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Fill in the giveaway information, and you'll be entered to win an OXO Good Grips Everyday Kitchen Tool Set. (ARV $99.99)
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Delap on target in draw
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The affiliates lost four out of six and all four losses were of the come-from-ahead variety. The most painful one was down on the Gulf Coast as the Jays are down 1-0 in the best-of-three GCL final. Dunedin's second game against Tampa was rained out and Vancouver had the night off.
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Wall Street is a herd. Rule #1 - Run with the herd -- as you see with the major indexes doubling (and nearly tripling in some cases) in only 4 years.
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The Latest: Chase Goggans talks about his decision — 8/27/2006
Chase Goggans contacted Warchant.com on Sunday regarding his future at Florida State. The junior place-kicker has decided to leave the team after this season and pass on his final year of eligibility. Goggans sent us this interview transcript that should answer any questions people may have about...[details]


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I'm working on a canvas app embedded in a page. I have it so you can zoom into the drawing with the mousewheel but unfortunately this scrolls the page as it is part of an article.
Is it possible to prevent mousewheel scrolling on the window when I'm mousewheeling on a dom element?!


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As far as budget hotels go, I have stayed in worse; but the staff gave me no assitance at all. Even after several requests for toilet paper I never received any. I am glad I always carry an emergency roll with me. It's not an extremely attractive place, especially the bathroom, but the location is not far from the center... More
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Lawyers & Law Firms
Link only has the caption.
AVVO's problem is scarcity of information, not abundance of information.
You describe the litigation as claiming Avvo is deceptive, which is a fair enough allegation because they seem to purport to be much more than they are.
Then later in the blog we find the lawsuit dismissed because of a First Amendment right to publish atty disciplinary action (reasonable enough).
Is this the same lawsuit?
Ask this: *exactly* how did AVVO assemble its database of lawyer names?
I followed this case and it seemed kind of simple to me. I guess the judge agreed. What a waste of time.
Recognizing I have not read the pleadings and am limited to the description of them, it appears that the plaintiffs recognized that they could not make out a defamation claim, because the statements were not false. Thus, they tried to do an end-run by claiming deceptive consumer practices. Of course, querie whether they had standing under Washington's consumer protection act, as they do not sound like they were consumers of AVVO, but were the subjects of it. Lots of law out there that if you don't have a defamation claim because the statement isn't false, you can't get around this by trying to call your claim something else. E.g., Jerry Falwell v. Larry Flint.
Plaintiffs and defendant in this case are of about equal weight.
Wish they had a category for Delaware law critique, we would have a field day.
Dept of Justice is trying to cover up $300 million in fraud and confessed acts that are perjury which benefited Mitt Romney's Bain entity in 2001.
The Attorney for Bain in Delaware is MNAT, MNAT and TBF law firm went to work for eToys and sold the assets of eToys bankruptcy to Bain for discounts in the tens of millions. This is collusion to defraud and estate. As the attorneys filed false affidavits denying connections to Bain. It is conspiracy to defraud an estate.
We proved over 100 crimes and yet the Del US Attorney's office said, no case, no investigation and no charges. The Dept of Justice is an appellee with MNAT in the 3rd Cir appeal case (07-2360) defending the right to give implied immunity to the attorneys who confessed to filing false Rule 2014 affidavits.
Now we learn that the US Attorney in Delaware, Colm F Connolly is nominated to be a US Judge. His resume becomes public and we learn that Colm F Connolly was partners with MNAT in 2001, when the fraud and perjury occurred.
Did Colm F Connolly actually represent Bain, we don't know, eToys was allowed, by Court order, to destroy books n records.
The fact is, it is a conflict of interest for the US Attorney not to appoint a special Independent Prosecutor. Do you really want this guy as a Judge and Mitt as our Pres?
What's that great vortex of ego that spirals into the heart of Seattle? Why, it leads right to that black hole of egomania, Seattle class action lawyer Steve Berman. He has sued and earned mega millions as a Mel Weiss / Bill Lerach - esque class action lawyer. So called white knight. Some have compared him to a control freak. Not loved in the local legal community, and not a participant in the local "trial lawyer" scene, but then again, the mega-rich successful class action lawyers like him need not be. He's donated sufficient requisite boat loads of dough to at least one Seattle school to earn him a structure bearing his and his wife's name. Many have not heard of him, but he was one of the tobacco lawyers several years back. Presumably he has avoided a lot of spotlight by head shaking losses like this AVVO one. He espouses ethics in class action litigation. But then again, so did Lerach and Weiss. Not that little Stevie's guilty of anything yet, but if history is a lesson, investigators may too grant him his day where we read about him falling as have Lerach and Weiss. Clearly this AVVO suit was not his brightest shining moment. NB: when his lawsuit started, his AVVO rating was in the dumpster. Now, he's a tenth or a few tenths from AVVO's highest rating: a "perfect "10." Hey Steve: mission accomplished?
Like, wow, thanks Laser. After reading your latest wholly incoherent irrelevant rant, I don't feel like I'm the most clueles one out there anymore. Heh-heh, at least I'm not a nutjob. Party on, dude!
From Tom T. - Ask this: *exactly* how did AVVO assemble its database of lawyer names?
The state bar association has a database where you can look up the names of all licensed lawyers. All public information.
As a consumer of legal services, I thought it was about time that a service like Avvo came along. It is a tremendous boon to be able to see things about the dark arts that we otherwise would not be privy to. While many attorneys are probably not excited about being rated, all I can tell you is that sooner or later it was going to happen anyway, so it might as well be sooner before the screaming and hollering and clamoring causes further intense distrust of the profession.
I find it amazing that lawyers who are rated against other applicants for admission and then are rated against other law students in a forced curve are so against a lawyer rating mechanism. It's just a continuation of what the legal community requires. Applicants are ranked, students are ranked, resumes are ranked, schools are ranked. Why not lawyers?
Lawyers are fungible, no matter what one's ego screams. Saying lawyers are beyond rating because they are too special is like saying all pizzas are equally tasty and cannot be ranked. Beside, don't we have an obligation to protect consumers from the Domino's lawyers of the world?
Here is an idea for Avvo... what about a dirty meter. The dirtier the lawyer the higher the rating. For example, divorce lawyers would have a rating of 10, because they are cut throat and skirt the edges of ethical conduct (sometimes legal conduct).
Reaxx: There was a reason I said "exactly". But first, note I did not ask about the disciplinary records, nor did I ask whether it was public information, I asked about the Names. Avvo seems to have in their database every name in Martindale's database. How *exactly* did Avvo "build" its database? Did they copy the names one by one. If it is all so public and everyone has a right to it, why does the New York State bar have its web site set up to severely limit access to its "names"? Yes, there are implications and issues here.
Note also that Avvo, while purporting to rate, has zero information about most of the "Names" in its database. I have been to the website only twice. The first time, I had a rating, based on zero information. The second time, if I recall correctly, they had pulled back the rating and acknowledged that they had no basis for rating me. Same as to almost all the Names in their database.
Hubris, Fanboi, Hubris and Fanboi are right: the question is, are the ratings worth anything? If there is disciplinary information, then that should be available to the public. Perhaps there is other objective, factual information that should similarly be made available. But beyond facts, are these ratings anything but a money-making gimmick for AVVO? Does anyone really believe their ratings would have any validity or practical usefulness? Get real. BTW, for all those who apparently don't know it, Martindale already rates lawyers, and the "peer" ratings are fairly useless, no knowledgeable person would pretend otherwise.
The efforts to make a rating system amount to the essence of "inane" is the problem with our Country today. We have grown so insensitive to becoming consummate the reality of our apathy abrogates our fellow citizens to futility. Websites like AVVO and RobeProbe, etc, are the only outlets for persons aggrieved. Today the House is pushing through a Bill on more security to protect Judges that includes laws that abolish verbal assaults that "might" be construed as threatening. (H R 660). So websites like JAA would be subject to criminal prosecution for daring to criticize the judiciary. It boggles my mind that the only time anyone cares is when it is too late, for when you become one who would dare to question the virus of theinane now applies to you.
There seem to be a few questions around the source of Avvo's data, so let me explain exactly where our data comes from. We first populate our database from state bar records. This typically includes name, address, bar admittance date, disciplinary sanctions, and sometimes law school and practice areas. If we know the lawyer's web site, we add any relevant information that is published there. Finally, lawyers can claim their Avvo Profile (for free) and update it with as much information as they want, as often as they want. This is a huge benefit for many lawyers, especially solo practitioners, 60% of which do not have their own web site.
The Avvo Rating is then calculated based on the information in the lawyer's profile, and we only publish a numerical Avvo Rating if we have at least two sources of profile information (e.g. state bar records and lawyer web site). If we only have state bar data, we publish either a "No Concern" or "Attention" rating.
I should add that notwithstanding the litigation, our team has been pushing forward adding new features to the site, including Avvo Answers, a free questions-and-answers forum that enables consumers to ask questions and lawyers to answer them. This is a win-win, as consumers get some initial guidance on their legal issue, and lawyers can interact with individuals who are likely to need a lawyer in the near future.
If ratings are useless, then why worry about them? The public deserves to be informed and have any and all information available to them. If Avvo is the best they can do, then it's better than nothing. Avvo is a great tool because it centralizes a lot of information. Let the market determine if Avvo is worth anything. My guess is that the more lawyers complain about Avvo, the popular it will become.
Re: William S. - "Does anyone really believe their ratings would have any validity or practical usefulness?" That's sorta like asking if the LSAT has any validity or practical usefulness or the forced curve in law schools. Let the MARKET decide if Avvo is useful.
Paul Bloom and Avvo got unfairly sued. It is too bad he can't get rule 11 sanctions and recovery of attorney fees and costs for the frivolous lawsuit he successfully defeated. What's next? Suing someone for having an opinion?
I agree with anon. Also, the state bar associations do a terrible job of keeping the public informed and getting to the public the information they want and need. If it wasn't for Avvo, the public would have to look through all those cheesy yellow page ads.
It may be at the end of the day the ratings don't really mean much, but to me, the more the merrier. The esteemed "Superlawyer" designation, for example, was debunked nicely by Judge Lasnik: he just sanctioned one $40k for frivolous filings! Heck, even 9.9/10.0 Berman could find himself on the receiving end of such if Avvo's counsel advises that such may be worth pursuing. I think people would be interested in knowing which lawyers they are considering hiring have done things that are currently pretty well "hidden" (ie, lawsuits they've been a party to, bankruptcy, win/loss ration for published/nonpublished decisions, criminal charges, drug and alcohol abuse issues, IRS liens, etc.) Like I say, the more rating entites like Avvo and Martindale etc. we get out there, the more likely one of them will have the chutzpah to take on such risky issues, and in the end, the better off consumers will be. Isn't it better a consumer knows more? Wouldn't we rather, as attorneys who actually care about the integrity of our professsion, want consumers to learn that the lawyer they were thinking about hiring has a drug problem BEFORE they hire them?
Mr. Bloom: *Exactly* how did you "populate" your database from state bar records? Was it given to you by the state bar directly, say on a DVD? Or did you mine state bar web sites? Or what? It's a simple informational inquiry. And I already know what your next response will be. Go go win win, you seem to have supporters here. But doesn't seem to be an appreciation of the difference between presenting hard, factual information -- drug use, disciplinary actions, as opposed to a "rating". Oh well.
Does not matter Tom T, how the db was made. Only matters that there is one. As for your rant of drug use, etc. If you know of facts, then supply them to the Avvo. Even eBay has a rate system. As one can see by the L2L issue, the public will decide for itself, what matters.
Tom T.'s rant of drug use:
"But doesn't seem to be an appreciation of the difference between presenting hard, factual information — drug use, disciplinary actions, as opposed to a "rating"."
This is a horrible idea. Just as attorney's have limitations to advertising, these ratings should be disallowed because of the potential destruction of confidence in the system overall. Now it is easy to dismiss this as just being paranoid for an attorney, but you know that lay people will rely on these rankings. I did a search of attorney's in Philadelphia for Anti-Trust, and there were two attorneys at the "bottom" of the ratings, one a recent graduate at Dechert, and the other a 1982 graduate. They both were admitted to the PA Bar last year. However, one has 24 years experience on the other, and yet they both are rated 1/5 possbile stars for experience. That could be very misleading for a potential client.
This makes me so angry. Avvo posted an advertisement on my profile for a competing law firm FROM MY AREA!
Statements on AVVO are not substantiated and are often written by anonymous clients, which can be other lawyers seeking personal gain by stepping on their competition. Attorney grievance matters are shared but what about those attorneys who have no complaints and high ethical ratings but low diligence/competency? Slander is allowed. A suit for slander/defamation should survive; I don't know the particulars about these plaintiffs to ascertain whether the statements about them were false. It will be inherently unfair if the burden of proving falsity is placed too high whereby an attorney is asked to assert falsity of an anonymous claim of say lack of communication. Eric Goldman's blog reports, "Along the way, the judge expresses a healthy skepticism (bordering on snideness) about lawyer rankings in general, calling the Lawdragon rankings "nonsense," pointing out that he had trashed a "Super Lawyer"-ranked lawyer who had engaged in "unreasonable and vexatious litigation tactics" in his courtroom (and who retained the ranking even after the trashing) and chiding "how ludicrous the rating of attorneys (and judges) has become." This judge fully understands ranking silliness and gives it no quarter. Right on, judge!"
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David Ortiz could return to the Red Sox by the middle of this month
NEW YORK Red Sox designated hitter David Ortiz will travel back to Fort Myers, Fla., on Thursday and is tentatively scheduled to play in an extended spring training game on Monday at Fenway South
Manger John Farrell said Ortiz could return to the Sox by the middle of this month.
Ortiz missed most of spring training while recovering from a right Achilles' tendon injury suffered last July, and started the season on the disabled list. But he has made rapid progress in the last week.
The question now is how much game action Ortiz would need before he can rejoin the Red Sox.
"In talking with David, I think he'd feel comfortable with 25-30 at-bats, likely to be taken place at [Triple A] Pawtucket. When that rehab assignment begins remains to be seen,"
Farrell said.
It's uncertain how much time Ortiz will need in extended spring training before he starts his rehabilitation assignment with Pawtucket.
"We're going to gauge that on him and when he's ready to take that next progressive step," Farrell said. "But I think it's most important to note that he continues to move along the prescribed plan that's in place. I know with each passing day he feels better about himself with the intensity ramping up with his running. So, we'll get a better read when he returns to Florida."
Ortiz will start base-running drills on Friday. He has been running in the outfield at Yankee Stadium.
"Good. I'm doing fine," Ortiz said during a brief encounter with reporters.


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Bipolar Disorder: A Self-Directed Learning Module
|Publication ID
|April 4, 2012
Medical education is increasingly distributed among geographically distant sites and campuses. The patient encounters may be limited by teaching time constraints, practice setting restrictions, seasonal variation in patient availability and limited duration of clerkships. Simulation has been classically performed with standardized patients and with high fidelity integrated mannequins but these modalities become impractical for students training at clinical sites remote from the main university campus. To meet licensing bodies' requirements for medical education, the schools need to identify the types of patients or clinical conditions that students must encounter in each discipline and are encouraged to use simulated experiences to fill gaps in exposure. In addition, schools must provide comparable educational experiences and equivalent methods of assessment across all instructional sites within a given discipline. Given the factors described above, educators from various medical disciplines established national clerkship curriculum guidelines and created databases of computer based simulated cases to cover the curriculum. For example, the pediatric CLIPP cases include 31 modules and the surgery WISE MD has 15 modules, which are proprietary.
Since 2010, a taskforce of educators now including representatives from the Universities of Chicago, California Davis, Nebraska Medical Center, Central Florida, Georgia Health Sciences University (GHSU) and Medical University of South Carolina have joined forces to develop a free national database of psychiatry teaching cases. The pilot modules (adolescent depression, dementia with comorbidities, psychiatric interview, somatization disorder and bipolar disorder) were developed using the ADMSEP Clinical Learning Objective Guide for Psychiatry Education of Medical Students (2007) as a framework. The taskforce developed anonymous student and faculty surveys, to ensure that periodic updates and improvements are based on consistent user feedback about the modules' content and teaching areas. So far the surveys have been IRB-approved at 2 of the participating medical schools, GHSU and University of Central Florida. The preliminary research results for the Bipolar Self-Learning Module will be presented in the Instructor's Guide.
The potential advantages of utilizing a self-learning resource are its portability (it can be viewed anywhere where a computer is available), availability of repetitive viewing, and the standardized content built into the script. In addition, the resource allows revision when advances in medical knowledge and users' feedback dictate content changes.
Foster A. Bipolar Disorder: A Self-Directed Learning Module. MedEdPORTAL Publications; 2012. Available from: https://www.mededportal.org/publication/9132 http://dx.doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.9132
General Information
Contains time-sensitive information that will likely be inaccurate, obsolete, or irrelevant by November 30, 2014
Educational Objectives
- To recognize symptoms of bipolar disorder.
- To make a differential diagnosis.
- To recommend work up for a mood episode.
- To assess patient's risk of harm to self and others.
- To suggest a treatment plan for current mood episode.
- To recognize and address treatment non-adherence.
- Bipolar Disorder (MeSH), Suicide Risk, Medication Adherence (MeSH), Mood Episode, ADMSEP Clinical Simulation
- Psychiatry
Interpersonal & Communication Skills
Knowledge for Practice
Patient Care
Instructional Methods
Independent Learning
Academic Focus
Basic Sciences
Psychology/Behavioral Science
- Psychology/Behavioral Science
Clinical Sciences
Clinical Exam
Clinical Skills/Doctoring
- Clinical Exam
Intended Audience
Professional School
Medical Student
Nursing Student
- Medical Student
Professional School Post-Graduate Training
- Fellow
Authors & Co-Authors
Primary Author
Adriana Foster, MD
Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University
Sponsorship or Funding Source
The work by the author, the actor, and the video-producer were supported as part of their employment by the Georgia Health Sciences University.
Effectiveness and Significance
Practical implementation of the Bipolar Self-Directed Learning Module in Medical College of Georgia @ Georgia Health Sciences University curriculum:
The resource became available for the use of 3rd year students in September 2011. The module is made available on the 3rd year clerkship's password-protected website along with the other modules created by CSI taskforce (Adolescent Depression, Somatization, Dementia with Co-morbidities and Psychiatric Interview). The students are encouraged to view the module to supplement their patient exposure or when the mid-rotation feedback uncovers gaps in exposure.
Other potential uses:
- Small group teaching setting; to illustrate concepts about mood disorders or suicide risk assessment.
- Clinical correlation; to supplement 2nd year neuroscience modules.
- Nursing students - behavioral science curriculum.
- Family medicine and neurology residents
Pilot feedback data:
Since its release, the module has been revised based on informal feedback from GHSU students. In addition, we accumulated pilot feedback data from faculty and students at GHSU and University of Central Florida on our anonymous IRB-approved surveys. The faculty (N=5) rated the usefulness of the video-clips, the clarity of the content and the content consistency with its learning objectives at 6.20 on a 7-point scale (Strongly disagree, Disagree, Somewhat disagree, Neutral, Somewhat agree, Agree, Strongly agree). The faculty spent between 30 min (60%) and 45 min (40%) to go through the module. 80% would use the module to supplement patient exposure in 3rd and 4th-year medical students, 60% would use it for residents and 40% for 1st and 2nd year medical students, physician-assistant and nursing students. The faculty rated the educational value of the module between 5.5 and 6.3 on the same 7-point scale.
The student feedback (N=2) on the IRB-approved survey rated the module's knowledge area from 5.50-6.50; the students thought that the module enhanced their ability to recognize symptoms of bipolar disorder, to work through the differential diagnosis and choose treatment options. The students rated the skills area between 5.5-7; they thought that the module increased their comfort in interacting with patients with bipolar disorder, gave them a framework to approach patients with bipolar disorder and increased their confidence that they can elicit symptoms of bipolar disorder. The general module feedback ranged between 4.5-7 on the same 7-point scale; the students thought that the module was valuable as an educational tool and would use it again to review the material presented. The quizzes were rated from 4.5-5.5.
Special Implementation Guidelines or Requirements
Practical implementation of the Bipolar Self-Directed Learning Module requires access to a computer and the resource can be placed on the school's Blackboard teaching system and presented to the students as a link. It is not necessary to have the Articulate® software loaded on the computer to view the resource. The completion of the module may take between 30-45 minutes.
Lessons Learned
Our resource is not currently designed to be used for summative evaluation purpose although it does have a built-in formative self-evaluation component.
Research and informal survey feedback related to the consistency between the video clips and the case scenario, the level of detail in the module's treatment section, the complexity of the quiz questions and the module's graphics were all addressed in the module version which is presented for review.
This information is made available under the Creative Commons license.
More details
This publication has been formally peer reviewed elsewhere
The module was reviewed by students and faculty in the informal and IRB-approved surveys as presented in Implementation Guidelines as well as being presented as part of a poster at ADMSEP National meeting in Savannah GA, in June 2010.
Publications, Presentations, and/or Citations for this Publication
- Martin Klapheke, Howard Liu, Michael Marcangelo, Hendry Ton, Glen Xiong, Dennis McNeilly, Adriana Foster, Clinical Simulation Initiative in Psychiatry for Medical Students: Pilot Demonstration of a Free National Database, Poster presented at ADMSEP meeting, Savannah, GA, June 201.


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Rodney Donadrain Rice
Position: DB
Height: 5-8 Weight: 180 lbs.
Born: June 18, 1966 in Albany, GA
High School: Atwater
College: BYU (school history)
Drafted by the New England Patriots in the 8th round (210th overall) of the 1989 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 3 (10660th overall since 1950)
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Quinn predicts radical budget cuts without revenue
March 26, 2014
The Associated Press
Gov. Pat Quinn wants to make the state's temporary income tax increase permanent to prevent "extreme and "radical" budget cuts.
The Chicago Democrat also said during his annual budget speech Wednesday he wants to give homeowners a $500 annual property tax refund.
The speech comes as the state faces dire financial problems and Quinn embarks on what's anticipated to be a difficult re-election bid against Republican businessman Bruce Rauner.
Quinn proposed maintaining the state's income tax increase, saying that it'll be a "real challenge." The increase rolls back next year, leaving a $1.6 billion revenue dip.
Quinn says extending the increase is a better long-term solution.
Illinois has billions in unpaid bills, a low credit rating and uncertainty with its pension debt.
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Curio: Paperback Love
Alexa here with your weekly film curios. I am an unabashed lover and collector of vintage paperbacks, especially movie tie-in paperbacks. Kayo Books is always a stop when I'm passing through San Francisco (and where I found What's Up, Doc? and King Solomon's Mines tie-in paperbacks). I have been known to scan some favorite covers from my collection, and then print and frame them for quick wall art. So the recent trend of movie posters re-imagined as paperbacks is one that I can't resist. Of course, Penguin Classics are a favorite inspiration, as well as designs of the more pulpy variety like Dell (a hat tip to Pulp Fiction's 90s marketing).
Here is a collection of some favorite designs I've seen out in the wild.


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Are you Shu-Guang Jin?Claim your profile
Publications (18)47.52 Total impact
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objective: The dural tail sign was first described as a thin, tapering rim of dural enhancement, in continuity with meningiomas on enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. However, the exact nature of the dural tail is still unclear. This study investigated the immunohistochemical (IHC) characteristics of the dural tail in intracranial meningiomas and the correlation between clinicopathological profiles and tumor invasion of the dural tail. Methods: The study group consisted of 36 patients of meningioma with the dural tail noted on MR imaging and in pathological findings, and 18 patients of meningioma without the dural tail as the control group. IHC staining of tumor masses and dural tails for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epithelial membrane antigen, CD34, Ki-67, and vimentin were performed. Results: The data showed that 61.1 % (22/36) of cases in the study group revealed tumor invasion of dural tail, and 55.6 % (30/54) of all the cases demonstrated dura mater invasion in all the samples. The dura mater invasion was significantly positively related to invasion of the dural tail in the study group (p = 0.009). IHC staining detected higher expression of VEGF and CD34 in the dural tail than in the main tumor mass. Conclusions: Considering the high proportion of patients with tumor invasion into the dural tail, we tried to perform wide resection of the dural tail during intracranial meningioma surgery. Furthermore, VEGF was strongly expressed in tumor cells that invaded into the dural tail, and hence VEGF can be used as a marker to differentiate tumor cells from normal meningeal cells in the dural tail.
Article: Release of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 from alginate microcapsule encapsulating genetically engineered cells[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this study, 293T cells were genetically engineered to secrete tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2) and encapsulated into alginate microcapsules to continuously release TIMP2 protein. The anti-invasive potential of the microcapsules was studied in vitro using brain tumor cells. The TIMP2 gene was transfected to 293T cells, and genetically engineered 293TIMP2 cells were encapsulated into alginate microcapsules. Release of TIMP2 protein was detected with Western blot analysis and the anti-invasive potential against U87MG cells was tested using gelatin zymography and a Matrigel assay. Cell viability within the alginate microcapsules was maintained at a cell density of 5 × 10(6). Because polycationic polymers are helpful for maintaining the mechanical strength of microcapsules with good cell viability, the alginate microcapsules were reinforced with chitosan (0.1% w/v). Expression of TIMP2 protein in cell lysates and secretion of TIMP2 into the conditioned medium was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Alginate microcapsules encapsulating 293TIMP2 cells released TIMP2 protein into the medium efficiently, where the TIMP2 protein participated in degradation of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 enzyme and inhibited invasion of U87MG cells. Alginate microcapsules encapsulating 293TIMP2 cells are promising candidates for anti-invasive treatment of glioma.
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ABSTRACT: Metallothionein 1E (MT1E) has been found to be highly expressed in motile cell lines. We investigated whether MT1E actually modulates the migration and invasion of human glioma cell lines and the types of factors that have an effect on MT1E. RNA differential display was performed using Genefishing™ technology in the human glioma cell lines U343MG-A, U87MG and U87MG-10'; the results were validated by RT-PCR and northern blot analysis, in order to detect possible genetic changes as the determining factors for migration ability in malignant glioma. MT1E was identified in U87MG, a highly motile cell line. The migration and invasion abilities of human glioma cell lines, and MT1E transfectants were investigated using simple scratch testing and Matrigel invasion assays. Morphological and cytoskeletal (actin, vimentin) changes were documented by light and confocal microscopy. The expression of MT1E in four glioma cell lines was assessed by RT-PCR and western blotting. In addition, the effects of MT1E on the activity of the NF-κB p50/p65 transcription factor, MMP-2 and -9 were examined by western blotting and zymography. The endogenous MT1E expression in the human glioma cell lines was statistically correlated with their migratory abilities and invasion. The U87-MT-AS cells became more round and had decreased stress fibers, compared with the U87MG cells. Endogenous MT1E expression in the four human glioma cell lines was directly correlated with migration. Two antisense MT1E-transfected cell lines showed decreased NF-κB p50 translocation into the nucleus, which led to decreased activity of MMP-9 in conditioned media. It may be postulated that MT1E can enhance the migration and invasion of human glioma cells by inducing MMP-9 inactivation via the upregulation of NF-κB p50.
Article: Possible role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in hyperostosis of intracranial meningiomas[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Although bone invasion and hyperostosis are common phenomena in patients with intracranial meningiomas, the basic pathomechanism is not fully understood. Based on an immunohistochemical study of surgically resected samples with hyperostosis, we postulate a possible mechanism of hyperostosis in patients with intracranial meningiomas. Forty-six meningiomas were evaluated in this study. Twenty-six meningiomas associated with hyperostosis specimens served as the study group, and 20 meningiomas without any bony changes served as controls. An immunohistochemical staining technique was used to detect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -9, and -13, membrane type (MT)1-MMP, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) in the main tumor and hyperostotic portions of the studied samples. In the non-hyperostosis group, expression of MMP-13, MT1-MMP, and ER was significantly less than in the main tumor portion of hyperostotic meningiomas, while there was no difference in the expression of MMP-2 and -9 and PR in the main tumor between the two groups. In the hyperostosis group, the immunoreactivity of MMP-2 in the hyperostotic portion revealed a higher pattern of expression than the main tumor (p < 0.002). The expression of MMP-9, MT1-MMP, ER, and PR had relatively positive immunoreactivity in the main tumor portion (P < 0.05). Increased expression of MMP-13 and MT1-MMP in the tumor portion of hyperostosis of meningiomas might contribute to the initiation of osteolysis. Activated MMP-2 in hyperostotic lesions may change the physiological metabolism of the skull bone, thus playing an important role in hyperostosis formation.
Article: Preparation of polylactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles incorporating celecoxib and their antitumor activity against brain tumor cells[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Celecoxib, a cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, has been reported to mediate growth inhibitory effects and to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. In this study, we examined the potential effects of celecoxib on glioma cell proliferation, migration, and inhibition of COX-2 expression in vitro. Celecoxib was incorporated into poly DL-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles for antitumor drug delivery. PLGA nanoparticles incorporating celecoxib had spherical shapes and their particle sizes were in the range of 50-200 nm. Drug-loading efficiency was not significantly changed according to the solvent used, except for acetone. Celecoxib was released from the PLGA nanoparticles for more than 2 days, and the higher the drug content, the longer the duration of drug release. PLGA nanoparticles incorporating celecoxib showed cytotoxicity against U87MG tumor cells similar to that of celecoxib administered alone. Furthermore, celecoxib did not affect the degree of migration of U87MG cells. PLGA nanoparticles incorporating celecoxib showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity similar to that of celecoxib alone in C6 rat glioma cells. Western blot assay of the C6 cells showed that neither celecoxib alone nor PLGA nanoparticles incorporating celecoxib affected COX-2 expression. PLGA nanoparticles incorporating celecoxib had antitumor activity similar to that of celecoxib alone, even though these particles did not affect the degree of migration or COX-2 expression in the tumor cells.
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ABSTRACT: Nogo-A belongs to the reticulon protein family and is expressed in the inner and outer loops of myelin sheaths of oligodendrocytes. We analyzed the patterns of Nogo-A expression in human gliomas in an effort to identify a useful marker for the characterization of oligodendroglial tumors. We determined the expression of Nogo-A in a panel of 58 astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors using immunohistochemistry and compared the expression of Nogo-A with Olig-2, a recently identified marker for oligodendrogliomas. To localize Nogo-A expression, immunofluorescent staining was performed using other glial markers (MAP-2 and GFAP). We also confirmed the overexpression of the Nogo-A protein in 53 astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors using Western blot analysis. Based on immunohistochemical analysis, Nogo-A and Olig-2 had specificity in the detection of oligodendroglial tumors from astrocytic tumors (P=0.001). The level of Nogo-A staining was highly correlated with Olig-2 (P=0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of Nogo-A for oligodendroglial tumors was 86.9% and 57.1%, respectively. Nogo-A expression overlapped that of other oligodendroglial markers, but with different patterns of expression. Western blot analysis revealed that Nogo-A is predominantly expressed in 85.7% of oligodendroglioma cells and 93.7% of anaplastic oligodendroglioma cells. Like other oligodendroglial markers, Nogo-A is highly expressed in oligodendroglial tumors; however, it does not serve as a definite marker specific for oligodendroglial tumors.
Article: Doxorubicin-incorporated nanoparticles composed of poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted carboxymethyl chitosan and antitumor activity against glioma cells in vitro[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this study, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCPEG) was synthesized to make nanoparticles with doxorubicin (DOX) by ion complex formation. Since DOX has positive amine groups, it can interact with the carboxymethyl group of CMCPEG. The particle size of DOX-incorporated nanoparticles of CMCPEG was < 300 nm and nanoparticles had spherical shapes at morphological observation, indicating that DOX/CMCPEG mixtures can form spherical nanoparticles. In a drug release study, higher drug content induced an extended release of drug. Drug release was significantly changed by the release media pH. DOX release was faster at an acidic pH than a neutral or basic pH. The antitumor activity of DOX-incorporated nanoparticles in vitro was tested with DOX-resistant C6 glioma cells. Nanoparticles showed increased cytotoxicity compared to DOX alone. These results suggest that DOX was unable to penetrate into cells and did not effectively inhibit cell proliferation. In contrast, nanoparticles can penetrate into cells and effectively inhibit cell proliferation. Observation of cells under red fluorescence confirmed these results, i.e., nanoparticle-treated C6 cells, unlike DOX-treated cells, had strong red fluorescence. Since DOX has strong red fluorescence, DOX-incorporated nanoparticles entered into the tumor cells more than DOX alone. As a result, we suggest that DOX-incorporated nanoparticles of CMCPEG are superior candidates for antitumor drug delivery.
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ABSTRACT: We determined whether the expression of GRIM-19 is correlated with pathologic types and malignant grades in gliomas, and determined the function of GRIM-19 in human gliomas. Tumor tissues were isolated and frozen at -80 just after surgery. The tissues consisted of normal brain tissue (4), astrocytomas (2), anaplastic astrocytomas (2), oligodendrogliomas (13), anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (11), and glioblastomas (16). To profile tumor-related genes, we applied RNA differential display using a Genefishing DEG kit, and validated the tumor-related genes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A human glioblastoma cell line (U343MG-A) was used for the GRIM-19 functional studies. The morphologic and cytoskeletal changes were examined via light and confocal microscopy. The migratory and invasive abilities were investigated by the simple scratch technique and Matrigel assay. The antiproliferative activity was determined by thiazolyl blue Tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and FACS analysis. Based on RT-PCR analysis, the expression of GRIM-19 was higher in astrocytic tumors than oligodendroglial tumors. The expression of GRIM-19 was higher in high-grade tumors than low-grade tumors or normal brain tissue; glioblastomas showed the highest expression. After transfection of GRIM-19 into U343MG-A, the morphology of the sense-transfection cells became larger and more spindly. The antisense-transfection cells became smaller and rounder compared with wild type U343MG-A. The MTT assay showed that the sense-transfection cells were more sensitive to the combination of interferon-beta and retinoic acid than U343MG-A cells or antisense-transfection cells; the anti-proliferative activity was related to apoptosis. GRIM-19 may be one of the gene profiles which regulate cell death via apoptosis in human gliomas.
Article: Jin, SG, Jeong, YI, Jung, S, Ryu, HH, Jin, YH and Kim, IY. The effect of hyaluronic Acid on the invasiveness of malignant glioma cells: comparison of invasion potential at hyaluronic Acid hydrogel and matrigel. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 46: 472-478[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Hyaluronidase (HAse), a degrading enzyme of hyaluronic acid (HA), is highly expressed in patients with malignant glioma. The purpose of this study was to verify whether HAse is related to the invasion of glioma cells. We also investigated if glioma cells with higher mobility in 2-dimensioal (2-D) method have also higher mobility at 3-dimensional (3-D) environment. Malignant glioma cell lines (U87MG, U251MG, U343MG-A, and U373MG) were used, and their HAse expressions were evaluated by HA zymography. The migration ability was evaluated by simple scratch technique. The invasiveness of each cell lines was evaluated by Matrigel invasion assay and HA hydrogel invasion assay. In HA hydrogel invasion assay, colonies larger than 150 microm were regarded as positive ones and counted. Statistical analysis of migration ability and invasion properties of each cell lines was performed using t-test. In scratch test to examine migration ability of each cell lines, U87MG cells were most motile than others, and U343MG-A least motile. The HAse was expressed in U251MG and U343MG-A cell lines. However, U87MG and U373MG cell lines did not express HAse activity. In Matrigel invasion assay, the cell lines expressing HAse (U251MG and U343MG-A) were more invasive in the presence of HA than HAse deficient cell lines (U87MG and U373MG). In HA hydrogel invasion assay, the HAse-expressing cell lines formed colonies more invasively than HAse-deficient ones. Malignant Glioma cells expressing HAse were more invasive than HAse-deficient ones in 3-dimensional environment. Therefore, it might be suggested that invasion of malignant gliomas is suppressed by inhibition of HAse expression or HA secretion. Additionally, the ability of 2-D migration and 3-D invasion might not be always coincident to each other in malignant glioma cells.
Article: The correlation and prognostic significance of MGMT promoter methylation and MGMT protein in glioblastomas[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation and prognostic significance of MGMT promoter methylation and protein expression in patients with glioblastoma. Eighty-three patients with glioblastoma underwent surgery followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy between October 2000 and June 2008. To investigate the correlation between MGMT methylation and MGMT expression, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and immunohistochemical staining was performed. To analyze the correlation between MGMT methylation and MGMT expression according to location, biopsies were obtained from 37 different sites within the tumors in 12 patients. Age, sex, Karnofsky Performance Scale status, extent of removal, chemotherapeutic methods, and MGMT promoter methylation and protein expression were analyzed as prognostic factors. The total median survival was 15.8 months (range, 12.6-19.1 months). The results of MSP were the same at various sites in 12 patients. A correlation between MSP and immunohistochemical staining was observed in 50% of the patients. In 73 patients, negative MGMT expression was detected in 70.5% of 44 patients with MGMT promoter methylation, and positive expression was observed in 55.2% of the 29 patients with unmethylated promoters. Multivariate analysis revealed that the extent of removal (P = 0.001) and the combination of MGMT promoter methylation and negative MGMT expression (median survival, 20.06 months; P = 0.006) were significantly associated with longer survival. We report the feasibility of using MSP combined with immunohistochemical staining as a prognostic factor. The results of the present study suggest that MGMT promoter methylation in combination with negative MGMT expression might be a good prognostic factor in patients with glioblastoma.
Article: Anticancer activity of PEGylated matrix metalloproteinase cleavable peptide-conjugated adriamycin against malignant glioma cells[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Although matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in the invasion and growth of malignant gliomas, their increased activity in tumor environment can be used as a specific target for chemotherapy. We investigated whether polymer-drug conjugates formed via MMP-cleavable peptide linkages could provide MMP-responsive tumor targeting and cytotoxicity for malignant glioma cells. One end of an MMP-cleavable peptide was attached to the end of methoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) while the other end was attached to adriamycin (ADR). The release of drugs in the presence of conditioned media of U87MG cells was investigated. The cytotoxicities of the MMP-cleavable MPEG-peptide-ADR (PPA) conjugates and non-cleavable MPEG-ADR (PA) conjugates were investigated using U87MG cells. The (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra confirmed the conjugation of the two ends of the peptide to the ends of MPEG and ADR, respectively. Gelatin zymography showed that MMP-2 was strongly expressed in the media of U87MG cells. The PA conjugate did not release ADR either in the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or conditioned media of U87MG cells. The PPA conjugate released ADR in the presence of the conditioned media of U87MG cells, but not in PBS only. In the cytotoxicity test using U87MG cells, ADR and PPA conjugate showed similar anti-proliferative activities, while the cytotoxicity of PA conjugate was lower than that of ADR. Considering that the cytotoxicity of the PPA conjugate was similar to that of ADR, MMP-cleavable polymer-drug conjugates can be used as targeting carriers for the purpose of inhibiting the proliferation of malignant glioma cells.
Article: Role of galectin-1 in migration and invasion of human glioblastoma multiforme cell lines: Laboratory investigation[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Galectin-1 is highly expressed in motile cell lines. The authors investigated whether galectin-1 actually modulates the migration and invasion of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines, and whether its expression with respect to invasion and prognosis is attributable to certain glioma subgroups. In the human GBM cell lines U343MG-A, U87MG, and U87MG-10', the RNA differential display was evaluated using Genefishing technology. The results were validated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis to detect possible genetic changes as the determining factors for the motility of the malignant glioma. The migration and invasion abilities were investigated in human GBM cell lines and galectin-1 transfectant using an in vitro brain slice invasion model and a simple scratch technique. The morphological and cytoskeletal (such as the development of actin and vimentin) changes were examined under light and confocal microscopy. Galectin-1 expression was assessed on immunohistochemical tests and Western blot analysis. Endogenous galectin-1 expression in the human GBM cell lines was statistically correlated with migratory abilities and invasiveness. The U87-G-AS cells became more round than the U87MG cells and lacked lamellipodia. On immunohistochemical staining, galectin-1 expression was increased in higher-grade glioma subgroups (p = 0.027). Diffuse gliomas demonstrated higher expression levels than pilocytic astrocytoma in the Western blot. Galectin-1 appears to modulate migration and invasion in human glioma cell lines and may play a role in tumor progression and invasiveness in human gliomas.
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to prepare cisplatin-incorporated nanoparticles based on ion complex formation between hyaluronic acid (HA) and cisplatin for antitumor drug delivery. To prepare nanoparticles using HA, bulk HA was degraded by hyaluronidases (HAses). Cisplatin-incorporated HA nanoparticles were prepared by mixing cisplatin with an aqueous solution of HA and then the nanoparticle solution was dialyzed to remove trace elements. Since glioma tumor cell lines are able to secrete HAse, extracts from U343MG and U87MG cell lines were used to test the release of cisplatin from the nanoparticles. The morphological observation of the cisplatin-incorporated nanoparticles showed that they had spherical shapes with a particle size around 100-200 nm. The loading efficiency of cisplatin in the nanoparticles was about 67-81% (w/w) and cisplatin was continuously released from the nanoparticles for 4 days. Especially, the release rate of cisplatin from the nanoparticles increased when HAse was added to the release medium. In the results of the HA zymography, the U343MG cell line secreted HAse, while the U87MG cell line did not. When the extracts from U343MG were added to the release medium, the release rate of cisplatin was slightly increased, while the extracts from U87MG did not significantly affect the release rate of cisplatin. In conclusion, cisplatin-incorporated nanoparticles have sufficiently small particle sizes to use as a drug targeting system. The release of cisplatin from the nanoparticles was responsive to the secretion of HAse. These nanoparticles are suitable vehicles for an antitumor drug targeting system.
Article: Prevention of postoperative subdural fluid collections following transcortical transventricular approach[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Subdural fluid collections appear in about 39% of patients after the removal of intra- and paraventricular tumors. This extracerebral fluid collection requires surgical intervention when progressive fluid accumulation takes place. The authors retrospectively and prospectively studied the efficacy of gelfoam and fibrin adhesive in closing cortical and ependymal defects after intraventricular and/or paraventricular lesion resection to prevent the development of SFCs. From 1999 to 2004, we used gelfoam and fibrin adhesive on the cortical and ependymal defects of 28 patients who underwent the resection of intraventricular and/or paraventricular lesions via the transcortical approach associated with the communicated ventricle. We investigated the percentage of symptomatic and asymptomatic SFC. The patients median age was 59.5 years (range, 30-76 years), and the male/female ratio was 16:12. A frontal approach was performed in 18 patients, an occipital approach in 2, a parietal approach in 4, and a temporal approach in 4. The incidence of SFCs was 7% (2 patients). Of the 2 patients with SFCs, 1 required temporary drainage. The other patient was asymptomatic, and the SFCs were spontaneously absorbed 2 months later. The use of gelfoam and fibrin adhesive to seal cortical and ependymal defects after a transcortical procedure might be a viable method of preventing the development of SFC.
Article: Solitary intracranial subdural osteoma: Intraoperative findings and primary anastomosis of an involved cortical vein[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We report a patient with a intracranial subdural osteoma with a large cortical vein passing through the subdural calcified mass. A 60-year-old man presented with an approximately 3-year history of persistent headache. Computerized tomography (CT) scanning showed a homogeneous high-density nodule attached to the inner surface of the right frontal skull. Intraoperatively, the hard mass was found to be located in the intradural subarachnoid space. A large cortical vein passed through the subdural mass and was anastomosed in an end-to-end fashion after the excision of the segment involved by the tumor. The histopathologic examination showed lamellated bony trabeculae lined by osteoblasts and the underlying dura was uninvolved by the tumor cells.
Article: Cystic vestibular schwannomas: A possible role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in cyst development and unfavorable surgical outcome[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The authors evaluated the clinical manifestations and surgical results in patients with cystic vestibular schwannoma (VS), and investigated the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression of the cyst fluid and wall in an attempt to elucidate the pathogenesis and characteristics of this disease. The clinical and neuroimaging features, perioperative findings, and surgical outcomes in 24 cases of cystic VS and 82 cases of solid VS, all of which were treated using the suboccipital approach, were retrospectively compared. To evaluate the role of MMP in cystic VS, gelatin zymography and immunohistochemical studies of the cyst fluid, wall, and solid portion were performed in nine cases of this disease. The mean duration of symptoms was shorter (14.0 months compared with 26.1 months; p = 0.04) and the mean size of the tumor was larger (43.8 mm compared with 34.2 mm; p = 0.048) in the cystic than the solid VS group. Although gross-total resection was easier to accomplish in this group (100% compared with 84.1%), adhesion to the facial nerve was more frequent (62.5% compared with 48.8%; p = 0.042). On gelatin zymography studies, MMP-2 expression was ubiquitously observed in all cyst fluids. Immunohistochemical analysis of the cyst wall showed that MMP-2 was apparently localized to the tumor cells on the luminal inner surface, adjacent to the cyst cavity. Resection of cystic VS is complicated by severe adhesion of the tumor capsule to the facial nerve and the large size of the lesion. The authors believe that MMP-2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of cyst formation or in its enlargement and may aggravate adhesion to the facial nerve, either by promoting the enlargement of the tumor or engendering the degradation of the tumor-nerve barrier proteolytically.
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ABSTRACT: The most characteristic feature of a malignant astrocytoma is its early and extensive infiltration into adjacent parenchymal structures. We focused on detecting the possible expression changes as the determining factors for malignant astrocytoma's motile ability. We confirmed that four of 39 genes showed different expression on DD-PCR by RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. These findings suggest that the genes identified may be important for determining high motility in astrocytoma cell lines. These findings may help us understand the molecular invasion mechanism in astrocytomas.
Article: Dumbbell-shaped middle cranial fossa meningloma with interdural cavernous sinus extension: report of two cases with complete removal[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Surgery for meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus remains controversial. Interdural cavernous sinus is called the lateral dural wall in the cavernous sinus, which is composed of two layers, the outer dural layer and the inner membranous layer. We encountered two cases of dumbbell-shaped middle cranial fossa meningioma with interdural cavernous sinus extension, which were successfully removed by surgical means. A 57-year-old woman presented with headache and decreased visual acuity. Neurological assessment was normal. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of a dumbbell-shaped, smooth-contoured, well-enhanced mass in the right mesial temporal area. The lateral wall of the cavernous sinus was exposed via frontotemporal craniotomy and the tumor originating in the lateral wall was totally removed. A 41-year-old man presented with seizure attacks and drowsy mental status. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of a multilobulated, well-enhanced mass in the left parasellar area. The tumor was totally resected via a transsylvian temporopolar approach. The mass originated from tentorial edge and extended into the cavernous sinus by dural penetration. Middle cranial fossa meningioma with interdural cavernous sinus extension can be removed more easily than other tumors with intracavernous sinus extension and, consequently, can be safely resected without any resulting cranial nerve deficit.
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Chonnam National University
Gwangju, Gwangju, South Korea
- • Department of Neurosurgery
- • School of Medicine
Chonnam National University HospitalSŏul, Seoul, South Korea


text:
Standard Interpretations - Table of Contents
| Standard Number:
August 11, 1986
Mr. Davis Thekkanath Sr.
Supervising Engineer
Oshkosh Truck Corporation
2307 Oregon Street
Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54903
Dear Mr. Thekkanath:
This is in response to your letter of June 25 regarding the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS).
The HCS requires chemical manufacturers, importers, or distributors to ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals leaving the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked. It is our interpretation that items such as a truck radiator, an engine, or a battery are not containers and therefore would not be required to be labeled. However, the containers that held such chemicals as ethylene glycol and battery acids would need to be labeled since they meet the definition of a "hazardous chemical" under the standard.
If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact us again.
John B. Miles, Jr., Director
June 25, 1986
John B. Miles Jr., Director
Directorate, Field Operations
U.S. Department of Labor
200 Constitution Ave. N.W.
Washington, DC 20210
Subject: 29 CFR Part 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
Oshkosh Truck Corporation is a manufacturer of heavy duty trucks. The trucks as shipped to our customers, have ethylene glycol solution in the radiator, lubricating oil in the engine transmission and axles, battery fluids in the battery, to name a few. Our question concerns the applicability of the subject requirements for the vehicle operation.
Mr. Steve Simon, of your office, in a recent telephone conversation with the writer advised that the subject regulation is not applicable to items on the vehicle that are functional requirements for vehicle operation.
We would therefore appreciate your confirming this in writing at you earliest.
Davis Thekkanath Sr.
Supervising Engineer
|Standard Interpretations - Table of Contents
The Department of Labor does not endorse, takes no responsibility for, and exercises no control over the linked organization or its views, or contents, nor does it vouch for the accuracy or accessibility of the information contained on the destination server. The Department of Labor also cannot authorize the use of copyrighted materials contained in linked Web sites. Users must request such authorization from the sponsor of the linked Web site. Thank you for visiting our site. Please click the button below to continue.


text:
Thomas Sevinsky (Applicant)
July 19, 2004
Dargis, Assistant Chief of Planning
Community Development
Magisterial District:
Cedar Run
REZN04-CR-005: A Rezoning to Allow for 9.6 Acres in RA
(Rural Agricultural) to I-2 (Industrial-General)
Topic Description:
The purpose
of this request is to obtain rezoning approval for 9.6 acres
from Rural Agricultural (RA) to Industrial-General (I-2).
The purpose is to allow the continued use of existing
commercial wash bays, the filling of propane tanks, as well
as the rental of ten (10) buildings to accommodate other
various businesses. The property is located on the
southeast side of Ritchie Road (Route 644). The entire
property is within the 100-year floodplain. Two structures
have a Letter of Map Amendment (LOMA) from Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) that removes them from the
This site
has been in violation for several years. During this time,
staff has worked with the applicant to encourage him to
secure necessary approvals to authorize the various uses
located on his property. During the past year, the
applicant has added new industrial tenants (businesses) to
his property and thus, increased his zoning violations. The
Fauquier Feed Supply business continues to operate and
provide service. In January 2004, a rezoning application
was received and the Planning office has been diligently
working with the applicant since that time.
reviewed the uses at the site and compared them to various
zoning categories; Commercial-Highway (C-2), Industrial Park
(I-1), Industrial General (I-2) to see where the existing
uses fit. No category allowed for all of the existing
uses. Additionally, almost all of the current uses require
site plan, special permit and building permit approvals, as
well as various requirements related to construction,
stormwater management and landscaping. One of the
structures does not meet setback requirements; however, the
applicant said that he can adjust his boundary line with the
adjacent neighbor to remedy this issue.
applicant's entire property is within the designated
100-year floodplain. However, there are two structures on
the site that have a LOMA from FEMA that removes them from
the floodplain. The Zoning Ordinance significantly
restricts permitted uses, for example, to farming uses,
outdoor nurseries, parks, nature preserves, accessory and
pervious parking, and Type II and Type III private streets.
The Ordinance specifically prohibits the placement of any
structure within the floodway. Within the 100-year
floodplain, there are very limited uses allowable through
the Special Exception process. Examples would be public
facilities, streets, sand and gravel extraction and the
storage of materials and equipment.
On June 21,
2004, the Planning Commission forwarded this application
with a motion for approval with a recommendation that the
Board of Supervisors approve the rezoning only if the
applicant has, prior to the vote of the Board, provided a
suitable floodplain study and proffer statement. The study
must demonstrate that the proposed industrial zoning is
feasible on the subject property and that the property has
suitable land outside the 100-year floodplain to make the
actual rezoning to I-2 feasible. The proffer statement must
be limited to the lawfully permissible existing uses allowed
in I-2 zoning, as well as eliminate the following uses:
Motor vehicle freight terminal
Auto body painting establishment
Motor vehicle impoundment
Bottling plant
Stone monument processing
Warehousing, including moving and storage
establishments; and
Require Special Permit approval for the following normally
permitted uses:
Wholesale trade establishments
Staff notes
that the applicant completed a Letter of Map Amendment
(LOMA) for his property in the mid 1990s. This allowed for
two (2) structures to be removed from the floodplain: the
silos and grain bins. Since March, staff has advised the
applicant to conduct a floodplain study to determine if the
remainder of the property can be removed from the
floodplain. To date, the applicant has not agreed to the
study. It is important to note the differences between the
LOMA and a floodplain study (Letter of Map Revision –
LOMR). Both processes are conducted through FEMA.
The LOMA process requires the applicant to produce a plat
map, elevation certificate (from a licensed surveyor) and a
completed FEMA LOMA application. Then FEMA uses the 1%
flood map existing data to determine if the lowest
elevations on the property are within (or out of) the 1%
flood area. If a structure is out of the 1% area, a LOMA
can be obtained for that structure. It is important to note
that the LOMA is specific to existing structures only and a
base flood elevation must be established (either by existing
FEMA maps on which detailed studies of stream data is
available or by a consulting engineer's estimates, based on
approved practices).
A LOMR is more representative of a floodplain study and
would provide data to support a revision to the current FEMA
floodplain map. This process requires the applicant to
produce hydrological and hydraulic modeling (from a licensed
civil engineer), the revised floodplain map delineated on
detailed topographic mapping, and a completed FEMA LOMR
application. This material must first be submitted to the
County Engineer for approval and then to FEMA for final
processing. The LOMR required hydrologic/hydraulic modeling
estimates peak flood flows at significant locations within a
watershed or for a specific portion of a creek/stream to
determine if a parcel or area is truly within the
floodplain. Surface flow direction and accumulation can
also be estimated based on topography. Variables in land
use and infrastructure can be accounted for in a model
(i.e., new bridges, culverts, roads, fill).
About 90% of the flood data in the county is not detailed
with flood elevations. This situation is also the case on
the applicant's property. The parcel is identified with
Approximate Zone A designation, which implies that some
level of engineering analysis will be required. Because a
LOMA has been issued in that area previously, the
engineering data may be less difficult to generate, since
FEMA has reviewed and approved this flood estimation data
once before.
The applicant must request that for this application to be
postponed to allow for adequate time to conduct a floodplain
study for the LOMR process. If the applicant does not opt
to conduct a floodplain analyses, the current FEMA
floodplain map is the data that must be used. This map
shows the entire parcel to be in 100-year floodplain and
therefore, the uses that are not in compliance would have to
Requested Action of the Board of Supervisors:
Hold a public hearing and postpone action on this
Financial Impact Analysis:
None was required for this application.
Planning Commission Recommendation:
conducting several public hearings, the Planning Commission
has recommended that the Board of Supervisors consider
approval of the Rezoning, REZN04-CR-005, only if, prior to
the vote of the Board, the applicant conducts the
appropriate floodplain study demonstrating that the proposed
industrial use is suitable on the subject property and that
a proffer statement is provided to limit the use to the
lawfully permissible existing uses allowed in the zoning
district as well as to proffer out some of the heavier
industrial uses.
Land Area, Location and Zoning:
property is located in Bealeton at 5333 Ritchie Road (Route
644). The property is zoned Rural Agricultural (RA). A map
of the property is shown below.
Neighboring Zoning/Land Use:
The property is surrounded on three sides by Agricultural
(RA) zoning and is next to a parcel zoned Industrial General
(I-2). The prevailing land use is farming. One of the
adjacent RA parcels is in the Southern Fauquier Agricultural
and Forestal District. The property is entirely within the
FEMA 100-year floodplain.
Staff and the appropriate referral agencies have reviewed
this request for conformance with the Comprehensive Plan,
the Zoning Ordinance, and other relevant policies and
regulations. Staff and referral agency findings, comments,
and recommendations are in attachments to this memo as well
as the staff report prepared for the June Planning
Commission meeting.
The property is currently zoned
RA where the predominantly uses are agriculture. The
majority of the current uses are not consistent with this
zoning category. The only uses that would be consistent
with the RA zoning would be the agricultural-based
businesses that remain. The property is next to a site that
has been rezoned to I-2. Additionally, the entire site is
within the FEMA 100-year floodplain.
Since the site is within the FEMA
100-year floodplain, the uses there must be consistent with
the Fauquier County Zoning Ordinance Section 5-2300,
Category 23 Floodplain Uses and the general standards set
forth for those uses:
In addition to the general standards as set forth in Section
006 above, the following standards shall apply:
5-2301 Standards for All Category
23 Uses
1. No such use shall cause an increase in the level of
flooding or velocity of flood waters.
2. No such use shall create a potential hazard of debris
subject to movement by flood waters which might cause damage
3. The John Marshall Soil and Water Conservation District
shall be given the opportunity to comment on such uses.
4. The applicant shall have obtained and shall present
evidence attesting any applicable approvals by State and
Federal authorities concerning such a use.
5. Materials and equipment stored in the floodplain shall
not be buoyant, flammable or explosive, and shall not be
subject to major damage by flooding or such materials and
equipment must be firmly anchored to prevent flotation or
movement and/or can be readily removed from the area within
the time available after flood warning.
6. Special exceptions shall only be issued after the
Board of Supervisors has determined that the granting of
such will not result in (a) unacceptable or prohibited
increase in flood heights, (b) additional threats to public
safety, (c) extraordinary public expense, (d) create
nuisances, (e) cause fraud or victimization of the public,
or (f) conflict with local law or ordinances.
7. Special exceptions shall only be issued after the
Board of Supervisors has determined that the special
exception will be necessary to provide the applicant with
reasonable use of the parcel of land in question, taken as a
8. The Zoning Administrator shall notify the applicant
for a special exception in writing, at the time of filing,
that the issuance of a special exception to construct a
structure below the one hundred (100) year flood elevation
(a) will increase risks to life and property, and (b) will
result in increased premium rates for flood insurance.
9. A record of the above notification as well as all
special exception actions, including justification for their
issuance, shall be maintained and any special exceptions
which are issued shall be noted in the annual report
submitted to the Federal Insurance Administrator.
Summary and Recommendations:
recommends the Board of Supervisors postpone action of this
item to allow the applicant time to conduct a FEMA LOMR
floodplain study and to create a series of proffered
conditions including timelines to reach compliance. The
applicant must commit to the proffer and timeline otherwise,
the uses that are in violation will have to cease
immediately. The basis for the recommendation is that the
rezoning cannot be afforded to the property unless it is out
of the floodplain. Additionally, the zoning violations need
to be resolved.
ultimate goal of the requested action is to bring this
property into compliance with the County, state and federal
requirements. There are many procedural steps that the
applicant must initiate and complete, along with the request
for Rezoning. Examples are Special Permits, site plan
requirements, and building permits, as well as bringing
structures, not grandfathered, into compliance with the FEMA
100-year floodplain and County floodplain regulations.
the implication of deferring this action would mean that the
applicant would continue to operate the site in continued
violation of the Zoning Ordinance, with the Planning
Commission and staff's request for preparation of a
floodplain study and a proffer statement, it is reasonable
that the applicant be allowed adequate time to prepare that
document. The applicant must hire a licensed civil engineer
and conduct a floodplain study for the LOMR. Staff can
provide guidance to the applicant for preparation of a
proffer statement.
Fauquier County Department of Community Development
Virginia Department of Health
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality


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