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Special Lemonade Recipe
5 3
"This refreshing beverage is a little different from your run-of-the-mill lemonade," writes Erin Schneider, St. Peters, Missouri. "The recipe comes from a charming tearoom in a historic home that my mother and I enjoy visiting."
- 2 medium lemons
- 1-1/2 cups sugar
- 2 cups milk
- 3 cups chilled club soda
- 2 to 3 drops yellow food coloring, optional
- Additional sugar, optional
- Remove ends from lemons and discard. Remove lemon peel with a knife; set aside. Quarter lemons; squeeze juice into a bowl. Remove and discard white membrane.
- Place the peel and pulp in a blender; cover and process until coarsely chopped. Add peel mixture and sugar to lemon juice; mix well. Let stand for 30 minutes.
- Stir in milk. Strain lemon mixture; add club soda and food coloring if desired. Serve immediately in sugar-rimmed glasses if desired. Yield: 8 servings.
Originally published as Special Lemonade in Quick Cooking July/August 2001, p37
Reviews for Special Lemonade
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LOS ANGELES -- The first meeting between Doc Rivers and two of his former star players, Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett, ended up being no meeting at all.
Pierce (groin) and Garnett (ankle) were among four Brooklyn starters who sat out Saturday night's Nets-at-Clippers game because of injury, and they weren't even at the Staples Center to watch Rivers' new team beat Brooklyn, 110-103.
Rivers said when the three were together with the Celtics, Garnett and Pierce wouldn't come to games they weren't playing in. Now they follow the same habit with the Nets.
"I thought that was actually funny," said Rivers, who still texts frequently with the two.
Prior to the game -- and when it was thought Pierce and Garnett would play Saturday -- all three talked to Marc J. Spears of Yahoo! Sports about their Boston breakup. Among the tidbits:
-- Neither Pierce nor Garnett had much interest in staying in Boston without Rivers . . . or, more specifically, staying in a rebuilding situation. Said Garnett: "It wasn't the first choice. It wasn't likely . . . But I'm a chameleon. If I had to be in Boston for my last years without Doc, that probably would have been my last year of playing. More importantly, I hate to lose or be in that position." Said Pierce: "It probably would have been really difficult."
-- For a short time in the offseason, the three of them they'd be together this year with the Clippers. Said Garnett: "I actually thought I was going to L.A., to be honest. I thought [Rivers], I and Paul were going." Said Pierce: "At one point we thought we would all be in L.A."
-- The admiration the players have for their former coach -- and vice-versa -- is clear.
Garnett said that under Rivers, he "learned how to be a man, how to speak and how to communicate better than when I came in . . . He gave us confidence we can do everything. Although he is well spoken and comes across really intellectual, Doc's a beast, Doc's an animal. There is nothing soft about him. He pushed us every day."
Added Pierce: "I really grew to the player I've become and really matured under him through good and bad. Because of him, I'm the player I am."
For Rivers, the affection is mutual.
"When you win a NBA championship and when you go through the struggles you must go through together, you're bonded for life," Rivers told Yahoo! Sports. "It's like having a blood transfusion. I'm not sure what they got from me, but I gained so much because I was lucky enough to coach them."

subset: commoncrawl


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Definitions for quartz glass
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quartz glass, quartz, vitreous silica, lechatelierite, crystal(noun)
colorless glass made of almost pure silica
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Time to break out the cake and balloons! Selena Gomez turns 21 today and plans on a big celebration for her milestone year.
Gomez spoke to MTV News about the event back in May stating, "I'm going to have a huge party, so I'm excited." According to the interview Selena doesn't usually celebrate her birthday's in a big way just a dinner with friends. Gomez continued to say, "I think my friends are more excited than I am because they are older than me and they are like, 'We can finally take you places!'"
The celebration won't end tonight, the starletts much anticipated album release will be tuesday July 23rd!


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|Description: Omnibus Sans Serif is a clean rounded typeface designed by Andrew Sigurow (www.facebook.com/andrewsigurow). Inspired by Futura and Avenir, Omnibus is remarkable for its neat modern design, monospaced look of glyphs, wedge-shaped arm style and is featured with with Latin and Cyrillic sets of characters Omnibus Sans Serif is released under the SIL Open Font License (OFL) (scripts.sil.org/OFL).
- Latin Text;
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Supported codepages:
- 1252, Latin-1;
- 1251, Cyrillic;
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20 movies we're still waiting for
Checking in on the status of some long-delayed sequels, reboots and remakes
Next gallery »In Contention's Top 10 First-Half Oscar Contenders
« Previous gallery10 stories you might have missed: 'Prometheus' DVD to feature deleted scenes
Party Down: The Movie
Background: It's become de rigueur for fans to beg and plead for a film adaptation every time a cult TV show is cancelled before its time (see also: "Arrested Development"), and Starz's short-lived "Party Down" is no exception.
Current Status: Seems like wishful thinking more than anything else. While the comedy has certainly grown in stature since signing off in 2010, and had a gaggle of big names and rising stars involved (co-creators Paul Rudd and Rob Thomas, stars Jane Lynch, Lizzy Caplan, Adam Scott, etc), "Party Down" is still largely a cult item. Beyond a few hopeful statements from Thomas and his cast members, there hasn't been any official word about a film version. It would be great to check in on the characters again at some point, but a feature just doesn't seem to be a viable prospect.
-Dave Lewis


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African Red Tea Imports, African Mango, Pure Seed Powder, 500 mg, 100 Veggie Caps (Discontinued Item)
By African Red Tea Imports9 Reviews
Shipping Weight:?0.24 lbs (0.11 kg)
Shipping Weight
The Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: ART-20025
- UPC Code: 810737200259
- Package Quantity: 100 Veggie Caps
- Dimensions: 2 x 2 x 4.2 in, 0.2 lbs (0.09 kg)
Product Overview
- May Decrease Body Weight, Body Fat, and Obese Subjects
- Dietary Supplement
African Mango it may help to decrease body weight, body fat, and waist circumference in overweight and/or obese subjects and favorably affects other variables associated with insulin resistance that are characteristic of metabolic syndrome.
Suggested Use
1 capsule twice daily. Before lunch and dinner take it daily for 10 weeks.
Other Ingredients
Vegetarian capsules.
African Mango Pure Seed Powder free of corn, yeast, wheat, soy, salt, sugar and dairy products and formulated with out the use of preservatives, artificial colors or flavor. Suitable for vegetarians.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1 capsule
|Servings Per Container: 100
|Amount Per Serving
|African Mango Seed Extract (5:1 PE)
|500 mg
|**Daily value not established
iHerb Customer Reviews
I've been using this for 4 days and lost 1,5 kg. Helps depressing my appetite so i dont overeat. So far a great product, I will write an update in a couple weeks. I eat healthy and dont exercise at all.
I can actually see results!


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I am an athlete –
Recognized as the "Group Fitness Instructor of the Year" by UC Davis and rewarded the "Personal Trainer with Passion" from the American Council On Exercise, I have been in ballet shoes since age three and haven't stopped moving since! I am an avid runner, swimmer, cyclist, and dancer who strives to inspire others to find JOY in movement.
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My workshops and coaching style have been described as "positive, fun, and guaranteed to make you smile". My goal is to add more value to your world than you ever dreamed possible by giving you tools that you can immediately use to improve your wellness and life. I help people dream big and back it up with daily actions to create measurable results. I want to help you realize your greatest potential and fulfill your vision of living well. Through my videos, products, programs and live events, you'll learn practical wisdom from me to enhance the quality of your life. I believe in creating a life that feels good on the inside and in living every moment with wisdom, wellbeing, and gratitude.
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1) why 6.7 i bought a mega cab that was an oil field truck for 4,000 bucks. so i could not pass it up. i got 3,700 including the 1500 in parts after i sold parts from the megacab. 6.7 can spool a 66mm turbo like a 5.9 can a stock turbo pretty much.
2) im running the 1500 leaf springs cause the 2500 ones are about 3/4'' wider. i will be doing track bars for now in the winter going to a 9'' with a 4 link.
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Registered User
Posts: 56
Location: Cincinnati
A word on Papa John's clones.
February 07, 2015, 09:46:55 PM »
I have at theory about Papa John's pizza, and maybe it's right and maybe it's not. A couple of years ago, when still a beginner to making pizza dough (I now consider myself an official amateur), I made a straight dough that accidentally tasted a lot like Papa John's. (I used a very basic store bought tomato sauce with some added sugar and standard store bought 100% mozzarella cheese.) Not that this means that Papa John's makes his the same way. I'm very aware that imitation products can taste very similar to the real thing while containing none or very little of the real product. (Think imitation crab meat made entirely of pollock and seasoning or any number of candies/chewing gums that use artificial flavors.) This being said, I remember the dough having a fair amount of yeast (1/2 teaspoon to about 7 oz dough), a decent amount of sugar (I think about 5%) and around double the recommended 2% of salt. (I also used a small amount of vegetable oil, probably about a half teaspoon). I was just getting my feet wet, had not yet discovered the artisan (slow, longer ferments) method of dough making, and was interested to see what doughs made with higher amounts of salt would taste like. I had made a few doughs with around 4 % salt but little or no sugar in them, and honestly they came out tasting very much like pretzels. While some people might enjoy this, a pizza crust that tasted like a pretzel was not what I wanted, so one day I added about 5% sugar to the dough, and "viola", without trying, I had a pizza that tasted very similar to Papa John's. (I made this dough from scratch and proofed it about 40 minutes in a cold oven, so the time from actually making the pizza to it coming out of the oven completely baked was less than 2 hours.) Unless this experience was just a coincidence, I can't help but wonder if Papa John's uses more than the standard 2% salt in his doughs and uses a higher amount of sugar to mask the flavor of it. (The hydration of the dough was around 58% and I baked it at around 425 degrees.)
Last Edit: February 08, 2015, 03:52:23 AM by Bisquick
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Location: Texas
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Re: A word on Papa John's clones.
Reply #1 on:
February 08, 2015, 09:48:36 AM »
Maybe you already know this but just about everything I know about the Papa John's products from the reverse engineering and cloning perspectives is covered in the PJ clone thread at
The last time I analyzed the PJ nutrition information for its dough was back in 2011. And my calculations at the time suggested that PJ used just under 2% salt. My calculations were based my understanding that PJ used the same amount of dough--about 20 ounces--as it used to make a 14" (large) pizza to make 10 breadsticks (more on this below). I also assumed for calculation purposes that the protein content for PJ's flour, which is milled exclusively for them, was around the mid-13% range. That number was based on comparing the Dietary Fiber number given in the PJ nutrition information against other flours with about the same amount of Dietary Fiber. This morning, I looked at the most recent PJ nutrition information for the PJ breadsticks, at
, and while there have been a few tweaks since 2011, the amount of Sodium is unchanged. The reason why I used the breadstick nutrition information for analysis purposes is because you do not have to take into account the nutrients that are present in the sauce, cheese and any toppings and how they change during baking. In the case of Sodium, it does not change with baking so it much easier to determine its quantity.
In my analysis, I assumed that the entire 20 ounces of dough were used to make the 10 breadsticks. I learned along the way that not all PJ stores make their breadsticks the same way. Some use the entire 20 ounces of dough to make 10 breadsticks whereas others trim the rolled out dough to get 10 nice rectangular shaped breadsticks. This latter method can be seen in the second video at Reply 461 at
. For my calculations, I assumed that all of the 20-ounce dough ball was used to make the 10 breadsticks as is shown, for example, in the first video referenced in Reply 461. I eventually posted a revised PJ clone dough formulation at Reply 585 at
. As you can see from Reply 585, the amount of salt that I reported was 1.9%.
There is no way that PJ would ever use around 4% salt, or even consider it, no matter what amount of sugar might be added to disguise the large amount of salt. Food preparers and food processors have for several years been under a lot of pressure from the regulators and health organizations and advocacy groups to reduce the amount of Sodium (mostly from salt) in their products. Now, based on recent studies, they are also being asked to reduce the amount of sugar in their products, and there is a move afoot to require food processors to state specifically how much sugar (sucrose or other forms) is being added to their food products separate and apart from other Sugars that are naturally present in their products. So, food preparers and food processors are very sensitive to these pressures, especially in an Internet environment where bad publicity gone viral can be a killer. At the moment, the American Heart Association is asking Americans to keep their Sodium content at less than 1500mg a day, even in the face of recent studies that say that too little salt is as bad as too much salt from the standpoint of cardiovascular health and other related health concerns, including stroke, high blood pressure, and diabetes. But, at 1500mg, you would only need to eat about 5 1/2 PJ breadsticks to meet that daily requirement, and that would not count any dipping sauces or any other salt consumed from other foods the same day. At 4% salt, you would need less than 3 PJ breadsticks to meet the daily need for Sodium. For comparison purposes, you could eat about two slices (out of eight) of a 14" PJ original cheese pizza or about 1 3/4 slices (out of eight) of a 14" PJ pepperoni pizza to get 1500mg of Sodium. I think you can now see how the average American consumes about 3400mg of Sodium daily and why you will not see PJ increase the salt levels in its foods.
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Posts: 56
Location: Cincinnati
Re: A word on Papa John's clones.
Reply #2 on:
February 08, 2015, 01:01:12 PM »
I assume what I achieved was most likely either a simple coincidence - similar to an effect achieved with artificial flavoring in foods - or perhaps the formula I used effected the yeast in just the right way to produce a flavor similar to PJ's. I may have used a formula that produced a similar flavor, but a flavor that can be achieved with less salt. I'm specifically referring to the temperature of the water, the flour, and my kitchen. I do remember it being springtime - about 65 degrees outside, the flour being at room temperature and the water being at room temperature. The dough was hand mixed and kneaded, which I'm sure raised the temperature of the dough a bit and looking back, probably helped make up for the lack of proofing time I gave the dough. What has kind of stuck with me and what makes me wonder if it was indeed a coincidence is that it was a straight dough with very little time for a full proof and for the gluten strands to relax. (I never tossed my doughs back then. I just stretched them as much as I could and prepped and baked them. I hadn't learned to properly toss the dough yet.) I have previously read your PJ's clone recipes and the formula you used with the explanation given seems very logical and the end result appears very close to a PJ's pizza. This is what makes me wonder if what I achieved was an "artificial" coincidence, or if I somehow achieved the same "fermentation effect" with an almost entirely different method. (The texture of the pizza I made was nowhere near a PJ's pizza, as it was a straight dough, but the flavor was similar and the crust and rim browned very nicely.)
Last Edit: February 08, 2015, 01:06:56 PM by Bisquick
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Re: A word on Papa John's clones.
Reply #3 on:
February 08, 2015, 01:47:50 PM »
About the only way for you to tell how close you came to a real PJ pizza is to repeat your experiment and compare your results with a real PJ pizza, which is what I did before I entered my first PJ clone dough formulation in the PJ clone thread at Reply 2 at
. However, it is unlikely that you will be able to do in a matter of a few hours what takes anywhere from 3-8 days to achieve with a real PJ dough. You might get a fair amount of fermentation but you won't get the same types and quantities of fermentation byproducts that contribute to the aroma, flavor, taste, color and texture of the final crust.
I conducted several experiments to try to make an "emergency" PJ clone dough and pizza, as I described, for example, at Reply 52 at
, Reply 107 at
, and Reply 172 at
. While I had no illusions about being able to replicate a real PJ pizza with my emergency doughs, I was satisfied overall with the results, as I so noted, for example, in the last paragraph of Reply 52 referenced above. Otherwise, I would not have posted on the emergency dough experiments.
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Posts: 56
Location: Cincinnati
Re: A word on Papa John's clones.
Reply #4 on:
February 08, 2015, 03:09:25 PM »
There's a chance I may repeat the experiment, but honestly making a straight dough with 4 percent salt will probably not be something I can easily bring myself to do, even if I thought it would achieve a similar result. I've made doughs with as much as 2.5% salt since then, but I generally don't like to go above that, and I can't remember the last time I had any desire to make an emergency or straight dough. I posted the info about the accidental result mainly because I'd read the posts from yourself and others about PJ's clones and wondered if perhaps those results could be improved, and now, assuming the idea that a high amount of salt will not produce a flavor like PJ's, I can't help but wonder if the result I got had something to do with the way the dough was proofed/fermented. I used a higher amount of yeast than I do now, and I'm thinking that maybe what I did was actually "cheat" the dough by using more yeast and compensating for it by jacking up the salt and using a shorter ferment. Theses methods are contrary to the way I make doughs now, mainly because "cheating" a dough usually results in a strong flavor but a less than pleasant aftertaste, where as a more complex flavor profile gives a strong flavor but a savory aftertaste. Something else I was wondering about Papa John's is this - I notice in their ingredient list they have enzymes listed as an ingredient. Does this mean that dried enzymes from a "mother starter" could actually be responsible for the unique flavor of PJ's pizza's? I looked at a boxed sourdough mix in Walmart a couple of weeks ago before deciding to start my own levain and noticed that in the ingredient list the only ingredient outside of any normal bread mix ingredient was the listing of "enzymes". I've been wondering about the possibility of not just Papa John's but also other restaurants like Little Caesars using dried enzymes from a starter. I worked at a Little Caesars very briefly in the 90's, back when they mixed their dough fresh, and most of it was mixed right out of the bag with mildly warm tap water, cut, weighed, and placed directly in the cooler. I've since wondered how such a simple process could produce unique results, and what I'm thinking is that perhaps specifically engineered enzymes are the reason.
Last Edit: February 08, 2015, 03:15:28 PM by Bisquick
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Re: A word on Papa John's clones.
Reply #5 on:
February 08, 2015, 04:27:08 PM »
Your instincts to offset the increased amount of yeast by increasing the amount of salt, which has an inhibiting effect on the yeast and its performance, were sound. However, I believe that you could have used less of both ingredients and maybe come close to the same results. I can't say for sure because I don't know if the increased amount of yeast causes a faster rise than the larger amount of salt can inhibit. It's like a race but I don't really know who wins.
You are also correct that a fast rising dough can lead to off flavors that make the finished crust less appealing. There are cases, however, where a large amount of yeast can be used to get a "yeasty" flavor in the crust, with cracker crusts being a good example.
As for your question about the enzymes used in PJ's pizza dough, I do not believe that the enzymes have to do with the possible use of a dried starter of some sort. There are many enzymes that can be used in dough (see, for example, the article at
) but I think that the enzymes that PJ uses in its doughs may be fungal or bacterial amylase. To put this matter into perspective, you might take a look of the chronology of the various versions of the PJ dough that I set forth at Reply 492 at
, to wit:
Circa 2001: Pizza Dough: Bleached, enriched wheat flour (niacin, iron (reduced), thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, folic acid), malted barley flour, clear filtered water, sugar, soybean oil, salt, yeast, inactive dried yeast, ascorbic acid, (added as dough conditioner), enzymes. (
Circa 2003: Pizza Dough: Unbleached, enriched flour (niacin, iron (reduced), thiamin mononitrate, riboflavin, folic acid), malted barley flour, clear filtered water, sugar, soybean oil, salt, yeast, ascorbic acid, (added as dough conditioner), enzymes. (
Circa 2005: Pizza Dough: Unbleached enriched wheat flour (wheat flour, malted barley flour, ascorbic acid, enzyme, niacin, iron as ferrous sulfate, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, folic acid), water, sugar, soybean oil, salt, yeast, wheat starch.
Circa 2008-Present [2013]: Pizza Dough: Unbleached enriched wheat flour (wheat flour, malted barley flour, wheat starch, ascorbic acid, enzyme, niacin, iron as ferrous sulfate, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, folic acid), water, sugar, soybean oil, salt, yeast [fungal or bacterial derivatives NO animal derivatives]. No trans fat.
From the above, you can see that the "enzyme" appeared in the early versions of the flour that PJ was using but that most likely was before PJ started using the flours milled exclusively for them. The fungal and bacterial statement was used most recently when PJ also added the wheat starch. That suggests a connection. And fungal or bacterial derivatives usually means a fungal or bacterial form of the amylase enzyme. If I am correct on this, the fungal or bacterial form of amylase would be a second source of amylase enzyme. The other source would be the malted barley flour, which is a cereal-based amylase enzyme.
Since you mentioned Domino's, it also uses an enzyme, with wheat starch, in its hand tossed dough, as noted at
. At
, Domino's said that that enzyme is alpha amylase.
It is possible to use a starter to make a PJ clone dough. I actually tried that, as you can see from Reply 38 at
. But active starters can be difficult to manage in the context of a commissary business model that entails shipping refrigerated dough balls across the country to thousands of stores. So, I do not envision Papa John's, Domino's or Little Caesars doing that. However, there are dried sourdough-type ingredients and conditioners that could conceivably be used, such as I have seen for faux sourdough breads in my local supermarket with a bakery department, but, to the best of my knowledge, no major pizza chain is doing that.
When I started the original PJ clone thread (at
), my intent was to make a 3-8 day cold fermented dough that emulated what PJ was doing. But I soon saw that such a dough would be hard to make in a typical home setting. Like you, I wondered whether I could improve upon the original PJ clone dough. That led to several other versions with much shorter fermentation periods, including the two-day cold fermented version as set forth at Reply 20 at
. In my mind, that version was an improvement because it could be made much more easily in a home setting. I also envisioned that someone could actually take that version and build a business around it. In fact, based on emails I have gotten, I think that some people have trying to do that but outside of the U.S. I receive more emails and PMs on the PJ clones than any other recipe I have come up with.
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Posts: 56
Location: Cincinnati
Re: A word on Papa John's clones.
Reply #6 on:
February 08, 2015, 09:30:48 PM »
Yes I know what you are saying about cracker and thin crust doughs that have high amounts of yeast, and I've even seen recipes for New York Style doughs, which are notoriously thin and floppy, that call for higher amounts of yeast. I have supposed they control fermentation of the yeast by using cooler temperatures and a very specific hydration. This, along with the correct amount of salt, would help prevent the yeast from going crazy. I also think that the gluten network can make a big difference in controlling the result of yeast fermentation, because if I am correct, a tighter gluten network will prevent the carbon dioxide from causing big gassy bubbles in the dough but will still allow for a lot of flavor. In some ways, pizza making really is a medley of different factors working harmoniously in unison. After thinking about it for a while, I think you are probably right about national chains not using dried starters in their dough, most likely because of how difficult it would be to maintain and supply such a massive amount of starter culture on a regular basis. Smaller operations, like independent bakeries or pizza restaurants, may be able to do this because on a smaller scale it's much easier to accurately predict how much demand a product garners and therefore easier to control losses, whereas one major problem that national chains face is the unpredictability of the market. I think this is why national chains have so many sales and coupons - to keep their business flowing and prevent them from having to throw out their product because of expiration. I think this is also one reason why the prices at some independent pizza places (the good ones) tend to be higher than national chains, because they have more direct control over the result of the flow of their business and don't face as much in losses. (I think it's also because a national chain can buy their ingredients in much larger quantities, meaning they can pay less for them, which means they can sell their product cheaper and still maintain the same profit margin.)
Last Edit: February 08, 2015, 09:54:08 PM by Bisquick
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Re: A word on Papa John's clones.
Reply #7 on:
February 18, 2015, 12:00:07 PM »
If Papa Johns cut back the sugar a bit in their dough and sauce I'd order from them more often, I also think they need to increase their fermentation time, not to mention their cooking time
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This piece from the New Yorker is about a year old, and in that respect it offers some usefulness as a way to gauge Paul wolfowitz's claims and expectations against the reality a year later. (The very last line of the article being the most poignant of those.) But less so than one might think, for an article subtitled "Paul Wolfowitz defends his war". This article is more of a look into the man himself– how he came to where he is in his views, and how he operates "in the field" in present day. (Well, present day a year ago.) In this case, the reporter accompanied Wolfowitz on a multi-stop tour in Europe.
It's long, and informative, and not hostile or incendiary– though it doesn't give Wolfowitz a free pass, either. Just an in-depth look at neocon Paul Wolfowitz, in development, and in action.
Paul Wolfowitz defends his war.
by PETER J. BOYER
Issue of 2004-11-01
Posted 2004-10-25
On the night of October 5th, a group of Polish students, professors, military officers, and state officials crowded into a small auditorium at Warsaw University to hear Paul Wolfowitz, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, give a talk on the subject of the war in Iraq. It was an unusually warm evening for October, and every seat was filled; the room seemed nearly airless. Wolfowitz began by joking that his father, a noted mathematician, would have been proud to see him in this academic setting, even as he was saddened that the younger Wolfowitz had pursued the political, rather than the тАЬreal,тА? sciences. After a few minutes, WolfowitzтАЩs voice, which normally has a soft tremble, grew even more faint, and his aspect became wan. For an instant, he seemed actually to wobble.
It had been a tiring day, preceded by an overnight flight from Washington. This was to have been a routine official trip for WolfowitzтАФa visit with soldiers in Germany and some bucking up of Iraq-war allies in Warsaw and London. The bucking up, however, was made a bit more complicated by developments within the Administration. The previous afternoon, as Wolfowitz was preparing to board his plane at Andrews Air Force Base, an aide had handed him a report containing some vexing news. WolfowitzтАЩs boss, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, had just delivered a speech in New York and, in a question-and-answer exchange afterward, had declared that he had not seen any тАЬstrong, hard evidenceтА? linking Al Qaeda with Saddam HusseinтАЩs regime. RumsfeldтАЩs unexpected remarkтАФundercutting one of the AdministrationтАЩs principal arguments for going to warтАФhad already prompted press inquiries at the Pentagon, suggesting a bad news cycle ahead. Meanwhile, the Washington Post was preparing to report that L. Paul Bremer, the former administrator of the American-led occupation of Iraq, had faulted the U.S. postwar plan for lacking sufficient troops to provide securityтАФaffirming a principal contention of the AdministrationтАЩs critics. In addition, the governmentтАЩs Iraq Survey Group, headed by Charles Duelfer, was about to release a final report on the search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq; already the reportтАЩs substance was being summed up in headlines as тАЬreport discounts iraqi arms threat.тА? And the Times had learned of a new C.I.A. assessment casting doubt on links between the Jordanian terrorist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and SaddamтАЩs regimeтАФundermining yet another of the AdministrationтАЩs rationales for the war.
Wolfowitz has been a major architect of President BushтАЩs Iraq policy and, within the Administration, its most passionate and compelling advocate. His long career as a diplomat, strategist, and policymaker will be measured by this policy, and, more immediately, the President he serves may not be returned to office because of it. The Administration had been divided over Iraq from the start, and new fissures seemed to be appearing. The Poles sitting in the Warsaw audience, тАЬnewтА? Europeans who had cast their lot with America, might understandably have been concerned. The government in Poland, where public opinion has shifted against the war, faces elections next year, and will probably reduce its forces in Iraq in the coming months.
After his faltering start, Wolfowitz, nearing the midpoint of his speech, began to find his voice. He recounted the events of PolandтАЩs darkest days, and the civilized worldтАЩs acquiescence to HitlerтАЩs ambitions which preceded them. When Hitler began to rearm Germany, Wolfowitz said, тАЬthe worldтАЩs hollow warnings formed weak defenses.тА? When Hitler annexed Austria, тАЬthe world sat by.тА? When German troops marched into Czechoslovakia before the war, тАЬthe world sat still once again.тА? When Britain and France warned Hitler to stay out of Poland, the F├╝hrer had little reason to pay heed.
тАЬPoles understand perhaps better than anyone the consequences of making toothless warnings to brutal tyrants and terrorist regimes,тА? Wolfowitz said. тАЬAnd, yes, I do include Saddam Hussein.тА? He then laid out the case against Saddam, reciting once again the dictatorтАЩs numberless crimes against his own people. He spoke of severed hands and videotaped torture sessions. He told of the time, on a trip to Iraq, heтАЩd been shown a тАЬtorture tree,тА? the bark of which had been worn away by ropes used to bind SaddamтАЩs victims, both men and women. He said that field commanders recently told him that workers had come across a new mass grave, and had stopped excavation when they encountered the remains of several dozen women and children, тАЬsome still with little dresses and toys.тА?
Wolfowitz observed that some peopleтАФmeaning the тАЬrealistsтА? in the foreignpolicy community, including Secretary of State Colin PowellтАФbelieved that the Cold War balance of power had brought a measure of stability to the Persian Gulf. But, Wolfowitz continued, тАЬPoland had a phrase that correctly characterized that as тАШthe stability of the graveyard.тАЩ The so-called stability that Saddam Hussein provided was something even worse.тА?
Finally, Wolfowitz thanked the Poles for joining in a war that much of Europe had repudiated, and continues to oppose. His message was clear: history, especially EuropeтАЩs in the last century, has proved that it is smarter to side with the U.S. than against it. тАЬWe will not forget PolandтАЩs commitment,тА? he promised. тАЬJust as you have stood with us, we will stand with you.тА?
Wolfowitz, who is sixty, has served in the Administrations of six Presidents, yet he is still regarded by many in Washington with a considerable measure of puzzlement. This is due partly to the fact that, although his intelligence is conceded by all, and his quiet bearing and manner suggest the academic that he used to beтАФat the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International StudiesтАФhe has consistently argued positions that place him squarely in the category of war hawk. He began his life in public policy by marshalling arguments, in 1969, on behalf of a U.S. anti-ballistic-missile defense system. Like his mentor at the University of Chicago, the late political strategist Albert Wohlstetter, Wolfowitz was skeptical of a U.S.-Soviet convergence, embraced a national missile-defense system, and argued for the deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in Europe.
But most puzzling to some, perhaps, is the communion that Wolfowitz seems to have with George W. Bush. How can someone so smart, so knowing, speakтАФand even apparently thinkтАФso much like George Bush? Except for their manner of deliveryтАФWolfowitz speaks in coherent paragraphs and Bush employs an idiom that is particular to himselfтАФthe language used by the two men when discussing Iraq is almost indistinguishable. It is the stark tone of evangelical conviction: evil versus good, the тАЬworship of deathтА? and тАЬphilosophy of despairтА? versus our тАЬlove of life and democracy.тА? Alongside Bush himself, Wolfowitz is, even now, among the last of the true believers.
Earlier on the day of his speech, Wolfowitz had toured the old city of Warsaw. In ceremonies attended by a Polish military honor guard, he laid wreaths at a memorial commemorating the Warsaw uprising and the monument to the Warsaw ghetto heroes. He laid a wreath, too, at the Umschlagplatz MemorialтАФthe point of departure for some three hundred thousand Warsaw Jews who were transported to the Nazi death camp at Treblinka. Wolfowitz had pillaged the Pentagon library for a copy of тАЬCourier from Warsaw,тА? the memoir of Jan Nowak, a Catholic who was among the first Warsaw-uprising witnesses to reach the West and testify to the Nazi horrors. In Warsaw, Wolfowitz asked to meet with Nowak, who is ninety. They spoke about the scale of the Holocaust, and about тАЬhow terrible it was for the Poles during the sixty-three days of the uprising. Three thousand Poles were killed every dayтАФa World Trade Center every day.тА?
Wolfowitz told me that he had never before visited the memorials, and that, other than a quick stopover, this was his first trip to Poland, even though his father, Jacob Wolfowitz, had been born in Warsaw. He managed to emigrate during PolandтАЩs brief interwar independence, unlike many other family members, who did not survive the Holocaust. It is probable that some of WolfowitzтАЩs relatives made their way through the Umschlagplatz, although not much is known. Wolfowitz said that he had learned little about Warsaw life, or the fate of his lost relatives, from his father. тАЬHe hated to talk about his childhood,тА? Wolfowitz said. As a boy, Wolfowitz devoured books (тАЬprobably too manyтА?) about the Holocaust and HiroshimaтАФwhat he calls тАЬthe polar horrors.тА?
After his meeting with Jan Nowak, WolfowitzтАЩs conversation in the following days kept returning to what he had heard. тАЬHe told about how the ghetto was walled off from the rest of the city, but there was one streetcar that had to cross it,тА? Wolfowitz said. тАЬAnd every day he would see bodies laid out, covered with newspaper, because that was all they had to cover them with, and people whoтАЩd starved to death and died of typhoid.тА? Nowak told Wolfowitz that in secret wartime meetings with BritainтАЩs top officials, including Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, he had reported the plight of the Warsaw Jews; yet, when he later examined the minutes from these meetings in the British archives, he found no mention of the Jews. тАЬNowak said it was wartime inconvenience.тА? Wolfowitz paused, then added, тАЬThere are some parallels to Iraq. One is that people donтАЩt believe these things. First, they donтАЩt know it, because the world doesnтАЩt talk about them. It may be for different reasons, although some of it is тАШwartime inconvenience.тАЩ тА?
Wolfowitz said that he was astonished by the argument of some war critics that, with no imminent threat from Iraq, the overturning of Saddam was unwarrantedтАФan argument that he believes implicitly accepts SaddamтАЩs brutality. A corollary phenomenon is the relative lack of opprobrium directed by the international community and the press toward the insurgents in Iraq, whom the Administration brands as terrorists. тАЬItтАЩs amazing,тА? he said. тАЬIf you said the insurgents were terrible, then you couldnтАЩt go on and on about all the mistakes that Bush has made.тА?
Perhaps, but the other side of that coin is the AdministrationтАЩs shift in rhetorical emphasis after Baghdad was taken. Given the lack of weapons of mass destruction or proven ties between Iraq and the terror attacks of September 11th, the liberation rationale acquired a primary importance that it had not had in the AdministrationтАЩs public argument for war.
In turn, the developing insurgency, which eclipsed the parades and the cheering throngs, prompted renewed focus on the AdministrationтАЩs geopolitical strategyтАФthe transformation of the regionтАФas a war rationale. This grand idea of liberalizing the Middle East one country at a time, beginning with Iraq, was associated particularly with Wolfowitz. The State Department was, and is, skeptical, and it is said that Rumsfeld harbored doubts as well.
WolfowitzтАЩs critics accuse him of na├пvet├й, of setting out a vision that fails to consider fully the complex and unpredictable regional dynamics of tribal loyalties, honor, revenge, and Arab pride in Iraq and in the region generally. They argue that the invasion and the subsequent insurgency have undermined American authority throughout the world and have led to more, not fewer, jihad-minded terrorists. Wolfowitz often responds to critics by drawing an analogy to Asia, where skeptics once argued that Confucian tradition was a barrier to the development of democracy. He has said, тАЬThis is the same Confucian tradition that more recently has been given a substantial share of the credit for the success of the Korean economy and many others in Asia.тА?
En route to Poland, Wolfowitz made a brief stop in Munich, where he met with two men who had helped to shape his view of Islam. One was Anwar Ibrahim, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, who was in Germany for medical treatment. Ibrahim had been a nineteen-seventies-era student activist who entered politics and became, in the eyes of Wolfowitz and other Westerners, the embodiment of the moderate Muslim idealтАФat once devoutly religious and tolerant, and eager to move his country into the modern world. He was widely expected to succeed his mentor, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, but in 1998 Mohamad had Ibrahim arrested, on charges of corruption and sodomy (a crime in Malaysia), and he was sentenced to a nine-year jail term. Three years later, just after the September 11th attacks, Ibrahim, still in a Malaysian jail, wrote an impassioned essay condemning the attacks as an abomination and lamenting the Muslim worldтАЩs failure to address тАЬthe suffering inflicted on the Muslim masses in Iraq by its dictator as well as by sanctions.тА? He was freed in September.
Wolfowitz also met with Abdurrahman Wahid, the former President of Indonesia. Toward the end of the second Reagan Administration, Wolfowitz, who was then Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia, was offered the Ambassadorship to Indonesia. Wolfowitz had spent more than a dozen years in the policy grind of Washington, and he and his wife, Clare, were eager to get away. Clare Wolfowitz had a particular interest in IndonesiaтАФsheтАЩd been an exchange student there in high school, spoke the language, and had made Indonesia her academic specialty; she holds a Ph.D. in social anthropology. (The couple are now separated.) People who have spent much time with Wolfowitz eventually notice that Indonesia is the one subject guaranteed to brighten his mood. тАЬI really didnтАЩt expect to fall in love with this place, but I did,тА? he told me earlier this year. тАЬI mean, I donтАЩt think I made the mistake of forgetting which country I represented, or overlooking their flaws, but there was so much that was just enormously appealing to me.тА?
WolfowitzтАЩs appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match. He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world, an advocate of democracy in SuhartoтАЩs dictatorship. But WolfowitzтАЩs tenure as Ambassador was a notable success, largely owing to the fact that, in essence, he went native. With tutoring help from his driver, he learned the language, and hurled himself into the culture. He attended academic seminars, climbed volcanoes, and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta.
At the time, Wahid was the leader of IndonesiaтАЩs largest Muslim group, which eventually morphed into a political party and brought Wahid to the Presidency, the nationтАЩs first in a free election. (Not long after, however, he was impeached by the Indonesian parliament.) Wolfowitz found Wahid to be urbane, witty (his translation of a book of Soviet black humor became a best-seller in the Suharto era), and broadminded. Islam arrived late in Indonesia, and is less deeply rooted there than it is in many Arab states. The constitution protects other religious faiths, and Wahid, who is deeply devout, took that tolerance a step further, advocating total separation of mosque and state. тАЬHeтАЩs a remarkable human being,тА? Wolfowitz said. тАЬI mean, thereтАЩs the leader of the largest Muslim organization, and heтАЩs an apostle of tolerance. How can you not admire him?тА?
Wolfowitz and Wahid became lasting friends, and, inevitably, one of their shared interests was the subject of Iraq. Wolfowitz told me that Wahid had studied in Baghdad, and that he was an early witness to the Baath PartyтАЩs atrocities. Wahid had described how SaddamтАЩs regime тАЬleft the bodies hanging so long, the necks stretched,тА? Wolfowitz said. тАЬIt was in the main square in Baghdad, to send a message, to say, тАШThis is who youтАЩre dealing with from now on.тАЩ And he said his teacher was taken away, the body was brought back in a sealed coffin, and they were told not to open it. They went ahead and opened it, and they found heтАЩd been horribly tortured.тА?
At the reunion in Munich, Wahid, who is nearly blind and has been enfeebled by strokes, made his way slowly down a hotel corridor and embraced his old friend. Wahid is an acquaintance of the Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, IraqтАЩs most influential Shiite cleric, upon whom the future direction of Iraq may largely depend. Sistani, who does not openly engage with Americans, is believed to oppose the creation of an Iranian-style theocracy in Iraq, and his influence has been instrumental in reining in the radical cleric Moqtada al-Sadr. Wahid indicated that he might visit Iraq soon, and, as a Sunni who knows Sistani, heтАЩd like to help improve relations between Sunnis and Shiites.
Another influence on WolfowitzтАЩs thinking is an Arab feminist named Shaha Ali Riza, with whom he has become close. Riza, who was born in Tunisia and reared in Saudi Arabia, studied international relations at Oxford and subsequently became a determined advocate of democracy and womenтАЩs rights in the Islamic world. She is now a senior official at the World Bank, where she works on Middle Eastern and North African affairs.
Wolfowitz says that his hopes for a democratic Iraq now are modest. He claims that he never expected a Jefferso-nian democracy, as some of his critics have derisively asserted. What he wishes to see is something stable, and more liberal than what came before. тАЬIt is something of a test,тА? he told me one day this summer, regarding the Iraqis. тАЬWe canтАЩt be sure theyтАЩll pass. And theyтАЩre not going to pass with an A-plus. I mean, if they do Romanian democracy and the country doesnтАЩt break up thatтАЩll be pretty good.тА?
The morning after his speech at Warsaw University, Wolfowitz flew to London, for meetings at 10 Downing Street and at the Ministry of Defence. That evening, he hosted a gathering of British writers at AnnabelтАЩs, in Mayfair, and their questions quickly turned to the subject of RumsfeldтАЩs remark earlier in the week that heтАЩd seen no hard evidence of an Al Qaeda-Iraqi connection. This had prompted hurried defensive strategizing at the Pentagon, and Rumsfeld put out a clarification of his statement. Still, the issue lingered. The C.I.A.тАЩs latest assessment, based on information gathered since the end of major combat, cast further doubt on the connection, and was now in circulation.
Wolfowitz often prefaces his response to questions about this issue, as he did at AnnabelтАЩs and at the Aspen Institute earlier this year, by posing a question of his own. ItтАЩs a sort of parlor game that he plays. He asks, in a professorial whisper, тАЬHow many people here have heard of Abdul Rahman Yassin, if youтАЩd raise your hand?тА? In a room of two dozen people, no more than two or three will raise their hands.
Wolfowitz notes the meagre tally, allows himself a slight smile, and then explains that Abdul Rahman Yassin was one of the men indicted for the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, which killed six people and injured a thousand others. He remains a fugitive, the only one of the indicted perpetrators of that attack still at large.
Then Wolfowitz turns to the September 11th attacks. They were planned, he reminds his audience, by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. The mastermind of the first World Trade Center bombing, Ramzi Yousef, was a nephew and close associate of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. тАЬThese are not separate events. They were the same target. They were the same people.тА? And Abdul Rahman Yassin, the fugitive from the first event? He fled to Iraq. тАЬIt would seem significant that one major figure in that event is still at large,тА? Wolfowitz says. тАЬIt would seem significant that he was harbored in Iraq by Iraqi intelligence for ten years.тА?
Many intelligence analysts believe that the presence of Yassin in Iraq was not particularly meaningful. Not long after his arrival there, Yassin, who grew up in Baghdad, was detained by the Saddam regime, and in 2002 he was even interviewed by тАЬ60 MinutesтА? in an Iraqi holding cell; if he was being тАЬharbored,тА? the argument goes, it was only as a detainee that Saddam hoped to use as a bargaining chip with the United States. Furthermore, during the run-up to the war the Administration didnтАЩt make Yassin a major issue.
Neither Wolfowitz nor the other intelligence analysts can say unequivocally what Yassin was doing in Iraq. WolfowitzтАЩs purpose in raising the issue is to illustrate the uncertain nature of intelligence analysis. He believes that there is important unexamined evidence regarding Yassin, yet, he says, when he broaches the matter with members of Congress his arguments are often met with resistance. тАЬEvery time you try to raise it, people say, тАШBut thereтАЩs no proof Saddam was involved in 9/11.тАЩ тА?
The issue illustrates WolfowitzтАЩs own deep and abiding suspicions about the inviolability of the intelligence communityтАЩs culture and processes, a skepticism that dates back to his earliest days in government service. In 1973, Wolfowitz was a young new hire at the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, his first foray into the national-security side of government. It was the era of the salt talks with the Soviets, and one of the first reports that Wolfowitz saw was the тАЬbig prizeтА? itselfтАФthe National Intelligence Estimate of Soviet capabilities. Wolfowitz read the estimate, but he was struck, he says, more by a cover letter that accompanied it. The letter said that it was a credit to the report that, on such an important subject, it contained hardly any footnotes. In that world, footnotes were the means by which differing opinions were indicated. Wolfowitz was amazed, and appalled, that the C.I.A. boasted about not presenting dissenting views.
Some years ago, after Wolfowitz had left Washington for Jakarta, he consented to an interview with the C.I.A., which was reassessing its analysis processes. тАЬThe idea that somehow you are saving work for the policymaker by eliminating serious debate is wrong,тА? Wolfowitz told his interviewer. тАЬWhy not aim, instead, at a document that actually says there are two strongly argued positions on the issue? Here are the facts and evidence supporting one position, and here are the facts and evidence supporting the other, even though that might leave the poor policymakers to make a judgment as to which one they think is correct.тА?
Wolfowitz wanted to re├лxamine national-security intelligence, and to avoid what he considered the groupthink inclinations of the intelligence professionals (тАЬthe priesthood,тА? he calls them). Eventually, he came to be known for his ability to recognize threatening patterns and capabilities that others had been unable to see. When the common wisdom held that the Soviets would slow the development and deployment of their intermediate-range missiles, Wolfowitz predicted, correctly, that the Soviets meant to modernize and enhance them. When the conventional view held that Saddam Hussein would not invade another Arab nation, Wolfowitz said that we shouldnтАЩt rule out the possibility that he might cross the border into KuwaitтАФand a decade later Saddam did just that.
In 2001, the Defense Department set up a small in-house operation called the Counter Terrorism Evaluation Group, whose purpose, according to its creators, was not, as its critics have charged, to cherry-pick raw intelligence in order to justify the invasion of Iraq but to connect the dots between terrorist groups and countries that harbored them. Wolfowitz had his aides run a software program called Analyst Notebook, which, like a wiring diagram, could show links between disparate pieces of information. As a result, all manner of putative links were made, in much the same way that Wolfowitz connects the dots in his little parlor game. This is one way in which the connection between terrorism and Iraq became a fixed idea.
After the session at AnnabelтАЩs, Wolfowitz flew back to Germany. The next morning, he began the day by visiting Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, near Ramstein Air Base, which serves as the American militaryтАЩs hub hospital for an area stretching from Europe to Southwest Asia. As Wolfowitz walked down the facilityтАЩs long corridors, he was accompanied by its commander, Colonel Rhonda Cornum. She is a physician, and a pilotтАФin the Gulf War, she was captured and briefly held by the IraqisтАФand she had an agenda. The hospital was running at a high capacity, with some sectionsтАФorthopedics, the psych wardтАФcompletely full. Since the start of the global war on terror, nineteen thousand people had been admitted, many of them within twelve hours of being wounded in Iraq. But because the Administration continues to categorize the war as a тАЬcontingencyтА? operation, she said, she was not able to add permanent staff. This meant having temporary medical staff who were rotated in and out of the facility from other military hospitals around the world, and it added stress to an inherently stressful operation. Wolfowitz accepted her neatly prepared PowerPoint report, and handed it to an aide.
Then he stepped into the room of a young sergeant named Jeron Johnson, from Bowman, South Carolina. Johnson was connected to several I.V.s and monitors, but he was awake, and alert. Wolfowitz walked to his bedside, leaned in, and asked, тАЬWhat happened?тА? In a quiet, raspy voice, Johnson, who had just re├лnlisted before being wounded, told him that he had been on a mission with his unit in Baghdad, when his convoy got hit. тАЬIt was a V.B.I.E.D.,тА? Johnson explained. An I.E.D., or improvised explosive device, is the militaryтАЩs term for a roadside bomb, a favored weapon of the insurgents. Car bombs are called vehicle-borne I.E.D.s.
тАЬI saw this big burst,тА? Johnson calmly recounted. тАЬI said, O.K., I got hit. . . . I called the guys overтАФI said, тАШMy legтАЩs broke.тАЩ тА? Johnson suffered two broken legs, and several lesser injuries.
Another soldier entered the room and approached JohnsonтАЩs bedside. тАЬI wanted to stop by,тА? he said. The soldier, slight and wiry, was dressed in jeans and a sweatshirt. A long scar zigzagged down the right side of his neck, and much of his left arm was missing, replaced by a prosthesis that ended in two curved steel hooks. He was Adam Replogle, a twenty-four-year-old sergeant from Denver. He addressed Johnson directly: тАЬI got hit with an R.P.G. in the chest. I stopped by here on the way through. I wasnтАЩt conscious like you, but I know what youтАЩre going through.тА? Replogle had been a gunner on an Abrams tank, and his unit came under attack by insurgents in Karbala in May. He was evacuated to a field hospital, then to Landstuhl, where he was stabilized before being sent to Walter Reed Army Medical Center, in Washington. Wolfowitz, who regularly visits the hospital, came to know him there. (When Wolfowitz is asked if he ever wonders about the warтАЩs costs, he answers, тАЬEvery time I visit Walter Reed.тА?) The Army flew Replogle back to Germany for a reunion with his unit, which had recently returned from Iraq, and he wanted to stop by Landstuhl to offer encouragement.
Replogle said, тАЬYou hear about Karbala? ThatтАЩs where I got hit. Where were you hit?тА?
тАЬSadr City?тА?
тАЬNo. Five South.тА?
тАЬWe ran into some smack back in Sadr City a while ago,тА? Replogle said. тАЬThey got a lotta radicals out there. Al-Sadr keeps them around.тА?
This aroused Sergeant Johnson. тАЬItтАЩs amazing,тА? he said. тАЬYou see these kids around you, тАШMister, mister, give me water! Give me food!тАЩ And you dig around, tryinтАЩ to give it to тАЩem, and you give it to тАЩem. And then, when youтАЩre done, they throw rocks at you. You think, Hey, you little bastard!тА?
тАЬThey donтАЩt know how to act, man,тА? Replogle replied. тАЬThey got their freedom, they donтАЩt know how to act. You canтАЩt really blame тАЩem for it. ItтАЩs frustrating over there. IтАЩll tell you one thing, man. Just maintain. You can feel a couple of different ways about Iraq. You can feel bad. But when people ask you questions, man, you just tell тАЩem. They gotta know about the good things we did. WeтАЩre not down there smackinтАЩ people around.тА?
Johnson said that heтАЩd sometimes had difficulty convincing his own soldiers of the utility of their mission. тАЬThereтАЩs this long street, we clean it up. Couple of weeks later, itтАЩs trashed up again. I get a lotta guys that go, тАШWhat are we doing out here?тАЩ I say to тАЩem, тАШWeтАЩll come back here, let тАЩem see our work.тАЩ тАШSarge, theyтАЩll tear it up again.тАЩ тАШWell, thatтАЩs our job. Get the trash outta the street, clear the street, make this place a little better.тАЩ But they donтАЩt understand.тА?
Wolfowitz stood by JohnsonтАЩs bed, listening. An aide handed him a copy of Time, the issue that featured the American soldier as Person of the Year. Wolfowitz signed it to a тАЬtrue American hero,тА? and then leaned over the hospital bed and looked Johnson in the eye. тАЬIтАЩll tell you, no matter what people think about the war, ninety-eight per cent of them love our soldiers,тА? he said. тАЬPeriod. ItтАЩs really the truth. So donтАЩt confuse the fight about the policy for the people. IтАЩm sure weтАЩre going to win, and one day people will feel about you guys the way we feel about the guys who won World War Two. The world didnтАЩt look so great in 1945-46. It took a little while to get it done. YouтАЩre getting it done.тАЩтАЩ
And so it went, room by room, unit by unit. In one darkened room, a soldier with the build of an offensive lineman lay unconscious, his bare feet extending from the sheet covering his gurney. His wife stood at his side. When Wolfowitz entered the room, she smiled and reported the latest update from the doctors. Then she began to talk about her husbandтАЩs long deployment, growing more emotional as she spoke. тАЬSix months is one thing,тА? she said, тАЬbut a year, which usually becomes thirteen or fourteen months, is just too much.тА? As she began to cry, an aide closed the door, and Wolfowitz spent several minutes with her privately.
Later that day, Wolfowitz flew by helicopter to Wiesbaden, for a ceremony marking the return of the 1st Armored Division. It was a large and clamorous event, attended by, among others, the American Ambassador to Germany, Daniel Coats; the Army Chief of Staff, General Peter Schoomaker; and the V Corps commander, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez. Such homecomings are always cause for celebration, but the return of the 1st Armored Division bore special significance. Old Ironsides, as the division calls itself, is perhaps the most put-upon unit in the war. It had rolled into Iraq just after the end of major combat operations, and was assigned the tough sectors of Baghdad, among them Sadr City. When the divisionтАЩs yearlong deployment ended, last spring, some of its units were packed and were waiting at the airfield for the flight back to Germany. Then the divisionтАЩs commander, Major General Martin E. Dempsey, broke the bad news: the sudden upsurge in fighting required more force, and the divisionтАЩs deployment had been extended. Everyone knew what that meant: some of the men who had made it through a year in Iraq now stood a chance of not returning home whole, or at all. Adam Replogle was one of those soldiers.
Wolfowitz made one other stop that day. It was in W├╝rzburg, at the headquarters of the 1st Infantry Division (the Big Red One). The divisionтАЩs commander, Major General John R. S. Batiste, had been WolfowitzтАЩs military adviser at the Pentagon, and is currently deployed in Iraq. Wolfowitz had visited Batiste in January, before the division moved out, and the atmosphere had been pointedly gung ho. Batiste had adopted as the divisionтАЩs motto a quote from F.D.R., which he felt captured the Big Red OneтАЩs attitude toward its coming mission in Iraq: тАЬWhen you see a rattlesnake poised to strike, you do not wait until it has struck before you crush him.тА?
тАЬThe Secretary will love that quote,тА? Wolfowitz had told Batiste.
Wolfowitz had seen Batiste again in June, this time in Iraq, at the divisionтАЩs forward post, near Tikrit. The mood was more subdued then, and Batiste had adopted a new motto, this one, as it happens, from Gerald Ford: тАЬThere is no way we can go forward except together, and no way anybody can win except by serving the peopleтАЩs urgent needs. We cannot stand still or slip backwards. We must go forward now together.тАЩтАЩ The words reflected the then emerging exit strategy, which was to set up an Iraqi government and an Iraqi security force to fight the insurgency, allowing the Americans to pull back and, eventually, to withdraw.
Now, in W├╝rzburg, the headquarters staff was reduced to a skeletal rear detachment. Still, at a luncheon given in WolfowitzтАЩs honor, the large ballroom was packed, filled with the spouses and family members left behind. Following the custom of their tightly insular culture, the women betrayed no indication of anxiety over their men тАЬdown-range,тА? as they refer to the battlefield of Iraq. They chatted gaily about the food, catered by a favorite local restaurant, and talked about their children. Wolfowitz showed them a video recorded by the First Lady, and they reacted with a standing ovation. Then he took questions. One woman asked whether anything could be done about the long deployments. The Pentagon is working on it, Wolfowitz assured her. Finally, someone asked, How will this war be won? What will victory look like?
Wolfowitz responded that in January Iraq will hold elections. The resulting transitional government will write a permanent constitution. That government will run Iraq for a year, until elections at the end of 2005 produce a permanent, fully independent government. By then, he said, American forces will have trained several Iraqi Army divisions and, equally important, fifty or more battalions of the Iraqi National Guard, the domestic stability force. Reaching down to the table and knocking wood, Wolfowitz mentioned recent progress in regard to the National Guard, noting the IraqisтАЩ participation in the wresting of Samarra from the insurgentsтАЩ control.
While the retaking of Samarra was indeed a welcome event, it may not be a wholly accurate measure of the progress being made by Iraqi forces. The key Iraqi unit in Samarra, the 36th Battalion, was the same one that in August prevailed in Najaf, and it was the only Iraqi unit that did not flee during the Falluja uprising last spring. The 36th Battalion, however, is exceptional. It is composed of fighting forces loyal to various political factions, mostly Kurdish, and it was American policy for much of the first year of the occupation to discourage the development of such units, for fear of losing control of them.
Wolfowitz spoke of the September visit to Washington by the interim Iraqi Prime Minister, Ayad Allawi. He quoted at length from AllawiтАЩs optimistic speech to a joint session of Congress, which Wolfowitz said had been characterized by some members of Congress as one of the best speeches ever delivered on the floor of the House.
Wolfowitz did not discuss a meeting between Allawi and President Bush during that visit, in which the Iraqi Prime Minister had been less optimistic. Allawi had spoken to the President about the conundrum facing him and the coalition: the insurgency required forceful action, but any forceful action by coalition troops would underline the negative impression of an occupation, thus fuelling the insurgency. Allawi asked the President to provide more training of Iraqi troops and more equipment.
The day after Wolfowitz left Washington on this trip, Allawi had sent, via the American Embassy, a letter to Bush. In it, he again spoke insistently about the situation in Iraq on the ground. The American training program, he said, was fine, but it was proceeding too slowly; the bulk of trained and equipped Iraqi forces would not be ready until well after the January elections, Allawi said, тАЬwhich is simply too late.тА? Allawi said that he and the coalition needed an expanded plan for Iraqi forces, тАЬto be implemented now.тА? He said that Iraq had to make a visible and effective show of force, and reminded Bush of what he had told him in WashingtonтАФthat Iraq needed at least two trained and equipped Iraqi mechanized divisions. It was a huge request.
American commanders have been hesitant to provide Iraqis with tanks, arguing that the Iraqis are not yet ready for them. Wolfowitz, noting that American forces are glad to have the armored-tank protection for themselves, has said that he thinks the Iraqis will get at least a mechanized brigade fairly soon.
In his letter, Allawi asked Bush to convene a summit this month in Baghdad, with an American delegation headed by Wolfowitz. Such a high-profile meeting just weeks before the American election was unlikely, and the proposal may simply have been AllawiтАЩs way of prodding the Administration. In any case, he was visited in Baghdad the following week by Donald Rumsfeld, who was in the region for a meeting with his commanders.
After leaving Iraq, Rumsfeld travelled to Romania for a NATO meeting. Discussing AllawiтАЩs request for tanks, he proposed a characteristically Rumsfeldian solution. The new members of natoтАФthose countries which Rumsfeld once called the тАЬnew EuropeтА?тАФhad been members of the old Warsaw Pact, which had a surplus of Soviet weapons. One way they could help, Rumsfeld suggested, was by supplying their Soviet-era tanks to the fledgling Iraqi Army.
The big miscalculation underlying the American-led intervention in Iraq was that the enemy would recognize defeat, and submit. When the Administration was faced with an insurgency, a new calculationтАФone that was advocated by WolfowitzтАФwas made: putting an Iraqi imprimatur on the mission would defuse the insurgency. The first step was the hastened transfer of sovereignty, last June. Yet the insurgency rages on, and Allawi worries about appearing to be an American puppet. Although he assured President Bush in his letter that he had тАЬabsolutely no intentionтА? of changing his convictions or policies, he warned, тАЬI am concerned by the concerted effort by some Iraqis and foreigners to paint my government as too close to the US and her allies.тА? He went on, тАЬThis is likely to get worse as elections approach, and makes it harder to rebuild political unity and to isolate the insurgents.тА? Now the Bush war policy depends upon a final calculationтАФthat an Iraqi security force can be made strong enough, soon enough, to allow the mostly American multinational force to recede.
Wolfowitz seems more confident about this prospect than Allawi does. Speaking in Germany to the spouses of the 1st Infantry DivisionтАЩs soldiers, Wolfowitz said, тАЬI think youтАЩre going to see a major change over the course of the next six months or a year.тА? He said he hoped that progress with the Iraqi force might go even faster than expected. тАЬAt the moment, weтАЩre just planning for the worst,тА? he said. Then he added, тАЬBut a lot of good should happen this coming year.тА?
In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.


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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
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play jeopardy or something. invite over entertaining friends.play one-handed uno with them. fold one-handed origami.one-handedly solve rubik's cubes.you can only kill time with one- or no-handed activities.
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Predator: Bump in the Night
this wiki
|Predator: Bump in the Night
|Written by
|Steven Seagle
|Illustrated by
|Duncan Rouleau
|Inked by
|Jim Royal
|Lettered by
|Colored by
|Cover(s) by
|Val Mayerik
|Edited by
| Bob Schreck
Jamie S. Rich
|Dark Horse Comics
|Release date(s)
|Aug 1997
|Media type
|Preceded by
|Predator: Hell and Hot Water
|Predator: Primal
|Followed by
|Predator: Nemesis
|Alternate cover
|[[Image:{{{alternate image}}}|center|200px]]
|{{{alternate caption}}}
Predator: Bump in the Night is a comic book short story that was first published by Dark Horse Comics in the anthology series Dark Horse Presents, Vol. 1 #124, in August 1997. It was written by Steven Seagle, illustrated by Duncan Rouleau, inked by Jim Royal and edited by Bob Schreck and Jamie S. Rich, with cover art by Val Mayerik. The somewhat light-hearted short features some boys' backyard camp-out being interrupted by an encounter with a Predator.
In the Predator comics line, Predator: Bump in the Night was preceded by Predator: Hell and Hot Water, published concurrently with Predator: Primal, and was followed by Predator: Nemesis.
Publisher's SummaryEdit
Three suburban boys camping out in one of their backyards share scary stories in the night. One of them says he's seen a monster in a spaceship nearby. The others don't believe him. The boys go to investigate, get a glimpse of a Predator target practising on birds. They escape narrowly avoiding its notice. But the Predator follows them back home. Ends on a cliffhanger.
Reprint HistoryEdit
Predator: Bump in the Night was eventually collected as part of Predator Omnibus: Volume 3 in June 2008.
The comic was released digitally through Dark Horse Digital on May 15, 2013, collected with Predator: No Beast So Fierce and Predator: Demon's Gold and reusing Chris Warner's cover art from Predator: Big Game #4, recolored by Dan Jackson.


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Elastikon Award to Promote Soundness In Horses
(Edited press release)
A research project to be conducted by a team led by Dr. Chris Kawcak at Colorado State University and aimed at avoiding a common type of fracture in athletic horses has been designated the recipient of the first Elastikon Equine Research Award.
The Elastikon Award is made possible by a grant from Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products Company to the Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation.
Copyright © 2016 The Blood-Horse, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Why? Because you can! And pickle, and jam, or otherwise celebrate the resurgence of the domestic arts our forebears held so dear. Put on your best apron and step into our kitchen, won't you?
Spring raspberries have arrived in California just in time for me to make 150 tasty wedding favors. Add a little pomegranate juice and you have something really special. See my system for making a LOT of tiny jams.
A delicious and natural way to get your probiotics, all thanks to a little Ginger Bug.
A delicious, happy accident! Use up bits and pieces of stone fruits, add a vanilla bean and voila! Flavor magic!
When summer fruits start rolling in, you might want to roll out this small batch of pectin booster. Add this apple and lemon pectin concentrate to your batches of low-pectin fruit jam.
A sweet and spicy salsa - a kicked up cover of Trader Joe's version. Easy and delicious!
Chai is an elegant enhancement for tree-ripened peaches. Both the jam and the custom chai blend would be impressive and welcome holiday gifts.
Scarlet, tart and fragrant - This jam is a great complement to rich breads and desserts. Check out the Almond Jam Tart too.
Strawberries and ginger are magically delicious - more than the sum of their parts. I'm preparing to restock my pantry for 2013! This recipe is worth repeating and is one of my most requested flavors.
Tart and spicy plum jam to enhance meats and sandwiches. Try it mixed with mustard.
Ginger - the ultimate team player! Pretty ginger mint grapefruit and a syrup that is what cocktail dreams are made of. Try it!


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Mitchell Gold: Send My Book to Wasilla
Living in the snug enclave of the coastal media, it's easy to forget that in some not-so-distant realms, Americans still face a massive cultural stigma against coming out as gay. A reminder of this reality comes from Crisis, a new book published by Mitchell Gold, one half of the high-end furniture retailer Mitchell Gold + Bob Williams. The book collects stories about growing up gay written by a few dozen ordinary and prominent Americans. Gold managed to gather an impressive group of contributors, including James McGreevey, Martina Navratilova and Gene Robinson (the first openly gay Episcopal bishop). The stories aren't great examples of memoir–they're simple essays with very personal messages. Candace Gingrich (Newt's sister) writes about the moment when a reporter's discovery of her sexuality thrust her into her own political career. She nudged her brother behind the scenes, while her mother urged her not to drag his name "through the mud." An EMS tech from South Carolina writes about coming out to his family after his step brother was murdered in their hometown because he had been openly gay.
Gold had a party for the book at his 14th Street store last week, and brought out several of the contributors, and a few other notables, like Tipper Gore (beautiful in a blue and green peacock dress). He said he wanted Crisis to change minds, and that the minds in need of changing belonged to good people. "My factory [in North Carolina] is surrounded by those good people," he said. "I don't want anyone to hate them." He told the audience to send the book to Wasilla.


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Bicester Foxcubs who competed at the England South Clubs' Under 10 Championships. Pictured (from left): Tom Fox, Riley Chester, Alex Birtles, Stuart Lock (coach), Jaidon Mays, Edward Jolliffe, Matthew Lewis, Ben Bell, Owen Scott, Sean Lock, Willi
/ Sport
Ben Kirk scored a superb second-half hat-trick as Bicester 2nd secured their place in MBB&O Division 5 after a 3-2 comeback victory at home to Leighton Buzzard 2nd.
Bicester started nervously and paid the price when Leighton took the lead.
The hosts had the ball in the net, but Kirk's penalty corner strike was ruled out for being too high.
Leighton doubled their lead five minutes before the break.
The home side started the second half on the front foot and it paid off when they clawed one back.
Good work from Alan Edwards in the D allowed Kirk to open his account.
Midway through the half, Kirk levelled with a shot into the bottom corner.
Ten minutes from time, Kirk made no mistake to seal his treble folowing a penalty corner.
Bicester 3rd sealed promotion from Division 8, des-pite losing 5-4 to Bracknell 3rd.
Trailing 3-0, Trevor Jos-eph clawed one back.
A Nick Styles brace, both following penalty corners and Ben Hughes's chip saw Bicester go 4-3 up.
But Bracknell hit back for victory.
Bicester Foxcubs Under 10 boys represented Oxfordshire at the England South Club Championships at Surbiton.
Despite battling displays, They lost 1-0 to Amersham & Chalfont in their opener, before going down to East Grinstead 2-0 and Guildford 6-0.
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Obituary & Guest Book Preview for Patrick Brent Baker
Patrick Brent Baker Obituary
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: Patrick Brent Baker, 37, of Lacey's Spring, passed away Monday. Brent was a gifted teacher and incredible theatrical make-up artist. He was a devoted husband,...
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the backbone of geology
The layers of volcanic ash erupted from Santorini are of great
regional importance, because they were produced by a rela-
tively brief but well defined event and were laid down contem-
poraneously in a wide region. Knowing their ages, one can use
them as time markers wherever they can be identified. Deter-
mining the ages of stratigraphic units of this kind is one of the
important challenges facing the geologist. To do this, the tools
of stratigraphy and paleontology, fossils and the basic laws of
physics are used.


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Hyperactivity Disorder
Russell A. Barkley
It is commonplace for children (especially preschoolers) to be active, energetic, and exuberant; to flit from one activity to another as they explore their environment and its novelties; and to act without much forethought, responding on impulse to events that occur around them, often with their emotional reactions readily apparent. But when children persistently display levels of activity that are far in excess of their age group; when they are unable to sustain attention, interest, or persistence as well as their peers do to their activities, longer-term goals, or the tasks assigned to them by others; or when their self-regulation lags far behind expectations for their developmental level, they are no longer simply expressing the joie de vivre that characterizes childhood. They are instead highly likely to be impaired in their social, cognitive, academic, familial, and eventually occupational domains of major life activities.
Highly active, inattentive, and impulsive youngsters will find themselves far less able than their peers to cope successfully with the universal developmental progressions toward self-regulation, cross-temporal organization, and preparation for their future so evident in our social species. And they will often experience the harsh judgments, punishments, moral denigration, and social ostracism reserved for those society views as lazy, unmotivated, selfish, thoughtless, immature, and willfully irresponsible. These heedless risk-taking children with the devil-may-care attitudes, and self-destructive ways have captured public and scientific interest for more than a century. Diagnostic labels for inattentive, impulsive children have changed numerous times over the last century; yet the actual nature of the disorder has changed little, if at all, from descriptions nearly a century ago (Still, 1902). This constellation of behavior problems may constitute one of the most well-studied childhood disorders of our time. Yet these children remain an enigma to most members of the public, who struggle to accept the notion that the disorder may be a biologically rooted developmental disability when nothing seems physically, outwardly wrong with them.
Children possessing the above-described attributes to a degree that is deviant for their developmental level sufficient to create impairments in major life activities are now diagnosed as having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Their problematic behavior is thought to arise early in childhood, and to be persistent over development in most cases. This chapter provides an overview of the nature of this disorder; briefly considers its history; and describes its diagnostic criteria, its developmental course and outcomes, and its causes. Current critical issues related to these matters are raised along the way. Given the thousands of scientific papers on this topic, this chapter must of necessity concentrate on the most important topics in this literature. Readers


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Disclojure: public disclosure of all things clojure. ClojureDocs - Community-Powered Clojure Documentation and Examples. Cheatsheet. Learn Clojure. Fatvat: Data Persistence in GAE with Clojure.
If you want to persist stuff in Java, you've got a bewildering amount of choiceThere's even an entire book about making the right decision!
(Persistence in the Enterprise) Google App Engine has gone with JDO using the Data Nucleus platform. In GAE this is split again into two APIs, the high-level one for persisting objects, and a lower-level one which allows you to persist raw data. When using Clojure it makes more sense to go with the lower-level api. The higher-level one would require using annotations on objects which isn't supported at the moment in Clojure (as far as I know!). So how do we store data in GAE?
(ns news.savestory (:use (news appengine)) (:gen-class :extends javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet) (:import (com.google.appengine.api.datastore DatastoreServiceFactory Entity Key Query))) store takes a map and a type and persists it in the database and returns the key associated with this entity. Retrieving the data is much the same. Clojure Series: Table of Contents. Writing/Coding Writing and Coding, Literature and Computers Tuesday, June 17, 2008 Clojure Series: Table of Contents Here are the postings I have published so far for this series.
Posted by Eric Rochester at 5:52 PM Labels: clojure, clojure-series 9 comments: geekiac said... Thank you for writing on Clojure. June 25, 2008 at 5:32 AM Eric Rochester said... @geekiacI'm glad you're liking it. June 25, 2008 at 8:38 AM Paul Drummond said... Nice articles, looking forward to reading more! June 26, 2008 at 7:18 AM Great! June 26, 2008 at 8:57 AM Everything is very clear so far - it's a nice gentle introduction and I already know most of what has been covered so far. June 26, 2008 at 9:21 AM Everything being immutable is a different way of doing things, and sometimes it can be hard to get your head around.Have you seen the Rich's screencast about data types? Clojure Programming - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks. Clojure is a dynamic programming language for the JVM.
Introduction[edit] People come to Clojure from a variety of backgrounds. The purpose of this book is to help everyone get the most out of the Clojure language. It is not meant as a replacement for the documentation, found at the Clojure site. Please do not copy material from there to here! Feel free to post your own code, written in the Clojure language, here. Implementations[edit] There are a number of different implementations of the Clojure language: Clojure (the original Java-based implementation)ClojureScript (compiles to JavaScript)ClojureCLR (for Microsoft's .NET framework)clojure-py (Python-based)clojure-scheme (compiles to Scheme)ClojureC (compiles to C) See also Clojure-metal (thoughts/plans for Clojure on LLVM).
FAQ[edit] Some answers to Frequently Asked Questions. Getting started[edit] The Getting started section covers obtaining and installing Clojure as well as basic setup of editors such as Emacs or Vim. Mark Volkmann's Clojure Page. Home. Casting SPELs with Clojure - Home - Anyone who has ever learned to program in Lisp will tell you it is very different from any other programming language.
It is different in lots of surprising ways - This comic book will let you find out how Lisp's unique design makes it so powerful ! This tutorial was adapted for Clojure, an exciting new dialect of Lisp running on the Java Virtual Machine. Clojure's syntax and API resembles Common Lisp, but there are enough differences to write a dedicated version of this book. Most of the time, we will say "Lisp" instead of "Clojure", since most of the concepts presented apply to Lisp in general - we will point out the places where Clojure handles things a little different. Since Clojure is based on the JVM, you will need to have Java installed on your system.
For the examples in this tutorial, simply unpack the archive, open a command line tool and switch to Clojure's main directory. Try Clojure. Clojure Notes.


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Open April 2 - October 31
Reserve: 800-562-3408
Info: 208-527-8513
2424 North 3000 West
Arco, ID 83213Get Directions
Welcome!Doug and Angela would love to Welcome you to the Craters of the Moon/Arco KOA.
Craters of the Moon/Arco KOA is family orientated and family based.
Bob and Jaydeen are Angela's Father and Step Mother and you can see them working, playing and socializing around the park. Bob has been a guest with KOA parks all across the country for at least 50 years. The RV life is in his blood.
Doug and Angela are avid outdoors people and enjoy everything camping has to offer our family.
Craters of the Moon / Arco KOA is a family owned and operated.
Thank you for considering our kampground and the Dishman family looks forward to meeting you and sharing our kampground on your next trip.