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Magento Connect
PLUS: Magestore offers you Store Locator Extension with a FREE lifetime update and support
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Thanks so much:)
Small SUV or Car for 2 Children
Thanks so much:)
I drive a silverado and I love the space but not the parking lots! Most days I take my dh's equinox. Those are cheap and roomy and good on gas (just don't get an older one, I have nothing nice to say about ours)
My blog: http://preggersorganic.blogspot.com/
Marine Wife '05
I trust my kids immune systems more than I do vaccines.
My husband drives a Subaru Outback, which I think is a station wagon, but he insists is a "Sports Utility Wagon." It's kind of the best of both worlds with the all wheel drive of an SUV and the smaller size of a car. The new ones get great gas milage I hear. There's lots of room in the back if you need to bring lots of gear with you places. I prefer my Honda Accord, which is roomy enough for me with plenty of trunk space in the back. It's probably not bigger than your Jetta though. How much room do you really need and how often are you going to need it?
Crunchy FTM - CD, BW, delay vax, bed-sharing, BF (gold!) and milk donor (over 9.5 gallons)
Crunchy Mom to V, April 2010 and R, February 2013

subset: commoncrawl


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Tag Archives: Barwon Heads Victoria
Monkeys at the beach.
We are in Barwon Heads enjoying the sun and surf. The children get to escape the "helicopter parent" (me) and bike ride, climb trees and walk about on their own. OK I admit it, I still fret but I leave them to it. … Continue reading
Posted in creating Tagged Barwon Heads Victoria, craft, Humor, Knitting and Crochet, Melbourne, Park Lane, sewing, Shopping, Sock monkey, sustainable living, Victoria 27 Comments
If this isn't nice I don't know what is.
I adore Kurt Vonnegut and someone sent this to me yesterday. Immediately I thought of our holiday at Barwon Heads and visits to nearby Ocean Grove. If that wasn't nice I don't know what is. : ) Kurt employed "poetic licence" from time to … Continue reading
Posted in creating Tagged Barwon Heads Victoria, beauty, clothing, Kurt Vonnegut, Melbourne, Ocean Grove Library, sustainable living 2 Comments


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- Podcast: John Campbell and George Siemens on Using Analytics
July 25, 2012
In this podcast, Executive Director of Administrative Information Services at Princeton University, Colin Currie , talks analytics with George Siemens and John Campbell . Siemens is a …
- Podcast: CAUDIT's Richard Northam on Analytics
July 24, 2012
Richard Northam is CEO for the Council of Australian University Directors of Information Technology (CAUDIT). In this interview, he talks about what Australian institutions are thinking a…
- Personalizing Analytics through the Education and Career Positioning System
August 5, 2013
Key Takeaways Lone Star College System offers an integrated Education and Career Positioning System that lets students, faculty, advisors, and parents simulate, navigate, validate,…
- Penetrating the Fog: Analytics in Learning and Education
September 12, 2011
George Siemens ( firstname.lastname@example.com ) is with the Technology Enhanced Knowledge Research Institute at Athabasca University. Phil Long ( firstname.lastname@example.com ) is a Professor in the Schools of …
- Opening the Door to New Possibilities Through the Use of Analytics
February 16, 2011
A session at the ELI Annual Meeting 2011
Since the time of "intelligent tutoring systems," educational technologists have explored methods to improve learning. Today with the emergence of analytics, an exciting set of tools is b…
- On the Horizon: The Power and Potential of Analytics
July 23, 2012
"We are at the dawn of an era in which educators have the potential to harness technology to produce a dramatic change in student achievement. Although visionaries have been promising for y…
- On the Curation of Instructional Content
October 7, 2013
Jim Phillips (firstname.lastname@example.com) is Director of Learning Technologies at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC). Higher education institutions are prodigious content produc…
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December 15, 2011
Learning analytics (LA) applies the model of analytics to the specific goal of improving learning outcomes. LA collects and analyzes the "digital breadcrumbs" that students leave as th…
- Moving to "Here's What You Requested"
May 6, 2013
Key Takeaways The transition from a homegrown, stand-alone legacy system to a commercial enterprise resource system revealed the inadequacy of the ERP's standard rep…
- Mining User Data: Getting the Most Out of Your CMS
January 15, 2008
A session at the EDUCAUSE Mid-Atlantic Regional Conference 2008
Learn how Hofstra University and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, developed custom reports to shine light on how students and faculty are using Blackboard as well as what they are doin…


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Your #1 source for beautiful exotic hardwood flooring from around the globe
Hello & Welcome to Exotic Hardwood Flooring, your online source for beautiful wood flooring from around the globe. Exotic Hardwood Flooring is a division of Rhodes Hardwood LLC, a Minneapolis, Minnesota based business that specializes in Exotic hardwood flooring and accessories.
My name is Dustin Rhodes, I am the founder and president of exotichardwoodflooring.com. My team and I have been brokering lumber deals for over 10 years. In this time we have developed great relationships with the top 2 importers in the US. Our buying power allows us to bring these great products to the average consumer for the prices that a typical retailer would pay. Thus cutting out at least 2 steps/mark-ups out of the normal distribution chain. We have also developed relationships with a great Wisconsin based mill and several freight brokers, that allow us to ship for a flat rate fee of just $399 to anywhere in the lower 48 states. (Note: add $49 if you need a liftgate) We have 8 strategically located storage facilities throughout the US and Canada. This allows us to get product out to our customers quickly and for the lowest shipping rates around. We understand that wood floors are a fairly significant investment and that spending a large amount online can be a scary thing to do. Rest assured, we are here to guide you through the entire process. From sending you samples and ordering your product, offering installation and finishing advise, to answering your maintenance questions after the sale. We sincerely Thank You! for visiting our website and we would appreciate the opportunity to earn your business. Please feel free to contact us with any questions, we are here to help.
Dustin Rhodes - Owner/President
Exotic Hardwood Flooring is one of very few online retailers that offers traditional unfinished wood flooring.
the wood floor blog browse wood types comment about flooring and share your ideas


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If you like this, Harlequin recommends
- The Last Warrior
- by
- Apr 2010
- Falling Hard and Fast
- by
- Nov 2010
- Hard to Handle
- by
- May 2010
- Hard to Resist
- by
- May 2010
Bayou-born Lucky Boucher knew Jacey Wheeler was out of his league. She was more than just a high-class blonde with the body of a goddess, she was the brains behind a successful P.I. firm--and Lucky's boss. So he kept his hands off her and his head on their private investigations.
For the first time since they had met, what she wanted from him had absolutely nothing to do with business. With their current case heating up and their professional relationship scorching, Lucky was more than willing to do whatever it took to keep the boss happy....


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Narrow your search
Expand RAR archives on your Mac.
An Android version of the longtime file compression utility, WinRAR, has arrived in Google Play with a powerful set of archiving tools.
Utilities Updates: MacAdministrator 3.4.3; SpamSweep 1.4.1; UnRarX 2.2; iSynCal 5.6; more
Security Update 2006-003 Special Report: UnRarX causing freezes
Security Update 2006-003 (#5): More culprits for startup stalls; UnRarX causing freezes; Symantec working on LiveUpdate fix
Utilities Updates: Typeset; Retrospect Client; Keyspan SX Pro; unRarX; NotePad Deluxe; iChat Enhancer; more
Odds and Ends: StuffIt Deluxe 7 RAR support; Norton Utilities Consistency; New Forum Sections


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Amos 9:9King James Version (KJV)
9 For, lo, I will command, and I will sift the house of Israel among all nations, like as corn is sifted in a sieve, yet shall not the least grain fall upon the earth.
King James Version (KJV)
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Groomzilla Carlos and his bride-to-be head to Vegas for their Sin City ceremony; self-proclaimed wedding planner, Jennifer, steals her own wedding dress when she doesn't like what her seamstress has done.
Megan gets out of hand as the big day approaches; Carlos is a Groomzilla who wants constant input but refuses to do much of the actual work.
Florida Bridezilla Jennifer hurls chairs, calls off the wedding, and hides in a stairwell to cry on her big day; Vanessa trades barbs with her future in-laws.
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Hullbridge en
Hullbridge is a village and civil parish in the Rochford district of Essex in east England. Bordered to the north by the River Crouch, and semi-isolated from the nearby towns of Hockley and Rayleigh, Hullbridge has a population of around 7,300. Prehistoric relics, such as Mesolithic flint axes, have been found in the parish. In the History of Rochford Hundred by Phillip Benton 1857 page 187 Hullbridge is listed as being Whoulnebregg 1375 Ct, Wolvebrigg 1377 Cl, Whulbridge 1492, t Eliza EAS iii, i, -bredg 1559 Ct, Hulbrigge 1480 Will, -bridge 1540 Ct, 1545 LP, Hulbredge 1544 FF, Hollbridge 1492 EAS iii, -brigge 1494 ib. "The bridge over the Huolne or Wholve, an old name of the Crouch supra 6. Folklore has it that a Roman Bridge existed here but there is no documented evidence to support this. Along the river bank there are remains of evaporation pans where salt was made in bronze age times. [ - ]


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All dumpsters are on wheels which help protect your driveway. Also, all of our trailers have back doors that open which allows for easy loading.
Small (6′ x 12′ x 24″)
Our small junk removal trailers are ideal for garage cleanouts, yard debris, and up to 20 squares of roofing. As you can see in the picture both back doors open up for easy loading.
Medium (7′ x 14′ x 33″)
Our medium dump trailers are our mid sized option. These can hold up to 35 squares of roofing material. These are also great for bigger garage clean outs, house clean outs, large yards, etc.
Large (7′ x 14′ x 48″)
The large hauling trailers are our biggest. These are great for appliance removal, spa removal, complete house cleanouts, and many other large projects.


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The Triumph of Campaign-Centered Politics is an incisive overview of contemporary campaigns and elections and the role parties play in them. Anyone looking to better understand and identify important features of current campaigns and elections, and to place these features in a historical context, will find the book invaluable. Drawing on extensive interviewing and archival research, Menefee-Libey argues that campaign-centered politics is now the dominant force in American elections with serious implications for representative democracy.
The Triumph of Campaign-Centered Politics
Formats Available from CQ Press
New to this EditionNot applicable: This is the first edition of this work.
CQ Press is pleased to comply with the Higher Education Opportunity Act. Please email [email protected] for additional information that may be available. Be sure to include your name, contact information, academic affiliation, and the title, author, and edition of the book in question.
Contact us at [email protected] if we may assist you in your book selection or if you have feedback to share. Thank you for your consideration of CQ Press books.
CQ Press, a Division of SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Washington, DC 20037
Table of Contents
David Menefee-Libey, Pomona College


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Volkswagen AG switched on its largest photo-voltaic installation worldwide as Europe's biggest carmaker builds on its U.S. auto factory's recognition by an environmental group for sustainable operations.
You are here
SEIA is the solar energy industry's go-to source for the latest coverage on solar power, including U.S. and international policy, research and polls, business and financing trends, and more. Our staff strives to support the media covering solar energy issues and guide our members on effective media outreach with clear statements, background materials, news and multimedia resources.
SEIA is committed to informing policymakers, the media, and the American public about the benefits of solar energy for today's communities, our economy, and our country.
Learn more from our statements and industry news below.
Solar Power Installations Hit Record in Mass.
Massachusetts recorded its largest number of new solar power installations in 2012, as hundreds of homeowners and large institutions and businesses, such as schools and big box stores, took advantage of government-backed incentives for renewable resources.
Time for Private Purchases of Renewable Power
Five years ago, North Carolina became the first state in the Southeast to set a renewable energy and efficiency standard. The 12.5 percent by 2021 standard is a great goal, and we should keep raising the bar.
FERC's Small Generator Interconnection Procedures (SGIP)
FERC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to update its SGIP. Among several changes, it proposes to modify the Supplemental Review process; making it similar to the California Rule 21 process - a 100% of minimum load screen along with two additional technical screens that evaluate a generators' impact on safety, reliability and power quality. FERC will host an additional workshop and provide an opportunity for written comments on the proposed changes before finalizing the rule.
OHIO PUC Proposes Interconnection Revisions
On January 16, 2013, the Ohio Public Utility Commission staff issued proposed revisions to that state's interconnection procedures for comment. A supplemental review process with a 100% of minimum load penetration screen and two additional technical screens are among the changes proposed. Comments are due later in January with reply comments in February. Read the full text.
The Green Elite: The Top 10 States for Renewable Power
When you step back and look at the country as a whole, the United States only generates just small fraction of its electricity from renewable energy sources -- about 10.4 percent in 2010, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Arizona Solar Energy Production Increased By 333 Percent In 2011
Arizona ranks third in the nation in terms of solar system installation, according to the 2011 U.S. Solar Market Insight Report from the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), Governor Jan Brewer announced March 22.
Sprawling Solar Plant on Tap for San Luis Valley
The San Luis Valley, already home to three solar power plants, could soon become the site of a sprawling 6,200-acre solar complex - a facility that would generate three times as much electricity as the other plants combined.
Fort Hood Neighborhood Gets Solar Power Tuesday
Tucked away just to the east of the on-post neighborhood it'll soon help power, four gravelly acres have been claimed by about 3,000 solar panels.
Critics: 'Bill Could Halt Solar Development'
There is a bill that would limit the Arizona Corporation Commission's power to regulate renewable energy.


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Give it purpose - fill it with water filters, air filters, refrigerator filters, and more.
The GE TFM-75 is a compatible replacement filter for the following filtration systems:
The GE Desal TFM-75 - Dry TFC Membrane is a replacement reverse osmosis membrane that will fit RO filtration using systems requiring standard TFM membranes. This GE Osmonics water filter features thin-film membrane and utilizes crossflow filtration to reduce a variety of waterborne contaminants. This reverse osmosis membrane filter continuously cleans itself, resulting in longer life. The GE TFM-75 has a flow rate of 75 gallons per day and is not resistant to chlorine.
GE Desal TFM-75 - Dry TFC Membrane specifications:


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Religion news in Wisconsin and beyond
Tributes to our Moms in advance of Mother's Day
Here's a lovely homage to her mother by Sojourners' Cathleen Falsani.
On this, the Friday before Mother's Day, it seems appropriate for all of us to acknowledge those women who played such a formative role in our lives.
I owe so much of what I have and know to my own mother.
She was a woman so hungry for knowledge, I would find her awake in the kitchen in the middle of the night reading the encyclopedia.
Though -- and probably because -- her own educational opportunities were limited, her absolute priority was the education of her five children. Specifically Catholic education, and she went to work along with my father to ensure they could afford it.
And she possessed an indefatigable work ethic, often sacrificing her own health for the interests and well-being of her family.
So many things I never told her in life, condensed into a simple whisper as she lay dying: "You were a good mom."
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Read and share your thoughts on this story.


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seascape attempt by andrekosslickWatch
©2013-2016 andrekosslick
freehand corelpainter und wacom gt,no ref
I not really fan of your landscape and leans more towards your sexy ladies, but this one pretty bitch'n. Very emotional peace of art.
Wow. This is very romantic. Such lovely colours.
Very beautiful! I love the colors! Feels just like standing there.
Perfectly !
Just wow! O.O
I didn't comment on this before but I feel it's too beautiful not to do so. As I've tried to bring out in my poem, this is like the final page to be turned after a life is through and the last light to be seen is so very lovely.Fantastic colors! Really wonderful work!
You have gived so much comments to my works,dear Gudrun.I,m specielly happy,that you give this original version of my nevermore sunset such a beautiful pendant with your expressive color poem,and also such a wonderful famous exemply,you dear person.Thankyou very much for this lovely gift,my dear madam Gudrun.
Schöne Farben!
you are very talented its just wonderful my friend well done
ehh... U'r very talented Andre... ... amazing painting ...
I have dreamed of a tranquil place like this one, Andre! I love it! It's magnificent!
I adore your lovely dream,you romantic lady Julie.Thanks for your gift to my sad work.
Spectacular work! Amazing colors, Andre!


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Select Local Merchants
The Ginger RoomRead MoreThe Ginger Room in Duncan is a high-end day spa that provides guests with pampering services and accommodations. Hydrate and nourish your skin with a custom facial from this spa. Improving your skin can do wonders for your look. Take advantage of The Ginger Room's skin treatments like a body wrap. Can't manage to get the right look for your nails? This spa's happy to help with perfect manicures and pedicures for all of your digits. Take a break from your long to-do list and enjoy a mini escape from reality with a massage from this spa. At The Ginger Room in Duncan, guests will appreciate the pain-free and quick hair removal services. The stylists at this spa are here to provide you with creative, professional and top-of-the-line services, including hair cuts and color and highlights. Ready for a change in your style? Stop by The Ginger Room for a fabulous new look.161 Craig StreetDuncan, BC CA
Razors Edge SalonRead MoreThe stylists at Razors Edge Salon lend their services to women and men of all ages and cultivate a friendly atmosphere amid modern, black and white graphic murals. At styling stations, they trim unruly locks and correct colour before clients grab products from brands such as Bed Head, AG Hair Cosmetics, and American Crew on their way to the register. The staff also coats nails in new shades and decorative patterns, waxes away unwanted body hair, and extends lash lines to give clients more alluring winks and the ability to replace faulty window fans by blinking rapidly.2628 Beverly StreetDuncan, BC CA
Skin Care CtrRead MoreSkin Care Ctr in Cobble Hill is a clean and trendy nail salon that offers a range of nail care treatments. Maintain youthful and smooth skin with an efficient skin care treatment, such as acne treatment and microdermabrasion. Reduce crows feet and aging skin with a painless beauty injection. This salon offers nail care treatments that will leave you with stronger, healthier nails. At Skin Care Ctr in Cobble Hill, a wide selection of hair removal services are offered for guests, including laser hair removal. Glitter, matte, gloss...nab your next set of nails just the way you like 'em at Skin Care Ctr.2720 Cobble Hill RoadMill Bay, BC CA
Studio One Hair ProfessionalsRead MoreEager to update the tired 'dos of men and women alike, Studio One Hair Professionals' crew of seasoned coiffeurs revamps tresses with a host of salon services. Stylists' scissors sculpt strands into modern styles, classic cuts, or neoclassical columns, and colourists flatter features with strategically placed highlights. Damaged manes regain their lustre thanks to meticulously administered deep-conditioning treatments, and Studio One's team ensures that newly minted styles undergo thorough blow-drying and styling treatments so clients leave the salon able to confidently show off new looks.261 Craig StreetDuncan, BC CA
Cloud 10 EstheticsRead MoreWith all of the beauty service choices at Cloud 10 Esthetics, a full-service salon in Duncan, you can't go wrong. For a clear and healthy complexion, treat yourself to an affordable facial from this salon. For effective skin care treatments, such as a body wrap, head to Cloud 10 Esthetics. The best remedy for short hair removal is a professional hair removal treatment from Cloud 10 Esthetics. The nail technicians at this salon can buff, clean and polish your nails to perfection. After a long week of stress, you deserve to feel pampered at Cloud 10 Esthetics.1529 Khenipsen RoadDuncan, BC CA
First Choice HaircuttersRead MoreTame your mane at First Choice Haircutters in Duncan, a luxury hair salon that aims to please. Every face has a different hairstyle that suits it best. Allow this salon's stylists to pinpoint the right one for you. Creativity is around every corner at First Choice Haircutters, so you know you'll leave First Choice Haircutters with the best head of hair in town.282 Trans-Canada HighwayDuncan, BC CA


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Traders at Knight Capital are already making calls for jobs elsewhere as the stock hits multi-decade lows, Gasparino reported. Knight employed a 1,418 people as of the end of the second quarter. "It's a war zone here; bullets are flying. I'm just trying to survive," a senior Knight executive told FOX Business. "It's going to be hard for Knight because this is their distinctive competence. This is what they do," said Robert Steven Kaplan, a Harvard professor and former vice chairman at Goldman Sachs. "If they make a mistake like this that costs this much money, it casts out on their entire franchise and capability." [FBN]


text:
Products & ServicesSee also: Categories | Featured Products | Technical Articles | More Information
Description: CIE 125-1997 ISBN 978 3 900734 81 7 The problem of dosimetry in skin photobiology lies in the fact that the ability of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to elicit erythema in human skin depends strongly on wavelength, encompassing a range of four orders of magnitude between 250 nm and 400 nm. A CIE
Supplier: Excelitas Technologies Corp.
Description: for electrical connections. Key Features Bright – light intensity comparable to Xenon Safe – emits virtually no Ultraviolet or Infrared radiation Easy coupling – flange mounted optical alignment features for fiber input port Quiet – low noise generation variable speed
- Light Source: LED
- Lifetime: 900000 to 1.50E6 minutes
- Wavelength: 400 to 700 nm
- Color Temperature: 12050 F
Supplier: EXFO
Description: No Description Provided
- Emitter Type: Light Emitting Diode
- Operating Mode: 2000 Hz
- Form Factor: Rack Mount
- Cable Type: Single-mode / Multimode
Supplier: Yokogawa Corporation of America
Description: The AQ2200-136 TLS module is an optional wideband variable wave light source designed for the A2200 multi-application test system. Although it is lightweight with a small, 2-slot module, it is capable of tuning the range of 1440 nm to 1640 nm.
- Emitter Type: Laser Diode
- Operating Mode: Continuous Wave, 270 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz
- Form Factor: Bench Top, Rack Mount
- Cable Type: Single-mode
Supplier: Edmund Optics Inc.
Description: spot lights will directly replace any 1/4" (0.312") fiber light guide, or can be used with our light guide adapters to replace large fiber bundles. An LED intensity controller, such as #56-440 Variable Current Source, is required for use.Fiber Optic Replacement LED Spot Lights are ideal
- Illuminator Type: Spot
- Light Source: LED
- Active Area Diameter or Length: 0.3110 inch
- Lifetime: 3.00E6 minutes
Supplier: Panasonic
Description: indicator Green LED (lights up under stable light received condition or stable dark condition) (incorporated on the receiver for thru-beam type) Power indicator Green LED (lights up when the power is ON) (incorporated on the emitter) - Sensitivity adjuster Continuously variable adjuster (incorporated
- Operating Temperature: 32 to 122 F
- Body: Rectangular
Find Suppliers by Category Top
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Excelitas Technologies Corp.
ACULED Design Your Own Chip-On-Board LED Solution
of the ACULED platform include the ability to design your own LED with any combination of LED die, closer die spacing for compact footprint, improved mixing and excellent heat transfer from the chips to the substrate and heat sink. Examples of customized design in production include warm-white, cool-white, red, and cyan LED dice which are used in surgical lighting to achieve up to 96 CRI, as well as R9 and variable CCT. Other custom examples are red, green, blue and amber; warm white... (read more)
Browse Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Datasheets for Excelitas Technologies Corp.
Conduct Research Top
Proposed Reference Solar Spectral Power Distributions for Miami andProposed Reference Solar Spectral Power Distributions for Miami and Phoenix From Three Years of Measurements
environments, comparison of artificial light sources to natural sources, estimates for dose-damage models and characterization of materials wavelength sensitivity in natural environments. The impetus for this study was to develop more realistic reference SPDs than currently available for Miami, FL
More Information Top
Wavelength converter operating on strict frequency grid using a single side band optical modulator in a circulating loop
A wavelength converter and a variable wave- length light source that operate on strict frequency grid are proposed and demonstrated using a single side band optics1 modulator in a re-circulating fiber loop configuration.
Advanced Free Space Optics (FSO)
In Table 10.11 we also show that the field experiments implemented varying quantum protocols (e.g., BB84, B92, E91, C-V, Alpha-Eta) and varying light source wavelengths ( λ = 394-404 nm, λ = 670-850 nm, λ = 1.5 mμ …
IN VIVO and POST MORTEM MEASUREMENTS OF THE ATTENUATION SPECTRA OF LIGHT IN MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Block diagram of computer-controlled variable wavelength light source and optical fiber light detector system.
Surface Anisotropy Measurements By Ellipsometry
If the ellipsometer is fitted with a variable wavelength light source , further probing of the roughness and /or composite layers may be done by adjusting the wavelength to values at which the material has high and low absorption.
A hybrid reflective/refractive/diffractive achromatic fiber-coupled radiation resistant imaging system for use in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS)
A chrome on glass 1951 USAF resolution test chart was placed in front of the variable wavelength light source , at the operational focal distance of the imaging lens.
Development and initial evaluation of a spectral microdensitometer for analysing radiochromic films
We have consequently incorporated a microscope with a monochromator as a variable wavelength light source and a two-dimensional CCD camera in the design for a suitable readout device for RCFs.
Materials Research - Photoacoustic and transmission studies of SiC polytypes
A 150 Watts Xe lamp, with a ellipsoidal reflector, couple to a 0.22 m double monocromator (Spex model 1680) was used as variable wavelength light source .
Integrated DQPSK transmitter for dispersion-tolerant and dispersion-managed DWDM transmission
Conclusion A novel configuration for a wavelength converter and a variable wavelength light source operating on strict frequency grid was proposed and demon- strated.
Overview of optical switching technologies in Japan
To construct a wavelength-divisionswitchingnet- work, tunable optical filters, variable wavelength light sources and wavelength converters are required.
Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a long-cavity λ/4-shifted DFB laser using its lasing beam as pump beams
Signal beams from a variable wavelength light source were polarization-controlled and coupled into the front facet of the laser.
THz frequency conversion using nondegenerate four-wave mixing process in a lasing long-cavity λ/4-shifted DFB laser
Input signalbeam 0,from variable wavelength light source is coupled to DFB laser from front facet, and output signal beam w,, a pump beam w and conjugate beam 2 0 - ID,from the rear facet are observedusing optical spectrum anafyser .
Advanced Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides
A variable wavelength light source using an external resonator and watt class high output were achieved.
Subthreshold voltage‐induced transferred charge measurements of evaporated ZnS:Mn alternating‐current thin‐film electroluminescent devices
PDP experiments are accomplished by first applying a below-threshold dc voltage to the ACTFEL device and then stimulating the ACTFEL device with a vari- able wavelength light source .
The asilomar conference on ion spectroscopy, October 16–20, 2009
The largest group of presenters described diverse experi- ments in which ions are generated in a suitable ion source, and their spectroscopy is probed using a vari- able wavelength light source and/or detector.
Haematite and chromia dissolution in the zirconia matrix during thermal oxidation of Laves-phases γ–Zr(Fe,Cr)2 on Zircaloy-4
The variable wavelength light source was a 1000 W Xenon arc bulb (Mu¨ller GmbH Lax 1000) associated to a triple grating monochromator (PAR 1235, EG&G Instruments), allowing selecting the photon wavelengths within a spectral width of + 1 nm.


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The religion, which believes a sinister extraterrestrial being called Xenu brought billions of people to earth in spaceships similar to DC8 airliners, operates a giant underground base hidden deep within the New Mexico desert.
Deep inside its vaults sealed within titanium caskets, are the original texts of founder L Ron Hubbard on gold discs - the religion's most sacred scriptures.
Where in New Mexico?
Just dial up Mesa Huerfanita on Google Earth and you'll find a nearby mountain scarred by a long concrete strip with a short leg at the northern end pointing east. That's the loony church's private airport. A zig-zag white line from the strip heads north. That's the church's private road. It leads to the two linked circles — invisible from the land below.
Originally posted by cranspace
Revealed - the Alien Space Cathedral built in New Mexico desert by the secretive Scientology church
These giant symbols etched into the desert are a welcoming message to Aliens from the deeply secretive church of Scientology
The Secret New Mexico base is built to withstand a nuclear attack and reportedly holds the original texts of Scientology founder L Ron Hubbard
Think about it: there are followers !!
Originally posted by VoidHawk
I know very little aboout them, what I do know was fed to me via the MSM!!!
The msm say they are mad, they also say WE are mad.
Pesonaly I think they scare the crap out of TPTB, they are a strong powerful group, just what tptb dont want.
Originally posted by VoidHawk
reply to post by tonybotzo
I have no interest in them so have no need to educate myself about them.
Do you have personal experience with them? Why do you say they are dangerous?
Originally posted by Awen24
The Secret New Mexico base is built to withstand a nuclear attack and reportedly holds the original texts of Scientology founder L Ron Hubbard
...at least we know that if the whole world implodes, there will still be at least one work of fiction available to read on the crapper.
Originally posted by IkNOwSTuff
Kinda reminds me of boobies
I think I need a GFedit on 31/12/2012 by IkNOwSTuff because: (no reason given)


text:
With more than 4,000 hostels worldwide in fantastic and unique locations. Find your dream experience Hostelling International
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Johor - Johor Bahru Grand Hallmark Hotel
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Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world.
+1 212 318 2000
Europe, Middle East, & Africa
+44 20 7330 7500
Asia Pacific
+65 6212 1000
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The now infamous dealings of Bernard Madoff, the money manager accused by federal authorities of running a $65 billion Ponzi scheme, have dominated headlines recently. But Madoff is far from alone. In recent months, a rash of alleged investment frauds have unraveled, thanks to the ravaged economy. Here's a look at some alleged financial frauds that have been prosecuted over the years, beginning with the man for whom such transgressions are named, Charles Ponzi.
Business Exchange related topics:
Bernard L. Madoff
Ponzi Scheme
Investment Schemes
href="http://bx.businessweek.com/corporate-fraud/">Corporate Fraud


text:
Tag Archives: nonresidential
New Construction Starts Dip in August
Nonresidential was among the three main industry sectors that saw a decrease in new construction starts in August. Starts for the month dropped 11 percent to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of $554.5 billion, according to Dodge Data & Analytics. … Continue reading
Nonresidential Construction Spending Up in April
Nonresidential construction spending expanded 3.2 percent on a monthly basis in April and totaled $646.7 billion on a seasonally adjusted, annualized basis, according to the Associated Builders and Contractors' analysis of Census Bureau data. Spending in the nonresidential sector is up … Continue reading
Nonresidential Building Strong in November
Positive November construction statistics raised the Dodge Index to 143, up from a revised 127 for October and marking the strongest month so far in 2014, according to Dodge Data & Analytics. At a seasonally adjusted annual rate of $677.8 … Continue reading
Nonresidential Building Declines Sharply in August
New construction starts in August dropped 9 percent at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of $540.6 billion, according to McGraw Hill Construction. The decline followed July's elevated volume, the strongest so far in 2014, and brought activity back to the average … Continue reading
Construction Employment, Private Spending Surges as Public Investment Shrinks
The construction industry added 22,000 jobs in July but suffered a pullback in spending in June, according to an analysis by the Associated General Contractors of America. Construction employment totaled 6,041,000 in July, the highest total since May 2009, while … Continue reading
June Construction Settles Back One Percent
New construction starts in June receded one percent to a seasonally-adjusted annual rate of $489.5 billion, according to McGraw Hill Construction, a division of McGraw Hill Financial. Nonresidential building lost momentum in June after strengthening during the previous two months, … Continue reading
Building Construction Employment Remains Stable from April to May
The number of building construction employees remained stable from April to May 2013 with a slight 0.1 percent decrease, according to the latest report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The BLS estimates that approximately 1.269 million (seasonally adjusted) … Continue reading


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Commercial Services and Supplies
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Average rating from 94 reviews.
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Average rating from 15 reviews.
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Hamster Hide away
posted 8 years ago
Our hamster loves his igloo. He loves to hide his favorite foods (peanuts) in here. He also loves to stand on it.
It comes in larger sizes for larger pets such as guinea pigs and rabbits.
Pros: Comes in variety of colors and sizes
Cons: n/a
13 of 13 people found this review helpful.
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Romeo's Room
posted 7 years ago
Romeo loves this igloo. His is a dark blue with sparklies. I love the variety of colors it comes in. The only thing I don't like is that it's too dark to see inside, so I can't always see if Romeo is in there.
Pros: cute, good colors, Romeo loves it
Cons: too dark to see inside
10 of 10 people found this review helpful.
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Polar rat
posted 8 years ago
Shocking pink is the color of the igloo my friend got for her rats. She bought the small one just right for a baby rat but they will out grow this. Funny thing is one rat uses this not the other.
The plastic is easy to clean but also easy for rodents to chew. Ratty looks cute peaking out of the igloo.
Pros: cosy
Cons: Chewable
8 of 8 people found this review helpful.
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June 8, 2015 | By Lynn
I've used this product on rescued dogs for years. My last large dog rescued had been an outdoor dog her entire life, living among Lamas where she picked up tapeworms. This product expelled several 2 … more ›
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July 14, 2013 | By Xiaoxiao111
Pink is my favorite color these are wonderful.I will recommend a good website fou you: www.9footballshirt.org


text: Featured comments + Add comment Comments (2) Featured TheSoundDefense "The first thing I thought when I saw the image was "there's no way they're accounting for the back touchscreen." Lo and behold, I was correct. Not the best design. " 1161d ago Bowzabub "The back panel pops out. " 1160d ago


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The San Francisco Democratic Party has voted to oppose the 8 Washington project and to endorse the ballot measure that would halt it.
By a 15-4 margin, the Democratic County Central Commitee, which makes policy for the local party, endorsed a No vote on the fall referendum that would negate the height limit increase developer Simon Snellgrove says he needs to build the ultra-luxury condos. The units would be the most expensive in San Francisco history.Read more »
Our friends at CalBuzz, who are almost always right, have a point when they say that the right wing is going to use the lack of comprehensive pension reform against Jerry Brown's tax measure in the fall. That's unless the Legislature does something productive in August, which is always a challenge.
But whenever I hear this kind of analysis, I think about some of the political campaigns I've seen -- the tobacco tax is an excellent example -- and I wonder: Will it really make a difference?Read more »


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Pascagoula ends Ole Brook seasonPublished 3:00am Sunday, April 27, 2014
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PASCAGOULA – The Brookhaven Panthers saw their season come to an end Friday night after falling to the Pascagoula Panthers 5-2 in Game Two of the first round of the Class 5A state baseball playoffs.
The Panthers, coached by Randy Spring, finished their season with a 16-14 record overall and earned a 6-3 record in Region 6-5A action.
Pascagoula 5, Brookhaven 2
In a battle of Panthers, Pascagoula and Brookhaven fought hard in a defensive contest.
Pascagoula managed to score the first run of the contest in the bottom of the second inning to take a 1-0 lead.
Ole Brook managed to get their offensive going in the fourth inning and gain a slim 2-1 lead.
Pascagoula answered in the fifth and sixth innings as they outscored Ole Brook 4-0 to secured the win and eliminate the Lincoln County based Panthers from the playoffs.
Hayden Hamm was the winning pitcher for Pascagoula with one strikeout and one walk. James Pugh (2K, 1BB) collects the save in relief.
Reed Jones suffered the loss for the Ole Brook Panthers with six strikeouts and no walks. Myles Tipton (0K. 0BB) pitched one inning in relief.
Michael Lambert and Blaine Moak were the offensive leader at the plate for Brookhaven with a double apiece. Tipton hit a single.
Will Inlow powered the Pascagoula Panthers offense with a home run and a single. Carley Reynolds contributed a double and a single. Drew Dunn and Antonio Williams provided a double apiece. Hitting safely were Slater McCarty, Hayden Hamm and Kristopher Morris.


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Ruth 3:9-13New King James Version (NKJV)
9 And he said, "Who are you?"
So she answered, "I am Ruth, your maidservant. Take your maidservant under your wing,[a] for you are a close relative."
10 Then he said, "Blessed are you of the Lord, my daughter! For you have shown more kindness at the end than at the beginning, in that you did not go after young men, whether poor or rich. 11 And now, my daughter, do not fear. I will do for you all that you request, for all the people of my town know that you are a virtuous woman. 12 Now it is true that I am a close relative; however, there is a relative closer than I. 13 Stay this night, and in the morning it shall be that if he will perform the duty of a close relative for you—good; let him do it. But if he does not want to perform the duty for you, then I will perform the duty for you, as the Lord lives! Lie down until morning."
New King James Version (NKJV)
Scripture taken from the New King James Version®. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
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text:
Wednesday, August 15, 2012
3 comments
Good article - remember, women aren't the only ones with unhealthy or disordered eating habits. Guys suffer too.
health.yahoo.net/experts/dayinhealth/binge-eating-equally-common-men-women ... Read more
Wednesday, August 08, 2012
3 comments
I've been a bit less active on Spark lately, and it's for a variety of reasons. I'm doing really well, just really busy with school and trying to have a social life and work.... I also don't feel I need the tools as much to stay on track as I on... Read more
Thursday, July 19, 2012
1 comments
Great article on some stuff that's been in the news lately about photo-shop and thin-culture.
Also, the picture at the very, very bottom made me LOL.
www.buzzfeed.com/amyodell/why-photoshop-isnt-as-big-of-a-deal-as-... Read more
Tuesday, July 17, 2012
2 comments
How-do, Sparkies? Hope everyone is doing great.
I am champing at the bit - my vacation/family reunion starts at noon on Friday, so I'm just trying to keep it together a few more days at work. WOOHOO! I feel like a little kid!
Anyway, I... Read more
Tuesday, July 10, 2012
2 comments
This one balances out the one that made me ill today. Great stuff from Brad Pilon, author of Eat Stop Eat (intermittent fasting).
Read it - awesomeness.
zenhabits.net/dedicated-but-balanced/ ... Read more
Tuesday, July 10, 2012
17 comments
I can't even comment. Just read it for yourself.
jezebel.com/5924622/kate-upton-is-now-considered-fat?utm_campaign=socialflow_jezebel_facebook&utm_source=jezebel_facebook&utm_medium=socialflow ... Read more
Thursday, July 05, 2012
3 comments
Ok, first let me say that this guy is the hero of the Olympics for me - Oscar Pistorius from South Africa is a double-amputee and is competing in the 400 meter run at the London Olympics. Freaking amazing. That's what. sports.yahoo.com/b... Read more
Tuesday, June 26, 2012
4 comments
Ok, Finance class is over - won't have my grade for about a week, but I'm so relieved to be done with that class I can't even express it in words.
I celebrated over the weekend - ate pizza, drank wine, had a cheeseburger, went shopping.... ... Read more
Thursday, June 21, 2012
9 comments
I am just days from being done with my finance class and I can't tell you how eager I am to see the end of it.
It's been a thick slice of hell.
My "professor" is a real piece of work. He's former Navy, and I would have expected more ... Read more
Friday, June 15, 2012
4 comments
I haven't been too active this week on Spark - school has been kicking my rear end.
I am one week from the end of finance class, and it can't possibly get here as fast as I want it to. I am so ready to be done.
I've been stressed out s... Read more
Wednesday, June 06, 2012
5 comments
This is an amazing blog post by Neghar Fonooni, who is a trainer and fitness/fat-loss blogger, a mom, a recovering disordered-eater, a former fat-girl, and an inspirational founding member of Girls Gone Strong.
I found Neghar and her fello... Read more
Tuesday, June 05, 2012
7 comments
So this is pretty cool.
Scientists in Japan have created and are studying the effects of their diet glasses. These goggles manipulate foods and sensory information to produce different eating responses in people.
For instance, when g... Read more
Thursday, May 31, 2012
7 comments
That's kind of a weird title, no?
Yoga is awesome and I have to tell you why it's awesome, especially for me. I see a chiropractor every once in a while because my hips tend to get out of alignment. Last night I had an appointment to get an... Read more
Wednesday, May 30, 2012
13 comments
Interesting article on Yahoo today talking about a study looking at the bias women face after losing a lot of fat.
In the article, it talks about how people viewed women who had lost a lot of fat as less attractive than women who had alway... Read more
Wednesday, May 23, 2012
2 comments
... I'd say I have a sinus infection. I'm giving 3-to-1 odds, any takers?
My allergies went ape-sh*t earlier this week due to the astronomical pollen levels in North Texas right about now, and that means my nasal passages get i... Read more


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Casting Off Shadows
DJ Shadow
The Outsider
Universal Motown
In the 10 years since Endtroducing emerged like some b-boy Bitches Brew, DJ Shadow has been reduced to a borderline-strawman idea of indie-snob art-hop—an unsmiling glower lurking on the pages of Urb and Wire, patron saint of thousand-dollar eBay funk 45s and white college-kid insularity. That he was deep into hyphy—the Bay Area's hyperactive, raucous, synth-heavy answer to crunk—while blogspotters were still waiting for Pharrell to catch fire again is beside the point; to some folks he'll always be reviled as the man who turned block-party breaks into fuzak. Shadow's as uncomfortable with this misrepresentation as he is with cranking out Endtroducing soundalikes ad nauseam, and if a change in style means he alienates those fans who liked his music for questionable reasons—to borrow a joke from Mr. Show, "the fun of rap without all that rap"—then so be it. His "aw, nuts to them" attitude still beats a career releasing flailing compromises. (I'll give this much to '02's prog-slog sophomore baffler The Private Press: It sure as hell doesn't sound like anyone else pressured him to do it.) For someone whose approach to hip hop seemed so far removed from any preconceived notion of "realness" that his records get filed under "club" in some stores, the urge to publicly affiliate himself with the core of a rap scene he never explicitly rejected has always been close to the surface; seems like he's the only one who realizes that "Why Hip Hop Sucks in '96" was his own private joke.
The title of The Outsider reads as proof that he's aware of this rep, and there's a chance that the kid on the cover—face hidden behind a Lone Ranger mask—is his self-representation, hitting the reset button and starting over as an anonymous, youthful, expectation-free entity. The album's first song, "This Time," is a red herring—a typically Shadow-esque, meticulously constructed Boz Scaggs-meets-Bobby Womack amalgam that sounds like his most seamless sample job yet. But they're not samples, they're a live-instrument reconstruction of the '96 Shadow sound, and after tipping his hand in the chorus ("This time/I'm gonna try it my way") he unceremoniously dumps the listener into a crunk/hyphy rubber room and snickers, "good luck."
"3 Freaks" was the first salvo of Shadow's new sound when it was released as a single last year, and it's a jaw-dropper: Muppet-fart horns, vulcanized beats that sound like "Come Clean" caught in a Tesla coil, and Turf Talk and Keak da Sneak as the likably Beavis and Butt-head-esque Yay Area Ying Yang Twins. As a party cut, it's a good incentive to use the word "stupid" as a superlative. But like the record's other choice hyphy cuts—especially the gothic synth-funk of "Dat's My Part" with E-40 and the teetering Nintendo melody of Nump's turn on the vertiginous "Keep 'Em Close"—its style might as well have come from a complete unknown, albeit one with an ear for the streets. Same goes for David Banner's chainsaw flow going Leatherface on crack mythos in "Seein' Thangs" and the conscious-rap coastal summit of Q-Tip and Lateef on "Enuff": Shadow's biggest chance yet to prove himself as a hip-hop producer for MCs to actually rhyme over, whether they're crunk or backpacker, has resulted in a handful of beats covered in spirit gum and latex, rendered unrecognizably glossy and radio-friendly. Pretend they're culled from a gifted debut record, and they somehow make a lot more sense.
Good thing, because something on this record has to. Like Psyence Fiction, the 1998 UNKLE album that Shadow barely kept afloat under the weight of its scattershot guest list (Kool G. Rap! Thom Yorke! Badly Drawn Boy?)—as well as the crunk/psych handshake of last year's Funky Skunk mix CD—Shadow opts to switch his focus to a vaguely rockish haze in the album's last half, this time to its detriment. The transition to mushy AOR is a palate-cleansing but confusing series of self-cancelling segues, starting at Banner's cut and careening between the brief lonesome funk guitar of "Broken Levee Blues," the punk rock spazcore of "Artifact," the cosmically sloppy seven-and-a-half-minute Phonte vehicle "Backstage Girl," and the John Cage ambience of "Triplicate/Something Happened That Day." What follows is 20 nightmarishly boring minutes: "The Tiger" sounds like it came from the score from a particularly inert heist flick and features him what sings for Kasabian, "What Have I Done" is new-age valium, and there are two droopy-faced odes to self-enveloped moping from the Coldplay-cosplaying Chris James. Then that Q-Tip/Lateef song comes on and it sounds like fucking "Paid in Full."
Playing stylistic Katamari Damacy isn't always a guarantee of failure—hell, it did wonders for RJD2 on Since We Last Spoke—but Shadow's attempt at expanding his horizon stretched it so thin it looks like North Dakota's. Still, if there's one thing to be less sure of than what was going on in Shadow's head during the recording process, it's what could've salvaged this record for his diehards in the first place. If he went wall-to-wall hip hop for an all-encompassing Bay rap state of the union, or at least cut out the mope-rock, this might have been a good record—but it'd still be a headscratcher to all those fiends who wouldn't allow him to do anything but reendtroduce himself.
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text:
Q: dealsplus.com Toolbar not there anymore?
I can't seem to install the toolbar on my new laptop. Has the toolbar been removed? I tried to install it from here https://www.dealsplus.com/pages/faq_dealspl_us_toolbar/13270 and it kept saying page not found. The toolbar was a tremendous help!
5 Comments
All your extensions are stored here. Obviously change your name to your user account name and also AppData is a hidden folder so you will need
to have your setting to allow showing of hidden directories.
Just copy the folder with the toolbar extension and transfer it to your new computer. You can also zip that folder put it online and share it those who are still looking for this extension that has been removed from the chrome store.
Acidbaby (rep: 6.84k) posted Apr 14, 2013
Unfortunately I don't have my old computer with me anymore. Can anyone else zip the folder and put it online for all of us to download?
Thanks for the help guys!
Florida2Texas (rep: 12.5k) posted Apr 14, 2013
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About Hospitality Property Fund
Hospitality is the only specialised Real Estate Investment Trust ("REIT") investing solely in the hospitality and leisure sectors. The Fund is a publicly traded company and is listed on the Main Board of the JSE Limited (JSE) under the "Financials – Speciality REIT" sector.
Visit our Corporate Profile
View the Final Results June 2015 English


text:
A hipster robotic arm that stops you listening to any music it deems "too mainstream".
The hipster-robot is controlled by a Raspberry Pi, and monitors the music playing from Spotify on your laptop. Play any artist currently in the top 100 artist "hot list" (the "top_hottt" API from The Echo Nest)... Read More
BeatSlap is the 'Hot or Not' for music. Using celebrity playlists crawled from the web, players can choose whose music best fits each situation. Get instant feedback on what the world has chosen and see how long you last before getting #BEATSLAPPED.... Read More
BeerHear challenges the terrible beer available to drink in most medium to large sized music venues. I'm fed up of paying over the odds for a pint of Carlsberg or a can of Red Stripe whilst I listen to my favourite bands and so should you be.
With BeerHear, you enter your Songkick username which ... Read More
Bingo cards celebrating all our favourite Music Hack Day tropes. Play along during the demo session to win fabulous* prizes.
If you would like contribute either a bingo square or help generate the cards (Python generating LaTeX), just give @theleadingzero (Twitter) becky_ (... Read More
Does your favourite song not have a video?
Perhaps it has a video but it's not sufficiently flippant?
Don't dispair!
The Internet is here to help
These are your Burns takes your favourite bit of audio at the moment (Your 'jam' if you will) and crea... Read More
Drummers drink...
They forget to play...
They play shitty fills...
This is a situation to be prepared for, Drunk Drummer is now your friend.
Design by Jacob Andersson... Read More
Attention Deficit Radio creates a Pandora-like radio experience for music listeners with short attention spans. ADR creates a playlist of just the best parts of the songs. After it plays 30 seconds of a song, AD... Read More
This Python script will take a song and modulate the pitch with the melody of a chosen score (basically, another song). Think of it as FM, except instead of a frequency we take an entire Christmas carol :p
Code is available on GitHub: [https://github.com/jganseman/MidiModulator]
Used software ... Read More
Amalgorave is a crowd sourced algorave engine, procedurally generating music for near unlimited users in real time.
Totally unique in each instance, but easy to create, users start by building a simple bass line and then various percussive sounds by choosing between low, medium or high tones to s... Read More
Mix like a Jedi!
This is a Web Audio API DJ Console controlled by Leap Motion... Read More
From (some of) the people who brought you Barbertron at MHD-2012 comes Transcribertron, the latest in mostly-correct web-based music transcribing.
... Read More
How well do you know your music? Can you guess what country a piece of music is from just by ear? Do you want to discover new, cool music from Europe?
I wanted to learn more about countries in Eastern Europe through their music. So I built EUphorics.
EUphorics plays you a random piece of music... Read More
Rhythms created from waves using a bit of 2D physics.... Read More
A browser-based music sequencer taking input from Soundcloud or microphone (in theory).
Mix and match and repost your result (in theory).
Pick a track from a user generated feed (though there are no users yet), mash with other tracks, and put your own mark on it by adding effects and goats.... Read More
A game that challenges you to play chords, but you can only play one note at a time. You must work as a team with strangers on the internet to play the chords demanded of you.
Source code on Github.
By Alex Pounds ([@acr... Read More
Your Mum's old radio is not as innocent as it seems...
... Read More


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Ridgeland. There's More Here.
Fiber to the Home is the latest in technology for residential areas, providing ultrafast 1 Gbps Internet to enhance your quality of life. Fiber infrastructure is being constructed in qualifying residential areas. Homeowners may sign up for this Internet service through C Spire. Fiber optic connections allow average speeds of 100 times faster than most Broadband services.
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If you are a resident of Ridgeland, you already know! We simply have more here! Families and individuals thrive in Ridgeland with the benefits of award winning schools, premier shopping, fine dining, abundant outdoor recreational amenities, and plenty of festivals and cultural events. All of our residents enjoy a convenient location in the metro area, access to a scenic park, the Natchez Trace Parkway, a 33,000 acre lake, the Ross Barnett Reservoir, and an extensive walking and biking trail system.
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Study Pulls the Plug on Arctic's Carbon Sink
July 1997
For climatologists, the arctic tundra was a straightforward example of a carbon sink: The vast, treeless, permafrosted plain took in more carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis than it released through decay and respiration.
Members of the Gas Flux Study, part of NSF's Arctic System Science Program, pulled the plug on the "carbon sink" image last December at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco. "Some years the tundra is adding more carbon to the atmosphere than it removes, although the total amount of carbon released to the atmosphere is still quite small," says biologist George Kling of the University of Michigan.
The arctic tundra and its carbon will play an important role in global change. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, and increased amounts of it in the atmosphere may lead to global warming. The arctic tundra currently has enough carbon locked up in its system to increase the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 33 percent.
In their three-year study in Alaska's Kuparuk River Basin, the team found that "arctic plants are still taking in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis," Kling explains, "but instead of much of that carbon remaining locked up in the soil, more of it is being respired back into the atmosphere."
Equally critical for future predictions, the team discovered a measurement problem. "Five or six years ago, all of the estimates were made only on the terrestrial side," says Kling. These estimates consistently ignored the tundra's streams and lakes and therefore underestimated the amount of carbon released.
The team found that every square meter of tundra released an average of five grams of carbon per year through water. About half of it is carried off as dissolved carbon, says Kling, while the other half goes directly back into the atmosphere.
"We have known for some time that arctic lakes and streams are supersaturated with carbon dioxide and methane, and that this excess gas diffuses into the atmosphere," Kling says. "What we didn't know is just how much carbon is entering the atmosphere through contact with surface waters."
The team, which includes John Hobbie and Ed Rastetter of the Ecosystems Center in Woods Hole, Mass., as well as Terry Chapin of the University of California at Berkeley and Walter Oechel of San Diego State University, used the computer models developed at Woods Hole to quantify the amount of carbon flux from the arctic tundra into the global ecosystem.
However, Kling notes, these numbers are only for the current climate. If the arctic gets warmer, as predicted, all bets are off.
A warmer arctic adds new variables to the equation. It may mean more carbon and more methane, or just more carbon. It might also mean more nitrogen, because plants will decay faster. Since most of the tundra plants are limited by the amount of nitrogen in the soil, more nitrogen would mean more plant growth.
"We know that since the last ice age there have been lots of changes to the vegetation. When it was warmer, there were trees on Alaska's North Coast," Kling says, marveling at this concept. "What we don't know is what exactly controlled this shift."


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Publications (69)296.43 Total impact
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ABSTRACT: We evaluated whether pancreatic main duct fluid can provide protein biomarkers with prognostic value. Mass spectrometry proteomics was applied to as little as 20µL of fluid collected at the time of tumor surgical resection. Biomarker proteins identified for 27 patients were correlated with clinical outcomes. Thirteen patients had pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, 4 had intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm with in situ adenocarcinoma, 5 had ampullary adenocarcinomas, 2 had intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, and 3 had benign diseases. In pathologic stage II or higher pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, moderate or high expression of S100A8 or S100A9 proteins was associated with a median disease recurrence-free survival of 5.8 months compared with 17.3 months in patients with low expression (P = 0.002). Median overall survival was 12.6 versus 27 months for patients with moderate to high versus low S100A8 and A9 expression (P = 0.02). This analysis suggests distinct proteomic signatures for pancreatic cancer. Patients in our study with elevated levels of S100A8 or A9 in the ductal fluid, a near absence of pancreatic enzymes, and high levels of mucins were found to have significantly worse prognosis. Although further validation is needed to corroborate these findings, analysis of pancreatic ductal fluid is a promising tool for identifying biomarkers of interest.
Article: Neutrophil Extracellular Chromatic Traps (NETs) May Be Activated in Pancreatic Duct Fluid of Patients With the Worst Prognosis
Article: Analysis of the Plasma Proteome in COPD: Novel Low Abundance Proteins Reflect the Severity of Lung Remodeling[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Abstract The search for COPD biomarkers has largely employed a targeted approach that focuses on plasma proteins involved in the systemic inflammatory response and in lung injury and repair. This proof of concept study was designed to test the idea that an open, unbiased, in-depth proteomics approach could identify novel, low abundance plasma proteins i.e., ng/mL concentration, which could serve as potential biomarkers. Differentially expressed proteins were identified in a discovery group with severe COPD (FEV1 <45% predicted; n = 10). Subjects with normal lung function matched for age, sex, ethnicity and smoking history served as controls (n = 10). Pooled plasma from each group was exhaustively immunodepleted of abundant proteins, d separated by 1-D gel electrophoresis and extensively fractionated prior to LC-tandem mass spectroscopy (GeLC-MS). Thirty one differentially expressed proteins were identified in the discovery group including markers of lung defense against oxidant stress, alveolar macrophage activation, and lung tissue injury and repair. Four of the 31 proteins (i.e., GRP78, soluble CD163, IL1AP and MSPT9) were measured in a separate verification group of 80 subjects with varying COPD severity by immunoassay. All 4 were significantly altered in COPD and 2 (GRP78 and soluble CD163) correlated with both FEV1 and the extent of emphysema. In-depth, plasma proteomic analysis identified a group of novel, differentially expressed, low abundance proteins that reflect known pathogenic mechanisms and the severity of lung remodeling in COPD. These proteins may also prove useful as COPD biomarkers.
Article: Immunodepletion plasma proteomics by tripleTOF 5600 and Orbitrap elite/LTQ-Orbitrap Velos/Q exactive mass spectrometers[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Plasma proteomic experiments performed rapidly and economically using several of the latest high-resolution mass spectrometers were compared. Four quantitative hyperfractionated plasma proteomics experiments were analyzed in replicates by two AB SCIEX TripleTOF 5600 and three Thermo Scientific Orbitrap (Elite/LTQ-Orbitrap Velos/Q Exactive) instruments. Each experiment compared two iTRAQ isobaric-labeled immunodepleted plasma proteomes, provided as 30 labeled peptide fractions, and 480 LC-MS/MS runs delivered > 250 GB of data in 2 months. Several analysis algorithms were compared. At 1% false discovery rate, the relative comparative findings concluded that the Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Mass Spectrometer resulted in the highest number of identified proteins and unique sequences with iTRAQ quantitation. The confidence of iTRAQ fold-change for each protein is dependent on the overall ion statistics (Mascot Protein Score) attainable by each instrument. The benchmarking also suggested how to further improve the mass spectrometry parameters and HPLC conditions. Our findings highlight the special challenges presented by the low abundance peptide ions of iTRAQ plasma proteome because the dynamic range of plasma protein abundance is uniquely high compared with cell lysates, necessitating high instrument sensitivity.
Article: Immunodepletion Plasma Proteomics by TripleTOF 5600 and Orbitrap Elite/LTQ-Orbitrap Velos/Q Exactive Mass Spectrometers[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Plasma proteomic experiments performed rapidly and economically using several of the latest high-resolution mass spectrometers were compared. Four quantitative hyperfractionated plasma proteomics experiments were analyzed in replicates by two AB SCIEX TripleTOF 5600 and three Thermo Scientific Orbitrap (Elite/LTQ-Orbitrap Velos/Q Exactive) instruments. Each experiment compared two iTRAQ isobaric-labeled immunodepleted plasma proteomes, provided as 30 labeled peptide fractions. 480 LC-MS/MS runs delivered >250 GB of data in two months. Several analysis algorithms were compared. At 1 % false discovery rate, the relative comparative findings concluded that the Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Mass Spectrometer resulted in the highest number of identified proteins and unique sequences with iTRAQ quantitation. The confidence of iTRAQ fold-change for each protein is dependent on the overall ion statistics (Mascot Protein Score) attainable by each instrument. The benchmarking also suggested how to further improve the mass spectrometry parameters and HPLC conditions. Our findings highlight the special challenges presented by the low abundance peptide ions of iTRAQ plasma proteome because the dynamic range of plasma protein abundance is uniquely high compared with cell lysates, necessitating high instrument sensitivity.
Article: Proteomic Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer - An Analysis of Pancreatic Duct Fluid
Article: Assessment of Two Immunodepletion Methods: Off-Target Effects and Variations in Immunodepletion Efficiency May Confound Plasma Proteomics[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Immunodepletion of abundant plasma proteins increases the depth of proteome penetration by mass spectrometry. However, the nature and extent of immunodepletion and the effect of off-target depletion on the quantitative comparison of the residual proteins have not been critically addressed. We performed mass spectrometry label-free quantitation to determine which proteins were immunodepleted and by how much. Two immunodepletion resins were compared: Qproteome (Qiagen) which removes albumin+immunoglobulins and Seppro IgY14+SuperMix (Sigma-Aldrich) which removes 14 target proteins plus a number of unidentified proteins. Plasma collected by P100 proteomic plasma collection tubes (BD) from 20 human subjects was individually immunodepleted to minimize potential variability, prior to pooling. The abundant proteins were quantified better when using only albumin+immunoglobulins removal (Qproteome) while lower abundance proteins were evaluated better using exhaustive immunodepletion (Seppro IgY14+SuperMix). The latter resin removed at least 155 proteins, 38% of the plasma proteome in protein number and 94% of plasma protein in mass. The depth of immunodepletion likely accounts for the effectiveness of this resin in revealing low abundance proteins. However, the more profound immunodepletion achieved with the IgY14+SuperMix may lead to false-positive fold-changes between comparison groups if the reproducibility and efficiency of the depletion of a given protein is not considered.
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ABSTRACT: Isobaric multiplexed quantitative proteomics can complement high-resolution sample isolation techniques. Here, we report a simple workflow exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI)-MW deconvolution (EMMOL) for normalizing isobaric reporter ratios within and between experiments, where small or unknown amounts of protein are used. EMMOL deconvolutes the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) data to yield the quantity of each protein of each sample in the pool, a new approach that enables the comparison of many samples without including a channel of reference standard. Moreover, EMMOL allows using a sufficient quantity of control sample to facilitate the peptide fractionation (isoelectric-focusing was used in this report), and mass spectrometry MS/MS sequencing yet relies on the broad dynamic range of iTRAQ quantitation to compare relative protein abundance. We demonstrated EMMOL by comparing four pooled samples with 20-fold range differences in protein abundance and performed data normalization without using prior knowledge of the amounts of proteins in each sample, simulating an iTRAQ experiment without protein quantitation prior to labeling. We used emPAI, the target protein MW, and the iTRAQ reporter ratios to calculate the amount of each protein in each of the four channels. Importantly, the EMMOL-delineated proteomes from separate iTRAQ experiments can be assorted for comparison without using a reference sample. We observed no compression of expression in iTRAQ ratios over a 20-fold range for all protein abundances. To complement this ability to analyze minute samples, we report an optimized iTRAQ labeling protocol for using 5 μg protein as the starting material.
Conference Paper: Novel Plasma Biomarkers Of Advanced COPD: A Reflection Of Multiple Disease-Related Pathways
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ABSTRACT: Here we compared the proteomes of primary fibroblast cultures derived from morphologically normal colonic mucosa of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients with those obtained from unaffected controls. The expression signature of about 19% of total fibroblast proteins separates FAP mutation carriers from unaffected controls (P < 0.01). More than 4,000 protein spots were quantified by 2D PAGE analysis, identifying 368 non-redundant proteins and 400 of their isoforms. Specifically, all three classes of cytoskeletal filaments and their regulatory proteins were altered as were oxidative stress response proteins. Given that FAP fibroblasts showed heightened sensitivity to transformation by KiMSV and SV40 including elevated levels of the p53 protein, events controlled in large measure by the Ras suppressor protein-1 (RSU-1) and oncogenic DJ-1, here we show decreased RSU1 and augmented DJ-1 expression in both fibroblasts and crypt-derived epithelial cells from morphologically normal colonic mucosa of FAP gene-carriers. The results indicate that heterozygosity for a mutant APC tumor suppressor gene alters the proteomes of both colon-derived normal fibroblasts in a gene-specific manner, consistent with a "one-hit" effect.
Article: Alteration of Differentiation Potentials by Modulating GATA Transcription Factors in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Background. Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells can be differentiated in vitro by aggregation and/or retinoic acid (RA) treatment. The principal differentiation lineage in vitro is extraembryonic primitive endoderm. Dab2, Laminin, GATA4, GATA5, and GATA6 are expressed in embryonic primitive endoderm and play critical roles in its lineage commitment. Results. We found that in the absence of GATA4 or GATA5, RA-induced primitive endoderm differentiation of ES cells was reduced. GATA4 (-/-) ES cells express higher level of GATA5, GATA6, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha marker of visceral endoderm lineage. GATA5 (-/-) ES cells express higher level of alpha fetoprotein marker of early liver development. GATA6 (-/-) ES cells express higher level of GATA5 as well as mesoderm and cardiomyocyte markers which are collagen III alpha-1 and tropomyosin1 alpha. Thus, deletion of GATA6 precluded endoderm differentiation but promoted mesoderm lineages. Conclusions. GATA4, GATA5, and GATA6 each convey a unique gene expression pattern and influences ES cell differentiation. We showed that ES cells can be directed to avoid differentiating into primitive endoderm and to adopt unique lineages in vitro by modulating GATA factors. The finding offers a potential approach to produce desirable cell types from ES cells, useful for regenerative cell therapy.
Article: Menges CW, Chen Y, Mossman BT, Chernoff J, Yeung AT, Testa JR.. A Phosphotyrosine Proteomic Screen Identifies Multiple Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathways Aberrantly Activated in Malignant Mesothelioma. Genes Cancer 1: 493-505[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a highly aggressive cancer that is refractory to all current chemotherapeutic regimens. Therefore, uncovering new rational therapeutic targets is imperative in the field. Tyrosine kinase signaling pathways are aberrantly activated in many human cancers and are currently being targeted for chemotherapeutic intervention. Thus, we sought to identify tyrosine kinases hyperactivated in MM. An unbiased phosphotyrosine proteomic screen was employed to identify tyrosine kinases activated in human MM cell lines. From this screen, we have identified novel signaling molecules, such as JAK1, STAT1, cortactin (CTTN), FER, p130Cas (BCAR1), SRC and FYN as tyrosine phosphorylated in human MM cell lines. Additionally, STAT1 and SRC family kinases (SFK) were confirmed to be active in primary MM specimens. We also confirmed that known signal transduction pathways previously implicated in MM, such as EGFR and MET signaling axes, are co-activated in the majority of human MM specimens and cell lines tested. EGFR, MET, and SFK appear to be co-activated in a significant proportion of MM cell lines, and dual inhibition of these kinases was demonstrated to be more efficacious for inhibiting MM cell viability and downstream effector signaling than inhibition of a single tyrosine kinase. Consequently, these data suggest that TKI mono-therapy may not represent an efficacious strategy for the treatment of MM, due to multiple tyrosine kinases potentially signaling redundantly to cellular pathways involved in tumor cell survival and proliferation.
Article: Altered Gene Expression in Morphologically Normal Epithelial Cells from Heterozygous Carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutations[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We hypothesized that cells bearing a single inherited "hit" in a tumor suppressor gene express an altered mRNA repertoire that may identify targets for measures that could delay or even prevent progression to carcinoma. We report here on the transcriptomes of primary breast and ovarian epithelial cells cultured from BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and controls. Our comparison analyses identified multiple changes in gene expression, in both tissues for both mutations, which were validated independently by real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis. Several of the differentially expressed genes had been previously proposed as cancer markers, including mammaglobin in breast cancer and serum amyloid in ovarian cancer. These findings show that heterozygosity for a mutant tumor suppressor gene can alter the expression profiles of phenotypically normal epithelial cells in a gene-specific manner; these detectable effects of "one hit" represent early molecular changes in tumorigenesis that may serve as novel biomarkers of cancer risk and as targets for chemoprevention.
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ABSTRACT: There are currently no diagnostic indicators that are consistently reliable, obtainable, and conclusive for diagnosing and risk-stratifying pancreatic cysts. Proteomic analyses were performed to explore pancreatic cyst fluids to yield effective diagnostic biomarkers. We have prospectively recruited 20 research participants and prepared their pancreatic cyst fluids specifically for proteomic analyses. Proteomic approaches applied were as follows: (1) matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry peptidomics with LC/MS/MS (HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry) protein identification; (2) 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis; (3) GeLC/MS/MS (tryptic digestion of proteins fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by LC/MS/MS). Sequencing of more than 350 free peptides showed that exopeptidase activities rendered peptidomics of cyst fluids unreliable; protein nicking by proteases in the cyst fluids produced hundreds of protein spots from the major proteins, making 2-dimensional gel proteomics unmanageable; GeLC/MS/MS revealed a panel of potential biomarker proteins that correlated with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Two homologs of amylase, solubilized molecules of 4 mucins, 4 solubilized CEA-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs), and 4 S100 homologs may be candidate biomarkers to facilitate future pancreatic cyst diagnosis and risk-stratification. This approach required less than 40 microL of cyst fluid per sample, offering the possibility to analyze cysts smaller than 1 cm in diameter.
Article: One-Hit Effects in Cancer: Altered Proteome of Morphologically Normal Colon Crypts in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We studied patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) because they are virtually certain to develop colon cancer, and because much is known about the causative APC gene. We hypothesized that the inherited heterozygous mutation itself leads to changes in the proteome of morphologically normal crypts and the proteins that changed may represent targets for preventive and therapeutic agents. We determined the differential protein expression of morphologically normal colon crypts of FAP patients versus those of individuals without the mutation, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and validation by two-dimensional gel Western blotting. Approximately 13% of 1,695 identified proteins were abnormally expressed in the morphologically normal crypts of APC mutation carriers, indicating that a colon crypt cell under the one-hit state is already abnormal. Many of the expression changes affect pathways consistent with the function of the APC protein, including apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell motility, cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis, mitosis, transcription, and oxidative stress response. Thus, heterozygosity for a mutant APC tumor suppressor gene alters the proteome of normal-appearing crypt cells in a gene-specific manner, consistent with a detectable one-hit event. These changes may represent the earliest biomarkers of colorectal cancer development, potentially leading to the identification of molecular targets for cancer prevention.
Article: Molecular mechanisms of action of imatinib mesylate in human ovarian cancer: A proteomic analysis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) is a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against ABL, BCR-ABL, c-KIT, and PDGFR alpha. Several clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety of imatinib in patients with ovarian carcinoma who have persistent or recurrent disease following front-line platinum/taxane based chemotherapy. However, there is limited pre-clinical and clinical data on the molecular targets and action of imatinib in ovarian cancer. Human ovarian cancer cells (A2780) were treated with imatinib mesylate for either 6 or 24 h. We employed a 2D (two-dimensional) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify protein expression patterns and signaling pathways that were altered in response to imatinib. Cells were analyzed for PDGFR alpha and AKT expression, which were then correlated with imatinib sensitivity. Using 2D gel electrophoresis of overlapping pH ranges from pH 4 to 11, about 4,000 protein spots could be analyzed reproducibly. Proteins whose levels changed between twofold to 30 fold were grouped according to whether changes were in the same direction at both time points of treatment with respect to the control, or changed their levels only at one of the time points. Differentially regulated proteins following imatinib treatment of A2780 cells involved the regulation of actin cytoskeleton, metabolic pathways, cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell junctions, and signal transduction. Thus, exposure of cells to imatinib produces complex changes in the cell that require further investigation.
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ABSTRACT: We seek alterations in protein patterns at the earliest possible step on the path to cancer, namely, in cells of the target tissue from normal persons versus the corresponding normally appearing cells from persons who are heterozygous for mutation in a tumor suppressor gene that predisposes strongly to carcinoma in that tissue. To begin a systematic comparison of the proteomes of cells from normal and from neoplastic colons, we have undertaken the isolation of human colon crypts that are derived from the normal-appearing mucosa of left (descending) colon of patients with sporadic colorectal cancer. Two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis is a proteomic approach that excels in the resolution of protein isoforms. Here, we document the practicality of this approach with human samples using gels of three overlapping pH ranges. For the first time, about 800 nonredundant proteins and 900 isoforms from purified human colonic crypts were identified, permitting an assessment of the contributions of protein isoforms. These interactive, searchable, hyperlink-enabled proteome maps and gene ontology analyses will facilitate future studies to discover the earliest markers and intervention targets during progression to colon cancer.
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ABSTRACT: The detection of unknown mutations is important in research and medicine. For this purpose, a mismatch-specific endonuclease CEL I from celery has been established as a useful tool in high throughput projects. Previously, CEL I-like activities were described only in a variety of plants and could not be expressed in an active form in bacteria. We describe expression of active recombinant plant mismatch endonucleases and modification of their activities. We also report the cloning of a CEL I ortholog from Spinacia oleracea (spinach) which we termed SP I nuclease. Active CEL I and SP I nucleases were expressed as C-terminal hexahistidine fusions and affinity purified from the cell culture media. Both recombinant enzymes were active in mutation detection in BRCA1 gene of patient-derived DNA. Native SP nuclease purified from spinach is unable to incise at single-nucleotide substitutions and loops containing a guanine nucleotide, but the recombinant SP I nuclease can cut at these sites. The insect cell-expressed CEL I orthologs may not be identical to their native counterparts purified from plant tissues. The present expression system should facilitate further development of CEL I-based mutation detection technologies.
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ABSTRACT: Altered expression of GATA factors was found and proposed as the underlying mechanism for dedifferentiation in ovarian carcinogenesis. In particular, GATA6 is lost or excluded from the nucleus in 85% of ovarian tumors and GATA4 expression is absent in majority of ovarian cancer cell lines. Here, we evaluated their DNA and histone epigenetic modifications in five ovarian epithelial and carcinoma cell lines (human 'immortalized' ovarian surface epithelium (HIO)-117, HIO-114, A2780, SKOV3 and ES2). GATA4 and GATA6 gene silencing was found to correlate with hypoacetylation of histones H3 and H4 and loss of histone H3/lysine K4 tri-methylation at their promoters in all lines. Conversely, histone H3/lysine K9 di-methylation and HP1gamma association were not observed, excluding reorganization of GATA genes into heterochromatic structures. The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, but not the DNA methylation inhibitor 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, re-established the expression of GATA4 and/or GATA6 in A2780 and HIO-114 cells, correlating with increased histone H3 and H4 acetylation, histone H3 lysine K4 methylation and DNase I sensitivity at the promoters. Therefore, altered histone modification of the promoter loci is one mechanism responsible for the silencing of GATA transcription factors and the subsequent loss of a target gene, the tumor suppressor Disabled-2, in ovarian carcinogenesis.
Article: Characterization of a periplasmic S1-like nuclease coded by the Mesorhizobium loti symbiosis island[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: DNA sequences encoding hypothetical proteins homologous to S1 nuclease from Aspergillus oryzae are found in many organisms including fungi, plants, pathogenic bacteria, and eukaryotic parasites. One of these is the M1 nuclease of Mesorhizobium loti which we demonstrate herein to be an enzymatically active, soluble, and stable S1 homolog that lacks the extensive mannosyl-glycosylation found in eukaryotic S1 nuclease homologs. We have expressed the cloned M1 protein in M. loti and purified recombinant native M1 to near homogeneity and have also isolated a homogeneous M1 carboxy-terminal hexahistidine tag fusion protein. Mass spectrometry and N-terminal Edman degradation sequencing confirmed the protein identity. The enzymatic properties of the purified M1 nuclease are similar to those of S1. At acidic pH M1 is 25 times more active on single-stranded DNA than on double-stranded DNA and 3 times more active on single-stranded DNA than on single-stranded RNA. At neutral pH the RNase activity of M1 exceeds the DNase activity. M1 nicks supercoiled RF-I plasmid DNA and rapidly cuts the phosphodiester bond across from the nick in the resultant relaxed RF-II plasmid DNA. Therefore, M1 represents an active bacterial S1 homolog in spite of great sequence divergence. The biochemical characterization of M1 nuclease supports our sequence alignment that reveals the minimal 21 amino acid residues that are necessarily conserved for the structure and functions of this enzyme family. The ability of M1 to degrade RNA at neutral pH implies previously unappreciated roles of these nucleases in biological systems.
Top Journals
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