text:
Get notified about updates to this publication
Page 1
Requirements-Aware Systems A research agenda for RE for self-adaptive systems Pete Sawyer, Nelly Bencomo, Jon Whittle Computing Department Lancaster University Lancaster, UK e-mail: [sawyer,nelly, whittle]@comp.lancs.ac.uk Emmanuel Letier, Anthony Finkelstein Department of Computer Science University College London London, UK e-mail: [e.letier , a.finkelstein]@cs.ucl.ac.uk Abstract— Requirements are sensitive to the context in which the system-to-be must operate. Where such context is well-understood and is static or evolves slowly, existing RE techniques can be made to work well. Increasingly, however, development projects are being challenged to build systems to operate in contexts that are volatile over short periods in ways that are imperfectly understood. Such systems need to be able to adapt to new environmental contexts dynamically, but the contextual uncertainty that demands this self-adaptive ability makes it hard to formulate, validate and manage their requirements. Different contexts may demand different requirements trade-offs. Unanticipated contexts may even lead to entirely new requirements. To help counter this uncertainty, we argue that requirements for self-adaptive systems should be run-time entities that can be reasoned over in order to understand the extent to which they are being satisfied and to support adaptation decisions that can take advantage of the systems' self-adaptive machinery. We take our inspiration from the fact that explicit, abstract representations of software architectures used to be considered design-time-only entities but computational reflection showed that architectural concerns could be represented at run-time too, helping systems to dynamically reconfigure themselves according to changing context. We propose to use analogous mechanisms to achieve requirements reflection. In this paper we discuss the ideas that support requirements reflection as a means to articulate some of the outstanding research challenges. Keywords- Requirements, reflection, run-time, self-adaptive systems I. INTRODUCTION At the heart of orthodox requirements engineering (RE) is the need to understand the problem domain in order to formulate the system-to-be's requirements model, comprising goals, domain assumptions and requirements. Implicit in this is the assumption that the environmental context is reasonably static and can be understood sufficiently well to permit the requirements model for a workable solution to be formulated with confidence. In practice, environmental contexts are seldom static over long periods, and their sheer scale sometimes inhibits understanding. Nevertheless, RE offers a range of techniques capable of mitigating or avoiding these problems provided change happens slowly enough to allow developers to evaluate the implications and take appropriate action. Increasingly, however, commissioned for problem contexts that are subject to change over short periods and in ways that are poorly understood. In part, this is because the machinery of self-adaptation has improved, providing a means for systems to respond at run-time to changing context. For example, adaptive middleware systems allow software components providing different functionality or quality of service to be substituted at run-time. Such compositional adaptivity [41] has made it technically and economically feasible to engineer systems, such as smart routers [40] that are able to optimize their behaviour to prevailing conditions such as network loads. Complementing the bottom-up driver for self-adaptive systems provided by improved software technology, is a problem-driven motivation driven by a range of pressing real-world problems such as disaster planning and smart energy management. The common factor in each of these problem domains is the potential for rapidly-changing, hard-to-understand contexts. It seems likely, therefore, that self-adaptivity, once considered the preserve of robotics research, will become an increasingly required system property. However, for this to become true, it is crucial that it is possible to discover, reason about and manage requirements for systems that, at run-time, will encounter environmental contexts about uncertainty exists at design-time. One key contribution to the achievement of this has been work on requirements monitoring, pioneered by the seminal work of Fickas and Feather [11]. Requirements monitoring is necessary because deviations between the system's run-time behaviour and the requirements model may trigger the need for a system systems are being environmental which significant
Page 2
modification [9]. Such deviation needs to be correlated with the state of the environment so that the reasons can be diagnosed and appropriate adaptation performed. Where systems have the need to adapt dynamically in order to maintain satisfaction of their goals, requirements engineering ceases to be a purely static, off-line activity, but a run-time one too. This is because design-time decisions about the requirements need to be made on incomplete and uncertain knowledge about the application domain and the stakeholders' goals. There are clear benefits to being able to revise these decisions at run-time when more information can be acquired by observing the system in use. Our argument in this paper, which is an expansion of the initial ideas presented in [54], is that to support run-time RE, requirements for self-adaptive systems need to be run-time entities that can be reasoned over at run-time. The essence of our idea is that a self-adaptive system should be requirements-aware. A requirements-aware system should be able to introspect about its requirements in the same way that reflective middleware-based systems permit introspection about their architectural configuration [2]. Indeed, since reflective middleware provides an elegant mechanism for the achievement of compositional adaptation, requirements reflection would represent a logical extension of the same principle. Implicit in the ability for a system to introspect on its requirements model is the representation of that model at run-time. Recently, several authors have made important steps in the direction of requirements-aware systems. Sutcliffe et al. [55] with their PC-RE method allows requirements to change over time in the face of contextual uncertainty. Epifani et al. [50] proposed a run-time methodology to use a feedback control loop between models of non-functional properties and implementations. At run-time, the executing system provides information as feedback that is used to update a model to increase its correspondence with reality. Analysis of the updated model at run-time makes it possible to detect if a desired property (such as performance and reliability) is violated, causing automatic reconfigurations or recovery actions aimed at guaranteeing the desired goals. Where our ideas differ from the above is our explicit use of computational reflection to serve as the primary means to achieve requirements-awareness. This means that there exists a run-time representation of the requirements models that is causally connected to the executing system. We identify five key challenges that need to be addressed for requirements to become useful run-time entities and for self-adaptive systems capable of operating resiliently in volatile and poorly-understood environments to become a reality. These challenges represent a research agenda that we believe to be necessary in order for RE to remain relevant for an important and radically different new class of systems. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In Section II we elaborate on the argument above to motivate the need for requirements-aware systems, concluding by enumerating five key challenges. Sections III, IV, V, VI and VII provide our rationale for each challenge and pointers to ways in which we believe progress can be made. Section VIII concludes the paper. II. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION There are two primary drivers for self-adaptive systems; improved capability, which is making self-adaptive systems easier to implement, and the emergence of problems for which self-adaptation offers the most viable solution. Improved capability means that programmers now have access to programming frameworks and run-time infrastructures that support self-adaptation. These include adaptive architectures [15] such as OpenCom [5] Rainbow [42] and the work of Peyman et al. [43]. OpenCom, for example, provides a component model and a set of open component libraries. A programmer can define the architecture and compose it using a set of substitutable components from the component libraries. Policy rules define the circumstance under which components can be substituted, while the architecture is constrained to ensure that only valid component configurations are created. Using this model, adaptive applications such as GridStix can be constructed. GridStix [43] is a sensor grid that adapts dynamically as the river it monitors changes state. Hence, for example, the system can switch between components that implement Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11b or GPRS communications technologies according to the demands imposed by battery health, water depth and resilience. While the machinery of self-adaptation has improved, self-adaptation has emerged as a design strategy to mitigate maintenance costs in systems where factors such as complexity, mission-criticality or remoteness make off-line adaptation impractical. Such systems range from enterprise systems where scale and complexity are the main drivers for self-adaptation, to embedded systems where remoteness and inaccessibility drive the choice of design strategy. Where these drivers are combined with uncertainty about the environmental context, self-adaptation may offer the only feasible solution. Self-adaptation presupposes that a system is able to sense its environment, detect changes and react accordingly. If the environment is well-enough understood the appropriate action to take can be determined because the relationship between environment and system behaviour can be determined at design-time. Where the environment is poorly understood, however, that relationship cannot be known with certainty and so the decision of how to react is hard to make. To remedy this, it is insufficient to merely sense the environment. It is necessary to monitor to discover when the system behaviour deviates from its requirements model. Monitoring requirements' satisfaction is hard. The requirements themselves may be imprecise "softgoals" or non-functional requirements, and they may not be measurable directly. For example, while individual web-service response times may be measurable, the end-to-end quality of service of a composed web service subject to
Page 3
network latency and uneven user demand may be much harder to determine on-the-fly. Despite these difficulties, significant progress has been made on requirements monitoring [11][20][52]. However, on the closely-related issue of how to take corrective action to reconcile system behaviour with the requirements model when monitoring detects deviancy, research is still in its infancy. Some progress has been made in the domain of web services [50], where infrastructure standards help service discovery and dynamic (re-)binding. But even a well-defined web service infrastructure where service specifications can be queried on-line doesn't help with reasoning over the requirements model for a composed service. For example, switching to a functionally equivalent web service as an alternative to one whose response time has become unacceptable may impact on other requirements such as those relating to cost or security. Such issues can be resolved off-line, particularly if the monitoring data helps resolve some of the environmental uncertainty, but only because the developers have access to the full requirements models over which they can reason and reach informed resolution decisions. To be able to fully exploit requirements monitoring and realize our vision of a requirements-aware system it will be necessary to hold the requirements models in memory in a form that permits the running system itself to evaluate goal satisfaction in real-time and to propagate the effects of (e.g.) falsified Introspection on requirements models needs to be coupled with identification of alternative solution strategies. The system therefore needs to be aware of the capabilities of its own adaptive machinery and this awareness needs to be coupled with the requirements models. When the system behaviour deviates from the requirements models and triggers a search for suitable corrective action, the range of available adaptations (perhaps in the form of component substitutions) can be evaluated and their different trade-offs balanced to find the most suitable of the available solutions. Once identified, the adaptation can be enacted and monitored to evaluate its effect on system behaviour. To make this work, the requirements model must be able to tolerate uncertainty. Of course, the monitoring, reasoning and adaptive capabilities of the system help tolerate uncertainty, but the requirements models also need an explicit representation of where uncertainty exists to know which requirements can be traded off in favour of critical requirements, and under what circumstances. In all of this, there will be conflicts as every adaptive strategy may involve a different set of trade-offs. The adaptive reasoning mechanism needs to be capable of dealing with these conflicts, and of reasoning with imperfect knowledge. Finally, self-adaptive capabilities do not mean that traditional, off-line adaptive or corrective maintenance will not be necessary. Developers will therefore need to be able to analyse the system's performance and in particular trace triggering events, the consequential adaptations and the reasoning that selected them. Users too, may need access domain assumptions. to explanations for system behaviour in order to build trust in them. There are therefore complementary and inter-linked areas needing research to realize requirements-aware systems: 1. Run-time representations of requirements 2. Evolution of the requirements model and its synchronization with the architecture 3. Dealing with uncertainty 4. Multi-objective decision-making 5. Self-explanation Research challenges for each of these are developed in more detail over the next five sections. III. Architectural reflection [5][19] offers a pointer to how requirements may become run-time artifacts. Architectural reflection allows introspection of the underlying component-based structures. An architecture meta-model can be used to get the current architecture information to determine the next valid step in the execution of the system. Specifically, the architecture meta-model provides access to the component graph where components are nodes and bindings are arcs. Inspection is achieved by traversing the graph, and adaptation/extension is realized by inserting or removing nodes or arcs. Such extensions and changes will be reflected on the systems during run-time. Crucially, this meta-model supports reasoning about the architecture of the system. We argue that the same principles can be applied to allow introspection and reasoning based on (meta-) models of requirements at run-time. The mechanisms for achieving this are explored in the next section. In this section, we focus on run-time requirements representations in a form suitable for introspection and adaptation. Introspection would offer the ability of a run-time requirements entity to reveal information about itself and hence allow the system to reason about its requirements. RE is concerned with the identification of the goals to be achieved by the system, the operationalization of such goals as specifications of services and their constrains, and the assignment of responsibilities for services among agents [23] (i.e. human, physical, and software components) forming the system. Goals can be operationalized in many different ways and the RE process allows us to explore the choices, detect conflicts between requirements and select the preferred choice by the assessment of the effects on the system and its context. The selection of an appropriate set of choices is essential to the success of a system. However, inherent uncertainty about the environment and behavior may make it impossible to anticipate all the exceptional circumstances. In contrast to assumptions made during the specification of the system, the conditions of execution may change unexpectedly manifesting unforeseen obstacles [56]. As a result, the selection of the right set of choices, in the case of self-adaptive systems, may need to be delayed until run-time when the system can reason to make choices RUN-TIME REPRESENTATIONS OF REQUIREMENTS
Page 4
informed by concrete data sensed from the environment [11]. Dynamic assessments requirements imply a run-time representation of system requirements (i.e. its run-time requirements model [1]) that is rich enough to support the wide range of run-time analyses concerning stakeholders' functional and non-functional requirements, alternative choices, domain assumptions, scenarios, risks, obstacles, and conflicts. Such run-time representation will drive the way a system can reason and assess requirements during run-time and crucially will underpin the four challenges described in the following sections. To support such dynamic assessment of requirements, language features found in goal-oriented requirements modeling languages KAOS [23] and i* [27] hold particular promise. KAOS is particularly useful here as it integrates the intentional, structural, functional, and behavioral aspects of a system, and offers formal semantics that would allow automated reasoning over goals. One way to achieve a run-time representation of requirements would be to base it on goal-based RE. and, particularly, to provide language support for representing, traversing and manipulating instances of a metamodel for goal modeling, for example based on the KAOS meta-model [6]. The meta-model could be provided as a set of built-in constructs to a programming language, or alternatively be provided in the form of (e.g.) a library. Crucial, the meta-model must provide a way to represent and maintain relationships between requirements and agents and the inter-relationships between requirements, to dynamically reassign the goals to different agents or to move to alternative goals in the goal tree. In other words and in contrast to previous work [6], we envision that this representation must take place in such a way that is not only readily understandable by humans but also easily manipulable by the system itself. This will allow the persons responsible for maintaining software to query the software (as opposed to externally stored documentation) to determine requirements-relevant information, such as: What are the sub-goals of a goal? Which agents are responsible for achieving the goal? What assumptions are associated with a goal? In some cases, the software itself would also be able to use this information to guide its own adaptation. The fact that humans would be able to query the requirements model and its relation to the run-time behavior may be more important than just letting the software do so. The benefits of being able to easily maintain and retrieve up-to-date requirements models go beyond self-adaptation. To reason about requirements relationships we also need to model the inter-requirement relationships. The right associations between such requirements models and the implementation artefacts should also be taken into account to maintain the run-time traceability needed. Therefore, the run-time representation should enable the definition of run-time-traceable requirements specifications. Hence, tracing becomes a run-time activity. and reasoning about goals, software dependencies of IV. EVOLUTION OF THE REQUIREMENTS MODEL AND ITS SYNCHRONIZATION WITH THE ARCHITECTURE Requirements reflection enables self-adaptive systems to revise and re-evaluate design-time decisions at run-time when more information can be acquired about these by observing their own behaviour. We therefore see two research issues here. One is the evolution of the requirements models themselves and the maintenance of consistency between the different views during this evolution. In order to do this it is necessary to specify how the system's requirements can evolve dynamically and to specify the abstract adaptation thresholds that allow for uncertainty and unanticipated environmental conditions [53][4]. Unfortunately, to our knowledge none of the existing techniques deal with this degree of evolution, incomplete information, or uncertainty. The second research issue is the need to maintain the synchronization of the run-time requirements model and the software architecture as either the requirements are changed from above or the architecture is changed from below. Current work on computational reflection offers a potential way to structure the run-time relationship between the requirements model and the architecture. Traditionally, reflective architectures are organized into two causally-connected layers [5]– the base layer, which consists of the actual running architecture – and the meta-layer, which consists of meta-objects, accessible through a meta-object protocol (MOP), manipulating the running architecture. We envision a similar strategy for achieving requirements reflection: a base layer consisting of run-time requirements objects (i.e. the requirements models) and a meta-layer allowing dynamic access and manipulation of requirements objects (i.e. stakeholders' goals, goal refinements, alternative choices, domain assumptions, etc.). This way of structuring requirements reflection therefore leads to two strata – one for requirements and one for architecture – each encompassing a causally-connected base and meta-layer. As in the case of the traditional architecture meta-model (which offers operations over components and connectors), we can define primitives for the goal-based requirements meta-model that allows the meta-level to modify the base-level for the case of the requirements stratum. These primitives might include add_requirement, delete_requirement, replace_requirement, delete_goal, replace_goal, assign_agent_to_goal. A library of requirements model transformation operators, in the spirit of [45], would then be defined on top of these primitive operations. The rich catalogue of model transformation patterns for goal refinement, conflict resolution and obstacle resolution associated with the KAOS language [23] may provide the basis for defining this library. It would also be complemented with operators for resolving inconsistencies between multiple views in the spirit of Xlinkit [46] or techniques for automatically fixing inconsistencies in UML models [47]. Figure 1 summarizes the proposed structure. for dynamically add_goal, obtain_agent_from_goal,
Page 5
Figure 1. Synchronization between run-time requirements and the architecture The structures in Figure 1 would require coordination between the upper requirements stratum and the lower architecture stratum. As a simple example, if a goal is changed in the upper stratum, then the running system may identify a set of components in the architecture to replace. Put more simply, changes in the software architecture should be monitored to ensure that the requirements are not broken; and changes to the requirements at run-time should be reflected in the running system through dynamic generation of changes to the software architecture.. For this to be possible there needs to be a tight semantic integration between requirements and architecture models. While there are many similarities between requirements engineering models and languages, subtle semantic differences between existing languages make the relation between the two models complex [48]. Integration between requirements and architecture is already an urgent area for research. It is particularly important for requirements-aware systems that progress is made. architecture description V. DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY A key challenge when developing self-adaptive systems is how to tame uncertainty about the environment. It is important to understand that uncertainty and change are related, but distinct concepts. An environment that changes, but for which the nature of those changes is known, can be handled using standard development techniques such as defining adaptation trigger conditions. In such cases, requirements awareness is not strictly necessary. More interesting, however, are cases where the environment changes in ways that cannot be predicted. In this situation, it is not adequate to define adaptation triggers because the correct triggering conditions cannot be anticipated at design-time. An alternative solution is therefore required: either one that learns new triggering conditions at run-time, or, as proposed in this paper, a higher-level adaptation mechanism in which requirements themselves are represented at run-time, monitored, and traded-off against each other, if necessary, when unexpected contextual changes take place. Handling uncertainty depends of course on how uncertain a phenomenon is. Although uncertainty can be measured on a variety of different scales, at different levels of granularity, a useful 4-level classification is provided by Courtney [28]: • Level one: general confidence about the shape of the future, but some key variables do not have precise values. It is possible to make some estimates and to establish a range of possible outcomes. • Level two: there are a variety of possible future scenarios but it is possible to list them and they are mutually exclusive and exhaustive. • Level three: it is feasible to construct future scenarios but these are mere possibilities and are unlikely to be exhaustive. • Level four: it is not even possible to frame possible future scenarios. Any scenario is likely to be just a wish list and may have little bearing on reality. Although taken from classification can be applied to self-adaptive systems. Level one corresponds to the fact that change is known to happen, but that there is little or no uncertainty about the change. Standard trigger conditions could be used to implement solutions in this case. Level two is a little more complex because it requires designers to take into account the full range of possible scenarios. A possible development solution in this case is provided by techniques such as dynamic software product lines that enumerate all alternative environmental conditions and design adaptations accordingly. Level four is beyond the scope of this paper since the uncertainty level is too high to expect any kind of self-adaptation. However, level three is where we feel requirements awareness can be effective. In the short term, we believe that RE should consider a move away from binary satisfaction conditions for requirements to more nuanced notions of requirements conformance. As an example why this is necessary, consider a self-adaptive system with two overarching requirements: to perform a given task well and to perform it efficiently. A naïve approach to requirements monitoring might attach thresholds as to what constitutes "well" and "efficiently". The problem with this is that a slight change in efficiency or "wellness" will trigger an adaptation when it may in fact not be necessary. A second consideration is that, for self-adaptive systems, not all requirements have equal standing. If the environment changes unexpectedly, for instance, it may be wise temporarily not to satisfy a non-critical requirement if it means that a critical requirement will continue to be satisfied. To address such issues, we call for research into how existing requirements languages and methodologies can be extended so that self-adaptive systems have run-time flexibility to temporarily ignore some requirements in favour of others – that is, we envisage run-time trade-offs of requirements being made as the environment changes. business theory, this
Page 6
As a first step, we have developed the RELAX requirements language for adaptive systems [26][4][49]. RELAX defines a vocabulary for specifying varying levels of uncertainty in natural language requirements and has a formal semantics defined in terms of fuzzy branching temporal logic. This allows a requirements engineer to specify ideal cases but leaves a self-adaptive system the flexibility to trade-off requirements at run-time as environmental conditions change – i.e., certain requirements can be temporarily RELAX-ed. As a very simple example, consider a protocol that synchronizes various computing devices in a smart office environment. One requirement for such a system might be: The synchronization process SHALL be initiated when the device owner enters the room and at 30 minute intervals thereafter. RELAX provides a process that assists a requirements engineer to make a decision whether a requirement should be RELAX-ed. In this case, s/he might decide that the hard thresholds are not crucial and RELAX the requirement to: The synchronization process SHALL be initiated AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE AFTER the device enters the room and AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO 30 minute intervals thereafter. Given a set of RELAX-ed requirements, they can be traded-off at run-time. For example, critical requirements would not be RELAX-ed, whereas less critical ones would be; in this case, the self-adaptive system can autonomously decide to temporarily not fully satisfy such requirements. RELAX provides a set of well-defined operators (e.g., AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE, AFTER above) which can be used to construct flexible requirements in a well-defined way. It also offers a way to model the key properties of the environment that will affect adaptation. Although there is a formal semantics, in terms of fuzzy logic, for RELAX, there is not as yet an implementation that actually monitors RELAX-ed requirements at run-time. This therefore is a clear avenue for immediate research. Fuzzy logic is not the only formalism that could be used to reason about uncertainty in the environment, of course. Numerous mathematical and logical frameworks exist for reasoning about uncertainty [13]. For example, probabilistic model checkers have been used to specify and analyse properties of probabilistic transition systems [16] and Bayesian networks enable reasoning over probabilistic causal models [10]. However, only limited attention has been shown so far to the treatment of uncertainty in requirements engineering models. Our ongoing work has the objective to develop extensions to goal-oriented requirements modeling languages to support modeling and reasoning about uncertainty in design-time and run-time models. In the longer term, self-adaptive systems, and RE in particular, needs a theory of uncertainty. Given such a theory, requirements for self-adaptive systems could be related to the uncertainty in the environment and could be monitored or adapted according to that uncertainty. Other fields of study offer possible starting points for such a theory – for example, risk analysis for possible security issues in software-intensive systems [29], risk assessments in engineering disciplines [30], the economics of uncertainty [31], and uncertainty in management theory [28], as well as well-known mathematical models of uncertainty such as Bayesian networks. All of these fields have developed theories for dealing with uncertainty in their respective domains. An interesting longer-term research question is to distill some of this thinking and incorporate it into requirements engineering for self-adaptive systems. VI. MULTI-OBJECTIVE DECISION-MAKING Because of the nature of conflicting requirements, run-time resolutions of uncertainty inherently involve multi-objective decision making. In software engineering, multi-objective decision making techniques most often rely on constructing a utility function, defined as the weighted sum of the different objectives. However, this approach suffers from a number of drawbacks. Firstly, it is well known that correctly identifying the weight of each goal is a major difficulty. Secondly, the approach hides conflicts between multiple goals under a single aggregate objective function rather than truly exposing the conflicts and reasoning about them. We argue, in contrast, that users must be involved in the decision making process in an interactive fashion. Consider a smart energy management system based on mobile energy monitors placed within a household that can sense both energy usage and household activity. The system can adjust heating levels in different rooms according to the presence or absence of inhabitants or, it might override pre-set heating controls to respond to sudden weather changes. The system thus needs to be adaptive to respond to contextual changes and changes in people's behaviour. The system's decision-making must of necessity be multi-objective with comfort of the users, economy and the needs of individuals within a household potentially in tension. At run-time we need to understand the current behaviour of the system and cope with future behaviour. Such an approach provides more flexibility than predefined utility functions as it would allow the relative importance of goals to be discovered and modified at run-time. By engaging users in the decision making process, it would also increase their trust and understanding of the system's adaptive behaviour. The core technical challenge here is to integrate and adapt existing interactive multi-criteria decision approaches to the problem of making run-time decisions about alternatives in goal models. We envisage a mathematical framework that supports requirements alternatives; the parameters used in the decision model should be measurable so that they can be decision making about
Page 7
related to the data collected during system monitoring; and the computational complexity of the decision model should be such that it can be evaluated efficiently at run-time. Such a framework can build on existing outranking and interactive approaches to multi-criteria decision-making [21] [51] as well as on research on evaluating alternatives [18] and dealing with conflicts in goal models [24]. VII. SELF-EXPLANATION A well-known problem with self-adaptive systems is that users may not understand or trust them. Such a lack of intelligibility can mean that users may cease to use a self-adaptive system [36]. One well-studied approach to addressing this problem is to provide human-readable explanations of adaptive behaviour. The intuition is that if a user can query the system's decisions, s/he is less likely to abandon it and, indeed, may accept the system's choices over his/her own, which may not be based on a full understanding of the system and the context. The provision of understandable explanations of system behaviour has been studied in a number of research fields: principally, in knowledge-based systems [35][38], intelligent tutoring systems [32], context-aware systems [37][34], and debugging [39]. Depending on the application, a range of information and a range of interaction styles can be supported in explanations. Lim et al [37] provide a useful classification of explanation types as follows: • What: What did the system do? • Why: Why did the system do it? • Why not: Why did the system not do something else? • What if: What would the system do in a hypothetical scenario? • How to: How can the system be forced to do something, given the current context? Interestingly, Lim et al report on a controlled experiment comparing the effectiveness of the last four of these explanation types on user understanding and trust of the system. Perhaps surprisingly, although why and why not explanations show a significant improvement in user trust and understanding, as compared to no explanation, what if and how to provide no improvement in their study. This may suggest that, when designing self-explanation capabilities, designers should focus resources on why and why not. The level of complexity of providing explanations depends crucially on the technology used to implement adaptation. Basic context-aware systems, for example, use rules to identify a situation and change behaviour accordingly. Much of the work in intelligibility of context-aware systems does not consider interactions between rules and, in such cases, providing explanations is fairly straightforward since a rule Context → Change, can be handled by keeping track of which rule triggered a change and then presenting, in a user-friendly way, the contextual condition which enabled the rule. Chains of rules can be handled using backward chaining or abduction. At the other extreme, self-adaptive systems based on machine learning or AI techniques (e.g., Support Vector Machines or Neural Networks) are black boxes that are not inherently interpretable. Although there has been some work on extracting rules from such technical solutions (e.g., [33]), which can then be used to derive explanations, explaining such systems will remain a major challenge for the foreseeable future. In the context of requirements reflection, as described in this paper, the technique for self-adaptation is based on a run-time goal model and qualitative and quantitative reasoning about how the organisation of the goal model changes over time. The tree-based structure of goal models means that existing techniques for explanations in context-aware systems based on decision trees (e.g., [37]) are immediately applicable. However, there are additional challenges which will have to be addressed, namely: 1. How to explain the interaction of multiple conflicting goals adaptations? The majority of existing work has tackled only one adaptation rule at a time and has not considered how understandable way, the interplay between multiple rules, e.g., why one requirement has been traded-off against another. 2. How to explain the link between requirements and architecture? Although some end-users may not wish to see explanations in terms of architectural elements, for more advanced users (e.g., developers or extenders of a self-adaptive system), it will be important to understand how a change in the goal model is reflected in a change in the run-time architecture model. Explaining such links requires synchronization between goals and architecture, as discussed in Section III, and requires that this synchronization is adequately conveyed to the user. 3. How to explain fuzzy behaviour? Soft computing is likely to be a key component of many self-adaptive systems and, as noted above, the complexity of the explanation mechanism depends heavily on the complexity of the adaptation implementation technique. In our own case, as highlighted in Section IV, one of the techniques we are investigating is fuzzy temporal logic. This clearly presents challenges in terms of how to interpret and present decisions based on fuzzy boundary conditions – e.g., will the user understand why a key adaptation decision was taken based on reaching a "rough" threshold? An additional research challenge worth exploring is in how best to present explanations, which essentially consist of a trace of system behaviour (in our case, a sequence of operations applied to the run-time requirements and/or architecture models), in an intuitive way which is easy and quick for users to grasp. The best method of presentation, of course, depends on the type of user, but one potential method from software engineering is the use of scenarios as a presentation technique. Scenarios are well-known in and their corresponding to explain, in an
Page 8
the representation that is easy to understand by a variety of different stakeholder groups, and we therefore posit that they could be effectively used within a self-explaining adaptive system. requirements engineering community as a VIII. CONCLUSIONS We have argued that self-adaptive systems should be requirements-aware systems. advocating requirements-awareness self-adaptive systems are increasingly being tasked with operating in volatile and poorly-understood environments. At design-time, sufficient environment exists that requirements engineers can only hypothesize about the states and events that the system may encounter at run-time. Because so much is based on conjecture, the systems need the ability to self-adapt to cope with unforeseen or partly-understood events if it is to be adequately resilient to unanticipated environmental contexts. A number of advances have been made in RE that support this vision; notably work on requirement monitoring and more recent work that builds upon monitoring to requirements representations [11][20][49][54]. However, our manifesto is framed in terms of requirements reflection; that we need to extend the principles that allow advanced reflective systems and reflective middleware platforms to introspect about their architecture, upwards into the requirements level. This will provide the means to observe how the system's behaviour matches that predicted in its requirements models. This in turn requires that the requirements models cease to be strictly off-line, passive entities and become run-time objects that can be queried and manipulated satisfaction responsibility between different agents as the needs of the fluctuating environmental context dictate. Implicit in requirements reflection is that the system's architecture and requirements models are synchronized since different architectural configurations often imply different trade-offs, particularly in terms of soft goal satisfaction. Such trade-offs the resolution of conflicting goals. Uncertainty and the scale of the possible solution space preclude enumeration and resolution of such conflicts at design-time, so the necessary resolution reasoning needs to occur at run-time. Underpinning these principles is a need to be able to express the uncertainty that exists in terms of what it is that is uncertain and the boundaries of what is acceptable in terms of goal unanticipated events occur and conflicting goals need to be traded-off. Finally, a self-adaptive system is likely to exhibit emergent behaviour. Developers need to be able to trace the origin of this behaviour and users need to be gain confidence in the system. These both require an ability for the system to account for its behaviour in some appropriate form. Our motivation for that is uncertainty about the maintain run-time to (e.g.) re-assign goal often necessitate satisficement when The machinery for self-adaptation already exists and is increasingly being deployed in systems with limited context-awareness and reconfigurability capabilities. RE has a critical role to play if future self-adaptive systems are to reach the point where they can be developed and deployed with confidence in their ability to survive and deliver their intended service. The research agenda set out in this paper will, we believe, help achieve this. Acknowledgements: Thanks to Gordon S. Blair and Paul Grace for their discussion on the ideas presented in this paper. REFERENCES [1] Gordon S. Blair, Nelly Bencomo, and Robert B. France. Models@ run.time. IEEE Computer, 42(10):22–27, 2009. [2] L. Capra, G. Blair, C. Mascolo, W. Emmerich, and P. Grace. Exploiting reflection in mobile computing middleware. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 6(4):34–44, 2002. [3] Betty H. C. Cheng, Holger Giese, Paola Inverardi, Jeff Magee, and Rogerio de Lemos. Software engineering for self-adaptive systems: A research road map. In Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems. Springer, 2008. LNCS, 5525. [4] Betty H.C. Cheng, Pete Sawyer, Nelly Bencomo, and Jon Whittle. Goal-based modeling approach to develop requirements for adaptive systems with environmental uncertainty. In MODELS 2009, 2009. [5] G. Coulson, G.S. Blair, P. Grace, A. Joolia, K. Lee, J. Ueyama, and T. Sivaharan. A generic component model for building systems software. ACM Trans. on Comp. Syst, 2008. [6] Anne Dardenne, Axel van Lamsweerde, and Stephen Fickas. Goal-directed requirements acquisition. Sci. Comput. Program., 20(1-2):3–50, 1993. [7] A. Dingwall-Smith. Run-Time Monitoring of Goal-Oriented Requirements Specifications. PhD thesis, UCL, UK, 2006. [8] S. Dobson, S. Denazis, A. Fernandez, D. Gaiti, E. Gelenbe, F. Massacci, P. Nixon, F. Saffre, N. Schmidt, and F. Zambonelli. A survey of autonomic communications. ACM Trans. on Auton. and Adapt. Systems, 2:223–259, 2006. [9] M.S. Feather, S. Fickas, A. van Lamsweerde, and C. Ponsard. Reconciling system requirements and run-time behavior. Workshop Software Specification and Design, 1998. [10] N. Fenton and M. Neil. Making decisions: using bayesian nets and mcda. Knowl.-Based Syst., 14(7):307–325, 2001. [11] S. Fickas and M.S. Feather. Requirements monitoring in dynamic environments. In RE Conf., 1995. [12] Heather J. Goldsby, Pete Sawyer, Nelly Bencomo, Danny Hughes, and Betty H.C. Cheng. Goal-based modeling of dynamically adaptive system requirements. In IEEE ECBS Conf., 2008. [13] Joseph Y. Halpern. Reasoning about Uncertainty. The MIT Press, October 2003. [14] Fabio Kon, Fabio Costa, Gordon Blair, and Roy Campbell. The case for reflective middleware. Communications of the ACM, 45(6):33–38, 2002. [15] Jeff Kramer and Jeff Magee. Self-managed systems: an architectural challenge. In FOSE '07: 2007 Future of Software Engineering, pages 259–268. IEEE Computer Society, 2007. [16] Marta Z. Kwiatkowska, Gethin Norman, and David Parker. Probabilistic symbolic model checking with prism: A hybrid approach. In TACAS, pages 52–66, 2002. [17] Alexei Lapouchnian, Sotirios Liaskos, John Mylopoulos, and Yijun Yu. Towards requirements-driven autonomic systems design. In DEAS Workshop, 2005.
Page 9
[18] Emmanuel Letier and Axel van Lamsweerde. Reasoning about partial goal satisfaction for requirements and design engineering. In Symposium on Foundations of software engineering, pages 53–62, NY, USA, 2004. ACM. [19] P. Maes. Computional reflection. PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit, 1987. [20] William N. Robinson. A requirements monitoring framework for enterprise systems. Requir. Eng., 11(1):17–41, 2006. [21] B. Roy. Multicriteria Methodology for Decision Aiding. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1996. [22] George Spanoudakis and Khaled Mahbub. Requirements monitoring for service-based systems: Towards a framework based on event calculus. In ASE, pages 379–384, 2004. [23] Axel van Lamsweerde. Requirements Engineering: From System Goals to UML Models to Software Specifications. John Wiley & Sons, 2009. [24] Axel van Lamsweerde, Robert Darimont, and Emmanuel Letier. Managing conflicts in goal-driven requirements engineering. IEEE Trans. Sof. Eng., 24(11):908–926, 1998. [25] Yiqiao Wang, Sheila A. McIlraith, Yijun Yu, and John Mylopoulos. Monitoring and diagnosing software requirements. Autom. Softw. Eng., 16(1):3–35, 2009. [26] Jon Whittle, Pete Sawyer, Nelly Bencomo, Betty H.C. Cheng, and Jean-Michel Bruel. Relax: Incorporating uncertainty into the specification of self-adaptive systems". In RE Conf., 2009. [27] E. Yu. Towards modeling and reasoning support for early-phase requirements engineering. In RE Conf., USA, 1997. [28] H. Courtney. 20/20 Foresight: Crafting Strategy in an Uncertain World, Harvard Business School Press, 2001. [29] T. Peltier, Information Security Risk Analysis, Auerbach Publications, 2010. [30] M. Stewart and R. Melchers. Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Engineering Systems, Springer 1997. [31] C. Gollier. The Economics of Risk and Time, MIT Press, 2001. [32] J.R. Anderson, A.T. Corbett, K.R. Koedinger, and R. Pelletier, Cognitive Tutors: Lessons Learned, Journal of the Learning Sciences, 4(2), 167-207, 1995. [33] R. Andrews, J. Diederich, and A.Tickle, A Survey and Critique of Techniques for Extracting Rules from Trained Artificial Neural Networks. Knowledge-Based Systems, 8, 373-389, 1995. [34] V. Bellotti and W.K. Edwards, Intelligibility and Accountability: Human Considerations in Context-Aware Systems, Human-Computer Interaction, 16(2-4), 193-212, 2001. [35] S. Gregor and I. Benbasat, Explanations from Intelligent Systems: Theoretical Foundations and Implications for Practice. MIS Quarterly, 23(4), 497-530, 1999. [36] B.Muir, Trust in Automation: Part I, Theoretical Issues in the Study of Trust and Human Intervention in Automated Systems. Ergonomics, 37(11), 1905-1922, 1994. [37] B.Y.Lim, A.K. Dey and D. Avrahami, Why and Why Not Explanations Improve the Intelligibility of Context-Aware Intelligent Systems, CHI 2009, 2009. [38] J. Whittle, J. van Baalen, J. Schumann, P. Robinson, T. Pressburger, J. Penix, P. Oh, M. Lowry, and G. Brat. Amphion/NAV: Deductive synthesis of state estimation software. In Automated Software Engineering, pages 395–399, 2001. [39] N. Subrahmaniyan, C. Kissinger, K. Rector, D. Inman, J. Kaplan, L. Beckwith, M. Burnett, Explaining Debugging Strategies to End-User Programmers. VL/HCC 2007, 127-136, 2007 [40] Schantz, R. E., Loyall, J. P., Rodrigues, C., Schmidt, D. C., Krishnamurthy, Y., and Pyarali, I. 2003. Flexible and adaptive QoS control for distributed real-time and embedded middleware. In Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP/USENIX 2003 international Conference on Middleware (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 16 - 20, 2003). M. Endler, Ed. Middleware Conference. Springer-Verlag New York, New York, NY, 374-393. [41] Philip K. McKinley and Seyed Masoud Sadjadi and Eric P. Kasten and Betty H.C. Cheng. 2004. Composing Adaptive Software. IEEE Computer, 37 (7), 56-64. [42] David Garlan, Shang-Wen Cheng, An-Cheng Huang, Bradley Schmerl, and Peter Steenkiste. Rainbow: Architecture-Based Self-Adaptation with Reusable Infrastructure. IEEE Computer, 37(10), 46-54, 2004. [43] Peyman Oreizy, Nenad Medvidovic, and Richard Taylor .; , "Architecture-Based Runtime Proceedings of the 20th international Conference on Software Engineering (Kyoto, Japan, 1998), IEEE Computer Society Press, Washigton DC, USA, 177-186. [44] Hughes, D., Greenwood, P., Coulson, G., and Blair, G. 2006. GridStix: Supporting Flood Prediction using Embedded Hardware and Next Generation Grid Middleware. In Proceedings of the 2006 international Symposium on on World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (June 26 - 29, 2006). International Workshop on Wireless Mobile Multimedia. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 621-626 [45] Johnson, W. L. and Feather, M. 1990. Building an evolution transformation library. In Proceedings of the 12th international Conference on Software Engineering (Nice, France, March 26 - 30, 1990). International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 238-248. [46] Nentwich, C., Emmerich, W., and Finkelstein, A. 2003. Consistency management with repair actions. In Proceedings of the 25th international Conference on Software Engineering (Portland, Oregon, May 03 - 10, 2003). International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 455-464. [47] Egyed, A. 2007. Fixing Inconsistencies in UML Design Models. In Proceedings of the 29th international Conference on Software Engineering (May 20 - 26, 2007). International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 292-301. [48] Letier, E., Kramer, J., Magee, J., and Uchitel, S. 2008. Deriving event-based transition systems from goal-oriented requirements models. Automated Software Engg. 15, 2 (Jun. 2008), 175-206. [49] Whittle, J., Sawyer, P., Bencomo, N., Cheng, B., Bruel, J-M.: "RELAX: A Language to Address Uncertainty in Self-Adaptive Systems Requirements", Invited submission to the Requirements Engineering Journal. Accepted for publication [50] Epifani, I., Ghezzi, C., Mirandola, R., and Tamburrelli, G. 2009. Model evolution by run-time parameter adaptation. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 31st international Conference on Software Engineering (May 16 - 24, 2009). International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC [51] P. Vincke. Multicriteria Decision-Aid. J. Wiley, New York, 1992. [52] Baresi, L., Ghezzi, C., and Guinea, S. 2004. Smart monitors for composed services. In Proceedings of the 2nd international Conference on Service Oriented Computing (New York, NY, USA, November 15 - 19, 2004). ICSOC '04. ACM, New York, NY, 193-202. [53] Cheng, B. H. and Atlee, J. M. 2007. Research Directions in Requirements Engineering. In 2007 Future of Software Engineering (May 23 - 25, 2007). International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 285-303 [54] Bencomo, N., Whitlle, J., Sawyer, P., Finkelstein, A., Letier, E. 2010. Requirements Reflection: Requirements as Runtime Entities, In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Software Engineering (May 2 – 8, 2010). International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC Software Evolution ," In
Page 10
[55] Sutcliffe, A., Fickas, S., and Sohlberg, M. M. 2006. PC-RE: a method for personal and contextual requirements engineering with some experience. Requir. Eng. 11, 3 (Jun. 2006), 157-173 [56] van Lamsweerde, A. and Letier, E. 2000. Handling Obstacles in Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 26, 10 (Oct. 2000), 978-1005


text:
PRW: "We were one of the first to break the news on the PS4 1.75 update going live earlier this week. As expected, Sony finally gave users 3D Blu-Ray support and in-turn, managed to get the feature out before Microsoft who are still putting the final touches on the Xbox One August 2014 update which will also introduce the same feature.
While it's great to be able to watch our 3D Blu-Ray collection on our PS4 at last, we can still see that there are a number of missing PS4 features that users are still begging Sony for."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Lions release Nate Burleson, Louis Delmas to clear cap room
The Lions informed wide receiver Nate Burleson Thursday that he was being released, a move that would save $5.5 million in salary-cap room, according to the Detroit Free Press' Dave Burkett.
The team has also released safety Louis Delmas, which saves another $6 million in cap space, DetroitLions.com's Tim Twentyman reports.
Burleson, who spent the last four seasons in Detroit and caught 39 passes for 461 yards and a touchdown in nine games in 2013, tweeted his goodbyes to the city and its fans.
The last 4 years in Michigan been incredible! MY TEAM, FANS & the CITY will missed more than you know! Thank You! Love Detroit! #LionBlood— Nathaniel E Burleson (@Nate13Burleson) February 13, 2014
Burleson signed a five-year, $25 million deal to join the Lions back in 2010 after a four-year stint in Seattle. He began his career with the Vikings in 2003, a former third-round pick out of Nevada.
Off the field, Burelson will probably best be remembered for breaking his arm while trying to drive and save a pizza from sliding off the front passenger seat. Seriously.
Upside: Burleson tweeted in October that the dark cloud of a broken arm has a pepperoni and cheese-filled silver lining: Free pizza for the year, courtesy of DiGiorno. So there's that.


text:
Nov 21
Sep 4
Nov 1
Grand Finale 2014 Bringing Back Dat Crank Go Go series 101 Scorpio`s Edition Ft JunkYard Band
Nov 15
This show's to benefit the family of Danielle, a 5-year old girl who suffers from a rare disease called Gaucher's disease (here's a link for more information on it: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gauchers/gauchers.htm). From 7-8 is a meet and greet with Danielle and her family, then from 8:15 to 3 am is a night of some of the best artists in the area! Come on out and kick it with us!
Nov 1
Get ready for the party of the year. Hosted by DJ Nella & Lyricool. Dance music, good drinks, live performances, costume contests & prizes. Must be 21 or older to get in. This event will be held at the New Embassy Theatre in the downtown mall of Cumberland, MD. Doors open at 7pm. Party starts at 7:30pm. $5 to get in. Come classy or come slashy. Costumes are encouraged at this Halloweekend event. The first 10 people to arrive in costume will receive a free Lyricool CD. DJ Nella will be spinning the hottest tunes throughout the evening / night. Performances by local hip hop star Lyricool, as well as some of the hottest hip hop artists in the area including D.Bell, Holiday Hosea, & Johnny Red. Get out the house and get ready to turn up! See you there.
Sounds Like: Jay Z, Drake, Kendrick Lamar, Lil Wayne, J. Cole
Label: Smash Hit Records
Manager: Dirren Bell
Bio: D Bell Hagerstown, MD born and raised. He is a talented and versatile writer. He orchestrates most of his songs from writing the hooks to the way they are presented. Flying under the radar for now it cant be to much longer before the world knows this name!!! He has a overall mindset for busin...See Full Bio


text:
More Products By Innotek:
Average rating from 2 reviews.
Average rating from 1 reviews.
Average rating from 1 reviews.
Similar Products:
Average rating from 38 reviews.
Average rating from 12 reviews.
Average rating from 12 reviews.
Editor's Best Lists:
Products We Are Testing:
Innotech Extra Zone
Average rating from 2 reviews.
(5.0 out of 5, based on 2 reviews)
Photosadd photo
Reader's Reviews (2)
Really Works
posted 6 years ago
A friend of mine used this product when his 8+ lb.dog was first left in his house. It worked well and he recommends it highly
Pros: Even good for BIG Dogs
Cons: none known
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
Did you?
Want to review a product, but not finding it? Just add it and review it!
Recent Product Reviews
Tapeworm Tablets
June 8, 2015 | By Lynn
I've used this product on rescued dogs for years. My last large dog rescued had been an outdoor dog her entire life, living among Lamas where she picked up tapeworms. This product expelled several 2 … more ›
November 15, 2014 | By Robyn
July 14, 2013 | By Xiaoxiao111
Pink is my favorite color these are wonderful.I will recommend a good website fou you: www.9footballshirt.org


text:
AdBlock blows! Please disable the add-on to ensure you get the most out of Tube8's features and functionality. Read about why you shouldn't use AdBlock. Close
Add to Favorite List:
Create a new folder:
Next »
Nasty babe toying her horny asshole
Recognize a pornstar in this video?
Help make pornstars easier to find on Tube8 by telling us who is in this video.
Thanks! The pornstar names will be added to this video when enough users submit the same names.
You must enter a pornstar name that already exists in our database.
- Category: Amateur
- Views: 5,117
- Added: 4 years ago
- Description: Nasty babe toying her horny and juicy asshole on webcam
- Tags: ass, asshole, anal, amateur, babe, webcam, toys
- Pornstars: Add Pornstar
- Favorite by: 13
- Report This Video
Video Comments
All Video Comments (0)


text:
alicerubymua Makeup Artist
VizzyModel Male Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
My Website: The Beauty CouponMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/vizzyboi
Mayhem # 754686
About Me
Hey Guys I am Vishal, very passionate about fashion and the everything related to that. Love modelling!
Currently working as Marketing Manager at The Beauty Coupon. Please inbox me if you have any queries.
Have you worked with Vizzy? Add Credits for Vizzy! >>
alicerubymua Makeup Artist
Maximum Iron Photographer
Louisa Billeter Photographer
Bosisto Studios Photographer
Tash-Willi... Makeup Artist
AUmodel Bronii Model
Loading Content


text:
Experimenting 2 by DanarArtWatch
©2013-2016 DanarArt
having fun with experimenting
exelent work, a real inspiration for all of us.
Oh I love the way it fades and is also complete :3 very nice work!
So beautifully done~
Amazingly cool. Such a pleasure to stare at.
an experiment that worked, then!
Very well done.
i love this and how you smudge , can i be you plz? how how amazing love dat jaw line
love dat soft / smudge / blur edges Favorited ! nice job !
Love the touches of red and blue at the places where the light hits -- really gives the feeling of a glare
Do you mind if I ask how you achieved that effect? Is it an overlaid layer?
Do you mind if I ask how you achieved that effect? Is it an overlaid layer?
i was just playing with the lens correction filter!
This is great ! It actually looks quite similar to a series of portraits I'm doing (black and white environment with a tiny touch of color on the lights), so it's quite funny to see you pull this off so much better than I did XD Hope you don't mind if I try to get inspired by your technique here and there
Experiment anytime because this looks great! Keep it up
Wow, I love all the lines. Great work!


text:
Hugo Andrew Hollas
Position: DB
Height: 6-1 Weight: 190 lbs.
Born: November 30, 1945 in High Hill, TX
Died: September 6, 1995 in Colorado County, TX
High School: Bishop Forest
College: Rice (school history)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 16 (5629th overall since 1950)
Promote your website or business by sponsoring this page for $5 on Pro-Football-Reference.com. Your message will replace this ad.
Output includes all games from 1920 to 2015.


text:
How a supplier, school breed engineering talent
Richard Truett
Technology and Engineering Reporter
Automotive News -- September 18, 2013 - 12:55 pm ET
Readers are solely responsible for the content of the comments they post here. Comments are subject to the site's terms and conditions of use and do not necessarily reflect the opinion or approval of Automotive News. Readers whose comments violate the terms of use may have their comments removed or all of their content blocked from viewing by other users without notification.
|Most recent comment first
|»Most recommended
|»Earliest post first


text:
- Home
If vibrant, fantasy-centric looks is what you are looking for, then you have come to the right place! The wide selection of circle lenses from Vassen are designed and created by fantasy orientated designers, for fantasy orientated coloured circle lens wearers. Whatever colours you are looking to put into your eyes with circle contact lenses, from the usual blue, green and brown, to more exotic ones like violet, grey, black and red, there will sure be designs from giving your eyes a vibrant, fresh and attractive look that is sure to stand out. Vassen circle lenses are not irresistible without good reasons after all.


text:
I had (until I read it doesnt work with 3.2.1 or anything recent) been trying to use TDO Mini Forms to handle article submission on my new WP site. And it was sort of working.....but then started hanging and just stuck there.
All I need is a simple form on the homepage of my website that takes in an article for submission (from any user, registered or not) and puts it into a queue for moderation to be published as a post. Is there nothing else available that will do this for me as a plug in, am I the only person who would find this useful ?


text:
Best Ice Cream (2013)
OddFellows Ice Cream Company
OddFellows Ice Cream Company pays homage to the ice cream parlors of yesterday, and it's something of a homecoming for chef Sam Mason, whose post–wd~50 career saw the former pastry chef delving into savory territory at Tailor before decamping to Brooklyn to own a bar, start a badass mayonnaise company, and, now, dole out uninhibited ice cream flavors to the masses. Mason's sugar game is back in a major way, with a mix of scoop-shop standards as well as the daring flavor profiles that those who've followed his career have come to expect. To wit: butterscotch hit with the earthy, fermented funk of miso, wherein chunks of sweet cherries stand up to the soy condiment's saltiness. In a nod to their forebears, employees wear crisp aprons and soda-jerk caps, but we doubt any of the old-school parlors in town could have foreseen flavors like chorizo caramel and foie gras.
Location Details
New York NY 11249
More Food & Drink Awards
Best Place for a Group DinnerRoyal Bangladesh
Best Bar for a WeeknightBizarre
Best Rooftop FarmRosemary's
Best Stadium Dining ExperienceBarclays Center


text:
Blog Post Ideas That Always Generate Buzz – Annotated
February 16, 2009
image credit: addicted eyes (modified under cc 2.0 license)
Many marketing bloggers are swooning over Twitter, FriendFeed, and other instant, fast-paced social communities lately. It is easily forgotten the blogosphere is still the single best place to build a well-trafficked home for yourself or your business on the web. Blogging is alive and well, despite what the cynics say – look around at all the people creating new content and the millions reading it daily.
While many have been enticed by the siren song of Twitter and her instant gratification, plenty of us still enjoy the longer format content that blogs are becoming known for. Also consider that so much of microblogging is actually made up of people discussing and linking to blogs.
With so much talk about use of the newer platforms, I thought it would be worthwhile to throw some blog post ideas at you that never go out of style and always generate buzz. These should be applicable to any niche.
- This list might be helpful to refer to when writing newsletters also. – post by lopdiigo
45 Blog Post Ideas That Always Generate Buzz
. List the 101 essential people, sites, or posts in your niche.
Analyze/interpret current trends in your industry, drill down to specific examples.
Run a contest and give something relevant and interesting (not necessarily expensive) to your readers.
17. Create a list of your most popular posts, your favorite posts, most commented-on posts, etc.
24. Walk readers through a day in your life. Take photos or even use video. Put a fun spin on it too (this one is clever).
5. Interview someone who is upcoming in your niche/field. This is perhaps more interesting than interviewing someone who already made it – those who are upcoming will be even more passionate about answering your questions.
3. Do a Twitter search for tweets on a particular subject – display them together on your blog (compile in photoshop). Create bullet points of trends you notice at the bottom of the post
4. Create a sense of urgency, for example write a post titled "How _____ is already reshaping the world" or "Why you need to know about ______ for future success"
Tell a story using picture
43. Create an inclusive list of nice-specific jargon with definitions (sample).
Posted from Diigo. The rest of my favorite links are here.


text:
Enjoyable Bristol
Just as I finished my last post poor little Paige was taken into hospital with a bad chest infection which need intravenous antibiotics, she was allowed home after two days but then had to go … Continue reading
The School System
I was really upset this week when I read about the couple who had been fined a £1,000 for taking their children out of school on a holiday during term time. I know that they … Continue reading
Magic Kitchen Windowsill Plant
Last week a friend of mine popped in bearing gifts for the Christmas season, in her arms she two plant pots with strange looking spiky plants. My friend Carole said these are for you as … Continue reading
The Arahura (Sauvignon Blanc)
I am still drinking wine, I promise, and can only say sorry for my lack of wine reviews. People who know me also know that the family have been going through a very hard time … Continue reading
Review: Novatel, Cardiff
This was our third trip to the Novotel in Cardiff and proved to be very interesting as the night before we stayed here we stayed in the Marriot Hotel also in Cardiff, both 4 star … Continue reading
Tilt in Space Shower Cradle
I wanted to share my delight at long last we have managed to get a shower chair that allows Paige to have a degree of comfort during her shower. Her last shower chair was rigid plastic … Continue reading


text:
Maybe bluebirds are the answer...nice kyle!
wow... wonderful, Kyle
Always on point!
Oh Yeah! ✯ ✯ ✯ ✯ ✯ 👍
thank you guys so much - have been wanting to comment more / give props to yours/others pieces for some time...but, alas, beijing bandwidth impediments... :) cheers and best
this is amazing,kyle
oh, cats, thank you so much ^^
We sure could do with some help! ;-) Great work, Kyle!
See More Comments


text:
Art Nouveau Palace
Art Nouveau Palace which is located in Prague, takes pride in more than a century of heritage it holds. Originally built in 1909, this elegant hotel continues to exceed if not meet the anticipations of its guests.
Each room is equipped with free Wi-Fi, a television with satellite channels, an air conditioner, a minibar, a private bathroom with complimentary toiletries and hairdryer, coffee/tea making facilities, a safe, and a telephone.
The hotel has a business centre. Conferences can be held at the hotel. The hotel can also arrange limousine transfers, sightseeing tours, and car rentals for its guests.
The hotel's Gourmet Club Restaurant lives up to its status as one of the top ten international restaurants in Prague. Guests can opt to eat at the hotel's L´ Epoque Restaurant or Café Palace.
Old Town Square and Wenceslas Square are just 50 metres away from Art Nouveau Palace. The National Museum is one kilometre away.
Price range
NameArt Nouveau Palace
AddressPanská 12, 111 21, Prague Czech Republic | 0.4 miles from city center | Show on map
Telephone: +420(224)093111 | Fax: | Official Homepage
Suitable for
- Food Lovers
- Business People
- Honeymooners
- Singles
- Large Groups
- Families
- Gay Friendly
Top 9 Features
- WiFi
- Parking
- Terrace
- Pool
- Spa
- Hotel bar
- Safe
Room features
- Open fireplace,
- Bathroom with bathtub,
- Bathroom with shower,
- Windows that open,
- Television,
- Hairdryer,
- Central heating,
- Electric kettle,
- Air conditioning,
- Cosmetic mirror,
- Soundproof windows,
- Mini-bar,
- Radio,
- Satellite TV,
- Desk,
- Telephone,
- Room safe,
- Cable TV,
- Internet,
- WiFi in the rooms,
- Fan,
- Cost of wireless internet in rooms,
- Hypoallergenic bedding ,
- field_438
Hotel features
- Business center,
- Cafe,
- Entrance hall/ lobby,
- Elevator,
- Parking lot,
- Porter service,
- Pets allowed,
- Hotel bar,
- Hotel safe,
- Conference rooms,
- Non-smoking rooms,
- PC with internet,
- Restaurant,
- 24-hour reception,
- Laundry service,
- WiFi in Lobby,
- Room service,
- 24-hour room service,
- Car rental at the hotel,
- Concierge,
- Number of restaurants,
- Number of floors,
- field_437
Visitors to this hotel were also interested in...
Prašná brána
The Powder Tower stands directly next door to the Municipal House and in easy walking distance of the old square and Wenceslas Square. It was built in 1475 as a major city gateway. It was used to store gunpowder - hence the origin of its name. The tower is open daily to the public from May through to October.
Cafe Tramvaj 11
The Tram Cafe is located on Wenceslas Square. There are two old tramcars which make a unique cafe. Tram 11 operated at the Vaclavske (Wenceslas) Square from the beginning of the 20th Century to 1974. This tram was borrowed from The Public Transport Museum. The motor tram car number 2077 was manufactured in 1927 at Ringhoffer in Prague. It was transported back to Prague in 2000 and renovated into the cafe it is today. Both these tramcars remain on the rails where they used to operate. The Tram Cafe serves hot and cold drinks and snacks items such as pizzas and desserts.


text:
Featured Event: Annual IMV Symposium
The 2015 IMV Symposium will be held on Monday, May 11, 2015 from 8:30 a.m. - 6 p.m. at the McNamara Alumni Center at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. The keynote speakers for the year's symposium are Ann Palmenberg (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and Susan Ross (University of Pennsylvania). The symposium will consist of talks from the 2 keynote speakers, 12 local talents, and a reception/poster session. The registration and abstract submission deadline is Friday, April 10, 2015 at 5 p.m. The link for registration and abstract submission is below:
For a list of all upcoming IMV events, please click here.
For a full list of events at the IMV, please see our Google Calendar below.
Weekly Event: Wednesdays:
Virology Journal Club
The Virology Journal Club (VJC) meets on most Wednesdays at Noon in 18-211 Moos Tower during the Fall and Spring Semesters. The VJC is led by IMV Investigator Dr. Steve Rice. The setting is informal, so it's a great time to become more comfortable speaking in front of others and leading a discussion about a specific virus research article. Click here for the current VJC schedule .
Monthly Event:
Research in Progress
The IMV Research in Progress usually take place on the second Wednesdsay of the month during the school year. These presentations, given by IMV investigators, graduate students, and post-docs, focus on virology research being conducted currently at the University of Minnesota and by Affiliate IMV Investigators at the Mayo Clinic. Talks are held at 12pm in 18-211 Moos Tower. Click here for a list of upcoming and past speakers.
Annual Event:
The IMV Social
Every year, the IMV hosts a social event. In the past, the IMV hosted a picnic at Como Park. More recently, the IMV has hosted an IMV Bowling Social at Goldy's Gameroom, Coffman Memorial Union. View pictures from past IMV picnics here. Pictures from past IMV Bowling Socials can be found on the IMV Facebook page.


text:
Baba-Yaga Protiv! (Vypusk 1)
Post your Comments or Review
This page has been viewed 4 times this month, and 658 times total.
Baba-Yaga Protiv! (Vypusk 1)
English Title: Baba-Yaga Is AgainstBaba-Yaga Protiv! (Vypusk 1) (Baba-Yaga Is Against) (1980) Theatrical Cartoon by Dave Koch
This page has been viewed 4 times this month, and 658 times total.
>Unknown Tag: 'short_stud_crew'
- Soyuzmultfilm
- Animated Characters: Baba-Yaga, Koshey, Snake-Gorynych, Misha the Olympic Bear.
- Originally Released in 1980 (Estimate).
- Running Time: 9:13 minutes.
- Color
Alternate Titles:
Alternate Titles: "Баба-Яга против!" and "Baba-Yaga Is Against."
English Title: "Baba-Yaga Is Against (Issue 1)."
Alternate Series Title: "Баба-Яга ."
English Title: "Baba-Yaga Is Against (Issue 1)."
Alternate Series Title: "Баба-Яга ."
Cartoon Production Information:
In this comedy series, characters from Russian national fairy tales are joined by Misha, the mascot of the 1980 Moscow Olympics.
Traditional, Hand-drawn Animation.
Submit Additional Information:
Do you have anything to add to this page? Have we made any mistakes... or do you ahve any additional information about Baba-Yaga Protiv! (Vypusk 1)? If so, we would love to hear from you. Please send us a quick note with your additions or corrections to this page, and we will make the corrections as soon as possible!Report Errors / Submit Additional Information
Cartoon Comments:
Do you love Baba-Yaga Protiv! (Vypusk 1), or do you think it is the worst cartoon ever? Let us know what you think! Surely you have an opinion... so share what you think. Take a minute and post your own comments about this cartoon here.


text:
That colour by NeciaNavineWatch
©2012-2016 NeciaNavine
By Jurjen Merkies
Retouch by myself (:
Retouch by myself (:
These ladies re legends in reality!
In the realm an existence outside of normal space and time the horizon of minds above human lies to take me on a trip to somewhere nowhere and beyond!
Stunning !
you are enchanting... do you know that?
WOW! You are Gorgeous! Beautiful picture my dear! x
I love it <3
My new wallpaper...
I love all the red!
Victoria's secret models got nothing on you. ^////^
Wow! You're so beautiful! You remind me of Eliza Triana from a movie "Of love and other demons."
Incredible breasts, beautiful face
great work +++
If you like
submit your photos to fotoup photo social
And visit my photostoo
keep up the great work
If you like
submit your photos to fotoup photo social
And visit my photostoo
keep up the great work
Nice job getting all the red shades to play nice with each other.
Divine Red
I love it.
gorgeous. Beautiful pic
Red looks good on you. (and you spell colour right )
nice photograph
Wow, just amazing
Wow. Just beautiful. I love how the color of your hair goes gorgeously with your lips and the color of the wall behind you. Very beautiful! ^_^
You are............ perfect......
I would love to see more photos
I would love to see more photos
There are so many already!!!
Shottttt! that victoria secret stuff always creates magical moments!
beautiful, as always!
Brilliant work!
Holy cow, that's beautiful.
Looks good on you Would've been nice if your nails were some sort of red as well
I think Red looks wonderful on you, don't know what the other prats were prattling about
so smooth !
i love that color and the expression...
That colour match you perfeectly!
What a wonderful countenance.
I just love the color red.
I just love the color red.
Yes, exquisite!
The soft focus really gives this a warm glow. Very well done!
I love red heads. She is hot!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Your face is so incredibly beautiful - the mouth, poised and perfect, your nose, so sculptured - God, you're beautiful!!!!!!!


text:
8 Heartwarming, Awww-Worthy Times President Obama Spoke about Sasha and Malia view
Obama Watch: First Family's Trip to Africa view
The African American Church Inaugural Ball view
Another book on the First Lady will be available for our reading pleasure this...
Another book on the First Lady will be available for our reading pleasure this fall. "Mrs. O: The Face of Fashion Democracy" (Center Street) is scheduled debut in late October. The author, Mary Tomer, is the founder of another Web site I happen to fancy, "Mrs. O". The site carefully chronicles the fashion and style of Lady O and this tome promises to offer more of the same, plus rarely before seen photos of Mrs. Obama, interviews with her favorite designers and more.
Good stuff!
Customer Service | E-mail Newsletter Sign-up | Subscribe to Essence | Give a Gift of Essence | Change Your Address | Renew Your Subscription | Pay Your Bill | Questions & Comments
Bios | Contact Us | Essence Crosswords | Job Opportunities | Internships | Media Kit | Our Company | Site Map | Writer's Guidelines | Magazine Tablet Edition
Essence.com is part of the Time Inc. Style Network. © 2016 Essence Communications Inc. All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy | Your California Privacy Rights | Terms of Use | Essence.com Advertising Terms | AD CHOICES


text:
Sunny Girl by JanekoWatch
©2010-2016 Janeko
Play this fun makeup game. The sunny girl want to make herself as pretty as a drop of sunshine! Just choose the very one you like from the left column and click it, the right will be on the sunny girl's appearance.
Thanks to Dress Up Games and Girl Games
Thanks to Dress Up Games and Girl Games


text:
YEAR IN MUSIC: This year, hip-hop experienced a major renaissance — and underground troubles
Underground rap is not dead. It thrives with Bay Area imprints such as Interdependent Media (Truthlive's Patience) and national players such as Duck Down Records (Skyzoo & Illmind's Live from the Tape Deck) and Alpha Pup Records (Nocando's Jimmy The Lock). Some of these labels subsist on scattershot independent distribution. Others recruit majors to achieve wider market penetration, including Stones Throw and EMI Label Services (Guilty Simpson's OJ Simpson and Aloe Blacc's retro-soul gem Good Things), and Decon and E1 Music (Black Milk's Album of the Year). And who can blame them? These days, labels need all the help they can get. However, the principal philosophy of economic and artistic independence as an end unto itself has been forgotten.
In Robin D.G. Kelley's 2002 book Freedom Dreams, a rapturous appreciation of 20th century black intellectualism, he writes, "Unfortunately, too often our standards for evaluating social movements pivot around whether or not they 'succeeded' in realizing their visions rather than on the merits or power of the visions themselves. ... And yet it is precisely these alternative visions and dreams that inspire new generations." Kelley could have referred to the many critics that marked Little Brother as hopelessly elitist for insisting that hip-hop should address more than the spoils of drug wars; dismissed the late Eyedea, Sage Francis, and others as silly white boys for addressing suburban middle-class concerns; and buried Definitive Jux as a repository of uncool, impossibly dense super-scientific lyricism.
By many measures, the indie-rap scene has been a failure. Unlike the network of homespun labels built by punks in the 1980s, the indie-rap scene didn't create a thriving community without considerable financing from youth-targeting corporations, lifestyle brands, and advertising firms. And perhaps its denizens wrongly castigated dirty South rappers as ignorant, claimed that mainstream superstars like Jay-Z and Diddy were sell-outs, and turned the underground movement into a kind of purity test — all past conflicts that continue to bedevil it today. Yet these dreamers courageously imagined hip-hop culture as not only a way to entertain people and make money, but as a transformative experience that can help instill positive growth and change lives. They built a culture that holds key lessons for future rap generations.
The blog-rap generation doesn't hold any illusions of being alternative, unless it's manufacturing limp blasphemy like Odd Future's use of Nazi imagery. (As Anti-Defamation League spokesman Abraham Foxman told The New York Times in a story on the Holocaust documentary Shoah, "To most kids growing up today, Hitler could be Genghis Khan.") They'll use any trope to be successful, from falsely claiming that they're coke barons to bragging about their limited-edition sneaker collection and how much weed they smoke. There's a gleeful egalitarianism in their digital miscellany. The beats bang but are same-y and indistinct, and the voices are barely distinguishable. As Wiz Khalifa simply said on his breakout single, "Black & Yellow": "You can do it big."
Some critics separated wheat from chaff with technical criteria such as internal rhyme schemes and double-time flow, as if MCs were ice skaters or guitar wankers. But the best artists simply illuminated their money hunger by any means necessary, effortlessly adding interesting twists to tired rap clichés. When Drake crooned on Thank Me Later, "I want this shit forever, man," he evoked a poor man's Nat King Cole. And when Curren$y ranted, "A gee is what I am, a jet is what I be" like a Southern Popeye on Pilot Talk II, he was insistent enough that you almost believed him.
Related articles
YEAR IN MUSIC: The dream of money amid exploding blondes and other bombshells in 2010
YEAR IN MUSIC: Pentagram, Accept, Stone Vengeance, St. Vitus -- metal went back to the future in 2010
YEAR IN MUSIC: Bay Area rock staked its claim while critical darlings turned bogus in 2010
Also from this author
With a little help from Finland, Myron & E bring sweet Bay Area soul to the vinyl grooves
Ninja Tune XX traces Coldcut's path through decades of sampledelia
"Waken Baken" headliner Wiz Khalifa loves the green, while Yelawolf is ready to rock


text:
A Novel
Satin Doll
A Novel
The Harlem homegirls. Regina tries to give emotional support to each of her friends as they deal with their own personal issues: Yvonne is a single mother looking for the right man. Tamika must raise two children alone while their father does time in jail for robbery. Puddin' lives her life by picking up men and smoking weed.
Living in two worlds; comfortable in neither. On a night out partying with her homegirls in Harlem, Regina meets aspiring lawyer Charles Whitfield, son of a pro-minent, upper-class black family in Philadelphia. He loves her but not her rough-around-the-edges friends. She loves him but doesn't think she can live up to his family's expectations.
Regina tries desperately to hide her former life, but when her past is revealed, it threatens to destroy her relationship with Charles and the life she has worked hard to create.
From its dramatic beginning to the fateful ending, Satin Doll is a witty and truthful take on relationships, friendships, and class distinctions.
- Simon & Schuster |
- 320 pages |
- October 2001
Browse Related Books
Buy from another retailer
To download a file to your computer right-click on the link and choose 'save file as'
High Resolution Images
Book Cover Image (jpg): Satin Doll
eBook 9780743217453(0.4 MB)
Author Photo (jpg): Karen E. Quinones Miller
Photo Credit:(0.1 MB)
Any use of an author photo must include its respective photo credit


text:
You`ll be showered with accolades when you show up in this snazzy little Issue NY JTX0722 minidress! It fits like a glove, and its three-quarter-length sleeves add a touch of classy allure. The simple skirt is balanced out by the scooped neckline. All the while, brightly sparkling sequins add luster and flair.
Find a lower price and we will match and beat it by 5%
We are an authorized retailer of all the dresses we sell. We only sell 100% authentic dresses.
Please refer to our return policy.
Free ground shipping on orders over $50.
Read More


text:
StetsonIn 1865, with $100, John B. Stetson rented a small room, bought the tools he needed, bought $10 worth of fur and the John B. Stetson Hat Company was born. A year later the "Hat of the West" or the now famous "Boss of the Plains" hat was born and the name Stetson was on its way to becoming the mark of quality, durability, innovation and beauty.
John B. Stetson experienced trying times in his life but after it all he relied on the one thing he did exceptionally well, making hats. He was trained by his father, a master hatter, and applied his skills and knowledge to a trade that, at the time was not held in high regard.
A hatter was seen as unreliable, lazy, or aloof, only looking to make his money and go have fun. John B. Stetson changed all that and built one of America's most well-known and successful businesses. The longevity and history of the John B. Stetson Company is based on innovation and quality! John B. Stetson led the hat industry his entire career by designing new hat styles for fashion and function. When it came to quality it was his creed and for the past 150 years it has so stamped the product that the name and the word are synonymous.
Today the Stetson hat factory in Garland, Texas is one of the largest in the country and produces a line of hats in hundreds of different styles and colors. In spite of this size, however, classic styling and premium quality remain as the driving forces behind each and every hat. As a result, Stetson hats are the most well known hats in the world. Wherever and whenever hats are discussed Stetson will be mentioned.
Stetson is the standard in hats, the essence of the spirit of the West and an icon of everyday American lifestyle. Because of its authentic American heritage, Stetson remains as a part of history and, for the same reason will continue into the future.
Stetson, it's not just a hat, it's the hat.
Stetson Benchmarkcolor:
Limited Edition Fur Felt FedoraPrice: $329.00
Stetson Hatteras Plaidcolor:
Linen Madras Newsboy CapPrice: $59.00
Stetson Hatteras Madrascolor:
Linen Madras Newsboy CapPrice: $59.00
Stetson Oxfordcolor:
Crushable Cotton Twill BucketPrice: $59.00
Stetson Templecolor:
Fur Felt Fedora
Regular Price: $199.00
Special Price: $165.00
Stetson Ivy Leaguecolor:
Belfry Exclusive Homburg
Regular Price: $229.00
Special Price: $173.00
Stetson Callumcolor:
Weathered Genuine Leather Ivy CapPrice: $79.00
Stetson Bryantcolor:
Cotton Twill Fedora Hat
Regular Price: $59.00
Special Price: $43.00
Stetson Stratolinercolor:
Fur Felt Fedora
Regular Price: $229.00
Special Price: $173.00
Stetson Premier Stratolinercolor:
Open Crown Fur Felt FedoraPrice: $229.00
Stetson Handmade Playmontcolor:
Fur Felt FedoraPrice: $249.00
Stetson Rodcolor:
Weathered Cotton Blend Bucket
Regular Price: $69.00
Special Price: $53.00
Stetson Silk Hatterascolor:
Silk Newsboy CapPrice: $129.00
Stetson Deaconcolor:
Genuine Suede Ivy CapPrice: $59.00
Stetson Playboycolor:
Belfry Exclusive FedoraPrice: $229.00
Stetson Benchlycolor:
Fur Felt FedoraPrice: $229.00
Stetson Anselcolor:
Weathered Cotton Blend Cap
Regular Price: $69.00
Special Price: $53.00
Stetson Wilsoncolor:
Weathered Cotton Blend SafariPrice: $59.00
Stetson Weekendcolor:
Fur Felt Fedora
Regular Price: $229.00
Special Price: $173.00
Stetson Runaboutcolor:
Packable Fur Felt Fedora
Regular Price: $199.00
Special Price: $178.00
Stetson Whippetcolor:
Fur Felt Fedora
Regular Price: $229.00
Special Price: $172.00
Stetson Tehachapicolor:
Classic Fur Felt Fedora
Regular Price: $299.00
Special Price: $223.00
Stetson Hancockcolor:
Virgin Wool Ivy Cap
Regular Price: $129.00
Special Price: $88.00
Stetson Handmade Crewcolor:
Lightweight Shantung Straw FedoraPrice: $199.00
Stetson Airwaycolor:
Vented Panama Safari Hat
Regular Price: $99.00
Special Price: $68.00
Stetson Albertcolor:
Silk Herringbone Ivy CapPrice: $135.00
Stetson Handmade Cromcolor:
Polybraid Classic FedoraPrice: $169.00
Stetson Stratolinercolor:
Straw Braid Fedora
Regular Price: $129.00
Special Price: $82.00
Stetson Handmade Carycolor:
Japanese Shantung Straw Fedora
Regular Price: $199.00
Special Price: $168.00
Stetson Handmade Calecolor:
Polybraid Classic FedoraPrice: $169.00
Stetson Handmade Currcolor:
Japanese Shantung Straw Fedora
Regular Price: $199.00
Special Price: $148.00
Stetson Handmade Coltcolor:
Lightweight Shantung Straw FedoraPrice: $129.00
Stetson Handmade Carrcolor:
Classic Milan Braid FedoraPrice: $129.00
Stetson Handmade Carlcolor:
Classic Milan Braid FedoraPrice: $169.00
Stetson Vogelcolor:
Cotton Driving CapPrice: $59.00
Stetson Handmade Cortcolor:
Classic Milan Braid FedoraPrice: $169.00


text:
Here is the way by LouisolahWatch
©2007-2016 Louisolah
Lovely bridge
This is one of those extra special favorites of your work. The expression, the color, the mood, everything in this picture is faboulos! awsome work
I love the texture in this, and the composition is wonderful!
Cheekiness!!! Like it!
Wow! i love the background, and the texture!


text:
Help us expand the resources for this topic.
Submit a new Web site for review and accepted updates will be published to the site.
Submit a new Web site for review and accepted updates will be published to the site.
Britannica Web sites
Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
- The New England Primer - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
A deeply religious schoolbook created for children of the American colonies, The New England Primer taught them their ABCs using simple woodcut prints illustrating verses based on Bible stories. Known as the Little Bible of New England, it was first compiled and published in Boston, Mass., between 1686 and 1690 by British printer Benjamin Harris. Throughout the next 200 years, the Primer appeared in many editions and revisions and was the most popular American schoolbook. The edition of 1749 included the famous child's prayer "Now I lay me down to sleep." The Primer is estimated to have sold more than 5 million copies.


text:
11. VCA Neshaminy Animal Hospital
4197 Bristol Road, Oakford, PA 19053
We are celebrating 40 years of serving the community! Our wonderful, caring veterinarians and staff are happy to help you and your pets with all of your veterinary needs. We are committed to helping you keep your pet healthy by emphasizing preventive care. In every case, you'll be served byview details hide details
Services: Animal Boarding, Animal Grooming, Animal Microchipping, Veterinary Euthanasia, Veterinarians, Veterinary Surgery, Veterinary Dentistry, Spaying/Neutering, Veterinary House Calls, Veterinary Vaccinations, Veterinary Medical Specialties, Declawing, Animal Flea Control
12. Lansdale Animal Hospital
1108 N Broad St, Lansdale, PA 19446
We provide full veterinary services including: Wellness exams; Deworming; Vaccinations; Dentistry (teeth cleaning, dental care, etc); Varieties of surgery; Diagnosis and treatment of diseases; Acupuncture and Alternative medicine; Emergency services and house-call In addition, we provideview details hide details
Services: Veterinary Vaccinations, Veterinary Surgery, Spaying/Neutering, Veterinarians, Veterinary Cropping, Veterinary Medical Specialties, Bird Vet, Animal Daycare, Animal Microchipping, Declawing, Animal Boarding, Animal Flea Control, Veterinary House Calls, Animal Grooming, Small Animal Vet, Veterinary Euthanasia, Reptile Vet, Holistic Veterinary Medicine, Emergency Veterinary Clinic, Veterinary Docking, Exotic Animal Vet, Veterinary Dentistry
13. Rockhill Veterinary Associates
3210 State Rd, Sellersville, PA 18960
Rockhill Veterinary Associates, located in Sellersville, Bucks County Pennsylvania has been established since 1957. The veterinarians at Rockhill Veterinary Associates have over 120 years of combined experience. Emphasis on high quality medicine and surgery as well as intensive care, overnightview details hide details view deal
Services: Small Animal Vet, 24-Hour Vet, Veterinary House Calls, Veterinary Surgery, Veterinary Docking, Holistic Veterinary Medicine, Animal Microchipping, Animal Flea Control, Declawing, Spaying/Neutering, Veterinary Dentistry, Veterinary Euthanasia, Animal Grooming, Veterinary Medical Specialties, Animal Boarding, Veterinarians
14. VCA Delaware Valley Animal Hospital
266 Lincoln Highway, Fairless Hills, PA 19030
VCA Delaware Valley Animal Hospital has been offering veterinary services to our community since 1954. We are a full-service hospital located in Fairless Hills, Pennsylvania, near the Oxford Valley Mall. Our team of experienced professionals is dedicated to offering the utmost in veterinary care. Weview details hide details view deal
Services: Veterinary Vaccinations, Spaying/Neutering, Veterinary Euthanasia, Animal Microchipping, Veterinary Dentistry, Veterinarians, Veterinary Surgery, Declawing, Small Animal Vet, Exotic Animal Vet, Animal Flea Control, Holistic Veterinary Medicine
15. Morrisville Veterinary Hospital
822 W. Trenton Ave, Morrisville, PA 19067
Our primary goal is to provide the highest quality medical and surgical care possible to each of our patients in a caring and compassionate environment. By creating a life-long health plan tailored to each pet, we strive to maintain an optimal quality of life for your companion throughout his/herview details hide details
Services: Holistic Veterinary Medicine, Spaying/Neutering, Veterinary Dentistry, Small Animal Vet, Declawing, Animal Microchipping, Veterinary Vaccinations, Animal Boarding, Animal Flea Control, Veterinarians, Veterinary Euthanasia, Veterinary Surgery
16. Alpha Veterinary Hospital, Inc.
1430 Old Rte 309, Sellersville, PA 18960
For over 30 years, Alpha Veterinary Hospital has been providing compassionate, professional medical care to companion pets in Bucks and Montgomery counties. When you come to Alpha, you will be greeted with our: * Welcoming atmosphere. Who feels relaxed in a sterile, bland office? Neitherview details hide details
Services: Veterinary Surgery, Veterinarians, Veterinary Euthanasia, Animal Flea Control, Veterinary Medical Specialties, Veterinary Dentistry, Spaying/Neutering, Animal Microchipping, Small Animal Vet, Holistic Veterinary Medicine, Declawing
17. World Of Animals At Bethayres
2621 Philmont Ave, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006
Welcome to World of Animals of Bethayres! Is your pet your best friend? Do you have questions and concerns about your pet's health? The doctors and staff of World of Animals Inc. are pet owners too, and our patients are part of the World of Animals family. That is why our veterinary team strivesview details hide details
Services: Veterinary House Calls, Animal Boarding, Veterinary Docking, Veterinary Vaccinations, Veterinary Euthanasia, Veterinary Surgery, Veterinarians, Spaying/Neutering, Small Animal Vet, Animal Microchipping, Animal Flea Control, Veterinary Dentistry, Declawing
18. Spring House Animal Hospital
617 N Bethlehem Pike, Lower Gwynedd, PA 19002
Springhouse Animal Hospital welcomes you and your pets! Our highly-trained staff is knowledgeable in the latest techniques to ensure that your beloved companion gets the best care possible. Spring House Animal Hospital is committed to providing only the finest traditional and holistic veterinaryview details hide details
Services: Declawing, Holistic Veterinary Medicine, Spaying/Neutering, Veterinary Medical Specialties, Veterinary Dentistry, Animal Microchipping, Small Animal Vet, Animal Flea Control, Veterinary Surgery, Veterinarians
19. The Animals' Hospital of Levittown
2230 Bristol Oxford Valley Road, Levittown, PA 19507
Welcome to The Animals' Hospital of Levittown! We were voted Best in Bucks County 2012! We'd like to thank all of our loyal clients who voted for us! Here at the Animals' Hospital, we know dogs and cats. We know that they are an integral part of your life and that you will do anything toview details hide details view deal
Services: Veterinary Euthanasia, Animal Microchipping, Veterinary Dentistry, Animal Flea Control, Declawing, Small Animal Vet, Veterinary Surgery, Spaying/Neutering, Veterinary Vaccinations, Veterinarians
20. Banfield Pet Hospital® - Jenkintown
901 Old York Rd, Jenkintown, PA 19046
A great local veterinarian loves your pet (almost) as much as you do by providing the best preventive pet health care. From nose-to-tail veterinary medical exams to vaccinations, microchipping, dental care and surgery, you'll find the vet your pet deserves at your neighborhood Banfield Petview details hide details view deal
Services: Veterinary Medical Specialties, Veterinary Dentistry, Veterinary Surgery, Reptile Vet, Spaying/Neutering, Veterinarians, Veterinary Euthanasia, Animal Flea Control, Animal Microchipping, Holistic Veterinary Medicine, Exotic Animal Vet, Declawing, Small Animal Vet