as usual with two exceptions. This visit I saw a number of guests with dogs in the hotel. I was advised that dogs were only on the 4th and 5th floors, but they were on other floors as well. I am a dog owner too, but found this disconcerting. Some others guests were also happy with this. Due to a storm, guests stayed in the hotel but found that the restaurants on property could not manage the increased number of guests needing meals. June 8, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by CANTLOW CUSTOMER SERVICE I WAS INITIALLY ON THE 15TH FLOOR BUT WANTED A BALCONY. THE REPRESENTATIVE WAS VERY KIND IN ACCOMMODATING MY REQUEST. EXCELLENT JOB! June 6, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by BarneyG Savannah Oasis This hotel is our traditional pit stop on our drive back from Long Island, NY to Sarasota, Florida. It is an oasis of rest, comfort, friendly staff and of course that Heavenly bed after a long drive! The spa is fantastic and Michael in the men's locker room is great! He has the best contagious laugh. June 6, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by Rick One of My Favorites I stay at a lot of hotels for business and yours was one of the finest. The hotel is important but the service is more important and your staff was the finest I've ever encountered. Thank you for a wonderful stay June 5, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by Greystone Very Nice Hotel My overall experience was good; I loved the view of the river and the comforts of my room. Hotel staff was very welcoming. My only complaint was the lighting in the bathroom; it was very dim. June 5, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by George Great for conventions Stayed here for a convention. Very good access to convention center. Pool a bit small for number of rooms; but, OK. Bicycles available is a great plus. June 5, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by tmom The Westin is a vacation in itself There was nothing lacking that we needed to be comfortable, entertained, and taken care of during our stay. Everything...room, pool, grounds, and restaurant was very clean. I felt pampered and spoiled by the friendly staff. I will definitely be back. June 3, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by JRD3 Front Desk Staff Was Amazing I travel 3-4 days a week on business, so I get to see a wide range of service. From the very poor - to the exceptional. Exceptional was what I received from Aaron H. at the front desk. He greated me with a smile. Did an excellent job of explaining the properties - even tailoring some of the information to activities that he knew would interest us. When my wife and daughter arrived later and picked up their key, he greated them and remembered their interests from our earlier conversation. He is a true ambassador for your hotel and your brand. June 3, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by GolfWitch Love to stay at this Hotel This hotel is among the best we have stayed in, in all your traveling years. I will recommend and continue to stay at while in Savannah. June 3, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by dani01 overall excellent - little issues Booked the brunch though open table, my husband read something on the website that spg members would have something special at the table from the chief. When we asked about it no one knew what we were talking about and made us feel like stupid. Brought it to management's attention and they sent up a small token to apologize. Had to call to get our going green point's added they never showed up on our spg account May 31, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by RTCoast Savannah.....Grand Experience at The Westin We had a wonderful experience and look forward to going again. Sunday Breakfast Buffet was a low point. Circulation Pattern between seating and Buffet location should be rethought. May 30, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by TracyT Beautiful property; wonderful staff! Beautiful property. The staff was fantastic. The spa was amazing - I strongly encourage a visit. My husband and I left well rested and relaxed! May 28, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Sarah0906 EXCELLENT Vacation Spot! I booked this hotel for my husband and my anniversary trip. I am SOOOO glad I chose this hotel! The minute we checked in, we were treated special! They upgraded us to a riverfront view and had champagne and chocolates waiting in our room! We also really loved the pool and pool facilities. We ordered food and it took longer than expected, so they gave us a cocktail for the inconvenience. The Westin made a customer for life! May 28, 2013
Rated 2 out of 5 by peace1 Very Disapointed I have stayed at this hotel in the past and was very satisfied, so for my husband birthday we decided to stay here and enjoy the river view. when we checked in the room we requested was not avail, so in order to get the river view we had to settle for a double bed, so we did. getting to our second room the bed had dirty sheets. The next morning the house keeper came and upon our return the bed spread was just thrown over dirty sheets, the bathroom was still dirty,Our weekend was horrible. The food in the Aqua was very good May 28, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Toussie The only place I'll stay in Savannah... We arrived early Friday evening, check-in was a quick process although there were a number of us who decided to show up at the same time. We were able to drop off our luggage and jump right into resort activities. We were upgraded to a River View room which was an unexpected gift that kept on giving throughout our stay. We dined at the Aqua Star for the Seafood Buffet and it was good but we will probably hold out for the Jazz Brunch next time, that spread looked amazing (we were having breakfast when they were preparing). The cheeseburgers and a drink called the Georgia Peach prolonged my relaxing afternoon at the pool. It was super crowded but the staff handled themselves so well. I really appreciate the bellman who sent us to Sisters on Skidaway the food was awesome and the map he drew us was invaluable. I only have one small gripe. I was denied late check out on Sunday, without much consideration. The young lady (her name sounds akin to Creshindo {sp?}) who answered the Service Express line answered abruptly and hung up equally as quickly. However, I really needed a break and I thank the Westin Savannah for being there for us. May 27, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by margaretckf relaxing Stylish hotel, nice pool, restaurant, bar. Rooms are good size, nice bathroom with great shower. May 26, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Eddy Stupendous! I would be hard pressed to find anything to critique negatively about this most inviting property. My only hope is that I have more time to enjoy its many amenities the next time I am in town, which I expect to be soon and often thereafter. May 26, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by BSwank A breath of fresh air We enjoyed the Westin at Savannah so much it made us forget we were there for business. The staff stayed on top of anything that came up: Kelly in the gift shop found a tie for my business meeting and the concierge found business supplies for my last minute presentation. All hands on deck made for smooth sailing and a successful business trip. The spa was a great way for us to reward ourselves afterword. I'll have to bring the clubs next time. Bill May 24, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Silver2008 This hotel is a wonderful place to have meetings or vacation. This hotel is a perfect spot for your meetings or vacation. Our meeting room was perfect for our group and the food was excellent. Also, the rooms are spacious and comfortable. May 20, 2013


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Was pleasantly surprised that the hotel was only 3 stations away from the sightseeing areas in DC. Rooms were big and clean. They had a microwave, coffeemaker and ref.
Would have given it another star except that the food at the restaurant was bland. We didn't enjoy the meal at all.
There are several restaurants nearby from fast food (Chick-fil-a, Subway, Chipotle) to Fine dining (Mortons, Chris Ruth). There's also a CVS pharmacy/grocery within walking distance.
Good alternative if you don't want to pay for an expensive hotel in DC.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Priceline, Hotels.com, Expedia, Orbitz, Odigeo and Travelocity so you can book your Radisson Hotel Reagan National Airport reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Radisson Reagan National Airport
- Radisson Hotel Arlington
- Radisson Arlington
- Arlington Radisson


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S2BW: Falcon's Party Part 2 by kevinbolkWatch
©2011-2016 kevinbolk
Read the newest "Sucks to be Weegie" here: [link]
And now, another chapter of "It Sucks to Be Weegie". Laugh and cry with Mario's little brother Luigi as he struggles with handicap of...well...being Luigi.
Previously on "It Sucks To Be Weegie"...
Next: Falcon's Party Part 3: That kid on the couch
And now, another chapter of "It Sucks to Be Weegie". Laugh and cry with Mario's little brother Luigi as he struggles with handicap of...well...being Luigi.
Previously on "It Sucks To Be Weegie"...
Next: Falcon's Party Part 3: That kid on the couch
Well, those were some FALCON PUNCHlines!
I take back the 'Falcon Punch' comment I made on that other comic.
Somebody had to say it.
Try reading this with Joe's voice.
It's hilarious lol
It's hilarious lol
Surely Luigi has picked up SOME dance moves from Mario's DDR experience.
I like this
This is beautiful. Also I'm hearing Kronk's voice for Captain Falcon and I'm dying. XD
LOL! if you say falcon punch i'm leaving!
dem puns
"Navi help me..." These comics are seriously awesome. Also, I bet Link would ROCK ddr. Now THERE'S something I need to see.
Falcooooooooooooon PUNCH!
Aww, Link don't be mean, one can tell Captain Falcon is just lonely and overcompensating. Nobody else seems to like him,.... Hey.. Captain Hero . *Loves Drawn Together*
"Navi help me"? I thought Navi was annoying Link...
*Link chases angrily with sword*
*Link chases angrily with sword*
Kid: FOOD!! *jumps on the table*
Nice save
Lol I would go to one of Falcon's parties just for the tour XD
LOL I'm loving these comics.
I actually felt bad for captain falcon...
Since when did Link have an earring?
Since when did Link have an earring?
A blue earring in his sword arm side's ear (or occasionally one in each) has been one of Link's staples since Ocarina of Time.
...I. Had. No. Idea.
Okay, actually, I shouldn't say staple. It's featured in Ocarina of Time and Twilight Princess, and Skyward Sword gives him the Fireshield Earrings, which are red. As for the Hero of Winds trilogy, I don't know, I have not played.
Youtube has the answers.
Yes, but going to Youtube a game rather than playing it yourself is never as fun.
Link, your statement is invalid. Navi cannot help you, she is physically incapable of helping. And you might just accidentally summon her. I love Link's expression in the first panel, and Luigi's in the 3rd.
I love Luigi's face on panel 3
Captain Falcon kinda reminds me of Rawk Hawk from Paper Mario: TTYD.
Wow, "Dom P-wing," best words ever!
falcon punch...i do that to my bros everyday
xD haha
Heh heh,Prince reference
He was about to say "Falcon Punch." LOL. He just switched it with whatever "Dom 'P' Wing" is.
i don't know why but captian falcon kinda remind me of a power toastman or somthing
I'm liking this part. I also like the way you draw Link. It makes him look kinda cute.
LOL...too Funny!


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Richard Shelby Peek
Position: Center ▪ Shoots: Right
Height: 6-11 ▪ Weight: 230 lbs.
Born: October 28, 1943 in Miami, Florida
High School: Escambia in Pensacola, Florida
College: Louisiana Tech University
Draft: Baltimore Bullets, 15th round (1st pick, 148th overall), 1967 NBA Draft
ABA Debut: October 16, 1967
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text:
Election a Living History Lesson
High school students in the Washington area celebrate, dissect the meaning of the nation's first black president-elect.
More from this Education Week story.
There are 4 videos in this album. Albums make it easy to organize a collection of videos. They can be used to display videos together, or sent to friends as a playlist. You can even arrange the order of videos in each album.
You can add a video to one of your albums or create a new album from the "+Add to…" tab on video pages.
Albums can also be used to show videos on other web sites using Vimeo Widgets.


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Researching for an assignment or looking for information, the Vanguard College Library is where you want to be. We are pleased to offer the following services to Vanguard students:
* over 55 000 books, including reference titles, Biblical study resources, novels, devotional classics and much, much more
* a selection of DVD film titles
* musical selections (CDs)
* computer workstations equipped with internet, Microsoft Office and more
* a selection of periodicals
* a searchable online resource database EBSCO (Ask Library staff for off-campus access)
* access to millions of resources through online book reservations from libraries across Alberta, NEOS delivered directly to Vanguard College for your convenience
*online access to account status including the ability to renew material online. All you need is your barcode and pin (ask Library staff if unsure)
* dedicated quiet study and group study areas
Our Mission
The Vanguard College Library ensures the availability of learning resources and services of appropriate form, range, depth and currency to support the curricular offerings and meet student needs.
Hours of Operation
School Year: September 2, 2014 – April 24, 2015
Monday-Thursday: 8 AM – 10 PM (please ring buzzer by faculty entrance after 4:30pm)
Fridays: 8 AM – 4 PM
Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays: Closed
Christmas Season Closure: December 15 – January 5, 2015 inclusive
Spring Courses: April 27 – May 1
Monday – Friday: 8 AM – 4 PM
Spring / Summer Hours: May 4 – August 7
Monday, Wednesday, Friday: 9 AM – 2 PM
Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, Sunday and Holidays: Closed
Summer Courses & Pre-Registration: August 11 – August 28
Monday – Friday: 8 AM – 4 PM
Resume Regular hours: September 1, 2015 (first day of classes)
Monday-Thursday: 8 AM – 10 PM (please ring buzzer by faculty entrance after 4:30pm)
Fridays: 8 AM – 4 PM
Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays: Closed
Fees and Fines
- External Borrower's Card $25 – Free for alumni and pastors
- Late material $1.00/day each – Payable at any NEOS library
- Lost or damaged material $150 – Payable at the material owning library
- Replacement Library Card $15
Copyright at Vanguard College
Please take a moment to familiarize yourself with the following two documents:
Web Resources
- Scirus – Scirus is the most comprehensive scientific research tool on the web.
- BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engines) – BASE is one of the world's most voluminous search engines especially for academic open access web resources. It offers academic quality and relevance resources, Deep Web resources, precise bibliographic data, sorting options, and "refine your search result" options.
- JURN.org – "A curated academic search-engine, indexing over 4,400 free ejournals in the arts & humanities." It accepts google.com search limiters including placing quotation marks around phrases.
- Theological Journals Search through Google.
Contact Us
The library can be reached via phone 780-452-0808 x.225 or email firstname.lastname@example.com for any inquiries.
Library Staff
Brad Fawcett -Librarian
One of the longest serving staff members at Vanguard College, Brad has seen the library through the introduction of computers and computer-based learning resources, massive expansion and full automation. A friendly and knowledgeable presence in the Vanguard library, Brad is a great resource to the Vanguard family.
Yvonne Perry- Assistant to the Librarian
Yvonne Perry is another integral part of the Vanguard College atmosphere. Yvonne is often the first and last face you will see when you visit the Vanguard Library – and you will know the face by it's smile! She has been helping students find the resources they need – and bringing them encouragement when "crunch-time" rolls around – for over two decades.


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The San Francisco 49ers have been one of the most dominant teams in the NFL over the past two seasons. However, they have one more test to pass before they can crown themselves champions for the first time since the 1994 season. What must the Niners do to keep the Ravens in check and win the game?
Play Smothering Defense
The 49ers like to play a suffocating defense that doesn't allow you to get any type of rhythm going. Although they like to play off the receivers whenever possible, they are not afraid to hit you, grab you or knock you off of your route if they need to. Their linebackers are among the best in the game and can do many different things well. Ultimately, San Francisco can frustrate the Ravens just by playing their game on defense.
Unleash Colin Kaepernick
It is hard to believe that this second year player out of Nevada will be making only his tenth career start. The reason why he has been so successful is that he has not been limited in what he is allowed to do in the Niners offense. If San Francisco wants to win the Super Bowl, they will continue to unleash Kaepernick. It would not be surprising to see him throw the ball more than he hands off to Frank Gore. Although this is one of the toughest defenses he has played against all season, it shouldn't stop him from being able to run and throw the ball at will. After all, he did make the Chicago Bears defense look like a college defense in his first career start.
They Need To Start Fast
In the divisional round against Green Bay, the Packers defense returned an interception for a touchdown to open the scoring. Against Atlanta, the Niners were down 17-0 before they finally woke up and started executing. However, a slow start against Baltimore is going to be their ultimate downfall. Baltimore has a better defense than either the Packers or Falcons. They will be able to shut the 49ers down if they get to play with a lead. Baltimore is also much better at running the ball than the Packers or Falcons.
It May Be Time To Get LaMicheal James More Touches
Frank Gore is a great running back. Unfortunately, the Ravens should be able to slow him down with some degree of effectiveness. He is a typical between the tackles runner who has started to show his age down the stretch this season. However, James is a speedy runner who can catch the ball out of the backfield. If he is sprinkled in to the offense, it could allow for other routes to open up down the field because the Ravens linebackers will have to pay attention to him. An offense that utilizes the speed of James, tight end Vernon Davis as well as Kaepernick is going to be almost impossible to stop.
Keep Donte Whitner In The Box And Out Of Coverage
Donte Whitner is the one person who the Baltimore Ravens can take shots at if he is matched up against Dennis Pitta. He is a liability in coverage and often goes for the ball when he should be trying to make a tackle or tries to hit people so hard that he whiffs on the tackle altogether. While he may be good for a big hit or two, he tends to give up big plays because he is either out of position or makes a bad decision during a play. With that said, he is decent in run support and should be the eighth guy in the box if the Ravens attempt to run the ball a lot.
The Niners are going to be the clear favorites to win this game. They have the better quarterback, the better defense and more weapons to work with on offense. Although the game will be a good one at first, the Niners should be able to win this one if they start quickly and play a physical game from start to finish.
Written by Don Phan. Don currently writes sports content for blogs part-time and is with Fanatics Inc. full-time as a marketing associate. Fanatics is a leading retailer of NFL merchandise and is a premier source for officially licensed 49ers NFL merchandise.


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Eagle Pass (British Columbia)
|Eagle Pass
Wagon road at the summit of Eagle Pass, c. 1885
|550 m (1,804 ft)
|British Columbia, Canada
|Monashee Mountains
Eagle Pass (el. 550 m./1804 ft.) is a mountain pass through the Gold Range of the Monashee Mountains in British Columbia, Canada. It divides the Columbia River drainage basin from that of the Fraser River (via the Shuswap Lakes and the Thompson River).
Eagle Pass was chosen as the route of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), and later the Trans-Canada Highway, over the Monashees; westbound traffic is continually downhill from here to the Pacific coast. The line over the Eagle Pass was the last section of the CPR to be completed; the last spike was driven at a location known as Craigellachie in 1885.
The pass was discovered by Walter Moberly in his role as Assistant Surveyor General of British Columbia in 1865.[1]
The nearest city to Eagle Pass is Revelstoke, 20 km. to the east.
See also[edit]
Coordinates: 50°57′59″N 118°22′08″W / 50.96639°N 118.36889°W
|This article about a location in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Madison is enjoying her second season as Sapphires Brand Ambassador fulfilling her dream of taking a more active role in the club.
Age: 20
Eye Colour: Green
Hair Colour: Brown
Occupation: Student and Service assistant
Hometown: Sydney
Tenure: Second year
Education (studying): Human Resources
Bulldogs Player: Josh Reynolds.
Movie: Transformers.
Music: Calvin Harris.
Quote/ one liner: If today is the worst day of your life, then you know tomorrow will be better.
Cartoon Character: Any of the dinosaurs from The Land Before Time series!
"I have supported the Bulldogs for as long as I can remember, and would love a more active role in the club and the community."
Quirky Questions:
Why did you want to become a club ambassador?
I wanted to be a club ambassador because I have supported the Bulldogs for as long as I can remember, and would love a more active role in the club and the community.
Who is your 'Celebrity Crush'?
That would have to be Liam Hemsworth.
What is your dream job?
My dream job would be to work with Great White Sharks as a Marine Biologist.
What is your biggest fear?
Definitely snakes!!
What is one thing people would be surprised to know about you?
I have a crazy passion for cars!
Do you have any nicknames?
Mad, Mads, Madi.
What is your dream holiday destination?
I have always wanted to travel to the Maldives or Bora Bora.
If you could have any super power what would it be?
I would love to have Elsas' powers from Frozen!


text:
May differ from actual colors pictured above wearing a little. Please see the product pictures below color. Also, if you have any concern, please feel free to contact.
The warmth and simplicity of the hemp and wool MIX 'linen'
Back hair material and soft knitted linen utilizing natural color, texture of the wool mix. Surface is touch unique fabrics with natural material hardness is touching the skin on the back is without hesitation and soothing skin per.
ナチュラルワンピ Ribbon through neckline
A simple one piece back Ribbon was accented. The Ribbon is also tightly squeeze the neckline really possible.
* Here is the Rakuten international shipping
|JP Post EMS
|Credit Card
< Return and Refund Policy >
Any return or refund will not be accepted after the confirmation e-mail.
Start Date:01/02/2016 00:00 JST
End Date:29/02/2016 23:59 JST
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End Date:31/03/2016 23:59 JST
This product cannot be shipped to United States from the store.
Please contact the store for further information.


text:
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Al-Qaeda's leader yesterday called on jihadists to join the fight against President Bashar Assad, increasing fears that extremists are seeking to exploit the uprising.
The call by Ayman al-Zawahiri was echoed by influential Jordanian Islamists and threatened to give the nascent Syrian civil war a sectarian slant, as happened in neighbouring Iraq.
It came as the League of Arab States called for new measures to stop the violence, including replacing its failed monitoring mission with a joint UN-Arab League observer force, and ending all diplomatic co-operation with Syria. The proposals were rejected last night by the Syrian Government, according to