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Airline Reports $5 Million in Operating Profit in Q4 2012, Industry Leading 18% RASM Growth in Q1 2013;
Airline Improves Balance Sheet and Raises Additional Financing from Investors
San Francisco – May 13, 2013 – Virgin America today reports its financial results for the fourth quarter of 2012, full-year 2012, and the first quarter of 2013. The airline reported its first-ever fourth quarter operating profit in the quarter ending in December 2012, with a 4.4 point improvement in operating margin over the fourth quarter of 2011. In addition, Virgin America improved financial results in the first quarter of 2013, significantly narrowing its operating loss from the same period the year prior. For the first quarter of 2013, Virgin America reported a 69 percent year-over-year improvement in operating results compared with the first quarter of 2012, driven by an 18 percent growth in RASM.
Highlights of the two quarters are as follows:
Fourth Quarter 2012 Financial Highlights
- Virgin America achieved its first-ever fourth quarter operating profit with $5.1 million of operating income, an improvement of $13.2 million, compared with the fourth quarter of 2011.
- Fourth quarter revenue per available seat mile (RASM) increased by 9 percent, the highest in the domestic industry.
- Available seat miles (ASMs) increased by 16 percent, primarily the result of increases to the fleet size early in 2012.
- The airline recorded operating revenues of $350.4 million in the fourth quarter, a year-over-year increase of 27 percent.
- Its average fare increased 14 percent year-over-year, indicative of growing awareness and guest loyalty that Virgin America has built in its markets through its industry-leading product and service.
- Cost per available seat mile (CASM) excluding fuel increased by 6 percent compared to the year earlier quarter, largely a result of the airline's change in strategy to reduce aircraft utilization and eliminate seasonally weaker frequencies.
- The average fuel cost per gallon during the quarter was $3.00, a decline of 6 percent year-over-year.
- EBITDAR increased to $65.1 million in the fourth quarter, a year-over-year improvement of 54 percent.
- The airline held $76 million in unrestricted cash as of December 31, 2012.
First Quarter 2013 Financial Highlights
- Virgin America reduced its operating loss by $33.6 million or 69 percent year-over-year, posting a modest operating loss of $15 million.
- The Company significantly outpaced the entire U.S. airline industry with year-over-year RASM growth of 18 percent.
- ASMs decreased by 4 percent year-over-year, as the airline focused on improving its schedule for business travelers and eliminating seasonally weak frequencies during the winter.
- Its average fare increased by 19 percent over the year earlier quarter, continuing the trend demonstrated in the fourth quarter of 2012 of increased demand by guests for Virgin America's product.
- Operating revenues were $301.3 million, an increase of 13 percent from the first quarter of 2012.
- CASM excluding fuel increased by 8 percent year-over-year, primarily due to reduced utilization of the fleet.
- EBITDAR increased seven fold to $44.7 million from $6.5 million in the same period a year-ago.
- Unrestricted cash was $58 million as of March 31, 2013.
"We're pleased with our first-ever fourth quarter operating profit and the progress we have seen in the first quarter - traditionally the most challenging period for our industry," said David Cush, Virgin America's President and CEO. "Our improved financial performance reflects the changes we made last year to optimize our winter network schedule as we slow our growth. And it also reflects the growing guest awareness and loyalty we've seen as our network has grown. We've always said that once people fly us, they stick with us - and show a preference for our service. Our industry-leading RASM growth for the past six months is a testament to that and to the work of a team that has truly delivered on the promise of creating the best guest experience in the skies."
The airline's full--year 2012 operating loss was $31.7 million. The Company's operating margin for 2012 improved by 0.2 points, to (2.4) percent, compared with 2011. Year-over-year, revenue grew by 29 percent in 2012, to $1.3 billion, on a 27 percent increase in capacity. Virgin America added six Airbus A320 family aircraft to its fleet during 2012, ending the year with an operating fleet of 52 aircraft. The airline ended 2012 with $76 million in unrestricted cash.
Virgin America completed a major two-year growth phase during 2012, having taken delivery of 25 aircraft between the second quarter of 2010 and the second quarter of 2012, almost doubling the size of the fleet. With this major growth phase largely behind the Company, Virgin America is now experiencing improved revenue performance across its network. Virgin America took delivery of one aircraft in the first quarter of 2013, increasing its total operating fleet to 53 aircraft. The Company does not expect to increase its fleet size again until 2015, when aircraft on order from Airbus are scheduled for delivery. The Company expects continued improved year-over-year financial performance throughout the remainder of 2013 as a result of the slower growth strategy.
In addition to slowing growth by deferring new aircraft deliveries, Virgin America made targeted changes to its network schedule in the first quarter to optimize seasonal flying and better match supply with winter demand. These changes resulted in a 17 percent reduction in the average daily utilization of the fleet to 10.3 hours per aircraft per day. While the reduced schedule was a major driver behind the 18 percent improvement in RASM, it also contributed to an 8 percent increase in CASM excluding fuel costs. The airline ended the quarter with $58 million in unrestricted cash.
Balance Sheet Improvements
The airline also announces today that it has recently reached agreements with investors to modify the interest rate on a large portion of existing debt and to eliminate certain indebtedness to restructure its balance sheet. The restructuring eliminated $290 million of debt as of December 31, 2012, and approximately $20 million of accrued interest recorded in the first quarter of 2013. If this restructuring had been in place on January 1, 2013, Virgin America's first quarter net loss would have been reduced by approximately $20 million. These changes with investors are a first step toward preparing the Company for access to the public markets at a future date.
In addition, the Company closed an additional $75 million debt financing that was fully funded at the closing. This additional liquidity will further strengthen Virgin America's improving financial position.
As a result of these balance sheet and liquidity initiatives, the Company expects its interest expense for the second half of 2013 to be approximately $20 million, or roughly one third of the interest expense recorded in the second half of 2012.
"With the strong improvement in first quarter 2013 financial performance, we are on track for a significant operating profit for the full year," said David Cush. "The agreements reached with our investors enhance the improvements we are seeing in our business, and are a first step in modifying the Company's capital structure to one more in line with public companies. With this solid improvement to our capital structure, we now expect to achieve a net profit in the second half of 2013, and are well positioned for sustained healthy financial performance in 2014 and beyond."
Virgin America continued to drive significant growth in 2012: expanding its fleet from 46 aircraft in January 2012 to 52 aircraft in December 2012 (in March 2013, the carrier took delivery of its 53rd aircraft, which came into service in April); achieving major carrier status as defined by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT); launching service to Philadelphia, Portland, Ore., and Washington D.C.'s Reagan National Airport; and in December announcing plans to inaugurate Newark service from both San Francisco and Los Angeles in 2013. Since its 2007 launch, the airline has created 2,600 new jobs, expanded to more than 20 cities, signed up 2.6 million Elevate® frequent flyer program members and swept the reader-based travel awards including "Best Domestic Airline" in Condé Nast Traveler's Readers' Choice Awards and Travel + Leisure's World's Best Awards. As one of the few growing U.S. airlines, Virgin America grew by 283 teammates in 2012.
Operational Highlights
- In 2012 the Virgin America achieved an 83.5 percent cumulative A-14 on-time ranking, compared to the industry average of 81.9 percent.
- The airline's baggage handling rate for 2012 was 0.87 mishandled baggage reports per 1,000 guests, placing it first among all U.S. carriers reporting to the DOT for baggage reliability.
- Virgin America took the top honors for the fifth consecutive year as "Best Domestic Airline" in the prestigious Travel + Leisure World's Best Awards readers' survey as well as the Condé Nast Traveler's 2012 Readers' Choice Awards.
- Virgin America was named the best airline in 2012 in the Airline Quality Rating, a joint research project conducted annually by faculty at Wichita State University and Purdue University that looks at airlines' on-time performance and baggage handling, involuntary denied boarding and the customer complaint rates as reported by the DOT.
Key milestones achieved in the fourth quarter of 2012 include:
- The airline added three new interline partners.
- The airline introduced codeshare and agreed upon frequent flyer partnerships with Singapore Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines.
- In December, the airline announced plans to begin flying to Newark Liberty International Airport from both SFO and LAX.
- In December, the airline opened its first ever domestic lounge, the Virgin America Loft at LAX.
- In December, the airline entered into a codeshare agreement with Singapore Airlines.
- In December, the airline inaugurated the only nonstop flight offered from the New York City area (JFK) to Palm Springs with new winter seasonal service between the two cities.
Key milestones achieved in the first quarter of 2013 include:
- In January, the airline announced plans for new daily service between Los Angeles and Las Vegas.
- In February, the airline announced plans for new daily service between San Jose and Los Angeles. Also in February, the airline announced plans for new daily service between San Francisco and Austin, Texas and new summer seasonal service between San Francisco and Anchorage, Alaska.
- In March, the airline announced the appointment of industry veteran Steve Forte as its chief operating officer.
Virgin America currently flies to San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York, Newark (began April 21, 2013), Washington D.C. (IAD and DCA), Las Vegas, San Diego, Seattle, Boston, Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, Dallas-Fort Worth, Los Cabos, Cancun, Chicago, Puerto Vallarta, Palm Springs (seasonal), Philadelphia, and Portland. This month, the carrier launched service between LAX and Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport (SJC). Later this month, the airline will inaugurate new daily service between San Francisco and Austin-Bergstrom International Airport (AUS). The airline will begin summer seasonal service to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC) in June.
Although a privately held company, Virgin America is announcing these financial results in advance of the DOT quarterly reports.
Photos of Virgin America's unique aircraft can be found here.
Broadcast quality video b-roll can also be downloaded here.
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Media Contact: Jennifer Thomas 650-274-7329 or email@example.com
EDITORS NOTE: Virgin America is a U.S.-controlled and operated airline and is an entirely separate company from Virgin Atlantic. Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Group is a minority share investor in Virgin America.
About Virgin America: Headquartered in California, Virgin America offers guests attractive fares and a host of innovative features aimed at reinventing air travel. Virgin America was named "Best Domestic Airline" in the Condé Nast Traveler 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 'Readers' Choice' Awards and "Best Domestic Airline" in Travel + Leisure's 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 'World's Best' Awards. The airline's base of operations is San Francisco International Airport (SFO)'s sleek and sustainable new Terminal 2. The airline's new aircraft offer interactive in-flight entertainment systems and power outlets near every seat. Virgin America offers Gogo™ WiFi on every flight and hosts the largest in-flight entertainment library in the North American skies via the touch-screen Red™ platform. For more: www.virginamerica.com


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Thomas Antwi Bosiakoh
The drug problem has become widespread and endemic not only in the Ghanaian society but the world at large. It transcends both national and continental frontiers. According to some scholars, illegal drugs constitute a major social problem all over the world and have therefore sparked off enormous amount of literature in several scientific fields. Consequently, its presence is felt in the US and Jamaica, in Bolivia and Switzerland, in Peru and Mexico, and in Columbia and Fiji just to mention but a few. In the Golden Crescent of Pakistan and Afghanistan, the least said about illegal drugs, the best. So widespread is that, in Nigeria, it has assumed the description 'the Nigerian Connection'. In the Golden Triangle of Thailand, Burma, and Malaysia, illegal drug is considered not only as a nuisance but also as real social problem because it impinges on the conscience of the people.
In Ghana, literature on drug is particularly paltry except to resort to media publications. There are hardly any scientific publications on drugs. This situation notwithstanding, reflections on the Ghanaian drug situation is interesting on two accounts. First, is that, most of the drugs especially marijuana, cocaine and heroin are of recent provenance and have gained widespread discussion within the Ghanaian society. Secondly and most importantly, reflection on the Ghanaian drug situation is justified on accounts that, the drug phenomenon, if not controlled, could meddle in the relative peace the country has achieved on the political and security fronts. In Ghana, drug dealings occur in diverse forms and therefore present diverse ramifications. In this paper, I make efforts to unpack some of the diversified facets that the phenomenon presents itself. In the first few sections, emphasis is placed on definitional issues and the historical development of drug use in Ghana as well as the production modes of drugs in Ghana. Following then, drug trafficking is taken up with focus on the motivating factors. In the light of the increasing shrinking of the world, in what has been described as globalization, I ground the discussions on the motivating factors in a transnational perspective and then isolate the elements of economics underlining drug trafficking and drug trade in Ghana.
Unsettling the Definitional Disquiet
In some studies, drug is considered as a chemical used for the prevention, treatment, and alleviation of disease. The term 'medicine' (as used in prescription-only medicine) is sometimes used to distinguish therapeutic drugs from recreational and other drugs, such as opiates, which are used illegally or abused. Some studies bring out the natural or artificial nature of drug substances that alter the functions of organisms (for pleasure and or improve performance). In most countries, these drugs are forbidden to the general public. Most countries restrict the use of such drugs, although what is and is not legal varies widely. Whereas the legal position in different countries reflects historical and cultural attitudes to the drug in question, in many countries it is a matter of continuing controversy. Drugs are divided into three classes—A, B, and C—in descending order of gravity: offences concerning class A drugs attract the most severe sentences. The commonest class A drugs are heroin (diamorphine), cocaine, ecstasy, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD); class B drugs include amphetamines and opiate pain-relief compounds; class C drugs are generally sedative drugs and cannabis (cannabis was reclassified from class B to C in 2004 by the UK government). Ghana has long been identified as a major producer of cannabis in West Africa. In a scholarly article on Ghana's Drug Economy Henry Bernstein contended in 1999 that, Ghana's production of cannabis is only surpassed by Nigeria in the West African sub-region and that much of the production in Ghana is of 'high quality - high delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC levels - with a large domestic market and large exports'.
The use of drugs among humans dates from prehistoric times. The first list of drugs with instructions for preparation, called pharmacopoeia, appeared in 1546 in Nuremberg, Germany. With time, drug offences have come to reflect continuous use of restricted drugs. In criminal law, drug offences refer to any of the various offences connected with drugs. In Ghana, all mind-altering or mood-changing drugs are controlled, taken only under medical observation. Exception is made to alcohol. A similar case is also found in other countries, such as Nigeria and the United Kingdom.
Tracing the history and cultivation of cannabis and marijuana in Ghana
The Second World War (1939-1945) represents the first time drug production and usage especially of cannabis was introduced into the country. This period, which extended into the late 1950s saw the introduction of cannabis by soldiers who had returned from Asia, having fought on the side of Britain, the then colonial master. This Asian attribution of narcotic use in Ghana is also expressive in the terms Indian hemp and bhanga among marijuana users albeit marijuana has been christened among users and non-users alike as wee. In the most dominant local language Twi, marijuana is referred to as obonsam tawa, literally translated as the 'devil's tobacco'.
Following the introduction, cultivation was initiated in areas around Accra and the Eastern Region in small scales. According to a publication by Paris-based Observatoire Geopolitique des Drogues in 1995, the early cultivation of cannabis in and around Accra created drug use and diffusion among lower-class social and occupational groups, especially in the cities. It was the period between 1960 and 1980 that provided avenue for expansion in cultivation to areas in Ghana beyond the south-eastern drug production enclave. During this time, cultivation was expanded to new growing areas in the Ashanti and Brong Ahafo regions. Drug use had become a habit for the lower-class social and occupational groups while young upper-class Ghanaians found 'recreational' service in drugs. Like the Nigerian case, a case well articulated by Klein (1994), drug use by upper-class Ghanaians was first pursued during periods of study and vacations abroad. Klein's observation on the Nigerian case finds application in Ghana. Klein states:
'There is evidence that the habit of taking hard drugs was first acquired by Nigerians during periods of study and vacations abroad. On their return they had the means to pay for the 'stuff' and, what is also important in as overcrowded a city as Lagos, the hotel room, if no private house was available, where the ritual of consumption could take place' (Klein, 1994:668-669).
Clearly it was on their return that young upper-class Ghanaians joined in the use of drugs in Ghana, which of course had been dominated by the lower-class social and occupational groups. Latter on, according to Bernstein (1999), middle-class Ghanaians badly affected by the declining economic fortunes of the country also adopted drug consumption as a habit. In all these, it was the period beginning from the1980s that Ghana's drug market attained the maturity status (Bernstein, 1999), having achieved an estimated 15 per cent of the population, and exports estimated at 50 per cent of domestic production by the Narcotics Control Board (ibid:14).
Presently, areas in the Sefwi (eg. Humijebre) and Aowin areas of the western region of Ghana are heavily noted for the cultivation of cannabis. Here and in other growing areas, the cannabis tree is intercropped with other plants such as cassava and okra to make for its concealment. Both cannabis and marijuana come in different types. Bernstein (1999) cites one trader in the business in the following manner:
'The following types and sources of cannabis were identified by a trader (well informed about cultivation and trade in the south, but not the north), in descending order of quality: 'no seed dope': grown in the most fertile soils, often marshy and deep inside forests, on the Afram plains, in Ashanti and Brong Ahafo, with marijuana from Wenchi especially prized; 'taffeta': dense leaves and very small (concealed) seeds, grown in Volta Region; 'seed dope': which grows anywhere; 'area dope': grown close to Accra and cut early to avoid detection, giving the lowest quality marijuana' (Bernstein, 1999: 15).
Trafficking in drugs: A brief note on motivating factors
Trafficking in drugs is a worldwide activity. It is a black market consisting of production, distribution, packaging and sale of illegal drugs. The illegality of the black markets purveying the drug trade is relative to geographic location, and the producing countries of the drug markets. For instance many South American, far Eastern, and Middle Eastern countries are not as inclined to have "zero-tolerance" policies, as the consuming countries of the drug trade, mostly United States and European countries. Demand underlies the increasing drug trafficking offences, for without it, the economics of it cannot be sustained. Increased demand has therefore led to increased practitioners, and consequently, refined techniques and operational procedures. Being at least a step ahead of the law enforcement authorities is a requirement for all practitioners, especially those who operate from a low resource base.
The origin of illegal drug trade is rooted in jurisdictions where legislations prohibit the sale of certain popular drugs. In such jurisdictions, it is common for illegal drug trade to develop. For example, the Ghana government has identified a number of controlled drug substances. The same can be said of Britain and, USA and indeed very many countries across the world. As a world-wide phenomenon, illegal drug dealing has been explored as topic in books and films. The phenomenon has become a major staple for humour and entertainment and was the topic of The French Connection (films), Midnight Express (1978), Scarface (1983), Clear and Present Danger (1994), Traffic (2000), 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003), Bad Boys II (2003), and Miami Vice (2006). A number of movies in Ghana on the screens of Ghanaian television stations also exude drug as the defining theme.
Several reasons have been assigned to the increased spate of drug pushing syndicates across the world. In a famous submission, a former Inspector General of Police (IGP) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, in listing the factors that contribute to engagement in drug trafficking prefixed the argument with 'societal values placed on the acquisition of wealth irrespective of the source'. This submission apes the Ghanaian situation. Unlike the good days of yore when society busied itself to find the very root of its members' wealth, the same cannot be said today. In the past, collective responsibility was the guiding principle even for the offense of a single individual. There was a threat that wrongdoing of a single individual could bring catastrophe not only to the individual concerned but the security of the entire society. The concern then was to avert such diversified effect especially on the innocent members of society. Consequently, society went beyond the ordinary to find the underlying understanding of a person's wealth, just to make sure calamity does not befall it. This however, is not the case now albeit, the desire for wealth continues to persist, and among the youth, its shadow coaxes the more.
Like lottery, the fruit of this trade for its practitioners is sweet, and as explained by one scholar, the name of the game is money. 'Since money is the name of the game' explains this scholar, 'we must recognize that, no matter how tough our legislation … people will go all out to get it'. In this connection then, one can safely argue that economic principles and greed lie at the base of the trade. Unbridled desire for money in the shortest possible time and the power of the trade because it involves huge sums of money all conspire to create increasing number of practitioners in Ghana. But one needs to take cognizance of the unabated demand for these drugs in the west, for demand, wherever it occurs, especially when affordability exists, induces supply, no matter where it has to come from. It is therefore not surprising that the drug trade thrives in this part of the world. The economic reality of the massive profiteering inherent in the drug trade serves to extend its reach, despite the best efforts of the Ghanaian law enforcement agencies. Illegal drug business in Ghana therefore thrives on greed and the demand principle in economics.
A significant motivation commonly cited in the literature is financial. The drug market mechanism provides incentives that transcend the licit/illicit divide. Most operators seek to prosper commercially without worrying and or having quarrel with the social order that nurtures them. Profits high enough to warrant great risk continue to encourage import and export despite tightened laws.
In other jurisdictions, drug trafficking motivations link financial gain to other issues. Drug trafficking linked to political transformation or action to prevent political transformation is very well established in relation to many regional and national situations in Latin American countries, Southeast Asia and Afghanistan. There has also been mention of drug traffickers, whose objective has been to seize political power and or meddle in political power play. For example ex-Gestapo officer Klaus Barbie in 1951 went to Latin America to continue his anti-Communist activities and became security adviser to a top Bolivian trafficker Roberto Suares in the 1980s and assisting the 1980 coup which brought to power Colonel Gomez, who subsequently oversaw a national cocaine monopoly.
The link between drug trade and political transformation is clear and should be a concern for all well-meaning Ghanaians, and by extension, West African countries. Drug trafficking practitioner's ability to wobble the relative peace of the country should not be underestimated. The case of the Andean region should be a constant reminder of what could befall us, should we fail to deal with the drug rings in the country. Already, some anecdotal evidence suggests that Ghana and Nigeria have earned the reputation of 'star pupils' in the drug trafficking business. This could enlarge the route to unexpected political take-over, and the related consequences, a situation aptly captured in the final year of Taliban rule in the following words: ending the Afghan war converted the criminalized war economy into an even high-speed expanding criminalized peace economy. In either case, incentive for misgovernment was common.
Some groups also traffic in drugs at least with a motivation to fund political and/or military campaigns. The case of Khun Sa, a notorious trafficker who formed an alliance with and became the leader of secessionists in the Shan plateau State of Myanmar (Burma), typifies this stance. Other evidence suggests risk-taking, often related to social and economic marginals, for whom risk seems a 'normal' part of life. There are other studies which show the involvement of very young, quite inexperienced people in synthetic drug trafficking in Barcelona, Amsterdam and Turin, moving in and out of drug trafficking and other illegal or irregular activities. Because of their low level of criminal skills and precautions, in principle they are exposed to law enforcement but, in practice, quite often are not detected as they are not on the radars of the law enforcement authorities. In other words, they are not known to law enforcement authorities.
Drug Trafficking: A Transnational Business?
Transcending political borders and knowing no bound, not a single country is insulated from its effects. According to one literature, a high number of jailed Africans in Western Europe and US are Nigerians who have been arrested on drug charges. This reflects the trans-nationality of the drug trade, and the complex operational techniques associated with it. In very many cases of illegal drug dealings and general drug pushing activities, people of diverse nationalities are involved. Here, the infamous East Legon Cocaine Saga is handy, because it reflected collaboration between Ghana and Venezuela and comes close to what can be described as a perfect copy of the Colombian model. Cases of this nature have recently engaged the attention of the Ghanaian media. The East Legon Cocaine Saga for one has been in the media for over a year now, beginning from the last quarter of the year 2006. Prior to this, there had been other high profile cases that involved people of Ghanaian and British nationalities and were also captured by the Ghanaian media (see for example Daily Graphic, July 20, 2006, April 30, 2007 editions and Ghanaian Times, April 30, 2007 edition).
It is also important to note that, illegal drug dealings and drug pushing activities thrive not only on groups of diversified nationalities. For instance, Klein observes that, some Nigerians have their own syndicates. The same can be said of the Mexican and Ghanaian cases. The Mexican case for instance has been described in the literature as a drug trafficking federation, posing a tremendous drug threat along the US southwest border through its poly-drug smuggling operations. This federation has patrons, division heads, gatekeepers and family syndicates. Other producing countries such as Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru (the Andean producers) as well as Thailand, Burma and Malaysia (the Golden Triangle) are also into the drug trafficking business. Not even the devoutly Islamic countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan claim insulated from the drug trade.
In all these, the practitioners of the trade look up largely to the western world for market. The US has long been cited as a major market for the trade. Increased demand for drugs in the US fuels continuous engagement in the activity. Britain also appears in the list of countries that have historically stimulated the drug trade. But whilst it remains true that much of the illegal drug from the Third World, particularly Ghana is smuggled onwards to the lucrative markets of Western Europe and the United States, a considerable amount is also consumed by a rapidly growing number of local drug users. That Ghana has over the recent years been an exporter of heroin, and an importer of cocaine including bi-products of the refinement process of 'crack' confirms the local consumption hypothesis. This fact has consistently been pointed out by the media. There are similar developments in some other producer countries that have no history of internal consumption. For instance, it has been said of Pakistan, one of the classical opium producers of the 'Golden Crescent' that, it acquired a community of several thousand heroin users within a decade.
In recent years moreover, some African countries (specifically Ghana and Nigeria) have been cited as a transit points for illegal trade in drugs. According to the 2007 International Narcotic Control Strategy Report (INCSR) on Ghana, the country has become a major transshipment point for illegal drugs, particularly cocaine from South America, as well as heroin from Southeast and Southwest Asia. And while Europe remains the major destination, drugs also flow to South Africa and to North America, with Kotoka International Airport being cited as a focus for traffickers. In all these, one would think the menace affects only the country's capital city, Accra and its transit entry-exit points. This is not the case, for Tema, Sekondi, and Takoradi ports also feature considerably in the Ghanaian drug pushing trade, while border posts at Aflao, Elubo and Sampa also see significant drug trafficking activity. It is said that, in 2006, South American cocaine trafficking rings increased their foothold in Ghana by establishing well-developed distribution networks involving many of these entry-exit points in Ghana.
The Economics of Drug Trafficking
The economic thinking underlying drug trafficking is simply predicated on rational choice theory. The harm (cost) of being caught is almost always weighed against the benefit of it when one succeeds in outwitting law enforcement authorities. Ultimately, the benefits far outweigh the costs. It is here that motivation for drug trafficking is established. Even in situations where they are caught, dealers are quick in 'buying their way out'.
Indeed, it makes far greater economic sense to invest available capital in an enterprise that has a dramatic dollar yield in the very short term. In Ghana, it is said that, the risks involved in drug trafficking are not greater than those in ordinary course of commerce. One man carrying a bag-full of cocaine to London can realize a larger profit than a fishing company running several trawlers, with 200 employees on its books. The case of the Mexican drug baron Carrillo is often cited. Carrillo made huge sums of money in his drug business. He later wanted to make a pact with the Mexican government to help the country's economy with his dollars, and act as an entrepreneur.
As the trade involves international travel, the glamour of it, as in exquisite hotel rooms, airport lounges, shopping sprees (in the case of women), been-to label, et cetera all conspire to provide food for the imagination and thought of it. Though miserable when caught, as the case of mere abettors suggests, the fruit of it is tasteful, blissful and totally glorious, so much so that, neither official exhortation to abide by laws, nor the grueling prospect of capture, incarceration, or even execution are ineffective deterrents.
Traditionally a male-dominated activity, the glamour associated with the trade has succeeded in coaxing some women into it. Some women curriers are lured into it by the promise of monetary price in return for transport services. The trade also involves market women at the local level, women merchants, as well as prostitutes, often serving as abettors or conspirers. Agencies of the state – the police, judiciary et cetera have also been cited to be part of the drug trade. According to one source, the trade requires swiftness and is therefore practised in general terms, by the youth up to about 40 years and brings onboard sailors especially those working with mixed crews in international environment.
Preventing Drug Trafficking And Drug Consumption: Some Approaches
Attempts at preventing drug trafficking and drug consumption have been varied in orientation. However, the general pattern has been, in the case of drug trafficking, to stiffen anti-drug legislations. This, in the view of some academics has led to a thriving illegal drug market which can only be sustained by criminal activity. In this regard, it has become clear that, at best it will be ironic for a national policy to resort exclusively to legislative sanctions to eliminate illegal drug trade. It is perhaps out of this that the US combines both tougher anti-drug legislations and narco-diplomacy.
What remains to be learnt by Ghana from the general assessment of the US military and diplomacy efforts towards curbing narcotic trade is that anti-drug fight has to be two sided. It should tackle both the demand and the supply sides at the same time. Better still, time, attention and resources are to be directed at both ends. Ghana's anti-drug efforts should never be unilateral in orientation. Rather, it should be a cooperative endeavour with other West African, African and Western countries.
Drug consumption constitutes the demand side of the drug trafficking problem. In Ghana, it is thought the act is practised by highly qualified Ghanaians in hotels, brothels, restaurants, behind hotel fronts, bars, joints etc., and affects very many influential people. For a long time, attempts at dealing with drug consumption have been on the repression model. This is the case in Ghana, and was so in the US, Switzerland, and Britain. It was thought possible to suppress drug consumption by police actions and or by sentencing drug dealers or users. For instance, the drug policy for Switzerland for a long time mimicked the repression model. As the case of the largest city Zurich proved, this belief was based on a mistaken assumption. And so in 1987, the police failed to prevent the emergence of an open drug scene (the famous Needle Park) which later on became 'Letten'. The repression policy then was seen to be of no essence.
It was in 1994, that the city's authorities decided to pursue a 'third way' approach between repression and liberalization. This 'third way' approach had it that, city authorities provide drugs, mostly heroin, under carefully screened programme to heavily addicted users at a low price. This was to make sure the drug trade was unprofitable for its operators. Participants were to consume the drug in special offices to ensure the drug was not traded. Only persons having lived in Zurich for an extended period and with a long drug-taking career and several futile attempts at medical and psychological treatment were accepted for the programme. A second major component of the 'third way' approach was that participants attended regular discussion and counseling sessions, whilst undergoing medical observation. In this way, the police succeeded in raising drug consumption entry cost for non-drug users.
An evaluation of the programme later suggested that, the 'third way' approach looked promising. Specifically evaluation suggested that the health of the heavy drug users in the programme improved dramatically, and no death due to drug taking had occurred. Participants also incurred much less external cost. Also the evaluation affirmed that, no less than half of the participants had regular job, and four-fifths of them no longer committed property crimes. The final observation was that, more than two-thirds lived in an apartment and could be considered socially integrated. Prior to the programme, only 16% of the participants held regular job, but this increased to 50% after twelve months in the programme. Also, 50% were unemployed at the beginning of the programme, but this reduced to 14% after one year. Additionally, at the beginning of the programme, 12% committed heavy and petty theft, and 54% engaged in drug crimes. These figures fell to 2% and 20% respectively.
Obviously, the approach was successful. It led to unprecedented improvement in both social and criminal situation of Zurich by drawing drug users away from illegal drug markets. It does suggest then that, not only is the repressive approach futile, but also involves huge material and human costs, and still will almost certainly prove ineffective. The experiment in Zurich can therefore be modeled by Ghana, and suggests quite clearly that the repression posture is not only futile and ineffective but also a waste of resources. Going by this study, the Ghana government, acting through the Ghana Police Service will have to direct resources and attention to other areas where they are needed most. From other drug trafficking prevention studies comes also, the lesson that, one-sided military and narco-diplomacy efforts towards curbing narcotic trade is ineffective. A suggested strategy has been that these attempts focus on both sides at the same time, and or directing time, attention and resources at both ends. Unilateral efforts are effective but cooperative endeavours more likely to succeed.
[1] Thomas Antwi Bosiakoh is a Master of Philosophy student and a Teaching Assistant at the Department of Sociology, University of Ghana, Legon. Contact can be made via email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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As nurses, we do our best to incorporate healthy habits into our day. But day-to-day challenges can sometimes limit our progress. Although there can be obstacles, the rewards for following a few healthy habits can pay off.
Here are some tips to help you stay healthy.
The most important meal of the day
Breakfast gets its famous reputation because it is true. A good breakfast can set the tone for your whole day. Eating enough of the right foods will keep you from needing a mid-morning snack and will help you face the initial challenges of the day. So what should you eat for this all important meal? The traditional healthy breakfast items you've known for years: fruit, oatmeal (no sugar added), whole grains, and lean protein (think Canadian bacon, not real bacon).
Read those labels
There's growing momentum towards a change in how nutritional information will be displayed on foods in the future, so embrace this time of change and alter your habits to pay closer attention to nutrition facts if you aren't already doing so. These facts can make you acutely aware that one of your favorite foods is hindering your health or clue you in to the fact that something you enjoy as a guilty pleasure is actually delivering a modest amount of a vitamin or mineral to you.
Make meals a family affair
You know what they say, "The family that eats together, may also live longer and have fewer trips to the doctor." That may not be the phrase you were taught growing up, but it's true. Eating together as a family has been shown to promote healthier meal choices. Obviously, this can be undone if this meal is shared after a trip through the drive-thru, but just sharing a few group meals in a week is a step in the right direction. Not only can this lead to healthy food choices, but also to increased interaction among family members, which is something great for your emotional health as well (it's important to keep a balance).
(More than) Adequate hydration
You've likely heard that you need to be consuming somewhere in the range of eight glasses of water per day. The odds are that you aren't consuming that much, even with a relaxed standard around four to six glasses. But water helps your body in many ways, beyond satiating thirst. Drinking enough water can help you feel full which can ward off snack cravings or help you power through what would normally be a mealtime when you're on a long shift.
Remember to eat your vegetables …
… and your fruits. The same lessons from childhood ring true throughout our lives. And while we were raised on the food pyramid, a more friendly food visual has come into being. The "choose my plate" graphic makes it easy to see what you should be consuming at meal times, with fruits and vegetables making up over half of the recommended portions. Don't miss out on the crucial vitamins, minerals and fiber which fruits and veggies provide. Enjoying a well-rounded diet will help you have more energy throughout your day.
Stay active
This one should be easy to check off the list. As a nurse, you're no stranger to being on your feet all day and walking miles throughout the same space. Still, it's important to keep this one in mind. Activities other than walking should make an appearance in your life as well. If work routine allows, take the stairs a few times each day to change things up. Activity can also come in the form of yoga or other basic exercises you can tuck in throughout the day.
Try new things
While looking to blend the previous items on this list into your life, use that as an opportunity to expand your horizons. When trying to figure out how to add more fruits and veggies into your diet, grab the ones you haven't tried before to not only reap the benefits, but maybe discover a new favorite. The same goes for staying active. If you've never tried yoga, Pilates or something like Crossfit, now is the time! You'll burn calories and may find an exercise which resonates with you.
What habits do you follow in order to stay healthy?


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The Apple Store is located in the Midsummer Place Shopping Centre, in the South Concourse, between the Oak Court and Debenhams.SatNav: MK9 3GA.Parking: Multi-level car park adjacent to Debenhams.Public Transport: National Rail to Milton Keynes Central station (transfer via bus or taxi). East Midlands and SouthEast buses stop at Midsummer Place.
Apple Store, Milton Keynes
Store ServicesYour Store Reservation Learn more about the Genius Bar
Bring in your new iPhone for Personal Setup. We'll help set up your new iPhone the way you like and help you find apps that match your interests. Learn more
Join us for free iPhone workshops. Explore all the amazing things you can do in our hands-on workshops. Learn the basics or go further with your new iPhone. Learn more
Are you ready for iOS 9? Get up and running with iOS 9. Find out what you'll need, so you can get the most from all the new features. Learn more
Upcoming Store Events and Workshops
Meet the Business Team.
Whether you own a business or just use Apple products in your job, our Business Team can work with you to choose the right solutions.Learn more
Enjoy past Apple Store events.
Past Apple Store events from around the world are available as free podcasts from the iTunes Store.View in iTunes
Personal Setup.
With Personal Setup, we'll get your new Apple product up and running, get you started with iCloud and more — before you leave the store.Learn more


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There could be something fishy about the cure for malaria
It sounds unlikely, but an effective treatment for malaria – which kills a million people a year – may come from deep under the sea. Scientists at the University of Central Florida have tested more than 2500 marine species for properties that could inhibit the growth of malaria parasites – and found that more than 300 contain substances that kill them altogether.
Actually it should not be that surprising. About half of all drugs – and about three quarters of those used to fight cancer – have natural origins. Among the stars are medicines derived from the rosy periwinkle, a pretty plant from the rainforests of Madagascar. Before they were discovered two thirds of children who contracted leukemia died. Now, thanks to them, eighty per cent survive.
So far most of the prospecting or new drugs from wild species has been done on land. But the seas may be an even better prospect. Prof Debopam Chakrabarti, who is leading the malaria research, points the oceans are home to 34 of the 36 phyla of life known to exist on earth, while the land accounts for only 17 of them. 'There is a very good possibility that the answers to cancers, malaria and other diseases may be found in the ocean', he says. 'They cover 70 per cent of the planet…. and we haven't even begun to explore their depths.'
But we may never find crucial medicines because we have already driven the species that harbour them to extinction.The rosy periwinkle was endangered before its life-saving properties were discovered: it might first have disappeared, taking all those children's lives with it. Species are now dying out at between 1000 and 10,000 times the natural rate, putting us on the cusp of the greatest mass distinction since the death of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, both on dry land and under the sea.
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Ready for una aventura in NYC? Let Dora guide you to the most family-friendly things. ¡Vámonos!
Enjoy the Tribeca Film Festival, opening day for the Mets and Yankees, the New York International Auto Show and more.
Download your free copy or order a guide online today.
Wireless Internet is available at locations throughout NYC—including many parks and libraries.
Get tips, maps and everything else you'll need during your stay.
These NYC-centric mobile apps put the City at your fingertips.
See NYC's iconic sights at discounted rates.
Get the best prices at NYC's bars, clubs and restaurants.
Stay in New York City and save with these offers.
New York City is made up of five boroughs: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens and Staten Island. Each one has enough attractions—and enough personality—to be a city all its own. Learn more about them with this guide.
Located in Manhattan's Hell Kitchen, this small venue is a great place to see an Off-Broadway production in an intimate setting. Even if you're in the back row, you're close enough that you can almost smell the actors' breath. After an exhilarating personal experience, head to one of the many restaurants on nearby Ninth Avenue for a bite to eat.


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Craving Connections
Cloutier, Stephen, The Sondheim Review
Craving connections
DaPoPo stages Sunday in the Park in Halifax
DaPoPo Theatre in Halifax, Nova Scotia, has dedicated itself to bringing challenging, politically-tinged and philosophically-edged theatre to its Canadian audiences and has begun to develop not only a local following but also an international identity, having taken past productions to Berlin. DaPoPo has committed itself to providing audiences with productions that engage with contemporary debates. Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine's Sunday in the Park with George, given its tension between art and social conformity, was an obvious choice for DaPoPo's June 2007 production. The show's exploration of the conflict between art and commercial success is still relevant in society with its attempts at creating a fast track to fame. In fact, it is a hotly debated issue within Halifax's independent theatre scene, as a number of companies try to eke out an existence.
Staged in the Art Gallery of St. Mary's University, the minimalist, low-tech design by director Eric Benson and lighting designer Tom Barkley kept audiences focused on the ideas explored by Sondheim and Lapine. The art gallery setting reminded the audience that the struggle to attain lasting artistic achievement is constant. Forms might change - Seurat's pointillism might be replaced with George's laser technology - but the impetus remains to create something that lasts in a medium that can be transitory, shifting from one "ism" to another.
Eschewing more high-tech effects, while reducing the financial strain on an independent theatre company, prevented the audience from being too caught up in the technical wizardry of flashing lights. The stage lights, on short stands on the floor at the sides of the playing area, as well as the technician who changed their colored gels during the performance, were completely visible to the audience. The technical highlight was two technicians on stage with flashlights standing in for a laser display to an effective electronic soundcsape by Ed Renzi. (Pete Gorman's masterful piano playing replaced a fuller orchestral accompaniment.) The production made it clear that the ideas, the debate within the show, are the key.
Garry Williams, DaPoPo's artistic director, played George; Stephanie Dick was Dot. They brilliantly portrayed two characters struggling and ultimately failing to understand each other, yet trying sometimes desperately to connect. …


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Tag: gift
Written English Version: During this holiday season, many people take the time to reconnect with their family. This is true with deaf people, too. Yet for a large number of deaf people, their families are hearing. The majority of interaction is likely to be spoken, and the deaf individual is unavoidably left out of them. […] more »


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After an exciting win two nights ago at Fenway Park, the Yankees are heading to Tampa Bay to face the Rays for a 3 game weekend series starting tonight Friday, April 9th at 7:10 EDT.
Friday: RHP Javier Vazquez (15-10, 2.87 ERA in 2009) vs. LHP David Price (10-7, 4.42 ERA in 2009)
Saturday: LHP CC Sabathia (0-0, 8.44 ERA) vs. RHP Wade Davis (2-2, 3.72 ERA in 2009)
Sunday: RHP A.J. Burnett (0-0, 5.40 ERA) vs. RHP James Shields (0-0, 4.50 ERA)
Javier Vazquez can't wait to get out there and pitch:
"It feels like its been like 10 days since I pitched. I'm just getting ready to go out there and just excited to get my first one."
Vazquez is coming off the best seasons of his career, but it came in the National League. It's been a year since he faced an American League lineup on the road. After mediocre starts from C.C. and A.J., look for the two of them to bounce back against the Rays.
Game Times:
Friday, April 9th: 7:10EDT
Saturday, April 10th: 3:10 EDT
Sunday, April 11th: 1:40EDT
Photo courtesy of Zimbio.com
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Second Helpins Hamster/gerbil Honey Stick
Average rating from 10 reviews.
(3.6 out of 5, based on 10 reviews)
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Reader's Reviews (10)
Satisfies their need to chew too
posted 6 years ago
Both our hamster and gerbils enjoyed havig these to chew on. They could usually devour one in a couple days which made them good weekend feeders too.
Pros: Satisfies the need to chew plus provides nutritious treat
Cons: some waste
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Treats for hamster
posted 6 years ago
These are a bit pricey, but they're worth it for the occasional treat. The hamsters just love these and gobble them up as soon as you put them in their cage.
Pros: Hamsters love
Cons: Pricey
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I've used this product on rescued dogs for years. My last large dog rescued had been an outdoor dog her entire life, living among Lamas where she picked up tapeworms. This product expelled several 2 … more ›
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July 14, 2013 | By Xiaoxiao111
Pink is my favorite color these are wonderful.I will recommend a good website fou you: www.9footballshirt.org


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Vacanza Trapani
vicolo Baluardo, 3, Trapani, 91100
Price FromView Rooms
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About the hotel
Rent an apartment on the harbour of Trapani, "Vicolo Baluardo" (crossroad of Ammiraglio Staiti street), newly renovated, nicely furnished: Equipped kitchen; 22 inch LCD Led TV; Bathroom with shower and hairdryer. Our prices are probably the cheapest of all the historical centre. We offer the option of a guesthouse with the price of a bed and breakfast, granting services-accessories included in price (such as bedlinen and towels and cleanings).
Our position, opposite the port, is ideal both for those who want to visit the town and for those who look for a base for their journeys to Egadi Islands (Levanzo, Favignana and Marettimo) and to other tourist destinations of Western Sicily: Erice, Segesta, Mozia, Saline Nature Reserve San Vito Lo Capo, Zingaro Nature Reserve (all reachable in less than one hour by car). In the surroundings, besides the port and the boarding points to Egadi Islands and Pantelleria, there are also the town and provincial bus stops and the shuttle bus stop from/to Trapani and Palermo airports. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The historical centre of the town, with all of its monuments and works of art (the Cathedral, the representations of "Misteri", the walls of Tramontana, the Bastions, Garibaldi Street, Ligny Tower, etc. ) can be visited on foot. A few steps away from our apartments it is possible to reach ice-cream shops, typical restaurants, in addition to the several typical baker's shops (wood-burning oven), and to the small alimentary shops and to fish shops.
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Dash Flying by steffy-beffWatch
©2013-2016 steffy-beff
Drawn in 10 seconds flat and it really shows…I present to you the quickest and most cruddily colored sketch to ever leave my tablet.
Featured on EQD! #41: [link]
You may not use, modify, repost, distribute, sell, copy, or claim without permission. All art is © *steffy-beff.
Featured on EQD! #41: [link]
You may not use, modify, repost, distribute, sell, copy, or claim without permission. All art is © *steffy-beff.
Good though the wings are a bit too low. i like this picture :3
Okay, now you're just showing off xD
It still looks good compaired to what I can do.. Hehe :d
defiantly explosions are needed here
I'm about done with this whole explosions thing >_>
are you f*cking kidding me? ten seconds? really? damn, i feel like i got trolled somehow, and now the trollolloll song is stuck in my head |D
XD no not 10 seconds that's just an exaggeration for how little time i actually spent on it. ._. don't believe a word i say! eehhheh
For a quick sketch, that is pretty neat!
Even though this is a simple piece, I can't help but be very captivated by this. I just love the style that you used and the expression as well. This entire thing just sings of freedom. Dash has always represented a sense of freedom to me and you represented that very well. Great work! Kind regards, Princess Luna
She looks so adorable though!
10 seconds flat? Holy crap. That's impressive.
(I need to learn how to draw ponies )
(I need to learn how to draw ponies )
(: I have 2 tutorials in my gallery, and there are tons here on deviantart! Hopefully you can find one to help you, it'll take practice! (:
well rainbow dash has never looked cuter
It doesn't actually look that bad.
It looks fine to me.
Rainbowdash! Awesome!
This is very nice but I do have one major problem with it. I can't hug RD T^T
Prove that you drew this in 10 seconds flat.
Looks nice
Looks nice


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Yep, I'm still alive.
Just decided to poke my head in, boy everything sure has been updated since I was last here.
I trawled through messages, many of you lovelies sent me nice messages on my work and for my Birthday(s) that I've only just seen. So thank you very much and I'm sorry I didn't respond.
I haven't been on here in a long time because I haven't been drawing much at all, never mind finishing pieces. I might have one or two things I can post up. I had taken to just throwing my stuff up on my Tumblr but even then there's not much. Recently I've taken to short bursts of inspiration due to watching Sycra's YouTube tutorials and critiques so hopefully I can get back into the swing of things.
I've also gotten even more into cosplay and stuff so maybe at some point I'll try and get some photos of those.


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I use these for turnout
posted 7 years ago
I use these currently for turnout boots but I want to get the Woof boots from Dover to replace them. In the wintertime they get stiff. And they are falling apart. Good to have around but they don't last that long.
Pros: Inexpensive
Cons: They fall apart pretty quickly
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I've used this product on rescued dogs for years. My last large dog rescued had been an outdoor dog her entire life, living among Lamas where she picked up tapeworms. This product expelled several 2 … more ›
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July 14, 2013 | By Xiaoxiao111
Pink is my favorite color these are wonderful.I will recommend a good website fou you: www.9footballshirt.org


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When it comes to first impressions, "nice," "funny," and "confident," don't hold a candle to "mysterious." This fragrance—made with cloves, myrrh, and sweet tobacco leaf—will introduce you without saying a word, and will linger in memory long after you've gone. Because gentlemen, life is too short to smell like anyone else.
This scent is, hands down, my new favorite! It is highly complex and multi-layered. The initial scent is wonderful, but as it begins to dry, the scent morphs into this rich, woodsy, and warm scent that hangs around throughout the day. I have received numerous compliments since I started wearing this. This is clearly a high quality product. Love it!5
The spice notes are warmed up so I don't smell like a Christmas potpourri, but once again, I reject 95% of all fragrance samples. Every sample has to pass two tests: First and foremost, I have to LOVE LOVE LOVE it (I did not love this sample) and that has to be true from minutes after the scent has mellowed on my body to hours later. Second, my husband has to love it. Those two bars are way too high for most fragrances. This one is perfectly good, but it's just not for me.3


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They say, "There's no one lower in Hollywod than the writer." And sometimes it shows. Plot, interesting characters, some character development, - who needs all that stuff anyway?
'Out of the Furnace' simmers with a distinctive flavor
Kerry Hayes
Casey Affleck plays an Iraqi war veteran who earns money in bare-knuckle boxing matches and gets into hot water with a meth dealer in "Out of the Furnace."
With 21 producers and all-star cast, film ends up hamstrung by script
Despite the cooks in the kitchen, the Christian Bale drama "Out of the Furnace" still manages a surprisingly unwatered-down signature flavor. »Read Full Article


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Gaia Herbs, Schisandra Berry, 1 fl oz (30 ml) (Discontinued Item)
By Gaia HerbsWrite a Review
Shipping Weight:?0.25 lbs (0.11 kg)
Shipping Weight
The Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: GAI-34560
- UPC Code: 751063345606
- Package Quantity: 1 fl oz (30 ml)
- Dimensions: 1.2 x 1.2 x 4 in, 0.15 lbs (0.07 kg)
Product Overview
- Liquid Herbal Extract
- 500 mg/ml Herb Equivalency
- Dietary Supplement
Suggested Use
Adults take 20-30 drops of extract in a small amount of water 3-4 times daily between meals.
Shake well before using.
Other Ingredients
Water and pure grain alcohol USP (55-65%)
Not to be used during pregnancy or lactation. If you have a medical condition or take medications please consult with your doctor before use.
Keep away from children.
Use only as directed on label.
Safety sealed for your protection.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 30 Drops (1 ml)
|Servings Per Container: 30
|% Daily Value
|Schisandra berries extract + (Schisandra chinensis)
|Dry Herbs Strength Ratio: 1:2
|† Daily Value not established
.+ = Ecologically Harvested


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I just got back from a much needed vacation and we had a blast in Nevada! To be honest, I was a little nervous bringing the kids to Vegas but everything turned out great thanks to some online research. I discovered a nifty blog, that provided great resources to parents looking to plan a Las Vegas family vacation. Believe it or not, there were plenty of Las Vegas attractions for kids and best of all, they were free! We've only been back a few days but my kids are already bugging me about going back to their Vegas hotel pool. LOL!
So needless to say, this article was inspired when I was looking for things to do in Vegas with my kids. Visiting a city as huge as New York City can be breath-taking. With so many places to see, and things to do, it is best to have a plan, before visiting the "Big Apple." As thrilling and as exciting as the city is, one can easily get lost. Here are at least 10 great things to do in New York City, and places to explore while vacationing in New York City:
10. Visit the Statue of Liberty
By all means, visit the Statue of Liberty. This is a historical monument, and a vital part of this country's history. In other words, it is an iconic landmark. Take a ferry and get a close up view, of this great statue, a gift from France. It is a celebration of our nation, which begin in 1876, the Centennial.
9. Stroll through the High Line
This amazing park is 1.45 miles long. It features more than 300 varieties of water features, plants, and pathways. It is a garden maze, with a view of the Hudson River, and spectacular architectural designs. The pathways lead from the Meatpacking District through an elevated railway (Chelsea).
8. Take a Stroll through Central Park
Central Park is the world largest backyard, featuring more than 843 acres of fun, excitement, and amusement for people of all ages. Take a ride on the carousel, have lunch at the famous Boathouse Café, sneak a peek at the penguins, and sea lions, or run a few laps around the reservoir.
7. Visit the Metropolitan Art Museum
Take a look at the past, and learn to appreciate the future. Get a glimpse of ancient Africa, Greek, Rome, and Egypt. See the masterpieces of old, and feast your eyes on an Asian Wing, and some amazing Oceania exhibits. The museum is open 24 hours per day.
6. Must See Grand Central Terminal
Grand Central Terminal – one of the busiest place's in the world. Close to one million people dash in and out of this terminal every day. The people are interesting, but they are not the main attraction. The terminal is constructed from architectural designs, which dates back to 100 years. The cathedral style windows are high enough to allow the sunlight to shine through, around midday. On the lower level of the building is fine dining.
5. Visit Times Square
Bring the camera, the popcorn, and the kids, its show time. Flashing lights, discount theater ticket booths, billboards of people wearing underwear, television broadcasts, nude cowboys, and more Elmo's than Sesame Street created are all here at New York City's Time Square.
4. Explore the Top of the Rock
Visit three places at once. At the Top of the Rock, the view from the famous Rockefeller Center shows awesome views of the Empire State Building. Visit the area an hour before sunset and capture a breath-taking sight of the sky, as it turns into a beautiful magenta orange color.
3. Take a Ride to New York Transit Museum
Make it a family event. Take a ride on the underground subway to Brooklyn Heights, and discover the timeless masterpieces at the New York Transit Museum. The station was built in 1936, and some of the subway cars date back to the early 20th century.
2. Visit Coney Island
One of New York City's famous tourist sites is Coney Island. Experience roller coaster rides, on a beautiful 87- year- old cyclone coaster, and take in a Hot dog. Nobody makes hot dogs, like Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs.
1. Visit the 911 Memorial
Remember 911, and see where it all begin. Nearly 14 years ago, the world Trade Center was attacked by terrorists, and hundreds of people lost their lives. Today, the site is a memorial to those who lost their loved ones. The site is a dedication, which shows the world's resilience in the face of adversity. Visit the historical landmark.


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Deleted User
can you change your picture by your name that says your user name
Crimson Kenny6/7/2004 9:46:02 PM Permalink[color=crimson]Yup, the forums are down again. Okay, its just this one. I did find all the other topics though. They are on page 65, in case you were wondering. They were down. Forget I ever said anything.[/color] [Edited on 6/7/2004 3:06:52 PM]
Halo536/7/2004 9:22:46 PM PermalinkHmm... try refreshing? Although I only see one topic in the septagon so i think the forums farted again so you may have to wait...
Deleted User6/7/2004 9:01:22 PM Permalinki did that and it say this page cannot be displayed so i can change my avatar (alothoug i like mine)
Yoozel6/7/2004 4:22:02 AM PermalinkYes, go to 'My profile' go down to the bottom, select 'Update my settings down' and then over to 'Avatar' to select the one you want. And before you ask, no you can't upload your own and yes there is a contest going on.
Deleted User6/6/2004 9:58:29 PM PermalinkYes, its called an avatar. Go to 'My Settings' at the top menu. Go to 'Avatar' and select a picture from there. Click 'Modify Settings'. Youre done! [Edited on 6/6/2004 1:59:08 PM]


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Come Bow Fishing with Captain Chris Kirby and Destin Inshore Charters. Fulfill your bow fishing cravings on the deck of a 22-foot Cape Horn … Continue Reading
Destin Bowfishing
As Seen on TV with Smacked Outdoors!
WARNING HIGHLY ADDICTIVE: Come Bow Fishing with Destin Inshore Charters and fulfill your bow fishing needs on the deck of a 22-foot Cape Horn. We guarantee you will be back for a second trip.
Book your next fishing trip with us - Call us today at 850-685-9368
Destin Bow Fishing
What You Need To Bring When Bow Fishing
What To Bring: Polarized Sunglasses!!!! Sunscreen Cooler with drinks and snacks Camera Age Limits: There is NO age … Continue Reading


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The Monteleone Experience – The Full Monty
3 1/2 hours $275
Our ultimate package includes a manicure, pedicure, custom facial, and full body massage or reflexology.
The Beauty Revival
2 hours $170
Esthetic beauty will be yours with this service. Well manicured nails, fabulous feet and glowing, soft skin. Includes a manicure, pedicure and Kai body polish. Add a 30 minute massage for the ultimate in stress relief.
Add a 30 minute massage ($55) for the ultimate in stress relief.
The Gentleman's Treat
2 hours $180
This combination of services will provide men with a clean, polished look and a feeling of calm. Enjoy these quiet moments. You deserve it. Includes executive men's facial, 30 minute massage and manicure.
The Wedding Party
1 1/2 hours per person, starting at $120+ per person
* Advanced booking required
Enjoy an intimate gathering of friends for some memory sharing and memory making as you indulge in champagne and pampering in our cozy spa. Make this part of your pre-wedding festivities. You and your wedding party will be happy you did. *Includes manicure, mini-pedicure, and mini-facial or 30 minute massage.
(Choose one: mini facial option $120 / 30 min massage option $130)
Bachelorette Party
1 1/2 hours $115
This fun package is a perfect start to any girl gathering. Includes manicure, mini pedicure, and de-stress eye treatment. You will all look beyond fabulous for your night on the town!
Honeymoon Package
2 1/2 hours $380
This fabulous side by side couple's service is an intimate way to spend some rare down-time together. Relax with a 75 minute couple's massage followed by side by side pedicures with champagne and chocolate.
Girl Power Package (for our little ladies 10-16)
1 1/2 hours $100
For our little ladies ages 10-16, who may be experiencing a spa for the first time. Includes: Mini manicure, mini pedicure, mini facial and lots of strawberry lemonade. Bring your friends and discover how much fun it is to be a girl!
Jet Lag Package
2 hours $255
If the growing stress of air travel has you exhausted, this package will revive both mind and body. Includes choice of Aloe or Clay Wrap with 30 minutes of paraffin foot reflexology, and an eye treatment. After this package you will be re-charged and ready to take on the world.
A complimentary bottle of champagne provided for groups of 4 to 8: Groups of 8 or more: 2 bottles. Additional champagne upon request at $25.00 per bottle.
Spa Aria at the Hotel Monteleone214 Royal Street (Mezzanine Level) • New Orleans, LA 70130504.523.9990 or 866.549.ARIA
© 2013 Spa Aria, All Rights Reserved.Establishment #E2432


text: Walking distance to the center with the Teatro da Paz, some few restaurants around, one of them a Japanese sushi bar. Friendly reception, but no service for bringing luggage to the room. Wifi works everywhere. The rooms are perfect to have a comfortable sleep. Breakfast is included and comes with all the tropical fruits.


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Q: How big are australian puppies?
May 14, 2008 | By Andrea l. | 6 answers | Expired: 2814 days ago
A stray puppy came to my house the other day. I thought she was very small (only 5 1/2 pounds). The vet thinks she might be a german shepard and about 10 weeks old. Is it normal for a large dog to be 5 1/2 pounds at 10 weeks...or is it most likely mixed with something small?
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May 20, 2008
Okay, I have to ask: do you mean Australian Shepherd or Australian Terrier? They're two very different dogs of very different sizes but both are called Aussies!
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May 18, 2008
I don't know if it helps but my medium sized aussie mix puppy grew to be 40 lbs. full grown. She weighed 12 pounds at 10 weeks old. So I would draw the conclusion that your puppy may weigh less than 40 lbs. when it is full grown.
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May 16, 2008
That would be about right. I have a German Shepherd and Lab mix, with some Boxer in her, and at 8 weeks she was about 7.9 lbs. 14 weeks she went to almost 18lbs. and at almost 6 months she was a whopping 36 lbs.!! So they grow extremely fast, your vet is probably pretty much on the money. Good luck on your precious new bundle! :)
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May 15, 2008
That sounds some at that age to be an aussie. What color is she? I raise aussies and you can see lots of them at www.westernhillsaussies.com if you have any questions let me know.
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May 15, 2008
That seems about right,since it is a stray, it is very possiable that it is mixed with something small. You will most def. be able to tell when it hits about six months. Most medium (which the Australain should be)will stop growing and just start to fill out. I hope you will be keeping him!
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May 15, 2008
From AKC breed standard:
Size, Proportion, Substance
Size--The preferred height for males is 20-23 inches, females 18-21 inches. Quality is not to be sacrificed in favor of size. Proportion--Measuring from the breastbone to rear of thigh and from top of the withers to the ground the Australian Shepherd is slightly longer than tall. Substance--Solidly built with moderate bone. Structure in the male reflects masculinity without coarseness. Bitches appear feminine without being slight of bone.
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Picture: Liam Payne, Louis Tomlinson, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik and Harry Styles of One Direction BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards 2012 held at Wembley Arena -...
The members of One Direction have displaced the likes of Adele, Cheryl Cole and Leona Lewis in the annual list of Britain's richest under-30s. Though we've no idea how Heat magazine managed to get hold of the bank details of the X Factor stars, they've apparently earned a combined £26.33 million since arriving on the pop music scene.
It means Niall Horan, Liam Payne, Louis Tomlinson, Harry Styles and Zayn Malik are in at No.5 on the list - which seems slightly unfair to those relegated this year. Anyone can lump five very rich people together and say they're a collective moneymaking outfit, watch us. Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates and Brad Pitt. Anyway, the rules seem to have been bent for the young pop-stars, who knocked Rupert Grint out of the No.5 spot (though Grint teamed up with Daniel Radcliffe and Emma Watson would be another matter). It was in fact Radcliffe who continued to dominate the chart with a net fortune of £53.33 million. Robert Pattinson moved up to No.2 with £38.73 million, while Keira Knightley was No.3 with £32.7 million.
One Direction become worldwide stars after their debut album Up All Night topped the charts on both sides of the Atlantic. Their second record Take Me Home is scheduled for release on 12 November 2012, once again through Syco Records.


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Commercial Services and Supplies
Company Overview of Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, The
Company Overview
The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that has $713 million worth of assets under management. The foundation develops and implements practices and policies to improve the lives of children and families. It focuses on projects to school-based health and education in developing countries. Its Program for Tropical Disease Research focuses on blindness in developing countries. The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation was founded in 1969 and is based in New York City.
250 Park Avenue
Suite 900
New York, NY 10177
United States
Founded in 1969
Key Executives for Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, The
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Tuesday, 28 January 2014
More quilting ...
Posted by Helen in the UK at 13:52
Labels: Quilting
4 comments:
So lovely! :)ReplyDelete
Greetings from Finland!
Hugs, Ulla
What beautiful quilting! I love the contrast you chose!ReplyDelete
Oh wow! I am in awe of your FMQ skills!ReplyDelete
Your quilting on this quilt is beautiful. I took that Craftsy class too and I have been practicing a lot!ReplyDelete
hugs from Louisiana
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Ohio Vietnam veteran awarded Silver Star
November 9, 2011
By Maj. Beth Frazee, Office of the Chief Legislative Liaison
WASHINGTON, Nov. 8, 2011 -- Former Army Sgt. Thomas R. Gdovin, from Westlake, Ohio, was awarded the Silver Star Medal by U.S. Senator Rob Portman, a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, in a ceremony on Capitol Hill on Nov. 8. The award, one of the nation's highest awards for gallantry in military service, honored Gdovin's actions in combat on March 8, 1968.
"I couldn't be more proud to stand here today. Over the years, how could my pride have grown any greater than having served with men who gave everything for their country and each other. Though today this medal represents my actions, it represents their sacrifice," said Gdovin.
Gdovin enlisted into the United States Army on July 5, 1966 and served in the 101st Airborne Division. He was awarded the Silver Star Medal for his bravery during the Vietnam War, risking his own life to save a wounded Soldier while under enemy fire. Dan Phillips, the Soldier he rescued and a native of Lancaster, Ohio, was in attendance alongside retired Lt. Gen. John Cushman, Gdovin's brigade commander in Vietnam. Many of Gdovin's friends and family were also in attendance in celebration of this distinct honor.
Along with the Silver Star, Gdovin has been awarded a Purple Heart with one oak leaf cluster, the National Defense Medal and the Vietnamese Service Medal with four bronze stars, the Combat Infantry Badge, the Parachutist Badge, the Expert Marksmanship Badge and the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm Unit Citation.
"I acknowledge and commend all those who labored to make this ceremony today a reality. The sense of pride you all have in Sergeant Gdovin is well-deserved and I'm glad you all are able to be here with him today," said Maj. Gen. Ben Hodges, U.S. Army chief of legislative liaison.
Forty years in the making, this ceremony is a testament to the hard work of Senator Portman's staff, Army officials and Kim Gdovin, Thomas Gdovin's daughter, who said she was "so proud of her father that she wanted to shout it from the rooftops" when she heard that her father would be recognized.


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5 May 2015 - Global Action Day for Pluralism
One year ago, we founded the International Student Initiative for Pluralism in Economics (ISIPE) as a coalition of 65 Economics student groups from 30 countries; today we are 82 student groups. There has been some progress in the last year, but a lot remains to be done to bring about a fundamental change in the teaching of economics. That is why on May 5th, 2015 we are staging the first GLOBAL ACTION DAY FOR PLURALISM IN ECONOMICS with 35 events happening in 14 countries on the same day. [ Continue reading our 2015 joint statement ]


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Museum, Montreal
6 Reviews
6 Reviews
This museum is dedicated to what is found under Montreal. In other words it features exhibits of archaeological relics and artifacts that have been found beneath Montreal since Pre-Columbian times. If you are interested in the history of Montreal than this is a great place to visit. There artifacts from Montreal when it was a trading post and from a 17th century cemetery. Relics from the city's early sewage system are also on display. Part of the museums tour takes you down under the street to where these artifacts where originally found for Montreal has risen 3m over the centuries. If you are not interested in this sort of thing then beware. The museum does not have anything that is a must-see and is more a learning experience than anything.
The Montréal Museum of Archaeology and History is open daily.
This chateau is one of the oldest buildings in Montreal, having been built in 1705 by
Claude de Ramezay, the 11th governor of Quebec. The chateau was the mansion for the colony's governers for the next forty years when it was sold to a trading company. When Montreal was taken by the British and they took control of the building. During the American War of Independence, the invading Americans held onto Montreal through out the winter and spring of 1775 to 1776. During this period Benjamin Franklin made the chateau his headquarter for his diplomatic mission of trying to get the Quebecois to side with the Americans during the war. He failed.
For more than a century the chateau was used for a variety of purposes such as a courthouse, a government office building, and headquarters for Laval University. It was transformed into a museum in 1895. Today it houses many artefacts, paintings and furniture pieces from the 18th century. There is also a small collection of Native Canadian artefacts on display. The exterior grounds, although small, have a pretty garden and charming cafe.
The Museum is open from Tuesday to Sunday. Adult admission is $10.00, $8.00 for children.
If you want to know more about French Canadian history, you could do much worse than visiting Maison Saint-Gabriel, which I believe is the oldest or second-oldest standing building on the island of Montreal. It is easily forgotten because of its location deep in Pointe Saint-Charles, a working-class district southwest of downtown.
Originally built in 1668, the house is one of the most beautiful examples of traditional Quebec architecture. It is open to visitors from mid-April to mid-December. A guided tour inside takes you back to the days of Nouvelle-France when the house served as a school (and, later, as a farm). The charming wooden interior is complemented by many items from the 17th century are on display, giving you a good idea of the living conditions in Montreal before the industrial revolution. You can also see temporary exhibitions in the 19th-century barn as well as a garden.
Sunday is the best day to visit: artisans demonstrate traditional crafts and actors dressed in period costumes recreate the past. Conversely, Monday is the worst day to visit, since the musem is closed.
Buses 57 from Charlevoix metro (green line) and 61 from McGill (green line) or Square-Victoria (orange line) metro take you to within a 5-minute walk of Maison Saint-Gabriel.
A very impressive exhibition where I learnt a lot about the jew culture, the XXth century's history and... the Shoah. I know, the subject is overwhelming, but it's a part of history any human being should study about in order to prevent an other horror.
The cultural center the museum is part of include a library an a theater where yiddish play are shown.
P.S. The picture hereby is from the website
It is the city's main history museum of the Canadian History. It deals mostly with Eastern Canada's early European settlement from 1700 onward. .One room exhibits the history of Quebec's indigenous people, another displays highlihts of the museum's collection, including Cnadian costumes, textiles, decorative and folk art.
A friend of mine works there: if you are really interested, let me know.
Visit the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts even if you have little interest in art. The new building is fantastic inside. The second floor of it has an amazing glassed in atrium which affords a unique view of downtown Montreal- including many apartment living rooms and such. Also, on the same floor to the left of the elevators is a small gallery. Walk in a go to the second room. You will find another great view through three huge circular windows. A very peaceful room.
This should all be free of charge, though you may have to talk your way into the atrium if there is a major exhibition on.
The two churches on the other side of the street are beautiful as well. The one closest to the MMFA has the largest collection on Tiffany stained glass windows in situe in North America. They are worth the trip.( du Musee and Sherbrooke Street)
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Beautiful picture, how did you get the bees to not fly off? Massive zoom lens?
Beautiful picture, how did you get the bees to not fly off? Massive zoom lens?
There were loads of bees that day so I just stayed really still and took shot after shot and this was the good one, haha. Not as technical as you might imagine
Macro rings, which meant I was within about an inch of the flower.
Wow, amazing shot! <3


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New Bug Zapper short
The Bug Zapper appears in his first animated short, "the Birthday Bug." This short features word balloons rather than audible dialogue, encouraging kids to read.youtube link
"Faster, Faster!"
in the NYTimes
My short "Faster, Faster!" gets a mention in the New York Times, thanks to its part in Brooklyn's kidsfilmfest.link
bug zapper comics: ebook #4 now available!
Check out the latest ebook installment of the Bug Zapper comics series: Voltilly Strikes! Includes bonus animated scene.More


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Matty Sutton, Reporter / / News
Police commissioners have backed an officer who used a taser to disarm a knife-wielding man.
The actions by the officer who discharged the device against the 28-year-old man have been described as "proportionate and justified" by an independent police watchdog.
A report by the Police Investigations and Review Commissioner concluded that the officer made the right decision to prevent the man injuring himself or the officers at the scene.
The incident occurred in the Arden area of Glasgow in the early hours of Saturday, February 8.
The man, who was violent and drunk and threatening to harm himself, was left unharmed and did not require medical attention.
In his report published yesterday, the Commissioner, Professor John McNeill, accepted that in order to control the man and prevent injury to him or the officers at the scene, the officer made the right decision in discharging a taser.
The decision followed an investigation by the watchdog, which reviewed witness statements, examined documentation, productions, police audio recordings, command and control incidents and conducted door to door enquiries.
All incidences of Police Scotland use of firearms, including tasers, must be referred to the PIRC for independent investigation.
The Commissioner made no recommendations to Police Scotland in relation to how they handled the incident.
Professor McNeill said: "I am satisfied that the use of the taser was proportionate and justified.
"It allowed the police to control the male, effectively de-escalate the incident and ensure that he did not injure either himself or the police officers at the scene. In the circumstances there was no less forceful method to resolve this incident safely."
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Animal Naturals Joint Strong Joint Supplement For Dogs
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(4.8 out of 5, based on 6 reviews)
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Great Product
posted 6 years ago
I started Arli on this after she slipped and Hyper-extended her hip muscle.
After being on Joint Strong for only 5 days, I have seen a major difference, she is walking normally and the inflamation is gone. Joint strong is a great altrernative to the Rimadyl the vet wanted to put her on for the inflamation. I love the fact that Joint Strong is All Natural and chemical free. I wont hesitate to buy this proiduct again.
Pros: All Natural,works great & quickly
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Former Celtic striker Andy Walker says a lack of attacking options has led to pressure on manager Ronny Deila.
Andy Walker says there is growing resentment among Celtic fans at the 'dull and uninspiring football' under Ronny Deila.
Aberdeen must win at Celtic Park to maintain their interest in the Scottish Premiership title race, says Andy Walker.
A win for Hibs over Rangers would set up "an interesting few months", according to Sky Sports' Scottish football expert Andy Walker.
Andy Walker believes Kenny McLean will be the key man if Aberdeen are to pose a genuine threat to Celtic this season.
Andy Walker believes any realistic challenge to Celtic's quest for a fifth successive title will come from Aberdeen.
Andy Walker backs Virgil van Dijk to steer Celtic into the Champions League - before heading for the Premier League.
Sky Sports' Andy Walker is tipping Rangers to come through six play-off matches and win promotion.
Andy Walker believes Queen of the South will not fear playing either Rangers or Hibernian in the Championship play-offs.
Andy Walker believes Sunderland face an uphill battle to ensure they remain clear of a relegation battle this season.
Andy Walker says Rangers are 'bleeding money' and desperately need investment after an approach from Robert Sarver.
Andy Walker says Ronny Deila's "absurd" approach at Celtic has left his future in doubt.
Celtic manager Ronny Deila should build his side around midfielder Kris Commons, says Andy Walker.
Andy Walker analyses the events taking place in Scotland, including Celtic's clash with Aberdeen.
'Humiliated' Celtic have fallen in stature and have made too many transfer errors, says Andy Walker.
Celtic are the 'luckiest team in the world' and must seize their chance against Maribor, says Andy Walker.
Andy Walker believes Legia Warsaw have little chance of persuading UEFA to overturn their Champions League decision.
Celtic's failure to back Ronny Deila cost them a Champions League place, according to Andy Walker.
Ronny Deila's hopes of winning over the club's fans took a big blow in Poland, says Andy Walker.
Andy Walker says the appointment of Ronny Deila shows where Celtic's ambitions lie at the moment.