text:
Estimation of CpG coverage in whole methylome next-generation sequencing studies
© van den Oord et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 25 July 2012
Accepted: 8 February 2013
Published: 12 February 2013
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© van den Oord et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 25 July 2012
Accepted: 8 February 2013
Published: 12 February 2013
Methylation studies are a promising complement to genetic studies of DNA sequence. However, detailed prior biological knowledge is typically lacking, so methylome-wide association studies (MWAS) will be critical to detect disease relevant sites. A cost-effective approach involves the next-generation sequencing (NGS) of single-end libraries created from samples that are enriched for methylated DNA fragments. A limitation of single-end libraries is that the fragment size distribution is not observed. This hampers several aspects of the data analysis such as the calculation of enrichment measures that are based on the number of fragments covering the CpGs.
We developed a non-parametric method that uses isolated CpGs to estimate sample-specific fragment size distributions from the empirical sequencing data. Through simulations we show that our method is highly accurate. While the traditional (extended) read count methods resulted in severely biased coverage estimates and introduces artificial inter-individual differences, through the use of the estimated fragment size distributions we could remove these biases almost entirely. Furthermore, we found correlations of 0.999 between coverage estimates obtained using fragment size distributions that were estimated with our method versus those that were "observed" in paired-end sequencing data.
We propose a non-parametric method for estimating fragment size distributions that is highly precise and can improve the analysis of cost-effective MWAS studies that sequence single-end libraries created from samples that are enriched for methylated DNA fragments.
Methylation studies are a promising complement to genetic studies of variation in DNA sequence and structure. Most intensively studied is the methylation of DNA cytosine residues at the carbon 5 position (5meC). Methylation is typically associated with transcriptional repression [1, 2]. This direct link to gene expression means that methylation studies can potentially capture more individual variation in disease susceptibility. Methylation studies can also shed a unique light on disease mechanisms and clinical phenomena [2, 3] such as sex differences [4, 5], genotype environment interactions [3, 6], and age-related patterns associated with the disease course [7]. Finally, methylation sites are appealing from a translational perspective because they are modifiable by pharmacological interventions [8] and are easy to measure using cost-effective assays in readily available biosamples [9].
For most common, complex diseases, detailed prior biological knowledge is typically lacking. Therefore, genome-wide approaches that proved fruitful in the context of sequence variants [10] will also be critical to detect disease relevant methylation sites [11–13]. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is an appealing technology for such methylome-wide association studies (MWAS). Compared to arrays, NGS provides better coverage of all possible methylation sites in the human genome [14]. Furthermore, the relatively low amounts of starting material will reduce errors and bias caused by sample preparation and amplification. Finally, the availability of fast semi-automated sample preparation, the increase in the amount of data generated per run, and the decrease in reagent costs have already made NGS a cost-effective option for a comprehensive interrogation of the methylome.
The most comprehensive method for ascertaining methylation (5meC) status at each nucleotide position is bisulfite sequencing [15], where unmethylated cytosines in genomic DNA are converted to uracil and then converted to thymine in post-bisulfite PCR [16]. The single base resolution is attractive because it allows precise mapping of disease relevant sites [14]. However, due to the combination of high costs of sequencing entire genomes and the large numbers of samples needed to provide adequate statistical power, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing is not currently economically feasible as a screening tool for disease association studies [11]. A commonly used cost-effective alternative aims to sequence only the methylated part of the genome. Here, DNA is first fragmented and the methylated fragments are bound to antibodies [17] or other proteins [18] with high affinity for methylated DNA. The unmethylated genomic fraction is washed away, and the methylation-enriched portion of the sample is then collected and sequenced [18–21].
Knowledge of the fragment size distributions in enrichment-based MWAS is important for several aspects of the data analysis. A clear example involves the calculation of enrichment measures. DNA methylation is most often, although not exclusively, found in the sequence context CpG. Certain enrichment protocols (e.g. MBD-based capture that uses the methyl binding domain of methyl binding proteins [18]), can even only detect CpG methylation. Given that we know exactly where the CpGs are located, there is no need to search for enrichment peaks using methods commonly used in ChIP-seq experiments [22–26]. Although there are other ways to quantify enrichment [27], a commonly used approach is to count the number of fragments covering each CpG. If the fragment sizes are unknown, the number of reads covering the CpG is typically counted instead [21], where read length is sometimes extended to the expected fragment length. However, this is a rough approximation. First, due to the stochastic nature of DNA fragmentation, one cannot assume an equal size for all fragments. Second, the expected fragment size may be mis-specified if the sequenced fragment pool differs from the one obtained after fragmentation. This could arise, for example, if smaller fragments are more likely to be pulled down in the enrichment step. Third, there will be variation in the fragment size distribution across samples despite standardized lab protocols. The possible implication of using the read count approximation is therefore that coverage estimates may become biased and imprecise.
A second example illustrating the importance of the fragment size distribution is that failure to account for differences in fragment size distributions between samples may create artificial inter-individual differences in coverage estimates. To illustrate this, assume that in sample A all DNA fragments are exactly 50 bases in length and that we sequence at 50 bp read length. When using a read count to calculate coverage for the CpG that caused the enrichment, all reads will contribute to this count because the start positions of all aligned reads will be within 50 bp of that methylated CpG. Now assume a second sample B that has identical methylation levels at the target CpG. However, for this sample all fragments are 200 bp long, but we still sequence only 50 bp of each fragment. As only a proportion of the reads would now start within 50 bases of the CpG, the read count will be less than for sample A and underestimate the number of fragments covering the target CpG.
Rather than using an estimation procedure, by sequencing paired-end libraries we can obtain the fragment size distribution by subtracting the start positions of successfully aligned read pairs. However, paired-end libraries have only recently become available, so legacy data is typically single-end and not all sequencing platforms currently support paired-end libraries. Second, the use of paired-end libraries is more expensive and almost doubles the sequencing run time. These disadvantages may be justified in studies that require single base resolution, such as calling DNA sequence variants or estimating the percentage of methylation at specific bases after bisulfite conversion. In these scenarios, the number of reads covering each base is a critical determinant of data quality. However, for the enrichment-based methylation studies considered in this paper, it is the number of sequenced fragments that determine data quality. As the use of paired-end libraries does not increase the number of fragments, one could argue that it is better to spend the additional resources on sequencing more fragments using single-end libraries.
The goal of our investigation is to develop a method that uses single-end sequencing data to estimate fragment size distributions. Due to the nature of the sequencing technology as well as specific lab procedures to optimize the assays (e.g. size selection on fragments prior to sequencing), it is difficult to make strong parametric assumptions about this distribution. Therefore, we propose a non-parametric method. To validate our method, we performed simulation studies and made comparisons with NGS studies of paired-end libraries, which provide a benchmark by allowing an empirical determination of the fragment size distribution.
A detailed exposition of the proposed method to estimate CpG coverage can be found in the supplemental material and we confine ourselves here to a summary. In contrast to for example Chip-seq data, in methylation studies there are often many sites that are located close to each and all can affect the enrichment. This complicates the estimation of the fragment size distribution. For example, using all reads in the neighborhood of a CpG that has other CpGs nearby will give imprecise estimates of the fragment size distribution because part of the enrichment at that locus will be the result of the nearby CpGs. To address this problem, our method uses only isolated CpGs. An isolated CpG is defined as a site C for which the interval [C-d,C + d] contains no other CpGs but C and where d is larger than the longest possible fragment size. For these isolated CpGs it is reasonable to assume that, given the fragment size X = x, the possible nucleotide positions R where the reads can start is independent and uniform distributed (see Additional file 1: Figure S3 and Results section for empirical support of this assumption).
Because the enrichment is imperfect, not all sequenced fragments will contain methylated CpGs. Under the assumption that the start positions of such "noise" reads are uniformly distributed in the [C-d,C + d] interval, they will not bias estimates because Pr(x) in (2) is calculated from the difference between the numbers of reads starting at adjacent bases.
For example, if the read length is 50, Pr(X > r) = 1.0 for reads starting within 50 bp of the CpG but Pr(X > r) < 1.0 for reads starting further away as part of the tagged fragments will be too short to cover the CpG. Once we determined for every read the probability that the fragments they are tagging cover the CpG, these probabilities can be summed over all reads to obtain a coverage estimate for the CpG.
Equation (4) shows that E(cov) depends on the fragment sizes. The implication is that coverage estimates will differ across samples if the fragment sizes differ across these samples. However, because the fragment size distribution is determined by the lab protocol and is not directly related to the amount of methylation, this difference represents an artifact. To avoid such differences it may be necessary to standardize the coverage estimates using this expected contribution. We calculated the required coverage standardization factor for each sample as the mean of the expected read contributions across all samples in the study divided by E(cov) in (4) for that specific sample.
As the read start counts will show sampling fluctuations, we "smooth" the data prior to calculating Pr(x) with formula (2). Our first method involved the Nadaraya-Watson estimator [28, 29]. This smoother takes for each position the m nearest neighbors and estimates the number of read starts by averaging the values across this window using a kernel as a weighting function. As it essentially uses the mean, this kernel-based smoother assumes that the underlying function is locally constant. To provide an alternative we also used a cubic spline method that fits a more flexible local regression model instead. We illustrate results obtained with the two methods in Figure 1.
Step 2 results in a set of estimates of Pr(x) that are used in step 3 to calculate the coverage function (3). The true underlying coverage function (3) is monotone descending but in practice this may not hold due to sampling fluctuations. To ensure monotonicity, as a final smoothing step we used the procedure proposed by Dette et al. [30, 31].
To obtain the coverage functions and standardization factors we wrote an R function that also summarizes and plots the (smoothed) data. For the kernel-based smoother we used the R function ksmooth. For the cubic spline we used smooth.spline, the design of which parallels the smooth.spline function of Chambers and Hastie [32]. The function monoProc was used in the final step to obtain monotone descending coverage functions. We also created a program to create the input data, which is a table with the counts of the read starts around isolated CpGs. Prior to calculating this table, the program allows user specified quality control (QC) of the reads. Because of the size of the data files, this program was coded in C++. The source code, Windows and Linux executables, and documentation are freely available from http://www.people.vcu.edu/~ejvandenoord/.
To validate our method we sequenced 50 bp + 35 bp paired-end libraries in 8 inbred adult C57BL/6 male mice (see supplemental material for details on the laboratory methods, quality control, and data processing). The number of reads per sample was on average 53.6 million. We could map 87% of the reads. Using d = 350 bp, the total number of isolated CpGs was 287,493 which corresponds to 1.4% of all CpGs in the C57BL/6 genome (build 9/NCBI37). In terms of uniquely mapped reads, an average of 184,853 reads per sample mapped to isolated CpGs.
Fifty-two percent of the mapped reads (or 45% of total reads) satisfied our criteria for high quality read pairs meaning that they aligned uniquely with the right orientation and acceptable fragment size. We obtained the fragment size distributions from the paired-end data by subtracting the start positions of the successfully aligned read pairs. Although these fragment size distributions may not be perfect (e.g. only a proportion of the read pairs are used and the fragments tagged by these high quality pairs may not be completely representative of all sequenced fragments), they should provide a good opportunity to validate findings as the distributions are "observed" and do not require estimation.
To test our estimation procedure through simulations, we generated 10,000 random samples based on each of the three distributions in Figure 2. The number of reads with start positions close to isolated CpGs equaled 10,000, 25,000, 50,000, 75,000, or 100,000. The condition that assumes 100,000 reads is comparable to what we observe in our empirical data. The other conditions enable us to get a sense of the robustness of our method in case fewer reads would be available. To assess the precision of our estimator, we first calculated the mean difference and absolute mean difference between the estimated coverage function and the real coverage function used to simulate the data, and then averaged these differences across all possible read start positions. When subsequently averaged across the 10,000 simulated samples, the mean difference provides information about whether there are systematic differences (=bias) between estimated and true coverage functions. To obtain a measure of the variability of the estimated coverage functions, we also calculated the standard deviation of the mean difference in the 10,000 simulations. Finally, the mean of the absolute differences across the 10,000 simulations provides an overall measure of precision that incorporates both systematic differences and the variability of the estimates.
Summary of simulation results comparing estimated and true coverage curves with different numbers of reads
# reads
Standard deviation
Absolute difference
Additional file 1: Figure S3 shows the plots with read start position distributions for each of the 8 samples. These distributions show systematic outliers at the very beginning of the read (positions 0–4). However, after these initial positions, the frequencies of the read start positions do not show a systematic trend until the read length is reached. The decay after that point is expected and caused by parts of fragments becoming too short to cover the CpG (see Formula 1), which essentially forms the basis of our estimator. In other data, we have sometimes observed a decay that starts before the read length is reached. However, this was the result of some fragments being shorter than the read length. Such fragments can occur when the instrument initially sequences part of the adaptor. These reads are then "trimmed" during alignment. Thus, when the methylated CpG is at the very beginning of the read, the assumption of uniform read start distribution does not hold. However, as our estimator only uses the data starting from approximately the minimum read length, these outliers do not affect the estimation. The absence of a systematic trend until the minimum fragment length is reached suggests that the assumption of a uniform distribution for position-level read counts is reasonable for the range from which the data are used.
Before estimating the coverage function using the empirical sequencing data, we first eliminated one read from each pair as to create single-end read input data. Empirical data will comprise multi- and duplicate-reads. Many reads map to multiple locations of the genome. Often a single alignment can be selected because it is clearly better than the others. In the case of multi-reads, multiple alignments are about equally good. Selecting only the best alignment for each multi-reads read carries along the danger of alignment errors (e.g. alignments to regions with SNPs are less likely to be best alignments because SNPs cause mismatches). On the other hand, excluding all multireads may affect accuracy in a negative way [33]. Duplicate-reads are reads that start at the same nucleotide positions. When sequencing a whole genome duplicate-reads often arise from template preparation or amplification artifacts. In our context of sequencing an enriched genomic fraction, duplicate-reads are increasingly likely to occur by chance because reads are expected to align to a much smaller fraction of the genome.
We examined empirically whether it would be better to allow for a limited set of high quality multi- and duplicate reads or exclude all such reads. To select high quality multi-reads, any read that mapped to more than 10 loci was excluded from further consideration. From the remaining multi-reads, we selected those that aligned almost equally well to only a few loci. Specifically, we selected the multi-reads that had fewer than five alignments with alignment scores (read length ‒ 3 × the number of mismatches) within five points of the best score. To avoid disproportionate representation, multi-reads were weighted in proportion to the number of alignments in the coverage calculations. In all instances where >3 (duplicate) reads started at the same position, we reset the read count to 1 for the coverage calculations assuming that these reads all tagged a single fragment. If 2 or 3 reads started at the same position, we looked for other reads in neighborhood ±25 bp. If other reads mapped to this area, we retained the read count of 2 or 3 in the coverage calculations, assuming that the duplicate reads occurred by chance due to enrichment of fragments caused by methylated CpG in the region. If no other reads were found, we assumed that the duplicate reads were artifacts and reset the read count to 1 for the coverage calculations.
Precision coverage function estimated after different QC procedures for duplicate- and multi-reads
no multi
no multi
no duplicate
no duplicate
# reads/sample
Standard deviation
Absolute difference
Comparison of coverage estimates obtained using different methods
Read count (50 bp)
Read count extended (150 bp)
Individual kernel function
Mean paired-end function
Mean kernel function
We developed a non-parametric method that uses isolated CpGs to estimate sample specific fragment size distributions from data obtained by sequencing single-end libraries. An important application of the proposed method is to quantify the amount of methylation by estimating the number of fragments covering a CpG. To optimize coverage estimation, we studied several variations. Although it is possible that the optimal approach varies somewhat across settings, we found that the two smoothing methods had very similar overall performance. Furthermore, the inclusion of particularly high quality multi-reads, rather than merely using uniquely mapped reads, improved the precision of the estimated coverage function. This finding is consistent with other reports showing that multi-reads contain information and should not automatically be discarded [33]. Finally, the use of a mean coverage function across all samples may result in a loss of precision. This is because the reduced sampling fluctuations may not outweigh the biases that are introduced when a mean function is used to approximate fragment size distributions that are likely to vary across samples, even if stringent lab protocols are used to minimize these differences.
Our data suggested that taking the fragment size distribution into account may be important to obtain unbiased coverage estimates even when the standard (extended) read count method is used for coverage calculations. Thus, using the mouse sequence data, we showed that even after careful size selection and the use of a standardized protocol to fragment DNA, differences in fragment size distributions can occur that can create artificial inter-individual differences in coverage estimates. To avoid these biases we proposed a standardization factor that can be calculated from the estimated fragment size distributions.
Further applications of the estimated fragment size distributions are conceivable as well. For example, enrichment-based methods are semi-quantitative in the sense that they do not yield direct estimates of methylation levels. For the purpose of assessing methylation levels of sites, methods have been developed to remedy this problem by normalizing the data based on local CpG density [34, 35]. However, the optimal definition of CpG density depends on the fragment size distribution. For example, the local CpG density of a site will be higher if the fragments are larger. Thus, the proposed method can yield a more refined measure of CpG density.
Our estimator uses data from isolated CpG sites, which correspond to a modest proportion of all CpGs (e.g. 1.4% in C57BL/6 mice). It is possible that fragment length distribution differs for the remaining CpG sites. It is important to note that such a bias would affect our method but not the coverage function derived from the paired-end sequencing data that considers all fragments. The fact that we observed a correlation of .999 between coverage calculations based on our estimate versus those based on the paired-end coverage function suggests that a possible bias does not interfere with the precision of our method. A somewhat related point is that enrichment protocols may be less efficient for CpG poor versus CpG rich regions [21], and that the enrichment will depend on the extent isolated CpGs are methylated. As the precision of our method depends on the successful enrichment of fragments with a single methylated CpG, it may not work as well with protocols that mainly enrich for CpG dense regions or in samples where isolated CpGs are not methylated.
Methylation studies are a promising complement to genetic studies of DNA sequence. However, detailed prior biological knowledge is typically lacking, so methylome-wide association studies will be critical to detect disease relevant sites. A cost-effective approach involves sequencing single-end libraries created from samples that are enriched for methylated DNA fragments. A limitation of single-end libraries is that the fragment size distribution is not observed, which hampers several aspects of the data analysis. In this article we developed a non-parametric method that uses isolated CpGs to estimate sample specific fragment size distributions. We show that our method is highly accurate and can improve the analysis of cost-effective MWAS studies that sequence single-end libraries created from samples that are enriched for methylated DNA fragments.
Next-generation sequencing
Methylome-wide association studies
Quality control.
This work was supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute (Grants R01 HG004240 and HG004240-02S1), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Grant R25 DA026119), and the National Institute of Mental Health (Grant RC2 MH089996).
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Looks like NeilJones apology thread has been canned ......
Started Nov 9, 2010 | Discussions thread
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Looks like NeilJones apology thread has been canned ......
Nov 9, 2010
... I just turned around for a sec to grab some more popcorn and "poof" - it was gone. A pity I think because he was making a very valid point - in fact I thought he did it very well and his sarcasm was well delivered.
I shouldn't be by now, but I'm always surprised at how childish and petty people can be here - and no, I'm not talking about Neil.
Mike M. (emem)
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An Ol' Broad's Ramblings
Sheriff Clark
28 January 2013, 5:08 pm. Comments Off. Filed under 2nd Amendment.
I have always been a fan of Milwaukee Country's Sheriff David Clark. I had the pleasure of meeting him once, and he was pretty down to earth. His statement here is so true, why does the left have their knickers all in a twist? Well, because he's telling the truth, he's conservative, and he's a black man. Three things the left hates, especially when combined!
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Griffins Notebook
WATCH: Griffins, McCollum get 2-0 shutout win vs Houston
So much for having to shake off any rust. After an 18-day layoff, Tom McCollum returned to
action on Wednesday and stopped all 28 shots he faced to earn his second shutout of the season and lead the Grand Rapids Griffins to a 2-0 win over the Houston Aeros at Van Andel Arena.
McCollum, who hadn't played since Jan. 19 while serving seven straight games as Jimmy Howard's backup in Detroit, logged his 100th game as a Griffin and followed Petr Mrazek's shutout of Abbotsford on Saturday with one of his own. The consecutive shutouts are the first for Grand Rapids since Dec. 20-21, 2008.
The Griffins (27-14-2-2), who restored their lead atop the Midwest Division to nine points over Chicago, will travel to Oklahoma City for a Friday-Saturday set against the Barons. Faceoff each night is 8:00pm. Coverage both nights begins at 7:40pm on NewsRadio WOOD 1300 and 106.9fm.
After having scored just one goal while being swept by the Aeros (22-18-4-3) and goalie Darcy Kuemper on Jan. 25-26 at Van Andel Arena, the Griffins solved Kuemper just 3:45 into the contest. Tomas Jurco carried the puck into the Houston zone and centered a pass to Brett Skinner that was immediately tipped ahead to Riley Sheahan, who scooped a backhand over Kuemper from close range.
With 1:48 remaining in the third period, Kuemper went to the bench in favor of an extra attacker. McCollum denied several scoring chances over the duration, and the Griffins appeared headed for their first back-to-back 1-0 victories in franchise history until captain Jeff Hoggan scored into the empty net with six seconds left.
McCollum won for the third time in his last four games and improved to 11-6-1 on the season with a 2.94 goals against average and a 0.905 save percentage. He helped increase the Griffins' team shutout streak to 154:19, within striking distance of the club's all-time mark of 184:07 set from March 1-7, 2002.
Kuemper, who entered the night with a 4-0 lifetime record at Van Andel Arena, made 23 saves in defeat.
Notes: Only three other goaltenders – Joey MacDonald (210), Howard (186) and Marc Lamothe (103) – have played more games for the Griffins than McCollum…Three of Grand Rapids' last five games and four of its last nine have featured a shutout by either team.
Three Stars: 1. GR McCollum (W, 28 saves, shutout); 2. GR Sheahan (game-winning goal); 3. GR Paetsch (plus-one)


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Low-Cost Clothing Crafts
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Bohemian Flower Pumps
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Create the look of embroidery on a pair of shoes without the hassle. Iron-on thread and sequins make this fashion statement simple. Use thie Bohemian technique for costumes too!
- 1 pair of plain shoes
- Fabric: 2 green prints for leaves, 1 color for flower
- Kandi Crystal- 2 (7mm) Clear
- Kreinik Iron-On #16 Braid 6200 Daffodil
- Kreinik Iron-On 1/8" Ribbon in 6500 Hydrangea and 6300 Meadow
- Fusible Webbing or Treasure Tape
- Iron
- Teflon presscloth
- Scissors
- Fabric pencil
- Turn on your iron to it's highest setting and allow it to heat up. Cut out your fabric pieces: three leaf shapes and two simple daisy shapes (4 petals each).
- Use your Iron-On Ribbon to edge each of your fabric pieces: lay the thread at a starting point, cover with the Teflon press cloth, and press with your hot iron for several seconds until the thread adheres. Use the 6300 Meadow Green 1/8" Ribbon around the edges of each leaf shape and add one stripe of thread down their centers. Use the 6500 Hydrangea 1/8" Ribbon around the edges of your flower shapes.
- To create the yellow stamen detail on your flower, use a piece of scrap fabric. Iron down the very end of your 6200 Daffodil #16 Braid. Fold the thread end into a closed loop and iron in place. Gently pull off the fabric while still warm. Cut the end leaving a 1" tail. Make 4 of these.
- Begin assembling your flower. Iron your 4 stamen pieces onto your top flower shape, leaving the curled ends loose. Iron your crystal onto the center of the flower. (Place the crystal on your design and cover with your presscloth. Press with the iron to heat the crystals until they fuse with your fabric.)
- Cut your fusible webbing or Treasure tape to the size of your leaves and flower pieces. Apply to the back of your fabric. Attach your two flower pieces together, so that the bottom petals show between the top petals. Decide how you want to arrange your leaves and flower, then iron them onto your shoe.
- Repeat these instructions for your second shoe and get ready to step out in style!
Kreinik threads available through needlework stores or www.kreinik.com.
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Guess who chopped sticky marshmallows without losing her mind? Me! Thanks to Cindy who suggested I dusted the knife with powdered sugar before cutting them, my marshmallow-chopping was a piece of cake. Or a piece of S'mores Truffle…
This is a lazy recipe because we're just going to go ahead and melt the chocolate in the microwave. It's just a basic chocolate truffle with some s'morey goodies thrown in, and then rolled in ground bunny grahams or graham crackers. I used sweet bunny grahams mainly so I could threw back my head and laugh maniacally while I chopped them. Mwahahahahahaha!!
|Small-Batch Lazy S'mores Truffles
Makes 14 truffles
4 ounces semi-sweet chocolate chips
1. Combine the chocolate chips and coconut milk in a glass or ceramic, microwave safe bowl. Nuke on high for 45 seconds. Take the bowl out and give it a good stir. Nuke it for 30 more seconds, stir, and repeat until the chocolate is completely melted. This step will depend on the wattage of your microwave.
2. Throw in the marshmallows, gently fold them in and let the chocolate sit at room temperature for 30 minutes.
3. Stir in the chopped bunny grahams and refrigerate until firm enough to shape, about 30 minutes. Give it a stir half way through chilling if you want to speed it up!
4. If you haven't ground your bunny grahams yet, run them through a food processor until powdery. Place the ground grahams in a shallow bowl. Now it's time to make some truffles!
5. Using a small cookie scoop or a spoon, scoop out about two teaspoons of the truffle mix and use your hands to shape it into a ball. Roll the ball in the ground grahams and repeat with the rest of the truffle mix. Refrigerate until ready to serve.
Notes and variations:
You can mix it up and roll half of the truffles in ground grahams and half in cocoa powder or chocolate chips like I did.
If you're not happy about using full-fat coconut milk you can use almond milk instead. Use *just short* of 1/4 cup if you're using almond milk.
If for some reason your chocolate doesn't want to firm up enough to roll it into balls, you can throw in some ground grahams in there to show it who's boss. That'll firm it up and teach it.
I use Dandie's vegan marshmallows which can be thrown straight into the melted hot chocolate without them melting into oblivion. If you're using a different brand you might want to test a couple of marshmallows first, to be sure they hold their shape.
Today's cute? This overexposed, but under-happy doggie who had to spend an afternoon with us while his mama ran some errands. The horror! Poor little Piggly Wiggly.


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My stay at Five Elements, just out of Ubud, was the highlight of my Bali experience. My private villa was beautifully constructed with unique design at each turn. The outdoor bathtub, overlooking a deep canyon and rushing river, was big enough for several people! Carved of black stone, it lit up in color at night with a remote to change the color! Bed was fabulous.
The restaurant was stunning, open air with very high ceilings, koi pond going through, and some seating at lower levels with river view. The menu was over the top, vegetarian, with mostly raw entres. The chef has trained internationally, and each item ordered was truly a work of art, and delicious as well. Stuffed zucchini blossoms were one of my favorites. Truly a beautiful experience!


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Top Definition
A word describe bad weed. Derived from Bogus or bad and Ganja, the word Bonja is commonly used by beatnicks who smoke marijuana.
Dude, I'm trying to get high but all I have is this crappy bag of bonja.
by Day Dreama July 04, 2007
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Definition of cross-beam in English:
A transverse beam.
Example sentences
- There was novelty in the track itself; Brunel was to break away from the crude track of earlier lines with what was called 'bridge rail', laid on longitudinal beams, the latter in turn joined by cross-beams.
- With cross-beams 10 feet off the floor, lighting from above was difficult.
- Or perhaps you would like to splash out and buy a typical Normandy house with cross-beams, a stone chimney, a huge living room, four bedrooms and 6,000 square metres of tree-planted gardens, all for €165,000.
Definition of cross-beam in:
- US English dictionary
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Each year more than 4,000 choose NUI Galway as their University of choice. Find out what life at NUI Galway is all about here.
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Since 1845, NUI Galway has been sharing the highest quality teaching and research with Ireland and the world. Find out what makes our University so special – from our distinguished history to the latest news and campus developments.
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News Archive
Culture Night 2011 at NUI Galway's James Hardiman Library
Monday, 19 September 2011
For Culture Night 2011, which takes place on Friday, 23 September, the James Hardiman Library at NUI Galway will be opening up its unique literary, theatre and landed estates archives. Marking the first involvement of NUI Galway Archives and Special Collections in Culture Night, the Library has announced a programme that will allow the public share these archival collections. The programme of events will begin at 7pm when Special Collections Librarian, Marie Boran and Archivist Brigid Clesham, will talk about their new project, The Irish Landed Estates Database. This is an invaluable resource for those interested in tracing their family history or looking at the history of the landed estates of Ireland. At 8pm, Fergus Fahy, Institutional Repository and Digitisation Librarian, will discuss the personal archive of writer John McGahern. Having catalogued the McGahern Archive, he will deliver a detailed and insightful overview of this wonderful collection of hand-written novels, drafts, stories and correspondence, created over a lifetime's work by one of Ireland's most celebrated and intriguing writers. The evening will be topped off at 9pm by screenings from the award-winning DruidSynge series. The screenings will include Riders to the Sea and The Shadow of the Glen by playwright J.M. Synge. John Cox, University Librarian, comments: "Culture Night offers a great opportunity to engage a wider audience with the Library's archives and special collections, and the events planned will provide fascinating insights into their significance." All events are taking place in the Patrick Fottrell Theatre, Arts Millennium Building, NUI Galway, next to the James Hardiman Library. A free shuttle bus service will be available on the night to bring guests to and from Culture Night venues. For more information and updates on the NUI Galway Archives and Special Collections programme for Culture Night, contact firstname.lastname@example.com, follow on Twitter: @nuigarchives, Theatre Archives blog http://nuigarchives.blogspot.com/ or go to our homepage http://www.library.nuigalway.ie/. -ENDS-
>> Read full story about Culture Night 2011 at NUI Galway's James Hardiman Library
NUI Galway Celebrate Volunteering with Tenth Annual Fair
Thursday, 15 September 2011
Coinciding with the European Year of Volunteering 2011, the tenth annual NUI Galway Volunteering Fair will take place on Tuesday, 27 September, in the Bailey Allen Hall from 1-5pm. With over 2,000 students, staff and members of the general public expected to attend, the Fair will be officially opened by Galway City Mayor Hildegarde Naughton. Over 80 charities and community organisations will showcase the wide range of volunteer opportunities. The Fair is part of a week-long celebration of volunteering at NUI Galway, the culmination of which will coincide with the National Day of Volunteering on Friday, 1 October. The Galway Community Circus will be performing and welcoming attendees on stilts.Lorraine Tansey is the Student Volunteer Coordinator at NUI Galway, "We are really looking forward to celebrating community life as not only is this the European Year of Volunteering 2011, but also this is our tenth year at NUI Galway promoting volunteering, active citizenship and engagement." "Students are actively seeking volunteering prospects with homework clubs in local schools, fundraising for national charities, befriending people with a disability, or volunteering abroad. Students benefit enormously from getting involved and gain valuable experience, while bringing energy, enthusiasm and a willingness to learn."Exhibitors at the Volunteering Fair will include: Youth Work Ireland, Gorta, Galway; One World Centre; ISPCC; Galway Samaritans; IWA and the European Voluntary Service. Lorraine Tansey added: "We are delighted to not only welcome community organisations to highlight their work and opportunities for volunteers, but also to welcome members of the public onto campus."Through NUI Galway's volunteer programme, ALIVE, students can access an online database of volunteer opportunities. The programme also includes a series of workshops to help students make the most of their volunteering experience. At the end of the academic year students can apply for an ALIVE Certificate which is awarded by NUI Galway President, Dr James J. Browne, at a special ceremony in recognition of their commitment to volunteering. To book a stand, or for further information, please contact the ALIVE office on 091 493823 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. -ENDS-
>> Read full story about NUI Galway Celebrate Volunteering with Tenth Annual Fair
Programme Revealed for 'Sea2Sky' European Research Event
Tuesday, 13 September 2011
The programme for Ireland's participation in European Researchers Night, which takes place on 23 September, was officially launched today. Showcasing science on a grand scale, the Irish event, Sea2Sky, takes place in Salthill, Galway. In total, 800 venues across 320 cities in Europe will celebrate this momentous occasion. Sea2Sky is a free, family-oriented event at which hundreds of scientists will showcase their work in the fields of Marine, Atmospherics and Astronomy. The event will also feature music and entertainment for younger and older visitors. Sea2Sky is being organised by NUI Galway, in collaboration with the Marine Institute and Galway Atlantaquaria. Exhibits throughout the day will allow the public to learn more about whales and dolphins, take a 3D tour of the universe, tour the Galway Atlantaquaria, check-out scientific demonstrations, and take part in a variety of other hands-on activities. Scientists will be on hand in the main exhibition hall in Leisureland where stands will display areas of science from energy research and marine life to the study of the solar system. Visitors will have a chance to explore the mini-sea exploration vehicle which was used by scientists in the recent discovery of hydrovents deep in the Atlantic. Chief organiser, NUI Galway's Dr Andrew Shearer, says "This is a very unique opportunity for the public to participate in experiments and demonstrations. The jam-packed programme offers something for people of all ages, and gives children and adults alike the chance to be a scientist for one day." Doors to the Galway Atlantaquaria will be open throughout the day, allowing visitors to explore Ireland's largest splash tank and huge Ray Pool. They will also be able to see the 60 foot long Fin Whale skeleton and get their hands wet in the Touch Pool where experts will help the curious and brave to handle real starfish and crabs. Representatives from the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group will also be present to discuss their work. The walk between the two venues, Leisureland and Galway Atlantaquaria, will see amateur astronomers and their telescopes stationed along Salthill's famous Promenade affording amazing views of the night sky after dark. Local artists will add a theatrical flair during the day as Cups and Crowns Theatre perform 'Lenny the Water Daughter', Rab Swannock Fulton will weave tales for young and old with his dramatic storytelling skills, and puppeteer extraordinaire Tommy Baker will put on a show with 'The Ecological Brothers'. In the evening adult can participate in a special storytelling session. Also for adults is the opportunity to share their thoughts and learn from experts in the Cafe Scientifique 'What's in your Water?' led by NUI Galway's Professor Martin Cormican and hosted by renowned broadcaster Leo Enright. After night fall on the beach there will be a dramatic fire show before returning to the main hall for a musical finale to end the event. Organisers are looking for 70 volunteers to help out on the day to participate in experiments, competitions and quizzes, watch demonstrations and simulations and to exchange ideas with the researchers. A science background is not needed to volunteer as information and training will be given in advance of the event. To sign up for volunteering visit www.sea2sky.ie The Sea2Sky event is funded under the European Union's Marie Curie Programme and by Discover Science & Engineering. Sea2Sky is a free family event and will take place in Leisureland and Galway Atlantaquaria, Salthill, from 11am-11pm. To view the full programme, or for more information, visit www.sea2sky.ie. -ENDS-
>> Read full story about Programme Revealed for 'Sea2Sky' European Research Event
Comparative Genomics Subject of Scientific Meeting at NUI Galway
Tuesday, 13 September 2011
NUI Galway will host the ninth annual RECOMB (Research in Computational Molecular Biology) Satellite Workshop on Comparative Genomics from 8 to 10 October. The workshop is part of the prestigious RECOMB series of meetings and usually alternates between a North American and European location, but this is the first time that the meeting will take place in Galway. The workshop will bring mathematicians and computer scientists together with biologists to share ideas and approaches for the comparison of genomes. The objective of the meeting is to achieve a greater understanding of genomics and genome evolution by comparing the genome sequences of different species. This provides a rich source of information and a valuable perspective on how genomes function. Keynote speakers for the conference will include: Professor Ed Green, UC Santa Cruz, USA; Professor Kateryna Makova, Penn State University, USA; Professor Julian Parkhill, Sanger Institute, UK; Professor Nicolaus Rajewsky, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; and Dr Chris Greenman, Sanger Institute, UK. Professor Green was a leading contributor to the Neanderthal genome sequencing project, the results of which were published in Science in 2010. Analysis of the Neanderthal genome revealed that non-African humans interbred with Neanderthals and that consequently humans outside of Africa share some of their DNA with Neanderthals. Conference organiser, Professor Cathal Seoighe from the School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics at NUI Galway, said: "The life sciences have recently moved from the genome era to the era of many genomes. Massive advances in DNA sequencing technologies mean that the genomes of many human individuals and representatives from many different species are now available. This brings the era of personalised genomics closer and offers great opportunities to understand the basis of genome function and genetic diseases and phenotypes." The RECOMB Conference Series bridges the areas of computational, mathematical, and biological sciences. Founded in 1997, the series provides a scientific forum for theoretical advances in computational biology and their applications in molecular biology and medicine. The conference features keynote talks by preeminent scientists in the life sciences, together with presentations of refereed research papers in computational biology. Delegates can register right up to the date of the event (8-10 October). Posters and late-breaker oral presentations may still be submitted until Tuesday, 20 September. More information is available from the website, www.recombcg.org. -ENDS-
>> Read full story about Comparative Genomics Subject of Scientific Meeting at NUI Galway
Minister Launches Innovative Organisation Getting the Unemployed Back to Work
Friday, 9 September 2011
WIN bucks trends in assisting one third of participants reengage in workplace Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation, Richard Bruton, T.D., today [Friday, 9 September] launched WIN – West of Ireland Networking (WIN); the training, mentoring and networking forum for unemployed professionals and entrepreneurs at the Cairnes School of Business and Economics, NUI Galway. WIN, based in the West, is a unique volunteer organisation that plays a substantial role in getting unemployed participants back into the work place while providing further supports to those seeking to start their own business or is already running a small enterprise. Speaking at the launch, Minister Bruton said: "Jobs are at the very top of this government's agenda, and I am determined to do everything possible to achieve the job-creation we so badly need. Government does not create jobs, people and businesses do, and the role of government is to support an environment in which job-creating entrepreneurs and businesses can flourish. "WIN - West of Ireland Networking is an excellent example of what people and communities can do to help people get back to work and to help entrepreneurs start the successful businesses we so badly need. The get-up-and-go, self-help spirit embodied by this organisation is exactly what we need to help turn our fortunes around, and I am delighted to see it is alive and well. I am determined that government will keep its side of the bargain and do everything it can to get people back to work". With unemployment at 14.4%, WIN is bucking current trends, assisting one third of participants reengage in the workforce. WIN's success is based on its innovative approach to helping the unemployed through consistent and regular supports including: bi-weekly group networking sessions including relevant and flexible training programmes; one to one mentoring, building confidence and self esteem of participants. A recent survey sampling 106 participants of WIN indicated the impact of the organisation with 34% reengaging in the workplace; 14% actively interviewing; 28% working on potential business start-up; and 24% new participants. CEO and Founder of WIN, Caroline McDonagh: "We at WIN are very excited about the contribution we have made to getting people back to work and supporting start up enterprises. WIN is a lean organisation working with minimum resources with a strong commitment to value and committed to addressing previously unmet needs. To date there has been a lack of support, training and services for the 'unexpected unemployed' or the 'new unemployed' in Ireland and WIN has successfully filled this gap. WIN recognises that if these skills are lost to Ireland, they could be gone forever. WIN is the necessary vehicle to ensure that these skills are retained and enhanced and used to drive and grow our economy." President of NUI Galway, Dr James J. Browne, said: "I am delighted to host the formal launch of WIN on our campus. The spirit of partnership, volunteerism and enterprise embodied by this unique, innovative volunteer organisation is exactly what Ireland needs more of at this time. We at NUI Galway are pleased to support WIN's objectives of training, mentoring and networking for unemployed work seekers, entrepreneurs and small enterprise owners. Our support is an example of how the University partners with local organisations to ensure that we meet the legitimate demands of all the stakeholders in our region." WIN Board Members include: Seamus Bree, Director, Western Region, Enterprise Ireland; Breda Fox, CEO, Galway County and City Enterprise Board; P.J. O'Reilly, Regional Manager Technology Transfer and R&D, Enterprise Ireland; Dr Emer Mulligan, Head of School, J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics, NUI Galway; John Liddy, St Vincent De Paul; Caroline McDonagh, CEO, WIN – West of Ireland Networking; Majella Connelly, Financial Consultant, Hennelly Insurance; Gert O'Rourke, Owner, Gert O'Rourke Training and Development; and Ralph Smith, Managing Director, Do My Books. WIN is assisted by the Maureen O'Connell Fund of the Society of St Vincent de Paul. ENDS
>> Read full story about Minister Launches Innovative Organisation Getting the Unemployed Back to Work
NUI Galway Alumni All-Ireland Final Golf Outing
Wednesday, 7 September 2011
The annual NUI Galway Alumni Association Golf Outing will take place at Mullingar Golf Club on Friday, 16 September. An opportunity to meet up with fellow NUI Galway graduates, old and new, attendees will also be in with a chance of winning two tickets to the All-Ireland Football Final. Renowned sculptor, and NUI Galway graduate, John Coll has donated a new perpetual trophy for the winner of the golfing competition. Event Organiser, RTÉ Presenter and NUI Galway graduate, Seán O'Rourke, says: "This year we're delighted to announce our new perpetual trophy, created by graduate John Coll, one of the country's most renowned sculptors. We are also delighted to offer our golfing guests the opportunity to win two stand tickets for the much anticipated All-Ireland Football Final. It promises to be a wonderful outing and we hope as many alumni and friends as possible join us in Mullingar." The entry fee of €55 includes green fees, prizes and dinner that evening. Bookings and further details available from NUI Galway Alumni Office on 091 493750 or online at www.nuigalway.ie/alumni-friends ENDS
>> Read full story about NUI Galway Alumni All-Ireland Final Golf Outing
Biomaterials May Prove Key to Healing Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Patients
Tuesday, 6 September 2011
Biomaterials may prove key to healing chronic wounds in Diabetic patients, delegates will hear today at the 24th European Conference on Biomaterials. Over 950 delegates are at the event in Dublin, which is jointly hosted by NUI Galway's Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials and the University of Ulster, Jordanstown. Delivering therapeutic genes using a new biomaterial-based delivery system to the site of chronic wounds in diabetes patients may enhance wound healing. Researchers at the Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB) at NUI Galway hope that technology being developed at the University may reduce the rate of limb amputation and morbidity in diabetic patients. Diabetes related chronic wounds and subsequent lower limb amputation are major causes of morbidity in diabetic patients, incurring enormous medical, economic and social burden. The rigorous treatment regimes in clinics have had only modest success in lowering the overall amputation rate. The major reason behind the failure is rooted in the fact that diabetes affects all the wound healing cells not only functionally but also genetically. This molecular disarray is not completely understood yet, so treatment regimes aimed at rectifying the genetic problem are needed for tangible therapeutic benefit. Researchers at the NFB are working on a project investigating the genetic dysregulation but also combined novel and complementary genes to normalize wound healing. The work has found that success of the gene therapy depends largely on how it is delivered. The gene delivery system developed gives a protective scaffold and also allows controlled delivery with components carrying different genes and degrading at different rates. The gene delivery method is, in effect, micron-size spheres embedded in mesh made from protein fibers, a tiny but very complex biomaterial product. Overall results are very encouraging with enhanced wound closure, complemented by increased blood vessel formation and reduced inflammation. According to the NFB's Mangesh Kulkarni, "We envision that the combined new gene therapy and delivery system can aid in reducing the amputation rate by enhancing wound healing. This has the potential to make a real change when applied to chronic diabetic wounds. Since the components of the system have a relatively good safety profile, clinical trials can be conducted to prove the therapeutic benefit in human patients." Full details of the research will be presented today at what is Europe's largest biomaterials conference, which is taking place in the Dublin Convention Centre and runs until Thursday. With almost 60 researchers, the NFB at NUI Galway is one of the largest biomaterial groups in the EU. Director of the NFB and conference co-chair, Professor Abhay Pandit said: "Biomaterials, natural or synthetic, are at the forefront of some of the most exciting fields in medical research today. This is a significant conference, as the latest research findings and technologies from Europe and beyond are being presented over the course its five-day programme." -ENDS
>> Read full story about Biomaterials May Prove Key to Healing Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Patients
NUI Galway Student Wins Award at Major US Bioengineering Conference
Monday, 5 September 2011
William Ronan, PhD student in Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering at NUI Galway, has won first prize in the PhD Student Paper Competition at the American Society of Mechanical Engineering Biomedical Engineering Conference, a leading US conference in the field of biomedical engineering and biomechanics. William, from Cloneen, Co. Tipperary, was shortlisted as one of six finalists in the category of cell mechanics from over 150 international applicants and based on his submitted paper and podium presentation he was awarded first prize. Currently in the third year of his PhD research under the supervision of Dr Patrick McGarry, William has developed advanced computational models that predict the active response of biological cells to different mechanical environments. His winning paper is entitled "Simulation of Stress Fiber Remodeling and Mixed-mode Focal Adhesion Assembly During Cell Spreading on Elastic Substrates". Speaking of this success, Professor Seán Leen, Head of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering at NUI Galway, said: "William's achievement is a testament to the high quality of research being carried out in Biomedical Engineering at NUI Galway and, in particular, by his supervisor Dr McGarry. This type of internationally-leading performance is also evidence of the exceptional talent being developed in Irish Universities with the support of successive Irish governments and industry." William is funded by an Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology (IRCSET) scholarship and the research is also supported by Science Foundation Ireland Research Frontiers Programme (SFI-RFP) and the Irish Centre for High End Computing (ICHEC). This is the second major international award won by a member of Dr McGarry's research group in 2011, with PhD student Emer Feerick also winning first prize at the Annual Symposium on Computational Orthopaedic Biomechanics inthe US in January. ENDS
>> Read full story about NUI Galway Student Wins Award at Major US Bioengineering Conference
NUI Galway Lecturers Publish New Edition of Economics Textbook
Monday, 5 September 2011
NUI Galway lecturers, Dr Gerard Turley and Maureen Maloney of the J.E. Cairnes School of Business and Economics, have just completed the fourth edition of the successful textbook Principles of Economics: An Irish Text, with co-author Dr Francis O'Toole of Trinity College Dublin. Principles of Economics: An Irish Text introduces the theory and practice of economics within an Irish and European context. There is reference to both recent and current economic conditions, including reflections on the post Celtic Tiger years, the economic downturn caused by the international recession, the banking crisis and the property crash, and the latest on the eurozone and sovereign debt crisis. Marion O'Brien, Educational Publisher at Gill & Macmillan, said: "Principles of Economics: An Irish Text is an extremely accessible and popular text with both students and lecturers alike. As a bestselling text, it continues to provide the reader with a solid theoretical grounding in both Microeconomics and Macroeconomics, and is extensively prescribed in all Institutes of Technologies, in many Universities and Private Colleges throughout Ireland." New topics in the fourth edition of Principles of Economics: An Irish Text include: new material reflecting the changed economic conditions of the Irish economy resulting from the banking and fiscal crises that began in 2007; revised chapter on economic growth and the Irish economy, which includes the banking crisis and the property crash; reflections on the Celtic Tiger era, including causes and consequences; new section on the eurozone and sovereign debt crisis; and new case studies and questions, with answers now available online. Published by Gill & Macmillan, it is accompanied by a free interactive CD, and additional lecturer resources, details of which can be found at http://www.gillmacmillan.ie/economics/economics/principles-of-economics-4th-edition -ENDS-
>> Read full story about NUI Galway Lecturers Publish New Edition of Economics Textbook
Call for Volunteers for Sea2Sky on 23 September
Monday, 5 September 2011
Volunteers are being sought to support Sea2Sky, a free, family-oriented event taking place in Salthill on Friday, 23 September. Organisers NUI Galway, in collaboration with the Marine Institute and Galway Atlantaquaria, are looking for 70 volunteers to help out on the day. At the event, hundreds of scientists will showcase their work in the fields of Marine, Atmospherics and Astronomy. Visitors to Sea2Sky will be able to participate in experiments, competitions and quizzes, watch demonstrations and simulations and to exchange ideas with the researchers. Different exhibits will allow the public to learn more about whales and dolphins, take a 3D tour of the universe, tour the Atlantaquaria, check-out scientific demonstrations, and take part in a variety of other hands-on activities. Chief organiser, NUI Galway's Dr Andrew Shearer, says "This is first time Ireland has participated in the European Researchers Night and we are proud to be the first host of such an important occasion. By bringing together researchers and the public, everyone can be a scientist for one night. There is growing excitement around this event, and I encourage and welcome volunteers who want to get involved and help out with this unique occasion." The Sea2Sky event is being funded under the European Union's Marie Curie Programme and by Discover Science & Engineering. Sea2Sky is a free event open to all ages and will take place in Leisureland and Galway Atlantaquaria, Salthill, with doors open from 11am-11pm. A science background is not needed to volunteer as information and training will be given in advance of the event. For more information and to sign up for volunteering www.sea2sky.ie -ENDS-
>> Read full story about Call for Volunteers for Sea2Sky on 23 September
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Justin Tarte is the Director of Curriculum & Personnel in the Union R-XI School District in Union, Missouri. Prior to that, he was an assistant principal at Poplar Bluff Junior High School in Poplar Bluff, Missouri, & before that he taught German at Seckman High School in the Fox C-6 School District in Arnold, Missouri. He has been to Germany 6 times & has traveled throughout much of Europe. Justin is passionate about social media and technology and works to integrate it into classrooms and teachers' professional development. He uses these tools to collaborate with educators while also blogging about his experiences and reflections at "Life of an Educator." Justin is married to his high school sweetheart, Gina, and they have a yellow lab named Maddy. You can follow Justin on Twitter @justintarte.
1 comment for "Justin Tarte"
Justin, I am in the process of doing a dissertation research project on Departmentized Instruction in Grades 3-5. To gather the needed data, I will have a survey for prioncipals that supervise, or have supervised these grades. I will need feedback regardless of the current instructional configuration. The survey may be in several months. If principals would like to participate, they may contact me via email. Please share this in any manner availabe to you. Thank you.
Robert Minott


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The comedian and actor is most famous for his Blackadder television program where he had a sidekick called Baldrick who bore the brunt of many jokes.
It was in this role that people began to notice Atkinson had a particular way of pronouncing his b's, putting a lot more emphasis on them than is usual, and it's a trick he can still perform.
"Its just a matter of having the flexibility in the lips, that's all, " said the star of new film Johnny English Reborn.
In the film Atkinson reprises his role as the bumbling spy from the first Johnny English film released eight years ago.
This time he is asked to return to the fictional MI7 after some time away to stop a secret band of assassins from killing the Chinese premier.
Johnny English Reborn is released in UK cinemas on 7th October.


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Top Definition
The term used for when a female's clitoris becomes enlarged with blood during sexual arousal, similar to a male erection.
When John started stroking my pussy, I got a clitorection.
by Anastasia Carmela Beaverhausen June 28, 2010
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And as a college professor I'm embarrassed for the profession, too.
Oh college professor - in what way is this embarrassing? The skills being taught are how to analyze, discuss and present ideas about a novel, working both alone and in groups. Those seem like good things to learn, and if students have more enthusiasm applying them to Martin than Cervantes, why is that a problem?
Would you feel better about a class that studied Lord of the Rings? The University of Chicago offered an undergraduate course about those novels, of course Tolkien was an Oxford professor, so perhaps further up the academic credibility tree...
I do not see how this helps prepare a student to find and productively contribute to the workforce. I have little pity on students who struggle to find employment after graduation when their degree includes studies of a TV show.
I don't know who is more to blame; the academic institution that offers this no-value class, the student that believes the class is somehow beneficial, or the parent that fails to give their child the guidance on what the high priced college degree is for.
Club ed.
Club Ed. Lets not read Aristotle the writings of Jefferson. Just TV worship and keep the youth ignorant and keep em voting for progressive fantasy.
OK, take a course in Game of Thrones, Community Organizing or Single Motherhood as an elective, just as long as their major is in an area where the students has a chance for a job and the student does not graduate with$100,000 in student loans.
It is embarrassing. The analysis, discussion, and presentation of pop trash doesn't benefit the student.
"If students have more enthusiasm applying them to Martin than Cervantes, why is that a problem?" Because youth does not necessarily know what is best for them (their pride may disagree with this assertion). Youth and learning should be spent to enlarge the personality, and not puff it up and make it emptier with mediocre trash. Read Martin for fun? Go ahead. Pass it off as a text that warrant s study? You are cheating the student and the taxpayer.
I'm always looking to hire people w good, in-depth Game of Thrones experience. NOT! This is complete nonsense that most of us in higher education do not abide by.
Jeez people, lighten up. I took a class on Tolkien my junior year of college in 1986. For a business major how is this inferior to an equally useless class on Shakespeare? And for the record, I love Shakespeare, but it hasn't made me a better banker and the Tolkien class didn't make me a worse one.
"... I took a class on Tolkien my junior year of college in 1986. For a business major how is this inferior to an equally useless class on Shakespeare?"
"Useless" and "not-applicable-to-business-related-activities" are not the same. Shakespeare is one of the foundational columns of world literature (like you or I like it or not). The scope and influence of his works withstands the test of time and analysis. Tolkien, not so much: it's a well-crafted fairy-tale.
"And for the record, I love Shakespeare, but it hasn't made me a better banker and the Tolkien class didn't make me a worse one."
That may be true, but not relevant to the discussion. Read whatever you desire on your own time: it's a free country. However, academic institutions--highly-ranked and established centers of learning--should not furnish mediocre pop-lit. with any false sense of gravitas just to make a buck.
P.S. My grammar is poor (I don't edit carefully for comment sections..)
However, I claim that my points get across
And in a few years, all 24 students will be "occupying Wall Street" demanding that somebody else pay for their worthless education.
Must be a good course to meet girls. What does the statistics say? Anybody knows?
It was an English class, and we studied it as we might study books in the literary canon, but our professor also incorporated elements of American Studies, Media Studies, Historical Studies, Women and Gender Studies, and more. Studying a television series (and, mind you, we studied the first book and criticisms of it, as well) teaches us about culture as well as about story-telling. Some might not consider this series to be of literary merit, and we started off discussing why that might be. We did not spend all our time praising the series. Instead, we looked at why this story has been so successful, why it has been controversial, and what it says about culture today that it has garnered such a widespread response. Reactions to the class, too, teach us things about society today--these reactions, perhaps not very positive things about society today.
Also, Bill, no one is majoring in Game of Thrones. Even if we were, it would not be a "worthless education." No education is worthless. This was one course.
You know there is an entire major around classes like this: Media Studies. There is more to life & education than engineering, medicine, math, etc. If it were up to you all who are critical of the class, there would be no music, art or literature.
What happened to the idea of learning for the sake of learning? For those non-engineers out there, how often do you use the Calculus you learned in high school and college?
" If it were up to you all who are critical of the class, there would be no music, art or literature."
Absolutely not. However, there would be less mediocre teachers covering pop culture subjects just to be "hip". Moreover, there are numerous examples of truly great artists, authors, musicians, etc. that had nothing to do with the education system of their time. The feeble attempt to add merit to this class (and to the major "Media Studies") by telling us to "lighten up" reveals the lack of worth of such content. Dig your teeth in and read great works (hell, go crazy and try to write some), but don't try to defend this fluff by saying we're too heavy-minded--it's a feeble defense.
Anonymous: You may be convinced that there is no such thing as "useless education" (what about majoring in 18th agricultural practices? VCR design schemata?), but some majors demand greater effort, talent , and perseverance than others. It's a fluff class--no need to try to mask it as something else.
"What happened to the idea of learning for the sake of learning?"
You're missing a critical component in that line of thinking: what are you learning for the sake of learning?
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Waxed Paper Dispenser
Waxed Paper Dispenser
It seemed like whenever I needed waxed paper to protect my bench from glue squeeze-out, the waxed paper was buried in a drawer. I either had to dig it out with messy hands or stop and clean up before I went for it.
To put waxed paper within easy reach, I built a wooden box, just big enough to hold the waxed paper in its original box. To keep the roll from jumping out, I drilled a 1-1/16" hole in each end, cut matching holes in both ends of the waxed paper box, and slid a 1" dowel rod through the whole works. Then, in each end of the dowel, I drilled a hole and slipped a hairpin hinge pin through the hole to keep the dowel in place. With the box screwed to the wall, I never hunt for waxed paper.
- Martin Cecil, Owensboro, Ky.
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I previously owned an LG optimus 2x. It was heralded as fist tegra phone . However it was plagued with random restarts bsod It wouldn't stay on and the LG support was a joke. Never going back would rather having qn apple. Sent from my GT-I9300 us...
Keep the larger battery but build a case which is water resistant and has wireless charging capabilities. Sent from my SM-G900F using XDA Premium 4 mobile app ---------- Post added at 11:04 PM ---------- Previous post was at 11:02 PM ----------...
Search for 2mm double sided phone adhesive on amazon . Get black Sent from my GT-I9300 using xda premium
If yo need to replace your menu cable. First unplug the cable from the gap in the back of the plate. Use small a littlenpressure to lift the chip near it of the silver insulating tape beneath. Then I pulled out the ld cable and gently uwhed the ne...
i was forced to do this when my optimus 2x p990 drowned. best move i made. no lag, no random reboots and acceptable battery and working gps with a quick fix, unlike the o2x. you can get a micro usb to hdmi out for video so beats the o2x in all re...


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Freeport McMoRan earnings were zapped by lower gold and copper prices. However, FCX stock is all about energy long-term ... and that's great news. More
- Poll of the Day
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Crude oil and energy stocks fell hard on the news of the agreement. However, that's a prime buying opportunity for long-term investors. More


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Georgetown / Which 1st year schedule is best? A or B? What's the big deal?« on: June 08, 2007, 01:42:40 PM »
I'm leaning towards A just because it's more traditional, and seems like it would be less regulatory drudgery. Any insight?
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Psalm 89:37-38King James Version (KJV)
37 It shall be established for ever as the moon, and as a faithful witness in heaven. Selah.
38 But thou hast cast off and abhorred, thou hast been wroth with thine anointed.
King James Version (KJV)
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Rellik 2: The Reckoning by AshleyCopeWatch
©2009-2016 AshleyCope
I do like a good vampire now and again, and Rellik is a really good vampire. This was a commission from =exileddelusion who designs badass steampunky costumes.
I'm kind of dragging on commissions this week, but I should get a few more clued up this weekend, whoever's still waiting!
I'm kind of dragging on commissions this week, but I should get a few more clued up this weekend, whoever's still waiting!
More Rellik! Yes!
This is a really awesome picture Fav!
Gawd I love whatever the hell you did with his shoes. Someday I hope to commission you. *____*
Wow...I don't know why, but he reminds me David Bowie in 'Labyrinth'...just beatiful :3
He looks wonderful! <D The background details in black and red are quite interesting.
This is really well done!! You draw him well!
Y'know, this would make a kick butt tattoo.
Y'know, this would make a kick butt tattoo.
Rellik is awesome and not only because he doesn't sparkle. Love the background design; it's like he's sitting on a tattoo pattern!
being recently introduced to steampunk i have to say this makes me even more akin to it.
*blush* oh my- he's an atractive one....
; A; Rellik! omg, I envy Del so much. XD
that's one damn fine vampire right there.
that's one damn fine vampire right there.
Yessss, I totally love this one. He's been looking at me sexily from my desktop all week.. and intends to stay. Thank you sooo much for your compliments on my char, and for doing such a gorgeous job on him! I just love it~
Oh wow, what gorgeous lineart *A*
Rel = the sex
Wow, you've really outdone yourself on this one, babe!! Looks amazing!
This is amazing. Your work always blows me away.
I really like the background and new look.
You made him x10000 more badass than usual.
Rellik!! *w* and I love the blood.
He looks great in your style, lovely!


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Ronny Deila waves to the Celtic fans after being unveiled as the club's new boss. Picture: Nick Ponty
Christopher Jack, Group Senior Sports Writer / / Sport
RONNY DEILA is confident he can rise to the occasion and be a success at Celtic.
The Norwegian completed his dream move to Parkhead yesterday as he left Tippeligaen side Stromsgodset to pen a one-year rolling deal with the Scottish champions.
Despite a series of high-profile candidates - including Henrik Larsson, Roy Keane and Steve Clarke - being linked to the Hoops top job, it is the relatively unknown Deila who has been chosen by chief executive Peter Lawwell and the Parkhead board.
The 38-year-old arrives in Glasgow with a burgeoning reputation as one of the brightest young bosses in the game and has no fears about making the step into the green and white limelight.
He said: "I have been in football for many, many years. I have been a manager now for seven years in Stromsgodset.
"I have been on the pitch, coaching, for seven years. I have been dealing with a group for seven years. The difference here is the atmosphere and I can't say how I'm going to react to that, but I know I am a quick learner and that's the most important thing.
"You have to learn from experiences, and develop, and that's what I want. I have to be humble. You can ask me questions about Europe - can I deal with it? - we'll see. But I'm a quick learner.
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"I just have to look around me and use my energy on the most important thing and that's the product, what's happening on the pitch.
"All around, if the product is good then good things will come from that."
Deila's appointment brings an end to Celtic's search for Neil Lennon's replacement and heralds in a new era at Parkhead.
His success with Stromsgodset and studious approach to the game has seen him marked as a potential star of the future.
And he admits he feels at home in his new surroundings after previously spurning an approach from Swedish side Malmo.
He said: "What did I need to hear from Peter? That I was wanted. That's the most important thing for everyone.
"If you don't feel wanted, you don't feel safe. If you don't feel safe, you don't do the best job and that's the thing for players, too. They have to feel I want them and that is what Peter has given me. That's why I have confidence.
"It felt different from Malmo. There is also the philosophy and the values and you want to feel part of it. I felt ready for here and for this.
"The demands I have is what I like, offensive football. It's in their history and when I think of Celtic, I think history and atmosphere. And passion and my family now. Also to develop players, that's what I did at Stromsgodset."
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Banking made easier!
Bank Midwest MasterCard® Debit Cards are available with most personal checking accounts.
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Debit cards are a fundamental part of living in today's financial world. Balancing the convenience and ease of using them with keeping your money safe can be challenging.
Here are some of the ways we try to safeguard your debit card and account:
Transaction Blocks
When Bank Midwest learns of recurring fraudulent activity, we have the ability to temporarily "block" transactions at certain types of businesses in the state or country where it's reported. By blocking these transactions, we can help avoid unauthorized use of our customers' debit cards.
For example: we may block the use of Bank Midwest debit cards at discount stores or gas stations in other states. We may do this when these blocks won't affect the everyday lives of a majority of our customers.
TIP: If you experience a denied transaction knowing funds are available in your account, try using the PIN-code authorization which is considered more secure since a signature can easily be forged.
If you do not know your PIN code, you'll need to bring your debit card to your local Bank Midwest branch for assistance in generating a new one.
We apologize for the inconvenience if you experience any of the blocks we've put in place in order to prevent unauthorized use of your debit card.
If you know you'll be traveling out of the area, call your local branch or visit our website to complete a travel notification form. We can inform you of any blocks in place at the destination(s) you'll be visiting.
Guardian Alerts
Register for this text alert service so you can immediately be notified when your debit card is used for:
- Authorization amounts greater than $400
- Transactions where the card is not present or the card number is manually keyed
- International transactions
The number of alerts you may receive will be based on your card usage.
*Message and data rates may apply from your wireless carrier.
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Fraud Analysis
Fraud analysts monitor unusual activity on customer accounts. When a transaction occurs in a state or country that seems atypical, a call is typically placed to the cardholder to confirm the transaction is authorized.
Traveling out of the area? Call your local branch or submit a Travel Notification Form. We can inform you of any blocks in place at the destination(s) you'll be visiting and avoid calling you if we know you're traveling to a new part of the world!
Contact Information
Make sure we have your most current contact information on file including your cell phone and email address.
- Cell Phone: If our Fraud Center needs to contact you regarding a suspicious debit card transaction, they will try to reach you by phone before blocking questionable transactions.
- Email Address: When fraudulent activity directly affects Bank Midwest customers, we often use email to efficiently communicate with you to inform you of timely information.


text: The condo was perfect for two people. Location was good for the activities we planned (which was hiking in areas both north and south of Breckenridge). Location was within easy access to dining in Breckenridge. Management was flexible regarding our check-in since we arrived late Saturday night and their office was closed on Sunday. Only downside of the property was... more


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Return to soul garden by hiliuyunWatch
©2012-2016 hiliuyun
Return to soul garden
This is beautiful and inspirational, I especially love the feathers/wings in his hair. Such amazing details <333
Exquisite Art!!!
Lovely and mystical!
WoW......Really Beautiful work!
Cool and unusual! But what is on his head and exactly with his hair? Did he catch flying fish with his hair?
It's totaly amazing!!!!
It's totaly amazing!!!!
you Have an amazing creativity ^^
I love your drawing a loot
It also the details is amazing
I love your drawing a loot
It also the details is amazing
the detail is astounding, and the colors are gorgeous.
this is amazing
this is amazing
Beautiful colours!
I adore all your fantasy work! Of course I also like your more realistic pieces, but all the fantasy in your pictures look so.. amazing. Like you are able to make them come true. -^_^-
nice costume and hair design!
Great work ♥
very beautiful


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The Post House is a unique multi faceted venue housing a bistro, bar, night club, cocktail lounge and fine dining restaurant as well as its own private function suite. The informal Bistro downstairs offers a varied menu in a relaxed atmosphere and the Pillar Restaurant upstairs provides a fanstatic dining experience, where guests can observe the chefs in action through the open plan kitchen.
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Hen Parties at The Post House
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Early Bird Fragrance Offers for Valentines Day
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This is a screenshot of Haiku OS running in Qemu (not fullscreen but only the Qemu window region) showing "Haiku" and "Apps" tracker windows and an Installer program.
This screenshot shows Haiku OS (image build from 28th May 2006) running in Qemu under GNOME on GNU/Linux (Arch).
Haiku OS window shows a bash terminal and Tracker (file manager in Haiku and BeOS) window called "Haiku".
Edit: Note also that I have changed the background color as well as added those two indicators (belonging to the ProcessController program) in the top right besides the clock.
This is a screenshot of Arch Linux running Fluxbox on my lappy.
This screenshot has been taken while listening to the 250th episode of "State of Trance" by Armin Van Buuren. So yeah, I'm an avid trance music fan so there's my little tribute.
This screenshot, besides the cool "State of Trance" wallpaper, shows beep-media-player with a breeder_unit skin, a transparent xfce terminal and the rest is GNOME with Tango icons.
desktop is xfce 4distro is debian gnu/linux sid amd64music player is xmms with theme arctic_XMMSmusic is Wise Guys, a German a capella group from CologneIRC/IM is gaim 2 beta 3Mail is Thunderbird (workspace 4)Icons are Tangobackdrops are from deviantart


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Regular cleaning with a pH neutral cleaner such as Karndean Clean will help keep your floor at its best. Follow these simple steps for cleaning your Karndean floor:
Then allow your floor to dry before walking on it.
For further help and advice, refer to our floor care helpful hints and tips and floor cleaning frequently asked questions.


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Lovely friendly hotel in a beautiful location convenient for exploring Abruzzo National Park. The room and bathroom (shower room actually) were reasonable in size, simple and clean. We were there 2 nights, so had dinner in Barea, the nearby lake town on one evening and had dinner in the hotel the following night. The dinner was very good. The only... More
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