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Rogue wave
Rogue waves (also known as freak waves, monster waves, episodic waves, killer waves, extreme waves, and abnormal waves) are large and spontaneous surface waves that occur far out in open water, and can be extremely dangerous, even to large ships and ocean liners.[2]
Rogue waves present considerable danger for several reasons: they are rare, unpredictable, may appear suddenly or without warning, and can impact with tremendous force. A 12-meter wave in the usual "linear" model would have a breaking force of 6 metric tons per square metre (MT/m2). Although modern ships are designed to tolerate a breaking wave of 15 MT/m2, a rogue wave can dwarf both of these figures with a breaking force of 100 MT/m2.[3]
In oceanography, rogue waves are more precisely defined as waves whose height is more than twice the significant wave height (Hs or SWH), which is itself defined as the mean of the largest third of waves in a wave record. Therefore, rogue waves are not necessarily the biggest waves found on the water; they are, rather, unusually large waves for a given sea state. Rogue waves seem not to have a single distinct cause, but occur where physical factors such as high winds and strong currents cause waves to merge to create a single exceptionally large wave.[2]
Rogue waves can occur in other media than water. In particular, optical rogue waves allow study of the phenomenon in the laboratory. A 2015 paper studied the wave behavior around a rogue wave, including optical, and the Draupner wave, and concluded that "rogue events do not necessarily appear without a warning, but are often preceded by a short phase of relative order".[4]
- 1 Background
- 2 History of rogue wave knowledge
- 3 Occurrence
- 4 Causes
- 5 Scientific applications
- 6 Reported encounters
- 7 Rogue waves and ship design
- 8 See also
- 9 Footnotes
- 10 References
- 11 External links
- 12 Further reading
Rogue waves are an open water phenomenon, in which winds, currents, non-linear phenomena such as solitons, and other circumstances cause a wave to briefly form that is far larger than the "average" large occurring wave (the significant wave height or 'SWH') of that time and place. The basic underlying physics that makes phenomena such as rogue waves possible is that different gravity waves can travel at different speeds, and so they can "pile up" in certain circumstances - known as "constructive interference". (In deep ocean the speed of a gravity wave is proportional to the square root of its wavelength—the distance peak-to-peak.) However other situations can also give rise to rogue waves, particularly situations where non-linear effects or instability effects can cause energy to move between waves and be concentrated in one or very few extremely large waves before returning to "normal" conditions.
Once considered mythical and lacking hard evidence for their existence, rogue waves are now proven to exist and known to be a natural ocean phenomenon. Eyewitness accounts from mariners and damage inflicted on ships have long suggested they occurred; however, their scientific measurement was only positively confirmed following measurements of the "Draupner wave", a rogue wave at the Draupner platform in the North Sea on January 1, 1995, with a maximum wave height of 25.6 metres (84 ft) (peak elevation of 18.5 metres (61 ft)) . During that event, minor damage was also inflicted on the platform, far above sea level, confirming that the reading was valid. Their existence has also since been confirmed by satellite imagery of the ocean surface.[5]
A rogue wave is a natural ocean phenomenon that is not caused by land movement, only lasts briefly, occurs in a limited location, and most often happens far out at sea.[2] Rogue waves are considered rare but potentially very dangerous, since they can involve the spontaneous formation of massive waves far beyond the usual expectations of ship designers, and can overwhelm the usual capabilities of ocean-going vessels which are not designed for such encounters.
Rogue waves are therefore distinct from tsunamis.[2] Tsunamis are caused by massive displacement of water, often resulting from sudden movement of the ocean floor, after which they propagate at high speed over a wide area. They are nearly unnoticeable in deep water and only become dangerous as they approach the shoreline and the ocean floor becomes shallower;[6] therefore tsunamis do not present a threat to shipping at sea (the only ships lost in the 2004 Asian tsunami were in port). They are also distinct from megatsunamis, which are single massive waves caused by sudden impact, such as meteor impact or landslides within enclosed or limited bodies of water. They are also different from the waves described as "hundred-year waves", which is a purely statistical prediction of the highest wave likely to occur in a hundred-year period in a particular body of water.
In February 2000, a British oceanographic research vessel, the RRS Discovery, sailing in the Rockall Trough west of Scotland encountered the largest waves ever recorded by scientific instruments in the open ocean, with a SWH of 18.5 metres (61 ft) and individual waves up to 29.1 metres (95 ft).[7] "In 2004 scientists using three weeks of radar images from European Space Agency satellites found ten rogue waves, each 25 metres (82 ft) or higher."[8]
Rogue waves have now been proven to be the cause of the sudden loss of some ocean-going vessels. Well documented instances include the freighter MS München, lost in 1978[9] and the MV Derbyshire lost in 1980, the largest British ship ever lost at sea.[10][11] A rogue wave has been implicated in the loss of other vessels including the Ocean Ranger which was a semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit that sank in Canadian waters on 15 February 1982.[12] In 2007 the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration compiled a catalogue of more than 50 historical incidents probably associated with rogue waves.[13]
History of rogue wave knowledge[edit]
It is common for mid-ocean storm waves to reach 7 metres (23 ft) in height, and in extreme conditions such waves can reach heights of 15 metres (49 ft). However, for centuries maritime folklore told of the existence of much larger waves — up to 30 metres (98 ft) in height (approximately the height of a 10-story building) — that could appear without warning in mid-ocean, against the prevailing current and wave direction, and often in perfectly clear weather. Such waves were said to consist of an almost vertical wall of water preceded by a trough so deep that it was referred to as a "hole in the sea"; a ship encountering a wave of such magnitude would be unlikely to survive the tremendous pressures exerted by the weight of the breaking water, and would almost certainly be sunk in a matter of seconds or minutes.[citation needed]
Some research confirms that observed wave height distribution in general follows well the Rayleigh distribution, but in shallow waters during high energy events, extremely high waves are more rare than this particular model predicts.[8]
Rogue waves seem to occur in all of the world's oceans many times every year. In 2004 the ESA MaxWave project identified more than ten individual giant waves above 25 metres in height during a short survey period. The ESA's ERS satellites have helped to establish the widespread existence of these 'rogue' waves.[14][15]
Rogue waves may also occur in lakes. A phenomenon known as the "Three Sisters" is said to occur in Lake Superior when a series of three large waves forms. The second wave hits the ship's deck before the first wave clears. The third incoming wave adds to the two accumulated backwashes and suddenly overloads the ship deck with tons of water. The phenomenon was implicated in the sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald on Lake Superior in November 1975.[16]
In the course of Project MaxWave, researchers from the GKSS Research Centre, using data collected by ESA satellites, identified a large number of radar signatures that have been portrayed as evidence for rogue waves. Further research is under way to develop better methods of translating the radar echoes into sea surface elevation, but at present this technique is not proven.[14][17]
Because the phenomenon of rogue waves is still a matter of active research, it is premature to state clearly what the most common causes are or whether they vary from place to place. The areas of highest predictable risk appear to be where a strong current runs counter to the primary direction of travel of the waves; the area near Cape Agulhas off the southern tip of Africa is one such area; the warm Agulhas Current runs to the southwest, while the dominant winds are westerlies. However, since this thesis does not explain the existence of all waves that have been detected, several different mechanisms are likely, with localised variation. Suggested mechanisms for freak waves include the following:
- Diffractive focusing
- According to this hypothesis, coast shape or seabed shape directs several small waves to meet in phase. Their crest heights combine to create a freak wave.[18]
- Focusing by currents
- Waves from one current are driven into an opposing current. This results in shortening of wavelength, causing shoaling (i.e., increase in wave height), and oncoming wave trains to compress together into a rogue wave.[18] This happens off the South African coast, where the Agulhas Current is countered by westerlies.
- Nonlinear effects (modulational instability)
- It seems possible to have a rogue wave occur by natural, nonlinear processes from a random background of smaller waves.[9] In such a case, it is hypothesised, an unusual, unstable wave type may form which 'sucks' energy from other waves, growing to a near-vertical monster itself, before becoming too unstable and collapsing shortly after. One simple model for this is a wave equation known as the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS), in which a normal and perfectly accountable (by the standard linear model) wave begins to 'soak' energy from the waves immediately fore and aft, reducing them to minor ripples compared to other waves. The NLS can be used in deep water conditions. In shallow water, waves are described by the Korteweg–de Vries equation or the Boussinesq equation. These equations also have non-linear contributions and show solitary-wave solutions. A small-scale rogue wave consistent with the nonlinear Schrödinger equation was produced in a laboratory water tank in 2011.[19] In particular, the study of solitons, and especially Peregrine solitons, have supported the idea that non-linear effects could arise in bodies of water.
- Normal part of the wave spectrum
- Rogue waves are not freaks at all but are part of normal wave generation process, albeit a rare extremity.[18]
- Wind waves
- While it is unlikely that wind alone can generate a rogue wave, its effect combined with other mechanisms may provide a fuller explanation of freak wave phenomena. As wind blows over the ocean, energy is transferred to the sea surface. When strong winds from a storm happen to blow in the opposing direction of the ocean current the forces might be strong enough to randomly generate rogue waves. Theories of instability mechanisms for the generation and growth of wind waves—although not on the causes of rogue waves—are provided by Phillips[20] and Miles.[21]
- Thermal expansion
- When a stable wave group in a warm water column moves into a cold water column the size of the waves must change because energy must be conserved in the system. So each wave in the wave group become smaller because cold water holds more wave energy based on density. The waves are now spaced further apart and because of gravity they will propagate into more waves to fill up the space and become a stable wave group. If a stable wave group exists in cold water and moves into a warm water column the waves will get larger and the wavelength will be shorter. The waves will seek equilibrium by attempting to displace the waves amplitude because of gravity. However, by starting with a stable wave group the wave energy can displace towards the center of the group. If both the front and back of the wave group are displacing energy towards the center it can become a rogue wave. This would happen only if the wave group is very large.
The spatio-temporal focusing seen in the NLS equation can also occur when the nonlinearity is removed. In this case, focusing is primarily due to different waves coming into phase, rather than any energy transfer processes. Further analysis of rogue waves using a fully nonlinear model by R.H. Gibbs (2005) brings this mode into question, as it is shown that a typical wavegroup focuses in such a way as to produce a significant wall of water, at the cost of a reduced height.
A rogue wave, and the deep trough commonly seen before and after it, may last only for some minutes before either breaking, or reducing in size again. Apart from one single rogue wave, the rogue wave may be part of a wave packet consisting of a few rogue waves. Such rogue wave groups have been observed in nature.[22]
There are three categories of freak waves:
- "Walls of water" travelling up to 10 km (6 mi)[citation needed] through the ocean
- "Three Sisters", groups of three waves[23]
- Single, giant storm waves, building up to fourfold the storm's waves height and collapsing after some seconds[24]
A research group at the Umeå University, Sweden in August 2006 showed that normal stochastic wind driven waves can suddenly give rise to monster waves. The nonlinear evolution of the instabilities was investigated by means of direct simulations of the time-dependent system of nonlinear equations.[25]
Scientific applications[edit]
The possibility of the artificial stimulation of rogue wave phenomena has attracted research funding from DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense. Bahram Jalali and other researchers at UCLA studied microstructured optical fibers near the threshold of soliton supercontinuum generation and observed rogue wave phenomena. After modelling the effect, the researchers announced that they had successfully characterized the proper initial conditions for generating rogue waves in any medium.[26] Additional works carried out in optics have pointed out the role played by a nonlinear structure called Peregrine soliton that may explain those waves that appear and disappear without leaving a trace.[27][28]
Reported encounters[edit]
It should be noted that many of these encounters are only reported in the media, and are not examples of open ocean rogue waves. Often, in popular culture, an endangering huge wave is loosely denoted as a rogue wave, while it has not been (and most often cannot be) established that the reported event is a rogue wave in the scientific sense — i.e. of a very different nature in characteristics as the surrounding waves in that sea state and with very low probability of occurrence (according to a Gaussian process description as valid for linear wave theory).
This section lists a limited selection of notable incidents.
19th century[edit]
- The Eagle Island lighthouse (1861) – water broke the glass of the structure's east tower and flooded it, implying a wave that surmounted the 40 m (130 ft) cliff and overwhelmed the 26 m (85 ft) tower.[29]
- Flannan Isles (1900) – three lighthouse keepers vanished after a storm that resulted in wave-damaged equipment being found 34 metres (112 ft) above sea level.[30][31]
20th century[edit]
- SS Kronprinz Wilhelm, September 18, 1901 – the most modern German ocean liner of its time (winner of the Blue Riband) was damaged on its maiden voyage from Cherbourg to New York by a huge wave. The wave struck the ship head-on.[32]
- SS Waratah - In 1909, it left Durban, South Africa with 211 passengers and crew but did not reach Cape Town, South Africa.[2]
- Voyage of the James Caird - In 1916 Sir Ernest Shackleton encountered a wave he termed "gigantic" while piloting a lifeboat/whaler from Elephant Island to South Georgia Island.[33]
- USS Ramapo (1933) – triangulated at 112 feet (34 m).[34]
- RMS Queen Mary (1942) – broadsided by a 92-foot (28 m) wave and listed briefly about 52 degrees before slowly righting.[35]
- SS Flying Enterprise (1951) – Ripped apart amidships and eventually sank 40 miles (64 km) from Falmouth, England.
- SS Michelangelo (1966) – hole torn in superstructure, heavy glass smashed 80 feet (24 m) above the waterline, and three deaths.[34]
- SS Edmund Fitzgerald (1975) – lost on Lake Superior. A Coast Guard report blamed water entry to the hatches, which gradually filled the hold, or alternatively errors in navigation or charting causing damage from running onto shoals. However, another nearby ship, the SS Arthur M. Anderson, was hit at a similar time by two rogue waves and possibly a third, and this appeared to coincide with the sinking around ten minutes later.[16]
- MS München (1978) – lost at sea leaving only "a few bits of wreckage" and signs of sudden damage including extreme forces 66 feet (20 m) above the water line. Although more than one wave was probably involved, this remains the most likely sinking due to a freak wave.[9]
- Esso Languedoc A 25-to-30-metre (80 to 100 ft) wave washed across the deck from the stern of the French supertanker near Durban, South Africa, and was photographed by the first mate, Philippe Lijour, in 1980.[36]
- Fastnet Lighthouse Struck by 48 m (157 ft) wave in 1985 [37]
- MV Derbyshire (1980) 91,655 GRT bulk freighter - the largest British ship ever lost at sea - disappears without trace during Typhoon Orchid on 9 September 1980, with the loss of 44 lives. Wreck located and extensively surveyed in 1994. One subsequent analysis (which won the 2001 Royal Institution of Naval Architects award for excellence) demonstrated 1) that given the weather conditions pertaining, Derbyshire would almost certainly have encountered waves of at least 28 metres (92 ft), and 2) that even a much smaller rogue wave would have easily destroyed one or more of Derbyshire's cargo hatch covers, leading to the rapid loss of the ship.[38]
- Draupner wave (North Sea, 1995) – First rogue wave confirmed with scientific evidence, it had a maximum height of 25.6 metres (84 ft).[39]
- RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 – North Atlantic, September 1995, 29-metre (95 ft) wave, during Hurricane Luis: The Master said it "came out of the darkness" and "looked like the White Cliffs of Dover." [3] Newspaper reports at the time described the cruise liner as attempting to "surf" the near-vertical wave in order not to be sunk.
21st century[edit]
- MS Bremen and Caledonian Star (South Atlantic, 2001) encountered 30-metre (98 ft) freak waves. Bridge windows on both ships were smashed, and all power and instrumentation lost.[3][dead link]
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory ocean-floor pressure sensors detected a freak wave caused by Hurricane Ivan in the Gulf of Mexico, 2004. The wave was around 27.7 metres (91 ft) high from peak to trough, and around 200 metres (660 ft) long.[40]
- Norwegian Dawn, (Georgia [US], 2005) On April 16, 2005, after sailing into rough weather off the coast of Georgia, Norwegian Dawn encountered a series of three 70-foot (21 m) rogue waves. The third wave damaged several windows on the 9th and 10th decks and several decks were flooded. Damage, however, was not extensive and the ship was quickly repaired.[41] Four passengers were slightly injured in this incident.[42]
- Aleutian Ballad, (Bering Sea, 2005) footage of what is identified as a 60-foot (18 m) wave appears in an episode of Deadliest Catch. The wave strikes the ship at night and cripples the vessel, causing the boat to tip for a short period onto its side. This is one of the few video recordings of what might be a rogue wave.[43]
- In 2006, researchers from U.S. Naval Institute theorise rogue waves may be responsible for the unexplained loss of low-flying aircraft, such as U.S. Coast Guard helicopters during Search and Rescue missions.[44]
- On January 24, 2009 the Augusto González de Linares buoy, located 22 miles north of Santander, Spain reported a wave of 26.13 meters, equivalent to 8 floors high, during a storm.[45]
- MS Louis Majesty (Mediterranean Sea, March 2010) was struck by three successive 8-metre (26 ft) waves while crossing the Gulf of Lion on a Mediterranean cruise between Cartagena and Marseille. Two passengers were killed by flying glass when a lounge window was shattered by the second and third waves. The waves, which struck without warning, were all abnormally high in respect to the sea swell at the time of the incident.[46][47]
- The Spanish Deepwater Buoys Network, in January 2014, measured a wave height of 27.81 metres (91.2 ft). The data was taken at the buoy Vilán-Sisargas (Cape Vilan) in Galicia (Spain) during the winter storms, which were particularly severe in Atlantic waters.[48]
- MS Marco Polo was struck by a rogue wave on the English Channel (February 2014), and killed a 85-year-old man and injured a woman in her 70s.[49]
Rogue waves and ship design[edit]
Scientific acknowledgement of the existence of rogue waves is a relatively recent paradigm. In 1826 the famous French scientist and naval officer, Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville reported waves as high as '33 metres' in the Indian Ocean with three colleagues as witnesses, yet he was publicly ridiculed by François Arago, the 25th Prime Minister of France. In that era it was widely held that no wave could exceed 30 feet.[50][35] That opinion persisted until recently because most scientists did not believe they existed. Casey recently wrote that much of that disbelief came because there were very few people who had seen a rogue wave, and people who encountered 100-foot [30.5-metre] rogue waves generally weren't coming back to tell people about it.[51]
The loss of the MS München in 1978 provided some of the first physical evidence of the existence of rogue waves. The MS München was a state-of-the-art cargo ship with multiple water-tight compartments, an expert crew and was considered unsinkable. It was lost with all crew. The key evidence found was the starboard lifeboat which was recovered from the wreckage. The lifeboat hangs from forward and aft blocks 20 metres above the waterline. The pins had been bent back from forward to aft, indicating the lifeboat hanging below it had been struck by a wave that had run from fore to aft of the ship which had torn the lifeboat from the ship. To exert such force the wave must have been considerably higher than 20m. At that time, the existence of rogue waves was considered so statistically unlikely as to be near impossible. Consequently the Maritime Court investigation concluded that the severe weather had somehow created an 'unusual event' that had led to the sinking of the München.[9][52]
Oceanographers, meteorologists and ship designers at that time used a mathematical system commonly called the Gaussian Sea (or standard linear model) to predict wave height.[53] This model assumes that waves vary in a regular way around the average (so-called 'significant') wave height. In a storm sea with a significant wave height of 12m, the model suggests there will hardly ever be a wave higher than 15m. One of 30m could indeed happen - but only once in ten thousand years (of wave height of 12m). The science has now developed to acknowledge the existence of rogue waves despite the fact that they cannot plausibly be explained by even state-of-the-art wave statistics.[54] Most popular texts on oceanography up until the mid 1990's such as that by Pirie made no mention of rogue or freak waves.[55] The popular text on Oceanography by Gross (1996) only gave rogue waves a mention and stated that Under extraordinary circumstances unusually large waves called rogue waves can form without providing any further detail.[56] From about 1997 most leading authors acknowledged the existence of rogue waves with the caveat that wave models had been unable to replicate rogue waves.[35] The first scientific research which comprehensively proved that waves exist that are clearly outside the range of Gaussian waves was published in 1997.[57]
The loss in 1980 of the MV Derbyshire during Typhoon Orchid south of Japan with the loss of all crew marked a turning point for ship design. The Derbyshire was an ore-bulk-oil combination carrier built in 1976 and was only a few years old. The carrier was relatively new and at 91,655 gross register tons, she was—and remains—the largest British ship ever to have been lost at sea. The wreck was found in June 1994. The survey team deployed a remotely operated vehicle to photograph the wreck. A private report was published in 1998 which prompted the British government to reopen a formal investigation into the sinking. The British government investigation included a comprehensive survey by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution which took 135,774 pictures of the wreck during two surveys. The formal investigation concluded that the ship sank because of structural failure and absolved the crew of any responsibility. A third comprehensive analysis was subsequently done by Douglas Faulkner, professor of marine architecture and ocean engineering at the University of Glasgow. His highly analytical and scientific report published in 2001 examined and linked the loss of the MV Derbyshire with what he called the emerging body of scientific evidence regarding the mechanics of freak waves. Professor Faulkner concluded that it was almost certain that Derbyshire would have encountered a wave of sufficient size to destroy her. Faulkner's conclusions have not been refuted in the more than 15 years since they were first presented, indeed subsequent analysis by others has corroborated his findings. Faulkner's finding that the Derbyshire was lost because of a rogue wave has had widespread implications on ship design.[10] Faulkner has subsequently proposed the need for a paradigm shift in thinking for the design of ships and offshore installations to include what he calls a Survival Design approach additional to current design requirements.[11][58] [59][60]
In 1995, additional strong scientific evidence came with the recording of what is universally known as the Draupner wave. The Draupner was an oil-drilling platform operated by Statoil about 100 miles off the tip of Norway. The rig was built to withstand a calculated 1 in 10,000 years wave with a predicted height of 64-feet and was also fitted with state-of-the-art laser wave recorder on the platform's underside. At 3 p.m. on 1 January 1995 it recorded an 85-foot rogue wave that hit the rig at 45 mph. This was the first confirmed measurement of a freak wave, more than twice as tall and steep as its neighbors with characteristics that fell outside any known wave model.[61]
Since the mid-1990's there has been considerable research on extreme or rogue waves, and it is now proven via satellite radar studies that waves with crest to trough heights of 20 to 30 meters, occur far more frequently than previously thought.[62]
In 2000 the British oceanographic vessel RRS Discovery (1962) recorded a 29-metre wave off the coast of Scotland near Rockall. This was a scientific research vessel and was fitted with high quality instruments. The subsequent analysis determined that under severe gale force conditions with wind speeds averaging 21 metres per second (m/s) a ship-borne wave recorder measured individual waves up to 29.1 m from crest to trough, and a maximum significant wave height of 18.5 m. These were some of the largest waves recorded by scientific instruments up to that time. The authors noted that modern wave prediction models are known to significantly under-predict extreme sea states for waves with a 'significant' height (Hs) above 12 m. The analysis of this event took a number of years, and noted that none of the state-of-the-art weather forecasts and wave models—the information upon which all ships, oil rigs, fisheries, and passenger boats rely—had predicted these behemoths. Put simply, a scientific model (and also ship design method) to describe the waves encountered did not exist. This finding was widely reported in the press which reported that according to all of the theoretical models at the time under this particular set of weather conditions waves of this size should not have existed.[2][7][61][63][51]
More recent work by Smith in 2007 confirmed prior work by Faulkner in 1998 and determined that the MV Derbyshire was exposed to a Hydrostatic pressure of a Static head of water of about 20 m with a resultant static pressure of 201 kN/m2.[nb 1] This is in effect 20 metres of green water (huge rogue wave) flowing over the vessel. The deck cargo hatches on the Derbyshire were determined to be the key point of failure when the rogue wave washed over the ship. The design of the hatches only allowed for a static pressure of less than two metres of water or 17.1 kN/m2,[nb 2] in other words the typhoon load on the hatches was more than ten (10) times the design load. The structural analysis of the wreck of the Derbyshire is now widely regarded as irrefutable.[62]
In addition fast moving waves are now known to also exert extremely high dynamic pressure. It is known that plunging or breaking waves can cause short-lived impulse pressure spikes called Gifle peaks. These can reach pressures of 200 kN/m2 (or more) for milliseconds which is sufficient pressure to lead to brittle fracture of mild steel. Evidence of failure by this mechanism was also found on the Derbyshire.[10] Smith has documented scenarios where hydrodynamic pressure of up to 5,650 kN/m2 or over 500 metric tonnes per square metre could occur.[nb 3][62]
In November 1997 the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted new rules covering survivability and structural requirements for bulk carriers of 150 metres and upwards. The bulkhead and double bottom must be strong enough to allow the ship to survive flooding in hold one unless loading is restricted.[64]
As the science of rogue waves has developed, so too has ship design. It is now widely held that rogue waves present considerable danger for several reasons: they are rare, unpredictable, may appear suddenly or without warning, and can impact with tremendous force. A 12-meter wave in the usual "linear" model would have a breaking force of 6 metric tons per square metre (MT/m2). Although modern ships are designed to (typically) tolerate a breaking wave of 15 MT/m2, a rogue wave can dwarf both of these figures with a breaking force far exceeding 100 MT/m2.[3][nb 4] Smith has presented calculations using the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) Common Structural Rules (CSR) for a typical bulk carrier which are consistent.[nb 5][62]
Challenor, a leading scientists in this field has stated that We don't have that random messy theory for nonlinear waves. At all he says. People have been working actively on this for the past 50 years at least. We don't even have the start of a theory.[61][51]
In 2006 Smith proposed that the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) recommendation 34 pertaining to standard wave data be modified so that the minimum design wave height be increased to 65 feet. He presented analysis that there was sufficient evidence to conclude that 66-foot high waves can be experienced in the 25-year lifetime of oceangoing vessels, and that 98-foot high waves are less likely, but not out of the question. Therefore a design criterion based on 36-foot high waves seems inadequate when the risk of losing crew and cargo is considered. Smith has also proposed that the dynamic force of wave impacts should be included in the structural analysis.[65]
It is notable that the Norwegian offshore standards now take into account extreme severe wave conditions and require that a 10,000-year wave does not endanger the ships integrity.[66] Rosenthal notes that as at 2005 rogue waves were not explicitly accounted for in Classification Societies' Rules for ships' design.[66] As an example, DNV GL, one of the world's largest international certification body and classification society with main expertise in technical assessment, advisory, and risk management publishes their Structure Design Load Principles which remain largely based on the 'Significant Wave height' and as at January 2016 still has not included any allowance for rogue waves.[67]
The U.S. Navy historically took the design position that the largest wave likely to be encountered was 21.4 m (70 ft). Smith observed in 2007 that the navy now believes that larger waves can occur and the possibility of extreme waves that are steeper (i.e. do not have longer wavelengths) is now recognized. The navy has not had to make any fundamental changes in ship design as a consequence of new knowledge of waves greater than 21.4 m (70 ft) because they build to higher standards.[62]
A characteristic of the shipping industry is that there are no uniform codes or international standards. There are more than 50 classification societies worldwide, each has different rules. Ship design has historically largely been led by the ship insurers who inspected, classified and insured vessels. Hence the widespread adoption of new rules to allow for the existence of rogue waves is likely to take many years.[62]
See also[edit]
- ^ A failure load pressure of 201 kN/m2 is the same as 20,500 kgf/m2 or 20.5 Mt/m2 (metric tonnes per square metre).
- ^ A design load pressure (of the hatches) of 17.1 kN/m2 is the same as 1,744 kgf/m2 or 1.7 Mt/m2 (metric tonnes per square metre).
- ^ A hydrostatic pressure of 5,650 kN/m2 is the same as 576,100 kgf/m2 or 576.1 Mt/m2 (metric tonnes per square metre).
- ^ Note that MT/m refers to metric tonnes per square metre.
- ^ Smith has presented calculations for a hypothetical bulk carrier with a length of 275m and a displacement of 161,000 metric tonnes, the design Hydrostatic pressure, 8.75 m below waterline is 88 kN/m2 or 88 kPa or 8.9 MT/m2 (metric tonnes per square metre). For the same carrier the design Hydrodynamic pressure is 122 kN/m2 or 122 kPa or 12,440 kgf/m2 (kilograms of force per square metre) or 12.44 Mt/m2 (metric tonnes per square metre).
- ^ Haver, Sverre (2003). Freak wave event at Draupner jacket January 1 1995 (PDF) (Report). Statoil, Tech. Rep. PTT-KU-MA. Retrieved 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "Monsters of the deep -- Huge, freak waves may not be as rare as once thought". Economist Magazine. September 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^ a b c d Freak waves PDF (1.07 MiB), Beacon #185, Skuld, June 2005 Archived page
- ^ Predictability of Rogue Events, Simon Birkholz, Carsten Brée, Ayhan Demircan, and Günter Steinmeyer, Physics Review Letters 114, 213901, 28 May 2015
- ^ "Freak waves spotted from space". BBC News. July 22, 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ "Physics of Tsunamis". NOAA.gov. US Dept of Commerce. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
They can not be felt aboard ships nor can they be seen from the air in the open ocean.
- ^ a b Holliday, NP, MJ Yelland, RW Pascal, VR Swail, PK Taylor, CR Griffiths, and EC Kent (2006). Were extreme waves in the Rockall Trough the largest ever recorded? Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, L05613
- ^ a b Laird, Anne Marie (December 2006). "Observed Statistics of Extreme Waves". Doctoral dissertation, Monterey, California Naval Postgraduate School: 2.
- ^ a b c d "Freak Wave - programme summary". http://www.bbc.co.uk/. BBC. 14 November 2002. Retrieved 15 January 2016. External link in
- ^ a b c Faulkner, Douglas (1998). An Independent Assessment of the Sinking of the M.V. Derbyshire. SNAME Transactions, Royal Institution of Naval Architects. pp. 59–103.
The author's starting point therefore was to look for an extraordinary cause. He reasoned that nothing could be more extraordinary than the violence of a fully arisen and chaotic storm tossed sea. He therefore studied the meteorology of revolving tropical storms and freak waves and found that steep elevated waves of 25 m to 30 m or more were quite likely to have occurred during typhoon Orchid.
- ^ a b Faulkner, Douglas (2000). Rogue Waves - Defining Their Characteristics for Marine Design (PDF). Rogue Waves 2000 Workshop. Brest: French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea. p. 16. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
This paper introduces the need for a paradigm shift in thinking for the design of ships and offshore installations to include a Survival Design approach additional to current design requirements.
- ^ Royal Commission on the Ocean Ranger Marine Disaster (Canada) (1985). Safety offshore Eastern Canada, summary of studies & seminars. The Commission.
- ^ Liu, Paul C. (2007). "A Chronology of Freaque Wave Encounters" (PDF). Geofizika 24 (1): 57–70. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
- ^ a b "Critical review on potential use of satellite date to find rogue waves" (PDF). European Space Agency SEASAR 2006 proceedings. April 2006. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
- ^ "Observing the Earth: Ship-Sinking Monster Waves revealed by ESA Satellites". www.ESA.int. ESA. 21 July 2004. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ a b Wolff, Julius F. (1979). "Lake Superior Shipwrecks", p. 28. Lake Superior Marine Museum Association, Inc., Duluth, Minnesota, USA. ISBN 0-932212-18-8.
- ^ "Freak waves spotted from space". BBC News Online. 22 July 2004. Retrieved May 8, 2006.
- ^ a b c "Rogue Waves". Ocean Prediction Center. National Weather Service. April 22, 2005. Retrieved May 8, 2006.
- ^ Adrian Cho (13 May 2011). "Ship in Bottle, Meet Rogue Wave in Tub". Science Now 332: 774. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
- ^ Phillips 1957, Journal of Fluid Mechanics
- ^ Miles, 1957, Journal of Fluid Mechanics
- ^ Frederic-Moreau. The Glorious Three, translated by M. Olagnon and G.A. Chase / Rogue Waves-2004, Brest, France
- ^ Endeavour or Caledonian Star report, March 2, 2001, 53°03′S 63°35′W / 53.050°S 63.583°W
- ^ MS Bremen report, February 22, 2001, 45°54′S 38°58′W / 45.900°S 38.967°W
- ^ P. K. Shukla, I. Kourakis, B. Eliasson, M. Marklund and L. Stenflo: "Instability and Evolution of Nonlinearly Interacting Water Waves" nlin.CD/0608012, Physical Review Letters (2006)
- ^ R. Colin Johnson (December 24, 2007). "EEs Working With Optical Fibers Demystify 'Rogue Wave' Phenomenon". Electronic Engineering Times (1507): 14, 16.
- ^ Kibler, B.; Fatome, J.; Finot, C.; Millot, G.; Dias, F.; Genty, G.; Akhmediev, N.; Dudley, J.M. (2010). "The Peregrine soliton in nonlinear fibre optics". Nature Physics 6 (10). Bibcode:2010NatPh...6..790K. doi:10.1038/nphys1740.
- ^ "Peregrine's 'Soliton' observed at last". bris.ac.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ "Eagle Island Lighthouse". Commissioners of Irish Lights. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. pp. 329–31. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
- ^ Munro, R.W. (1979) Scottish Lighthouses. Stornoway. Thule Press. ISBN 0-906191-32-7. Munro (1979) pages 170-1
- ^ The New York Times, September 26, 1901, p. 16
- ^ [1], Müller, et al., "Rogue Waves," 2005
- ^ a b Rogue Giants at Sea, Broad, William J, New York Times, July 11, 2006
- ^ a b c Bruce Parker (13 March 2012). The Power of the Sea: Tsunamis, Storm Surges, Rogue Waves, and Our Quest to Predict Disasters. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-230-11224-7.
- ^ "Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites", ESA News, July 21, 2004, accessed June 18, 2010 [2]
- ^ "The Story of the Fastnet - The Economist Magazine December 18th 2008" [3]
- ^ Douglas Faulkner, "An Analytical Assessment of the Sinking of the M.V. Derbyshire," RINA Transactions 2001, Royal Institution of Naval Architects.
- ^ http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMOKQL26WD_index_0.html
- ^ Hurricane Ivan prompts rogue wave rethink, The Register, 5 August 2005
- ^ Reuters (April 18, 2005). Freak wave pummels cruise ship.
- ^ "NTSB – Brief MAB-05/03". Archived from the original on 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
- ^ Deadliest Catch Season 2, Episode 4 "Finish Line" Original airdate: April 28, 2006; approx time into episode: 0:40:00–0:42:00. Edited footage viewable online at Discovery.com
- ^ Monster waves threaten rescue helicopters PDF (35.7 KiB), U.S. Naval Institute, December 15, 2006
- ^ "Olas de récord en Cantabria". El Diario Montañés. 3 February 2009.
- ^ "Dos muertos y 16 heridos por una ola gigante en un crucero con destino a Cartagena". La Vanguardia. 3 March 2010.
- ^ "Giant rogue wave slams into ship off French coast, killing 2". FoxNews. 3 March 2010.
- ^ "Nuevo récord de altura de ola máxima registrada en España". Puertos del Estado. 21 October 2014.
- ^ Jivanda, Tomas (15 February 2014). "UK weather: Man killed after huge wave breaks window of cruise ship Marco Polo in English Channel as storms set to continue". The Independent. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ^ Ian Jones; Joyce Jones (2008). Oceanography in the Days of Sail (PDF). Hale & Iremonger. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-9807445-1-4.
Dumont d'Urville, in his narrative, expressed the opinion that the waves reached a height of 'at least 80 to 100 feet'. In an era when opinions were being expressed that no wave would exceed 30 feet, Dumont d'Urville's estimations were received, it seemed, with some scepticism. No one was more outspoken in his rejection than François Arago, who, calling for a more scientific approach to the estimation of wave height in his instructions for the physical research on the voyage of the Bonité, suggested that imagination played a part in estimations as high as '33 metres' (108 feet). Later, in his 1841 report on the results of the Vénus expedition, Arago made further reference to the 'truly prodigious waves with which the lively imagination of certain navigators delights in covering the seas'
- ^ a b c Susan Casey (2010). The Wave: In the Pursuit of the Rogues, Freaks and Giants of the Ocean. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-66667-1.
- ^ Keith McCloskey (15 July 2014). The Lighthouse: The Mystery of the Eilean Mor Lighthouse Keepers. History Press Limited. ISBN 978-0-7509-5741-0.
- ^ Carlos Guedes Soares; T.A. Santos (3 October 2014). Maritime Technology and Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-315-73159-9.
- ^ John H. Steele; Steve A. Thorpe; Karl K. Turekian (26 August 2009). Elements of Physical Oceanography: A derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-375721-0.
- ^ Robert Gordon Pirie (1996). Oceanography: Contemporary Readings in Ocean Sciences. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508768-0.
- ^ M. Grant Gross (1 March 1996). Oceanography. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-237454-5.
- ^ Skourup, J; Hansen, N.-E. O.; Andreasen, K. K. (1997-08-01). "Non-Gaussian Extreme Waves in the Central North Sea". Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (ASME). doi:10.1115/1.2829061. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
The area of the Central North Sea is notorious for the occurrence of very high waves in certain wave trains. The short-term distribution of these wave trains includes waves which are far steeper than predicted by the Rayleigh distribution. Such waves are often termed "extreme waves" or "freak waves." An analysis of the extreme statistical properties of these waves has been made. The analysis is based on more than 12 yr of wave records from the Mærsk Olie og Gas AS operated Gorm Field which is located in the Danish sector of the Central North Sea. From the wave recordings more than 400 freak wave candidates were found. The ratio between the extreme crest height and the significant wave height (20-min value) has been found to be about 1.8, and the ratio between extreme crest height and extreme wave height has been found to be 0.69. The latter ratio is clearly outside the range of Gaussian waves, and it is higher than the maximum value for steep nonlinear long-crested waves, thus indicating that freak waves are not of a permanent form, and probably of short-crested nature. The extreme statistical distribution is represented by a Weibull distribution with an upper bound, where the upper bound is the value for a depth-limited breaking wave. Based on the measured data, a procedure for determining the freak wave crest height with a given return period is proposed. A sensitivity analysis of the extreme value of the crest height is also made.
- ^ Brown, David (1998). "The Loss of the 'DERBYSHIRE'" (Technical Report). Crown.
- ^ "Ships and Seafarers (Safety)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 25 June 2002. col. 193WH–215WH.
The MV Derbyshire was registered at Liverpool and, at the time, was the largest ship ever built: it was twice the size of the Titanic.
- ^ a b c "The last word: Terrors of the sea". http://theweek.com/. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2016. External link in
- ^ a b c d e f Smith, Craig (2007). Extreme Waves and Ship Design (PDF). 10th International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures. Houston: American Bureau of Shipping. p. 8. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Recent research has demonstrated that extreme waves, waves with crest to trough heights of 20 to 30 meters, occur more frequently than previously thought.
- ^ Holliday, N.P.; Yelland, M.Y.; Pascal, R.; Swail, V.; Taylor, P.K.; Griffiths, C.R.; Kent, E.C. (2006). "Were extreme waves in the Rockall Trough the largest ever recorded?". Geophysical Research Letters (Wiley) 33 (5): L05613. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
In February 2000 those onboard a British oceanographic research vessel near Rockall, west of Scotland experienced the largest waves ever recorded by scientific instruments in the open ocean. Under severe gale force conditions with wind speeds averaging 21 ms1 a shipborne wave recorder measured individual waves up to 29.1 m from crest to trough, and a maximum significant wave height of 18.5 m. The fully formed sea developed in unusual conditions as westerly winds blew across the North Atlantic for two days, during which time a frontal system propagated at a speed close to the group velocity of the peak waves. The measurements are compared to a wave hindcast which successfully simulated the arrival of the wave group but underestimated the most extreme waves.
- ^ "Improving the safety of bulk carriers" (PDF). IMO. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ Smith, Craig (2006). Extreme Waves. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 9780309100625.
There is sufficient evidence to conclude that 66-foot high waves can be experienced in the 25-year lifetime of oceangoing vessels, and that 98-foot high waves are less likely, but not out of the question. Therefore a design criterion based on 36-foot high waves seems inadequate when the risk of losing creq and cargo is considered.
- ^ a b Rosenthal, W (2005). "Results of the MAXWAVE project" (PDF). www.soest.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
The Norwegian offshore standards take into account extreme severe wave conditions by requiring that a 10,000-year wave does not endanger the structure's integrity (Accidental Limit State, ALS).
- ^ "Rules for Classification and Construction" (PDF). http://www.gl-group.com/. Hamburg, Germany: Germanischer Lloyd SE. 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
General Terms and Conditions of the respective latest edition will be applicable. See Rules for Classification and Construction, I - Ship Technology, Part 0 - Classification and Surveys.External link in
External links[edit]
|Look up rogue wave in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
MaxWave report and WaveAtlas[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rogue waves.
- Freak waves spotted from space, BBC News Online
- Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites
- MaxWave project
- Rogue Wave Workshop (2005)
- Rogue Waves 2004
- BBC News Report on Wave Research, 21 August 2004
- The BBC's Horizon "Freak waves" first aired in November 2002
- 'Giant Waves on the Open Sea', lecture by Professor Paul H Taylor at Gresham College, 13 May 2008 (available for video, audio or text download)
- TV program description
- Non-technical description of some of the causes of rogue waves
- New Scientist article 06/2001
- Freak Wave Research in Japan
- Rogue Giants at Sea, New York Times, July 11, 2006
- Kristian B. Dysthe; Harald E. Krogstad; Hervé Socquet-Juglard; Karsten Trulsen. "Freak waves, rogue waves, extreme waves and ocean wave climate". Retrieved 2008-11-01. Illustrations of the ways rogue waves can form — with descriptions for layman, photos and animations.
- "The Wave" - photograph of a solitary and isolated rogue wave appearing in otherwise calm ocean waters (photographer: G Foulds)
Further reading[edit]
- Rogue Waves-Monsters of the deep, The Economist, September 17, 2009, p. 94
- Susan Casey (2011). The Wave: In Pursuit of the Rogues, Freaks and Giants of the Ocean. Anchor Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-66668-8.
- Craig B. Smith (2006). Extreme Waves. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. ISBN 0-309-10062-3.


text:
Daniel Robert Parker, 35, of Payson, Ariz., fell off his boat around 8 p.m. Sunday, Lubbock Police Capt. Greg Stevens said.
Lake Alan Henry is a reservoir built for fishing and recreation by the city of Lubbock. It is located about 65 miles southeast of the city in Garza County.
Check Lubbockonline.com for more details as they emerge.
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I'm not entirely satisfied with the design and typography on the First Bloom album. The opportunity came up to have some new CDs made by my record label for promotional purposes, that and I still owed supporters of my Indiegogo campaign another wallpaper so I created all new artwork to go with the new design! The complete CD inserts coming soon. Created with Blender, Photoshop, and Illustrator.
UPDATE: Minor colour tweak.


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ShermansTravel » United States » Florida » Orlando
iStock International
Why GoFor the ability to let your hair down in a one-of-a-kind fantasyland – with or without little ones in tow.
When to Go
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Hold On Tight! The 5 Most Thrilling Theme Park Rides Coming in 2016
December 10, 2015 by Zachary Laks
There's a great deal of excitement in store at some of the country's greatest amusement parks. From rides with featurescompletely novelto the world of roller ... Read More »
No Chains, Please: Where the Locals Eat in Orlando
December 03, 2015 by Kimberly Button
Once only known for chain restaurants and theme park eateries, Orlando has burst onto the foodie scene in just a matter of years -- now home to more James Beard ... Read More »
Deal Alert: Marriott Sale from $134 -- including JW and Autograph Collection
October 28, 2015 by Kristine Hansen
From Orlando to Hawaii to Palm Desert, Marriott Hotels & Resorts is hosting a greatsale this fall. Across 35 properties -- including the company's fancier ... Read More »
5 Theme Parks That Go All Out for Halloween
October 19, 2015 by Zachary Laks
October is whentheme parks across the country don their best Halloween costumes and switch from merely entertaining guests to scaring the wits out of them. From ... Read More »
From $69: Downtown Disney Area Hotels Over Fall (and Epcot Food & Wine Festival)
September 02, 2015 by Christine Dayao
The Epcot International Food and Wine Festival, one of Walt Disney World's most popular annual events, is kicking off on September 25. Just as exciting, to ... Read More »


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This issue of Research Library Issues (no 279) from the Association of Research Libraries, is focused on legal concerns and evolving professional practices around digitizing special collectio…
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text:
Life steeze media vimeo, firstname.lastname@example.com http://www.facebook.com/lifesteezemedia http://vk.com/life.steeze.media join ; log in nikons liked andrey anufriev x lsm 14-15. 11 hours. Lsm pictures, images & photos | photobucket, Browse lsm pictures, photos, images, gifs, and videos on photobucket. Lsm epublications - living stream ministry, Living stream ministry electronic publications. living stream ministry is actively working to produce electronic editions of the ministry of watchman nee and witness.
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Jessie V was one of the hottest porn chicks in the early 2000s
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She also gave one of the best BJ's to vince in Initiations 4? 3? she was blond then
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Your guide to everything in Wales
Sian B Roberts' culinary and historical tour of Cardiff is a must for any Six Nations visitor
As Catherine Zeta-Jones marches onto the big screen in the new Dad's Army remake, we rally the troops to sniff out some behind-the-scenes gossip
One Cardiff hotel is offering you the chance to try their five rugby-themed cocktails
Because who doesn't need a bit of rest and relaxation every now and then?
The popular annual event is returning to Cardiff in April for three days
Put your best foot forward for great days out in stunning scenery as part of the Crickhowell Walking Festival
Walking together is a great way to enjoy quality family time and get some exercise - and best of all it's free
Just because there's no school doesn't mean they have to stop learning now does it?
It's Pancake Day on Tuesday, February 9 and we have a very simple recipe for you to follow
From swanky restaurants to traditional places, these are all great options
Rock, pop, indie, heavy metal and REALLY heavy metal (thanks Slipknot) we've got the pick of February's gigs in Wales
Scottish band Belle and Sebastian will join James Blake and Wild Beasts at the top of this year's Green Man Festival as first 30 acts are announced
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Deviant Art
I Need FeminismI need feminism becauseMore Like This
It's acceptable to call me a slut.
I need feminism because
It's okay for a guy to slap my butt.
I need feminism because
It's my own fault if a man rapes me.
I need feminism because
I should look good for men to see.
I need feminism because
People think it means 'anti-man'.
I need feminism because
I can't do things that men can.
I need feminism because
Girls think it's cool to shame each other.
I need feminism because
The world has higher hopes for my brother.
I need feminism because
My femininity makes me 'weak'.
I need feminism because
If I act masculine I'm a 'freak'.
I need feminism because
My boobs are my 'best quality'.
I need feminism because
I believe in equality.
What If Restaurants Functioned Like Microsoft?Customer: Hey, waiter!More Like This
Waiter: Hello, my name is Bill, and I'll be your support. What seems to be the problem?
Customer: There's a fly in my soup!
Waiter: Take another spoonful, maybe the fly won't be there this time.
Customer: No, it's still there.
Waiter: Maybe it's the way you're eating the soup. Try using a fork instead.
Customer: Even when I use the fork, the fly is still there.
Waiter: Maybe the soup is incompatible with the bowl. What kind of bowl are you using?
Customer: A soup bowl!
Waiter: Hmmm, that should work. Maybe it's a configuration problem. How was the bowl set up?
Customer: You brought it to me on a saucer. What does that have to do with the fly in my soup?
Waiter: Can you remember everything you did before you noticed the fly in your soup?
Customer: I sat down and ordered the Soup of the Day!
Waiter: Have you considered upgrading to the latest Soup of the Day?
Customer: You have more than one Soup of the Day each day?
GG is TIRED of Samus Complaints: A ResponseGaijin Goombah is TIRED of Samus Complaints: A ResponseMore Like This
Someone linked me this video after seeing my Fashion Savvy Samus comic, and it quickly became apparent that a LOT of people defending Samus's god-awful rocket boots were using THIS as their basis for argument. So, since this is the internet, I'm gonna respond to this video interjecting whenever I hear something I agree or disagree with.
1. I agree that we should separate Other M Samus from the rest of cannon based on the fact that it was conceived over a retcon of the character.
2. I agree that a lot of the hatred for Other M Samus came from her BADLY localized English translation and voice acting. I've stated many times that if the game had been left in Japanese with English subtitles, I sincerely doubt as many people would've had a problem with her "monologuing" than they do with the English version.
3. I do not agree that you should be "offended" that mal
(No Subject)I don't want to seem like I've got a "fake geek girl" attitude here, but women who show off tiny little bumps after a meal and squeal, "UGGGH FOOD-BABY AREN'T I JUST ALL GROSS AND FAT OINK OINK" need to fucking stop. Period. It'd be like me saying, "Oh, look at my ginormous boobs! Ugh, my back sure is sore today, must be from carrying my massive hooters!"More Like This
Wowsers...I know people don't like journals about current events and stuff.More Like This
But this fundamentalist pig is really pissing me off. He is literally saying that God just gave him the go ahead to sell the 237 children he kidnapped from a school in Nigeria two weeks ago.
I quote (in translation from Hausa)
"There is a market for selling humans. Allah says I should sell. He commands me to sell. I will sell women. I sell women"
Screw this mofo. The way he makes all those lewd hand gestures while talking about selling children and how education is sinful drove me crazy.
Anyways now there is a twitter hashtag; #BringBackOurGirls so um.. you can go on twitter and hashtag to your heart's content I guess... I dunno if that'll do anything though.
|Sta.sh Submit


text:
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Looking for something special for your next football party? Look no further. Our decorated football strawberries will score you big points with your favorite sports fans. Add an assortment of our dipped cherries, brownie pops, or creamy cheesecakes for a winning combination at game time.
Gatherings with friends and family during the holidays means sharing memories and of course, lots of great food. Let us bring some tasty holiday-inspired sweets to the party or dessert table like our crisp dipped caramel apples, caramel pretzels, chocolate covered graham crackers, and hand-decorated autumn cookie assortments. Celebrate the holiday season with these delicious Christmas desserts.
Not only do we feature some of the best dipped fruit and candies, we also carry a wide variety of beautiful gift baskets filled with award-winning cheeses, the freshest fruits and perfectly roasted nuts. We even offer a selection of elegantly designed corporate gift baskets overflowing with artisan cheeses, smoked salmon and hand-crafted chocolates. Because we select only the best and freshest ingredients when creating our collection of desserts and gourmet gifts, your gourmet gift basket delivery will arrive looking and tasting amazing. Whether you're celebrating a special occasion, sharing your appreciation or sending warm holiday wishes, there's no better way to do it than with one of our exceptional food gifts.


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March 2, 2014
Ian McMackin
Wyoming head coach Larry Shyatt talked to the media after Wyoming's loss to Boise State 72-63, where the Pokes came out on fire behind Josh Adams and let a 17 point lead slip away in Laramie Saturday afternoon. Shyatt comments on the Pokes short bench and other factors in the game. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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Earthquake by monkeyooWatch
©2010-2016 monkeyoo
Yep yep. Everytime i feel an earthquake now, i try to see and wait if it gets violent. Damn u scientists scaring us with the fact of 'the big one'!!!!! D:<
We were driving, soooo, no D= Also I tend not to notice most quakes at all anyway, even when sleeping. I guess I fail or I've lived here too long D=
O.o there was a quake?
Los Angeles, didn't feel a thing ;1
My friend and her mom felt it. But me and my mom didn't!
That little thing got you all worked up? How long you been living in socal?
I could hear shaking, but I didn't notice anything...
o_o I didn't notice it! I was probably in my car and attributed it to that. >_>
Yeppers. A lot of earthquakes this year.
Yeees, it dropped a few things. And my cat growled at it. :]
East coast. Didnt feel a thing.
Weird. Southern San Diego area here, that felt more like an overhead detonation than an actual earthquake. Maybe that was just me.
Since I was in the basement, it just made me and cat aware of it for a little bit. Didn't scare him too much. Though, the way it felt made me think I had a seizure, but I didn't so I'm pretty good.
None of my antiques fell like the previous earthquake.
None of my antiques fell like the previous earthquake.
I felt it, I loved it. <|D
Wtf? I didn't feel anything. Do you live near L.A?
We had lightning shaking up our home up here in Ohio, actually. For years there's been a huge statue of Jesus with his arms up in the air in front of a local church, and tonight it was hit by lightning and burnt down.
I don't WANT to call coincidence, but... lol 2012 incoming.
I don't WANT to call coincidence, but... lol 2012 incoming.
hahaha welcome to my world, and this one was nothing like 3-5 secs max
Yep, I felt it here, too, but it was so gentle and tiny I had to check the water in my fish tank to be sure I didn't just imagine it. Sure enough, it was sloshing back and forth a bit.
nope <:/
mother came in and told me she felt it though
mother came in and told me she felt it though
It was a 5.7. What the hell is going on? We just had like 2 yesterday.
I didn't feel anything! D:
haha, it shook my computer...and the house. 8|


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The race back to the moon! Will Israel be the third nation to arrive?
July 3, 2012 | 6:00 pm
I have always wondered who will be the next to land on the moon. My parents remember vividly when Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1969 and said, "That's... More.


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Taj Mahal - Agra
Elephanta Caves
Goa Beach
Corbett Tiger Reserve
Foreign Tourist @ Humayun Tomb
Camel Safari - Rajasthan
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With 1.7 million freelancers, we'll match you with the perfect talent.
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Connect With Us800-299-9470
How Will My Product(s) Be Delivered?When purchasing a large appliance from AppliancesConnection, a representative will contact you 48 hours prior to arriving to your location to schedule a delivery date and a 4 hour time window. Upon delivery, your product will be unloaded and ready for you to open and inspect. If you have chosen White Glove service, the item will be placed in your room of choice and the debris will be removed.
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Heartwarming: SOS
- Managing to complete the game with the maximum number of survivors, and thus, getting the best ending for each respective character. Due to some annoying lemming-like mentality of the survivors, random falling objects, and struggling to memorize your way around the map, it's extremely difficult to do so, but the endings make the effort so worth it. It gets even better if you manage to save couples, or in one instance, an entire family along the way.
- Arguably the most touching ending is Jeffrey's. Elderly couples almost always end up dead or widowed in disaster stories, and to see both Jeffrey and Adela make it out, and enjoy their remaining years together, is pure heartwarming.
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BMW Drift Thread
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Originally Posted by
Ok guys im back, havent had power for 5 days. That hurricane really f'd us up. But with the welded diff discussion, I run it daily (welded 3.46) And love it. I only get wheel hop turning into parking spots,tight turns, etc. As far as ware goes, im not sure. I run my ccws daily and havent noticed much more wear (ok maybe a little ) but nothing too worry over. Plus if your drifting your tearing through tires anyways so who cares right? lol. But maybe run a harder compound street tire, and whatever youd like to drift on? I'd advise having multiple sets of wheels (for obvious reasons).
Thanks a lot man, this is the info I needed. I have a local place here that I can get tires for super cheap so as long as the tires last relatively well compared to before welding then I'll probably pull the trigger on welding my rear end. Already have 5 style 45s sitting in the garage with hard compounds on them just for this purpose.
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