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Publications (25)90.81 Total impact
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ABSTRACT: The efficacy of Onconase on the growth of a panel of chemosensitive and chemoresistant neuroblastoma cell lines was investigated. Onconase decreased cell viability of chemosensitive (IMR-32, UKF-NB-3) and chemoresistant neuroblastoma cell lines characterised by high expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) (UKF-NB-3(r)DOX(20)) or by high P-gp expression in combination with mutated p53 (UKF-NB-3(r)VCR(10), Be(2)-C), in a similar manner. Moreover, Onconase caused cell cycle block in G1 phase and induced caspase-independent cell death. Transmission electron microscope investigations suggested that Onconase-induced autophagy contributes to Onconase-induced cell death. Antitumour activity of Onconase against naïve and drug-resistant neuroblastoma xenografts was confirmed in animals.
Article: Chemoresistance induces enhanced adhesion and transendothelial penetration of neuroblastoma cells by down-regulating NCAM surface expression[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Drug resistance to chemotherapy is often associated with increased malignancy in neuroblastoma (NB). One explanation for the link between resistance and malignancy might be that resistance facilitates cancer progression and invasion. To investigate this hypothesis, adhesion, transendothelial penetration and NCAM (CD56) adhesion receptor expression of drug-resistant versus drug-sensitive NB tumor cells were evaluated. Acquired drug resistance was mimicked by exposing parental UKF-NB-2, UKF-NB-3 or IMR-32 tumor cells to increasing concentrations of vincristine- (VCR) or doxorubicin (DOX) to establish the resistant tumor cell sublines UKF-NB-2VCR, UKF-NB-2DOX, UKF-NB-3VCR, UKF-NB-3DOX, IMR-32VCR and IMR-32DOX. Additionally, the malignant behaviour of UKF-NB-4, which already possessed the intrinsic multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, was analyzed. UKF-NB-4 exposed to VCR or DOX were designated UKF-NB-4VCR or UKF-NB-4DOX. Combined phase contrast - reflection interference contrast microscopy was used to separately evaluate NB cell adhesion and penetration. NCAM was analyzed by flow cytometry, western blot and RT-PCR. VCR and DOX resistant tumor sublines showed enhanced adhesion and penetration capacity, compared to their drug naïve controls. Strongest effects were seen with UKF-NB-2VCR, UKF-NB-3VCR and IMR-32DOX. DOX or VCR treatment also evoked increased invasive behaviour of UKF-NB-4. The process of accelerated tumor invasion was accompanied by decreased NCAM surface and protein expression, and down-regulation of NCAM coding mRNA. Transfection of UKF-NB-4VCR cells with NCAM cDNA led to a significant receptor up-regulation, paralleled by diminished adhesion to an endothelial cell monolayer. It is concluded that NB cells resistant to anticancer drugs acquire increased invasive capacity relative to non-resistant parental cells, and that enhanced invasion is caused by strong down-regulation of NCAM adhesion receptors.
Article: Increased malignant behavior in neuroblastoma cells with acquired multi-drug resistance does not depend on P-gp expression[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Acquisition of P-gp-mediated multidrug-resistance does not always correlate with observed malignant behavior of NB. To characterize alterations accompanying development of multidrug-resistance in NB we established two neuroblastoma cell sublines resistant to vincristine (UKF-NB-3rVCR10) and doxorubicin (UKF-NB-3rDOX20). UKF-NB-3rVCR10 and UKF-NB-3rDOX20 overexpressed functional P-gp and developed an increased malignant phenotype: presented constitutive phosphorylation of AKT, resistance to gamma-irradiation, and had increased survival in serum-free medium. Inhibition of P-gp restored chemosensitivity but did not affect increased survival in serum-free medium and sensitivity to gamma-irradiation. Inhibition of AKT had no influence on chemoresistance but restored sensitivity to serum starvation. Both resistant cell lines acquired additional chromosomal changes. UKF-NB-3rVCR10 cells acquired a missense P53 mutation in exon 5, an increased MYCN amplification, an enhanced adhesion to endothelium, a decreased NCAM expression, a distinctly higher clonogenicity, and an increased in vivo tumorigenicity. We conclude that acquisition of increased malignant behavior in neuroblastoma occurs concomitantly with multidrug-resistance and is P-gp-independent.
Article: Ex vivo Expansion of Highly Purified NK Cells for Immunotherapy after Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation in Children[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells are known to show medium to high cytotoxic activity against HLA-nonidentical leukemia or tumor cells. For a possible benefit of post transplant treatment with NK cells after haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-SCT) we developed a clinical scale procedure for NK cell processing observing Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). Allogeneic donor NK cells were selected from 15 unstimulated leukaphereses using two rounds of immunomagnetic T cell depletion, followed by an NK cell enrichment step. CD56 (+)CD3 (-) NK cells were stimulated and expanded in vitro according to GMP. Quality control of NK cell purity, residual T cells and cytotoxic activity was done by multi-coloured flow cytometric analyses. Purification led to an absolute number of 234-1 237 x 10 (6) CD56 (+)CD3 (-) NK cells from leukapheresis harvests with a median purity of 95 % and a 4 to 6(1/2) log depletion of T cells. After two weeks stimulation with IL-2 a five-fold expansion of NK cells with a T cell contamination below 0.1 % was reached. Median cell viability was 95 % after purification and 99 % after expansion. The IL-2 stimulated NK cells showed a highly increased lytic activity against the MHC-I deficient K562 cells compared to freshly isolated NK cells and a medium cytotoxicity against patients' leukemic cells. Clinical scale enrichment and activation of allogeneic donor NK cells is feasible. High dose NK cell application may be a new treatment option for pediatric patients with leukemia or solid tumors in case of minimal residual disease or unbalanced chimerism post haplo-SCT as we could show for the first three patients .
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ABSTRACT: Recent pathological findings reveal a higher frequency of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in tumor cells from different tumors compared with surrounding tissues. Experimental investigations suggest possible supportive effects of HCMV for tumor development and progression. One HCMV effect on tumor cells is the inhibition of apoptosis, leading to the promotion of tumor cell survival. Decreased sensitivity to treatment-induced tumor cell death is a major reason for failure of anticancer chemotherapy. HCMV infection interferes with both the intrinsic and extrinsic cellular apoptosis pathways. HCMV promotes cell survival signaling influencing the tumor suppressor p53 and its relative p73, and stimulates the antiapoptotic Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk- and PI-3K-signaling pathways. Antiapoptotic effects mediated by HCMV are inhibited by antiviral treatment in cell culture. Therefore, a better understanding of the influence of HCMV infection on tumor cell apoptosis might translate into improved anti-cancer therapy.
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ABSTRACT: Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used antiepileptic agent that is undergoing clinical evaluation for anticancer therapy. We assessed the effects of VPA on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, therapeutically relevant concentrations of VPA (0.25 to 1 mM) inhibited proliferation, migration, and tube formation. VPA 1 mM inhibited endothelial cell proliferation by 51 +/- 5%, migration by 86 +/- 11%, and tube formation by 82 +/- 3%. These changes were preceded by the hyperacetylation of histone H4, indicating the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC), and a decreased expression of the endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). The inhibition of endothelial cell tube formation by VPA was prevented by addition of the nitric oxide donor (Z)-1-[2-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DETA NONOate). The anticonvulsive active VPA derivative 2-ethyl-4-methylpentanoic acid, which does not inhibit HDAC, did not affect endothelial cell proliferation, tube formation, or eNOS expression. VPA was also found to inhibit angiogenesis in vivo in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay and in a Matrigel plug assay in mice. Embryos from VPA-treated mice showed disturbed vessel formation. These results indicate that therapeutic plasma levels of VPA inhibit angiogenesis by a mechanism involving a decrease in eNOS expression preceded by HDAC inhibition.
Article: Oncomodulatory signals by regulatory proteins encoded by human cytomegalovirus: A novel role for viral infection in tumor progression[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A high frequency of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome and antigens in tumor samples of patients with different malignancies is now well documented, although the causative role for HCMV in the development of the neoplasias remains to be established. HCMV infection can modulate multiple cellular regulatory and signalling pathways in a manner similar to that of oncoproteins of small DNA tumor viruses such as human papilloma virus or adenoviruses. However, in contrast to these DNA tumor viruses, HCMV infection fails to transform susceptible normal human cells. There is now growing evidence that tumor cells with disrupted regulatory and signalling pathways enable HCMV to modulate their properties including stimulation of cell proliferation, survival, invasion, production of angiogenic factors, and immunogenic properties. In contrast to previously suggested "hit and run" transformation we suggest that persistence in tumor cells is essential for HCMV to fully express its oncomodulatory effects. These effects are observed particularly in persistent HCMV infection and are mediated mainly by activity of HCMV regulatory proteins. In persistently HCMV-infected tumor cell lines - a selection of novel, slowly growing virus variants with changes in coding sequences for virus regulatory proteins takes place. As a result, oncomodulatory effects of HCMV infection may lead to a shift to more malignant phenotype of tumor cells contributing to tumor progression.
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ABSTRACT: Recently, the term oncomodulation has been proposed to express the ability of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to modify tumor cell biology, a phenomenon that is independent from transformation. Because past studies have failed to show that HCMV can transform normal human cells, HCMV has not been regarded as an oncogenic tumor virus. However, recent investigations have revealed a high frequency of HCMV in tumor cells of malignancies such as colon cancer, malignant glioma, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and carcinoma. Data from experiments with HCMV-infected tumor cell lines have highlighted the oncomodulatory potential of HCMV and provided important insights into the patho-mechanisms associated with aberrant signaling pathways and transcription factor and/or tumor suppressor function of the host cell.
Article: Potent Oncolytic Activity of Multimutated Herpes Simplex Virus G207 in Combination with Vincristine against Human Rhabdomyosarcoma[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Replication restricted oncolytic viruses such as multimutated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) G207 represent a novel and attractive approach for cancer therapy, including pediatric solid tumors. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood and is often diagnosed already as an advanced disseminated disease. Despite aggressive therapeutic approaches, the prognosis for patients with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma remains grim. Therefore, there is a need for novel effective drugs with superior safety and efficacy profile. In this study, we showed marked in vitro activity of HSV-1 G207 against embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells. All human embryonal (KF-RMS-1, RD, and CCA) and alveolar RMS (KFR, Rh28, Rh30, and Rh41) cell lines were highly sensitive to cytotoxic and replicative effects of G207 even at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01, except embryonal Rh1 rhabdomyosarcoma cells, which were efficiently killed only upon multiplicity of infection of 1.0. i.v. G207 treatment of xenotransplanted KFR and KF-RMS-1 tumors in mice led to significant tumor growth inhibition of both tumor entities, whereas intraneoplastic G207 treatment additionally resulted in complete tumor disappearance in 25% of animals. No difference has been found between alveolar and embryonal types of rhabdomyosarcoma. Combination treatment of both cell lines with G207 and vincristine led to strongly enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity without affecting infection efficiency and replication of G207 in KFR as well as in KF-RMS-1 cells. In vivo combination treatment using i.v. G207 and vincristine resulted in complete regression of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in five of eight animals and significant growth inhibition of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Taking into consideration the proven safety of G207 in humans, we suggest that G207 alone and in combination with vincristine should be additionally evaluated as a potential agent against human rhabdomyosarcoma.
Article: Kotchetkov R, Cinatl J, Blaheta R, Vogel JU, Karaskova J, Squire J, Hernaiz Driever P, Klingebiel T, Cinatl Jr JDevelopment of resistance to vincristine and doxorubicin in neuroblastoma alters malignant properties and induces additional karyotype changes: a preclinical model. Int J Cancer 104: 36-43[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Cytotoxic drug treatment of neuroblastoma often leads to the development of drug resistance and may be associated with increased malignancy. To study the effects of long-term cytotoxic treatment on malignant properties of tumor cells, we established 2 neuroblastoma cell sublines resistant to vincristine (VCR) and doxorubicin (DOX). Both established cell lines (UKF-NB-2(r)VCR(20) and UKF-NB-2(r)DOX(100)) were highly resistant to VCR, DOX and vice-versa but retained their sensitivity to cisplatin. UKF-NB-2(r)VCR(20) and UKF-NB-2(r)DOX(100) expressed significant amounts of P-glycoprotein, while parental cells were P-glycoprotein negative. GD2 expression was upregulated, whereas NCAM expression was decreased in both resistant cells. Spectral karyotype (SKY) analysis revealed complex aberrant karyotypes in all cell lines and additional acquired karyotype changes in both resistant cells. All cell lines harbored high levels of N-myc amplification. Compared to parental cells, UKF-NB-2(r)VCR(20) and UKF-NB-2(r)DOX(100) exhibited more than 2-fold increase in clonal growth in vitro, accelerated adhesion and transendothelial penetration and higher tumorigenicity in vivo. We conclude that development of drug resistance and acquisition of certain karyotypic alterations is associated with an increase of additional malignant properties that may contribute to the poor prognosis in advanced forms of NB. The 2 novel neuroblastoma cell sublines also provide useful models for the study of drug resistance in aggressive forms of neuroblastoma.
Article: Cinatl Jr J, Kotchetkov R, Blaheta R, Driever PH, Vogel JU, Cinatl JInduction of differentiation and suppression of malignant phenotype of human neuroblastoma BE(2)-C cells by valproic acid: enhancement by combination with interferon-alpha. Int J Oncol 20: 97-106[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Valproic acid (VPA) has been shown to induce growth-arrest and differentiation of human neuroectodermal tumors similarly to several other fatty acids. In the present study, we show that continuous VPA treatment together with Interferon-alpha (INF-alpha) synergistically inhibited cell growth of a well-established model of neuroblastoma (NB) differentiation using the human N-myc amplified cell line BE(2)-C. Suppression of tumor growth was accompanied by morphological features of neuronal differentiation and inhibition of histone deacetylase activity. Furthermore, induction of differentiation was concomitant with altered expression of genes related to malignant phenotype such as down-regulation of N-myc, induction of bcl-2 and neural cell adhesion molecule. Production of inhibitors of angiogenesis like thrombospondin-1 and activin A was up-regulated in differentiated NB cells. Treatment with VPA alone decreased the ability of BE(2)-C cells to adhere to and penetrate human endothelium. All these effects of VPA were significantly enhanced when combined with INF-alpha which on its own had little or no effect. These results suggest that combination of VPA and INF-alpha may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for NB due to enhanced inhibition of tumor cell growth, induction of tumor differentiation and suppression of malignant biology by reduced angiogenic and decreased metastatic potentials.
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ABSTRACT: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is an aggressive solid tumor that fails to adequately respond to any known chemotherapeutic regimen. The development of effective chemotherapy agents would provide the best chance for long-term survival of patients. The cytotoxic effects of bovine seminal ribonuclease (BS-RNase) against thyroid carcinoma cell lines with different degrees of differentiation in comparison to non-malignant cells, including human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE), were tested using the MTT dye reduction assay. Induction of apoptosis was demonstrated by annexin V assay and expression of proteins related to apoptosis was investigated by flow cytometry. The antitumoral in vivo effects of BS-RNase were assessed on established xenografts of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line 8505C in nude mice using subcutaneous injections of BS-RNase (12.5 mg/kg once a day, on 20 consecutive days). All the tumor cell lines exhibited marked sensitivity against BS-RNase in comparison to HFF and RPE cells. The greatest growth inhibition was seen in the 8505C line, while IC50 values for papillary (B-CPAP) and poorly-differentiated thyroid carcinoma cells were about 6-fold higher. The cytotoxic action of BS-RNase was associated with induction of apoptosis. Expressions of Fas and Fas-ligand were not influenced by BS-RNase completely, while the down-regulation of Bcl-2 in treated cells was observed. In vivo treatment induced significant tumor regression after the course of 20 consecutive days. No apparent toxic effects of BS-RNase toward non-malignant cells were observed during the in vivo treatment. After cessation of therapy (day 20) tumor volume continued to decrease and the tumor was no longer detectable after 30 days of treatment induction in all animals. BS-RNase may have beneficial effects for treatment of aggressive anaplastic thyroid cancer.
Article: The antisense oligonucleotide ISIS 2922 prevents cytomegalovirus-induced upregulation of IL-8 and ICAM-1 in cultured human fibroblasts[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with excessive proinflammatory immune responses such as cytokine/chemokine production or upregulation of adhesion molecules on the host cells. It is assumed that these features of HCMV-related immunopathology can not be treated effectively with currently available anti HCMV drugs. In the present study the efficacy of ganciclovir (GCV), foscarnet (PFA), cidofovir (HPMPC), and ISIS 2922, an antisense oligonucleotide complementary to HCMV immediate-early (IE) mRNA, was investigated on HCMV-induced secretion and functional activity of the C-X-C chemokine IL-8 and the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). As compared with mock-infected cells IL-8 production was increased up to 9-fold and ICAM-1 expression up to 4-fold in HCMV-infected fibroblasts. Treatment of infected cells with GCV (40 microM), PFA (200 microM) or HPMPC (2 microM) suppressed completely virus replication as demonstrated by quantification of late (L) antigen expression and infectious virus production. These drugs, however, failed to inhibit IE antigen expression and did not prevent HCMV-induced upregulation of IL-8 and ICAM-1. In contrast, ISIS 2922 (1 microM) suppressed both IE and L antigen expression by 99% and inhibited infectious virus production by 10(4)-fold. Moreover, ISIS 2922 significantly suppressed HCMV-induced upregulation of both IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression on the transcriptional and on the protein level. Our results indicate that ISIS 2922 but not inhibitors of HCMV DNA prevents HCMV-induced upregulation of IL-8 and ICAM-1, both hallmarks of inflammatory processes. Thus, inhibition of HCMV IE expression with ISIS 2922 may be an important strategy for the treatment of HCMV-related immunopathogenesis.
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ABSTRACT: Bovine seminal ribonuclease (BS-RNase) is a homologue of RNase A with specific antitumor activities. It is selectively toxic for neuroblastoma (NB) cells in vitro with no significant effects on the viability of normal human cells. We evaluated the antitumoral effects of BS-RNase on human NB xenografts from UKF-NB-3 cells in athymic (nude) mice. The efficacy of direct intraneoplastic, subcutaneous and systemic delivery of BS-RNase was explored. Systemic administration of BS-RNase (12.5 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally, for 20 days in the course of four weeks) suppressed tumor growth but was not able to induce any cures. Subcutaneous injections (12.5 mg/kg/day for 20 days in the course of four weeks) and intratumoral BS-RNase treatment using the same schedule resulted in complete tumor regression. During 30 days following cessation of treatment no tumor regrowth was observed and animals were free of tumors. Toxic effects of BS-RNase (e.g., on bone marrow and inner organs) were not apparent. This data indicates that BS-RNase fulfills important criteria for a candidate antitumor agent specific for NB.
Article: Antineoplastic activity of a novel multimeric gemcitabine-monophosphate prodrug against thyroid cancer cells in vitro[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Gemcitabine (Gem) is a deoxycytidine analog that is effective against pancreatic cancer and other malignancies following conversion to the 5'-O-mono-, di- and tri-phosphate forms. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of GemMP[10], a novel multimeric form of 2'-deoxy-2',2"-difluorocytidine-5'-O-monophosphate (gemcitabine monophosphate) against three thyroid carcinoma cell lines established from anaplastic (8505C), papillary (B-CPAP) and poorly-differentiated papillary (BHT-101) cancer. GemMP[10] decreased tumor cell growth at concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 nM. These concentrations were 5- to 10-fold lower than those required for inhibition of tumor cell growth by monomeric Gem. GemMP[10] cytotoxicity occurred via induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis of GemMP[10] treated cells revealed growth arrest in S-phase. Fas-antigen expression was increased in thyroid cancer cells treated with GemMP[10], whereas Fas-L and Bcl-2 expression were not significantly affected. These results demonstrated that GemMP[10] is a potent cytotoxic agent that serves to induce apoptosis in association with increased Fas expression in cultured thyroid cancer cell lines.
Article: Bovine seminal ribonuclease exerts selective cytotoxicity toward neuroblastoma cells both sensitive and resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Bovine seminal ribonuclease (BS-RNase) exerts selective cytotoxicity toward different types of tumor cells. In the present study, we tested the effects of BS-RNase on cultured neuroblastoma (NB) cells resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. The selectivity of the antitumoral activity of BS-RNase was evaluated using cultures of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Human NB cell lines including IMR-32, UKF-NB-2 and UKF-NB-3 were selected for resistance against vincristine, doxorubicin or cisplatin by exposure to increasing concentrations of the respective drug. The cytotoxicity of the drugs to NB cells was evaluated using a clonogenic assay in a methylcellulose medium. Peripheral blood progenitor cells were obtained from adult healthy donors by positive selection using specific anti-CD34+ antibodies. The toxicity of BS-RNase to CD34+ cells was assessed in the direct clonogenic assay using methylcellulose medium or in ex vivo expansion culture supplemented with hematopoietic growth factors. In the clonogenic assay it was shown that BS-RNase completely inhibits growth of both parental NB cells and their sublines resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs at concentrations (up to 50 micrograms/ml) which have no significant influence on the growth of colony-forming units, granulocyte macrophage and erythroid burst-forming units. Moreover, BS-RNase had no effect on the ex vivo expansion of total hematopoietic cells or of colony-forming cells from CD34+ progenitors. BS-RNase is a highly efficient agent against NB cells resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. The lack of toxicity to hematopoietic progenitor cells suggests that BS-RNase is also likely to have tolerable hematopoietic toxicity.
Article: Bovine seminal ribonuclease selectively kills human multidrug-resistant neuroblastoma cells via induction of apoptosis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Bovine seminal ribonuclease (BS-RNase) is a homologue of RNase A with specific antitumor activity. The cytotoxic action of this agent was examined in human neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines (SK-N-SH and UKF-NB-4) possessing the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype and NB cell lines (IMR-32, UKF-NB-1, UKF-NB-2 and UKF-NB-3) without MDR. Although MDR cells expressed large amounts of mdr-1 mRNA, contained functional P-glycoprotein and had 20- to 105-fold lower sensitivities to doxorubicin and vincristine than cells with non-MDR phenotypes, BS-RNase was equally toxic to all NB cells at concentrations employed (0.2 to 100 microg/ml). BS-RNase showed high selectivity for NB cells and was non-toxic to normal fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Ultrastructural investigation and annexin V assay showed that BS-RNase is a powerful inductor of apoptosis. The antitumoral effects of BS-RNase were also demonstrated in vivo using established subcutaneous xenografts in athymic (nude) mice of the MDR-1-bearing UKF-NB-4 cell line. Intratumoral injections (12.5 mg/kg) of BS-RNase over four weeks resulted in complete tumor regression and absence of tumor regrowth over a two-week observation period after cessation of treatment. The results show that BS-RNase selectively kills NB cells by inducing apoptosis and that this agent is active against mdr-1 expressing cells both in vitro and in vivo. BS-RNase fulfills important criteria for a candidate antitumor agent in NB patients with advanced disease.
Article: Cytotoxicity of L-cycloserine against human neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma cells is associated with the suppression of ganglioside expression[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Human neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma express abnormal ganglioside patterns especially GD2 and GM2 which are important for tumour growth. We tested the effects of L-cycloserine (L-CS), a potent inhibitor of synthesis of glycosphingolipids, on the growth, viability and expression of GD2 and GM2 in neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma cells. The cytotoxic effects of L-CS were tested using the MTT dye reduction assay on four neuroblastoma (IMR-32, SK-N-SH, UKF-NB-2 and UKF-NB-3), two medulloblastoma (D283 and D341) and normal human fibroblasts and epithelial cell lines. In some experiments cytotoxicity of L-CS was tested in the presence of exogenous GD2 and GM2. The expression of GD2 and GM2 was analysed by flow cytometry. The antitumoral effects of L-CS in vivo were assessed on established xenografts of UKF-NB-3 or D283 cells in athymic (nude) mice using systemic administration of the drug (150 mg/kg intraperitoneally, once per day on 20 consecutive days). In vitro experiments revealed that L-CS was toxic for tumour cells at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 20 micrograms/ml without any significant effects on normal fibroblasts and epithelial cells. L-CS treatment of UKF-NB-3 and D283 cells significantly inhibited expression of GD2 and GM2. The addition of exogenous GD2 and GM2 to culture medium partially prevented cytotoxic effects of L-CS on tumour cells. In vivo treatment resulted in complete tumour regression of UKF-NB-3 xenografts whereas growth of D283 xenografts was reduced by 60%. L-CS is a selective antitumoral agent for neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma cells with the ability to reduce expression of tumour associated gangliosides. In vivo experiments suggest that L-CS may be effective drug for treatment of neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma.
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ABSTRACT: Aphidicolin is a fungal derived tetracyclic diterpene antibiotic. It is selectively toxic for neuroblastoma (NB) cells in vitro but has no significant effects on the viability of normal human cells and a variety of other tumor entities. We evaluated the antitumoral effects of the water soluble ester aphidicolin glycinate (AphiG) on established human NB xenografts from UKF-NB-3 cells in athymic (nude) mice. Furthermore, we explored the efficacy of direct intraneoplastic and systemic delivery of AphiG. Systemic administration of AphiG (60 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice per day on 10 consecutive days) significantly suppressed tumor growth but was not able to induce any cures. In contrast, intratumoral AphiG injections (60 or 40 mg/kg/twice a day for 4 days) induced complete tumor regression. Two weeks after the end of treatment no tumor cells were microscopically detectable. Animals were free of tumor for more than 90 days. Histologic examination of inner organs and bone marrow did not reveal any apparent toxic effects of AphiG. These data strongly indicate that AphiG deserves further evaluation as a specific treatment for neuroblastoma.
Article: Selective cytotoxic activity of a novel ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor MDL-101,731 against thyroid cancer in vitro[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The dramatically increased number of new cases of disseminated children thyroid cancer in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident requires development of novel strategies to treat this disease. In addition to conventional therapy using radioiodine, chemotherapy with new effective drugs can be an alternative kind of treatment. We tested the antitumor activity of (E)-2'-fluoromethylene-2'-deoxycytidine (MDL-101,731), a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor against three thyroid carcinoma cell lines established from anaplastic (8505C), papillary (B-CPAP) and poorly differentiated papillary (BHT-101) cancer. MDL-101,371 decreased both cell growth and DNA synthesis of tumor cells at concentrations lower than 100 nM, while the concentrations higher than 5000 nM showed only moderate effects on growth of normal human fibroblasts. The effects of MDL-101, 371 on tumor cells were associated with induction of apoptosis, as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation assay. Flow cytometric analysis of the expression of apoptosis-related genes revealed the increased levels of Fas-antigen, whereas the levels of Bcl-2 were not significantly influenced in thyroid cancer cells treated with MDL-101,731. These results demonstrated that MDL-101,731 is a potent antitumor agent against cultured thyroid cancer cells due to its ability to induce apoptosis in association with increased Fas expression.
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Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
- • Institut für Medizinische Virologie
- • Zentrum der Hygiene
Georgetown UniversityWashington, Washington, D.C., United States
University of CologneKöln, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany


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DETROIT (AP) — Victor Martinez hit a two-run homer in the seventh inning and the Detroit Tigers held off David Ortiz and the Red Sox after that, beating Boston 7-6 on Saturday night.
Ortiz had three hits, including a home run in the sixth. His two-run single in the seventh gave Boston a 6-5 lead, but Martinez answered with a long drive down the right-field line off reliever Junichi Tazawa (2-5).
Rajai Davis also homered for the Tigers, and Ian Kinsler and James McCann had three hits apiece. Blaine Hardy (4-2) won in relief.
Bruce Rondon pitched a hitless ninth for his first save of the season. He walked Ortiz with two outs before striking out Pablo...


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Definitions for crack root
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crack root
[very common] To defeat the security system of a Unix machine and gain root privileges thereby; see cracking.
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Talk:Phone connector (audio)
|This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Phone connector (audio) article.
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- 1 Any source of info on equipment safety?
- 2 Terminology and caption
- 3 Article title still incorrect
- 4 Jacks and plugs: vernacular versus pedants
- 5 2 Mono and stereo compatibility
- 6 2.5 mm and 3.5mm AUDIO JACK
- 7 frac
- 8 Incorrectly cited material.
- 9 More unusual types
- 10 Mobile phones
- 11 TRRS configuration
- 12 Actually, "Phone plug" redirects to "Telephone plug"
- 13 its not Phone plug ...
- 14 Photo
- 15 1/4 Inch TRRS
- 16 Claims of distinction between 3.5mm and 1/8 inch connectors
- 17 6.3 mm or 6.35 mm (1⁄4 inch)
- 18 Legacy Post Answers Dimensional Questions
- 19 External links modified
Any source of info on equipment safety?[edit]
I'd like to know if there are conditions under which equipment could be damaged while plugging this type of jack from one piece of gear to another. One already known case is when live speakers are in one end of the chain and there's sound going in - amplified enough it can damage speakers. But I am more interested if there are any conditions in which the electronics could get damaged. The reason is because in computers the "hot plug" connectors insert ground first but I don't think this is a standard practice when it comes to audio cables. Sound card line-in could be used as audio frequency oscilloscope and in oscilloscopes there are conditions that could damage the front end. Are such conditions possible with audio? Eg. perhaps if you put a line-out into phono-preamp in while blasting at full line level volume/voltage? Could line-in be damaged in such situation as well? In some equipment some noises heard through amplified outputs when connecting these cables to inputs in same equipment so this makes one concerned when working with hard to replace gear. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 09:26, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
Tip/ring/sleeve terminology says that the ring is used for the "non-inverting" signal. The caption on the accompanying picture indicates that the tip is used for the "positive phase". Based on Binksternet (talk · contribs)'s confidence in a recent revert, I have updated the caption to match the text. --Kvng (talk) 22:14, 25 March 2011 (UTC)
- Twisted pair in Telco is Ring Hot, but in pro audio it is most often Tip Hot. Binksternet (talk) 00:37, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
Article title still incorrect[edit]
After all this discussion this article is still incorrectly titled. I don't understand where the confusion is coming from? TRS is a type of "Phone Plug". Phone plugs come in different sizes (mentioned in the article) and may be TS TRS or TRRS. It is not possible for a plug to be both TS and TRS and thus TS plugs should not be listed under the title "TRS connectors". A term being widely used by common people doesn't justify its consideration as the title for a technical article. I've never seen a technical audio/sound text book that refers to a phone plug as a "Jack plug"? A jack is a socket and a plug is a plug. Technical facts. Reference 5 (one of the few actual references) will tell you this. Can I also point out that this article is within the scope of "WikiProject Professional sound production". People confusing a "Phone Plug" audio connector with something to plug in a modern day telephone line is not relevant and does not need to be a consideration. It is quite normal for two different things to share the same name. People cope with it. The title of the article needs to be technically correct based on audio texts and historical evidence (they were originally used on telephone patchboards!) Can I propose correcting the title of the article and listing both TS and TRS as separate headings. (LinusWebb (talk) 12:58, 10 June 2011 (UTC)).
- I agree that the "TRS connector" title is not the best. Perhaps someone could review some of the references and see what term is most commonly used in the generic sense? From my personal experience I'd lean toward "Phone plugs and jacks", with a "see also" for telephone connectors (RJ11, etc.) and redirects from "TRS connector", "TS connector", etc. (Yes, I know, RJ11 is a wiring scheme, not a connector type!) Jeh (talk) 23:28, 2 October 2012 (UTC)
- I quote from Newnes Telecommunications Pocket Book (2001): "The standard telecommunications jack plug is 0.250 inches in diameter..." For older readers, there's this Popular Science project from 1938: "Handy Condenser Key Made from Jack Plug". I'd be happy with 'jack plug'. In the beginning there were telephone jacks and telephone jack plugs, but now they are used for more than telephones and come in different diameters, so we call them jacks and jack plugs. A jack plug is a plug that fits into a jack. I can't think of another term that's inclusive enough. --Heron (talk) 07:47, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
- Glen Ballou's encyclopedic Handbook for Sound Engineers (my copy from 1987) calls the connector "phone plug". He writes on page 1047 about the connector, "The term 'phone' comes from the telephone company who used a type of phone plug in their early nonautomated switchboards. Recording studio and other patch bays are close relatives of these telephone switchboards and often use some type of phone plug. The most common type of phone plug used in pro audio has a ¼-in. [one quarter inch] diameter shank and comes in two-wire (known as tip/sleeve or T/S) or three-wire (known as tip/ring/sleeve or T/R/S) versions." On the following page there are diagrams of various connectors, and the TS and TRS connectors are labeled "two-conductor phone plug" and "three-conductor phone plug". Elsewhere in the text Ballou varies his terminology. On page 1049 he writes about Hi-Z unbalanced microphones usually using a "¼-in. phone plug connector", but he also says that line level devices might use "three-conductor, ¼-in. tip/ring/sleeve (T/R/S) connectors." Hence the present name: TRS connector.
- Throughout the book Ballou uses "phone plug" the most but he also uses "quarter-inch" connector, "tip/ring/sleeve" connector and "T/R/S" connector.
- In the 1980s and '90s when I was getting deep into audio technology, I heard the term "quarter phone" applied to the connector quite a lot. It is probably a hybridization of the quarter-inch size and the "phone plug" name. The "quarter phone" term is not so commonly found in the literature, but there are a few guides using it: Television 101" by Greg Burden for some Alabama schools, and "The products of Pro Co Sound, Inc." a large 14.1 MB catalog of parts.
- The major problem we have with "phone plug" is that the same term was commonly used for RJ11 plugs used for household telephone connectors. In fact, from 2007 to 2010, the phone plug term redirected to "phone jack" for a disambiguation page determining whether the reader wanted audio or telephone usage. I think that is why something other than "phone plug" or "phone jack" was decided upon for this article's name.
- "Quarter-inch" is a poor name because there are other sizes that go by the same general name. Minijack is typically one-eighth of an inch while sub-mini is smaller. Bell & Howell 16mm film projectors used a .210-inch connector for the loudspeaker jack, the same size as firefighter's phone jacks. Tiny telephone patch cables use 4.4 mm connectors. All of these go by the same basic name: phone plug, jack plug or phone jack. Binksternet (talk) 00:01, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
- I would be terribly unhappy with "jack plug".
- "Jack plug" is ambiguous as there are several types of connectors called "jacks". I am not talking about just differences in diameter. In addition to the phone plugs and phone jacks described here, there are phono ("RCA") plugs and jacks, and banana plugs and jacks. Even XLR connectors are sometimes called "XLR plugs" and "XLR jacks".
- I checked manuals that came from a few pro audio manufacturers: Mackie, Rane, Behringer, Allen and Heath. The first two never seem to mention "jack plug". The latter do. Both of the latter are based outside of the US.
- I checked the major electronics distributors in the US (Newark, Digikey, Mouser, Allied). I could not find "jack plugs" listed. At each site, once having selected a connector type (RCA or phone or banana) I was then offered a choice between "plugs" and "jacks". Same at the infamous retailer Radio Shack. I did check Maplin in the UK; they have a few plugs listed as "jack plugs" but for the most part they follow the "plug" and "jack" terminology too.
- Re. Newnes and telecom (i.e. the telephone industry), I have to believe that that passage has not been updated for a long time. Not regarding the term "jack plug", but because I cannot imagine how anyone who is reasonably current would describe these things as "the standard telecommunications" anything! Phone plugs and jacks, of any diameter, are hardly ever used in telecom and have not been for decades. They were of course once common on switchboards, but switchboards are no more. The most recently surviving "common" use was probably for headsets that plugged into an operator's console, but no new designs use cylindrical connectors for those either. They've all gone to modular plugs and jacks. (And no, the males of those are not called "jack plugs" either. Even though they fit into jacks.) Jeh (talk) 16:35, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
- This looks like a US/UK/international problem. RS (Radio Spares) in the UK, while not a definitive source, is likely to be used as an example by most British engineers, and it has two sections for what WP calls TRS connectors: 'bantam connectors' and 'jack connectors'. The 'bantam connectors' are 4.4 mm (0.173") diameter, and the 'jack connectors' section contains the 1/4-in, 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm jack plugs and sockets. RS's main supplier seems to be Switchcraft Inc. (apparently American), who in their data sheets refer to 'jack plug' and 'jack socket'. Farnell/CPC, the UK's other major catalogue supplier, calls them 'Jack Plugs & Sockets' (including 2.5mm, 3.5mm, 1/4-in and bantam). In the US, DigiKey uses the term 'barrel connectors' for phone and RCA types combined. Unfortunately this contradicts WP, which uses 'barrel' for the DC power connectors. Within that class, DigiKey uses 'phone plug' and 'phone jack' for all sizes of TRS connector. Neutrik (European) use the generic term 'plugs and jacks', then more specifically '1/4 in plugs and jacks' and '3.5 mm plugs and jacks', and also refer to TS/TRS in their more detailed documentation. So I think the pattern is this:
- US: phone plug, phone jack
- UK: jack plug, jack socket
- Europe: jack plug, jack
- I think we should decide arbitrarily on either 'phone plug and jacks' or 'jack plugs and sockets', and then define TS/TRS/TRRS as sub-types. TS/TRS/TRRS were never intended as the top-level terms. Personally, as a Brit, I don't mind if we use the American terms, as they apparently invented the phone jack in the first place. We will just have to explain in the intro that the word 'phone' is historical. --Heron (talk) 09:58, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
- This looks like a US/UK/international problem. RS (Radio Spares) in the UK, while not a definitive source, is likely to be used as an example by most British engineers, and it has two sections for what WP calls TRS connectors: 'bantam connectors' and 'jack connectors'. The 'bantam connectors' are 4.4 mm (0.173") diameter, and the 'jack connectors' section contains the 1/4-in, 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm jack plugs and sockets. RS's main supplier seems to be Switchcraft Inc. (apparently American), who in their data sheets refer to 'jack plug' and 'jack socket'. Farnell/CPC, the UK's other major catalogue supplier, calls them 'Jack Plugs & Sockets' (including 2.5mm, 3.5mm, 1/4-in and bantam). In the US, DigiKey uses the term 'barrel connectors' for phone and RCA types combined. Unfortunately this contradicts WP, which uses 'barrel' for the DC power connectors. Within that class, DigiKey uses 'phone plug' and 'phone jack' for all sizes of TRS connector. Neutrik (European) use the generic term 'plugs and jacks', then more specifically '1/4 in plugs and jacks' and '3.5 mm plugs and jacks', and also refer to TS/TRS in their more detailed documentation. So I think the pattern is this:
- Good arguments, folks. I think "Phone plug" is the best solution. Binksternet (talk) 13:06, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
- Just to throw in a point here, there seems no reason to use "plug and jacks" when "connectors" is sufficient. Why complicate things with an unnecessarily long title?
- Also, I agree with Heron that this seems to be a regional English issue as much as anything. In principle, I have no objection to using the US form (I'm British btw), but would personally choose "jack connector" or similar due to the ambiguous nature of "phone connector", i.e. the easy confusion with RJ11 connectors, BS 6312 connectors etc.
- Alphathon /'æɫ.fə.θɒn/ (talk) 21:08, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
- I just discovered another long discussion on this at Talk:Jack_plug#Move_concerns. Let's make sure we don't get stuck in Groundhog Day. --Heron (talk) 09:27, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
- "Jack connector" is also easily confused with phono jacks, banana jacks, etc. And "jack" and "connector" are redundant, because a jack IS a connector. Regarding the confusion with connectors used with telephones, we have to accept the fact that said confusion is baked into the commonly used term "phone plug". If distributors' and manufacturers' catalogs can tolerate it, so can we. A see also or similar note can lead people to RJ11 connectors, etc. Personally I like "Phone plugs and jacks". The article is about both, after all. Jeh (talk) 11:38, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
- Fair enough I suppose (although jack and connector aren't redundant outside of North America; a jack is what we'd call a socket). Regardless though, I still see no reason to use "plugs and jacks" when we have a term the encompass both ("connector"), especially when "jack" is region-specific as a term for the receptacle. There seems to be no good reason for doing so. Alphathon /'æɫ.fə.θɒn/ (talk) 08:58, 12 October 2012 (UTC)
Ok, then are there any strong objections to "Phone connector"?? It seems to me that all of the people who live in "jack plug" countries have said they wouldn't insist on "jack plug." That leaves us with "Phone something". Of course we would have redirects from "Phone plug", etc. Jeh (talk) 10:43, 12 October 2012 (UTC)
- Plenty of books and articles use the term "phone connector", so that would be okay with me. Binksternet (talk) 16:31, 12 October 2012 (UTC)
- There is no obviously good solution now or before. I don't see any of other proposed titles as being an improvement. I propose we put our editorial energies elsewhere. ---—Kvng 02:51, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
- Looks to me as if there is good consensus for some sort of "Phone" related name, more so than for keeping TRS. I think it would be constructive for us to decide between "Phone connector", "Phone jack", "Phone plug", "Phone plug connector" and "Phone plugs and jacks". Binksternet (talk) 03:02, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
- To Kvng: I don't see how you can support the current title. I see NO support here, except yours, for keeping "TRS connector". A TRS connector is a sub-type of phone connector, and the term is not familiar to the general public; this title is like having an article on the entire Kennedy family titled "Patrick Kennedy". The "principle of least astonishment" applies; I think most nontechnical people are pretty surprised when they search for "phone plug" or "jack plug" takes them to "TRS connector".
- I cannot defend TRS connector. Whatever gets this finished I support. Due to regional variations and other issues, I don't think there's an universally optimal solution here. A rename to one of the current suggestions may make a small improvement. There are a lot of redirects, disambigs and interactions with other articles; A rename is not going to be simple. -—Kvng 14:57, 20 October 2012 (UTC)
- Any of the "Phone xxx" in Binksternet's list just above would be an improvement. The principle of using the more general term rather than specific subtype eliminates "Phone jack", "Phone plug", and "Phone plug connector". That leaves us with "Phone connector" or "Phone plugs and jacks". I think we have a definite, though not the strongest possible, consensus that "Phone connector" is the right choice. Jeh (talk) 18:58, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
- Another possibility is to use a parenthetical term to disambiguate, something like Phone jack (audio), or Phone connector (audio). Binksternet (talk) 20:01, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
- Looks good. There is ample precedent. I'd prefer "Phone connector {audio)" as both "plug" or "jack" would be specifying a subtype. Not as narrow as "TRS connector", but still. Granted that the things are sometimes used for non-audio work (like power connectors, and TRRS even carry video too) but that is purely an "edge" case; they are far and away most closely associated with audio. Jeh (talk) 09:59, 17 October 2012 (UTC)
Article has been moved to Phone connector (audio). I am now cleaning up the many redirects and links. Binksternet (talk) 02:56, 21 October 2012 (UTC)
- Yay. You know, you don't necessarily have to clean up links. If a redirect works, that's fine, and per WP:RDR, double redirects are usually cleaned up by a bot. Jeh (talk) 07:18, 21 October 2012 (UTC)
- I'm going to slowly make my way through the links anyway because this is a good chance to update the terminology used in those article. Binksternet (talk) 16:02, 21 October 2012 (UTC)
Jacks and plugs: vernacular versus pedants[edit]
Many people refer to the plug as a jack. Microsoft Windows has a balloon pop-up for some hardware which detects a plug being inserted. The popup says "a jack has been plugged in". Furthermore, sci-fi writer William Gibson penned the phrase "jacking in" denoting the establishment of a connection between the brain and an electronic network. Note the "in". Which part goes in? The plug! Gibson's "jacking in" is clearly, unmistakably a synonym for "plugging in", which tends to make "jack" and "plug" equivalent. The plug is what people manipulate; they don't concern themselves with the receptacle it goes into (so long as it's the right one), or what its name is; and when they do need to invoke its name, they can usually come up with the word "socket" or "hole". Plugs more frequently need replacement. If you are involved in pro audio, or just play guitar, you will likely solder far more plugs in your lifetime than jacks, to make your own patch cables or repair broken ones. Next argument: why would a female receptacle be called Jack? A plug is a kind of penis-like object (which is why we call it male), so obviously it must be the part given the name Jack. How about a jack for lifting a vehicle? A hydraulic jack is a phallic structure resembling a plug more than a socket. It's something active which pushes, exerting a force, and not a passive receptacle. How about "jacking off?" That refers to male masturbation; manipulation of the plug, so to speak. And you wonder why people instinctively call the plug "jack"? 126.96.36.199 (talk) 22:52, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
Not surprisingly, this nearly-complete load of specious, facetious rubbish is unsigned....
Making the distinction between a "plug" and a "jack" has nothing whatever to do with pedantry - it has everything to do with reducing confusion, by taking advantage of every available opportunity to correct INVALID USAGE of technical terms by lay people. That's part of what Wikipedia technical articles are all about, wise-acre!
The sad fact that, "Many people refer to the plug as a jack.", is not relevant, and is to be combated, not encouraged.
The sad fact that Micro-squish Windows uses BLATANTLY-WRONG language for many of its pop-up idiocies is also not relevant, and hardly surprising.
When Science Fiction (...or "SF", but NEVER "sci-fi", thank you very much!) "...writer William Gibson penned the phrase "jacking in"...", he was referring to PLUGGING connections into the "wet-wired" JACKS that had been installed in his protagonists' skulls, and PLUGGING the other ends into the JACKS on their network interfaces. This is a colloquial and/or figurative use (or, perhaps more accurately, "abuse"), a form of slang which, IN NO WAY WHATSOEVER, "...tends to make "jack" and "plug" equivalent." It's called literary license, which is, again, NOT RELEVANT here, in a technical, "Stagecraft Project" article.
Next, "...what people manipulate..." and what, in your estimation, "...they don't concern themselves with..." is, once more, IRRELEVANT in a technical article, except as a notation of the various INCORRECT usages to which a term may be subjected. That's one of the many reasons people come to Wiki'pages - to find and learn the CORRECT usage of technical terms!
Now, to give you your (extremely limited) due, you ARE quite right about the general proportion of plugs vs. jacks soldered in a career. (I've been "...involved in pro audio..." for well past thirty years, now, and have soldered more plugs AND jacks, of more different types, than any ten average people are likely to SEE in their lifetimes.)
As for the remainder of your so-called "arguments", I won't even dignify them by directly responding to your preposterous assertions that the etymology of the term "jack" is all wrong, because a "feminine" receptacle can't be given a "masculine" name like "Jack", that the subject under discussion bears ANY relationship to hydraulic lifting devices, or that "jacking off" (other than the "verbal masturbation" you've demonstrated here) even counts as an "argument"....
The Doctor Is On (talk) 21:03, 1 September 2012 (UTC)
- To the IP - a simple question: What do you use to fill up a hole? A plug, of course. Not a jack. Any questions? Jeh (talk) 23:24, 2 October 2012 (UTC)
2 Mono and stereo compatibility[edit]
The results of this physical compatibility are:
- "If a two-conductor plug of the same size is connected to a three-conductor socket, the result is that the ring (right channel) of the socket is grounded. This property is deliberately used in several applications, see "tip ring sleeve", below. However, grounding one channel may also be dangerous to the equipment if the result is to short circuit the output of the right channel amplifier. In any case, any signal from the right channel is naturally lost."
This is actually not true. There is a workaround for mono plugs plugged in a stereo socket: If the plug is not plugged in fully, but just that the grounding contact of the stereo socket is covering the grounding cotact of the mono plug, both (the left and right channel) contacts of the socket touch the the contact of the plug. This results in both stereo channels combined to a mono channel. (e.g., both speakers of mono headphones would play the same, mixed audio of the left and right channel.) This also eliminates the threat of grounding the right channel.
Just a remark that the signal from the right channel is not lost and a tip how to prevent damage because of grounding a channel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 01:26, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
Not quite...
When a 2-conductor (TS) plug is "half-jacked" into a 3-conductor (TRS) receptacle, the Tip & Shell of the "mono" plug will contact the Ring & Shell of the "stereo" jack. While this does avoid shorting the "unused" contact to ground, it only picks up the RIGHT channel of the "stereo" jack, unless both Tip and Ring of said jack have internal "Double-Throw" switching capability, and have been wired such that the "Normally-Closed" switching pin of the Tip is "normalled-through" to the "Normally-Open" switching pin of the Ring. (...pretty easy to see in schematic form, kinda difficult to "get" when only described verbally, and I'm nowhere NEAR conversant enough with Wikipedia to attach a drawing here, yet, if that's even possible on a Talk page....)
The Doctor Is On (talk) 21:26, 1 September 2012 (UTC)
2.5 mm and 3.5mm AUDIO JACK[edit]
why is this called TRS connector? that is not a commonly used name. Try to ask salesman if that phone has TRS connector..... 220.127.116.11 (talk) 09:21, 8 November 2011 (UTC)
- (Audio) jack is neither the proper name nor specific enough. Similarly, If you asked A TV salesman whether a TV had a D-sub 15 port, you are also likely to get blank looks, whereas if you were to ask if it had VGA or a PC input you would probably get an answer. The type of connection in that case is VGA (or, more properly RGBHV) but the actual connector used is a 15 pin D-subminiature connector. Besides, Audio jack redirects here.
- Also, you might want to read the 4th paragraph of the lead, and see where Jack (connector) goes to.
- As a side note, it has always bugged me a little that the Article is labelled TRS connector but also refers to TS and TRRS connectors. If anyone can think of a way to remedy this (without splitting the article) then I'm all ears.
{{frac}} looks awful. The only Customary size that needs to be discussed more than once is the ¼-inch version (the others can be described, after the introduction, simply as 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm) so use of {{frac}} should be avoided. (The "¼" character is available from the "Symbols" section of "Special characters"; you don't have to be able to type it directly.) 121a0012 (talk) 19:05, 19 February 2012 (UTC)
- The frac template displays well enough for me. I don't have a problem with it. I am viewing it within Mozilla Firefox 7.0 on a PC running Windows XP. Binksternet (talk) 19:19, 19 February 2012 (UTC)
- If there's something wrong with the template, perhaps it should be discussed at Template_talk:Frac. --Kvng (talk) 13:35, 22 February 2012 (UTC)
- This is for the record more than anything else (since the actual discussion took place 6 months ago), but the Wikipedia Manual of Style specifically discourages the use of Unicode fraction characters (and super/sub-script numbers). See MOS:FRAC. Alphathon /'æɫ.fə.θɒn/ (talk) 04:10, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
Incorrectly cited material.[edit]
The statement "The connector's name is an initialism derived from the names of three conducting parts of the plug: Tip, Ring, and Sleeve[1] – hence, TRS." is not backed by the source cited. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 11:48, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
More unusual types[edit]
As well as the 1/4" B-type with the small tip (of which there is a photograph but no mention in the text), there is also a "long" variant of the 3.5mm plug, about 5mm longer, which was used by GEC and GPO telephones.
Also used for telephone (and occasionally other audio) purposes in the UK is the multi-way (up to eight contacts I think) connector, about 8mm in diameter and of variable length depending on the number of contacts. See [1]. They were used for headset connections in exchanges and for plug-in telephone extensions in homes and offices before the plastic mudular 600-series connectors (BS6312) were introduced. G7mzh (talk) 21:15, 25 March 2012 (UTC)
Mobile phones[edit]
Page mentions iphone and nokia would share the same pins for mic and ground. At least nokia n9 has it different from iphone. Adapter is required. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmalmari (talk • contribs) 16:28, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
TRRS configuration[edit]
I see in various discussions of cellphones comments regarding the pinouts/configuration for TRRS and if there are differences (Left Audio, Right Audio, Mic in, Ground, or Left Audio, Ground, Mic in). It would be helpful if a subject matter expert could add this to the article. patsw (talk) 16:37, 28 August 2012 (UTC)
"The second, which reverses these contacts, is used by older Nokia mobiles" Sure, the older standard is the second one and reverses the contacts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 09:18, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
Actually, "Phone plug" redirects to "Telephone plug"[edit]
The note at the top of page "Phone plug" redirects here. For the plugs used to connect landline telephones, see telephone plug.
is incorrect. "Phone plug" actually redirects to "Telephone plug".
(I don't know how redirection issues are meant to be handled.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jokemill (talk • contribs) 06:10, 8 June 2013 (UTC)
its not Phone plug ...[edit]
its called Aux cable / Aux plug i dont knoww why and when it called like it now but search phone plug and aux cable and see what you get in the results — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maorosh11 (talk • contribs) 16:56, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
- Do you have any citations that you can back your statement up with? Cables that look the same but have different names usually serve a different purpose, if I remember correctly. --k6ka (talk | contribs) 17:00, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
- i try to look for sources ... :-) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maorosh11 (talk • contribs) 17:03, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
- http://www.techopedia.com/definition/1356/auxiliary-port-auxMaorosh11 (talk) 17:08, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
- after some thinking at least change the name to audio ???? instead of phone jack 18.104.22.168 (talk) 17:36, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
- Your "source" is laughable. "AUX is an asynchronous serial port with an interface that allows the auxiliary input of audio signals for MP3 players, headphones, portable music players, amplifiers and speakers." They're talking about a serial port! That would have utterly nothing to do with the connectors described here.
- Anyway, yes, these connectors are called "phone plugs" (at least, the pointy type are called that, the ones with holes are "phone jacks"). The article has ample references.
- "Aux cable" would be one specific application, if the devices being connected happen to have jacks labeled "aux" and if those jacks happen to be phone jacks (as opposed to "RCA jacks", XLR, etc.). Too, the word "cable" would refer to the entire cable assembly, not just the plugs on the ends, which is what we're talking about here.
- I see you have again attempted to put your changes into the page. Please note that per WP:BRD, once your changes have been reverted you should then go to the article talk page to discuss what you want - you should not insist on your changes until they are supported by consensus. You don't get to insist on your changes just because you think they are correct.
- Regarding the terminology: On the back of my home theater gear the "Aux" connectors are RCA phono, not phone jacks. On the pro side, I have two mixers with "aux" outputs and inputs ("aux send", "aux return") on XLR jacks. Yes, phone plugs are used for aux inputs but so are many other connector types. It is therefore a mistake to say the phone plugs are "also known as" aux connectors. The latter term describes a role, not any one specific type of connector. It's only an "aux" because it's labeled that way. There's a phone plug on the end of nearly every consumer-market set of headphones made in the last several decades; is that an "aux cable"? Is the jack it plugs into an "aux jack"? Nonsense. Jeh (talk) 19:19, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
- Maorosh11 is incorrect here. The auxiliary input or output is a functional routing method, not a shape of connector. I have seen aux inputs and outputs of a great many variety of physical shapes and sizes, from terminal strips to Phoenix blocks to XLR connectors and beyond. Binksternet (talk) 19:49, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
- To be clear, it is true that if you look on Amazon or eBay for an "aux cable," some of the cables you find will have 3.5mm phone plugs on both ends. Maybe even many of them. This is because many cars now include a 3.5mm jack labeled "aux", an input for their stereo; some home theater receivers also have 3.5mm "aux" input jacks on their front panels; and what most people connect to those jacks are things like portable MP3 players, mobile phones, and tablets, which also have 3.5mm phone jacks.
- BUT! There are many, many other connector types that are also used for "aux" inputs and outputs, and there are many, many other uses of phone connectors (not just 3.5mm, but other sizes too). (As this very article makes clear!) If you are unaware of these, Maorosh11, I can only conclude that your experience is extremely limited.
I replaced the first photo with the second one because I thought the first one was so bad. Then I got to thinking that it would be nice to show a plug up there, so I took the third one. (I really need to get out my close-up lens so it won't be so pixilated.) I'm wondering about using the third one, but my daughter says stick with the second one. What do you think? Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 04:36, 4 May 2014 (UTC)
- First, there is no question whatsoever about your replacement being better than the original black-on-black!
- Offhand I would prefer something showing a little more contrast, perhaps the light green color that is now standard.
- Adding the phone plug to the picture does add context. I would suggest using one that does not have the threaded retainer for the quarter inch adapter. Perhaps adding a measurement scale to the picture would help also. Jeh (talk) 04:55, 4 May 2014 (UTC)
- The others I have have a black background with a green ring. Maybe I'll try one of them. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 03:15, 5 May 2014 (UTC)
1/4 Inch TRRS[edit]
Anybody ever see one of these? Stereo aeronautics use? xnamkcor (talk) 04:47, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
- That would have to be stereo with a mic. Never seen one. Neither Digi-Key nor Mouser have such a thing available, though they do have them in 7.5mm (0.295 inches)! http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/358/typ_4804.1400-60285.pdf Jeh (talk) 06:09, 23 June 2015 (UTC)
Claims of distinction between 3.5mm and 1/8 inch connectors[edit]
There are several completely un-sourced sentences in the first section arguing that 1/8" and 3.5mm jacks are different connectors. I have never heard of such a thing as a truly 1/8" audio jack, nor of anyone having compatibility issues with these two differently-named connectors. As I understand it '1/8 inch' is a nominal size used in nations on the Inch-Pound system to represent a connector which is actually 3.5mm.
I will be removing these claims from the article; please do not re-include them without some citation. Walkersam (talk) 15:15, 25 June 2015 (UTC)
Edit: I should add that the section I am removing makes the claim "The common jack in things like portable music players and computer sound interfaces is the 1/8 inch size." While I may be willing to believe that actual 1/8" diameter connectors have been used in some place and time for some niche purpose, this claim here is demonstrably false. Walkersam (talk) 15:19, 25 June 2015 (UTC)
- Thank you. 3.5 mm and 1/8 inch are the same jack. Binksternet (talk) 15:25, 25 June 2015 (UTC)
- Concur. For example, Mouser Electronics' parts selector makes no distinction between 3.5mm and 1/8 inch. Perhaps the OP is thinking of 2.5mm, formerly commonly used for headsets on mobile phones. Jeh (talk) 06:55, 26 June 2015 (UTC)
6.3 mm or 6.35 mm (1⁄4 inch)[edit]
I read that "the outside diameter of the "sleeve" conductor is 1⁄4 inch (exactly 6.35 mm)". But I often see the jack diameter referred to as "6.3 mm" (e.g. on the German and Dutch articles of this very same subject). How come? And should this article provide some historical context, if any? MCEmperor (talk) 11:43, 8 July 2015 (UTC)
Legacy Post Answers Dimensional Questions[edit]
"Those who don't know history are destined to repeat it".
— Edmund Burke, 1729 - 1797
Who would have thought there was anything else to say about the venerable TRS connector? But it seems we are destined to re-plow old ground.
I believe my legacy post in the 2008 - 2010 section answers the above question. See:
The table at its bottom contains the diameter dimensions in both inches and MMs, for both U.S./European and Asian types.
KathectedBob (talk) 12:10, 24 July 2015 (UTC)
External links modified[edit]
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Rodger Lodgepole Model
AetherielModel Female Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
My Website: Follow me on Facebook!My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/Aetheriel
Mayhem # 1012533
About Me
» www.facebook.com/Aetheriel
Petite, Blonde, Alternative model & performance artist looking to collaborate with other MMer's in the Lower Mainland area!
Since my name is Aetheriel, you can bet that I enjoy making relevant art! Anything unique, otherworldly, weird, scary, magical, etc. is where my main interest lies. I'm also a performance artist who performs with the magical Flow Wand (aka levitation wand). I currently have two wands to shoot with (one that sparkles, and the other is LED), and would absolutely LOVE to get some pictures & videos of me dancing with them!
Paid gigs take precedence, however I will consider TF depending on the assignment and whether or not I feel the shoot will add something unique to my portfolio. I am open to suggestions for TF, however I would prefer to shoot something relevant to my general interests (animals, anime, art, blacklight, bodypaint, cosplay, fantasy, fetish, flow wand, music, video games). If TF is the best option for you, please take a moment to browse my 'Inspiration' list to see some of the ideas I would like to try!
** If clothes are to come off at any time during the shoot, I expect compensation greater than TF--my apologies for any inconvenience **
I'm easy-going & fun to work with, and currently have full availability, so please send a PM with your ideas my way if you like my look & I'll get back to you as soon as I can!
• memorial piece on top of right foot
• 2 stars w/ flourishes under collar bone
• kanji on inside of left forearm
• 0g lobes
• 1 tongue
• 1 naval
• 2 microdermals (cheek/eye area)
• 1 septum
• 1 "below the belt"
Have you worked with Aetheriel? Add Credits for Aetheriel! >>
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• carey cote
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• korina dahl
• mz shank
• wil claeys
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It took less than one minute for a masked man to rob a Mayfair doughnut shop at gunpoint on Oct. 26.
A woman's abduction led to an Oct. 29 shooting involving police, followed by a wild auto pursuit through several Northeast neighborhoods that ended when the suspect crashed head-on into another vehicle at a Torresdale intersection.
Oct. 6 through 19
It would've been pretty tough to miss the guy who wore a white sweatshirt with a gaudy black design into a Wissinoming grocery store on Oct. 25. Police now hope that someone recognizes him or his distinctive hoodie from surveillance video because the guy ended up robbing the business at gunpoint.
Apparently, a gunman didn't want to sully the name of his beloved Frankford when he decided to hold up a Torresdale 7-Eleven on Oct. 20. So he went outside, pulled a red hoodie over his "FKD" shirt and took care of business.
For the second time in as many months, spontaneous gunfire near a Tacony intersection on Friday left an innocent neighborhood resident in the hospital, nursing a bullet wound. Several stray slugs from the same shooting struck the district office of City Councilman Bobby Henon.
A 57-year-old Bustleton man was hospitalized in "extremely critical" condition, police said, after a neighbor who was identified as his daughter's fiance fired dozens of shots from a high-powered rifle in a driveway behind their homes last Thursday evening.
Two opportunistic robbers waited for a Wissinoming convenience store clerk to go outside before snatching a cash register from the business on Oct. 16, police said.
A former Philadelphia police dispatcher has been sentenced to prison for selling confidential information about motor vehicle accidents to the operators of several tow truck businesses, including one in Frankford.
A Pennypack park user had his wallet and mobile phone stolen from his unattended car on Oct. 15. Now police are searching for the man seen using a pilfered credit card at two Northeast retail stores later that day.


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History of Iceland: Primary Documents
EuroDocs > History of Iceland: Primary Documents
- This mourning poem is for the son of the Viking, Rollo.
- It serves as "an excellent laboratory in medieval philology."
- (943; Latin facsimiles and variant text transcriptions with English and German translations)
- Images of manuscripts & books published before 1901.
- A massive project of the National and University Library of Iceland and Cornell University in association with the Arni Magnússon Institute.
- With title or subject browse and a help guide.
- (850-1177, written ca. 1225; English translation)
- by Snorri Sturluson.
- (850-1177, written ca. 1225; English translation)
- Icelandic sagas in Project Runeberg [Search for those items marked "Icelandic"]
- (Old Norse transcriptions)
- Icelandic sagas at Berkeley's Online Medieval & Classical Library [scroll to "Icelandic (Old Norse"]
- (English translations)
- Germanic Materials from the Perseus Collection.
- Particularly strong in Old Norse sagas.
- (9th to 13th centuries; Old Norse transcriptions)
- Note: Diacritics on the main page are illegible.
- Digitized by the Danish Royal Library
- (1760; facsimiles)
- The Constitution of Iceland
- (17 June 1944 with updates to 2002; Icelandic original).
- (17 June 1944 with updates to 1999; English translation).
- Library of Congress guide to constitutional, legal and government documents.
- Manifestations of Europe in archival documents.
- (Facsimiles and English summaries)
- Materials on the culture, government and history of Iceland.
- Includes summary statistics 1703-1890, among other things.
- (Facsimiles and transcriptions)
- Includes primary and secondary documents, provided by Don Mabry.
- (Transcriptions, facsimiles and commentaries, mostly in English)
- All maps held by the National and University Library of Iceland.
- (1544-1900)
- Maps of the North Atlantic from "Vinland" to Greenland, Iceland, Norway and Denmark.
- Digitized by the Danish Royal Library. together with the Grønlandsbeskrivelse.
- (1570; facsimiles)
- Utflykten: A History of Nordic Travel
- (16th to 20th centuries; facsimiles, transcriptions, maps, etc.)
- (Facsimiles).
EuroDocs > History of Iceland: Primary Documents
EuroDocs Creator: Richard Hacken, European Studies Bibliographer,
Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
Feel free to get in touch: Hacken @ byu.edu


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Spirituality and the Workplace
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The Centre for Spirituality and the Workplace (established in 2004) is the first academic-based centre for spirituality and work in Canada. Housed in the Sobey School of Business at Saint Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the Centre is both a centre for academic activities and a centre of influence in the community, the nation, and the world. The Centre reflects Saint Mary's role as a leader in research and community relationship building both locally and internationally. The Centre engages academics and practitioners in various sectors and organizations in collaborative and community-based research, and offers networking, support, conference, and consulting services. Because of the interdisciplinary and multifaith nature of work and spirituality, the Centre works with faculty from numerous departments and programs at Saint Mary's University and its affiliate, Atlantic School of Theology, as well as with other universities and religious organizations, to develop lectures, courses, and programs. The Centre celebrates and promotes Saint Mary's goal of personal development and wellbeing of all students.


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The Latest: Offense gains an edge — 8/25/2009
In what has become a recurring theme over the past few days, Kent State's offense has taken a giant step forward during Tuesday's practice at Dix Stadium. Success on offense, especially in the passing game, has head coach Doug Martin excited about where his team is headed.[details]


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The Enemy Within downloadable content pack for XCOM: Enemy Unknown will be adding new options for the players like nano-tech psionics and powered armor, but the enemy aliens will be getting an upgrade as well. One of the them is the Mectoid, which is a Sectoid in its own powered suit.
Naturally, the Mectoids are the aliens' answer to the human mech units, and with the new updated AI, the aliens will start going after higher priority targets, such as the obvious threats of humans lumbering around in giant robot suits.
XCOM: Enemy Within will be available on the 12th November 2013 for $29.99 USD. The DLC Commander Edition includes all XCOM: Enemy Unknown content plus the Elite Soldier and Slingshot add-ons, for $39.99 USD.
News Story
One of the deadliest enemies in XCOM: Enemy Within unveiled, the Mectoid
11 September 2013 | By JAFalcon
- Related Games:
- XCOM: Enemy Unknown
- Source:
- GamesRadar


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Definitions for self-effacement
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word self-effacement
Princeton's WordNet
effacement, self-effacement(noun)
withdrawing into the background; making yourself inconspicuous
The act of keeping oneself in the background, as in humility.
John likes to remain unnoticed and does so naturally through the self-effacement found in his personality.
Translations for self-effacement
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- vaatimattomuusFinnish
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Agape Youth Development Inc
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Saturday, October 19, 2013
Ok so I haven't been sticking to my contract that I had made September 21. What is preventing me from achieving my goals? I could blame everyone else for bringing in candy to fill the jar in our department, I could blame the weather for being "too cold" to walk outside, I could blame school for "taking so much time" or work and my long commute, and I could blame my classmate/friend for us doing what she wants to do as far as studying, etc.
NO MORE! I am taking FULL responsibility for everything. I don't have to take candy from the jar, I don't stick to 1 piece anyway. I can put on another layer and "suck it up" and get my butt outside! I have to schedule time for workouts and planning of meals. I have to tell people NO! "I have this planned or I need to do ______________, but when I am done I can meet you."
I am to blame. I am responsible for my action or lack there of. There I said it! WHEW!
I feel so much better! See, now matter the excuse, it will not help me achieve my goals!
So how will I conquer this? 1) Post my contract, EVERYWHERE! (LOL) Really, at my desk, in my car, on my binder for school, on my refrigerator, anywhere that I can see it and be reminded of it. 2) Write it in! Write my workouts in my planner. This way I am held responsible and can't back out. I will also write in meals. Ok this will be on the tracker, but if I plan ahead then I will not have to worry about what I am going to make for dinner and if I have officially gone over my calories, etc. 3) Call my friend Tracy and see if I can go to her when I feel like I just may go for that bag of chips that I didn't plan for.
Thanks for reading! Have a fabulous day! I will update on my progress next week!
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Chain of events (aeronautics)
In aviation, a chain of events, often called the error chain, is a term referring to the concept that many contributing factors typically lead to an accident, rather than one single event.[1] These contributing actions typically stem from human factor-related mistakes and pilot error, rather than mechanical failure.[1][2] A study conducted by Boeing found that 55% of airline accidents between 1959 and 2005 were caused by such human related factors, while only 17% of accidents were caused by mechanical issues with the aircraft.[3]
The Tenerife Disaster, the worst accident in aviation history, is a prime example of an accident in which a chain of events and errors can be identified leading up to the crash.[4] Pilot error, communications problems, fog, and airfield congestion (due to a bomb threat and explosion at another airport) all contributed to this catastrophe.[4]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Willits, Pat. Guided Flight Discovery: Private Pilot. Mike Abbott and Liz Kailey. Englewood: Jeppesen. pp. 10–26. ISBN 0-88487-429-X. OCLC 145504766. Retrieved August 2007.
- ^ Willits, Pat. Guided Flight Discovery: Instrument/Commercial. Mike Abbott, Liz Kailey, and Jim Mowery. Englewood: Jeppesen. pp. 1–31. ISBN 0-88487-274-2. OCLC 145504766. Retrieved August 2007.
- ^ Boeing (May 2006). "Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents Worldwide Operations" (PDF). Aviation Safety Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Retrieved August 2007.
- ^ a b "The Deadliest Plane Crash (transcript)". NOVA. PBS. October 2006. Retrieved August 2007.
|This article about aviation is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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A few Kigers
Junior is a silver dun Kiger. Romeo is his friend (another Kiger.) Don't look at the mud...we've been beyond wet here this year. :wink:
Fancy was born in captivity after her mum was adopted. She's a four year old this year.
Last, but certainly not least, is Pepper. He's just the sweetest guy! He's beginning to lose his eyesight, so his mamma and pappa bought him a special mask to wear and are giving him herbal suppliments. They say it appears to be helping.
They are really pretty! Pepper is cute!!! I am using a Black horse for 4-h. He is the nicest thing ever!
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Attendance Zone Information
2015-2016 Attendance Zone Locator: This locator includes all changes in Attendance Zones for the 2015-2016 school year. This feature allows you to enter an address and select its match from the list that appears. After selecting, the school zones will be determined and the results will appear. If a list of addresses fails to appear, type the address completely and then click the "Search Address" button found on the right. If you need help using the Attendance Zone Locator, please contact St. Johns County's GIS Staff.
2015-2016 Attendance Zone Maps: Click here to download zoning maps created for the St. Johns County School District by the St. Johns County GIS Department. This site includes the current elementary, middle and high school attendance zone maps for the 2014-2015 school year. All attendance zone maps on this page are School Board approved.
Proposed Attendance Zone Changes for the 2015-2016 School Year
Attendance zone changes are currently being proposed for 2015-2016 for the developments of Ashford Mills/Shearwater and Encanta/Windward Ranch. No other changes are proposed at this time. All other zoning will remain as it exists currently for the 2015-2016 School Year.
Attendance Zone Changes 2015-2016 School Year
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20 Bracelet Patterns: Macrame Bracelets, Friendship Bracelets, Hemp Bracelets, and More
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Modern Art Two Strand Necklace
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This earthy Modern Art Two Strand Necklace is great for almost any outfit. Made with wooden beads on two separate strands, this artistic DIY necklace is perfect for day or night, and can easily be worn any time of year. Want a full set? Create a matching bracelet or earrings with extra beads. This necklace is great for beginners and makes a wonderful gift for almost any occasion. Women of all ages are sure to love this modern and stylish accessory!
- Six Flat Square Light Wood Philippine Beads
- Five Flat Bean Dark Wood Philippine Beads
- Twenty two Crimp Covers
- Twenty two Size 1 Crimp Tubes
- One EZ Crimp Sterling Silver S-Hook Clasp with Ends
- Two Extra Matching EZ Crimp Ends
- Two Sterling Silver Heavy Duty 8mm Jump Rings
- 49 Strand .015 Beadalon Silver Plated Wire
- Designer Flush Cutters
- Beadstorm™ Chain Nose Pliers
- Mighty Crimp Tool
- Bead Board
Cut off two 20" lengths of wire. Attach one end of each to an EZ Crimp end using Mighty Crimp Tool.
On the first strand, move two inches down the wire and attach a crimp tube to the wire by flattening with the chain nose pliers. Check to be sure that the tube is stationed in place before next step.
Cover tube with a crimp cover using the Mighty Crimp Tool.
Slide on one dark brown bead and attach a second crimp tube a little bit past the end of the bead (there needs to be enough space to accommodate a crimp cover, without exposing any excess wire.)
Continue 2" down the wire from the bottom of the first crimp cover and repeat process. Station a wooden bead every two inches on the wire until reaching final bead.
Attach end of wire 2" from final crimp cover to second EZ Crimp end using Mighty Crimp Tool.
Keeping the first strand in the channel on a Bead Board, lay out the lighter wooden beads along the edge for proper placement on second wire. The lighter beads should fall within the spaces between the darker on the finished design.
Starting close to the EZ Crimp end, approximately ¼" from the clasp, secure a crimp tube.
Cover with a crimp cover.
Moving down approximately 2", repeat. Continue your way around the strand until reaching the final bead.
Attach EZ Crimp end approximately ¼" from final crimp cover.
Place crimp ends on one end of each strand on a jump ring and secure closed. Repeat for other side.
- Attach S-Hook to both jump rings and secure.
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Former MP, Melton
Former MP for Melton
Entered the House of Commons on 29 June 1841 — General election
Left the House of Commons on 3 March 1888 — unknown
Also represented Leicestershire Northern; Colchester; Newark
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This data was produced by TheyWorkForYou from a variety of sources. Voting information from Public Whip.


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Content count14,491
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About Snake
Do your dab and go home.
- Birthday 04/11/1984
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State of the Huddle Address - 2016
Snake replied to Jeremy Igo's topic in Carolina PanthersCan I buy your penny stock? I hear it's very low risk with huge upside potential.
carolina-chuck2 liked a post in a topic: Bersin's Contract status?
Haplo E liked a post in a topic: Peyton Manning's Sexual Assault Case
TheSpecialJuan liked a post in a topic: Bersin's Contract status?
Super Bowl 51 Is Ours
Snake replied to 15's topic in Carolina PanthersThis SB stings the most because it was a rigged game. I think everyone knew deep down the NFL was going to send Manning off this year. His team played like crap most of the year and was pushed to the SB. Its comical really how much funny stuff went on that game. I totally positive we come right back next year and win one. We were totally dominate this year and next year is not all that much worse. Barring injuries or NFL fugery we will get the last laugh
Although I dont like Brady I feel Cam is becoming the New Brady.
But Manning knows how to act a press conferences. Thats all that matters.
Mike Wallace expected to be cut
Snake replied to GoobyPls's topic in Carolina PanthersThen again we have found some talented guys that were let go. Not saying he would work just that we have had success in the past.
Bersin's Contract status?
Snake replied to KB_fan's topic in Carolina PanthersI surely hope he is cut this year and that not a knock on Bersin I just want better talent at WR.
Depends on year and need. We are not finding a starting DE or OT at 30.
Snake liked a post in a topic: Matt Kalil to be cut?
Snake liked a post in a topic: Got a Twitter alert this morning about Eric Weddle
Snake liked a post in a topic: Lawsuit against Kony Ealy...bizarre
It really does not work that way. Different skill sets.
This is a prime example of why people don't understand football. Edwards JR, Golden, and Smith are all 3-4 DEs. So is Lawrence and Curry for that matter. The only 4-3 guy you mentioned is Ealy in the 3 year period. It's actually why a bunch of teams run the 3-4 because finding a LB is easier and faster in development than a 4-3 DE.
Joe Webb and Aqib Talib Received Fines
Snake replied to Cookie Lyon's topic in Carolina PanthersThey fine a QB for unnecessary roughness but a guy yanks a players face mask and twisted it and it's cool.... No suspension.
Let's talk about Ted Ginn Jr.
Snake replied to PhillyB's topic in Carolina PanthersGinn has played well for his contract and he is also our PR guy. He might not be the 1 WR next year but he will be on the team. I also see DG pairing Olsen with another TE this year. Our ssystem really needs another TE.
That's a hand full of DEs in a 7 round draft. You are proving my point very well.
Yes you are correct. I forgot the Pats lost another 1st round pickpick.
Ron Rivera " QBs don't practice jumping on fumbles. "
Snake replied to Jeremy Igo's topic in Carolina PanthersIf Cam would have jumped on that ball 3 Denver players would have hit him in the head. They were head hunting him all night without flags.
NFL Owner Drama: Jerry Richardson a Bully?
Snake replied to JccOldTime23's topic in Carolina PanthersStop being stubborn you ugly bastard.


text:
Imaginary guitar hero by CSStrikerWatch
©2008-2016 CSStriker
Me and my imaginary friend rockin out to guitar hero
super, i d love to hear how did you make it
Basically, turn off all the lights and draw the figure with a light pen, then shoot the flash when I get into place to expose for the environment and myself...
This is awesome. ...and you have a great gallery!!
hah ,, Nice shot & Nice friend ,,
haha thats lovely!did u photoshop him in?
I love this! Imaginary friends FTW!