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With a girl like that, who the hell would want a girl from back home?
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What a jerk indeed. He's obviously too ugly to get any girls back home, so he had to go flee to Asia, lol
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Physical Location
1111 Haynes St
Raleigh, NC 27604-1454
Mailing Address
1111 Haynes Street
Raleigh, NC 27604-1454
Phone: (919) 715-1155
School Type: Regular
School Level: High School
School Status: Operational
School District: Raleigh Charter High
County: Wake County
Location: Large City (over 250,000)
Charter: Yes
Students: 539
Teachers: 41
Student-Teacher Ratio: 13.1 to 1
Lowest Grade in School: 09
Highest Grade in School: 12
Students by Grade
Grade 9: 143
Grade 10: 134
Grade 11: 133
Grade 12: 129
Corrections to the school database are encouraged! School Edit Form.
Hope Elementary, NC
(0.2 miles ESE)
Underwood Elementary, NC (0.6 miles NW)
Partnership Elementary, NC (0.7 miles SW)
Conn Elementary, NC (0.7 miles E)
Needham Broughton High, NC (1 miles WSW)
Wiley Elementary, NC
(1.1 miles SW)
Exploris, NC (1.2 miles S)
Phillips High, NC (1.3 miles ESE)
Moore Square Museum Magnet Mid, NC (1.3 miles S)
N C Dept of Corrections, NC (1.3 miles S)
Cathedral School, NC
(1.1 miles SSW)
Our Lady of Lourdes Elementary S, NC (1.6 miles N)
St. David's School, NC (2 miles NNW)
The Trilogy School, NC (2.4 miles N)
Follow the Child Montessori Scho, NC (2.9 miles W)
Vital Link Private School, NC
(2.9 miles W)
Al-Iman School, NC (3.1 miles W)
Raleigh Christian Academy, NC (3.6 miles ENE)
Gethsemane Sda School, NC (3.7 miles SSE)
Friendship Christian School, NC (4.4 miles NNE)

subset: commoncrawl


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Manufacturer: Free Form (View all products by Freeform)
Model: Classic (View all Classic reviews)
Category: Trail Saddles
Purchase: I purchased this saddle four years ago through Action Rider Tack. I bought the saddle to use on my hard to fit TB for Endurance and Competitive Trail. I paid around $1500.
Likes: It is extremely comfortable to ride in and my TB finally stopped having a sore back on rides...even placed 2nd for best condition in this saddle. I also use it for schooling my warmblood for dressage. It fits every horse I've put it on. I was afraid treeless would not be secure enough, but I find it more secure than a treed saddle because it moves with the horse.
Dislikes: It's a bit difficult to ground mount in this saddle. I have an easier time ground mounting on my 15.3hh TB who has a wither versus my 16.1hh warmblood who is wider with less wither. It does move a little on steep climbs, but I use a breast plate and it always comes back to the middle. One other person commented that it's not safe for technical terrain and I disagree. Riders are completing and winning with this saddle at Tevis. Also, I would love to use this saddle for dressage, but since it doesn't look traditional enough, I don't know how well it would be received.
Quality: I find it to be excellent quality. I have only had the saddle four years but it's been on plenty of rough rides and held up fine. It's been rained on and I have had no issues with stitching, leather wear, etc.
Summary: I really like this saddle. It's light. Stirrup position is completely adjustable. It does take a few rides to get used to it and get your stirrups exactly where you want them. You will be sore the first few rides, but it's your core that is sore from actually having to ride and keep up with your horse rather than just sitting there.
Rating: 5
Author: Jamie
Date: 0000-00-00
Usefulness Rating: 2.72727 out of 5.
11 reader(s) voted.
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Mr. Kirkpatrick would have us go back to having small pox because it put crutch makers out of business. I love independent book stores too but electronic books are going to replace paper ones and that is good because it will drive down prices for the readers and increase profits for the writers.
It does, indeed, look like electronic books will replace paper ones. In the short term. What then?
I have individual volumes on my shelves that are several hundred years old. I can still read them.
I can still play the music I bought on record and cassette, if I want to purchase what has now become "specialtiy" equipment. 8-track? Reel-to-reel? Just plain dead. If I want to pay extra for a DVD player that's also got a VHS player on it, I can still watch those films . . . . for now. Software? Any files I created using that software? My Win 7 machine is spotty at best for anything more than about 5 years old, forget anything truely "ancient" like the Apple II I was using 30 years ago. That's all lost to me. Hell, Office 2007/2010 even has compatability issues with files as recent as Office XP.
Ten or twenty years from now you'll find the electronics manufacturers have decided to destroy your entire e-library by rendering the entire thing obsolete with some "improvement" to OS or file structure that won't be backwards-compatable. And I'll still be able to read my books.
Ah . . . but then there's the pricing. Amazon (BN, et. al.) are selling all of those books and e-books below cost, at a loss, out of the goodness of their hearts, right? They couldn't possibly intend to start the gouging the minute the price war is over and the market sufficiently cornered. . . . . right?
Ebooks will never, I repeat, never replace books. You will not convince most people outside of 'First World' countries that it's inherently better to pay for a charger/batteries, and a handheld device in order to read a book that costs $5.99 - $15 and can survive pretty much anything but fire and deliberate damage. That's if there was even ebook access for them in the first place. You can have your entire library in an easily stolen device if you want. Me, I think I'll believe that something that's been around for 500 years would have greater reasons for it's longevity than some device that's constantly being changed to 'improve' it would lead you to believe.
RSG-if you lose a device you dont lose your whole library--your purchased titles are yours forever in the cloud.
The bottom line is there are readers and writers, and everyone else (publishers and retailers)in the trade are just middlemen. The delivery sytem is changing once again and those who dont adapt will perish. The middlemen are finding out they are much less important than they think, and that is refreshing.
I love books and bookstores as much as anyone, but the written word is king and e delivery is just better in every way. Not to mention all the trees, petroleum, and pollution that will be saved when the printet book is obsolete.
Tech Europe covers Europe's technology leaders, their companies, and the people and industries that support them — and their ideas. The blog is edited by Ben Rooney, with contributions from The Wall Street Journal and Dow Jones Newswires.


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Some information is missing or invalid below.
Large Hutch Buffet - Natural Wood Top
Sorry, the item isout of stock
This attractive buffet is sure to bring out the charm and elegance of your home, while saving space and keeping you organized.
Product Features:
- Cabinets with adjustable shelves store necessities.
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- Wine rack can be removed to create additonal space.
- Hutch with two Plexiglas doors showcases your style.
Product Details:
- 71 1/2"H x 44"W x 16 3/8"D
- Wood
- Some assembly required
- Manufacturer's 90-day limited warranty
- For warranty information please click here
- By Home Styles
Model Numbers:
- Black: 5100-0042-42
- White: 5100-0021-12
Promotional offers available online at Kohls.com may vary from those offered in Kohl's stores.
Our hassle-free return policy means worry-free shopping.
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Louis Vuitton
Grenadine Monogram Naif Bag Charm
$ 400 Gilt
Classic, recognizable, and always in style, Louis Vuitton handbags are truly envy-worthy. Flaunt the signature monogram with a clutch or shoulder bag.
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Structured designer totes, satchels, crossbodies, and more elevate everyday style
Designer pouches, charms, and other fun, festive surprises


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GATS 2002 will be held Sept. 6-8 at the Dallas Convention Center in Dallas. Organizers say more than 35,000 industry professionals from 50 states and 30 countries visited the show in 2001, making it the second most attended trucking show in the industry.
Although planning is still in the early stages, GATS 2002 will again encompass every class of truck in the industry, along with Overdrive's indoor Pride and Polish truck beauty show, seminar programs and other features. New for GATS 2002 will be the OEM Supplier Pavilion, along with the New Product Showcase. Both new areas, along with the Commercial Work Truck Pavilion introduced last year, provide exhibitors and attendees with one location for related displays concerning a specific market.
For more information, contact Sellers Expositions at (888) 349-4287 or (812) 949-9200, or visit the show's website (www.gatsonline.com).
OverdriveOnline.com strives to maintain an open forum for reader opinions. Click here to read our comment policy.


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Guilty on all counts, the verdict returned in the murder trial of Kenneth P eters.
The jury reached their decision Wednesday evening in Bessemer in Gogebic County C ourt.
It took the jury 12 hours to decide the fate of Kenneth P eters.
The 50 year old Bessemer man was convicted of First Degree Murder, Vulnerable Adult Abuse Second Degree and Second Degree Murder, in the death of his wife 79 year old Ethel P eters.
T he trial lasted three weeks and nearly 100 witnesses took the stand.
A sentencing date has not been decided.


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Ezekiel Elliott: Big Ten Offensive Player and RB of the Year
It seemed like an obvious outcome, but Ohio State running back Ezekiel Elliott has been named the Ameche-Dayne Running Back of the Year and, kind of surprisingly, the Graham-George Offensive Player of the Year, the Big Ten announced Tuesday night. The Offensive Player of the Year award was renamed in 2011, partially after former Ohio State running back Eddie George. Elliott finished...
Via Waiting For Next Year
December 02, 2015 | Discuss
LeBron James FaceTime'd Carlos Hyde After His Dominant Performance vs. Minnesota
Cleveland Cavaliers superstar LeBron James is a known Ohio State fan. Apparently, he also roots for Buckeyes alums at the next level, too. After former Ohio State running back Carlos Hyde, now a San Francisco 49er, lit up the Minnesota Vikings for 168 yards and two touchdowns, James reached out via FaceTime to congratulate him. Via 49ers.com: In a recent sit-down interview, the...
Via College Spun
September 17, 2015 | Discuss
Video: Former Ohio State Running Back Carlos Hyde Did A Braxton Miller-Esque Spin Move On Monday Night Football
Is Spin Moves 101 a class at Ohio State? It might as well be after what we've seen from a couple current-and-former Buckeye football players. Everyone, of course, is aware of the spin move Braxton Miller pulled against the Virginia Tech defense on Labor Day. It was spectacular. Miller's former OSU teammate, Carlos Hyde, who's now a running back for the San Francisco 49ers...
Via College Spun
September 15, 2015 | Discuss
Report: Chicago Bears Set To Hire Ohio State RB Coach Stan Drayton To Same Position
Urban Meyer is reportedly on the verge of losing another assistant coach. Ohio State running backs coach Stan Drayton is expected to be hired to the same position on the Chicago Bears' staff, according to Brad Biggs of the Chicago Tribune. Drayton has been a member of Meyer's staff since his arrival in Columbus in 2012. During his time with the Buckeyes, he's coached two...
Via College Spun
February 05, 2015 | Discuss
Photo: Ohio State Debuted An Infographic Commemorating Its Back-To-Back-To-Back Undefeated Regular Seasons
Over the past three seasons, Ohio State has an impressive regular season record of 36-0. The Buckeyes were banned from the post-season in 2012 and lost the Big Ten title game and Orange Bowl to finish 12-2 in 2013. They finally struck gold on their third try by finishing 15-0 and winning this year's College Football Playoff National Championship. Earlier tonight, the program...
Via College Spun
February 02, 2015 | Discuss
The Ohio State Hypocrisy? Scholarships Are Not Equal
ESPN.com news services is reporting that Anthony Wunder, the senior engineering student on a scholarship program at Ohio State, is facing the revocation of that scholarship after being charged with misdemeanor trespassing for running onto the field during the Ohio State Buckeyes' victory against the Cincinatti Bearcats. At first glance, this does not seem to be much of an issue...
Via Football Nation
October 01, 2014 | Discuss
Trio of backs powering Buckeyes run game
COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) -- Without brawny Carlos Hyde and his 1,521 yards rushing, many Ohio State fans expected the worst out of the tailback position this season. So far, it's been a bright spot. "Last year, we had a guy who was a 20- or 25-carry guy," Buckeyes coach Urban Meyer said. "We have some pretty capable players. We also don't have that body type to go just slam it in there...
Via AP on Fox
September 05, 2014 | Discuss
Trio of backs powering Buckeyes run game
COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) -- Without brawny Carlos Hyde and his 1,521 yards rushing, many Ohio State fans expected the worst out of the tailback position this season. So far, it's been a bright spot. "Last year, we had a guy who was a 20- or 25-carry guy," Buckeyes coach Urban Meyer said. "We have some pretty capable players. We also don't have that body type to go just slam it in there...
Via Fox Sports Ohio
September 05, 2014 | Discuss
WFNY's 2014 Ohio State Buckeyes Preview: The Defense
The NFL may leave you hanging for another week, but the Ohio State Buckeyes and their NCAA brethren have you covered. Last season was the Year of the Offense for Ohio State. Braxton Miller, Carlos Hyde and company ran roughshod through the regular season behind a veteran offensive line led by two presumptive NFL opening day starters in center Corey Linsley (Green Bay) and tackle...
Via Waiting For Next Year
August 28, 2014 | Discuss
Ohio State RB Ezekiel Elliot Tells Buckeye Nation Not To Worry Following Wrist Surgery
Ohio State running back Ezekiel Elliot had surgery on his fractured left wrist earlier Saturday morning, as reported by Ari Wasserman of Cleveland.com. The injury occurred during a Friday practice and it's reportedly a minor one. The sophomore should be back on the field by the end of next week. Following his surgery, Elliot, who's presumed to be the Buckeyes' starter in...
Via College Spun
August 09, 2014 | Discuss
Video: Carlos Hyde Still Thinks About Ohio State's 4th-And-1 Call Against Michigan State
According to former Ohio State running back Carlos Hyde, the Buckeyes were "one play" away from having a chance to play for a national championship last season. Hyde, speaking with reporters at an NFL rookie event Tuesday morning, said he still thinks about it over six months later. Which play, you ask? With less than six minutes to play against Michigan State in last year�...
Via College Spun
June 24, 2014 | Discuss
Fourth-down play still eats at Hyde
BEREA, Ohio - The fourth down stop that sealed Michigan State's win in last December's Big Ten Championship Game and ended Ohio State's national championship dreams apparently still eats at Carlos Hyde. With Ohio State down three points and facing a fourth and one with just under six minutes left in that game, the call from the sideline was for quarterback Braxton Miller to keep...
Via Fox Sports Ohio
June 24, 2014 | Discuss
Braxton Miller: Ohio State's offense will be scary
A year ago, the Ohio State Buckeyes rode the country's fifth-best rushing attack, led by the services of star tailback Carlos Hyde and one of the best offensive lines in the nation, to a 12-0 regular season record. But in 2014, Hyde, along with four starters from that offensive line, have all either graduated or moved on. Head coach Urban Meyer has already acknowledged that the...
Via College Spun
June 20, 2014 | Discuss
Observations from the Ohio State football advanced stat preview
Bill Connelly's previews at SBNation using Football Outsiders numbers are an annual must-read for college football fans, and he finished up the Big Ten today with Ohio State. Ohio State lines up against Indiana last November Of course, I recommend as strongly as possible you read the whole thing, here are a few things I gleaned from my reading of the piece. Some are surprising...
Via Cus Words Blog
June 03, 2014 | Discuss
Ohio State football position preview: Running back
Carlos Hyde Running back is a position of much interest for the Ohio State football team this summer. Carlos Hyde rushed for over 1,500 yards last season for Ohio State. He has since graduated and been selected in the second round of the NFL draft by the San Francisco 49ers. The Buckeyes have a plethora of talent at the running back position, but no clear replacement for Hyde...
Via isportsweb.com
May 22, 2014 | Discuss
Ohio State Football: 5 Reasons The Buckeyes Will Win It All In 2014-15
There is plenty of reason for excitement and optimism in Columbus this season. Despite losing Carlos Hyde, Ryan Shazier, Bradley Roby and Jack Mehwort in the first two rounds of the 2014 NFL Draft, the cupboard is not all bare on campus at Ohio State University – not as long as Urban Meyer is walking the sidelines and quarterback Braxton Miller is slinging the ball all over the...
Via Football Nation
May 20, 2014 | Discuss
San Francisco 49ers Q&A With the 'Relentless, Violent' Carlos Hyde
Carlos Hyde describes himself as "violent." That is, when the San Francisco 49ers second-round pick is on the field. Off it, the former Ohio St. Buckeye running back is all smiles. The No. 57 overall selection in the 2014 draft also has a knack for finding the end zone, racking up 37 touchdowns in 41 collegiate contests. Even before he was drafted by the 49ers, Hyde says he...
Via BaySportsNet
May 16, 2014 | Discuss
2014 NFL Draft Results: San Francisco 49ers
Sean McMahon Mike Pettigano, Flickr The 2014 NFL Draft results are in, and at first glance, it looks as if Trent Baalke has again fabricated a draft class full of long-term upside and immediate contributors. Baalke maneuvered around this draft more than any other General Manager, shifting positions in nearly every round and acquiring picks for next year's NFL Draft throughout...
Via 49erslife.com
May 10, 2014 | Discuss
Bengals choose Hill over Hyde
CINCINNATI -- The Bengals made Giovani Bernard the first running back taken in the NFL Draft last year when they selected him in the second round with the 37th overall pick. They surprised a lot of experts who believed Eddie Lacy was the best running back in the draft class. Lacy proved his worth as he went on to be named the AP NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year with Green Bay but...
Via Fox Sports Ohio
San Francisco 49ers Draft Carlos Hyde In Second Round
The San Francisco 49ers moved around a bit before they got their man in the second round. First they traded picks 56 and 242 Denver for picks 63, 171 and a fourth round pick in 2015. Then the 49ers moved up in the second round in a trade with the Miami Dolphins in which they acquired the 57th pick for Miami's pick which was 63rd overall and a fifth-round pick, 171st overall. With...
Via BaySportsNet
5 fast facts about new 49ers running back Carlos Hyde
The San Francisco 49ers made Carlos Hyde out of Ohio State their first second-round selection Friday night. In the coming months, there will be plenty of coverage of the newest member of the 49ers. But in the meantime, here are five things to know about the Hyde: 1. Hyde ran for 1,521 yards and fifteen touchdowns despite being suspended for the first three games of the season due...
Via cover32 - 49ers
49ers Select Carlos Hyde with Pick #57
Sean McMahon Photo: Flickr Commons 49ers Select Carlos Hyde with Pick #57 Trent Baalke and Jim Harbaugh love them some running backs. The 49ers danced around the second round to settle on the 57th pick (traded with Miami), selecting Ohio State running back Carlos Hyde with the pick. Hyde is a talented running back, but will he find room in a backfield that carries Frank Gore, Kendall...
Via 49erslife.com
Hyde, Mewhort picked in NFL draft second round
Carlos Hyde and Jack Mewhort became the third and fourth Ohio State players selected in the 2014 NFL Draft Friday night. The San Francisco 49ers grabbed Hyde in the second round with the 57th overall pick while Mewhort went to the Indianapolis Colts two picks later. A Cincinnati native who graduated from high school in Naples, Fla., Hyde was named the Big Ten running back of the...
Via Fox Sports Ohio
Titans Could Target Auburn RB Tre Mason In Round 2?
Jim Wyatt of the Tennessean mentions that Auburn RB Tre Mason could be in play for the Titans in round two. However, Wyatt admits that the team could wait until the third round to address the position, but adds that the Titans do like Mason. Other running backs like LSU's Jeremy Hill, West Virginia's Charles Sims & Towson's Terrance West all took pre-draft visits...
Via NFL Trade Rumors
May 08, 2014 | Discuss
Ohio State's Carlos Hyde "on the radar" for Browns at No. 35
Former Ohio State running back Carlos Hyde is "on the radar" for the Cleveland Browns when it comes to their second-round selection. Northeast Ohio Media Group's Mary Kay Cabot reports that the Browns could use their 35th-overall selection on the Buckeye product, likely making him the first running back selected this coming weekend. Ok #Browns fans, maybe this will cheer you...
Via Waiting For Next Year
May 07, 2014 | Discuss
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Dice Sets
Dice sets, especially 7-piece RPG dice sets. Everything from metal dice sets and stone dice sets to pearlized and magma dice sets. Also includes other sets of dice such as 10d6 crystal dice sets.
Set of 7 Chessex Vortex Electric Yellow/green RPG Dice$8.75A 7-piece RPG dice set from the Chessex Signature™ Series. One of the most popular Chessex dice sets in production. Learn More
Yellow Oblivion Polyhedral 7-Die Cube/Set$8.70A complete set of 7 swirled dice: 1D4, 1D6, 1D8, 2D10, 1D12, and 1D20. This dice set is like looking into a dim pool swirled with yellow acid, hidden in the deep recesses of a long-forgotten cavern. Yellow and black with gold numerals. Learn More
Pathfinder: Skull & Shackles Dice Set$13.95Paizo Publishing and Q-workshop are proud to bring you the 100%-official Pathfinder: Skull & Shackles Adventure Path dice. Set of 7 dice. Learn More
Giant 34mm Toxic Red/Yellow Dice Set$14.95This is a full set of 34mm Toxic Red/Yellow dice that feel satisfying in the palm of your hand. This set come complete with 7 Giant dice in total and a plastic case for easy access. These are Amazingly Large Dice! Learn More
Pathfinder: Legacy of Fire Dice Set$13.95Paizo Publishing and Q-workshop are proud to bring you the 100%-official Pathfinder: Legacy of Fire Adventure Path dice. These masterfully crafted dice feature red engravings on yellow polyhedrons. Set of 7 dice. Learn More
Set of Yellow and Black Rune Dice$12.95A full set of Rune Dice. These great dice are Black on Yellow with runic writing around the outside of each face. Learn More
Yellow & Black Elvish Dice (Set of 7)$12.95A full set of Elvish dice. These great dice are yellow with black Elvish writing around the outside of each face. Learn More
Yellow & Black 3D Celtic Dice Set$17.95A full set of seven 3D Celtic dice. These intricately-designed dice are black on yellow with Celtic knots and symbols engraved on each face. Learn More
Set of 7 Chessex Gemini Red-Yellow w/silver RPG Dice$9.98A 7-piece RPG dice set from the Chessex Gemini™ Series. Each Gemini™ polyhedral dice set is swirled with two different twin colors, creating a magical effect. Learn More
Opaque Polyhedral Yellow/black 7-Die Set$3.85An set of seven dice, including a 4-sided, 6-sided, 8-sided, 10-sided, 10-sided tens-place, 12-sided, and 20-sided dice. This opaque dice set is simple and elegant, and of good quality. Yellow with black numbering. Learn More


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May God be with the Familes of these two young people as they grieve their loss.......does it really matter about their race and social...
Doesn't a motel room cost more than a home to rent? Where is this money coming from? Why have this many children if you can't provide a...
These children and their famies are in my prayers. May God bless you all!
My prayers are for the family of these two people. Shame on the AC for publishing this.
May God be with these families during this sad time.


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One-third of House members have written the three TV broadcast networks asking them to delay projecting results of the elections until after people have voted."Because of election night projections, millions of Americans feel their vote doesn't count," said Rep. Ron Wyden, D-Ore., who yesterday released the letter signed by 153 lawmakers. The letter asks the television networks to withhold projections in any one state until that state's polls have closed, and to delay calling a winner in the presidential contest nationwide until all polls have closed in the West. In separate letters, Wyden requested the presidential candidates to not make victory or concession speeches until all polls are closed. Early projections and President Carter's early concession in 1980 were blamed for voter dropoff in the West, and since then candidates have agreed to delay their statements.
Delay urged in vote projection
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Jimmy John's
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2015)
|A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. (December 2015)
|Privately held company
|James John Liautaud
|Champaign, Illinois, United States
Number of locations
|2,316 (Sept 2015)
Jimmy John's Franchise, LLC is a franchised sandwich restaurant chain, specializing in delivery. Founded by James John Liautaud in 1983 and headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, in 30 years, the company has grown to more than 2,000 locations in 43 states.[1][2] Jimmy John's has opened approximately 200 locations per year over the past three years.[3] As of 2013[update], 98% of the locations are franchise-owned.[1][2]
After James John Liautaud graduated second to last in his class at Elgin Academy (1982), his father gave him the choice to join the military or start a business.[4] Liautaud eventually chose to start a business and accepted his father's $25,000 loan to start a hot dog business, with the son owning 52% of the business, and his father owning 48%.[5] He soon realized that a hot dog business would cost more than he had, so he decided to open a sandwich shop.[6][better source needed]
On January 13, 1983, the first Jimmy John's opened in a garage in Charleston, Illinois. Paying $200 a month in rent, Liautaud could afford only used equipment consisting of a refrigerator, a chest freezer, an oven and a meat slicer.[7][better source needed]
In April 1985, Liautaud bought out his father's interest in the business, becoming the sole owner. He opened his second store in Macomb, Illinois and two years later opened his third in Champaign, Illinois. Liautaud later opened several more stores and developed a prototype before beginning franchising in 1993. The first franchise store opened in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. In 2001, the hundredth Jimmy John's store opened in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. In 2007, the five-hundredth store opened in Seattle, Washington, and in 2010 the thousandth opened in Beaverton, Oregon.[8]
In January 2007, Liautaud sold a 33% stake to Weston Presidio, a San Francisco-based private-equity firm.[9]
Labor relations[edit]
In 2010, when the Industrial Workers of the World attempted to unionize ten Minneapolis locations, The New York Times called the effort "one of the few efforts to organize fast-food workers in American history."[10]
In October 2014, it was revealed that employees at Jimmy John's, including sandwich makers and delivery drivers, are required to sign non-compete agreements as a condition of employment.[11][12] The agreement restricts the employee from working for a competitor for two years, where a competitor is defined as a business which derives more than ten percent of its revenue from selling sandwiches and is located within three miles of any Jimmy John's sandwich shop. Additionally, the employee may not work for another Jimmy John's franchisee for twelve months.[13]
Jimmy John's was named #5 on the Entrepreneur 2014 Franchise 500.[14] YouGov BrandIndex ranked #1 restaurant chains that have the highest millennial brand loyalty. Jimmy John's tops the ranking with 83% of the vote based on restaurants they would consider going to again.[15] Jimmy John's was named the #2 Most Popular Restaurant for Business Meals.[16] Entrepreneur.com named Jimmy John's one of the 10 Promising Franchises for Ambitious Entrepreneurs.[17]
In 2009 and 2010, Jimmy John's sponsored Kevin Harvick in the NASCAR Nationwide Series.[18] In 2011, Jimmy John's and Richard Childress Racing reached a multi-year agreement to sponsor Harvick for the Sprint Cup Series. The 2014 sponsorship continued with Harvick and the Stewart-Haas Racing team.[19] On September 13 2014, Jimmy John's became the title sponsor of the Jimmy John's Freaky Fast 300 at Chicagoland Speedway.[20]
In 2015, Jimmy John's is co-sponsoring the RCH Factory Racing Supercross and Motocross team featuring Ken Roczen. The team will contest both the Monster Energy AMA Supercross and the Lucas Oil Pro Motocross championships.[21]
In June 2015, Jimmy John's sponsored former NASCAR champion Rusty Wallace for his Speed Energy Formula Off-Road debut at the 2015 X Games.[22]
In 2010, Jimmy John's entered an Ultimate Fighting Championship sponsorship with Brock Lesnar. Lesnar returned to the WWE in 2014, and continued his sponsorship with Jimmy John's.[23]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b "Jimmy John's History". Jimmyjohns.com. Retrieved Feb 4, 2015.
- ^ a b "Jimmy John's History". Jimmyjohns.com. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
- ^ QSR Magazine, March 30, 2010
- ^ "Reece: The ABCs of success in business". Northwest Herald. February 19, 2013.
- ^ "McHenry County Business Journal - Jimmy John's born from tough love". Archive.biz-journal.com. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
- ^ "Our History". Retrieved May 2, 2013.
- ^ "Our History". Retrieved April 16, 2013.
- ^ "1000th store".
- ^ [http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-0701040131jan04,0,2294609.story?coll=chi-busines-hed/ Chicago Tribune, January 4, 2007[dead link]
- ^ Steven Greenhouse (October 20, 2010). "Rare Vote Set on a Union in Fast Food". The New York Times.
- ^ Jamieson, Dave (October 13, 2014). "Jimmy John's Makes Low-Wage Workers Sign 'Oppressive' Noncompete Agreements". http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ (The Huffington Post). Retrieved October 14, 2014. External link in
- ^ Irwin, Neil (October 14, 2014). "When the Guy Making Your Sandwich Has a Noncompete Clause". http://www.nytimes.com/ (The New York Times). Retrieved October 14, 2014. External link in
- ^ "Employee Confidentiality and Non-Competition Agreement" (PDF). Huffington Post. September 19, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
- ^ "2014 Top Franchise Opportunities". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
- ^ Ashley Lutz. "5 Restaurant Chains Millennials Love". Business Insider Australia. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
- ^ "Can You Guess The Most Popular Restaurant For Business Meals?". Bisnow. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
- ^ "10 Promising Franchises for Ambitious Entrepreneurs". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
- ^ "Jimmy John's Jumps On Board With KHI". Hardcoreracefans.com. February 10, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
- ^ "Jimmy John's to sponsor Harvick in 2014". NASCAR. September 24, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
- ^ "Jimmy John's Folds of Honor". Retrieved July 30, 2014.
- ^ "Ken Roczen signs with RCH racing". May 2015.
- ^ Fryer, Jenna (April 2, 2015). "Rusty Wallace to Compete in off-Road Truck Race at X Game". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
- ^ "The pro wrestling post: WWE stock, Lesnar's sponsors and TNA-Bellator working together?". mmapayout.com.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jimmy John's.


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Romans 8:2King James Version (KJV)
2 For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law of sin and death.
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Just posted! Full Nikon D100 Review
It's taken a little longer than I would have liked but today I have posted our full and final Nikon D100 review. The D100 continues Nikon's strong tradition for high quality digital SLR's, and best still it does so at a price many can afford. The D100 offers a compact, light weight digital SLR with high resolution and great compatibility. See how the D100 performed in our tests. UPDATED: 29/July/2002: Added coverage of Nikon Capture Camera Control.
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darbepoetin alfa - injection, Aranesp (cont.)
USES: This medication is used to treat anemia (low red blood cell count) in people with long-term serious kidney disease (chronic renal failure) and people receiving chemotherapy for some types of cancer (non-myeloid cancers). Darbepoetin alfa helps to reverse anemia. It also helps to reduce the need for blood transfusions. It works by signaling the bone marrow to make more red blood cells. This medication is very similar to the natural substance in your body (erythropoietin) that prevents anemia.
HOW TO USE: Read the Medication Guide and Patient Information Leaflet provided by your pharmacist before you start using this medication and each time you get a refill. Learn all preparation and usage instructions in the product package. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.This medication is given as an injection under the skin or into a vein as directed by your doctor. Hemodialysis patients should receive this medication by injection into a vein.Do not shake this medication and do not mix it with other drugs or IV solutions. Before using, check this product visually for particles or discoloration. If either is present, do not use the liquid. If you are injecting this medication under the skin, change the location of the injection site every time to avoid problem areas under the skin.Learn how to store and discard needles and medical supplies safely. Consult your pharmacist.The dosage is based on your medical condition, weight, and response to treatment. Blood tests should be performed frequently to check how well this medication is working and to determine the correct dose for you. Consult your doctor for more details.Do not increase your dose or use this medication more often than directed. Use this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, use it on the same day each week as directed.It may take 2 to 6 weeks before your red blood cell count increases. Tell your doctor if your symptoms do not improve or if they worsen.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 4/16/2014
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Nantucket Bike Basket Co - Pannier Basket
Brand Nantucket Bike Basket
The new Pannier basket with hooks is woven using the highest quality rattan, which weathers nicely over time for an antique look. This basket easily attaches to the rear rack with 2 metal hooks.
*These baskets are sold individually
Dimensions: 13" (L) x 9.5" (W) x 13" (H)
Maximum Weight Limit: see rear rack weight limit; max. of 15 pounds


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Dürr and Ford sign agreement
Dürr and automaker Ford are further expanding their collaboration in the area of painting systems. For that purpose, the two companies signed a framework agreement giving Dürr the status of an aligned business framework (ABF) partner worldwide. This means that Dürr is the first supplier Ford will approach for projects in the field of painting systems, and the two companies will jointly develop technical solutions.
Dürr is currently building paint shops for Ford in India and Romania and a final assembly line in St. Petersburg. Ford enters into aligned business frameworks agreements only with select key partners that are especially efficient and competitive in respect to technology and global presence. The agreements spell out business practices designed to increase future collaboration, including phased-in up-front payment of engineering and deve-lopment costs, extended sourcing and data transparency. Worldwide, the automaker works together with currently more than 65 ABF partners.
According to Ralf Dieter, CEO of Dürr AG, "The framework agreement is a milestone in our relationship with Ford as it opens up additional, global business opportunities for Dürr."


text:
Limbaugh opens Monday radio show by apologizing again before explaining his comments.
Rush: "In fighting them, I became like them. Against my own instincts, against my own knowledge, against everything that I know to be right and wrong, I descended to their level when I used those two words to describe Sandra Fluke. That was my error."
AND: AOL becomes latest sponsor to pull its advertising.


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Hotel Information for Atlanta, GA
255 Courtland Street NE
Hilton Reservations
Click here to make online reservations at the Hilton.
Phone reservations can be made by calling 877-667-7210 and asking for the ETS group rate.
Important Information about Hotel Reservations
Transportation to the Atlanta Hilton
To see directions, parking fees, and transportation recommendations please click here to visit the Hilton website.


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Give us a jingle on the telephone if any problems arise placing your order. With us, you never have to worry about not having the BMW 318is Steering Rack parts you ordered in stock. If your BMW 318is Steering Rack goes out in the middle of the night, order a replacement BMW 318is Steering Rack auto parts immediately from our online store. We protect your privacy by not revealing any information you give us. We are more than willing to help you place your order over the phone. We are undeniably one of the biggest discount BMW 318is Steering Rack parts store on the net today. As soon as an item ships, we email your tracking number to you. Order BMW 318is Steering Rack parts directly from our BMW 318is Steering Rack auto parts online catalog.
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Dart On Fire by PeterPawnWatch
©2012-2016 PeterPawn
Entry for Dodge Dart Contest.
I betcha its the Chrysler 200 body wise!!
LOVE IT. This is absolutely stunning! Such fantastic work. Good luck in the contest!
Superb work! Looks like a genuine car poster. So awesome. Love the red color and the shiny bits of the image! Wow!
Thanks Helen for the great words. This one was fun, I think I'll do another just to be different. Thanks for the .


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Are you J P Laigneau?Claim your profile
Publications (30)217.59 Total impact
Article: Decreased expression of Intestinal I- and L-FABP levels in rare human genetic lipid malabsorption syndromes[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We investigated, for the first time, the expression of I- and L-FABP in two very rare hereditary lipid malabsorption syndromes as compared with normal subjects. Abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) and Anderson's disease (AD) are characterized by an inability to export alimentary lipids as chylomicrons that result in fat loading of enterocytes. Duodeno-jejunal biopsies were obtained from 14 fasted normal subjects, and from four patients with ABL and from six with AD. Intestinal FABP expression was investigated by immuno-histochemistry, western blot, ELISA and Northern blot analysis. In contrast to normal subjects, the cellular immunostaining for both FABPs was clearly decreased in patients, as the enterocytes became fat-laden. In patients with ABL, the intestinal contents of I- (60.7 +/- 13.38 ng/mg protein) and L-FABP (750.3 +/- 121.3 ng/mg protein) are significantly reduced (50 and 35%, P < 0.05, respectively) as compared to normal subjects (I-135.3 +/- 11.1 ng, L-1211 +/- 110 ng/mg protein). In AD, the patients also exhibited decreased expression (50%, P < 0.05; I-59 +/- 11.88 ng, L-618.2 +/- 104.6 ng/mg protein). Decreased FABP expression was not associated with decreased mRNA levels. The results suggest that enterocytes might regulate intracellular FABP content in response to intracellular fatty acids, which we speculate may act as lipid sensors to prevent their intracellular transport.
Article: Duodenal Leptin Stimulates Cholecystokinin Secretion: Evidence of a Positive Leptin-Cholecystokinin Feedback Loop[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Some of the actions of leptin depend on cholecystokinin (CCK). However, it is unknown whether leptin modulates the release of CCK. Here, we demonstrate in vitro that leptin induces the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)-1/2 proteins and increases CCK release (EC(50) = 0.23 nmol/l) in CCK-secreting STC-1 cells. We showed that rat duodenal juice contains leptin that circulates free and bound to macromolecules, suggesting that leptin has a lumenal action on the intestine. In vivo in the rat, duodenal infusion of leptin increased plasma CCK at levels comparable to those induced by feeding. Moreover, meal-induced increases in plasma CCK were markedly reduced in obese fa/fa rats, whereas the mobilization of the gastric leptin pool was similar in lean and obese Zucker rats. The release of CCK by leptin presumably generates a positive feedback loop. Indeed, the blockade of CCK receptors reversed the meal reduction of the stomach leptin pool and the meal-increased plasma insulin, consistent with the previous concept of an entero-insular axis. Collectively, these data support a novel mode of action of leptin where leptin and CCK may potentiate their own effects by cross-stimulating their secretion. The impairment of this leptin-CCK loop may have pathological implications related to obesity and diabetes.
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ABSTRACT: Helicobacter pylori may increase or inhibit gastric acid. We studied acid variations and plasma gastrin in cats harboring Helicobacter felis, harboring H. pylori, or free of gastric pathogens with reference to thioperamide (H(3) receptor antagonist) and SR-27417A (PAF receptor antagonist). In cats harboring H. felis, gastric mucosa were histologically normal. After H. felis eradication, pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion was increased (40%) compared with the situation before eradication. Thioperamide abolished this inhibitory effect of H. felis, whereas SR-27417A did not. Basal and meal-stimulated plasma gastrin levels were not affected by eradication therapy. Acid secretion was inhibited (-80%) in week 3, increased from weeks 5 to 9, and remained constant for up to 42 weeks after H. pylori infection. SR-27417A had no effect on acid secretion before week 8 but inhibited it thereafter, and thioperamide increased it (20%) only before week 7 in those cats. Helicobacter inhibits gastric acid via an H(3) receptor pathway. Inflammatory mediators are thus involved in adaptation to the inhibitory effects of H. pylori on acid secretion.
Article: Antral mucosa expresses functional leptin receptors coupled to STAT-3 signaling, which is involved in the control of gastric secretions in the rat[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Leptin is a circulating hormone that communicates the peripheral nutritional status to the hypothalamus, which controls food intake, energy expenditure, and body weight. This study characterizes leptin receptors and leptin-sensitive STAT proteins in the antrum and investigates the effects of leptin on gastric secretions. The effects of leptin on gastrin messenger RNA (mRNA), plasma gastrin, gastric acid in vivo in the rat, and on somatostatin and gastrin secretions by isolated antral cells were determined in vitro. Leptin receptors were investigated in isolated rat antral cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and binding of [(125)I]-leptin studies. The effects of in vivo and in vitro leptin on transduction signal STAT proteins were investigated by immunoblotting antral extracts. Peripheral injection of leptin inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, basal gastric secretion, gastrinemia, and mucosal gastrin mRNA in vivo. mRNAs encoding the long (Ob-Rb) and short (Ob-Ra) receptor forms were detected in rat antral mucosa, as were STAT-1, -3, and -5b immunoreactive proteins. Isolated antral cells specifically bound [(125)I]-leptin, and addition of leptin to these cells inhibited the release of somatostatin and increased the release of gastrin. These effects were associated with an increase in nuclear STAT-3 proteins in vitro and in vivo. This study provides the first molecular evidence for the coexpression of leptin receptors and STAT-3 in antral mucosa. It provides further evidence for the involvement of leptin in the control of gastric secretions.
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ABSTRACT: We investigated the peripheral effects of an H3-receptor agonist and an H3-receptor antagonist (R)alpha-methylhistamine (Ralpha-MeHA) and thioperamide, respectively, on basal feeding and the CCK8-induced inhibition of food intake in rat. Intraperitoneal injection of thioperamide reduced food intake in a dose-dependent manner with maximal inhibition (35%, P<0.01 vs saline) at 3 mg/kg. (R)alpha-MeHA (0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.), an H3-receptor agonist alone had no effect on feeding but reversed the thioperamide-induced inhibition of food intake in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal feeding inhibitory dose of thioperamide (3 mg.kg i.p) increased by 40% and 22 % (P<0.01 vs saline) brain and stomach histamine contents, respectively. Histamine (0.3 - 6 mg/kg i.p.) and CCK-8 (3 - 30 microg/kg i.p) also inhibited food intake in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition was 20% to 40% for histamine and 40% to 80% (P<0.01 vs saline) for CCK8. CCK-8 inhibition of feeding was increased by thioperamide and prevented by (R)alpha-MeHA in a dose-dependent way. In addition, CCK-8 did not reduce food intake if rats were pretreated with pyrilamine or ranitidine postsynaptic H1- and H2-receptor antagonists respectively. Our data suggest that the H3-receptor is involved in basal feeding. They also suggest that CCK satiety depends upon the release of histamine which acts on the H2- and H1-receptors, the final mediators of this effect.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The circulating peptide leptin produced by fat cells acts on central receptors to control food intake and body weight homeostasis. Contrary to initial reports, leptin expression has also been detected in the human placenta, muscles, and recently, in rat gastric chief cells. Here we investigate the possible presence of leptin and leptin receptor in the human stomach. Leptin and leptin receptor expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and western blot analysis on biopsy samples from 24 normal individuals. Fourteen (10 healthy volunteers and four patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and normal gastric mucosa histology) were analysed for gastric secretions. Plasma and fundic mucosa leptin content was determined by radioimmunoassay. In fundic biopsies from normal individuals, immunoreactive leptin cells were found in the lower half of the fundic glands. mRNA encoding ob protein was detected in the corpus of the human stomach. The amount of fundic leptin was 10.4 (3.7) ng leptin/g mucosa, as determined by radioimmunoassay. Intravenous infusions of pentagastrin or secretin caused an increase in circulating leptin levels and leptin release into the gastric juice. The leptin receptor was present in the basolateral membranes of fundic and antral gastric cells. mRNA encoding Ob-RL was detected in both the corpus and antrum, consistent with a protein of approximately 120 kDa detected by immunoblotting. These data provide the first evidence of the presence of leptin and leptin receptor proteins in the human stomach and suggest that gastric epithelial cells may be direct targets for leptin. Therefore, we conclude that leptin may have a physiological role in the human stomach, although much work is required to establish this.
Article: Co-expression of functional leptin receptor ad STAT proteins in rat antral cells: modulation by leptin of gastrin and somatostatin secretions
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In the present study, we investigated whether cholecystokinin (CCK) or its structurally related peptide gastrin participates in long term regulation of adipocyte leptin secretion. The levels of circulating leptin observed after 2 and 6 h of refeeding in 18-h fast rats were significantly lowered by injection of the specific gastrin/CCK-B receptor antagonist YM022 at doses that did not affect feeding behavior. Moreover, in normally fed animals, circulating leptin was markedly decreased by chronic injection of YM022 (from 4 +/- 0.6 to 2.1 +/- 0.5 ng/ml). Consistent with these observations, YM022 treatment decreased leptin messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and increased the leptin content in rat epididymal fat tissue. Rat adipocytes exclusively contain gastrin/CCK-B receptor mRNA, but not CCK-A receptor mRNA. Furthermore, adipocyte membranes bound [125I]CCK-8 in a saturable manner, with kinetics consistent with a single class of high affinity sites with a Kd of 0.2 nM. These data argue for a physiological role for the CCK-B/gastrin receptor in adipocyte leptin regulation. We therefore propose that gastrin is involved in long term regulation of leptin expression and secretion in rat fat tissues through activation of an adipocyte gastrin/CCK-B receptor.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The circulating peptide leptin, which is the product of the ob gene, provides feedback information on the size of fat stores to central Ob receptors that control food intake and body-weight homeostasis. Leptin has so far been reported to be secreted only by adipocytes and the placenta. Here we show that leptin messenger RNA and leptin protein are present in rat gastric epithelium, and that cells in the glands of the gastric fundic mucosa are immunoreactive for leptin. The physiological function of this previously unsuspected source of leptin is unknown. However, both feeding and administration of CCK-8 (the biologically active carboxy-terminal end of cholecystokinin) result in a rapid and large decrease in both leptin cell immunoreactivity and the leptin content of the fundic epithelium, with a concomitant increase in the concentration of leptin in the plasma. These results indicate that gastric leptin may be involved in early CCK-mediated effects activated by food intake, possibly including satiety.
Article: YM022, a highly potent and selective CCKB antagonist inhibiting gastric acid secretion in the rat, the cat and isolated rabbit glands[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We investigated the effects of the novel CCKB/gastrin antagonist YM022 on gastric acid secretion in vivo and in vitro, compared to CI-988 and L365,260 as reference antagonists. In the anaesthetized rat, pentagastrin-induced stimulation of gastric acid secretion was dose-dependently and up to 100% inhibited by i.v. administration of YM022 with an ID50 of 0.009 +/- 0.0006 mumol/kg h in comparison to 0.6 +/- 0.03 and 3.40 +/- 0.05 mumol/kg h for CI-988 and L-365,260, respectively. In the gastric fistula cat, i.v. administration of YM022 produced a similar inhibitory effect with an ID50 of 0.02 mumol/kg in comparison to 1.6 and 2.5 mumol/kg for CI-988 and L-365,260, respectively. Furthermore, bolus injection of 0.6 mumol/kg YM022 produced 100% inhibition within 30 min and 85% inhibition was still observed after 3 h. In the isolated rabbit gastric glands, CCK8-stimulated 14C-aminopyrine uptake was inhibited according to the following rank order of potency: YM022 (IC50 = 0.0012 microM) > > CI-988 (IC50 = 0.2 microM) > > L365,260 (IC50 = 2.8 microM). Unlike with L365,260, no influence of CI-988 and YM022 on histamine-stimulated acid output was shown in this study. Thus, YM022 is a highly potent and selective gastric CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonist and has a long-lasting inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion.
Article: Is leptin a gastric hormone?
Article: Gastrin17 and G17-gly induce proliferation through activation of CCK-B/gastrin receptor in LoVo cells
Article: Characterisation of a β3-adrenoceptor stimulating gastrin and somatostatin secretions in rat antrum[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The beta 3-adrenoceptor (beta 3-AR) agonist SR-58611A {ethyl-[(7s)-7-[[(2R)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]5, 6,7,8-tetrahydronaphth-2-yl]oxyacetate hydrochloride} stimulated somatostatin and gastrin releases in isolated rat gastric antral epithelial cells. Stimulation was a concentration-dependent process with 50% effective concentrations of 2.7 +/- 1.1 and 3.8 +/- 1.9 nM compared with 209 +/- 71 and 230 +/- 51 nM for isoproterenol, respectively. It was inhibited by selective beta-AR antagonists with the following rank order of potency: SR-59230A 3-(2-ethylphenoxy)1-[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth- 1-ylamino]-(2S)-2-propranol oxalate; beta 3-AR antagonist > ICI-118551[erythro-(+/-)-1-(7-methylindan-4-yloxy)-3- isopropylaminobutan-2-ol-hydrochloride; beta 2-AR antagonist > CGP-20712A[(+/-)-[2-(3-carbarmoyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-et hyl- amino]-3-[4 (1-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-2-imidazolyl)-phenoxy]- 2-propranol; beta 1-AR antagonist]. Furthermore, specific binding of 125I-cyanopindolol to the isolated cells was demonstrated and was displaced by the beta-AR antagonists according to the same rank order of potency and with apparent dissociation constants consistent with the 50% inhibitory concentrations for SR-58611A-stimulated somatostatin and gastrin releases. In addition, the presence of beta 3-AR mRNA was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. These findings provide the first evidence for a gastric beta 3-AR mediating catecholamine stimulation of gastrin and somatostatin releases from antral cells.
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ABSTRACT: Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid mediator known as potent ulcerogenic agent but its physiological role is still unknown in the gastrointestinal tract. Lyso PAF the immediate PAF procursor has no deleterious effect in the gastrointestinal tract. We have previously reported that lyso PAF is produced by gastric mucosa in basal condition and in response to gastrin in healthy men. Helicobacter pylori metabolises lyso PAF to produce PAF. The aim was to study the effect of PAF on the gastric acid secretion. Isolated rabbit glands were used as a model and acid secretion was assessed by (14C) Aminopyrine (AP) uptake. PAF and histamine stimulated AP accumulation time- and dose-dependently. PAF-induced AP accumulation was supressed by omeprazole and Fura 2. BN50727 a specific PAF antagonist inhibited PAF-induced AP accumulation. The presence of a PAF receptor transcript was investigated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from total mRNA using two primers in which oligonucleotides were synthetized from the human leucocyte PAF receptor cDNA. A single RT-PCR band of the transcript with expected size was detected in the crude isolated cell fraction. These results and others from our laboratory suggest that PAF stimulates gastric acid secretion via specific receptor on the parietal cells and H. pylori produces PAF which may induce mucosal injury directly or indirectly via acid pathway.
Article: Messenger RNA expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in human and rat gastric mucosae[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In several tissues including gastric mucosa, somatostatin displays various biological effects. Five seven-transmembrane-domain somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5) have been recently cloned and only SSTR1 has been shown to be present in the human stomach. We used the polymerase chain reaction on reverse transcripts (RT-PCR) to characterize further the SSTR's mRNAs in human and rat gastric mucosae and in the human gastric tumoral cell-line HGTL. The SSTR1-5's mRNAs were found in both human fundic and antral mucosae as well as in the HGT1 cell and rat antrum. The four SSTR2-5's mRNA's but not SSTR1's were detected in the rat fundic mucosa. Furthermore, the use of rat isolated and purified fundic mucosal cells allowed us to localize SSTR2-5 in the parietal cell-enriched fraction, whereas SSTR2 and SSTR5 were the only subtypes found in the endocrine cell-enriched fraction. These results are the first to demonstrate the presence of five SSTR's mRNA subtypes in the stomach.
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ABSTRACT: The authors have previously reported that platelet-activating factor (PAF), a phospholipid mediator with potent proinflammatory activities, is produced in the gastric mucosa and stimulates gastric acid secretion in humans and animals. In the present study they used the human gastric tumour cells HGT1 (clone 6) to examine whether PAF production is regulated by neuromediators. PAF was extracted by ethanol and assayed by the washed platelet aggregation test. HGT1 cells produced PAF spontaneously (110 +/- 20 pg 10(6) cells). The addition of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; 10(-9) to 10(-7) mol L(-1)) or of histamine (10(-5) to 10(-3) mol L(-1)) increased PAF production by three- to fivefold, while the addition of carbachol (10(-7) to 10(-4) mol L(-1)) increased PAF production up to sevenfold. PAF production was also increased up to 10- to 13-fold, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, by the addition of calcium and two- to threefold by the addition of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; 10(-7) to 10(-5) mol L(-1)). However, the addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dBcAMP; 10(-6) to 10(-4) mol L(-1) was without any effect. This is the first report showing PAF production by gastric epithelial cells in response to histamine, VIP and carbachol. Furthermore, the findings are consistent with a central role of calcium in this production. The results of this study, together with those of previous studies from the authors' laboratory, support the hypothesis that PAF is a physiological mediator of gastric acid secretion.
Article: H3-receptor activation inhibits cholinergic stimulation of acid secretion in isolated rabbit fundic glands[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We previously reported evidence for H3-receptor inhibition of cholinergic stimulation of acid secretion by isolated rabbit gastric glands. Because this inhibition was unsensitive to H2 antagonists, we postulated that the parietal cell should bear a H3-receptor. In the present study, we investigated the effects of M1-M3 muscarinic receptors antagonists on carbachol- and thioperamide-induced acid secretion (14CAP uptake) by isolated rabbit gastric glands. Furthermore, we examined whether H3-receptor ligands could affect [3H]-N-methylscopolamine binding to the isolated rabbit parietal cells. Both carbachol and thioperamide concentration-dependently stimulated 14CAP uptake in the glands with maximal responses being achieved for 100 microM and 0.1 microM, respectively. These stimulations were concentration-dependently inhibited by the H3-receptor agonists R(alpha)-methylhistamine and imetit. Maximal inhibitions did not exceed 60% for 1 microM. The muscarinic receptor antagonists, hexa-sila-difenidol p-fluoro analog (M3), pirenzepine (M1) and gallamine (M2) inhibited carbachol-induced 14CAP uptake with IC50 of 50 nM, 10 microM and > 100 microM, respectively. Thioperamide-induced 14CAP uptake was also inhibited by hexa-sila-difenidol p-fluoro analog and pirenzepine with IC50 of 90 nM and 12 microM, respectively; whereas gallamine had no effect. [3H]-N-methylscopolamine binding to isolated parietal cells was inhibited by atropine and pFHHSiD with IC50 of 15 nM and 132 nM, respectively. Neither R(alpha)-MeHA nor thioperamide did affect this binding although a H3-receptor inhibitory effect was observed on carbachol-induced 14CAP uptake by the cells. These data support that H3-receptor activation inhibits M3-mediated cholinergic stimulation of acid secretion through mechanisms operating downstream to the receptors sites.
Article: Platelet-activating factor stimulates gastric acid secretion in isolated rabbit gastric glands[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We examined the effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on gastric acid secretion by isolated rabbit gastric glands as determined by [14C]aminopyrine ([14C]AP) uptake. PAF, histamine, and carbachol time- and concentration-dependently stimulated [14C]AP uptake, with estimated half-maximal effective concentrations of 60 pM, 0.25 microM, and 0.1 microM, respectively. PAF-induced [14C]AP uptake was inhibited by the specific PAF antagonists BN-50727 and SR-27417 and by the proton pump inhibitors omeprazole and lansoprazole. However, the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine had no effect. Buffering extracellular Ca2+ by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid resulted in a shift to the right of the time-course effect of PAF without altering the maximal response, whereas buffering intracellular Ca2+ by 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid 2-acetoxymethyl ester, as well as blocking Ca2+ channels by verapamil, inhibited PAF-induced [14C]AP uptake. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration in isolated rabbit gastric glands, as measured by fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester, concentration-dependently increased in response to PAF, to a maximum of 1.5-fold for 0.1 microM. These results suggest that PAF stimulates gastric acid secretion via specific receptors activating intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, which could be located on the parietal cells.
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French Institute of Health and Medical Research
Lutetia Parisorum, Île-de-France, France
- Center of Biomedical Research Bichat-Beaujon
Unité Inserm U1077Caen, Lower Normandy, France