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Insurance and reinsurance in Sweden: overview
A Q&A guide to insurance and reinsurance in Sweden.
The Q&A gives a high level overview of the market trends and regulatory framework in the insurance and reinsurance market; the regulation of insurance and reinsurance contracts; the corporate structure of insurers and reinsurers; and the regulation of insurers and reinsurers, including regulation of the transfer of risk. It also covers: operating restrictions for insurance and reinsurance entities, including authorisation/licensing requirements; reinsurance monitoring and disclosure requirements; content requirements for policies and implied terms; insurance and reinsurance claims; insolvency of insurance and reinsurance providers; taxation; dispute resolution; and proposals for reform. Finally, it provides websites and brief details for the main insurance/reinsurance trade organisations in Sweden.
To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions visit the Insurance and Reinsurance Country Q&A tool.
This Q&A is part of the global guide to insurance and reinsurance. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/insurance-guide.
Market trends and regulatory framework
The Swedish private insurance market has long been characterised by a deep market penetration and market domination by a few large players. The latest available statistics (for the fiscal year 2014) show that total premium income in the non-life sector amounted to SEK70 billion, of which 80% was shared between the four largest non-life insurers (Länsförsäkringar, If Skadeförsäkring, Trygg Hansa and Folksam).
Paid claims in the non-life sector amounted to SEK51 billion.
In the life sector, total premium income amounted to SEK193 billion, of which 60% was shared between the five largest life insurers (Skandia, Folksam, Alecta, AMF and SEB Trygg Liv). Paid pensions and death proceeds amounted to SEK86 billion.
Market penetration has been deep and steady. For example, around 95% of all Swedish households have home insurance, a figure which has been steady since the early 1990s. Growth has mainly come from the life sector, in products such as private pension savings plans, private health insurance and sickness and accident insurance, the latter two having almost doubled in number of issued policies since 2007, and still growing.
Major events that affected claims in 2014 included Sweden's largest forest fire since 1950 and vast flooding due to rain in southern Sweden, which is expected to lead to a tenfold increase in claims costs for flooding damage compared to 2013.
Regarding the regulation of insurers and reinsurers, 2014 was marked by implementation measures of Directive 2009/138/EC on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of insurance and reinsurance (Solvency II Directive). In December 2014, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) presented the results of its stress tests, which showed that the Swedish participants' solvency capital is levelled with or above the Solvency II requirements.
Regulatory framework
The main Swedish insurance laws are the:
Insurance Contracts Act (SFS 2005:104).
Insurance Business Act (SFS 2010:2043).
The Insurance Contracts Act sets out the fundamental principles of insurance contracts. It is divided into four parts:
Part 1 contains provisions on applicability, definitions, and the principle that the provisions of the Act are mandatory for the benefit of the insured, unless otherwise expressly stated in the Act.
Part 2 is divided into eight chapters that regulate non-life insurance contracts for consumers (for example, home insurance and travel insurance) and company insurance (that is, all non-life insurances where the policyholder is a company). Part 2 also includes a chapter on third parties' rights, including provisions on direct action against insurers.
Part 3 is divided into seven chapters that regulate life insurance contracts for individuals (for example, life and health products).
Part 4 is divided into four chapters that regulate group insurance and collective bargaining-based insurance, encompassing both life and non-life products.
Each part regulates most aspects of insurance contracts for each specific type of insurance, such as provisions on:
Formation of contract.
Insurer's duties to provide information.
Policyholder's duties of disclosure.
Premium payment.
Claims handling.
Statute of limitations.
As of January 2015, the time limit to make a claim runs from the claim's triggering event as stated in the policy. In addition, the time limit to make a claim is now ten years.
The Insurance Contracts Act does not apply to contracts for motor vehicle liability insurance and patient insurance, which are regulated by specific legislation. Additionally, the Insurance Contracts Act does not apply to reinsurance contracts, which are not regulated by Swedish law.
The Insurance Business Act regulates the general operations of insurance companies. It consists of 17 chapters that set out the regulatory framework for:
Concession and authorisation.
Operations in other European Economic Area (EEA) countries.
Claims reserves and premium setting.
Debt coverage and permitted investments.
Capital requirements.
Solvency margins.
Further rules on the operations of insurance companies are found in the:
Insurance Business Ordinance (SFS 2011:257).
Regulations issued by the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA).
The Insurance Mediation Act (SFS 2005:405), the Insurance Mediation Ordinance (SFS 2005:411) and a number of regulations issued by the FSA govern the establishment, operations and supervision of insurance brokers' businesses.
Regulatory bodies
The FSA is responsible for the supervision of insurance business in Sweden.
Insurers and reinsurers domiciled in other EEA countries which carry out insurance operations in Sweden through an established branch, agency or on a freedom of services basis are regulated by the regulatory authority of their respective countries of domicile. The FSA only carries out limited supervision over such insurers/reinsurers (for example, regarding compliance, claims handling and complaints procedures).
Insurers and reinsurers domiciled in countries outside of the EEA must be granted concession by the FSA to carry on insurance operations in Sweden. The FSA only regulates the activities of the Swedish branch or agency of such insurers.
Regulation of insurance and reinsurance contracts
Contract of insurance
There is no legal definition of insurance contracts. However, there is a basic consensus (based on the writings of legal scholars in the first half of the 20th century) that an insurance contract is a contract between an insurance company and a policyholder under which the insurance company, in return for payment of a premium, undertakes to indemnify the insured on the occurrence of an insured event.
Under the basic principles of Swedish insurance law, the insured event must be uncertain regarding if or when it will occur. In addition, the insurance indemnity must not enrich the insured, although there are numerous exceptions to this principle in practice. Further, the interest insured must be insurable, meaning that illegal interests cannot be insured. For example, business interruption insurance for an illegal gambling den is likely to be deemed uninsurable.
Contract of reinsurance
There is no legal definition of reinsurance contracts. However, there is also a basic consensus that a reinsurance contract is a contract that regulates the reinsurer's liability to reimburse the cedant for an agreed amount of paid indemnities in consideration of premium payment. As reinsurance contracts are not governed by legislation, parties enjoy a greater degree of contractual freedom and the possibility to depart from basic insurance principles.
All contracts of insurance are regulated. In contrast, there is no specific law that regulates the content of reinsurance contracts. Reinsurance contracts are therefore only governed by the Contracts Act (SFS 1915:218) and other general principles of Swedish contract law.
There are a number of "insurance-like" contracts that are not deemed to be insurance contracts, and therefore fall outside the scope of regulation. Such contracts are often warranties, such as collision damage waivers, motor vehicle damage warranties or consumer goods warranties. Such warranties often entail indemnification if an uncertain and adverse event occurs, which shows that the line between regulated insurance contracts and warranties is often very difficult to draw. Insurance contracts will also fall outside the scope of regulation if they are deemed null as a result of covering non-insurable interests. For example, the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) held that contracts insuring against speeding tickets are not insurance contracts.
Corporate structure
Insurance companies can be incorporated as (Insurance Business Act):
Limited liability companies (owned by shareholders).
Mutual insurance companies (owned by policyholders).
Insurance associations (which exist for the benefit of their members).
Reinsurance companies can be incorporated either as (Insurance Business Act):
Limited liability companies.
Mutual companies.
Insurers domiciled in other countries can carry out activities in Sweden as branches or agencies. Insurers domiciled in other EEA countries can also carry out insurance activities in Sweden on a freedom of services basis.
Regulation of insurers and reinsurers
All insurers and reinsurers referred to in the Insurance Business Act are regulated by the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA). However, the FSA does not regulate insurance activities carried on governed by different legislation (for example, state social insurance schemes).
Insurers and reinsurers domiciled in other EEA countries which carry on insurance activities in Sweden through an established branch, agency or on a freedom of services basis are regulated by the financial supervisory authority of their respective countries of domicile. The FSA only carries out limited supervision over such insurers/reinsurers (for example, regarding compliance, claims handling and complaints procedures).
Insurers and reinsurers domiciled in countries outside of the EEA must be granted concession by the FSA to carry out insurance operations in Sweden. The activities of the Swedish branch or agency of such an insurer will be regulated by the FSA.
There are no restrictions on the transfer of risk, although there are detailed rules on transfers of portfolios. An insurer can only transfer a portfolio to (Insurance Business Act):
A Swedish insurer.
An insurer authorised in another EEA country.
A non-EEA insurer authorised to carry on insurance activities in Sweden.
The transfer must be approved by the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA). Although a transfer do not require the insured's consent, the FSA will only approve it if the interests of the insured are protected and if the insurer taking over the risk can satisfy certain capital base requirements. A number of detailed formal requirements must also be satisfied. Transfers of reinsurance portfolios require individual consent from the contracting parties.
Operating restrictions
Authorisation or licensing
Insurance/reinsurance providers
Except for EEA insurers operating on the basis of authorisations obtained in their country of domicile, all insurers who carry on insurance activities in Sweden must be authorised by the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA).
To obtain authorisation, a number of requirements must be satisfied:
The applicant must be a corporate entity.
The applicant's articles of association must comply with the provisions of the Insurance Business Act.
The applicant's outlined activities must satisfy all requirements of the Insurance Business Act.
For limited companies, all qualified owners must be deemed fit to exercise influence on the management of an insurance company.
The proposed board of directors and CEO must be deemed sufficiently qualified and experienced to take part in the management of an insurance company.
The applicant cannot have close links that prevent the FSA's effective supervision.
The application must include detailed information about the applicant, its ownership and control, articles of association, organisation description, business plan, capital base, actuary, compliance arrangements, and insurance technical guidelines regarding debt coverage, risk management, money laundering, executive pay, and investment guidelines.
The FSA deals with authorisation applications within five months of receipt. If requested, the FSA may also give an advance ruling on whether or not authorisation can be expected to be granted.
Insurance/reinsurance intermediaries
All individuals or companies who undertake professional insurance mediation activities in Sweden must be authorised by the FSA. Under the Insurance Mediation Act, such activities are defined as:
Arranging or advising in respect to insurance contracts.
Acting as agent in insurance contracts.
Assisting in the administration and performance of insurance contracts.
To obtain authorisation, individuals must:
Be over the age of 18.
Not be bankrupt or in receivership.
Not have a criminal record for financial crime.
Have adequate knowledge and competence to carry on insurance mediation activities.
Hold adequate liability insurance.
To obtain authorisation, corporations must:
Not be in bankruptcy or liquidation.
Hold adequate liability insurance.
Have management and employees who have adequate knowledge and competence to carry on insurance mediation activities.
The FSA handles applications within 30 days of receipt.
Other providers of insurance/reinsurance-related activities
There are no requirements for other providers of insurance/reinsurance-related services that do not qualify as insurance mediation activities.
Insurance/reinsurance providers
Insurers and reinsurers domiciled in other EEA countries which carry out insurance operations in Sweden through an established branch, agency or on a freedom of services basis are regulated by the regulatory authority of their respective countries of domicile. They must notify the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) of their activities, but do not need authorisation from the FSA.
Insurance/reinsurance intermediaries
There are no authorisation requirements for insurance-related services that do not qualify as insurance mediation activities, that is, any activity that does not involve one of the following:
Arranging or advising in respect to insurance contracts.
Acting as agent in insurance contracts.
Assisting in the administration and performance of insurance contracts.
Other providers of insurance/reinsurance-related activities
See above, Insurance/ reinsurance intermediaries.
Restrictions on ownership or control
Insurance/reinsurance providers
See Question 12, Insurance/reinsurance providers.
Insurance/reinsurance intermediaries
There are no restrictions, although the management of intermediaries must be deemed fit and proper to carry out insurance mediation activities by the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA).
Other providers of insurance/reinsurance-related activities
There are no restrictions on the ownership or control of other providers of insurance/reinsurance-related activities.
Insurance/reinsurance providers
The approval of the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) is required before either:
The acquisition of 10% or more of the share capital or voting rights of an insurance company.
Increases of shareholdings in an insurance company leading to the holding of more than 20%, 30% or 50% of the company's share capital or voting rights.
The FSA will approve the acquisition if both:
The acquiring party is deemed fit and proper.
The acquisition is financially sound.
In its assessment, the FSA takes a number of factors into account, such as the acquirer's reputation, financial strength, and possible connections to money laundering or terrorist financing. The FSA handles applications within 60 to 80 days. The FSA can oppose the acquisition or change in control if there are reasonable grounds to do so.
The FSA's approval is not required for acquisitions or increases in control of non-EEA insurers, although such insurers must notify the FSA of the proposed acquisition or change in control.
Insurance/reinsurance intermediaries
Not applicable. However, changes in management must be notified to, and approved by, the FSA.
Other providers of insurance/reinsurance-related activities
Not applicable.
Ongoing requirements for the authorised or licensed entity
Insurance/reinsurance providers
Insurers and reinsurers must operate in accordance with good insurance standards. Insurers must also comply with the requirements set out in the Swedish Insurance Contracts Act. In addition, there are numerous ongoing financial requirements, including:
Solvency margins and capital requirements.
Maintaining good and prudent asset management.
Maintaining adequate reinsurance in relation to risk exposure and financial strength.
Issuance of new shares requires approval from the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) in certain circumstances (see Question 12, Insurance/reinsurance providers). Issuance of debt securities requires FSA's approval if the insurer's/reinsurer's total borrowing exceeds 5% of its capital base.
Insurers and reinsurers are not allowed to carry on non-insurance business or transactions (see Question 7).
Insurers and reinsurers are not allowed to carry out transactions or enter into contracts with affiliates within the same company group if the terms of such transactions or contract are not commercially sound.
Insurance/reinsurance intermediaries
Intermediaries must comply with both:
Good insurance mediation practices.
The provisions of the Insurance Mediation Act.
Other providers of insurance/reinsurance-related activities
Not applicable.
Penalties for non-compliance with legal and regulatory requirements
Insurance/reinsurance providers
If an insurer or reinsurer fails to comply with the requirements of the Insurance Business Act (for example, insurance technical guidelines, asset management, and capital requirements) the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) can:
Order the insurer/reinsurer to take corrective actions.
Impose limitations on (or prohibit) the disposal of the insurer's/reinsurer's assets in Sweden, in cases of serious violations.
Impose fines up to SEK50 million.
Revoke the authorisation to carry out insurance business. If the authorisation is revoked, the insurer may also be forced to enter into liquidation.
If an entity carries on insurance business without authorisation, the FSA can order the entity to cease its activities under penalty. If the entity is a limited liability company or an incorporated association, the FSA can also apply for liquidation of the entity.
"Insurance contracts" issued by unauthorised entities are deemed unenforceable, and the "insured" is therefore in theory entitled to recover all sums paid and to compensation for any loss suffered.
Insurance/reinsurance intermediaries
If an insurance intermediary fails to comply with the requirements of the Insurance Mediation Act, the FSA can:
Order the intermediary to take corrective actions under penalty.
Impose fines up to SEK50 million.
Revoke authorisations.
If an insurance intermediary carries out insurance mediation business without authorisation, the FSA can order it to cease such activities under penalty. Customers of an unauthorised insurance intermediary are entitled to damages for any loss suffered.
Other providers of insurance/reinsurance-related activities
Not applicable.
Restrictions on persons to whom services can be marketed or sold
Reinsurance monitoring and disclosure requirements
The reinsurer's ability to monitor the claims, settlements and underwriting of the cedant depends on the terms of the reinsurance contract. Most reinsurance contracts entitle the reinsurer to:
Audit the cedant's records.
Be informed of circumstances that may give rise to losses.
"Follow the settlements" or "follow the fortune" clauses are often found in reinsurance contracts. Reinsurance treaties usually require the reinsured to submit a bordereau outlining the risks accepted and/or reported claims.
Insurance and reinsurance policies
Content requirements and commonly found clauses
Form and content requirements
The Insurance Contracts Act does not contain mandatory terms that must be included in insurance policies. There are no minimum coverage provisions, except for specific mandatory insurances governed by special legislation such as patient insurance and motor vehicle liability insurance. However, in practice, policies tend to mirror the wording of the Insurance Contracts Act, as the Act will apply instead of contractual provisions that are less favourable to the insured than those of the Act. There are no prohibitions on coverage, although policies cannot cover illegal interests.
Commonly found clauses
Most insurance policies contain the following clauses:
Definitions of the insurer, policyholder, insured and beneficiaries.
Sums insured.
Definition of the insured interest and claims triggers.
Exclusions and limitations of coverage, including for gross negligence, increase in risk and breach of safety requirements.
Notification requirements and time limits for making a claim.
Contractual term.
Premium payment provisions.
Facultative/treaty reinsurance
Facultative and treaty reinsurance contracts are both common.
Commonly found clauses
Most reinsurance contracts contain the following types of clauses:
Disclosure requirements regarding the cedant's underwriting activities.
Rights of the reinsurer to inspect the cedant's records.
"Follow the fortune" or "follow the settlement" clauses.
Claims co-operation and/or claims control clauses (in facultative reinsurance).
Premium levels and premium payment provisions.
Choice of law and dispute resolution provisions.
Implied terms
The provisions of the Insurance Contracts Act are mandatory for the benefit of the insured unless otherwise expressly stated in the Act. This means that the Insurance Contracts Act will apply if the parties to the insurance contract have not agreed otherwise. The Act will also apply instead of contractual terms that are less favourable to the insured than the provisions of the Act. Policies must therefore be drafted carefully to comply with both the mandatory provisions of the Act and the insurer's underwriting objectives.
The duty of utmost good faith is not codified in Swedish insurance law. However, it is deemed to apply to all insurance contracts. The Insurance Contracts Act contains various provisions that reflect this basic principle, such as provisions requiring the policyholder to disclose information about the risk and any increases in risk to the insurer. In reinsurance contracts, "follow the fortune" clauses may be deemed to imply an obligation for the cedant to consider the interest of the reinsurer when adjusting claims.
Customer protections
General law
The Insurance Contracts Act provides far-reaching customer protection as its provisions are mandatory for the benefit of the insured. Even where the term of an insurance contract does not directly violate the Act, the courts may at their own discretion set aside any contractual provisions that they deem to be manifestly unreasonable under the general Contracts Act, although such decisions are rare in insurance cases.
Insurance policies
As the Insurance Contracts Act is very beneficial to the insured, insurers do not tend to provide additional customer protections in insurance policies. However, in practice, insurers sometimes waive some of their rights or settle the claim in a way that is more beneficial to the insured than that prescribed in the policy.
Standard policies or terms
Swedish insurers draft their own policies, although these are often relatively similar in practice. The large insurance brokers (March, Willis, AON, and so on) draft standard policies for certain types of insurance that are commonly brokered (for example, property, casualty and financial lines policies).
Insurance and reinsurance policy claims
Establishing an insurance claim
The claim trigger is set out in the policy and varies greatly depending on the type of insurance. Property insurance is usually triggered on an occurrence basis. Liability insurance is often triggered on a claims-made basis.
Under the Insurance Contracts Act, the insured must notify claims to the insurer within the time frame stipulated in the policy. If the insured fails to notify the insurer in time and this causes a loss to the insurer, the insurer can reduce the indemnity accordingly. For company insurance (that is, non-consumer insurance), the insurer can deny a claim if the insured does not make a demand for indemnity within one year from the event that triggered the claim. The insurer always bears the burden of proof for denying claims on the basis of exclusions, including late notice.
Third party insurance claims
For property insurance, a third party who has a secured interest in the policyholder's insured property (for example, under a ground lease or chattel mortgage) may in some situations be entitled to receive insurance indemnity ahead of the insured.
For liability insurance, a third party can claim directly against the insurer if the insured is under a statutory requirement to hold liability insurance, such as insurance brokers, accountants and real estate agents. The same applies to motor vehicle insurance. In addition, a third party can claim for indemnity directly against a liability insurer if:
The insured is in bankruptcy.
Public composition has been ordered by the court.
The insured is a legal entity that has been dissolved.
Time limits
The insured must bring legal proceedings against the insurer within ten years from the date when the claim was triggered under the policy. However, the insured is always granted six months to commence proceedings from the date of receipt of the insurer's final decision on the claim. If proceedings are not brought within this time frame, the right to indemnity is lost.
In company insurance (where the policyholder is not a consumer), policies can include provisions that entitle the insurer to deny claims if the insured does not present a demand for indemnity within one year from the event that triggered the claim. The insurer can also order the insured to commence proceedings within one year from the insured's receipt of the insurer's final decision on the claim. If proceedings are not brought within this time frame, the right to indemnity is lost.
The time limit for making a reinsurance claim is set out in the reinsurance contract.
Where the insured has substantially breached its duties under the insurance policy, the insurer's remedies are the:
Cancellation of the policy.
Reduction of indemnity (in part or in full).
Insureds' breaches often involve a degree of bad faith, and can include:
Lack of full and truthful disclosure of the risk, increases in risk and nature of claims.
Non-compliance with safety requirements.
Fraudulent, intentional or grossly negligent actions which cause or worsen the loss.
If the insurer has substantially breached its duties under the insurance policy or the Insurance Contracts Act, the remedies for the insured are the cancellation of the policy and/or damages.
Punitive damage claims
Insolvency of insurance and reinsurance providers
The regulatory framework for insolvent insurers and reinsurers broadly follows the general rules of Swedish bankruptcy law. Distressed insurers and reinsurers may be forced into compulsory liquidation if their equity is less than half of their share capital. If an insurer or reinsurer enters into bankruptcy, the Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) must revoke its authorisation and appoint a special receiver to administrate the bankruptcy. Insurers or reinsurers cannot enter into any new insurance contracts if they go into bankruptcy. Life insurance companies in bankruptcy must seek to transfer their risk portfolios to other insurers.
The insured is entitled to terminate an insurance contract immediately if the insurer:
Enters into bankruptcy.
Cannot be deemed in a position to fulfil its obligations.
In such cases, the insured is also entitled to damages for any loss suffered. However, a claim for damages will be unsecured in the bankruptcy. Any claims for indemnity under an insurance or reinsurance contract will be secured in the bankruptcy.
Taxation of insurance and reinsurance providers
Life insurers are partly taxed according to both:
Special rules on taxation of return on pension funds.
General rules on income tax.
Non-life insurers and reinsurers are taxed as regular limited liability companies, although they are entitled to make deductions for insurance technical deposits. Most insurance products are exempt from insurance premium tax, although premiums received for motor vehicle insurance are taxed. Insurance and reinsurance premiums are not subject to value added tax (VAT).
Insurance and reinsurance dispute resolution
Most insurers offer internal procedures for the reassessment of claims decisions, although it is not mandatory to do so.
Consumers can refer decisions of insurers to the National Board for Consumer Disputes. There are also special boards that deal with specific types of claims, including the:
Board for Personal Insurance.
Board for Bodily Injury Liability Insurance.
Board for Counsels Expenses.
Board for Legal Protection Insurance.
The boards' rulings are not binding, although it is common practice for insurers to follow such rulings.
Disputes are otherwise handled by the courts or arbitral tribunals.
Main insurance/reinsurance trade organisations
Insurance Sweden (Svensk försäkring)
Main activities. Insurance Sweden is the industry organisation for insurance companies. About 40 insurance companies are members of Insurance Sweden and account for more than 90% of the Swedish insurance market. Insurance Sweden is a member of the European insurance and reinsurance federation, Insurance Europe, and participates actively in work with Swedish and EU institutions.
Online resources
Swedish public administration legal information (Lagrummet)
Description. Lagrummet.se is the official portal for Swedish public administration legal information. It contains legal information and legislation from the government, the Swedish Parliament, government agencies and the higher courts. It is maintained by the Swedish National Courts Administration.
Swedish Government
Description. The Swedish Government maintains a website with English translations of some (but far from all) Swedish legislative acts and ordinances. The translations are for guidance only.
Contributor profiles
Susanna Norelid, Partner
Advokatfirman NorelidHolm
E email@example.com
W www.norelidholm.com
Professional qualifications. Member of Swedish Bar Association, 1999
Areas of practice. Insurance and reinsurance law; corporate & commercial law; advertising law; dispute resolution (Susanna is ranked among the very top in Sweden in insurance law in publications such as Who Is Who and Legal 500. She is also ranked as "Leading Individual" by Legal 500).
Non-professional qualifications. LLM, University of Lund 1991; Master of International Business Law (LLM), University of London, 1993
Recent transactions
- Assisting international insurers in all kind of insurance-related matters as well as disputes, both litigations and arbitral proceedings.
- Acting as an arbitrator.
Languages. Swedish, English
Professional associations/memberships. Swedish Bar Association; International Bar Association; ICC Commission on Financial Services and Insurance; ICC Commission on Marketing and Advertising; Swedish Association for Marketing Law (Board member); Swedish Insurance Association; Swedish-American Chamber of Commerce and IADC (International Association of Defense Counsel).
- Product Liability (2014), Thomson Reuters (co-author).
- Insurance & Reinsurance, Getting The Deal Through.
- Directors' Liabilities and Indemnification: A Global Guide, Globe Law and Business..
Christer A Holm, Partner
Advokatfirman NorelidHolm
E email@example.com
W www.norelidholm.com
Professional qualifications. Member of the Swedish Bar Association, 1984
Areas of practice. Insurance and reinsurance law; corporate and commercial law; real estate; dispute resolution.
Non-professional qualifications. LLM, University of Stockholm, 1979
Recent transactions
- Assisting mainly insurers in all types of insurance-related matters such as regulatory matters, interpreting and drafting insurance policies, claims handling,
- Assisting reinsurers regarding all forms of dispute resolution, including litigations and arbitral proceedings.
Languages. Swedish, English
Professional associations/memberships Swedish Bar Association; Swedish Insurance Association; International Bar Association; ICC's Commission on Financial Services and Insurance; Insuralex (Vice-president); Swedish Arbitration Association; American Club of Sweden; The center for American and International Law.
- Product Liability (2014), Thomson Reuters (co-author).
- Insurance & Reinsurance, Getting The Deal Through.
Fredrik Seemann, Associate
Advokatfirman NorelidHolm
E firstname.lastname@example.com
W www.norelidholm.com
Areas of practice. Insurance and reinsurance law, dispute resolution.
Non-professional qualifications. LLM, University of Lund, 2012
Languages. Swedish, English, Portuguese, Spanish
Professional associations/memberships. Member of AIJA (International Association of Young Lawyers).
Publications. Product Liability-Jurisdictional Comparisons (Swedish chapter), European Lawyer Reference, published by Thomson Reuters, first edition 2014.


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Schimmelpenning Syndrome
Schimmelpenning Syndrome
National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
It is possible that the main title of the report Schimmelpenning Syndrome is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report.
- Jadassohn nevus phacomatosis
- Jadassohn sebaceous nevus syndrome
- linear sebaceous nevus sequence
- Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome
Related Disorders List
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
- None
General Discussion
Schimmelpenning syndrome is a rare multisystem disorder characterized by sebaceous nevus associated with other abnormalities outside the skin which most commonly affect the brain, eyes and bones. The skin lesions associated with this disorder are called sebaceous nevus because they consist of an increased number of sebaceous glands (small oil-producing glands in the skin) along with an overgrowth (hyperplasia) of the epidermis and dilated apocrine glands. Sebaceous nevus is the most common type of organoid epidermal nevi (which broadly encompass abnormally formed adnexal skin elements such as hair follicles and glands within the skin). Epidermal nevi are usually present at birth (congenital), although they might not be identified until later during childhood or after puberty. Affected individuals may also have abnormalities affecting the brain such as seizures or intellectual impairment, the eyes such as clouding (opacity) of the cornea or partial absence of tissue of the iris or retina (coloboma), and the skeleton such as spinal malformations, craniofacial defects, and deformities of the arms and legs. Schimmelpenning syndrome occurs randomly for no apparent reason (sporadically) during the formation and development of the embryo (embryogenesis), most likely due to a mutation of a gene that occurs after fertilization (postzygotic mutation) and is present in only some of the cells of the body (mosaic pattern).
In the past, the term "epidermal nevus syndrome" was used to describe Schimmelpenning syndrome. Some authors still use these terms interchangeably. However, epidermal nevus syndrome no longer refers to a single entity, but rather represents a group of distinct, but related multisystem disorders. Additional terms used to describe Schimmelpenning syndrome include nevus sebaceus syndrome, Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome, linear sebaceous nevus sequence, nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn, sebaceous nevus syndrome, Jadassohn nevus phacomatosis and Jadassohn sebaceous nevus syndrome.
The specific symptoms and severity of Schimmelpenning syndrome can vary greatly from one person to another. It is important to note that affected individuals may not have all of the symptoms discussed below. Affected individuals should talk to their physician and medical team about their specific case, associated symptoms and overall prognosis.
The characteristic skin lesion that affects individuals with Schimmelpenning syndrome is a sebaceous nevus, which is a type of epidermal nevus. The scalp, neck and mid-facial area are most often affected. The arms, legs and trunk may also be affected. Sebaceous nevi are usually salmon or yellowed colored, hairless, smooth patches. Eventually (usually around puberty) they become more pronounced and may appear scaly, warty or thickened. When the scalp is involved, large lesions may be present and patchy areas of hair loss (alopecia) may occur. Sebaceous nevi can be prominent and easily noticeable at birth or be subtle and easily missed. Sometimes, sebaceous nevi do not become apparent until after puberty when they go through the above mentioned changes. The lesions, apart from their appearance, usually do not cause additional symptoms.
Sebaceous nevi often occur as isolated findings and usually are not associated with any abnormalities in other organs. However, when they occur with additional extra-cutaneous symptoms, the terms, Schimmelpenning syndrome or nevus sebaceus syndrome, are appropriate. Some researchers have noted that epidermal nevi on the head and face appear more likely to be associated with malformations of the brain, eyes and cranial bones.
Neurological abnormalities often occur in individuals with Schimmelpenning syndrome including seizures, delays in attaining developmental milestones (developmental delays), intellectual impairment, damage to certain cranial nerves and abnormalities affecting certain structures of the brain. Such abnormalities include one side of the brain being larger than the other (hemimegalencephaly), malformation (dysplasia) of the certain brain vessels, absence (agenesis) of the bundle of nerves that connects the two cerebral hemispheres (corpus callosum), and defects of the folds of the brain including a smooth brain that lacks the distinctive folds (agyria), abnormally small folds (microgyria) and abnormally thickened folds (pachygyria).
Individuals with Schimmelpenning syndrome may also have Dandy-Walker malformation, a rare malformation of the brain that is present at birth (congenital). It is characterized by an abnormally enlarged space at the back of the brain (cystic 4th ventricle) that interferes with the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the openings between the ventricle and other parts of the brain (foramina of Magendia and Luschka). Excessive amounts of fluid accumulate around the brain and cause abnormally high pressure within the skull, swelling of the head (congenital hydrocephalus), and neurological impairment. Motor delays and learning problems may also occur. Dandy-Walker malformation is a form of "obstructive" or "internal noncommunicating hydrocephalus", meaning that the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked resulting in the widening of the ventricles. Dandy-Walker malformation is often associated with partial agenesis of part of the cerebellum known as the cerebellar vermis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Dandy-Walker" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ocular abnormalities also occur in Schimmelpenning syndrome including a partial absence of tissue (coloboma) from the colored portion of the eye (iris) or the membrane lining the back of the eyes (retina), clouding (opacity) of the cornea, crossed eyes (strabismus), defects of the optic nerve and scarring degeneration or detachment of the retina. Some individuals may have a benign, yellowish-white, fatty tumor on the outer portion of the eyeball (epibulbar lipodermoid). A sebaceous nevus on the face can potentially involve structures in the eye including the eyelids and the thin, clear membrane that covers the outer surface of the eye (conjunctiva).
Affected individuals may also have skeletal malformations including abnormal curvature of the spine, dislocation of the hip, and deformities of the limbs. Craniofacial defects such as an unusually prominent forehead (frontal bossing), underdeveloped nasal and orbital bones and asymmetry of the skull may also occur. Additional skeletal malformations may include bone cysts, underdevelopment of the pelvis and incomplete formation of certain bony structures including the ankle, foot and bones of the spinal column (vertebrae).
Individuals with Schimmelpenning syndrome may also develop vitamin D-resistant rickets, a condition characterized by bow deformities of the legs, pain in the legs and progressive softening of the bone structure. In children, growth rates may be slow, ultimately resulting in short stature. Affected individuals may be prone to fractures.
According to the medical literature, sebaceus nevi are associated with an increased risk (approximately 25 % of affected individuals) of developing secondary benign skin tumors such as trichoblastoma or syringocystadenoma papilliferum, whereas malignant secondary tumors (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma) on the basis of a sebaceous nevus are very rare but cannot be excluded.
The exact cause of Schimmelpenning syndrome is unknown. The disorder is believed to be caused by a mutation in a gene that occurs after fertilization of the embryo (postzygotic mutation), most likely early during embryonic development. Affected individuals have some cells with a normal copy of this gene and some cells with the abnormal gene (mosaic pattern). This may be referred to as having two distinct cell lines in the body. The variability of symptoms associated with Schimmelpenning syndrome is due in part to the ratio of healthy cells to abnormal cells. When all cells have the abnormal gene, the condition is not compatible with life. Researchers believe that these postzygotic mutations occur randomly for no apparent reason (sporadically).
Recent research has identified two individuals with Schimmelpenning syndrome who had postzygotic mutations of the KRAS and HRAS genes, respectively. In addition, more than 90% of individuals with a sebaceous nevus (in the absence of associated symptoms) revealed HRAS and KRAS mutations. Further research is necessary to confirm that the involvement of these genes play a role in the development of certain cases of Schimmelpenning syndrome. More research is also necessary to identify the exact underlying molecular mechanisms that are involved in the development of Schimmelpenning syndrome.
Affected Populations
Schimmelpenning syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. The exact prevalence and incidence of the disorder in the general population are unknown. Epidermal nevi (as an isolated finding or a part of a syndrome) have been reported to occur in approximately 1 to 3 per 1,000 live births.
Related Disorders
Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica is a form of epidermal nevus syndrome characterized by the presence of a sebaceous nevus and a condition known as speckled lentiginous nevus of the papular type. Speckled lentiginous nevus is characterized by large, light-brown discoloration of the skin, superimposed by multiple darkened (melanocytic) spots (papules). While sebaceous nevus is present at birth, the characteristic papules of speckled lentiginous nevus may not develop until later in life, whereas the café-au-lait background macules showing a checkerboard arrangement tend likewise to be present in the newborn. Individuals with phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica may also develop additional abnormalities, especially neurological and skeletal abnormalities. Neurological abnormalities include seizures, intellectual impairment, muscle weakness, paralysis on one side of the body (hemiparesis), underdevelopment of one side of the boy (hemiatrophy), excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), and cutaneous dysesthesia, a condition in which touching the skin causing a feeling of unpleasantness. Skeletal abnormalities may include abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis) and vitamin D-resistant rickets, a condition characterized by bowing deformities of the legs, pain in the legs and progressive softening of the bone structure. In children, growth rates may be slow, ultimately resulting in short stature. Affected individuals may be prone to fractures. Additional findings that have been reported in this disorder include hearing loss in one ear, crossed eyes (strabismus), droopy of the upper eyelid (ptosis) and narrowing of the aorta (aortic stenosis). (For more information, choose "epidermal nevus syndromes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Standard Therapies
A diagnosis of Schimmelpenning syndrome is made based upon identification of characteristic symptoms (e.g., a sebaceous nevus along with abnormalities affecting other organ systems), a detailed patient history and a thorough clinical evaluation.
Clinical Testing and Work-Up
In some cases, a small sample of affected skin may be taken for microscopic study (biopsy). Additional tests may be required to detect the presence and extent of associated symptoms. Such tests include a skeletal survey, a complete ophthalmologic exam, chests x-rays and specialized imaging techniques to evaluate the brain. Such imaging techniques may include computerized tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Whether a child with a sebaceous nevus should undergo such imaging techniques is controversial. Some researchers believe that these tests should be avoided unless there are clinical signs of central nervous system involvement.
The treatment of Schimmelpenning syndrome is directed toward the specific symptoms that are apparent in each individual. Treatment may require the coordinated efforts of a team of specialists. Pediatricians, pediatric neurologists, dermatologists, orthopedists, orthopedic surgeons, ophthalmologists, and other healthcare professionals may need to systematically and comprehensively plan an affect child's treatment.
The specific therapeutic procedures and interventions for individuals with Schimmelpenning syndrome will vary, depending upon numerous factors including the specific symptoms present, the extent of the disorder, an individual's age and overall health, tolerance of certain medications or procedures, personal preference and other factors. Decisions concerning the use of particular therapeutic interventions should be made by physicians and other members of the healthcare team in careful consultation with the patient and/or parents based upon the specifics of his or her case; a thorough discussion of the potential benefits and risks, including possible side effects and long-term effects; patient preference; and other appropriate factors.
Surgery may be performed to improve cosmetic appearance of individuals with Schimmelpenning syndrome. In the past, surgery was recommended because of the risk of malignancy. However, now that the risk of malignancy is less than previously believed, this view is no longer advocated, especially if surgery will be disfiguring. In addition, the surgical excision of a lesion may not always be possible due to the specific location of the nevus.
Additional therapies for Schimmelpenning syndrome depend upon the specific abnormalities present and usually follow standard guidelines. For example, epilepsy may be treated by anti-seizure medications and certain skeletal and ocular malformations may also be treated surgically. In the medical literature, several cases have been reported where neurosurgery has been used to treat individuals with Schimmelpenning syndrome and epilepsy.
Additional therapies that may be used to treat individuals with Schimmelpenning syndrome include remedial education, physical therapy and occupational therapy all of which should be individualized. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for affected individuals and their families.
Investigational Therapies
Because the yet identified KRAS and HRAS mutations in Schimmelpenning syndrome cause an activation of the RAS-RAF-MAPK signaling pathway and inhibitors of this pathway are already available, a possible treatment of severely affected young patients with the inhibitors has to be considered in the future (e.g., in clinical trials) to possibly improve the associated abnormalities of organs such as the brain.
Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site.
For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:
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Jones KL. Ed. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. 6th ed. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 2006:576.
Sugarman JL, Frieden IL. Epidermal Nevus Syndromes. In: Neurocutaneous Syndromes, Roach ES, Miller VS, eds. 2004 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Pp. 88-103.
Prayson RA. Epidermal Nevus Syndrome. NORD Guide to Rare Disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2003:105-106.
Gorlin RJ, Cohen MMJr, Hennekam RCM. Eds. Syndromes of the Head and Neck. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, New York, NY; 2001:484-485.
Groesser L, Herschberger E, Ruetten A, et al. Postzygotic HRAS and KRAS mutations cause nevus sebaceous and Schimmelpenning syndrome. Nat Genet. 2012;44:783-787. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22683711
Moody MN, Landau JM, Goldberg LH. Nevus sebaceous revisited. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29:15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21995782
Happle R. The group of epidermal nevus syndromes. Part I. Well defined phenotypes. J Am Acad Derm. 2010;63:1-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542174
Happle R. The group of epidermal nevus syndromes. Part II. Less well defined phenotypes. J Am Acad Derm. 2010;63:25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542175
Brandling-Bennett HA, Morel KD. Epidermal nevi. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010;57:1177-1198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20888465
Amato C, Elia M, Schepis C. Schimmelpenning syndrome: a kind of craniofacial epidermal nevus associated with cerebral and ocular MR imaging abnormalities. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31:E47-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299435
Greene AK, Rogers GF, Mulliken JB. Schimmelpenning syndrome: an association with vascular anomalies. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2007;44:208-215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17328648
Sugarman JL. Epidermal nevus syndromes. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2004;23:145-157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15295924
Happle R. Gustav Schimmelpenning and the syndrome bearing his name. Dermatology. 2004;209:84-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15316159
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Facile synthesis of SrCO3 nanostructures in methanol/water solution without additives
© Lishuo et al.; licensee Springer. 2012
Received: 25 April 2012
Accepted: 30 May 2012
Published: 15 June 2012
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© Lishuo et al.; licensee Springer. 2012
Received: 25 April 2012
Accepted: 30 May 2012
Published: 15 June 2012
Highly dispersive strontium carbonate (SrCO3) nanostructures with uniform dumbbell, ellipsoid, and rod-like morphologies were synthesized in methanol solution without any additives. These SrCO3 were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption-desorption. The results showed that the reaction temperature and the methanol/water ratio had important effects on the morphologies of SrCO3 particles. The dumbbell-like SrCO3 exhibited a Broader-Emmett-Teller surface area of 14.9 m2 g−1 and an average pore size of about 32 nm with narrow pore size distribution. The formation mechanism of the SrCO3 crystal was preliminary presented.
Recently, nanomaterials with different morphologies have attracted great attention for their promising applications such as optical materials, efficient catalysts, drug-delivery carriers [1–3], etc. Strontium carbonate (SrCO3) is one of the important reagents used in firework, pigment, and electron manufacturing [4]. There are two main usages of SrCO3: they are used in the production of cathode ray tubes and ferrite magnets for small direct-current motors [5]. However, SrCO3 with different morphologies may own different potential usages. For example, SrCO3 with a needle-like crystal is used in optical polymers to reduce birefringent phenomena [6]. A sphere-shaped crystal with a diameter less than 1 μm is favorable for high-temperature electric components. So far, SrCO3 with various morphologies such as hierarchical branches, hexagonal prisms, straw-like, pancake, ellipsoid, needle, flower ribbon, bundle, dumbbell, sphere, and rod-like have been reported [5, 7–13].
Various methods have been reported on the preparation of SrCO3 nanostructures including hydrothermal [14], microwave-assisted [9], microemusion-mediated solvothermal methods [5], etc. Although nanoscale SrCO3 with special morphologies was obtained, the preparation processes were complex and strict, such as high-pressure, high-temperature, and tedious synthetic procedures as well as high cost were required. Aside from that, large-scale synthesis of SrCO3 nanostructures still remains a considerable challenge.
In this work, a new facile way was reported to synthesize SrCO3 nanostructures by continuously carbonizing Sr(OH)2 with CO2 in methanol/water solution without additives. The effects of the reaction temperature and the methanol/water (m/w) molar ratio on the morphology evolution were investigated. This method is simple, low-cost, and easy to control in producing large-scale monodisperse SrCO3 nanostructures.
In the typical experiment, several grams of Sr(OH)2·8H2O were dissolved into the methanol/water solution and kept at room temperature for 24 h. The concentration of the solution was kept at 0.05 mol l−1 for all the experiments. The solution was put into the reactor and stirred using a propeller agitator with a speed of about 800 rpm. Mixed CO2 of 100 ml min−1(80 ml min−1 N2 + 20 ml min−1 CO2) was induced into the reactor and lasted for 30 min. Then, the gas was cut off and continuously agitated for another 2 h. Finally, the solution was naturally cooled to room temperature. The products were separated by centrifugation and washed with deionized water and ethanol alternately for three times. The obtained carbonate samples were dried at 60°C for 24 h.
The products were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; JSM-6700 F, JEOL, Akishima-shi, Japan) and X-ray diffraction (XRD; X'pert PRO MPD, PANalytical B.V., Almelo, The Netherlands); patterns of carbonate were recorded on a diffractometer (using Cu Kα radiation; λ = 0.154 nm) operating at 40 kV/30 mA. A scanning rate of 0.2° s-1 was applied to record the patterns. The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms were measured at 77 K using an automated surface area and pore size analyzer (QUADRASORB SI-MP, Quantachrome Instruments, Boynton Beach, FL, USA).
From the XRD pattern, we can know that the SrCO3 from the pure methanol solution have poor crystallinity than those from the methanol/water solution (Figure 2; some crystal planes such as (021), (102), and (200) are only observed in the SrCO3 from the methanol/water solution. The results indicate that the SrCO3 from the methanol/water solution has better developed crystal plane.
In order to investigate the effect of the m/w ratio on the morphology of SrCO3, the crystals were prepared in m/w ratios of 3:2, 1:1, and 2:3. Figure 4 shows the morphologies of the products from the different m/w ratios. It is interesting that the rod-like SrCO3 with different length-diameter ratios were observed in most cases. The results indicated that the m/w ratio has a great effect on the morphology of products. When the ratio of m/w is 3:2 (Figure 4A), irregular plate-like products with a few short rods have been observed in the picture; the rods had a diameter of 90 nm and a length of 600 nm. As the m/w ratio was changed to 1:1, monodisperse rod-like products with a diameter of 120 nm and a length of 1.2 μm were observed (Figure 4B). When the m/w ratio is 2:3, the morphologies (Figure 4C) of the products were similar with those obtained in the m/w ratio of 1:1; it seems that the crystallinity of the products is better than that of Figure 4B.
Although the exact formation mechanism of these morphologies of the SrCO3 crystal is still not clear at present, our results show that the reaction temperature and the m/w ratio have great effects on the morphology. The m/w ratio or the polarity of the mixed solvent had a great effect on the morphology which had been reported by Lou et al. [17] and Zhang et al. [20]. Studies showed that alcohols can affect the dielectric constant of the medium and change the crystal growth rate [21]. When pure methanol was presented, the -OH of methanol might adsorb to the nuclei of the crystals and change its surface energy and then the morphology of the products. As the temperature was increased, the vibration of -OH groups in methanol was more rapid and absorption effects were weakened [22]. Thus, the morphology of the product has little change at relatively high temperatures of 60°C and 70°C (Figure 3A,B). However, when the methanol/water solution was presented, the forming hydrogen bond between methanol and water prevented the absorption to the nuclei, and rod-like products growing along the c-axis were obtained.
Highly dispersive SrCO3 nanostructures with unique ellipsoid, dumbbell, and rod-like morphologies were successfully synthesized by a facile way in pure methanol or methanol/water solution without additives. The morphology of SrCO3 nanostructures can be controlled flexibly by adjusting the reaction temperature and the m/w ratio. N2 adsorption-desorption result reveals that this dumbbell-like SrCO3 has a mesoporous structure. It is expected that these SrCO3 nanostructures can be used in photocatalysis and electronic manufacturing in the future.
LL is a Ph.D. on chemical engineering science. He researches on crystal growth and design at Guangxi University. Dr. RL works as an associate researcher at the Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, he works on crystal growth and morphology controlling. Professors QF and ZT are experts of chemical engineering at Guangxi University.
This work is supported by the National Nature Foundation of China (20976181).
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Obama's campaign has stepped up its sales pitch nationwide as his administration's signature achievement heads to a legal challenge in the U.S. Supreme Court.
Obama supporters put on events Friday marking the second anniversary of the health law. Events included a forum on women's health featuring a law student thrust into the center of the debate.
Several dozen women applauded law student Sandra Fluke, the woman made famous when talk show host Rush Limbaugh called her a "slut" for wanting contraception coverage, to Friday's panel to talk up the law.
Fluke called the health law "an absolute boon for women" but referred only obliquely to Limbaugh.
"If it takes a radio scandal, I'll take it. Because now we're talking about women's health," she said.
A few blocks away, more than 100 protesters gathered outside the state Capitol at the same time to decry parts of the law. "Our freedoms are just systematically being stripped away," said conservative Susan Sutherland, of Thornton.
The perception of the health law is especially important to Obama's re-election hopes in suburbs like Lakewood, where moderate women voters have made the difference in close Colorado elections.
In 2008, women in Colorado supported Obama at about the same rate female voters nationwide did, 56 percent, according to exit polls.
To do that, Obama's re-election team has cranked up outreach to female voters this month. They've sent mailers to suburban women talking up the health law's expansion of preventive women's care, such as mammograms and cervical cancer screenings, and rolled out websites aimed at helping women find what the health law means to them.
The Obama campaign also enlisted nurses to help sell the law.
A handful of nurses and other volunteers took to their cellphones last week in the Denver suburb of Lakewood to call voters and talk up the health care overhaul. The volunteers were targeting elderly women.
Holding up a sheet of talking points about the health law, campaign field director Tami Parker told about a dozen volunteers that the health care law faces a Supreme Court challenge next week.
"We need to talk about how the Affordable Care Act helps women, especially elderly women," Parker said. The talking points ended with an argument in bold: "Some politicians want to take away these new benefits, and put insurance companies back in charge."
One of the volunteers was Cindy Lay, a retired hospital ancillary staff member who said Obama's health care proposal is the reason she worked the phones for the president in 2008 and why she will again this year. Lay's mother died in the 1970s of uterine cancer.
"She couldn't get insurance because they wouldn't cover her, she had a pre-existing condition," said Lay, he voice cracking with emotion. "She died in the emergency room where I worked. I vowed then that I would work for whoever would try to get care for everybody."
It's a personal sales pitch that could resonate with crucial swing female voters.
Floyd Ciruli, a nonpartisan Colorado pollster, said the public remains lukewarm about the health law and unsure what it does. He said Obama's outreach to Colorado women serves two purposes—selling the health overhaul to the people who make most health decisions for the households and shoring up support among women.
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The Denver suburbs promise to be an especially intense battle. Jefferson County was once a Republican stronghold, but Obama edged Republican presidential candidate John McCain in 2008 with less than 54 percent of the vote.
The Obama campaign is counting on volunteers like Lakewood retiree Anita McIntyre to stay ahead in Jefferson. The former insurance agent was working the phones arguing that Republicans are a threat to women's health care.
"I'm very passionate about this law and women's rights," McIntyre said.


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Analysis: Nutty Squirrel
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Since this is the 10th year of the Clan on the web, I thought it would be fun to see if anyone could get ALL of these questions right. MODS ARE NOT ELIGIBLE!!!
1. What was the name of the newsletter that started it all?
2. Name one writer for the Clan when it was affiliated with the 'insiders'.
3. Who was Philip Crocker?
4. There used to be a weather forecast at the bottom of the Clan front page. What City was it for?
5. Which poster came close to making the team?


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Hourly - Expert ($$$) - Est. Time: Less than 1 week, Less than 10 hrs/week - PostedSkills: WebHost Manager (WHM) Apache administration CentOS CPanel
I had prior issues with it and had to uninstall. - Someone who can harden the server using WHM/cPanel/terminal and configure CSF and mod_security to mitigate as many attacks as possible ... I have limited Linux sysadmin experience, but relatively good knowledge of WHM/cPanel and basic terminal/shell commands. If we establish a good working relationship, I believe this will be an on-going project where I will evoke your services every few months to help improve the server config.


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Seems I am on wrong site...too many gun lovers here for me..Shall I leave?
Sister Jean 2012/07/21 13:30:55
Top Opinion
bags the Indigenous Guru 2012/07/21 16:45:39no+9SJ, I'm one of those 'gun lovers', and I'd be devastated if you went!
More polls by Sister Jean
Sort By
- poet4justice 2012/08/20 13:35:04noI am a lover of my own personal gun
- Claybern 2012/07/26 19:09:43
- cowboy 2012/07/23 20:46:16yesIf you are not with us, you are against us! Only gun owners allowed! You know I am kidding right? This is an opinon site. If your opinion is against guns, then I am ok with that. If my opinion is for guns, then you should be ok with that.
- Lana 2012/07/23 16:03:31
- Jerry 2012/07/23 02:48:36no+1..............Sister Jean, with what happened overnight on Friday, and that deviant killing all those innocent people, in Aurora, Colorado, I am definitely in favor of an overhaul of the present Firearms Law, read all my post answers, Sister Jean...........I want You to definitely stay on Soda Head........... ;-) God, Bless and Keep You, Sister Jean.........
- who needs 4 rifles
- Jerry Sister ... 2012/07/23 15:55:49
- malikasecrets 2012/07/22 23:43:12
- rand 2012/07/22 23:23:55
- Elz 2012/07/22 22:35:49noif you want to.
- saturdayschild 2012/07/22 18:10:40noI'm surprised you'd suggest that. I thought you could deal with people who had different values than you.
- saturda... Sister ... 2012/07/22 19:45:39
- Lana Sister ... 2012/07/23 15:21:17+1SJ, I am with you 200%. I have been against every type of every kind of gun for some 45 years and I have seen so many of the best and brightest murdered from JFK, Bobby K., Dr King, John Lennon and so so many more. It is easier in this country to get a gun than to have health care. ! I believe EVERYONE should be tested yearly for mental illness and if they don't pass they must turn in their little boy toys to the police. If the crazies refuse to do this we then have another choice, they can keep their damn guns but then ALL bullets should be illegal. Everyone knows by now that no place is safe, not a school,
nor a movie. ! How many more must die before somrthing is done ? Just how many.
- thanks
- Nilam 2012/07/22 17:16:36
- jimf 2012/07/22 16:27:57
- Icon 2012/07/22 15:57:53
- dear•LT13☻ 2012/07/22 15:01:30
- dear•LT13☻ Sister ... 2012/07/22 15:32:45
- And I have no patience for those that do NOT know how to read the constitution. YOU are NOT part of any militia !
- TasselLady 2012/07/22 13:35:40
- TasselLady Sister ... 2012/07/22 13:55:09
- Tracie Richards~PWCM~JLA 2012/07/22 13:21:14
- chris.haynees 2012/07/22 11:04:05
- chris.h... Sister ... 2012/07/26 13:11:24I mean it people with alternate views help me shape mine.
- Cleaver62 2012/07/22 09:51:56
- Todd 2012/07/22 09:35:05
- Somkey the Hores 2012/07/22 09:32:31
See Votes by State
2016/02/10 00:44:02
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Exclusive: Leonardo DiCaprio talks about Scorsese's 'Shutter Island'
Paramount's releasing "Shutter Island" this coming weekend, and I'm pleased to see that glowing reviews are starting to pour in for the film, which I saw in December.
Pleased, but not especially surprised.
Dennis Lehane's novel, adapted for the screen by Laeta Kalogridis, gave director Martin Scorsese a chance to work out his Val Lewton, and the end result is creepy, beautiful, lushly realized. It's a horror film, but the monsters in it are all the monsters we all carry around inside us. Our fears, our doubts, our pain, our sorrow. It marks yet another collaboration between Scorsese and his new favorite movie star Leonardo DiCaprio, and what's interesting about them working together over and over is that it bookends the early part of Scorsese's career, when he worked with De Niro over and over. I suspect that these days, part of what makes DiCaprio so attractive to the director is that he can get almost anything bankrolled simply by being involved, but that wouldn't be enough for Scorsese if he didn't also love the collaboration.
What I've heard about Scorsese from everyone who has ever worked with him is that he is the sort of guy who loves the conversation. He loves to take a piece of material apart, and he loves to be challenged about it by everyone who is part of the process, whether it's his longtime editor Thelma Schoonmaker or the actors or his cinematographer or the writer. He enjoys it because he's secure that after all the time he's put in as a director, he knows what he likes, he knows what he's trying to say, and he knows that he has the technical ability to communicate an idea. He trusts the people he hires to bring their very best to the films, and he doesn't spend all his time micro-managing or second-guessing. Check it out:
On "Shutter Island," he has a pretty remarkable cast, including DiCaprio, Mark Ruffalo, Ben Kingsley, Max Von Sydow, Emily Mortimer, Michelle Williams, Elias Koteas, and more. In our exclusive featurette, they talk about working with him and vice-versa, and it's a bit of a love fest. If you're looking for more clips, you shouldn't. Paramount's being very careful about how much footage from this one they release because the film is a sneaky emotional puzzle-box, and if you see too much, you'll start to piece things together.
Suffice it to say, "Shutter Island" is a destination worth visiting, and you'll be able to book your trip starting this weekend.
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New 'Daniels And Diaz' Handles Mornings In Louisville
October 9, 2012 at 9:22 AM (PT)
COX MEDIA GROUP Country WQNU (Q 103.1)/LOUISVILLE debuted its new morning show "DANIELS AND DIAZ" at 5a (ET) on MONDAY (10/1).
KRIS DANIELS, who is also the station's MD, has been hosting WQNU mornings since 2008. After a week-long stunt of several celebrity guest co-hosts, including RCA NASHVILLE artist JAKE OWEN and BLACK RIVER ENTERTAINMENT artist KELLIE PICKLER, CHRIS DIAZ was officially named WQNU's new morning co-host.
"We launched a nation-wide search for KRIS' co-host and found that the best guy for the job was right here in LOUISVILLE. We are super-excited to show off what "DANIELS AND DIAZ" will be able to do together for morning radio in this city," said WQNU OM SHANE COLLINS.
DIAZ was most recently Imaging Dir. and hosting nights at CLEAR CHANNELMEDIA Top 40 WNRW (98.9 RADIO NOW)/LOUISVILLE, until the company's downsizing earlier this year (NET NEWS 3/30).
Congratulate CHRIS DIAZ at firstname.lastname@example.com.
MORE ABOUT: louisville | daniels and diaz | chris diaz | net news | jake owen | search | monday | wnrw | radio now | wqnu om shane collins | rca nashville | kellie pickler | clear channelmedia | kris daniels | black river entertainment | cox media group | country | travel | tax | homes


text: Report Abuse Home > Poetry > Limerick > Kung Fu guy Kung Fu guy By vegetariangirl, Hamilton, OH More by this author there was a guy who couldn't rhyme, then he tried Kung Fu, and moved to Peru, and made Kung Fu, his new past time « Previous article More by this author Next article » Join the Discussion Login This article has 1 comment. Post your own now! Report abuse theblondechick said... Dec. 28, 2013 at 11:47 am I really liked this. It was cute and comical. Good job Reply Email me when someone replies Share on Facebook


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Adapt or perish. That is the message Triple H has been sending to the Shield in recent weeks since reforming Evolution. The concept seems simple enough when applied to professional wrestling: either evolve your character over time or quickly become irrelevant.
However, Triple H should be heeding his own advice, because it appears Evolution is the stable that will need to adapt in the near future in order to survive. With Batista taking some time off after Extreme Rules and Triple H only working a part-time in-ring schedule, Randy Orton will be the only full-time competitor left in Evolution in a few weeks.
The ultimate goal of the entire Evolution/Shield feud is to set up a contest between Triple H and Roman Reigns sometime this fall, most likely at SummerSlam. If Batista takes a significant amount of time off and Triple H only appears to cut promos, it seems like it will be difficult to drag out the program until August.
Batista is taking some time off after Extreme Rules, leaving only one full-time competitor in Evolution.
Ric Flair is scheduled to appear on Raw this week, meaning he could also be inserted into the program for a brief period of time. I highly doubt that Flair will be around for long though, as he was not originally slated to rejoin Evolution, and considering the fact that he hasn't shown up to a WWE event sober in months, it seems unlikely that too much importance will be placed on the Nature Boy.
Flair's sobriety, or lack thereof, aside, he is also not someone who is going to compete in the ring, so his involvement seems rather pointless, especially when considering that Triple H is basically playing the same managerial role that Flair occupied during the stable's original incarnation.
Michael Hicks looks at the Shield/Evolution rivalry.
Roman Reigns joining Evolution would be pretty awesome and would be great for all involved. I'd really hate to see Roman Reigns take off and leave two top notch performers like Rollins and Ambrose without a storyline to build upon. The only problem I could see presenting itself would be in the mic skills department. It's not a strong point for neither Roman nor Randy. Triple H would have to fill that void for that to work out. Overall though, I like the idea of Reigns to Evolution and keeping Ambrose and Rollins as faces.
You have it backwards, Ambrose is the one that will turn heel.
Did you even read the article? I'm commenting on the idea that the writer presented. Unless you're a WWE employee, you're basing Ambrose turning strictly on rumors.
No, I'm not basing it off rumors. I'm basing it off the fact that Ambrose is better suited as a heel than Reigns. Plus, if a Roman Reigns is facing Triple H at SummerSlam then he's not turning heel. That wouldn't make any sense.
I see your point and I agree if Reigns were to become a face as a singles competitor, the logical move would be to have Ambrose as a heel. While what you're speaking of makes sense, that's a different scenario than the one the article suggests. There's a lot of routes the WWE could take with this angle, we'll have to wait and see.
Reigns is far far far worse on the mic than Orton
I didn't say one was better than the other.
I actually like the idea of Reigns going to Evolution… Fact is everyone is expecting him to be the face coming out of The Shield split… Going with a bit of a twist there would be welcomed. Plus in the long-run, him turning face coming out of Evolution, would likely be a strong turn then him remaining face from a split with The Shield.
Regardless though, any of the guys from The Shield going heel and joining Evolution would be pretty badass.
You make a good point, any member of The Shield could join and it would make for an interesting turn. All 3 members are really over with fans, seeing either Rollins, Reigns or Ambrose join Evolution would be a shocker and would provide the curveball this angle may need by the time it comes for The Shield to disband. With all the reports of Reigns turning face, it feels like a forgone conclusion. A plot twist would keep us all on our heels (no pun intended).
Also Evolution comes off as a bit aged, especially if they decide to throw Flair into the mix. A new, young, hungry member could really put some life back into group especially with the younger audience. A member of The Shield would be perfect for that role.
Agreed. I for one hope they take Flair out tonight. It would be more interesting than anything else they could do. The Shield could maybe make the save. I dunno.
Evolution wins at Extreme Rules and Reigns joins Evolution. As Heyman and Cesaro most likely would be done with Swagger, they could both join the Shield. Making it Evolution vs Cesaro/Ambrose/Rollins going forward with HHH and Heyman as managers. Would be a pretty good way to get both Cesaro and Reigns over and established as top guys.
Putting Cesaro or anybody else in The Shield to replace Reigns just looks like a reach on WWE's part. It also kills Cesaro's momentum as a singles star by pulling him from one group and turning around and randomly sticking him in another group with no storyline build. It doesn't work if Heyman comes on board with The Shield, as they would definitely be the babyfaces if Reigns jumped to Evolution and Heyman is managing one of the biggest heels in the company in Brock Lesnar. Putting Heyman with The Shield also makes little sense as Rollins and Ambrose don't need a mouthpiece.
LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOL. I seriously just laughed harder than I have in a while at that outrageous idea. Nobody is joining either faction that isn't an original.
^^ Roman Reigns joining evolution wouldnt even make sence story wise lol
Let's keep Cesaro out of this feuding of stables, shall we?
I like the idea of putting Reigns with Evolution, honestly. It would be a good way to start building him towards a main event push, and he's working with top guys that can get him ready to succeed when he gets that opportunity. However, if they go that route, I hope it isn't to build a match for Summer Slam. To turn Reigns heel and then flip him babyface again that quickly would really hurt his momentum. I would keep Reigns with Evolution and have Triple H maneuver him into a long IC title reign and using Evolution to fight The Authority's battles for them. Set up a huge Survivor Series match between Evolution and Bryan, Rollins, Ambrose, and another anti-Authority babyface and start having some cracks in Evolution, there. Have Reigns turn on Evolution at the end of the Royal Rumble and go over to main event WM31. Then, Triple H wins the WWE title at the Elimination Chamber and puts Reigns over at 'mania to end the feud.
Now that's the idea.
I hope batista gets taken out by Roman Reigns. Would help build up my favorite hound of justice. Than when batista comes back and wins the belt to promote guardians, Roman Reigns will be a credible threat to his title reign
Dragging it out for Daniel Bryan didn't work at all that had nothing to do with him getting into the Main Event this year. CM Punk leaving is what shot Bryan into the main event. That and the backlash of Batista winning the rumble. I think the best way to go would be to add 1 and only 1 new member to Evolution. A guy they think could be the next Superstar which unluckily they don't have time to wait on. But I think it has to be an NXT guy it cant be someone already in WWE it has to be someone in the NXT area right now
Any suggestions on which NXT superstar would be a good addition to Evolution?
Bo Dallas. Bolieve in the Shield.
That just made my day!
Reigns isn't joining Evolution. That would be lateral move. Nobody else is joining the Shield.
Here's how it will go: In the middle of the Evo/Shield feud, Batista leaves and Kane is ever more uncontrollable. Triple H, now on the losing end of a lopsided feud, will challenge Reigns, the perceived "biggest threat," to a match a Summer Slam, and then will do what he does best- manipulate people and/or buy them off. He will play on the Shield's insecurities regarding Reigns becoming a bigger star than them and stealing their spotlight, to the point that just before or during the PPV, they turn on Roman and either Triple H beats him, or he wins despite interference from Orton/Rollins/Ambrose.
This will set up Reigns as main event material, and give him multiple feuds to strengthen his run toward a Royal Rumble win. This would also set up a strong heel tag team in Ambrose and Rollins, possibly giving them the Tag titles for a run that could easily last the majority of 2015.
If Batista is taking time off and HHH is part time then the Shield need to go over at Extreme rules.
I want Batista to win the WWE World Heavyweight title !
Titus O'Neil like I suggested before.Batista out O'Neil in nothing changes.What a preposterous idea of Roman a) joining evolution and b) just to turn on HHH just few weeks later it's like the extended version of John CNexus and Daniel Wyatt.The Shield should not break off just branch out into successful singles guys.
O'Neil's black
I think dean ambrose will be the top heel in the company over the next few years, he's the only member of the shield that doesn't quite look right as a face.
I like the idea of turning Reigns heel.
I agree with you on reigns going to evolution, I think it would be a pretty cool idea and would do nothing but help him. However I disagree on orton not being good on the mic, he is undoubtedly one of the best all round professional wrestlers in the business today.
Micky Gall Will Be CM Punk's First UFC Opponent (Video)
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CM Punk Reveals What Advice Batista Gave Him About Starting MMA, Fan Backlash
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Lakepoint Center owner John Watson voiced his frustration over traffic congestion at Evergreen Lake during the Evergreen Park and Recreation District board meeting on Aug. 27.
"The lake traffic has taken away from our businesses," Watson said. "The Lake House is asking us to absorb overflow."
People who park vehicles at the Lakepoint Center while going to the Lake Park leave no spaces for tenants such as Willow Creek Restaurant, Watson said.
During concerts at the lake, Watson said, he has to hire a deputy sheriff at a cost of $450 to keep people from parking at Lakepoint.
Both Watson and Evergreen resident Sandra Slonim said the marketing that the park district has done for the Lake Park has increased traffic problems in the area.
Slonim also expressed concern with vehicles parked in the no-parking zone along Upper Bear Creek Road.
"I think it's a dangerous situation," she said. "I don't know the solution."
"Are most of the problems during special events? asked EPRD board member Kit Darrow.
"In the last two to three years, the weekends have gone berserk," Watson said. "Big Chili (Cook-off) and New Year's Eve are particular problems."
"It's progressed to the point where it's a daily challenge," said board member Mark Footer, who owns Intero Real Estate Services at Lakepoint.
"We agree on the parking situation," said Scott Robson, EPRD executive director. "What you're talking about is real, John."
"This board is going to begin talking about capping the events" at the Lake Park, Robson said. "We're trying to find a balance."
"We've started a park ranger program … we're going to work a little more closely with the sheriff," Robson added.
However, Robson took issue with the perception that EPRD marketing is responsible for increased use of the Lake Park.
"I think we need to take a step back from blaming EPRD marketing," Robson said. "I want to be a little bit careful about putting it on one element."
"This is a phenomenon we see all through Upper Bear Creek Canyon," he remarked.
Robson said much of the marketing of the Lake Park has been focused on midweek use by businesses.
EPRD board member Janet Heck Doyle said the issue with congestion at the Lake Park surfaced two months ago when people associated with the Evergreen Nature Center came to a board meeting and said there was a problem with overuse at the facility.
During the June 25 EPRD meeting, Evergreen residents told board members they were concerned with the negative impacts to wildlife and the environment from heavy park use.
"We know there is a problem, and are taking steps to address it," Heck Doyle said. "We want to have a work session addressed to use and overuse of the park."
Heck Doyle also advocated getting assistance from the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office.
"I think there is an obligation of the sheriff's department to enforce regulations on the road," she said.
Members of the Downtown Evergreen Economic District have expressed concern with Watson's critical remarks about Lake Park use and management — particularly in regard to a column he wrote that appeared in the Aug. 28 edition of the Canyon Courier.
"I feel we all owe the EPRD a debt of gratitude for the varied and wonderful offerings to our community," said Gail Riley, owner of Highland Haven Creekside Inn. "Business-wise, we delight in being concierge to Evergreen through our inn. We are sure to send our thousands of visitors each year to enjoy the splendor of our anchor, Evergreen Lake. Along the way, they spend — a lot."
Dean Dalvit of EV Studio, another active DEED member, encouraged people to speak in support of the park district.
"The EPRD is one of the key stimulators of our local economy, and it is critical to the strength of our local economy that more voices be heard," Dalvit said.
Ron Issacson, director of Our Evergreen, also challenged Watson's statements.
"Mr. Watson's editorial opinion does not reflect the outpour of enthusiasm I heard, saw and felt from the many residents I came in contact with at lakefront activities this summer," Issacson said. "The pulse of the residents and merchants I speak with during my daily visits throughout Evergreen supports and is extremely appreciative of the way EPRD handles events at the lake."
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There's now another spot for downtown living in Roanoke.
The Ponce De Leon building had its grand opening on Wednesday.
Renovations at the building on the corner of Campbell Avenue and 2nd Street have been underway since October.
Work included restoring the first floor to make it look like it did in the 1930s when it was a hotel.
The building features eight floors of apartments.
All but 11 apartments have been rented.
Move-in day is Thursday.


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MEGAUPLOAD KINGPIN Kim Dotcom is losing his place as the best Modern Warfare 3 player in the world.
Kim is facing questions about the Megaupload business, and while he is, his Megaracer Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 ranking is slipping. Unfortunately for Mr Dotcom, he is now at number two in the world rankings and is only likely to slip down further.
Whatever you might think of his business, it seems that Mr Dotcom was a rather dedicated player and would spend hours sitting in front of a large television playing the game, sometimes wearing a bandana and sometimes not.
"Kim Dotcom aka MEGARACER (XBOX) is #1 in Modern Warfare 3. Leaderboards #1 for Kills and Leaderboards #1 for Free-For-All," says the blurb under a video posted to Youtube by Kim Dotcom. "Currently over 150,000 kills. Best of 15+ million online players! Don't hate me because I beat you. Respect me because I teach you :-)"
Dotcom is currently at number two in the rankings, according to a report at Venturebeat, and is behind a player called Arazos.
This might sound like a trifle, especially when you are facing criminal charges over Megaupload, but judging by the video, which was uploaded on New Years Eve, Kim Dotcom takes this sort of thing pretty seriously. µ
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Honor Shaw had never forgotten the passionate, sultry summer she'd spent in the arms of golden boy Mark Griffin. But then their time together ended, and maybe it was for the best. She was a simple country girl. He was in line to inherit his family's fortune. They'd both known all along it was strictly a summer romance....
Now Mark had unexpectedly returned home and seemed determined to recapture the love they'd shared. Honor knew she owed him the truth, but would Mark's desire for her be enough once he discovered the secret she'd kept for eight long years?