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Talk:Bryan v. Itasca County
|Bryan v. Itasca County has been listed as one of the Social sciences and society good articles under the good article criteria. If you can improve it further, please do so. If it no longer meets these criteria, you can reassess it.
|This article follows the Law Manual of Style. It uses the Bluebook legal referencing style. This citation style uses standardized abbreviations, such as "N.Y. Times" for The New York Times, and has specific typeface formatting requirements. Please review those standards before making style or formatting changes. Information on this referencing style may be obtained at: Cornell's Basic Legal Citation site.
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GA Review[edit]
- This review is transcluded from Talk:Bryan v. Itasca County/GA1. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.
Reviewer: Aaron north (talk) 17:50, 28 September 2010 (UTC)
I have completed my review. I made several revisions to improve the writing, and in a couple places I have made a few small changes to words and phrases that were perhaps not neutral. This is a decent article which still has some issues that need to be fixed. I believe this can be done if the editors want to work on it, so I will hold this article for up to a week to allow time for improvements. Aaron north (talk) 04:58, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
- Aaron north (talk) 22:55, 5 October 2010 (UTC) Nothing has been done for the week since the review, so I am failing the article today.
- It is reasonably well written.
- It is factually accurate and verifiable.
- a (references): b (citations to reliable sources): c (OR):
- It is broad in its coverage.
- a (major aspects): b (focused):
- It follows the neutral point of view policy.
- Fair representation without bias:
- It is stable.
- No edit wars, etc.:
- It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
- a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
- Overall:
- Pass/Fail:
The following is a list of concerns that I believe need to be satisfied to pass review. If you disagree or believe I made an error, please point that out too. Aaron north (talk) 04:58, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
- idiom in this sentence that should probably be changed: ("This case has become a landmark case that set the stage for Indian gaming on reservations and altered the economic status of almost every Indian tribe.")
- The following sentence looks like it has an error somewhere ("Congress can authorize the states to have some control, and Minnesota is a Public Law 280 state, where Congress has granted the state has criminal and some civil jurisdiction on tribal land and reservations.") I normally prefer to correct minor errors myself, but in this case I am not certain precisely what this sentence was supposed to say, so I'd prefer to leave it to the editors.
- This seems a bit too informal for an encyclopedia entry on a supreme court decision. ("Seck did not know much about Indian law...")
- This: ("This ruling in a challenge to a tax bill of $147.95 had the effect of enabling Indian tribes to earn over $200 billion in gaming revenue."), looks like a literary flourish that should not be in an encyclopedic entry. I would be fine with the sentence if the bolded words were removed, but the inclusion of those words seem to imply that the Indian gaming industry would not have occurred without a tiny property tax bill. This case asked a very basic question that likely would have come up later, and the supreme court knew the stakes were higher than about $150.
- Given that the Bryan case was mentioned as leading to California v Cabazon Band of Mission Indians a couple sentences ago, this looks redundant and unnecessary: ("... a direct result but unintended consequence of the Bryan decision.")
- This sentence looks incomplete: ("It has been opined by a number of legal scholars that tribes would not be subject to state labor laws.") If they are currently subject to state labor laws, then this needs to be rephrased from a "fact" to a theory that this ruling may occur if state labor laws are challenged. The following sentence on traffic laws has a simlar problem.
- Is this sentence relevant for this article? ("Finally, Bryan is extensively discussed in both major legal textbooks on Native American law, along with numerous other high school and college texts.") I don't really see this as a "development", many landmark cases are discussed in legal textbooks.
The following is a list of other thoughts or suggestions to improve the article. It is not necessary to satisfy these points to meet the GA criteria. Aaron north (talk) 04:58, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
- This sentence ("In that case, the court noted that California not only allowed gaming, but promoted their own state lottery, therefore the prohibition against gaming were regulatory in nature, not criminal, and notwithstanding the fact that the games were open to non-Indians as well as Indians.") is rather long, including 4 commas without any sort of list. It can probably be improved by breaking this up into a couple shorter sentences.
GA Review[edit]
|GA toolbox
- This review is transcluded from Talk:Bryan v. Itasca County/GA2. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.
Reviewer: Ruby2010 (talk · contribs) 04:45, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
This is my first time reviewing a law article, but I think I should be able to give it a GA-quality review (I'm currently taking a law class, albeit in education; plus, for what it's worth, I'm from Minnesota). The earliest I can probably post a full review is Friday though, for which I apologize. Regards, Ruby 2010/2013 04:45, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
- It is reasonably well written.
- It is factually accurate and verifiable.
- a (references): b (citations to reliable sources): c (OR):
- It is broad in its coverage.
- a (major aspects): b (focused):
- It follows the neutral point of view policy.
- Fair representation without bias:
- It is stable.
- No edit wars, etc.:
- It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
- a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
- Overall:
- Pass/Fail:
- Preliminary comments
- Luther's argument seems pretty brief (and flimsy). Was there nothing else he used in his argument? You say there was "no dispute as to the facts of the case," so did he concede that the mobile home was on reservation land? I just feel there could be a few more added details here.
- Prose issue: beware of the amounts of "that" you're using; some are redundant (such as in the first paragraph detailing Brennan's decision)
- "This ruling in a challenge to a tax bill ..." this sentence doesn't seem quite right (missing/improper word?)
- "...had the effect of enabling Indian tribes to earn over $200 billion in gaming revenue". This is a rather vague statement. Is there a year for this (as of 2012?) I assume the source means nationwide (all tribes)?
- "The first such cases involved bingo..." I would be more specific here. Perhaps reword to "The first cases influenced by Bryan involved bingo..."
- The lead could do a better job summarizing the article -- I would briefly add case significance and impact, for instance.
Overall this is a solid article. Please take my initial comments with a grain of salt -- I'd be happy to relook at my suggestions if you disagree with any of them. I'll give you three days to respond to this review, and will then add more comments, if needed. Thanks, Ruby 2010/2013 01:21, 9 December 2012 (UTC)
Response, in order listed:
- Luther's argument. There was no question that the mobile home was on reservation property, it is noted in the History section as being on the reservation. I expanded somewhat on his argument (his argument was only 9 minutes long at SCOTUS). In addition, Minnesota stipulated to the facts in the case--the only dispute was whether the state could impose taxes on reservation land.
- Done
- I'll correct and reword the excessive use of "that."
- Done
- Done - reworded tax bill sentence.
- Done - added additional info to sentence.
- Done - used your suggested language.
- I'll look at this and revise. It may take more than three days - I've got a good deal going on in real life, but I should be able to get to it within a week, it that would be possible.
- Done - added a sentence on the impact of the decision to the lead.
Thanks, GregJackP Boomer! 02:23, 9 December 2012 (UTC)
- My pleasure. I'm wrapping up my semester, and should be able to take another look at the article by the 12th. Ruby 2010/2013 02:41, 11 December 2012 (UTC)
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Kojak breaks up a barroom fight, then one of the brawlers, a mobster's son, puts out a contract on his life.
Kojak believes a prostitute and her partner did not cause a bookkeeper's murder, but the FBI impedes his investigation.
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25 U.S. Code § 500j - "Reindeer" defined
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"Reindeer" as used in this subchapter shall be understood to include reindeer and such caribou as have been introduced into animal husbandry or have actually joined reindeer herds, and the increase thereof.
Source(Sept. 1, 1937, ch. 897, § 11,50 Stat. 902.)
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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$1M lottery winner comes forwardMay 12,2014$1M lottery winner
comes forward
PUTNEY The holder of the $1 million Powerball ticket sold at the Exit 4 Sunoco in Putney has come forward, according to Vermont Lottery officials.
Richard Wilson II, who lottery officials say has longtime family ties in the state of Vermont, claimed his winnings Friday at the Vermont Lottery headquarters. Wilsons winning ticket matched five out of five numbers, not including the Powerball, in the April 30 drawing.
Wilson has been a regular Powerball player for years, purchasing them where he can when he can, the lottery said in a press release. Wilson normally checks his numbers by phone the day after a drawing and expressed shock and disbelief when he realized he had won the $1 million prize, according to the release.MORE IN This Just InWATERBURY CENTER Vermont State Police say a toddler is in critical condition after being found ... Full StoryBERLIN A hypodermic needle was found in a baby changing table of the Berlin Mall on Friday,... Full StoryBURLINGTON The University of Vermont recently produced a new publication highlighting... Full Story
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How Do I Keep My Eyeliner From Smudging?
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I am one of the biggest chickens there is. I am afraid to drive a car and only do it if I absolutely have to. Every time I drive I picture myself doing something stupid and getting into a wreck. So I know about fear.
But like you I love horses and want them in my life. They help me get over my fear. I've been riding for about 17 years now, and I am very comfortable on my horses, so I know you can do it too! The first year I had my very first horse, I didn't know if I was going to make it, but I did. And boy am I glad I stuck with it.
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More than a dozen children in California are experiencing weakness and paralysis, which is believed to be from a polio-like illness.
While it is happening on the other side of the country, it's enough to scare any parent who hears about it.
Doctors say the rare disease is not polio, which was eradicated in the United States decades ago. However, a local doctor told 69 News what's happening in California has medical professionals here on alert.
"This recent news about an outbreak of a polio-like illness is understandably very scary," said Dr. Luther Rhodes, chief of hospital epidemiology and infection control at Lehigh Valley Health Network.
"It's definitely not the traditional polio virus which everyone in this country is vaccinated against," he said. "There is every reason, though, to suspect, as a leading suspect, another virus."
Researchers believe the rare disease is affecting about 20 children in California who, in the last 18 months, have developed weakness and paralysis.
Some of the affected children have had enterovirus-68, which is from the same family as polio. In some cases, children had respiratory symptoms before the arm or leg paralysis.
Dr. Rhodes said they have not seen any cases of polio-like illnesses in this area, but he has a message for parents:
"Particularly after a respiratory infection, if a child loses the function or becomes clumsy with an arm or a leg, and a parent will notice that, that should be brought to the attention of a doctor," he said.
Doctors in California are working to track the cases and hopefully learn what's causing this disease. They say at this point it appears to be a rare phenomenon.
The doctor who wrote a report about five of the early cases of the disease will present his report at the annual American Academy of Neurology meeting in Philadelphia in April.
Local doctor weighs in on California polio-like illness
More than a dozen children in California are experiencing weakness and paralysis, which is believed to be from a polio-like illness.
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Can anyone with the newer "App remote" head unit share their experience?
I am thinking about installing the Nexus 7 at the current head unit location, found out there are newer Sony "App remote" that's not only shallower, but also can be controlled from tablet through bluetooth.
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1. From user manual it seems a button need to be pushed on the head unit in order to pick up a phone call, can this be done through tablet?
2. When tablet is paired with head unit, can I still pair the tablet with, say a OBDII scanner?
3. Phone is paired with head unit not tablet correct?


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Are you Jon D. Stewart?Claim your profile
Publications (93)518.33 Total impact
Article: Role of Polymer Architecture on the Activity of Polymer–Protein Conjugates for the Treatment of Accelerated Bone Loss Disorders[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Polymers of similar molecular weights and chemical constitution but varying in their macromolecular architectures were conjugated to osteoprotegerin (OPG) to determine the effect of polymer topology on protein activity in vitro and in vivo. OPG is a protein that inhibits bone resorption by preventing the formation of mature osteoclasts from the osteoclast precursor cell. Accelerated bone loss disorders, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and metastatic bone disease, occur as a result of increased osteoclastogenesis, leading to the severe weakening of the bone. OPG has shown promise as a treatment in bone disorders; however, it is rapidly cleared from circulation through rapid liver uptake, and frequent, high doses of the protein are necessary to achieve a therapeutic benefit. We aimed to improve the effectiveness of OPG by creating OPG-polymer bioconjugates, employing reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization to create well-defined polymers with branching densities varying from linear, loosely branched to densely branched. Polymers with each of these architectures were conjugated to OPG using a "grafting-to" approach, and the bioconjugates were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The OPG-polymer bioconjugates showed retention of activity in vitro against osteoclasts, and each bioconjugate was shown to be nontoxic. Preliminary in vivo studies further supported the nontoxic characteristics of the bioconjugates, and measurement of the bone mineral density in rats 7 days post-treatment via peripheral quantitative computed tomography suggested a slight increase in bone mineral density after administration of the loosely branched OPG-polymer bioconjugate.
Article: Opposite Enantioselectivity in the Bioreduction of (Z)-β-Aryl-β-cyanoacrylates Mediated by the Tryptophan 116 Mutants of Old Yellow Enzyme 1: Synthetic Approach to (R)- and (S)-β-Aryl-γ-lactams[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The Trp 116 mutants of Old Yellow Enzyme 1 that catalyse the reduction of (Z)-β-aryl-β-cyanoacrylates give the opposite enantioselectivity according to the nature of the amino acid in position 116. Small amino acids (e.g., alanine) make the substrate bind to the enzyme′s active site in a "classical" orientation, affording the (S)-enantiomer of the reduced product. When the size of the amino acid increases (e.g., leucine), a "flipped" binding mode is adopted by the substrate, which is converted into the corresponding (R)-derivative. With bulky amino acids (e.g., tryptophan in the wild-type) the reduction does not occur. The enantiomerically enriched cyanopropanoates thus prepared can be converted into the corresponding (S)- and (R)-β-aryl-γ-lactams, precursors of inhibitory neurotransmitters belonging to the class of γ-aminobutyric acids, by a simple functional group interconversion in a sequential one-pot procedure.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In the 20 years since Massey's initial report in 1995, interest in using alkene reductases to prepare chiral intermediates for synthesis has grown rapidly. While native alkene reductases often show very high stereoselectivities toward favorable substrates, these enzymes have somewhat size-restricted active sites that limit their substrate ranges to small alkenes. In addition, most alkene reductases have the same stereoselectivities, which makes it difficult to access the "other" product enantiomers. Protein engineering strategies have been used to address both of these issues and good progress has been made in several cases. This review summarizes published examples through late 2014 and focuses on studies of six enzymes: Saccharomyces pastorianus OYE 1, tomato OPR1, Zymomonas mobilis NCR, Enterobacter cloacae PB2 PETN reductase, Bacillus subtilis YqjM and Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Article: Enhancing the heat stability and kinetic parameters of the maize endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase using iterative saturation mutagenesis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) has been used to improve the thermostability of maize endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), a highly-regulated, rate-limiting and temperature-sensitive enzyme essential for starch biosynthesis. The thermo-sensitivity of heterotetrameric AGPase has been linked to grain loss in cereals and improving this property might therefore have direct impacts on grain yield. Nine amino acids were selected for site-saturation mutagenesis on the basis of elevated B-factors in the crystal structure of the closest available homolog (a small subunit homotetramer of potato AGPase). After each round of mutagenesis, iodine staining and antibody capture activity assays at varying temperatures were used to select the optimum positions and amino acid changes for the next rounds of mutagenesis. After three iterations, the signals from whole-colony iodine staining were saturated and a heat stable AGPase variant was obtained. Kinetic studies of the heat stable mutant showed that it also had an unexpected increased affinity for the activator, 3-PGA. This is particularly valuable as both the temperature stability and allosteric properties of AGPase significantly influence grain yield.
Article: Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6 Variants with Improved Catalytic Efficiencies from Site-Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: An earlier directed evolution project using alkene reductase OYE 2.6 from Pichia stipitis yielded 13 active site variants with improved properties toward three homologous Baylis-Hillman adducts. Here, we probed the generality of these improvements by testing the wild-type and all 13 variants against a panel of 16 structurally-diverse electron-deficient alkenes. Several substrates were sterically demanding, and as hoped, creating additional active site volume yielded better conversions for these alkenes. The most impressive improvement was found for 2-butylidenecyclohexanone. The wild-type provided less than 20% conversion after 24h; a triple mutant afforded more than 60% conversion in the same time period. Moreover, even wild-type OYE 2.6 can reduce cyclohexenones with very bulky 4-substituents efficiently.
Article: Residues Controlling Facial Selectivity in an Alkene Reductase and Semirational Alterations to Create Stereocomplementary Variants[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A systematic saturation mutagenesis campaign was carried out on an alkene reductase from Pichia stipitis (OYE 2.6) to develop variants with reversed stereoselectivities. Wild-type OYE 2.6 reduces three representative Baylis–Hillman adducts to the corresponding S products with almost complete stereoselectivities and good catalytic efficiencies. We created and screened 13 first-generation, site-saturation mutagenesis libraries, targeting residues found near the bound substrate. One variant (Tyr78Trp) showed high R selectivity toward one of the three substrates, but no change (cyclohexenone derivative) and no catalytic activity (acrylate derivative) for the other two. Subsequent rounds of mutagenesis retained the Tyr78Trp mutation and explored other residues that impacted stereoselectivity when altered in a wild-type background. These efforts yielded double and triple mutants that possessed inverted stereoselectivities for two of the three substrates (conversions >99% and at least 91% ee (R)). To understand the reasons underlying the stereochemical changes, we solved crystal structures of two key mutants: Tyr78Trp and Tyr78Trp/Ile113Cys, the latter with substrate partially occupying the active site. By combining these experimental data with modeling studies, we have proposed a rationale that explains the impacts of the most useful mutations.
Article: Threonine Aldolases[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Threonine aldolases catalyze the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent condensation between small amino acids (principally glycine) and aldehydes such as acetaldehyde. Carbon-carbon bond formation involves forming two adjacent chiral centers. As a rule, threonine aldolases are very stereoselective for α-carbon configuration but show modest selectivity at the β-carbon. On the other hand, these enzymes accept a wide variety of synthetically useful acceptor aldehydes, making them important additions to the synthetic toolkit. This review briefly summarizes the reaction mechanism and then lists all published synthetic reactions by threonine aldolases as of early 2014. The current state of the art in crystallographic and protein engineering studies of these enzymes is also presented.
Article: Influence of Cofactor Regeneration Strategies on Preparative-Scale, Asymmetric Carbonyl Reductions by Engineered Escherichia coli[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study was designed to determine whether whole cells or crude enzyme extracts are more effective for preparative-scale ketone reductions by dehydrogenases as well as learning which cofactor regeneration scheme is most effective. Based on results from three representative ketone substrates (an α-fluoro-β-keto ester, a bis-trifluoromethylated acetophenone, and a symmetrical β-diketone), our results demonstrate that several nicotinamide cofactor regeneration strategies can be applied to preparative-scale dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions successfully.
Dataset: X‑ray Crystallography Reveals How Subtle Changes Control the Orientation of Substrate Binding in an Alkene Reductase[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Reductions of (S)- and (R)-carvone by wild-type Saccharomyces pastorianus Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE 1) and a systematic collection of Trp 116 variants revealed that, for (S)-carvone, six Tip 116 mutants displayed inverted diastereoselectivity compared to the wild-type. For example, Ile and Val showed inverted stereoselectivity, but Leu and Phe maintained the wild-type stereopreference. For (R)-carvone, only two Tip 116 mutants (Ala and Val) reduced this alkene with reversed selectivity; all other catalytically active variants including Leu and Ile retained the wild-type diastereoselectivity. The same set of mutant enzymes was also used to catalyze the dehydrogenation of (S)- and (R)-carvone under aerobic conditions. To understand how small changes to the active site structure of OYE 1 could significantly influence its catalytic properties, we solved X-ray crystal structures of the wildtype as well as six key Tip 116,variants after individually soaking with both (S)- and (R)-carvone. In many cases, pseudo Michaelis complexes farmed in crystallo, and these revealed the details of protein-substrate interactions. Taken together, our results showed that the wild-type OYE l'reduces carvone from a less preferred substrate binding orientation. The indole ring of Tip 116 physically blocks access to a hydrophobic active site pocket Relieving the steric congestion by mutating Tip 116 allows entry of the isopropenyl side chain of carvone into this hydrophobic pocket and also Makes the opposite face of the pi system accessible to hydride addition, thereby yielding the opposite diastereomer after net trans addition of H-2.
Article: The potato tuber, maize endosperm and a chimeric maize-potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase exhibit fundamental differences in Pi inhibition[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is highly regulated by allosteric effectors acting both positively and negatively. Enzymes from various sources differ, however, in the mechanism of allosteric regulation. Here, we determined how the effector, inorganic phosphate (Pi), functions in the presence and absence of saturating amounts of the activator, 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). This regulation was examined in the maize endosperm enzyme, the oxidized and reduced forms of the potato tuber enzyme as well as a small subunit chimeric AGPase (MP), which contains both maize endosperm and potato tuber sequences paired with a wild-type maize large subunit. These data, combined with our previous kinetic studies of these enzymes led to a model of Pi inhibition for the various enzymes. The Pi inhibition data suggest that while the maize enzyme contains a single effector site that binds both 3-PGA and Pi, the other enzymes exhibit more complex behavior and most likely have at least two separate interacting binding sites for Pi. The possible physiological implications of the differences in Pi inhibition distinguishing the maize endosperm and potato tuber AGPases are discussed.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We developed a method for creating and evaluating site-saturation libraries that consistently yields an average of 27.4±3.0 codons of the 32 possible within a pool of 95 transformants. This was verified by sequencing 95 members from 11 independent libraries within the gene encoding alkene reductase OYE 2.6 from Pichia stipitis. Correct PCR primer design as well as a variety of factors that increase transformation efficiency were critical contributors to the method's overall success. We also developed a quantitative analysis of library quality (Q-values) that defines library degeneracy. Q-values can be calculated from standard fluorescence sequencing data (capillary electropherograms) and the degeneracy predicted from an early stage of library construction (pooled plasmids from the initial transformation) closely matched that observed after ca. 1000 library members were sequenced. Based on this experience, we suggest that this analysis can be a useful guide when applying our optimized protocol to new systems, allowing one to focus only on good-quality libraries and reject substandard libraries at an early stage. This advantage is particularly important when lower-throughput screening techniques such as chiral-phase GC must be employed to identify protein variants with desirable properties, e.g., altered stereoselectivities or when multiple codons are targeted for simultaneous randomization.
Article: Deciphering the kinetic mechanisms controlling selected plant ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), a rate-limiting enzyme in starch biosynthesis, is controlled by thermostability and allosteric regulation. Previous studies suggested that redox affects turnover number and heat stability of AGPases. Here, we investigated how allostery and redox state affect kinetic mechanisms of the reduced, heat labile and the oxidized, heat stable potato tuber enzymes; the heat labile maize endosperm enzyme and a chimeric maize/potato heat stable enzyme that lacks the cysteine responsible for redox changes.With 3-PGA, all AGPases followed a Theorell-Chance Bi Bi mechanism with ATP binding first and ADP-Glc releasing last.3-PGA increases the binding affinity for both substrates with little effect on velocity for the maize and MP isoforms.By contrast, 3-PGA increases the velocity and the affinity for G-1-P for the potato enzymes.Redox state does not affect kcat of the two potato isoforms.Without 3-PGA the oxidized potato enzyme exhibits a rapid equilibrium random Bi Bi mechanism with a dead end ternary complex.This fundamental change from rapid, ordered binding with little buildup of intermediates to a mechanism featuring relatively slow, random binding is unique to the oxidized potato tuber enzyme.Finally, ADP-Glc the physiologically relevant product of this enzyme has complex, isoform-specific effects on catalysis.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recent data suggest alternative mechanisms that promote human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated drug syndromes. Hypersensitive responses have been attributed to drug interactions with HLA molecules, peptides presented by HLA molecules and T-cell antigen receptors. Definition of an increasing number of HLA-associated drug syndromes suggests that polymorphism in the antigen-binding cleft residues influence recognition of specific drugs. Recent data demonstrate that small molecule drugs bind within the antigen-binding cleft of HLA in a manner that alters the repertoire of HLA-bound peptide ligands. This drug recognition mechanism permits presentation of self-peptides to which the host has not been tolerized. This altered repertoire mechanism is analogous to massive polyclonal T-cell responses occurring in mismatched HLA organ transplantation in which the drug in effect creates a novel HLA allele. Alteration of the self-peptide repertoire by HLA-binding small molecules may be the mechanistic basis for a diverse set of deleterious T-cell responses since the antigen-binding cleft has structural features that are compatible with binding drug-like small molecules. Small molecule drugs that bind elements of the trimolecular complex (T-cell receptor, peptide, and HLA) may cause short- and long-term adverse effects by a diverse set of mechanisms.
Article: Structural and Catalytic Characterization of Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6, a Useful Biocatalyst for Asymmetric Alkene Reductions[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We have probed Pichia stipitis CBS 6054 Old Yellow Enzyme 2.6 (OYE 2.6) by several strategies including X-ray crystallography, ligand binding and catalytic assays using the wild-type as well as libraries of site-saturation mutants. The alkene reductase crystallized in space group P?63?2?2 with unit cell dimensions of 127.1x123.4 angstrom and its structure was solved to 1.5 angstrom resolution by molecular replacement. The protein environment surrounding the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor was very similar to those of other OYE superfamily members; however, differences in the putative substrate binding site were also observed. Substrate analog complexes were analyzed by both UV-Vis titration and X-ray crystallography to provide information on possible substrate binding interactions. In addition, four active site residues were targeted for site saturation mutagenesis (Thr 35, Ile 113, His 188, His 191) and each library was tested against three representative BaylisHillman adducts. Thr 35 could be replaced by Ser with no change in activity; other amino acids (Ala, Cys, Leu, Met, Gln and Val) resulted in diminished catalytic efficiency. The Ile 113 replacement library yielded a range of catalytic activities, but had very little impact on stereoselectivity. Finally, the two His residues (188 and 191) were essentially intolerant of substitutions with the exception of the His 191 Asn mutant, which did show significant catalytic ability. Structural comparisons between OYE 2.6 and Saccharomyces pastorianus OYE1 suggest that the key interactions between the substrate hydroxymethyl groups and the side-chain of Thr 35 and/or Tyr 78 play an important role in making OYE 2.6 an (S)-selective alkene reductase.
Article: A shrunken-2 Transgene Increases Maize Yield by Acting in Maternal Tissues to Increase the Frequency of Seed Development[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The maize (Zea mays) shrunken-2 (Sh2) gene encodes the large subunit of the rate-limiting starch biosynthetic enzyme, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Expression of a transgenic form of the enzyme with enhanced heat stability and reduced phosphate inhibition increased maize yield up to 64%. The extent of the yield increase is dependent on temperatures during the first 4 d post pollination, and yield is increased if average daily high temperatures exceed 33 °C. As found in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa), this transgene increases maize yield by increasing seed number. This result was surprising, since an entire series of historic observations at the whole-plant, enzyme, gene, and physiological levels pointed to Sh2 playing an important role only in the endosperm. Here, we present several lines of evidence that lead to the conclusion that the Sh2 transgene functions in maternal tissue to increase seed number and, in turn, yield. Furthermore, the transgene does not increase ovary number; rather, it increases the probability that a seed will develop. Surprisingly, the number of fully developed seeds is only ∼50% of the number of ovaries in wild-type maize. This suggests that increasing the frequency of seed development is a feasible agricultural target, especially under conditions of elevated temperatures.
Chapter: Reduction of CC Double Bonds[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This chapter contains sections titled: IntroductionAlkene Reduction by Whole Microbial CellsAlkene Reductions by Isolated EnzymesApplications of Alkene ReductasesAccessing Both Product EnantiomersReferences
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Baylis-Hillman adducts are highly useful synthetic intermediates; to enhance their value further, we sought enantiocomplementary alkene reductases to introduce chirality. Two solutions emerged: (1) a wild-type protein from Pichia stipitis (OYE 2.6), whose performance significantly outstrips that of the standard enzyme (Saccharomyces pastorianus OYE1), and (2) a series of OYE1 mutants at position 116 (Trp in the wild-type enzyme). To understand how mutations could lead to inverted enantioselectivity, we solved the X-ray crystal structure of the Trp116Ile OYE1 variant complexed with a cyclopentenone substrate. This revealed key protein-ligand interactions that control the orientation of substrate binding above the FMN cofactor.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Encapsulating drugs within hollow nanotubes offers several advantages, including protection from degradation, the possibility of targeting desired locations, and drug release only under specific conditions. Template synthesis utilizes porous membranes prepared from alumina, polycarbonate, or other materials that can be dissolved under specific conditions. The method allows for great control over the lengths and diameters of nanotubes; moreover, tubes can be constructed from a wide variety of tube materials including proteins, DNA, silica, carbon, and chitosan. A number of capping strategies have been developed to seal payloads within nanotubes. Combining these advances with the ability to target and internalize nanotubes into living cells will allow these assemblies to move into the next phase of development, in vivo experiments.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recent publications have suggested that cylindrically shaped drug-delivery carriers have an advantage over carriers based on spherical particles in both blood circulation and cell internalization rates. For this reason, this article introduces a method to fabricate hollow, uniform, biodegradable chitosan nano test tubes for applications in drug delivery. A nanoporous alumina template membrane was used to fabricate hollow chitosan nano test tubes. The chitosan nano test tubes were crosslinked with a disulfide cleavable crosslinker before being removed from the alumina template membrane. We explored two mechanisms for degrading the chitosan nano test tubes--enzymatic degradation by lysozyme and cleavage of the disulfide bond in the crosslinking agent. The template synthesis method resulted in the fabrication of uniform hollow chitosan nano test tubes whose dimensions were easily manipulated based on the dimensions of the pores in the alumina template membrane. The tubes were degraded upon exposure to either lysozyme or sulfhydryl-containing reducing reagents. These tubes have potential for drug-delivery applications. The fact that these tubes degrade upon exposure to a sulfhydryl-containing reducing agent allows for a mechanism for intercellular drug delivery as the tubes should degrade in the presence of intercellular glutathione.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Simple strategies for using alkene reductase enzymes to produce gram-scale quantities of both (R)- and (S)-citronellal have been developed. The methodology is easily accessible to non-specialist laboratories, allowing alkene reductases to be added to the toolbox of routine synthetic transformations.
Top Journals
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida, United States
- • Department of Chemistry
- • Department of Biomedical Engineering
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Biophysics
Vienna University of Technology
Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
University of New Brunswick
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Department of Chemistry
The Scripps Research Instituteلا هویا, California, United States
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Maryland, United States
- Department of Chemistry


text:
Ralph Neal is a hardened criminal. He's smart, ruthless, and brutal. His outward personality belies his vicious character. He escapes from a state penitentiary.
Charlie Gray and Ross, two criminals, ingeniously "kidnap" an expensive machine owned by the Ferris Electronic Co.
Systematic traffic checks and increased patrols begin on a high accident freeway. Hoping to determine causes and cures, Dan questions drivers who get too many citations there. One man refuses to accept Dan's safety philosophy. When his license is suspended, his wife drives him to an important business meeting. En route, her eyeglasses break and he takes over at the wheel. Encountering a traffic check, he panics and flees, resulting in a severe accident in which his wife is critically injured. He learns the hard way - and too late - what Dan had earlier tried to impress upon him.
Though innocent of involvement, Joe Bradshaw happens to be in the company of the Fowler Brothers when they hold up a diner and murder its proprietor.
The Club Bahamas, an illegal gambling house, has defied all efforts to close it by the local sheriff, so he makes an appeal to Dan for help.
An unidentified man picks up a hitchhiker, a migrant worker, kills him with a tire iron, plants false identification on his body, and hen wrecks the car to make the hitchhiker's death appear to be accidental.
While on an inspection tour of outlying patrol station, Dan Mathews stops off for breakfast in the tiny, isolated community of Larchmont. Dan's curiosity changes to suspicion when he comes across and out-of-state car which checks out to be stolen.
A thief steals a piece of oil research equipment which contains radio- active elements.
Frank Wood, a Farmer's Cooperative, is reported missing while trans-porting a large sum of the firm's money.
Young Grant Elliot, stopped for speeding, panics and accidentally runs down the patrolman when the latter grows suspicious of a lot of automobile accessories in the car.
Jack McCall, retired gangster, former head of crime operation in state now a successful rancher, is to be called to testify before a grand jury, investigating crime in the state.
Masterson, an intelligent, business-like protection man, is running what seems to be a legitimate maintenance service. His organization causes the breakdown of trucks on the highway, then he moves in to offer his servicing.
Dan Mathews receives an anonymous phone call to the effect that Johnny Barr, crime syndicate head, is planning to carry out the murder of an important man.
The Highway Patrol, working with the State Narcotics Bureau, learns that heroin is being transported into the local area by a unique method: concealed under the hubcaps of cars belonging to innocent people.
A bank messenger, Frank Douglas, at his wife Louise's instigation, absconds with a large sum of money, brings it home, where he arrives earlier than expected and overhears the wife planning to double-cross him and run off with the money and another man.
In their remote, isolated mountain cabin, Walt and Freda Hollis find an injured man --fever-ridden, hungry, armed with a gun.
The Highway Patrol is called in to arrest Roger Taylor, who was identified as the man who beat Mrs. Ethel Carey, to find out the holding place of her fortune.
Patrolman Mark Reynolds comes face to face on a highway with his brother, Bill Reynolds, an escaped criminal. Reynolds. The Highway Patrol retains one of its better men
When three bandits rob a bank in a small coastal town and shoot a bystander, Dan orders roadblocks that seem certain to cut off every avenue of escape. Their car is found empty.
Mrs. Helen Barton, a woman of emotional and somewhat weak personality, has a serious argument with her husband because of the way in which her mother, Irene, tries to run her and her husband Joe's lives.
Dan Mathews receives a phone call from an employee of a wrecking yard.
Jay Dederick, an unemployed electrical engineer, has brooded over losing his job at Roget Chemical Corporation until it has become an obsession.
A Forest Ranger, patrolling a desolate section of heavy forestland, sees a small plane starting to land about a mile away. He notifies the Highway Patrol that it seems to be trying to make a forced landing.
Stan Warren, a smooth, dapper con-man, wanted for murder, speeds toward the desert area in a borrowed car.
A duplicate armored truck is used to stage one of the most daring robberies on record. Dan throws all the technical resources of the Highway Patrol into action to track down the truck.
Nailor had served his time for a half a million dollars armored car robbery. The money had never been found.
Eight months ago, the tiny town of Sunland Park was raided and ran-sacked by a renegade motorcycle club.
A farmer is found dead, badly beaten.
Seth Roberts, a very unpredictable bank robber was having things pretty much his own way.
With inside help, a bandit robs a plant payroll office of $28,000. He makes his escape in a grey sedan.
Jim Barnaby, a fugitive gunman, has taken Marge Willis captive for the use of her car.
While on an inspection tour of outlying patrol stations, Dan Mathews is thrown headlong into a terrifying situation - and a race against the clock.
The patrol car of a traffic officer is found abandoned on a country road. Investigation by Dan develops that the officer had been killed by two criminals who were engaged in a stolen car racket.
George Mills, business manager for art collector Carter Giles, engineers a plan to "kidnap" some valuable paintings and hold them for "ransom". Plans go awry, forcing Mills and his men to commit murder in order to escape the Highway Patrol's web.
A twelve-year-old boy , Jimmy West, runs away from home because of his unreasoning fear of an operation on his eyes. The boy's physician informs Dan that an immediate operation is necessary to preserve Jimmy's sight.
Steve Stankey, a gun-man about thirty, holds up a gas station, and while making his get-away in a taxi, shoots and kills a Highway Patrolman.
George Crenshaw has been sentenced to death for the Sunrise Park Murders. On the day his sentence is announced, Molly Weems appears at HP headquarters to state that Crenshaw is innocent, that she can identify the real Sunrise Park killer.
Asa McQueen, old prospector, discovers a large sum of money hidden on his mining claim. His resulting spending spree brings him to the attention of both the police and the criminal who hid the money there, the loot from a large-scale robbery.
Ted Spaeth's career as a successful architect has caused him to neglect his wife Laura and their six-year old daughter Julie.


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Not worth the money
posted 8 years ago
I bought this product think that I could protect my hands while playing with my cats. Well I'm sure that would be true if I could get them to play with it. To me it was a waste of money. They look at it an walk by. I have tried to show them that they can pull the like toys and nothing. They should have put cat nip inside the mice so that it would be more attactive to them.
Pros: Protect Hands
Cons: Cats didn't like it all - wouldn't play with
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
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Long fingered glove
posted 8 years ago
We have one of these at the shelter and another variation of the long fingered glove.The cats go crazy over it-pouncing and biting at it.
Pros: Fun to watch them go at it
Cons: none
2 of 2 people found this review helpful.
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Tired Fingers
posted 8 years ago
The cats love this thing and get quite serious on who gets the feathers first.That is the only wrong with this,the feathers get ripped off fast.Wears your fingers out.
Pros: cute
Cons: all the feathers come off fast
1 of 1 people found this review helpful.
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Fun for youngsters
posted 6 years ago
This is an easy toy to play with--all I have to do is wiggle a few fingers and they do the rest. Unfortunately, the little attachments get torn off pretty quickly. But we can still waggle the fingers of the glove and get feline action
Pros: Cats like it
Cons: none
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
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So cute
posted 8 years ago
Pros: ADORABLE
Cons: NA
2 of 2 people found this review helpful.
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Want to review a product, but not finding it? Just add it and review it!
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by Jean Natividad Published on: Dec 30, 2011 - 1:58pm
(SPOT.ph) The word "Manila" is taking on a whole new meaning and it involves sky-high heels, pounds of makeup, over-the-top costumes made of just about anything from ramen noodle wrappers to Big Bird feathers and whimsical wigs, spot-on lip synching, campy creativity, and one really fierce attitude.
Meet Manila Luzon, also known as Karl Westerberg, the Filipino-German-Swedish favorite in the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race where 13 drag queens sashayed in their runway best and battled it out to become "America's Next Drag Superstar." Crafting a couture paper money dress and giving a straight jock a successful drag makeover were just a couple of her winning moments on the show. The "Asian Glamasaurus" went as far as landing the first runner-up spot and scored herself appearances in RuPaul's Drag U where she helped transform ordinary women to drag divas. To top it all off, she's out with a dance-y club tune titled "Hot Couture," too.
Born and raised in Minnesota by a Filipina mother and German-Swedish father, Manila currently resides in New York. Before her schedule got so clogged with drag duties, she worked as a graphic designer by day and partied in drag at NY clubs by night. In her audition video for RuPaul's Drag Race Season 3, Manila recalled taking the subway by herself in full drag to get to her parties. She doubles the glam with her long-time boyfriend/girlfriend Sahara Davenport, a contestant in RuPaul's Drag Race Season 2.
Be one of her "fanilas." Click for more.
SPOT.ph fills you in on all things Manila-from her Filipino roots and her drag diva style to getting so close to winning RuPaul's Drag Race Season 3. Plus, watch see her video message to her Filipino "fanilas."
Tell us more about your Filipino background and what it was like growing up.
My mother was born and raised in Manila, then [she] moved to the U.S. to study chemistry. She met my father, a German-Swede, while working together at 3M. They had me and my sister and raised us in Minnesota. We had a regular childhood; we just looked a lot different from our mostly white friends.
Have you ever been to Manila? If you have, could you tell us about your visit?
I did once. My parents took me and my sister there when I was 13 years old. We, of course, went to Manila! It was a long time ago but I do remember a lot of traffic; even cars driving on the sidewalks! We saw the house my mother grew up in, and I remember it being a lot smaller than the house we were staying at in a gated community, with a pool and a team of maids. It was nice to see my mother's humble beginnings! Oh and I remember SM!
What do you think is your most Filipino trait, if any?
My most Filipino trait is that I love to eat! Put food in front of me and I will eat it all!
Do you have a favorite Pinoy dish?
My favorite is my mother's chicken adobo followed in a close second by my tita's pancit! But only theirs, no one else's adobo or pancit comes close.
We read that Manila Luzon is your way of celebrating your Filipino background. Tell us more about the time when you conceptualized that name.
What else is there to know? I named myself Manila after my mother's birthplace and partially because it started with "Man" and because it had the same number of syllables as "Madonna!"
Manila Luzon has a message for you.


text:
Earn your degree in the Poconos!
Wilkes University's Poconos Center, located at the Shoppes at Crossroad on 611 in Bartonsville, offers programs for working adults. Our business degrees are designed to help you accomplish your personal and professional goals.
Whether you wish to complete your bachelor's degree, or advance with a master's, Wilkes offers a convenient business program for you.
Adult Bachelor of Business Administration
This program accepts transfer credits from other institutions while helping you achieve your personal and professional goals. Classes are held on Saturdays with additional coursework completed online. Request More Information | Program Details
Master of Business Administration
Designed for working adults, our MBA offers convenient evening classes. Students can take classes in the Poconos and on campus in Wilkes-Barre to complete to this degree in as little as one year. MBA classes address advanced topics in accounting, entrepreneurship, finance, health care, human resources, international business, marketing and operations management. Request More Information | Program Details
"Because the program was made up of working adults, a bond was built. We stayed together from class-to-class and motivated each other to continue."
Tanya Willis
Adult B.B.A. '14
Liberty Discount Fuels
Bartonsville, Pa.
|For more information, contact:
Wilkes University Pocono Center
(800) WILKES-U Ext. 7000
(570) 408-7000
Wilkes University Pocono Center
The Shoppes at Crossroads
Suite 130
State Route 611Bartonsville, Pa. 18321


text:
Is the escutcheon plate included?A.
The Delta 9197-DST does not include an escutcheon plate. However, this can be ordered separately. The model number for the plate is RP71545.
Does the handle hit the backsplash when turned fully open?A.
Delta 9197-DST requires 4 21/64" of clearance between the handle and the corner to allow for full rotation of the faucet. The handle is going to be pulled out to the right at about 45 degree angle.
Can this be installed with the handle on the left side?A.
The Delta 9197-DST handle can be moved to the Left side, however the hot and cold will be opposite.
How does this faucet use less water under the eco-friendly category?A.
The Delta 9197-DST flow rate is 1.8 Gallons Per Minute versus 2.0 Gallons Per Minute.
Does the sprayhead have a pause switch to stop the pullout spray while extended?A.
The Delta 9197-DST does not have a pause switch to stop the spray.
What is the meausrement from the deck to the handle?A.
The deck to the handle is shy of 9" for the Delta 9197-DST.
Can this be installed with the handle in the front?A.
The Delta 9197-DST can only have the handle mounted on the side.
Delta 9197-CZ-DST
Champagne Bronze Cassidy Pull-Down Kitchen Faucet with Magnetic Docking Spray Head - Includes Lifetime Warranty
Item #
| Model #
Cassidy Collection


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--an invited comment
On February 28, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake occurred 32 miles below the Nisqually wetland north of Olympia, the Washington state capitol. Ironically, the quake occurred as the Seattle Project Impact Steering Committee was preparing to celebrate the initiative's third anniversary with several hundred of its partners. Had the quake occurred one hour later, all of the region's emergency managers would have been gathered at the Phinney Ridge Neighborhood Center in Seattle. Instead, committee members and a few early birds guided children from the center's two daycare programs to safety.
Members of the response and recovery community were not fully tested by the earthquake, largely because it was deep and drought conditions in the Puget Sound region reduced the number of landslides and amount of liquefaction that would normally be caused by a quake of that magnitude. There was only one significant aftershock and few secondary impacts (one fire and several major landslides). However, the quake did interrupt business operations and damaged numerous building components, such as chimneys, facades, water pipes, and equipment.
Many historic, commercial, and manufacturing facilities were damaged, including key government structures such as the state legislative building and the regional airport control tower. Additional damage is being uncovered as engineering teams complete their inspections, although structural losses (i.e., damage to components essential to a building's structural integrity) will undoubtedly be a fraction of non-structural losses (i.e., damage to nonessential building structural elements, such as architectural features and heating and electrical systems, and losses due to lost productivity, etc.).
What effect did the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Project Impact have, if any, in reducing damage from the Nisqually earthquake? In short, the program has transformed the way residents deal with disasters and established an organizational structure that takes advantage of this change.
Project Impact has the broad goal of reducing risks by changing the way communities think about and deal with disasters. More importantly, it asks communities to be farsighted, to assess hazards rather than just respond to them, to protect themselves, and to become disaster-resistant.
The program is based on three simple principles:
The Seattle/Tacoma metropolitan area, which includes King, Pierce, and Kitsap counties, has been heavily involved in Project Impact, and Seattle is a pilot participant in the program. It is useful to examine Project Impact's effectiveness by assessing how well its stated goals were met in the context of the Nisqually earthquake.
Perhaps the most significant (and most difficult to measure) effect the initiative had is in demystifying and personalizing earthquake risk reduction for thousands of individuals, small businesses, and corporate partners.
The Seattle and King, Pierce, and Kitsap County Project Impact programs were essentially collective actions taken by hundreds of partners. Seven programs can be linked directly to Project Impact, including efforts in home and school retrofitting, hazard mapping, transportation corridor vulnerability mitigation, office and home nonstructural retrofitting, and small business resumption planning. It is too early to assess the full impact of these programs; however, here are some very early conclusions. (For a description of individual programs, see the FEMA web site: http://www.fema.gov/impact.)
Research is currently underway to assess the more indirect long-term impacts of the Nisqually quake. FEMA and the University of Washington have established a clearinghouse to facilitate research, but an examination of efforts that are directly attributable to Project Impact indicates that Puget Sound residents are accepting responsibility for their hazard vulnerability and focusing on protecting themselves. Here are three examples:
Just wanted to let you know the good news on how well the building did during the earthquake--and a big thanks for the retrofitting. We did not even have a single light cover come down, a computer fall over, a book come off a shelf. Now, ... how do we get more straps to do the new things we have installed since retrofitting was done here? Thank you. You made believers out of us!
Were there fewer property losses, lower costs for repairs, and less time lost from productive activity as a result of Project Impact? It depends on how one measures the costs of repairing a school that did not decommission a water tank to prevent damage, the injuries or deaths of children in classrooms directly under such a tank, the loss of homes that were not retrofitted, and the closure of firms that had not implemented business resumption measures. Whatever the savings, it looks like we will be even better prepared when the next quake occurs, and isn't that, after all, the goal of Project Impact?
Robert Freitag, Director, Institute for Hazard Mitigation Planning and Research, University of Washington
For more information on the earthquake in Seattle, view the Clearinghouse on the Nisqually Earthquake web site: http://maximus.ce.washington.edu/~nisqually.
At the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Project Impact Summit last November, representatives from over 100 communities involved in this national program to curb disaster losses established a "Disaster Resistant Communities Association (DRCA)." The Project Impact coordinators from these communities work to create local programs that mobilize public-private partnerships to reduce losses due to earthquakes, floods, storms, and other disasters.
The DRCA's goals are to ensure that Project Impact becomes a sustainable effort; to strengthen the project nationally and locally; to share experiences among, learn from, and aid one another; to create a forum in which the collective voice of Project Impact communities can be heard; and to build bridges to other organizations that share Project Impact goals.
The DRCA's interim web site is http://www.hazmit.net/PIAssoc/PIHome.htm. To be added to the group's mailing list or to request more information about DRCA, contact Ann Patton, City of Tulsa Project Impact Coordinator, City of Tulsa Public Works, City Hall, Tulsa, OK 74103; (918)596-7808; fax: (918) 596-7265; e-mail: email@example.com.
FEMA's Project Impact "Make an Impact" Week is a national campaign encouraging regional and local Project Impact representatives to conduct media outreach in their communities. Make an Impact Week will be conducted May 20-26 with the theme "Planting the Seeds of Prevention."
FEMA is inviting all communities participating in Project Impact to work with the agency to contact local print, radio, and TV outlets and actively work to make local citizens more aware of the hazards they face and the steps they can take to avoid them. More information about Make an Impact Week is available from the Project Impact web site: http://www.fema.gov/impact.
Dear Readers,
Below is an advertisement soliciting applications to be Director of the Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center. Please know that I am NOT leaving the center.
From its inception over a quarter century ago, only one of the University of Colorado's faculty, the center's director--first Gilbert White, then Bill Travis (Riebsame), and, for the last eight years, me--has formally participated in the center. When I became the director, I was committed to generating more faculty participation in the center without increasing our operating costs. There is now an opportunity to significantly further that goal.
The faculty of the Department of Sociology at the University of Colorado has voted unanimously to make environmental sociology--with a track in hazards--an area of specialization. Two new assistant professors have already been hired--Lori Hunter and David Pellow--who have a committed interest in risk and hazard-related topics. Additionally, Barbara Farhar from the Department of Energy will join us next academic year. Moreover, the University's central administration has agreed to let the department hire a new faculty member, at the full professor level, to replace me as director of the Natural Hazards Center if I remain as chair for another term.
I will remain a permanent fixture at the Natural Hazards Center when the new director is hired and will work with that person in whatever capacity is most appropriate to further the center's mission.
One final word--directing the Natural Hazards Center here at the University of Colorado is the best job in the country for a social scientist interested in hazards. Please read the job description below, and if you are interested and a hazards sociologist, be sure to apply.
Dennis S. Mileti, Director, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado
The Department of Sociology and the Institute of Behavioral Science at the University of Colorado are seeking applications for a full-time tenured full professor in sociology. The applicant must specialize in hazards, disasters, and their link to broader environmental/sustainable development issues. Related areas of interest are welcome. The person in this position will serve as the director of the Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, part of the Research Program on Environment and Behavior, Institute of Behavioral Science. The director will serve as co-principal investigator on the National Science Foundation (NSF) grant that funds the center, set policy for and provide intellectual leadership to the center and its staff, work with the larger hazards community and the funding agencies that contribute to the center through its NSF grant, secure additional external funding to support the center, conduct interdisciplinary hazards/environment-related research with colleagues in the Institute of Behavioral Science, and establish and strengthen relationships with the larger academic community engaged in environmental and risk-related research at the University of Colorado and in the Boulder vicinity. The director of the center receives substantial staff support. This position is also expected to work half-time in the Department of Sociology to help develop and teach the newly organized environmental specialty and other courses, as well as perform other departmental duties and services.
Letters of application should include a statement of research and teaching interests, a perspective on how the applicant would advance the Natural Hazards Center (http://www.colorado.edu/hazards), comment on how the applicant would enhance the environmental sociology specialization in the Sociology Department (http://socsci.colorado.edu/SOC/), a curriculum vitae, and contact information for three referees. The University of Colorado is committed to diversity and equality in education and employment.
Review of applications will begin June 1, 2001. Applications should be submitted to Dennis S. Mileti, Chair, Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, 327 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309.
This article is the first in a series on ways in which hazards management and sustainability could be linked for the betterment of both fields. The first article grew out of the Natural Hazards Center project, funded by the Public Entity Risk Institute, to develop information on sustainable local recovery and conduct training to generate expertise on this topic throughout the U.S.
Among the principal recommendations of the Second U.S. Assessment of Research and Applications for Natural Hazards (see the Observer, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, p. 3) was the need for the hazards community to embrace the tenets of sustainability. According to Disasters by Design, the assessment summary volume prepared by Natural Hazards Center Director Dennis Mileti:
Disasters are more likely where unsustainable development occurs, and the converse is also true: disasters hinder movement toward sustainability because, for example, they degrade the environment and undercut the quality of life. Sustainable mitigation activities should strengthen a community's social, economic, and environmental resiliency, and vice versa.
One of the many ways in which hazards management and sustainability can be more closely linked is by focusing on disaster recovery and the activities that are likely to take place--and decisions made--during that period. Sustainability ideals are beginning to be incorporated into hazards research, planning, preparedness, and mitigation. Beyond that, however, the postdisaster period remains a particularly crucial time for implementing sustainable practices because, during recovery, there is often tremendous pressure to resume the "old ways" of building and living at risk, and these forces are buttressed by relatively large amounts of political, technical, and financial pressure and assistance.
Through a project funded by the Public Entity Risk Institute (see the Observer, Vol. XXIV, No. 4, p. 17), the Natural Hazards Center has been working on ways to get sustainability and disaster recovery more closely integrated at the local level. As a foundation for this effort, we have developed a framework for sustainable--or "holistic"--recovery from disaster.
First, as outlined in Disasters by Design, there are six basic principles of sustainability. A community that wants to become more sustainable should:
Second, a disaster brings a range of problems that can be viewed as opportunities to build sustainability. In most situations a locality faces after a disaster, the community must take action to recover, so incorporating sustainability often does not involve much additional effort. Utilities must be restored, infrastructure re-established, housing repaired, social services reinstituted, and commercial sectors rehabilitated.
Third, each of these situations should be evaluated in light of all six principles of sustainability to see where there are opportunities to enhance community sustainability rather than returning to the prior vulnerability. The hazards community already has become used to thinking in terms of building mitigation provisions into many recovery activities. For example, the Federal Emergency Management Agency's postdisaster and other programs in many cases specifically provide for mitigation. This step in the sustainable recovery process calls upon participants to expand this notion and examine ways to build the other aspects of sustainability into each and every recovery opportunity. This can result in some unusual combinations of problems and solutions.
For example, a stricken community with a damaged freeway overpass might well decide to incorporate seismic-resistant features into the repaired structure. However, a community striving for sustainable recovery would also consider demolishing or relocating the overpass to enhance livability in the surrounding neighborhood (sustainability principle #5, above), or rebuilding it to improve access to, and thus economic vitality for, a nearby commercial area that was previously difficult to reach from the highway (sustainability principle #2, above). This is just one of many possible outcomes of a systematic process of analyzing recovery in light of the six sustainability principles. The possibilities are endless, because each community has unique attributes, needs, and concerns, and each disaster superimposes a distinct set of impacts.
Fourth, a community should tailor a unique set of sustainable recovery actions that satisfies its own particular concerns, takes advantage of its strengths, and uses the tools and techniques that it finds most appropriate to its situation.
Finally, the community should institutionalize newly adopted programs, projects, or other activities into its decision-making, budgeting, and planning processes to ensure that they endure over time. Ideally, the community would also develop indicators and a schedule for monitoring and tracking change and needed improvements.
This framework can be summarized in our working definition of ideal sustainable recovery: A sustainable recovery from a disaster is one in which the stricken locality systematically considers each of the six principles of sustainability in every decision it makes about rebuilding, reconstruction, and redevelopment.
Viewed in this way, the six principles of sustainability become a set of decision criteria that must be met if the recovery is to be truly sustainable. It is a framework for ensuring that people think about all the right things as decisions are made. It is somewhat analogous to the environmental assessment process conducted by federal entities pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act. That is, the ranges of possibilities, alternatives (including doing nothing or, in our case, returning to the status quo), and impacts of the proposed recovery actions must be considered in light of the sustainability principles during the course of making decisions about how to proceed.
All of this is a fairly simple and, one might say, common-sense approach to recovering from a disaster. A community should strive to fully coordinate available assistance and funding while seeking ways to accomplish other community goals and priorities, using the disaster recovery process as the catalyst. Indeed, this approach can help local people to think and rethink their community goals and the kind of place they want their grandchildren to inherit. It encourages each locality to perform its own carefully considered balancing act of risk vs. protection, cost vs. benefit, today vs. tomorrow.
This may be a simple idea, but its execution is daunting. The postdisaster period--even the latter part, after the immediate emergency and response needs have been met--is notoriously chaotic. Most thinking during recovery is still geared toward getting things back to normal rather than "better than normal" or, ideally, "permanently better than normal." Finally, there are few people out there in any sector or at any level who have a thorough grasp, much less practical experience, in implementing truly holistic recovery.
There are, therefore, several challenges on the horizon. One is to find ways to introduce the sustainability criteria into the local decision-making process at appropriate points. Another is to obtain sufficient flexibility in the policies, regulations, and funding guidelines of state and federal programs so that those programs can be applied to innovative, sustainable solutions. A first step toward meeting these and other challenges is fostering a shift in thinking among the hazards community toward taking a broader approach to many problems that we have hitherto tended to tackle in isolation. Sustainability is a suitable concept for doing this, and, for its part, the Hazards Center has been gathering and consolidating information, knowledge, and experience in linking sustainability and disaster recovery. Our goal is to contribute to the development and dissemination of sustainable recovery expertise both among hazards management professionals and concerned professionals in related fields. This effort will culminate in the production of a handbook on sustainable recovery and a related training session to be conducted August 27-30 (see the related article). We welcome your suggestions and input.
Jacquelyn Monday, Program Manager, Developing Guidance and Expertise on Sustainable Recovery from Disaster, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center
The author can be contacted at the Natural Hazards Center, 482 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0482; e-mail: email@example.com.
More than 50 years ago, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was first authorized by Congress to help local communities with upstream flood control and watershed protection. Today, there is a growing national concern that many of the early flood control dams are at or near the end of their planned design life and may pose a risk to public safety. In A Report to Congress on Aging Watershed Infrastructure: An Analysis and Strategy for Addressing the Nation's Aging Flood Control Dams (2000, 15 pp., free), the USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) outlines the history of its Small Watershed Program and discusses the risk posed by some of the more than 10,000 upstream flood control dams constructed since 1948.
Many of the older small dams require significant rehabilitation, and some pose a threat to the safety of people and towns downstream or to anyone who uses the reservoirs as a source of drinking water. The NRCS stresses that if action is not taken to rehabilitate these dams, there is potential for adverse impacts on downstream floodplains and ecosystems the dams have been protecting. The agency estimates that more than 2,200 dams need work and that the total cost will be more than $540 million. The cost of rehabilitation will only rise with time as deterioration increases, construction costs rise, and more rehabilitation needs are identified. Conversely, these repairs can provide opportunities to increase municipal and industrial water supplies, firefighting water resources, recreation opportunities, and wetland and wildlife assets.
The report provides a summary of the current situation and an overview of pilot programs dealing with the dangers and opportunities for cooperative efforts. It also outlines a strategy for action legislated by the 2000 Agricultural Appropriations Bill. The report and numerous other reports that address aging dams and provide state-level information are available on the NRCS Web site: http://www.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/pl566/agingwater/infra.html.
When Hurricane Floyd struck North Carolina in 1999, flood damage was severe because soil was saturated from previous storms and rainfalls of 15 to 20 inches. Because the region had been flooded before, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and state and local governments had implemented a variety of flood mitigation activities. Following the hurricane, FEMA funded a study to evaluate the effectiveness of these activities, and the results of that study are now available in the report, Evaluation of CRS Credited Activities During Hurricane Floyd (2000, 78 pp., free).
The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Community Rating System (CRS) was implemented in 1990 to recognize and encourage community floodplain management activities that exceed minimum NFIP standards. Under the CRS, flood insurance premium rates are lowered to reflect the reduced flood risk resulting from activities that meet three goals: 1) reducing flood losses; 2) facilitating accurate insurance rating; and 3) promoting awareness of flood insurance. In the FEMA report, eight credited CRS activities were evaluated to determine their impact on flood losses.
Among the findings:
The report is posted on the FEMA web site at http://www.fema.gov/nfip/pfloydrpt.pdf.
The Department of Defense (DOD) provides a variety of assistance, including disaster relief, to federal agencies, state and local governments, private citizens, and other nations. DOD provides this assistance while maintaining its combat capabilities and conducting overseas operations. Recently, members of Congress asked the General Accounting Office (GAO) to examine the extent and cost of DOD participation in civil activities as well as the effects of the activities on uniformed military personnel. Specifically, GAO was asked to determine the extent to which personnel supported civil activities, the effect this assistance had on retention of service members, alternative sources that could provide this support, and the extent to which entities have reimbursed DOD for its support.
In its report, Military Personnel: Full Extent of Support to Civil Authorities Unknown but Unlikely to Adversely Impact Retention (Report to the Chairman and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Military Personnel, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, GAO-0109, 2001, 47 pp., free), GAO presents its findings for each of the military services. The U.S. military supported 345 entities in at least 7,125 instances; the cost was (conservatively) $180 million, and support usually lasted fewer than 10 days. Providing assistance to civil authorities did not negatively affect retention, and many uniformed personnel viewed these assignments as contributing to our national interests.
The report discusses the military's use of contractors rather than military personnel for certain activities, such as construction, transportation, and medical treatment, as well as limitations to the kinds of support that can be provided by contractors. It presents detailed data on the extent of military support to civil organizations and officer and enlisted personnel retention rates, and comments from both the Department of Defense and FEMA. An appendix Observer readers might find useful contains a list of laws that authorize DOD support to civil organizations.
Copies can be obtained from the GAO, P.O. Box 37050; Washington, DC 20013; (202) 512-6000; fax: (202) 512-6061; e-mail: email@example.com; WWW: http://www.gao.gov.
Oversight in the House of Representatives of FEMA operations in emergencies and disasters has been moved to the newly created Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management Subcommittee, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. During the 106th Congress, jurisdiction for emergency management issues fell under the Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Emergency Management. That subcommittee has been eliminated. The new subcommittee's purview includes disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
The subcommittee overseas FEMA activities authorized under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, which makes federal emergency assistance available whenever the president determines that assistance is necessary to supplement state and local efforts to save lives, protect property, and ensure public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States.
For further information, contact the Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management Subcommittee, 589 Ford House Office Building, Washington, DC 20515-6260; (202) 225-3014; fax: (202) 225-6782; e-mail: email@example.com; WWW: http://www.house.gov/transportation.
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iHerb Customer Reviews
Doctor's Best, Extra Strength Ginkgo, 120 mg, 120 Veggie Caps
Posted by Reviewer1431380 on Feb 07, 2012
I think this drug works, but not very fast. Ordered a second time. First, take 1 capsule twice a day - the effect is not observed. Now, take 1 capsule three times a day - to improve the weak, but there is.
Good Ginkgo and the value is in line.
Posted by Reviewer2239071 on May 18, 2010
I ordered this one because I was out - I'm not sure if it's any different from the others I've gotten in the past.
No noticeable difference
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Been using this for +1 week and can't see any effects so far.
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Not Sure
Posted by Reviewer1109482 on Jan 21, 2011
Started taking these during an exhausting week at work ... I've made it through the week, but not sure if they helped.


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of Cognitive Structure
and Attitude Change
William J. McGuire Yale University
The use of attitude change to study cognitive structure was suggested to me during my first year in graduate school. An interest in understanding the structure of thought -- how our ideas are organized and what determines how one idea follows from another -- had drawn me into graduate study in psychology. A course in physiological psychology dealt with the technique of teasing out the histological structure of the nervous system by putting in lesions or electrical impulses at various places in the spinal cord or brain and tracing the ramifications through the central nervous system. The analogy occurred to me that perhaps I could put in changes at focused points in the belief system and get to understand the organization of mind by tracing the ideological and behavioral ramifications of these experimentally induced, focused alterations.
Encouraged by the availability of this methodological strategy for testing our notions, we developed a theory of thought processes ( McGuire, 1960a, 1960b, 1960c) that postulated probabilistic logical thinking and wishful thinking along with other mental processes described in the next section of this chapter. Derivations from the theory were tested by inducing a change on a specified belief by means of a focused persuasive communication, and then assessing the extent to which the immediate and delayed changes on related beliefs (not mentioned in the communication) showed the kinds of change predicted by our postulates of cognitive structure and functioning. The first section of this chapter describes the theory itself and the second, the empirical work designed to test and develop it.
Our theory of mental processes contains postulates regarding the cognitive system's components, structure, and functioning, as discussed successively in the three subsections that follow.


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A robust selection of Star Wars movie memorabilia, including Starship designs and an original 1975 'Star Wars' screenplay, from the personal collection of science fiction movie pioneer Colin Cantwell, will lead a Dec. 5-6 sale being offered by Julien's Auctions.
10 Things You Didn't Know About Gone With the Wind
It is a Pulitzer Prize winning book and an iconic film, but did you know there are at least two museums dedicated to Gone With the Wind? That's not all...
'King Kong' poster climbs to $18,000
It was a one-of-a-kind auction at Swann Galleries on Dec. 18: A single-owner collection dedicated to images of maidens in the clutches of movie monsters.
Citizen Kane, Chaplin and James Bond headline vintage international film poster auction
Vintage posters from cinema classics including Orson Welles' Citizen Kane, Charlie Chaplin's The Tramp and the fifth Bond film will go under the gavel Feb. 10.
Prologue Books releasing 400 vintage pulp ebooks by year's end
Vintage pulp paperback collectors will be pleased to learn Prologue Books is scheduled to release more than 400 ebook titles in crime, science fiction, fantasy and western by the end of 2012. Authors include Edgar Award-winning William Campbell Gault, Max Brand, Hope Mirrlees and Vin Packer.
Roy Rogers Ranch, cowboy memorabilia up for auction
The Roy Rogers Ranch, owned by Roy Rogers and Dale Evans, two of the most popular cowboy and cowgirl entertainers, will be auctioned on July 12, 2012 in Tulsa, Okla. Collectible Roy Rogers' possessions and memorabilia will also be sold separately at the auction.
Never Say Goodbye – Searching for vintage Errol Flynn lobby cards
The legendary Errol Flynn (1909-59) was one of the great action stars of his era, and his many classic films have come to epitomize the adventure films of the 1930s and '40s. Collector Tom McNulty shows how values for Errol Flynn lobby cards mirror his best and worst movies.
Massive entertainment auction holds Charlie Chaplin's driver's license, President Kennedy's rocking chair
Julien's Auctions holding Hollywood Legends auction March 31-April 1 in Beverly Hills. Highlights include artifacts from the Golden Age of Hollywood to Superman including Charlie Chaplin iconic cane, Clark Gable's riding jacket from "Gone With The Wind" and screen used tablets from "The Ten Commandments."
Harpo Marx: Collectors spending for a piece of vintage Marx Brothers magic
In this exclusive interview with Antique Trader, Harpo Marx's son shares intimate details on life with dad and The Marx Bros. Vintage Marx Bros. memorabilia remains some of the most-prized collectors' items from that era, with Harpo Marx's iconic hat and wig selling for $45,000 last year.
Three Stooges poster for 'The Three Little Beers' brings $59,750
A very rare poster depicting The Three Stooges in Three Little Beers (Columbia, 1935) brought $59,750 at a Nov. 18-19 vintage movie posters auction. Many Stooge aficionados consider this short, "Three Little Beers," to be one of the group's best films and it's also one of their earliest. One sheets from this period...