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Arya Stark
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Arya Stark is the second daughter and third child of Eddard Stark and his wife Catelyn. She is eight years old at the start of A Game of Thrones.
In the television adaptation of the series, she is played by Maisie Williams.
Appearance and CharacterEdit
Arya Stark is a tomboyish girl who likes fighting and exploiting, unlike her older sister Sansa Stark. Her fierce temperament is often discouraged by Septa Mordane. She is left-handed, skinny and fast. With her dark hair, grey eyes and long stern face, Arya resembles more of a Stark than a Tully, despite all her siblings. Jon Snow, her half-brother, is the other one of the Stark children who have more of a Stark appearance. The bastard son of Eddard is also the sibling she likes the most. She is very good at mathematics and horse riding. Her behavior and appearance makes people often mistake her for a boy.
When each of the Stark children got a direwolf pup to keep, she named hers Nymeria. They travel to King's Landing with her father. When Nymeria attacks Joffrey, Arya throws rocks at her to scare her away so Cersei will not kill her. Sansa's wolf Lady was killed in place of Nymeria's attack on Prince Joffrey.
When her father is executed, Arya manages to escape with the help of Yoren, posing as a boy named Arry. Lannister freeriders led by Ser Amory Lorch kill Yoren on the shores of Gods Eye. Arya escapes, along with Gendry, Hot Pie, and Lommy Greenhands, and in the process saves the lives of Jaqen H'ghar, Rorge, and Biter, three criminals Yoren was bringing to the wall, who run off on their own. Shortly after, Arya is captured by men under the command of Gregor Clegane and Harrenhal and put to work as a servant in the undermanned castle.
Whilst Arya serves as a servant at Harrenhal, going by the name 'Weasel', H'ghar, Rorge, and Biter reappear as members of the Brave Companions. For saving his life during the attack, H'ghar promises to repay Arya by killing three men of her choice. For her three choices, Arya selects Chiswyck, a soldier in Gregor Clegane's forces, Weese, her servant overseer, and Jaqen H'ghar himself. The first two murders he carries out without question; in lieu of the third choice, Arya leverages H'ghar to help her slay the guards of Robett Glover, who had been taken prisoner by the Brave Companions. Control of Harrenhal is ceded to Tywin Lannister when he arrives with more troops, and Arya becomes his cupbearer.
H'ghar gives Arya a mysterious iron coin and tells her to find him in Braavos if she should ever desire to learn his secrets. He then adopts a new identity and leaves. Arya kills a guard and escapes Harrenhal with Gendry and Hot Pie.
Arya Stark and her friends encounter a group of men known as the Brotherhood Without Banners, led by Lord Beric Dondarrion and the red priest, Thoros of Myr. Arya eventually tires of following the Brotherhood around and tries to break free, but is captured by Sandor Clegane instead. Clegane decides to take her back to her family in exchange for service, and they head north.
Arya and Sandor are in the outskirts of the castle when the 'Red Wedding' takes place, and flee downriver. Arya has a strange dream that she is actually her long-missing direwolf, Nymeria, who now leads a huge pack of wolves in the Riverlands. She dreams of Nymeria finding a corpse floating in the Green Fork south of the Twins and pulling it ashore, only to flee as a group of men approach.
Arya and Sandor Clegane run afoul of some freeriders in the service of Sandor's hated brother, Gregor, in an inn. There is a fight and the freeriders are killed, but Sandor is wounded. Arya leaves him dying under a tree and goes to the nearby port town of Saltpans, on the Trident. She finds a ship from the Free City of Braavos there, but they refuse to take her north. She pulls out the coin Jaqen H'ghar gave her and the ship crew suddenly become more cooperative. They won't take her north, but do agree to take over back to Braavos beyond the Narrow Sea with them. She agrees.
In the Free City of Braavos, Arya Stark finds her way to the House of Black and White, a temple to the Many-Faced God. There Arya is inducted into the ranks of the Faceless Men as a novice. She learns that the Faceless Men are not simply a band of skilled assassins, but also a religious sect dating long before the Doom of Valyria. They consider their assassinations to be holy sacraments to their god of death. As Faceless Men must have no true identity, Arya assumes the role of 'Cat of the Canals' and becomes a familiar sight on the streets of the city. However, her old identity occasionally slips through. She hides her sword Needle rather than discarding it as ordered and later kills Dareon for forsaking his vows to the Night's Watch.
The priests of the House of Black and White strike her blind by some means as part of her training. With her sight gone, she learns to develop her other senses. When her blind training is completed, the priests remove her hearing to further train her other sensory skills.
Arya is a major POV character and the only one confirmed to appear in each of the first five novels of the series.
Arya and her Death ListEdit
During her journey, Arya is often faced with deathly situations. In the Riverlands, she started to "pray", constantly repeating for herself the names of the people she wishes dead. In the fourth book, when she became an assassin trainee, it was supposed to come to an end, but it continued. The list was frequently changed, with names being dropped or even added, as her travels went along. Curiously, an impressive number of people she wished dead actually died: King Joffrey Baratheon (poisoned by Olenna Tyrell), The Tickler (killed by Arya herself), Ser Gregor (died in severe pain due to the manticore venom Oberyn had in his spear), Ser Amory Lorch (eaten by Vargo Hoat's bear), Polliver (killed by The Hound), Chiswyck (killed by Jaqen Haghar) and Weese (killed by his own dog)


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While Delta SkyMiles are not the most valuable of points, they aren't so bad either (see how I used 120,000 for business class tickets to Paris/Seychelles). SunTrust, the bank that issues Delta debit cards,is offering 15,000 SkyMiles for opening a Delta debit card, which costs $55 and can be applied to their free checking accounts. You must fund the account with $100 minimum and make a non-pin purchase in order to get the miles.
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"This carefully crafted and sensitive book will undoubtedly become a standard text for all clinicians who work with children. A comprehensive range of timely issues is covered with a balanced, caring tone that only a highly respected and experienced teacher and therapist could produce. Malchiodi ably demonstrates the benefits of graphic expression for the assessment process and the therapeutic hour. Literature reviews and exquisitely presented case examples and illustrations provide an exciting platform for classroom discussion. This clearly written, state-of-the-art book is a welcome contribution to the child mental health field." --Gerald D. Oster, PhD, Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry, University of Maryland Medical School; coauthor of Clinical Uses of Drawings
"This multidimensional approach to understanding children's drawings is rich in research, insight, and applications that will be of immense help to those working with traumatized children." --William Steele, MS, MSW, Director, Institute for Trauma and Loss in Children
"A wide variety of therapists who work with children, including myself, stock our therapy rooms with toys, art materials, sandtrays, and miniatures. It seems to me that when we do so we invite our child clients to engage with these materials. This invitation is an awesome opportunity to facilitate, enhance, and promote the child's therapy. Yet clinicians may not take full advantage of what they can learn from children's art....This book will greatly enhance your understanding." --From the Foreword by Eliana Gil, PhD, Starbright Training Institute for Child and Family Play Therapy, Rockville, MD
"Where children are concerned, art happens! Now, at long last, we have a clearly stated, commonsense guide to using art in therapy that will prove invaluable to all clinicians who see children in their practice. This book is refreshingly comprehensive, including state-of-the-art thinking on developmental, interpersonal, gender, somatic, spiritual, and ethical aspects of children's drawings. Richly illustrated and sensitively written with a child's best interests in mind, Understanding Children's Drawings is destined to become a classic." --Carol Thayer Cox, Assistant Director, Art Therapy Program of George Washington University, coauthor of Telling Without Talking: Art as a Window into the World of Multiple Personality


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Piston filler
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- Jonathan S. Finkel, Wenjie Xu, David Huang, Elizabeth M. Hill, Jigar V. Desai, Carol A. Woolford, Frederick Lanni, Aaron P. Mitchell
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Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JSF WX DH EMH CAW JVD JEN HT CTN DRA FL APM. Performed the experiments: JSF WX DH EMH JVD JEN HT CTN CAW. Analyzed the data: JSF WX JVD DRA FL APM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JSF WX DH EMH JVD JEN HT CTN. Wrote the paper: JSF WX APM.


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Another Morning by ANGO76Watch
I know, I could draw it much better... But I'm lazy ass..
I like the expression!
If only I could make this my desktop background! It's all vivid and stuff! Stupid Windows 7 starter.
Who's the creeper behind the pillow? O____O Fantastic piece!
Lazy ass? I would draw the half like you at last!
Is this based off of a character?
But your my lazy ass,babe hehe
Still a great artwork no matter how lazy you get =3
I love his whole pose and expression.
you are not LAZY this is great!!
Nah that's awesome.


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Land within the CIRI UCG lease
On October 9th, 2009 the Cook Inlet Region Inc (CIRI) native corporation announced plans to build a 100 MW Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) plant on the west side of Cook Inlet Alaska. This plant would use coal from the Beluga coal field, the same field that contains the site of the prospective Chuitna Coal Mine. CIRI hopes to start producing gas as early as 2015 which would make it the first operational UCG plant in the entire US. According to CIRI, the resulting CO2 could be pumped to nearby oil fields to enhance oil recovery, reducing the project's impact on global warming. However, no coal combustion plant of any kind has ever successfully sequestered its CO2. A pipeline to achieve this goal could cost over $100 million, and senior VP of CIRI Ethan Schutt says they "hope that's someone else's project." In December 2009, CIRI applied for exploration permits to pursue this project. Exploration occurred during 2010 and 2011 and a more formal site characterization is expected in 2012.
For more information including economic analyses and studies of potential environmental impact of the project, see Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Documents hosted by Ground Truth Trekking.
In June 2010, CIRI and a company called Laurus Energy announced the formation of Stone Horn Ridge LLC. This company will be responsible for the development of the UCG project on CIRI lands. A timeline of the project released in 2010, originally suggested that site selection and permitting would begin in 2011 with a target date of 2014 for construction, and 2015 for commercial operation. During a talk in November, 2011 CIRI stated that formal site characterization would take place in 2012.
By David Coil, Erin McKittrick, Bretwood Higman, Ground Truth Trekking
Content on this page is available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial license. For commercial uses please contact us.
Date Created: 14th June 2010
This article relates to Alaska Coal
Aleutians Expedition -- 2015 (07/13/2015)
@GroundTruthTrek:In some ways it was a featureless landscape - like Murkowski's blank sheet of paper. Days spent slowly moving... http://t.co/EEwmocz4FI
@GroundTruthTrek:Made it to Teller, and we're enjoying generous accommodations at the school! The wind died off steadily as we... http://t.co/f731CFscdK
@GroundTruthTrek:Gusts whooshing and walloping the tent, half hidden behind a wall of snow blocks. Poking around cape Riley in the... http://t.co/AsfFXj4WYP
@GroundTruthTrek:[Bjørn] - Last summer Ground Truth Trekking installed a grid-tie, 8 panel solar system. Today we received some... http://t.co/f6QduVkbSf
@GroundTruthTrek:Heading towards cape Riley today. Perhaps we'll hit Teller sometime tomorrow. Traveling with Pooh, Piglet, and... http://t.co/85xZgEV6W4


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Sunbeam SUL496-CN humidifier tank plug
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My friend's humidifier broke down due to a tank plug failure. I made him a new one.
The model number is SUL496-CN the -CN is probably for the Canadian version. I guess the model starts with SUL496 for other localized versions.
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What shocks to get
I am needing shocks all around, what are the best ones to get on a budget. Mine are about rusted off and looking to do it soon. Truck is factory lift stock. Any links to buy online or local auto stores would be great. Thanks again.
i like Summit Racing. give your truck info to limit the product listing specifically made for your truck.
hope this helps.
I like summit, havent ordered from them since I built street rods, But I am currently getting their catalogs in the mail and discounts online...Lots of new stuff for sure.
Most generic aftermarket shocks are made buy one or two companies unless you get into the cool but pricey stuff like Bilstiens, Fox, or King.
I would probably stick with Gabriels or Monroes on a stocker. I'm not into Ranchos at all.
Monroes are as cheap as $24 each, as well as Gabriels. I have had Ranchos on my lifted GMC Jimmy with no issues and they arent that bad in price either...
I have procompe es9000 and am happy with them. My buddies have the BDS shock but were having problems with them freezing which is why I went with the gas shock
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Click on the photo to view a countdown of baseball's "clean" players.
These days, the better a baseball player gets, the more suspicion he draws.
A scary amount of the time, the doubting instinct proves right. Manny Ramirez joined Alex Rodriguez, who joined Roger Clemens, Miguel Tejada, Jason Giambi, Barry Bonds and a cast of dozens on the list of superstars concretely linked to performance-enhancing drugs.
For a refreshing break, we compiled a list of baseball's best "clean" players, those who - at least for now - have escaped the embarrassment of positive tests and leaks by unnamed sources.
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The all-new next-gen Honda CR-V passed a major milestone recently on its way to the marketplace. Of course, given the way the industry works nowadays, I'm not talking about Honda producing a few early models or anything like that: I just mean the automaker has created a mini-site teasing the vehicle's launch and promising to reveal more about it "over the next several months."
It's a start, though, and you have to remember just how challenging things must be for Honda right about now, with the company still recovering from the situation in Japan and supporting the launch of the all-new Honda Civic at the same time. But as vague as the new CR-V's timing is, the vehicle's importance to Honda is crystal clear. After also seeing its two-pronged attempt to jump-start hybrid sales with the Honda Insight and Honda CR-Z get pronged itself, the automaker was already in a deep funk when the earthquake and tsunami hit Japan, and that disaster may actually have worked in Honda's favor, in a way.
Purely from a PR angle, it gave the company something to point to—beyond its aging products—as a reason for its relatively weak recent sales performance, while also helping to lower expectations for the launch of the new Civic. The stage is now set for the kind of gradual recovery at Honda that might have otherwise seemed too little, too late. It's been a long time coming, but a fresh 1-2 punch featuring the new Civic and CR-V should be an effective weapon in Honda's ongoing battle for sales and market share.
A Last Hurrah for the Crossovers?
At this stage in the evolution of the industry, small to medium crossovers are positioned in a vital role for consumers, delivering extra passenger and cargo room as compared to a car, but without imposing the kind of fuel-efficiency penalty that comes with a body-on-frame SUV. Yet, that penalty can still be surprisingly high. For example, at Honda, the difference in the EPA combined fuel-economy rating between the similarly sized Civic and CR-V is a significant 25 percent, with the former capable of 32 mpg and the latter topping out at 24 mpg.
And this kind of discrepancy doesn't have a lot to do with the fact that these two vehicles are from different generations. Much more important is that the CR-V weighs some 800 lbs. more than a Civic and therefore "requires" a significantly larger engine—a 2.4-liter I4 as opposed to the Civic's 1.8-liter four-cylinder powerplant—to deliver the same level of on-the-road performance.
It's not just Honda, either. The same sort of scenario, in which heavier crossovers use bigger engines to deliver notably worse fuel efficiency than their similarly sized car counterparts, is playing out with all automakers. Excluding the Nissan Juke and the Hyundai Tucson, the smallest crossovers at the eight top automakers all pack engines of at least 2.4 liters while their compact cars all offer 1.8-liter engines or smaller. The Juke is a whole different kind of animal and doesn't really fit into this comparo, and while the base Tucson offers a 2.0-liter mill, it still only goes 23/31/26 with the EPA.
The bottom line here: Although crossovers were an excellent short-term solution to increasing overall fuel efficiency in this country, in the long term, facing drastically higher CAFE guidelines, they may now be at the crest of their popularity with no place else to go but down.
Going Down Fighting
That being said, however, the redesigned CR-V could be coming along at a good time for Honda. Although the Kia Sportage probably deserves the distinction of being called the first real new-generation crossover from a mainstream brand, it's just barely mainstream, and it's also noticeably smaller than top sellers like the CR-V, Toyota RAV4 or Chevrolet Equinox.
So the Honda stands to be the segment's pace-setter when it debuts—if it offers a hybrid powertrain. With an all-new Ford Escape set to premiere in the same time frame as the CR-V, and certain to continue featuring its own hybrid setup, the Honda will need to do the same to be competitive. And that's where the automaker's recent engineering experience with the Insight, CR-Z and new Civic Hybrid should reap some serious dividends.
And help hold off the return of the station wagon to the mainstream segments for a little while longer yet, because you know that's coming next.
You may also be interested in...
10 Things You Should Know About the 2011 Honda CR-V
How the Honda CR-V Contributes to a Healthy Prophet Statement
10 Things You Should Know About the 2011 Mercedes-Benz R-Class
First Drive: 2011 Ford Edge Review
10 Things you should know about the 2011 Nissan Juke
Top 10 Affordable Practical Vehicles


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Rag & Bone Unfurls Serial Photo Project
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Coco Rocha Featured in Nic + Zoe's Spring Campaign
The ads were photographed by Miguel Reveriego and styled by Sarah Gore Reeves.
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Hollister Partners With Snapchat on Selfies Using Animated Lens
The filters are available for use on three days.
Kenneth Cole Selects Five for Courageous Class Campaign
The ads spotlight individuals who have overcome life's challenges to become role models.
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Fashion, Beauty Brands and Retailers Land Super Bowl Commercial Spots
Although the TV spots are still dominated by beer makers and car manufacturers, a few fashion and beauty brands along with retailers are advertising during the game for the first time ever.
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Phillip Lim Casts Liya Kebede and Her Hometown in Spring Campaign
3.1 Phillip Lim's spring campaign features Liya Kebede shot in her hometown of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Diane von Furstenberg and Karlie Kloss discuss female empowerment and being the woman you want to be in new video.
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Marc Jacobs Selects Andra Day for Spring Campaign
The singer and songwriter is photographed by David Sims for spring.


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Scholarship Overview
This scholarship is for students enrolled in the 11th grade and attending a Minnesota public, private, or parochial high school or a home study program. To qualify for this scholarship, applicants must plan to further their education at a college, university, or vocational school.
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This scholarship's application process may have items such as essays that could take a couple hours.
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text: Gallery: The BMW 4-Series Convertible Has Been Unveiled By Stirling Matheson Stirling Matheson is an automotive writer, reviewer, and spewer of sarcasm of Indianapolis, IN. When not playing with cool cars, he is working as the Artistic Director of Ballet Theatre of Indiana. Hear his pseudo-sane quips on Twitter, Google+, and Facebook. Share Tweet 0 0 24 Watch Now Tags: Lists, News, BMW, Rides Like Us on Facebook Follow Us on Twitter Show Comments


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Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)
|Veerapandiya Kattabomman
Theatrical release poster
|Directed by
|B. R. Panthulu
|Produced by
|B. R. Panthulu
|Written by
|Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy
|Screenplay by
|Ma. Po. Sivagnanam[1]
|Story by
|Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy
|Based on
by Sivaji Nataka Mandram
|Sivaji Ganesan
Gemini Ganesan
S. Varalakshmi
|Music by
|G. Ramanathan
|W. R. Subbarao
|Edited by
|R. Devarajan
Padmini Pictures[2]
|Distributed by
|Padmini Pictures[2]
Release dates
|10 May 1959
(London premiere)
Running time
|166 minutes
Veerapandiya Kattabomman (English: Kattabomman, the Brave Warrior) is a 1959 Indian Tamil biographical film directed by B. R. Panthulu. The film's screenplay was written by Ma. Po. Sivagnanam while its story and dialogue were written by Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy. The film features Sivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, Padmini, S. Varalakshmi, and Ragini in the lead roles, with V. K. Ramasamy and Javar Seetharaman in pivotal supporting parts.
Produced and distributed by Panthulu under his banner, Padmini Pictures, Veerapandiya Kattabomman is loosely based on the story of the 18th century South Indian chieftain of the same name, who rose in rebellion against the East India Company. The film was an adaptation of the play Kattabomman, performed by Sivaji Ganesan's troupe. Most of the film was shot in Jaipur. Veerapandiya Kattabomman is notable for being the first Tamil film to be shot in Technicolor.
Veerapandiya Kattabomman's premiere was held in London on 10 May 1959, and it had a wide release six days later. The film's final length was 5,512 metres (18,084 ft). It became a critical and commercial success and had a theatrical run of 175 days. It was dubbed and released in Telugu as Veerapandiya Kattabrahmanna in 1959 and in Hindi as Amar Shaheed in 1960. In addition to winning the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil under the "Certificate of Merit" section, it was also the first Tamil film to receive international awards for Best Film, Best Actor, and Best Music Director at the 1960 Afro-Asian Film Festival in Cairo. A digitally restored version of the film was released on 21 August 2015.
Veerapandiya Kattabomman (Sivaji Ganesan), the king of Panchalankurichi, is a brave fighter and a devotee of his family deity, Lord Murugan of Tiruchendur. On receiving the news of a robbery in his territory, Kattabomman and his retinue set out incognito to capture the robbers. When the robbers are captured, they confess that they had been hired by the British to create unrest in Kattabomman's domain. They also tell him that the British had enticed the neighbouring chieftain, Ettappan (V. K. Ramasamy), to help them in their endeavour to annex Panchalankurichi. Ettappan was promised that an additional two villages would be added to his land by the British, as a price for his betrayal. Ettappan, in disguise, goes to Kattabomman's court and tries to frighten him by extolling the omnipotence of the British. Kattabomman is indignant and tears off Ettappan's fake beard, but spares him because he had come to his court as an ambassador.
At Chayalkudi, a village near Panchalankurichi, lives Vellaiyammal (Padmini), who vows to marry the man who tames her pet bull. She takes her bull to participate in a Jallikattu game held at Panchalankurichi under Kattabomman's patronage. All those who attempt to tame the bull fail. At Kattabomman's call, his Commander-in-chief, Vellaiyathevan (Gemini Ganesan), subdues the bull and wins Vellaiyammal's love. Later, Kattabomman comes to know of their love and gets them married.
Kattabomman receives a message from Lord W. C. Jackson (C. R. Parthiban), collector of Tirunelveli, who demands a meeting with Kattabomman at Ramanathapuram to discuss the payment of Kattabomman's tribute. Captain Davison (S. A. Kannan), Kattabomman's British friend, advises him to go and see Jackson. Jackson, finding that Kattabomman has come to see him with his troops, demands to meet him alone. At the meeting, Jackson insults him and orders his arrest. Though surrounded by the British troops, Kattabomman fights his way out, but during his escape his Minister, Thanapathi Sivasubramaniam Pillai (M. R. Santhanam), is captured by the British.
Some time later, Pillai is released. He brings news that Jackson has been transferred back to England on Davison's recommendation. At Kattabomman's court, a British messenger sent by Colonel Ooshington, Tirunelveli's new collector, reports that Pillai and his men have looted their granaries and killed their men at Srivaikuntam. Pillai justifies his act, saying that he instructed his men to do it due to the famine conditions prevalent in their kingdom. Ashamed of Pillai's act, Kattabomman accuses him of injustice. Pillai apologises and offers himself as a prisoner to the British, but Kattabomman refuses to hand Pillai over; instead he offers money to the British as compensation for the looted rice. Ooshington does not agree and, with Major Bannerman's (Javar Seetharaman) and Ettappan's help, instigates the neighbouring rulers to attack Kattabomman. Bannerman is placed in charge of the British troops. He and Ettappan plan to attack Panchalankurichi when the people are away attending a festival in Tiruchendur. Kattabomman's spy Sunderalingam (A. Karunanidhi), overhears this and informs Kattabomman, who prepares for battle.
On the day of the battle, Vellaiyammal pleads Vellaiyathevan not to go because the previous night she had a nightmare, which was full of evil omens. Ignoring her entreaties, Vellaiyathevan sets out, and is killed in the ensuing battle. Vellaiyammal, on learning of his death, kills the man who killed him, avenging her husband's death. She finds Vellaiyathevan's corpse and, out of grief, falls dead on it. Bannerman's troops attack Panchalankurichi with heavy artillery and Kattabomman's army suffers badly. Kattabomman is wounded in the neck, but is saved by his brother, Oomaithurai (O. A. K. Thevar). Sensing that the fort cannot survive another cannon barrage, Kattabomman and Oomaithurai flee to the adjoining kingdom of Kovilpatti. Pillai, disguising himself as Kattabomman, misleads the British soldiers who are on the trail of Kattabomman. From Kovilpatti, Kattabomman and Oomaithurai then flee to Pudukkottai. Thondaimaan, the king of Pudukkottai, is ordered by the British to capture Kattabomman and Oomaithurai. In fear of the British, Thondaimaan captures the two and hands them over. While Oomaithurai is jailed, Kattabomman faces a summary trial by the British and is hanged from a Tamarind tree at Kayatharu.
- Lead actors[3]
- Sivaji Ganesan as Veerapandiya Kattabomman
- Gemini Ganesan as Vellaiyathevan
- Padmini as Vellaiyammal
- S. Varalakshmi as Jakkamma
- Ragini as Sundaravadivu
- Supporting actors[3]
- V. K. Ramasamy as Ettappan
- Javar Seetharaman as Major Bannerman
- O. A. K. Thevar as Oomaithurai
- M. R. Santhanam as Thanapathi Sivasubramaniam Pillai
- A. Karunanidhi as Sunderalingam
- S. A. Kannan as Captain Davison
- C. R. Parthiban as Jackson Durai (Lord W. C. Jackson)
- Baby Kanchana as Meena
The idea to make a film adaptation on the life of Veerapandiya Kattabomman occurred to many producers in the late 1940s, just after India's freedom from the British Raj.[4] In 1947, soon after the British left India, a production company[a] announced its intention to produce Kattabommu (named after the rebel's real name), a "mammoth production" which was to star P. U. Chinnappa; this production did not materialise.[5] Another attempt was initiated in 1953 by producer S. S. Vasan.[6] A promotional poster announcing the project was released in Ananda Vikatan on 5 November 1953.[6] On 8 November 1953, a notice was issued at Vasan's production company, Gemini Studios, through Ananda Vikatan stating that anyone who had any useful information regarding Kattabomman and his exploits can send them to the studios' storyboard department.[6]
The concept of Veerapandiya Kattabomman began when Sivaji Ganesan and Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy[b] were travelling through Kayatharu,[c] where Kattabomman was hanged.[8] While there, Ganesan expressed a desire of doing a play based on Kattabomman's life, to which Krishnasamy immediately agreed, and started to write the play. Coincidentally, Ganesan's first exposure to the field of acting was when he saw a street play on Kattabomman's life titled Kambalaththaar Kooththu.[8] Krishnasamy completed writing the script for the play in a month's time.[8] The play was launched in Salem on 29 August 1957.[8] Ganesan had invested close to ₹50,000[d] for the play's sets and costumes.[8]
On seeing the play, B. R. Panthulu decided to adapt it into a feature film and hired Krishnasamy to write the screenplay.[8] The play was staged 16 times before it was adapted into a film.[10] G. Dharmarajan, who was the play's set designer, was selected to do the same for the film.[11] For the purpose of making the popular play into a film, a "History-Film Format Research Group" was formed under the leadership of Ma. Po. Sivagnanam, with Krishnasamy, Panthulu, Ganesan, P. A. Kumar, K. Singamuthu, and S. Krishnaswamy as members.[1]
G. Dhananjayan's 2011 book The Best of Tamil Cinema states that when Ganesan heard of Vasan's attempt to make a film adaptation on Kattabomman, he personally requested Vasan to abandon the project.[1] While a 1957 article by the Singapore-based Indian Movie News supports this statement, adding that Vasan even lent Ganesan important research materials on Kattabomman,[6] film historian Randor Guy contradicted both the sources in his 1997 book Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema by stating that writers like Kothamangalam Subbu and Veppathur Kittoo were employed by Vasan to conduct an extensive research on Kattabomman's life, but the only eligible choice to play Kattabomman was Ganesan, who by then had become popular after Parasakthi (1952). Guy noted that Ganesan was hesitant to play the role under Vasan's direction as he was earlier rejected by Vasan for the role of a bodyguard in Chandralekha (1948), which lead to Vasan dropping the project.[5][12] But later on, Ganesan acted in Irumbu Thirai (1960), which was produced and directed by Vasan, and Motor Sundaram Pillai (1966), which was produced by Vasan.[7]
Ganesan originally offered the role of Vellaiyathevan to S. S. Rajendran, who declined it due to his commitment to the film Sivagangai Seemai (1959).[13] He later requested actress Savitri to ask her husband Gemini Ganesan to play the role, which she agreed to do despite being pregnant at that time.[13] Gemini Ganesan was initially reluctant to accept the role, but eventually agreed.[14] Padmini, O. A. K. Thevar, and V. K. Ramasamy were chosen to play Vellaiyammal, Oomaithurai and Ettappan respectively.[2] S. Varalakshmi played Kattabomman's wife, Jakkamma, and also worked as a playback singer.[15] C. R. Parthiban played the role of Lord W. C. Jackson.[16][17] Kattabomman's daughter in the film, Meena, was a fictional character created by Krishnasamy. The character was based on Krishnasamy's own daughter, Mynavathi, who died when she was five years old.[8] Krishnasamy initially refused to include the scene involving Meena's death as it reminded him of his daughter, but finally did so reluctantly.[8] The character was played by Baby Kanchana.[2]
The film was launched at Ganesan's house Annai Illam.[18] Principal photography began in October 1957 with a puja.[6] Most of the film's shooting took place at Jaipur. With help from Janakaraja, the man in charge of the cavalry division, the production unit of Veerapandiya Kattabomman managed to hire junior artistes to portray the cavalry soldiers for shooting the war scenes.[19] When the film was being shot at Bharani Studios in 1958, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, who witnessed the shooting that afternoon, recalled that after every take, the actors would rush out due to the intense heat on the set. He also stated, "The speed of the film was so low those days that one needed many, many lights for correct exposure."[20] Dhananjayan's 2014 book Pride of Tamil Cinema states that Panthulu "surprised everyone by completing the film in a short time", though it does not mention when filming ended.[21] Veerapandiya Kattabomman is notable for being the first Tamil film to be shot in Technicolor.[22][23][e] Panthulu adopted American director Cecil B. DeMille's tactic of personally introducing the film on camera.[25] The final length of the film was 5,512 metres (18,084 ft).[2]
|Veerapandiya Kattabomman
Original Album Cover Art
|Soundtrack album by G. Ramanathan
|1 December 1959[26]
|Feature film soundtrack
|G. Ramanathan
Veerapandiya Kattabomman's original soundtrack album was composed by G. Ramanathan, with lyrics by Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam.[27] The soundtrack album was released on 1 December 1959 under the label of Saregama.[26] The album became a major breakthrough for P. B. Srinivas, then a struggling playback singer. He was recruited by Ramanathan to sing the track "Inbam Pongum Vennila", which was picturised on Gemini Ganesan and Padmini, with P. Susheela.[28] The song "Pogaathe Pogaathe" is based on the Mukhari Raga.[29] Theatre actor K. B. Chellamuthu was the violinist for the songs.[30] A remix version of "Inbam Pongum Vennila" was done by Hiphop Tamizha for the film, Aambala (2015).[31][32]
According to S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu, "Manam Kanintharul" and "Singara Kanne", both of which were sung by Varalakshmi, "remained all time favourites."[33] On the song, "Pogaathe Pogaathe", singer Charulatha Mani said that it was "a meandering, melancholic Mukhari."[29] She also labelled Ratnamala's rendition of the song as "expressive".[29] G. Dhananjayan, in The Best of Tamil Cinema, called the songs "memorable", further stating that they contributed to the film's success.[1] Film critic Baradwaj Rangan of The Hindu, in his review of the film's digital re-release, says that Ramanathan's music "is still superb, spanning the range from folksy to light to classical".[34]
- Tracklist[26]
All lyrics written by Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam.
|"Inbam Pongum Vennila"
|P. B. Sreenivas, P. Susheela
|"Maattuvandi Pootikittu"
|T. M. Soundararajan, T. V. Rathinam
|"Anjatha Singam"
|P. Susheela
|Tiruchi Loganathan, K. Jamuna Rani, V. T. Rajagopalan, A. G. Rathnamala
|"Singara Kanne"
|S. Varalakshmi
|"Karantha Palaiyum"
|T. M. Soundararajan
|"Takku Takku"
|P. Susheela, S. Varalakshmi, A. P. Komala
|"Manam Kanintharul (Vetrivadivelane)"
|V. N. Sundharam, S. Varalakshmi
|Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|"Veerathin Chinname"
|Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|"Pogaathe Pogaathe"
|A. G. Ratnamala
Total length:
Veerapandiya Kattabomman's premiere was held in London on 10 May 1959,[10] and it had a wide release on 16 May 1959.[16] It was a commercial success and achieved cult status,[36] becoming a silver jubilee film.[37][f] The film was dubbed and released in Telugu as Veerapandiya Kattabrahmanna in 1959.[21] In Hindi, it was dubbed and released as Amar Shaheed in 1960.[38]
Critical reception[edit]
Veerapandiya Kattabomman received positive reviews upon release.[7] Ananda Vikatan, in its original review dated 24 May 1959, wrote, "[Veerapandiya] Kattabomman will not leave the hearts of the people who have seen it ... Sivaji Ganesan has acted so well. This film adds pride to every person born as a Tamilian".[35] Rangan praised Ganesan's performance, stating that "To watch Veerapandiya Kattabomman is to marvel at the shades and nuances an actor can infuse into oratory."[34]
Guy labelled Ganesan's performance as "breathtaking".[36] Janani Karthik of The Times of India wrote, "Watch this [film] for the legendary actor's performance, something that old-timers remember even today".[39] Another review from the same newspaper stated, "This digitally restored version is far from perfect — there are instances when in the same scene, the colours seem to have been leached of the frames. The sound, too, feels a bit contemporary. And the casting of Indian actors to play the British characters feels dated and even amusing. But set these niggles aside and the film still retains its dramatic force."[40]
Behindwoods called it "an epic that involves some of the all-time greats that the world of Kollywood has ever seen." before concluding that the film is "An immortal all-time classic".[41] IndiaGlitz praised Ganesan's performance and mentioned his scene with Parthiban as one of the film's highlights before concluding, "This movie is sure to give you the Goosebumps with Shivaji's [sic] powerful acting and a sense of what rebellion and freedom fighting is."[42] L. K. Advani, currently one of the senior leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party, said, "I have seen the Tamil movie of Veerapandia Kattabomman [sic], acted by Shivaji Ganesan, many times. It is fresh in my memory."[43]
Sivaji Ganesan's performance as Kattabomman earned him an international award as the Best Actor at the 1960 Afro-Asian Film Festival, held from 29 February to 11 March.[44] The award was presented to him by Gamal Abdel Nasser, then the President of Egypt.[45] It was Ganesan's first award in his film career.[1] It also made him the first Indian actor to receive an international award.[46] On hearing of Ganesan's return from Cairo after winning the Afro-Asian Film Festival award for the Best Actor category in 1960, fellow actor M. G. Ramachandran, who also served as the president of the South Indian Actors Guild organised a huge reception in Chennai to welcome him.[47]
In his autobiography, Ganesan recalled that during the Afro-Asian film festival, "I was called on stage and I went up a diminutive, five foot nothing, looking boyish with my build, whereas they had expected me to be a colossus, on seeing [Veerapandiya] Kattabomman, at least seven or eight feet tall! Irrespective of this they gave me a standing ovation for five minutes."[48]
|National Film Awards
|7th National Film Awards
|Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Tamil
|B. R. Panthulu
|Afro-Asian Film Festival
|Afro-Asian Film Festival - 1960
|Best Film
|B. R. Panthulu
|Best Actor
|Sivaji Ganesan
|Best Music Director
|G. Ramanathan
Historical inaccuracies[edit]
Veerapandiya Kattabomman has often been criticised because of its historical inaccuracies.[52][36] Randor Guy stated in 2015 that a Tamil weekly even went to the extent of saying, "[...] a new face called Kattabomman acted brilliantly as Sivaji Ganesan!"[g] Poet Kannadasan said, "Kattabomman was not a real freedom fighter; he was a Telugu and a robber." He also stated that the Maruthu Pandiyars were the real freedom fighters and wrote a script about them, which was adapted into the film, Sivagangai Seemai. The film was released in the same month as Veerapandiya Kattabomman, but failed at the box office.[1] Kannadasan's statement was supported by writer Lena Tamizhvanan,[h] who denounced Kattabomman's glorification.[54]
In Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema, Guy noted that according to East India Company records, Kattabomman was of Telugu ancestry, and that he was a strong and silent man, not of dash and daring as depicted in the film. Guy also noted that Ganesan portrayed Kattabomman as a "larger-than-life-character, haranguing audiences in a high-flown Tamil replete with literary flourishes", as opposed to the real Kattabomman, who was not fluent in Tamil.[5] Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema by Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen states, "A love interest has been added as well", implying that the character of Vellaiyammal was fictional.[38] Film historian S. Krishnaswamy, writing for The Hindu in 2001, noted that the film was "historically far from accurate" and that it was "more like a costume drama or a mythological."[55]
In their 2010 book, Cinemas of South India: Culture, Resistance, Ideology, Sowmya Dechamma C. C. and Elavarthi Sathya Prakash state that Kattabomman's Telugu identity is used in such a way that "while National historiography tries to elevate him, some versions of Tamil history seem to downgrade him."[56] In 2011, S. Theodore Baskaran said, "Tamil films have scant regard for history. Almost always, they confuse between history and folklore," and added, "Kattabomman was not even a king. His arsenal had just about three to four guns."[57] In 2014, Ramu Manivannan, the HOD of politics and public administration at University of Madras, told The Times of India, "The popular images of [historical] characters have been constructed from oral descriptions and accounts. In some cases, the popular image overtakes the historical one as in the case of Sivaji Ganesan's portrayal of Kattabomman on the screen".[58]
Veerapandiya Kattabomman took Ganesan's career to a higher level,[2] so much so that Tamilians identified Kattabomman with him.[59][60] The film also became a trendsetter for presenting freedom fighters in a heroic manner, thus creating a new perception of the value of independence.[2] The film's success encouraged many in Tamil cinema to make films based on freedom fighters and historical figures, notable of which include Kappalottiya Thamizhan (1961) and Bharathi (2000).[35] Veerapandiya Kattabomman was re-released in 1984 during Ramachandran's tenure as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. The film was granted tax exemption by the state government and was commercially successful at that time as well.[61]
In 1970, eleven years after the film's release, Ganesan established a statue of Kattabomman at Kayatharu, where the rebel was hanged.[10][62] The rights to the statue were handed over to the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1999.[10] A special postal cover was released on 16 May 2009 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the film's release. The cover was jointly released by the Sivaji–Prabhu Charities trust and the Indo-Russian Cultural and Friendship Society.[63] The postal cover was designed by actor and historian Mohan V. Raman.[16]
A. V. Ashok wrote for The Hindu, "It is no exaggeration to say that Sivaji's heroic outpouring as Veerapandiya Kattabomman is an integral part of the Tamil cultural psyche."[64] Actor Sivakumar stated, "You can't reproduce movies like Parasakthi, Pasamalar, Devadas, Veerapandiya Kattabomman or Ratha Kanneer [...] By remaking such films, you are lowering yourself, while it enhances the original artists' image."[65] Suhasini Maniratnam listed Veerapandiya Kattabomman alongside Kappalottiya Thamizhan, Aayirathil Oruvan (1965) and Iruvar (1997), as her favourite period films in Tamil.[66] The Times of India included Veerapandiya Kattabomman in its list of "Top 5 Sivaji Ganesan films on his birthday".[67] An elephant that Ganesan presented to the Punnainallur Mariamman temple in 1960 was named "Vellaiyammal", after the character from the film. It was later donated to the Brihadeeswarar Temple in 1980.[68]
In Outlook's issue dated 20 October 2008, Ganesan's line, "Vari, vatti, kisthi...Yaarai ketkirai vari...Etharkku ketkirai vari. Vaanam polikirathu, bhumi vilaigirathu, unakken katta vendum vari....", (Roughly translated in English as "Tributes, Tax, Loan, Interest. The rains pour from the sky, the land blossoms, why should I offer you money?"[69]) which he speaks in the scene featuring him and C. R. Parthiban, was ranked at number 8 in the magazine's list of the "13 cheesiest, chalkiest lines in Indian cinema".[70] Behindwoods ranked the scene featuring Sivaji Ganesan and C. R. Parthiban at number one in their list of "Top 20 Mass Scenes".[71] The dialogue also became a text book example of dialogue delivery for aspiring actors.[35] When director Vasanthabalan was in the third grade, he received a standing ovation after delivering the dialogue during his school's fancy dress competition. Following this, every year for the next seven years, he got the first prize for delivering the same dialogue.[72]
In April 2012, Rediff included the film in its list "The A to Z of Tamil Cinema".[73] In a January 2015 interview with The Times of India, playwright Y. G. Mahendra said, "most character artists today lack variety [...] Show me one actor in India currently who can do a Kattabomman, a VOC, a Vietnam Veedu, a Galatta Kalyanam and a Thiruvilayadal."[74] Actor Rana Daggubati, in an interview with Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu, said that Ganesan's performances as Kattabomman and Karna (in the 1964 film Karnan) served as inspirations for his role in Baahubali (2015).[75] Behindwoods, in its list named "Tamil Superstars' tyrst with facial hair", called Kattabomman's moustache "Vintage".[76]
In 2012, Raj Television Network announced that they would re-release Veerapandiya Kattabomman in 3D in early 2013,[77][78] but that did not materialise.[79] However, in March 2015, they announced that they would release a digital 5.1 surround sound version of the film in collaboration with Sai Ganesh Films, on an unspecified date in April,[80] though it was moved to July 31,[81] but was finally released on August 21.[41] The trailer of the digitised version was released on 20 March 2015.[80] Murali B. V., coordinator of the production company, Sai Ganesh Films, which helped in the restoration and digitisation of the film's original prints, told The New Indian Express that nine months were taken to clean the film prints and completely restore them for digitisation from the original 35 mm film prints with mono sound.[80] The film collected ₹5.53 lakh (equivalent to ₹5.5 lakh or US$8,100 in 2016) in its opening weekend from 39 shows in Chennai,[82] and its total collections in Chennai were ₹8.46 lakh (equivalent to ₹8.5 lakh or US$12,000 in 2016) by the end of the second week.[83]
- ^ Film critic Randor Guy does not mention the company's name.[5]
- ^ Sivaji Ganesan had once been on the payroll of a theatre group owned by Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy, Sakthi Nataka Sabha. Krishnasamy had encouraged Sivaji Ganesan in his early days as a stage actor.[7]
- ^ The author of the article, Mohan V. Raman, does not name the place where Sivaji Ganesan and Krishnasamy were going to.[8]
- ^ The exchange rate in 1958 was 4.79 Indian rupees (₹) per 1 US dollar (US$).[9]
- ^ Some portions of the film were made in Gevacolor and then converted into Technicolor at London to offer superior quality film prints.[1][24]
- ^ A Silver Jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 175 days (25 weeks).[35]
- ^ Guy refused to reveal the name of the weekly, commenting "no prizes for guessing!"[36]
- ^ Lena Tamizhvanan is the editor of Kalkandu, a children's magazine in Tamil.[53]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Dhananjayan 2011, p. 183.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dhananjayan 2011, p. 182.
- ^ a b Veerapandiya Kattabomman (DVD) (Motion Picture). India: Padmini Pictures. 28 March 2013. Opening credits from 2:00 to 2:24.
- ^ Guy 1997, pp. 281–282.
- ^ a b c d Guy 1997, p. 282.
- ^ a b c d e "Veerapandiya Kattabomman - Mayyam". Mayyam. 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Guy 1997, p. 283.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Mohan V. Raman (8 April 2013). "The power of the pen". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar". The Economic Times. 24 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d Shankar (19 March 2015). "வீரபாண்டிய கட்டபொம்மன்.... வரலாற்று காவியத்தின் சில சாதனை துளிகள்! (Veerapandiya Kattabomman... Glimpses of a Tamil classic)". Oneindia Entertainment. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ S. Shivapprasadh (26 January 2012). "Art grand and eloquent". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Randor Guy (December 2008). "... And thus he made Chandralekha sixty years ago". Madras Musings. XVIII. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ a b Ganesan & Narayana Swamy 2007, pp. 120–121.
- ^ "The magic of Gemini Ganesan". Chennai Live News. 14 April 2010. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ Bhama Devi Ravi (24 September 2009). "S Varalakshmi passes away". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ^ a b c Mohan V. Raman (19 July 2009). "Kattabomman". mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Udhav Naig (2 October 2014). "Fans keep the legend alive". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ^ "Asal – Ajith hailed, Rajini calls it a family affair". Behindwoods. 8 April 2009. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ Ganesan & Narayana Swamy 2007, p. 121.
- ^ Bhaskaran 2010, p. 47.
- ^ a b Dhananjayan 2014, p. 131.
- ^ Sharadha Narayanan (24 October 2010). "One hundred years of superstardom". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ "Stories of Indian freedom struggle told through Tamil films". Zee News. IANS. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ Malathi Rangarajan (2 February 2012). "A 100 goes unsung". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Guy 1997, p. 282; Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 361.
- ^ a b c "Veerapandiya Kattabomman – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". iTunes. 1 December 1959. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ "Veerapandia Kattabomman Songs". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ B. Kolappan (14 April 2013). "Veteran singer PBS passes away". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ a b c Charulatha Mani (4 January 2013). "Notes of peace". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ M. J. Prabu (26 February 2006). "Faithful to his mentor's memories". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ^ "And the film ends on a happy note". The Hindu. 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
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- ^ S. R. Ashok Kumar (23 September 2009). "Yesteryear actor S. Varalakshmi dead". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ a b Baradwaj Rangan (21 August 2015). "Veerapandiya Kattabomman: Much more than just that one scene". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Dhananjayan 2011, p. 184.
- ^ a b c d Randor Guy (9 May 2015). "Veera Pandya Kattabomman 1959". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
- ^ Ganesan & Narayana Swamy 2007, p. 121; Dechamma C. C. & Prakash 2010, p. 152.
- ^ a b Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 361.
- ^ Janani Karthik (15 August 2013). "Evergreen biopics in Tamil Cinema". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ "Veerapandiya Kattabomman Movie Review". The Times of India. 22 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ a b "Veerapandiya Kattabomman Movie Review". Behindwoods. 21 August 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
- ^ "End of the world movies". IndiaGlitz. 20 December 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ "Advani supports Lankan Tamils". Rediff.com. 13 February 2009. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ a b "dated March 17, 2010: Afro-Asian film festival". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Muralidhara Khajane (23 July 2010). "A born showman". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ "Sivaji Ganesan's birth anniversary". The Times of India. 1 October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ Veeravalli 2013, p. 26.
- ^ Ganesan & Narayana Swamy 2007, p. 129.
- ^ "7th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ Ganesan & Narayana Swamy 2007, p. 129; Dhananjayan 2011, p. 183.
- ^ Praveen Joseph (2 January 2012). "A valiant warrior's birthplace". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ D. Karthikeyan (23 April 2012). "MKU's film institute may have a dream run". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Dechamma C. C. & Prakash 2010, p. 156.
- ^ Dechamma C. C. & Prakash 2010, p. 152.
- ^ S. Krishnaswamy (27 July 2001). "The legend lives on...". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- ^ Dechamma C. C. & Prakash 2010, p. 153.
- ^ Kavitha Muralidharan (9 November 2011). "7 Aum Arivu row: Debate rages over Bodhi Dharma's identity". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ Binoy Valsan (16 October 2014). "Did Thiruvalluvar really have pointy ribs?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- ^ Shruti Ravindran (12 February 2011). "Costume Drama". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
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- ^ Manigandan K. R. (22 August 2015). "Veerapandiya Kattabomman 'Conquered' Land of Pyramids". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
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- ^ "Top 5 Sivaji Ganesan films on his birthday". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
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- ^ Ganesan & Narayana Swamy 2007, p. 169.
- ^ "13 cheesiest, chalkiest lines in Indian cinema". Outlook. 20 October 2008. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ "Top 20 Mass Scenes – Veerapandiya Kattabomman". Behindwoods. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
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- ^ Pavithra Srinivasan (18 April 2012). "Special: The A to Z of Tamil Cinema". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
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- ^ a b c "Kattabomman to Thrill Once Again". The New Indian Express. 21 March 2015. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ^ Avinash Pandian (23 July 2015). "When 3 generations of the Sivaji family come together on a single day!". Behindwoods. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
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- ^ "Veerapandiya Kattabomman box office collection". Behindwoods. 31 August 2015. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
- Bhaskaran, Gautaman (2010). Adoor Gopalakrishnan: A Life in Cinema. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-6700-8171-4.
- Dechamma C. C., Sowmya; Prakash, Elavarthi Sathya (2010). Cinemas of South India: Culture, Resistance, and Ideology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1980-6795-5.
- Dhananjayan, G. (2011). The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976. Galatta Media. ISBN 978-81-921043-0-0.
- Dhananjayan, G. (2014). Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013. Blue Ocean Publishers. ISBN 978-93-84301-05-7.
- Ganesan, Sivaji; Narayana Swamy, T.S. (2007). Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001. Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust.
- Guy, Randor (1997). Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema. Amra Publishers.
- Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (2014) [1999]. Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-5795-8146-6.
- Veeravalli, Shrikanth (2013). MGR: A Biography. Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-8-1291-3228-4.
External links[edit]
- Tamil-language films
- 1959 films
- History of India on film
- Indian films
- Tamil-language period films
- Tamil-language films dubbed in Hindi
- Indian biographical films
- Films set in the 1790s
- Films set in the British Raj
- Films shot in Rajasthan
- 1950s Tamil-language films
- Indian historical films
- Tamil-language films dubbed in Telugu
- Films directed by B. R. Panthulu
- Film scores by G. Ramanathan


text:
Entei by darkheroicWatch
©2013-2016 darkheroic
Entei may be a combination of 炎天 enten (blazing heat) or 炎 en (flame, an alternate reading of honō) and 皇帝 kōtei (emperor). It can be written in kanji as 炎帝 (identical to the Chinese Yándì).
Looks good
I like it
really cute
i really like your pics
One of my favorite Pokemon
ei mustasa
ayus lang..mejo busy lang sa work..kaw
ayus lang..mejo busy lang sa work..kaw
same tol as always busy uwi nako sa firstweek of april kaya kayod to the max sa overtime para me pangtoma ha ha ha di nako nabibisita sa room pagsumisilip ako wala naman tao yung bot lang ni pilandok
Nice Job.
Joke: Put a "h" Infront of his name xD
Joke: Put a "h" Infront of his name xD
Looks Great
Yay! My favorite pokemon ever!
Very simple. It's pretty cool!
that's cool.


text:
May 1, 2005
New Varig CEO
Former telecom executive Henrique Neves has taken the
helm at Latin America's largest airline. CEO Carlos Luiz
Martins, who had guided Varig since August 2003, and Finance
Director Luiz Fernando Wellisch announced their departures in
early May following the election of a new board at the airline,
which closed last year with debt of $2.2 billion. The Brazilian
carrier has lost domestic market share to TAM and low-cost
airline Gol, and the government, which is Varig's biggest
creditor, announced earlier this year that it would not bail it
out. Neves is ex-president of regional telephone company Brasil
Telecom and a one-time director at Shell Brazil. Varig's new
chairman is David Sylbersztajn, a former head of Brazil's oil
regulatory entity, the National Petroleum Agency. He replaced
Joaquim Fernandes dos Santos, who left after 50 years with the
Casseb Joins Coinbra
Cássio Casseb, who last year resigned...
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text:
Frequency values (as opposed to MIDI values) as input to control synth pitches
Does anyone know if there exists a max for live synthesiser that can receive as input numeric frequency values directly as opposed to midi values – thus allowing accurate microtonal input.
I am experimenting with designing my own scales and pitch proportions, but would like to avoid spending time at this moment on building a decent sounding synthesiser. Instead I'd like to make use of an existing synth that already sounds great.
If not in Max4live, perhaps the same thing in Max/MSP 6?
well u can hack note values with ftom object , for requency mtof . u need to be sure where and how note or frequency values are used to drive oscillators etc .
sometimes there are already some sort of translation [note to frequency] or [note to ratio] provided for oscillators , u just need to spot it , remove it or hack it .
What do you mean exactly with 'hack note values' with ftom or mtof? i have a set of frequencies for example, but i definitely do not want to round them off to the closest midi note. that's the whole point – they fall inbetween semitones. i've looked into using pitch-bend messages which is the way more traditional composers would use it – but i find this process tedious and not accurate enough.
as for the translation [note to frequency] or [note to ratio] – again this means an extra layer of calculations and i'm afraid math is not my strongest point – i really prefer to focus creating (and completing) the piece of music and not building or hacking a synth – thus the question whether there exist any synths that accept direct frequency input as opposed to midi values
Ive used word "hack" with consideration that u want to use existing devices . U can hack any device in order to change things . But if u want to use midi note input for different purpose than for midi note then i dont see any solution for this particular case . Midi note input its just a midi note input . U can use CC message
to translate it into readable format , but its resolution wont be desired for such case i dare to believe .
If by any chance i missunderstood your case , please describe your scenario in more details . Starting from what do u mean with input .
If u want to use keyboard anyway , u can just scale or even map midi notes into required frequency , on top of it u are free to change its scale of values dynamicaly . Dont affraid of math , in max weve got tons of helpul objects that do the job for us . There are always bunch of layers introduced after midi input when u look at synth design , dont affraid that too
Thanks for the suggestions. I think you understand correctly – what I meant with input is for example a list of frequencies like the following:
97.99885 195.99773 294.00424 391.99542 489.90555 588.0084 685.6648 783.99085 882.0356 979.811 1078.4122 1176.0169 1273.5969 1371.3296 1469.7546 1567.9818 1665.0614 1764.0712 1862.5023 1959.622 2057.0479 2156.8245 2253.6165 2352.0337
It's quite a complex piece, exploring division of scales and overtone series in various proportions, meaning that in the end there will be a huge number of very specific frequencies used. (This part I've already figured out thanks to the help of a friend). This means that I would have to 'remap' the midi note to frequency every few bars for quite a long piece (round 48 re-mappings). That's why it would be better if I don't need to remap anything and really work directly with the frequency values.
I don't need to be able to 'play' in realtime any of these notes, I could easily create a patch that triggers one series of freq numbers after the other as the piece progresses. Stepping through 'collect' or 'table' objects.
I started to listen to the tones with a simple cycle object in MSP but as I say, I'd prefer to work with a nice sounding synth that someone else already made! Do you have any suggestions for cool sounding synths that can take freq input?
Even if a synthesizer doesn't provide the capability to program microtonal scales into it, you can nevertheless make it play microtonal scales by bending the pitch of each note by the appropriate amount. The catch is that pitchbend applies to all notes on a given MIDI channel, so you have to play each note on a separate MIDI channel so that you can 'bend' the pitch of each one independently. But you can play up to 16 notes at a time that way. Something along these lines (I haven't tested it, but it should work):
----------begin_max5_patcher---------- 1197.3oc2ZsriaaCEcs8WAgVV3XHR8zcW.JZ+AZ6lhf.ZY5wLUhxUhZFOMHe T8WneYkOjr8LwhhJQlIpKFOfTzh26gm6S5Otbg21xSjZOvOB9CvhEeb4hEpo jSrnc7BuB7orbbsZYdYkEEDF2ak9YbxItZ9eql.3GHf8U3LNsjgyAGwUb.uD jgyyZxwb8BNR4YG1RX6V28NxoLRVYCS8hPsStu5gsxw9q8am4HV7EorGdeEI iqE4ffMhGCPvj0Qq.vH4hESt1G7t1uDcmR5J29g2DF0sg6KYbFtfndzaqn37 tmvZJnrbBWoqvKSV1v6l0+pWRM8uUuDHZsub1Osbo7iUekX4O0TgkXn2XvBT RhT6iCkeFEqvE+dPhf4BR76j7xLJ+4wgDHjjNzhDHiHAbtfD+bE4uZHrrwAE vvvKjh3DSPQvl4BT7KkiCC7SuPGPlwfju2v.F4Igf8YPvdOC5KTQ4a+WDznB OVehnapvcvfdJ9yGIZQwaedIVHVua5.jsMb9EOi8q9o9c5sAsGMhC0d0wsX1 CBU7KPWDniXO7L4SO3htzRf6SW7G9jTDPVLOmT8dBCuMmbMW0BD.Y9Td0YnX Bo+MEaIUlPHTzEDJznwMJ8qCgDBFsPbbozljtIorySNAHIkcmvwa6FgZBYSS 0YSoRkHHxHzFdeciHgEG.GrRNQr2lbtjnQiTksXZfQPYr4VD7MJXBGrEXjIf zdd1XCSveRhfhL5rckyXD0OgONLc.kfZyuJpejANMgZGx0gi.lB7eRjlKhrq 7k+4aAJooQPnwZSfgShUyvwpl9TS5ApNVl+L.FCfV.Qgo1.QASBSJvBljCIT zcTy9d6BHo88FtwHDglIIxeR1ID6z6XcVfFc+Bgyq.w8Uh2udfVCDKpofTC3 GvbUqiDXBg9n.c.6HORyH.whpIpdLgARfDTIBOP.k6A+6+fDOpfJpUfTuB7z AZ1A4xkuFVYUwsa9TvnZ9DTGVLVwDgaNmB5MOX7mIDx2HTZCjw.+vq7kaNWf z4Vsk8leDErGXQtxvMVTx8zzhggbdeNLmibe+CfTo1aAyQGhS+YeXT7bi4Lb k7sLj3zgKkO5+kUx2Sir3kEl83zgb5NYZtD+oou18xabKkoUi0s1H0XirPyI FiZMp3tu5hmTXfb9WhZ0kMUYcaWWIB.34sZGolSY5KL4pEE7hEcftaGgcsRu iVKwAEHd6yOakGYSTA9CHOAuXMet3Hx+8XovYcKl.QP0UZEnqobSx4QW1mIS AP1H+QtCOsVd7ci73ag7nHkHmHOxFYZm73lyKkoFZ.4Q1MLixyqL.PopKwqs 8is2vqZz8v.vlSXYSNGiILJHPIyHcpNZSX0n6kFLnOwwdFHJxVIy56UOL37n uUZfhE4HqrParxfNyKTrsTTGYzaSPOj6fGXjMzGemIOI15idLdTz9P594tjF cdzcvd7UIP0iFD41nL91HONhvYk+g.2IOPajGjyjGaRRI1oliCkhRpy3xIVX Zk5LrwFO4ItKaaKjluTqbcom3iGejTU29JUBhnz7OTVIGFuZo9Z80CUUC6UQ dj1sd0M+6gqDkqyE0p2ToK19TZr2R497ok+2lrpmY -----------end_max5_patcher-----------
I just found out about these freeware synths made by Xen-Arts, I haven't checked them out myself yet but they might work for you:
1. take existing synyth
2. remove mtof(~) object(s)
3. done
Don't forget: most objects taking MIDI note numbers will accept floats. If you want microtonal, there's nothing stopping you from sending 65.5 or something. (The example would be F-quarter-tone-sharp above middle C.)
Or go Hawaiian with things like 31.4159265. (Converting to freq left as exercise for the thus-inclined reader.)
31.4159265 = 5 times pipi!
for closed devices, given that they actually use the default [mtof] object, you can also temporarily replace the mtof object of the max4live runtime with a custom patch called mtof, which contains any table or formula you wish.
Thanks for all the useful comments!
@Roman can you please point me to where I can find the max4live runtime – i have only just started using max4live and can't find where to edit this – pbly missing the obvious
@Roman – do u mean I need to edit the max4live pack – what kinda programming skills do i need or is it like opening another max patch?
what i like about this approach is it potentially implies one edit to use with many synths as opposed to editing each one infividually
- This reply was modified 1 year by clairerobot.
Forums > Max For Live


text:
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text:
Bachmann campaign, embroiled in controversy, loses another staffer
Since Wednesday, Bachmann has suffered a one-two punch of staff departures
Hours after Michele Bachmann's Iowa campaign co-chairman surprisingly defected to Ron Paul's camp, her campaign was rocked by a second high-profile departure.
Political Director Wes Enos "no longer works for the campaign," said Alice Stewart, Bachmann's press secretary.
Later Thursday, Enos confirmed that he is "no longer serving in an official capacity with the campaign," but added he doesn't plan to support another candidate and still plans to caucus for Bachmann.
Wes Enos: Lost his job, but still plans to caucus for Bachmann
After Iowa state Senator and Bachmann co-chairman Kent Sorenson unexpectedly showed up at a Ron Paul rally on Wednesday night, Bachmann accused him of selling out to Paul for "a large sum of money."
But Enos, even though he was still working for Bachmann, quickly came to his former colleague's defense.
"I cannot, in good conscience, watch a good man like Kent Sorenson be attacked as a 'sell-out,'" Enos said. "That is simply not the case, and it was not the basis of his decision."
On Thursday, Enos told NBC News that he "knew when I undermined [Bachmann's] statement last night that I was effectively tendering my resignation," adding that his departure was "a mutual thing."
Bachmann, however, isn't backing off the bribery allegation. On Thursday, she reiterated to reporters in Des Moines that Sorenson "told me that he was offered money, he was offered a lot of money by the Ron Paul campaign."
"No one else knows about that conversation other than Kent Sorenson and myself," she added.
Bachmann's decision to continue to press the bribery allegation even after one of her own staffers denied it prompted Sorenson to issue a strongly worded statement via the Paul campaign. It says:
The recent smears from the media and the national political establishment motivated me to rush to Congressman Paul's aid because he did the same for me in both of my races for the Iowa General Assembly. As for the ridiculous allegations that Congresswoman Bachmann and her surrogates have made, I was never offered money from the Ron Paul campaign or anyone associated with them and certainly would never accept any. Financial reports come out in just days which will prove what I'm saying is true. Even Congresswoman Bachmann's political director issued a statement defending my character. Since then, he's been fired by the Bachmann campaign for daring to tell the truth. Sadly, the values I most appreciated in Congresswoman Bachmann appear to have gone out the window in a last-minute effort to salvage what's left of her campaign.
Despite the defections and her low standing in recent polls, Bachmann apparently plans to forge ahead with her Iowa campaign. On Thursday, she wrapped up her 99-county tour of the state and told CNN's Wolf Blitzer that to-be-released phone records would prove the conversation in which Sorenson allegedly told her the Paul campaign was offering him money to switch allegiances took place.
She didn't however, acknowledge the gaping hole in that reasoning -- there is nothing surprising about a campaign chairman talking on the phone with their candidate, and the records, of course, can't prove anything about what was said.
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In the future, Jake, a paraplegic war veteran is brought to another planet, Pandora, which is inhabited by the Na'vi, a humanoid race with their own language and culture. Those from Earth find themselves at odds with each other and the local culture.
We reported in January that all of these Avatar sequels were pushed back by a full year. James Cameron is currently in pre-production on Avatar 2, Avatar 3 and Avatar 4, which are currently scheduled to hit theaters in 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively. Star Zoe Saldana revealed last year that all three sequels will be shot back-to-back, with production expected to span between eight and nine months, although it still isn't clear when principal photography will begin.
Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana and Stephen Lang are expected to return for these sequels, although it isn't known if other Avatar cast members are scheduled to reprise their roles. James Cameron is directing all three follow-ups, from scripts he co-wrote with Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver (Dawn of the Planet of the Apes), Josh Friedman (War of the Worlds) and Shane Salerno (Savages). James Cameron will also produce alongside his Lightstorm Entertainment partner Jon Landau.Read More
D23 isn't just about the next big Disney movie. There is also plenty on hand to see revolving around all the Disney parks throughout the world. And one of the most exciting and anticipated attractions coming in the next few years is Avatar Land. The massive theme park attraction will soon become part of Disney's Animal Kingdom at Disney World. And Disney showed off some of its plans with new posters that invite fans to explore Pandora. We also have photos from the event, which offer a sneak peek at what park attendees can expect in the coming years.
D23 had a very detailed look at the new Avatar Land, which is coming to Walt Disney's Animal Kingdom in Orlando, Florida sometime in 2017. The preview was on the floor of the convention center in Anaheim, where the 3 day event will continue to be devoted to all things Disney throughout the weekend. At this time, there are three more Avatar sequels in the works. And this new theme park attraction will also be pulling elements from those upcoming movies.Read More
The director enlisted the help of several new writers to work on the sequel scripts with him. Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver (Rise of the Planet of the Apes) are writing Avatar 2, with Josh Friedman (War of the Worlds) working on Avatar 3 and Shane Salerno writing Avatar 4. This is the first we're hearing about a fifth Avatar script, although it isn't known if James Cameron wrote this himself, or if he brought some of the aforementioned writers to work on Avatar 5. However, it seems that the filmmaker is adamant about making just three sequels, so we'll have to wait and see what happens.
Production is expected to start later this year, with all three movies expected to be shot back-to-back. Do you think there should be a fifth Avatar movie? Or do you think three is already too much? Let us know what you think below, and stay tuned for more on the Avatar sequels.Read More
Cirque du Soleil is very happy to unveil the name of its next touring show inspired by James Cameron's record-breaking movie Avatar: Toruk - The First Flight. Presented by Visa Signature, this brand new creation will tour in arenas around the world starting November 2015. The show will premiere in Montreal on December 21.
The name Toruk - The First Flight, inspired by James Cameron's Avatar, a live experience by Cirque du Soleil, envisions a world beyond imagination set thousands of years before the events depicted in the film. The word Toruk, in the Na'vi language, refers to the great leonopteryx, the mighty red and orange predator that rules the Pandoran sky. Central in Na'vi lore and culture, this fascinating creature is crucial to the Na'vi clans' sense of destiny and interconnectedness - and is about to be ridden for the very first time by a Na'vi.Read More
The Avatar exhibition will include immersive, interactive displays that highlight Pandora, the alien world created by James Cameron, putting it in the context of science here on Earth. The exhibition will treat Pandora as a real place that can be studied and visited. The 10,000 square foot experience will allow for a dynamic 45-minute guest engagement offering a wide range of exciting explorations and captivating environments highlighting bioluminescence, connectivity among Pandora's living things as well as its incredible and diverse flora and fauna. A unique look at the complexity of indigenous peoples and cultures through the lens of the Na'vi, Pandora's native inhabitants, will be a key component of the exhibition. By showcasing the science and wonder of Pandora, the exhibition will allow guests to better understand the beauty - and fragility - of our own planet Earth.
An examination of the Alpha Centauri system, home to the fictional planet Polyphemus and its moon Pandora, that offers visitors a multimedia journey into the world's discovery and the challenges of space travel to reach it from Earth.Read More
While it isn't known when Avatar Land may open at Disney's Animal Kingdom, the video below gives us a first look at what we may expect. In addition, Disney has also released a concept art illustration, which you can check out below the video. Are you excited to see what Avatar Land may have to offer? Take a look at the video and illustration below, and stay tuned for more updates on this upcoming theme park.
Avatar was released December 18th, 2009.Read More


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So many colors and patterns to choose from!
posted 8 years ago
Going shopping for a new Lupine collar is almost as fun as shoe shopping! There's many colors, designs, and patterns to choose from, all of which I find attractive. These collars are strong, durable, and reliable, and seem to be especially good for puppies.
Pros: variety of selection
Cons: none
22 of 22 people found this review helpful.
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posted 7 years ago
These collars are awesome! They have very unique designs and are strong. They come with a lifetime guarantee that if they ever break...even if chewed...they will replace it for free. They also have matching leashes for the collars. I was lucky enough to find a pet store that sells them in my area but if you can't find a store in your area you can always google Lupine Collars and buy it online. It's worth it!
Pros: Lifetime guarantee
Cons: hard to find in stores...may have to order online
13 of 13 people found this review helpful.
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I LOVE these!
posted 8 years ago
I LOVE these collars and leashed. Every pet I own has a Lupine collar. I love that they have a lifetime replacement guarantee and I love that there are so many different patterns and styles to choose from. All I have to do it take the collar back to my vet and they let me pick out a new one once mine is worn out.
Pros: Lifetime Replacement!
Cons: None
12 of 12 people found this review helpful.
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Love these collars!
posted 8 years ago
These are great collars. Durable, fashionable and most importantly guaranteed.
Pros: Great style!
Cons: A little more expensive.
11 of 11 people found this review helpful.
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Bought one for my puppy
posted 8 years ago
Just bought one for my new puppy and I especially like the break away collars. It seems to be very durable and has not come off once since putting it on a few months ago. The colors are nice too.
Pros: Pretty and durable
Cons: none
7 of 7 people found this review helpful.
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