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Wednesday, June 5, 2013
Access To Justice: God Bless The Oklahoma Supreme Court
The Oklahoma Supreme Court has held that the requirement of an affidavit of merit in a professional negligence action is an unconstitutional infringement on access to the courts:
The Oklahoma Constitution does not anticipate that litigants will be burdened with the entire bill for maintenance of the court system. The Oklahoma courts were never intended to be self-funded, and the increasing degree to which they have become so is disturbing. Despite our holding in Fent v. State ex. rel. Dep't of Human Services, 2010 OK 2, 236 P.3d 61, the judicial department of government is burdened with collecting fees for thirty seven entities--only seven of which have a relationship to the third branch of government. The Okla. Const. art. 2, §6, guarantees the right of individuals to access the courts, and while litigation does not have to be free and entirely at the public expense, at the very least the provision means that justice cannot be for sale. The idea that money cannot be used as a bar to deny justice long predates the Oklahoma Constitution, and is one of the fundamental values of our legal system.
The Magna Carta, one of the oldest progenitors of American legal principles, states: "We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man, either justice or right." When the cost of obtaining an affidavit of merit in professional negligence actions is added to the already high and increasingly rising cost of using the court system to resolve disputes, the result is that a line is crossed, and litigation costs go from being merely a hurdle to being an unconstitutional burden on accessing the courts.
The title expresses my views. (Mike Frisch)
June 5, 2013 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, May 13, 2013
Asking Sherwin-Williams
A recent Rhode Island Supreme Court decision is summarized on the court's web page:
Accordingly, the Court vacated the order of the Superior Court denying Sherwin-Williams' motion for a protective order and remanded the case to the Superior Court.
May 13, 2013 in Current Affairs, Privilege | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, April 30, 2013
Attorney Can't Sue Assigned Counsel Program
The New York Court of Appeals has held that an attorney who participates in an assigned counsel program ("ACP") for indigent persons "lacks standing to challenge how the ACP Plan deals with the provision of counsel to unemancipated minors in adult criminal court..."
The attorney was never a minor charged with a crime or the parent of a charged minor.
The court noted that the attorney contended that sections of the Plan "caused him to be assigned fewer cases. But personal disagreement and speculative financial loss are insufficient to confer standing." (Mike Frisch)
April 30, 2013 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, April 22, 2013
May Furloughed Attorney Defend Complaints By Furloughed Employees?
A recent opinion of the District of Columbia Bar Legal Ethics Committee is summarized below:
Can a government lawyer represent an agency employer in defending the agency from furlough-related complaints brought by other agency employees when the lawyer was also furloughed and is pursuing her own complaint in which the allegations are substantially similar to those in the complaint she is defending? Under the D.C. Rules of Professional Conduct, a lawyer has a conflict of interest in a matter when "[t]he lawyer's professional judgment on behalf of the client will be or reasonably may be adversely affected by the lawyer's responsibilities to or interests in a third party or the lawyer's own financial, business, property, or personal interests." Rule 1.7(b)(4). Such a conflict plainly exists in this situation. However, so-called individual interest conflicts like this one can be waived under Rule 1.7(c) if:
- Each potentially affected client provides informed consent to such representation after full disclosure of the existence and nature of the possible conflict and the possible adverse consequences of such representation; and
- The lawyer reasonably believes that the lawyer will be able to provide competent and diligent representation to each affected client.
The only affected client here is the agency. The agency's informed consent to the conflicted lawyer's representation notwithstanding her individual interest conflict would satisfy the requirements of the first paragraph. But client consent alone is not enough. Under the second paragraph, the lawyer must also reasonably believe that she can provide competent and diligent representation to the agency in the matter despite her personal interest, and her belief must be objectively reasonable under the circumstances. That may be a difficult standard to meet when the lawyer is pursuing her own challenge to the furlough while being asked to defend the agency against substantially similar challenges by other affected agency employees.
The opinion was adopted this month, in response to a hypothetical raised by the "sequester." (Mike Frisch)
April 22, 2013 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, March 14, 2013
New Trade Name Ethics Rule In New Jersey
The New Jersey Supreme Court has issued an opinion that amends RPC 7.5 to allow the use of a law firm trade name "so long as [the name] describes the nature of the legal practice in terms that are accurate, descriptive, and informative, but not misleading, comparative, or suggestive of the ability to obtain results."
The court considered the trade name Alpha Center for Divorce Mediation, P.C. and concluded that all of the name was permissible save for the "Alpha." The rest of the name, along with the name of a managing New Jersey attorney, passes muster.
Alpha is impermissibly comparative, like (as the court had suggested) "Best Tax Lawyers" and "Tax Fixers" would be.
The court also directed that a committee be established to implement its new Rule.
The case had been remanded in 2009 and reargued twice after the remand.
Question: What if your last name is Best? What if I change my name to Mike Superlawyer? (Mike Frisch)
March 14, 2013 in Bar Discipline & Process, Current Affairs, Law & Business | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Sunday, March 10, 2013
Cloudy With A Chance Of An Ethical Violation
The New Hampshire Bar Association Ethics Committee has recently issued an opinion on cloud computing.
The summary
The internet has changed the practice of law in many ways, including how data is stored and accessed. "Cloud computing" can be an economical and efficient way to store and use data. However, a lawyer who uses cloud computing must be aware of its effect on the lawyer's professional responsibilities. The NHBA Ethics Committee adopts the consensus among states that a lawyer may use cloud computing consistent with his or her ethical obligations, as long as the lawyer takes reasonable steps to ensure that sensitive client information remains confidential.
The conclusion
The New Hampshire Ethics Committee concurs with the consensus among states that a lawyer may use cloud computing in a manner consistent with his or her ethical duties by taking reasonable steps to protect client data. Granted, a lawyer may not find a provider of cloud computing services whose terms of service address all of the issues addressed in this opinion], but it bears repeating, that while a lawyer need not become an expert in data storage, a lawyer must remain aware of how and where data is stored and what the service agreement says. Although the New Hampshire Rules of Professional Conduct do not impose a strict liability standard, the duties of confidentiality and competence are ongoing and not delegable. The requirement of competence means that even when storing data in the cloud, a lawyer must take reasonable steps to protect client information and cannot allow the storage and retrieval of data to become nebulous.
(Mike Frisch)
March 10, 2013 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, March 6, 2013
Ban From Ohio Overturned
From the web page of the Ohio Supreme Court:
The Ninth District Court of Appeals has ruled that the Medina County Court of Common Pleas cannot issue a lifelong ban to a Florida man from entering the state of Ohio.
According to court documents, George Mose, of Bradenton, Florida, drove to Brunswick, Ohio with plans to kill a woman he was previously involved with. Acting on a tip, police later found Mose in a motel room with incriminating evidence. He was charged with two counts of attempted murder and one count of attempted aggravated burglary.
As part of a plea agreement, Mose pleaded guilty to all three counts and "agreed never to return to the State of Ohio during his lifetime other than for parole requirements." The trial court accepted the agreement and sentenced Mose to three years of prison with credit for time served.
Mose then filed an application for a delayed appeal and said the common pleas court erred by "not providing [Mr. Mose] with the proper post release control terms in the sentence." He also said the trial court "lacked subject matter jurisdiction to accept his guilty pleas because his actions did not constitute an 'attempt' to commit murder or burglary."
Judge Carla Moore wrote the appeals court's unanimous decision and said: "We agree that Mr. Mose's lifelong banishment from the State of Ohio is contrary to law … While we understand that Mr. Mose agreed to this sanction, the trial court was without authority to impose a punishment which is not authorized by statute. As such, we must vacate only that portion of Mr. Mose's sentence."
Judges Beth Whitmore and Donna Carr concurred in the February 25 opinion that vacated only the portion of the judgment banishing Mose from the State of Ohio, and affirmed the remainder of judgment of the Medina County Court of Common Pleas.
(Mike Frisch)
March 6, 2013 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, February 28, 2013
Bad Timing
The New York Appellate Division for the First Judicial Department has affirmed the dismissal of legal malpractice claims involving the handling and distribution of insurance payments for a business that was located in the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.
The attorneys had initiated a chapter 11 proceeding on behalf of the business in August 2011.
The defendant attorneys had, by the time of the payment, moved their practice to the Marc Dreier firm.
This complicated things.
Defendants could not release the escrowed funds to their clients until the bankruptcy case was formally dismissed. They sought a "structured dismissal" of the case, negotiating with the creditors' committee and the U.S. trustee as to when and how the various interested parties would be paid by the estate. Defendants had advised plaintiffs that winding up the estate could "take some time." On September 26, 2008, after agreement with all of the necessary parties had been reached, Fox submitted a motion to the bankruptcy court to approve the voluntary dismissal of the bankruptcy proceeding. The bankruptcy court approved the dismissal in an order dated October 30, 2008. The order provided, in relevant part, for distribution of the cash held for plaintiffs within 15 days, with U.S. trustee fees being paid first, administrative expenses in the amount of $61,972.94 second, and all remaining cash to be paid to the secured creditors in partial satisfaction of the secured claim.
Following the bankruptcy dismissal order, Fox distributed $61,972.94 from a
TBF escrow account to pay the administrative fees, which largely consisted of its own legal fees. On December 2, 2008, after reconciliation of outstanding accounts with the U.S. trustee had been finalized, $3,475 was paid out of the TBF escrow account to the U.S. trustee in full satisfaction of fees. The remaining cash in the TBF escrow account belonged to plaintiffs, and was paid to them. Onthe same date, Fox sent an internal email to Dreier LLP accounting personnel requesting that a check payable to plaintiffs for $350,000 be drawn from the 5966 account and forwarded to Fox for delivery to plaintiffs.
Unfortunately and coincidentally, Marc Dreier was arrested the next day. Upon learning of the arrest, Traub immediately repeated his demand that Dreier LLP transfer funds being held in the 5966 account to the TBF escrow account. Dreier LLP acceded to this request, and the next day wired $441,145.58 to the TBF escrow account. These monies included the settlement payment to plaintiffs, as well as funds belonging to other clients of defendants. After the monies were transferred, Fox and Traub resigned from Dreier LLP and returned to TBF. On December 10, 2008, a federal district judge appointed a receiver for Dreier LLP and restrained the firm's assets. On December 16, 2008, Dreier LLP filed for bankruptcy.
The court found no basis for malpractice liability:
What separates this case from the cases cited by plaintiffs is the nature of the escrow account in which the subject funds were placed. Because the 5966 account had been used by Marc Dreier to operate his Ponzi scheme, the settlement funds became part of the pool to be distributed on a pro rata basis with the victims of the fraud (see Securities & Exch. Comm. v Credit Bancorp., 290 F3d at 89-90). Accordingly, the analysis performed in Carlson and OPM Leasing Servs. as to when the funds became the property of the intended beneficiary of the funds is irrelevant. Further, contrary to plaintiffs' argument, it makes no difference that when defendants transferred the funds to the Dreier LLP bankruptcy trustee they had been transferred to the TBF escrow account and were no longer in the escrow account which Marc Dreier had used to perpetrate his Ponzi scheme. Plaintiffs do not dispute defendants' position that the funds were transferred into the TBF escrow account with the understanding that they would not be released to plaintiffs without prior approval by whoever was ultimately assigned the tasks of sorting out the various claims which were sure to be made against the Dreier LLP bankruptcy estate.
(Mike Frisch)
February 28, 2013 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, February 27, 2013
Cutting Edge Scholarship In Georgetown Journal Of Legal Ethics
The Winter 2013 (Vol. XXVI, No. 1) of the Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics has just been released.
The volume has the following:
What If Legal Ethics Can't Be Reduced To A Maxim? by Andrew B. Ayers
Achieving Procedural Goals Through Indirection: The Use Of Ethics Doctrine To Justify Contingency Fee Caps In MDL Aggregate Settlements by Morris A. Ratner
Supreme Court Recusal From Marberry To Modern Day by James Sample
Law Firm Ethics In The Shadow Of Corporate Social Responsibility by Christopher J. Whelan and Neta Ziv
Kudos to the journal editors for their fine work.
Disclosure: I am (along with my colleague Mitt Regan) co-faculty advisor to the journal. (Mike Frisch)
February 27, 2013 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Not Yet
An attorney represented an organization in defense of several employment matters from 2002-2004. The relationship ended when the client sued the attorney for malpractice.
The organization moved for disqualification in a pending case in which the attorney represented a plaintiff suing it in an employment matter. The trial court denied a motion to disqualify.
The South Carolina Supreme Court held that interlocutory appeal of the denial is not an available remedy. The issue can be addressed on appeal of the judgment. (Mike Frisch)
February 27, 2013 in Clients, Current Affairs, Law Firms | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, February 22, 2013
New Jersey Upholds Denial Of Handgun Carry Permit For Outside Home
The New Jersey Appellate Division has rejected an asserted Second Amendment violation in a case that involves the denial of a permit to carry a firearm outside his home.
The applicant sought to establish his justifiable need to carry because he received substantial cash payments in connection with his landscaping business. The trial court rejected his contention regarding his justifiable need.
Both trial and appellate court rejected the constitutional claim, as stated by the Appellate Division:
...given the presumption of constitutionality, the lack of clarity that the Supreme Court in Heller intended the extend the Second Amendment right to a state regulation of the right to carry outside the home, and the Second Circuit's explicit affirmation of a law similar to ours, we affirm [the trial court's] determination that [applicant's] rights were not infringed.
The State had appealed a police chief's decision to issue a permit to the applicant. (Mike Frisch)
February 22, 2013 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, December 21, 2012
Jealousy Not Sex Discrimination
The question of the day comes from the Iowa Supreme Court:
Can a male employer terminate a female employee because the employer's wife, due to no fault of the employee, is concerned about the nature of the relationship between the employer and the employee?
The answer:
...we ultimately conclude the conduct does not amount to unlawful sex discrimination in violation of the Iowa Civil Rights Act.
The employee was hired in 1999 as a dental assistent in the employer's dental office. She worked there capably for over 10 1/2 years. However, the employer had complained that she dressed in a "too tight" and revealing manner.
During the last six months of her tenure, they "started texting each other on both work and personal matters outside the workplace." The employee denied that she flirted with the employer although there was some sexual banter between them.
When the employer was with his children for a Colorado Christmas, Mrs. Employer found the text messages.
There ensued a confrontation between them and pastoral counseling. As a result of the perceived ongoing threat to the marriage, the employee was terminated.
The court concluded:
...the issue is not whether [employer] treated [employee] badly. We are asked to decide only if a genuine fact issue exists as to whether [employer] engaged in unlawful gender discrimination when he fired [employee] at the request of his wife....we believe that this conduct did not amount to unlawful discrimination...
(Mike Frisch)
December 21, 2012 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, December 18, 2012
To Live And Work In D.C.
The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed and remanded the dismissal of a claim brought against the Administrative Office of the United States Court ("the central administrative support organization for the federal judiciary" ) by a rejected applicant for an attorney position.
The plaintiff is an attorney who resides in Kentucky. She applied online for a position as an Attorney-Advisor. Her application did not meet a job requirement that she live and work in the D.C. area. She received an automated rejection letter because of her Kentucky home.
She then sued AO, arguing that the geographic limitation was unconstitutional.
The district court granted dismissal for both lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim due to sovereign immunity.
The remand directs the district court to explain its conclusion that the plaintiff had failed to state a claim. (Mike Frisch)
December 18, 2012 in Current Affairs, Hiring, Interviewing, Judicial Ethics and the Courts | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, December 13, 2012
Blogging Liability In Wawayanda
The New York Appellate Division for the Second Judicial Department has held that a sufficient cause of action for defamation was pled as a result of a blog post on a newspaper web page in Wawayanda:
Internet forums are venues where citizens may participate and be heard in free debate involving civic concerns. It may be said that such forums are the newest form of the town meeting. We recognize that, although they are engaging in debate, persons posting to these sites assume aliases that conceal their identities or "blog profiles." Nonetheless, falsity remains a necessary element in a defamation claim and, accordingly, "only statements alleging facts can properly be the subject of a defamation action Within this ambit, the Supreme Court correctly determined that the accusation on the newspaper site that the plaintiff was a "terrorist" was not actionable. Such a statement was likely to be perceived as "rhetorical hyperbole, a vigorous epithet." This conclusion is especially apt in the digital age, where it has been commented that readers give less credence to allegedly defamatory Internet communications than they would to statements made in other milieus. Accordingly, we conclude that this statement constitued an expression of opinion, and, as such, is nonactionable.
Turning to the other posting described in the fourth cause of action, it is not clear on the face of the posting whom the poster was accusing of dumping a horse head in Gail Soro's pool, as the posting is essentially just a cross-reference to the Wawayandafirst blogspot. Since the statements contained on the Wawayandafirst blogspot form the basis of the first and second causes of action, the mere reference to those statements is duplicative of those causes of action.Therefore, the Supreme Court correctly granted that branch of the Skinner defendants' motion which was for summary judgment dismissing the fourth cause of action insofar as asserted against them. (citations omitted)
The horse head allegation was actionable on this basis:
The published allegation that the plaintiff put a severed horse head in a Town Board member's swimming pool constituted defamation per se under this standard and, therefore, did not require the plaintiff to plead special damages. Moreover, the accusation that the plaintiff placed a
horse head in a political rival's pool, if true, describes conduct that would constitute serious crimes. A false published allegation that a person committed a serious crime is also a ground for asserting a cause of action to recover damages for defamation per se, thus relieving the plaintiff from pleading special damages. (citation omitted)
(Mike Frisch)
December 13, 2012 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, December 11, 2012
Loyalty Trumps Mobility In New Mexico Decision
In a case of first impression, the New Mexico Supreme Court has held that disqualification is mandatory when an associate who played a 'substantial role" in litigation and possesses confidential information moves to a firm involved in the litigation against her former client.
Both the moving associate and her new firm are barred from further representation.
The court noted that it had adopted a more restricted version of Rule 1.11than the ABA Model Rule, and that its rule does not permit screening to prevent imputed disqualification.
While the rule may have a chilling consequence for lawyer mobility, the court emphasized that the public policy considerations that underpin the loyalty to clients justifies the result:
In the practice of law, there is no higher duty than one's loyalty to a client.
(Mike Frisch)
December 11, 2012 in Clients, Current Affairs, Law Firms | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, October 25, 2012
Ethics Opinion On Confidentiality And In-House Counsel Claims Against Employer
A recently-issued opinion of the District of Columbia Bar Legal Ethics Committee concludes:
An in–house lawyer may not disclose or use her employer/client's confidences or secrets in support of the lawyer's claim against the employer/client for employment discrimination or retaliatory discharge unless expressly authorized by Rule 1.6. If the employer/client puts the lawyer's conduct in issue, however (e.g., by lodging an affirmative defense or a counterclaim), the lawyer may disclose or use the employer's confidences or secrets insofar as reasonably
necessary to respond to the employer/client's contention. An in–house lawyer is not prohibited from bringing such a claim against her employer/client merely because the employer/client may find it necessary or helpful to disclose its confidences or secrets in defending against the lawyer's claim.
(Mike Frisch)
October 25, 2012 in Clients, Current Affairs, General Counsel | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Sunday, September 30, 2012
"Living In Adultery" In Kentucky
A recent decision of the Kentucky Supreme Court turned on the interpretation of the phrase "living in adultery" in determing the disposition of an estate.
The phrase comes from the Statute of Westminster (1285) as adopted by Kentucky in 1796 and most recently codified in 1942.
The deceased was killed in a work-related accident. The only significant asset of his estate was the workers' compensation claim.
At the time of his death, he had been married for four months. His wife (the claimant here) sought a civil protection order and had filed for divorce. They were living apart.
The proofs at trial established that she had engaged in sexual intercourse the night before her husband died.
The trial court found that the single act established that the wife was "living in adultery" and awarded the estate to the deceased's mother.
Both the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court disagreed, holding that the wife's single act did not constitute "living in adultery."
There are two dissents. Justice Cunningham stated the issue as whether the estate should go to the deceased "loving, nurturing mother" or the "adulterous and absent wife" and said: "Let's be sensible." The dissenters would hold that the marriage was clearly over.
The majority and dissents also disagree over the significance of the wife's post-widow continuing relationship with the person she had slept with on the night before her husband's death.
The majority found that the widow could no longer engage in adultery after her husband's death. The evidence thus was irrelevant. The dissenters would consider the evidence as proof that the marriage was over. (Mike Frisch)
September 30, 2012 in Current Affairs, Law & Society | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, August 23, 2012
How To Get To Carnagie Hall
The Maryland Court of Appeals has held that an injured former Washington Redskins football player is a "covered employee" entitled to workers compensation because he was regularly employed in Maryland.
The Redskins practice in Virginia but play their home games in Landover, Maryland. The court held that this fact establishes the employee's regular employment in the State:
...practice time is incidental to playing football games.
In a separate matter, the court yesterday held that a Redskins player (a punter) who was injured while warming up for a game suffered a compensable injury under workers compensation law.
(Mike Frisch)
August 23, 2012 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, July 12, 2012
Bankruptcy Non-Disclosure Bars Malpractice Claim
The New York Appellate Division for the Second Judicial Department has affirmed the dismissal of a legal malpractice counterclaim under the following circumstances:
... it is undisputed that the defendant did not disclose, in a bankruptcy petition
that he filed in September 2007, the existence of the causes of action he now
asserts as counterclaims. The plaintiff showed, prima facie, that at the time of
the filing of that petition the defendant knew or should have known of the
existence of those causes of action, and the defendant failed to raise a triable
issue of fact in opposition to that prima facie showing. Further, under the
circumstances of this case, the fact that the defendant's bankruptcy petition
was later dismissed does not change this result. Moreover, although the defendant stated in his opposition to the plaintiff's motion that, in 2010, he filed a second bankruptcy
petition in which he did disclose his malpractice cause of action, in support of
that claim he submitted only a single page of the Schedule of Assets from that
petition. He also submitted no evidence as to the ultimate disposition of the
second bankruptcy petition. He therefore failed to raise a triable issue of fact
as to whether he regained his capacity to assert his legal malpractice claims
against the plaintiff by filing the second bankruptcy petition. (citations omitted)
(Mike Frisch)
July 12, 2012 in Clients, Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, July 9, 2012
E-Discovery And Ethics
A recent opinion of the D.C. Bar Legal Ethics Committee:
Discovery service vendors, such as e–discovery vendors, cannot both practice law
within the District of Columbia and be partially or entirely owned by passive
non–lawyer investors consistent with D.C. Rule 5.4(b). This Committee's
jurisdiction does not include the definition of the practice of law, but the
Committee on Unauthorized Practice of Law has recently issued a detailed opinion
explaining what activities by these vendors constitute the practice of law.
The Rules of Professional Conduct do not reach non–lawyer owners of discovery
service organizations; they are not subject to bar discipline. The Rules do
reach lawyers who co–own or manage such vendors with or on behalf of non–lawyer
passive investors. The Rules also could reach lawyer employees of such vendors
who know of facts that constitute a violation of Rule 5.4(b) or lawyers who,
with similar knowledge, retain such vendors.
In addition, lawyers who own, manage, work for or retain a discovery service
vendor that engages in the practice of law in the District of Columbia and has
passive non–lawyer investment may violate the prohibition in Rule 5.5(b) against
assisting others in the unauthorized practice of law.
(Mike Frisch)
July 9, 2012 in Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)


text:
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Hi there! My name is Jennifer but I like to be called Jenn. As you can see I am a big Dragon Ball and Teen Wolf fan. I'm a Marine Corp. Supporter. Nothing much to say honestly, You are free to browse, comment, and fave my artworks. Thank you for your time.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Are you Evelyne Richet?Claim your profile
Publications (33)248.6 Total impact
Article: A dual role for the inducer in signaling by MalT, a signal transduction ATPase with numerous domains (STAND).[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Signal transduction ATPases with numerous domains (STAND) are widespread proteins, whose activation involves inducer-dependent conversion of resting ADP-bound monomers into active ATP-bound multimers. This process notably comprises opening of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD), nucleotide exchange and NOD-mediated multimerization. How inducer binding to the sensor domain, whose structure is not conserved throughout the STAND family, causes protein activation remains unclear. We used MalT, an Escherichia coli transcription factor, as a STAND model system, to address this question by dissecting the signaling pathway in vitro.We have found that inducer binding to the sensor is the first step of the activation pathway. It both triggers opening of the NOD and makes the MalT multimer competent for binding promoter MalT sites via its DNA-binding domains. Based on available data, we proposed that inducer trigger of NOD opening is a conserved STAND feature, irrespective of the sensor structure. As discussed, an additional role for the inducer, as found for MalT, might pertain to other types of STANDs.
Article: Richet E, Davidson AL, Joly N.. The ABC transporter MalFGK2 sequesters the MalT transcription factor at the membrane in the absence of cognate substrate. Mol Microbiol 85: 632-647[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: MalK, the cytoplasmic component of the maltose ABC transporter from Escherichia coli is known to control negatively the activity of MalT, the activator of the maltose regulon, through complex formation. Here we further investigate this regulatory process by monitoring MalT activity and performing fluorescence microscopy analyses under various conditions. We establish that, under physiological conditions, the molecular entity that interacts with MalT is not free MalK, but the maltose transporter, MalFGK(2) , which sequesters MalT to the membrane. Furthermore, we provide compelling evidence that the transporter's ability to bind MalT is not constitutive, but strongly diminished when MalFGK(2) is engaged in sugar transport. Notably, the outward-facing transporter, i.e. the catalytic intermediate, is ineffective in inhibiting MalT compared to the inward-facing state, i.e. the resting form. Analyses of available genetic and structural data suggest how the interaction between one inactive MalT molecule and MalFGK(2) would be sensitive to the transporter state, thereby allowing MalT release upon maltose entrance. A related mechanism may underpin signalling by other ABC transporters.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In 1961, François Jacob and Jacques Monod presented a landmark paper describing the operon model. The meeting held in Institut Pasteur this May to celebrate the 50(th) anniversary of their seminal discovery highlighted the impact their visionary theory has had on our understanding of gene regulation. The concepts they postulated are indeed at the heart of two major mechanisms that underlie the control of gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes: the regulation of transcription initiation by specific DNA-binding proteins, and posttranscriptional control by noncoding RNAs. The model also promoted the concept of regulatory circuits in biology in general and was a precursor for present-day systems biology.
Article: Conserved Motifs Involved in ATP Hydrolysis by MalT, a Signal Transduction ATPase with Numerous Domains from Escherichia coli[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The signal transduction ATPases with numerous domains (STAND) are sophisticated signaling proteins that are related to AAA+ proteins and control various biological processes, including apoptosis, gene expression, and innate immunity. They function as tightly regulated switches, with the off and on positions corresponding to an ADP-bound, monomeric form and an ATP-bound, multimeric form, respectively. Protein activation is triggered by inducer binding to the sensor domain. ATP hydrolysis by the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) ensures the generation of the ADP-bound form. Here, we use MalT, an Escherichia coli transcription activator, as a model system to identify STAND conserved motifs involved in ATP hydrolysis besides the catalytic acidic residue. Alanine substitution of the conserved polar residue (H131) that is located two residues downstream from the catalytic residue (D129) blocks ATP hydrolysis and traps MalT in an active, ATP-bound, multimeric form. This polar residue is also conserved in AAA+. Based on AAA+ X-ray structures, we proposed that it is responsible for the proper positioning of the catalytic and the sensor I residues for the hydrolytic attack. Alanine substitution of the putative STAND sensor I (R160) abolished MalT activity. Substitutions of R171 impaired both ATP hydrolysis and multimerization, which is consistent with an arginine finger function and provides further evidence that ATP hydrolysis is primarily catalyzed by MalT multimers.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The signal transduction ATPases with numerous domains (STAND) represent a newly recognized class of widespread, sophisticated ATPases that are related to the AAA+ proteins and that function as signaling hubs. These proteins control diverse biological processes in bacteria and eukaryotes, including gene expression, apoptosis, and innate immunity responses. They function as tightly regulated switches, with the off and on positions corresponding to a long-lived monomeric, ADP-bound form and a multimeric, ATP-bound form, respectively. Inducer binding to the sensor domain activates the protein by promoting ADP for ATP exchange, probably through removal of an intramolecular inhibitory interaction, whereas ATP hydrolysis turns off the protein. One key component of the switch is a three-domain module carrying the ATPase activity (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [NOD]). Analysis of the atomic structures of four crystallized nucleotide-bound NOD modules provides an unprecedented insight into the NOD conformational changes underlying the activation process.
Article: How Integration of Positive and Negative Regulatory Signals by a STAND Signaling Protein Depends on ATP Hydrolysis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The role of nucleotide hydrolysis in signaling by signal transduction ATPases with numerous domains (STAND) is poorly understood. Here we use MalT, the transcription activator of the Escherichia coli maltose regulon, as a model system to address this question. We have constructed the MalT-D129A variant that binds ATP but does not hydrolyze it and have characterized it in vivo and in vitro. ATP hydrolysis is not essential for transcription activation but is crucial in controlling MalT activity. MalT cycles between an ADP-bound, resting form that is the target of negative effectors and an ATP-bound, active form, which oligomerizes. Conversion to the active form involves nucleotide exchange and depends on maltotriose binding, whereas resetting to the inactive state relies on ATP hydrolysis, which ensues MalT multimerization. Such a controlled binary switch most likely applies to the other STAND NTPases, including Apaf-1 and the human innate immunity proteins NOD2, and CIAS1.
Article: Two Domains of MalT, the Activator of the Escherichia coli Maltose Regulon, Bear Determinants Essential for Anti-activation by MalK[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: MalT, the dedicated transcriptional activator of the maltose regulon in Escherichia coli, is subject to multiple controls. Maltotriose, the inducer, promotes MalT self-association, a critical step in promoter binding, whereas three proteins acting as negative allosteric effectors (MalK, the ABC-component of the maltodextrin transporter, MalY, and Aes) antagonize maltotriose binding. All of these regulatory signals are integrated by a novel signal transduction module that comprises three out of the four MalT structural domains: DT1, the ATP-binding domain that contains determinants recognized by the negative effectors, DT2, and DT3, the maltotriose-binding domain. For a better insight into the role of DT3 in signal integration, we PCR mutagenized the DT3-encoding region and screened for gain of function mutations in a malK+ strain in the absence of repression by MalY or Aes. Most of the mutations isolated alter one of seven residues that are located in DT3 helices 10 and 11, or in the turn between them and delineate a surface-exposed motif. In vivo and in vitro analyses revealed that the substitutions altering the so-called H10/H11 motif do not affect the ability of MalT to activate transcription or its sensitivity to MalY and Aes, but dramatically decrease its sensitivity to MalK. We propose that MalT/MalK interaction might involve two distinct contact sites on each partner. These sites would be located in DT1 and DT3 of MalT, and in the nucleotide-binding domain and the regulatory domain of MalK. Such a two-point interaction model would explain how the regulatory activity of MalK might be coupled to transport.
Article: Oligomeric Assemblies of the Escherichia coli MalT Transcriptional Activator Revealed by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Image Processing[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: MalT, the dedicated transcriptional activator of the maltose regulon in Escherichia coli, is the prototype for a family of large (approximately 100 kDa) transcriptional activators. MalT self-association plays a key role in recognition of the target promoters, which contain several MalT sites that are cooperatively bound by the activator. The unliganded form of MalT is monomeric. The protein self-associates only in the presence of both ATP (or AMP-PNP, a non-hydrolysable analog of ATP) and maltotriose, the inducer. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy analyses of MalT multimeric forms. We show that, in the presence of maltotriose and AMP-PNP, MalT associates into novel, polydisperse, curved homopolymers. The building block, corresponding to a MalT monomer, comprises an outer globular domain connected by a peduncle to an inner domain that mediates self-association. Image analyses highlight the significant conformational flexibility of these polymeric forms. In the presence of a DNA fragment containing a MalT-controlled promoter, malPp500, MalT forms homopolymers with a much smaller radius of curvature and a different conformation. We propose that MalT binding to the target promoters involves the assembly of a MalT homo-oligomer that is governed by the array of MalT sites present.
Article: MalK, the ATP-binding Cassette Component of the Escherichia coli Maltodextrin Transporter, Inhibits the Transcriptional Activator MalT by Antagonizing Inducer Binding[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: MalK, the ATP-binding cassette component of the Escherichia coli maltodextrin transporter, has long been known to control negatively the activity of MalT, a transcriptional activator dedicated to the maltose regulon. By using a biochemical approach and the soluble form of MalK as a model substrate, we demonstrate that MalK alone inhibits transcription activation by MalT in a purified transcription system. The inhibitory effect observed in vitro is relieved by maltotriose and by two malT mutations and one malK mutation known to interfere with MalT repression by MalK in vivo. MalK interacts directly with the activator in the absence of maltotriose but not in the presence of maltotriose. Conversely, MalK inhibits maltotriose binding by MalT. Altogether, these data strongly suggest that MalK and maltotriose compete for MalT binding. Part, if not all, of the MalK-binding site is located on DT1, the N-terminal domain of MalT. All of these features indicate that MalK inhibits MalT by the same mechanism as two other proteins, MalY and Aes, that also act as negative effectors of MalT by antagonizing maltotriose binding by MalT. These results offer new insights into the mechanism by which gene regulation can be accomplished by the ATPase component of a bacterial ATP-binding cassette-type importer.
Article: The N Terminus of the Escherichia coli Transcription Activator MalT Is the Domain of Interaction with MalY[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The maltose system of Escherichia coli consists of a number of genes encoding proteins involved in the uptake and metabolism of maltose and maltodextrins. The system is positively regulated by MalT, its transcriptional activator. MalT activity is controlled by two regulatory circuits: a positive one with maltotriose as effector and a negative one involving several proteins. MalK, the ATP-hydrolyzing subunit of the cognate ABC transporter, MalY, an enzyme with the activity of a cystathionase, and Aes, an acetyl esterase, phenotypically act as repressors of MalT activity. By in vivo titration assays, we have shown that the N-terminal 250 amino acids of MalT contain the interaction site for MalY but not for MalK. This was confirmed by gel filtration analysis, where MalY was shown to coelute with the N-terminal MalT structural domain. Mutants in MalT causing elevated mal gene expression in the absence of exogenous maltodextrins were tested in their response to the three repressors. The different MalT mutations exhibited a various degree of sensitivity towards these repressors, but none was resistant to all of them. Some of them became nearly completely resistant to Aes while still being sensitive to MalY. These mutations are located at positions 38, 220, 243, and 359, most likely defining the interaction patch with Aes on the three-dimensional structure of MalT.
Article: The Aes Protein Directly Controls the Activity of MalT, the Central Transcriptional Activator of the Escherichia coliMaltose Regulon[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: MalT, the transcriptional activator of the maltose regulon from Escherichia coli, is the prototype of a new family of transcription factors. Its activity is controlled by multiple regulatory signals. ATP and maltotriose (the inducer) are two effectors of the activator that positively control its multimerization, a critical step in promoter binding. In addition, MalK, the ABC component of the maltodextrin transport system, and the two enzymes MalY and Aes down-regulate MalT activity in vivo. By using a biochemical approach, we demonstrate here that (i) Aes controls MalT activity through direct protein-protein interaction, (ii) Aes competes with maltotriose for MalT binding, (iii) ATP and ADP differentially affect the competition between Aes and the inducer, and (iv) part, if not all, of the Aes binding site is located in DT1, the N-terminal domain of the activator, which also contains the ATP binding site. All of these characteristics point toward an identical mode of action for MalY and Aes. However, we have identified an amino acid substitution in MalT that suppresses MalT inhibition by Aes without interfering with its inhibition by MalY, suggesting that the binding sites of the two inhibitory proteins do not coincide. The differential effects of ATP and ADP on the competition between the inducer and Aes (or MalY) suggest that the ATPase activity displayed by MalT plays a role in the negative control of its activity.
Article: Synergistic transcription activation: A dual role for CRP in the activation of an Escherichia coli promoter depending on MalT and CRP[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Activation of the Escherichia coli malEp promoter relies on the formation of a higher order structure involving cooperative binding of MalT to promoter-proximal and promoter-distal sites as well as CRP binding to three sites located in between. MalT is the primary activator and one function of CRP is to facilitate cooperative binding of MalT to its cognate sites by bending the intervening DNA. It is shown here that CRP also participates directly in malEp activation. This function is carried out by the molecule of CRP bound to the CRP site centered at -139.5 (CRP site 3). This molecule of CRP recruits RNA polymerase by promoting the binding of the RNA polymerase alpha subunit C-terminal domain (alphaCTD) to DNA immediately downstream from CRP site 3, via a contact between alphaCTD and activating region I of CRP. The action of MalT and CRP at malEp hence provides the example of a novel and complex mechanism for transcriptional synergy in prokaryotes whereby one activator both helps the primary activator to form a productive complex with promoter DNA and interacts directly with RNA polymerase holoenzyme.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: MalT, the transcriptional activator of the Escherichia coli maltose regulon, self-associates, binds promoter DNA and activates initiation of transcription only in the presence of ATP and maltotriose, the inducer. In vivo studies have revealed that MalT action is negatively controlled by the MalY protein. Using a biochemical approach, we analyse here the mechanism whereby MalY represses MalT activity. We show that MalY inhibits transcription activation by MalT in a purified transcription system. In vitro, a constitutive MalT variant (which is partially active in the absence of maltotriose) is less sensitive than wild-type MalT to repression by MalY, as observed in vivo. We demonstrate that MalY forms a complex with MalT only in the absence of maltotriose and that, conversely, MalY inhibits maltotriose binding by MalT. Together, these results establish that MalY acts directly upon MalT without the help of any factor, and that MalY is a negative effector of MalT competing with the inducer for MalT binding.
Article: A new mechanism for the control of a prokaryotic transcriptional regulator: Antagonistic binding of positive and negative effecters[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: MalT, the transcriptional activator of the Escherichia coli maltose regulon, self-associates, binds promoter DNA and activates initiation of transcription only in the presence of ATP and maltotriose, the inducer. In vivo studies have revealed that MalT action is negatively controlled by the MalY protein. Using a biochemical approach, we analyse here the mechanism whereby MalY represses MalT activity. We show that MalY inhibits transcription activation by MalT in a purified transcription system. In vitro, a constitutive MalT variant (which is partially active in the absence of maltotriose) is less sensitive than wild-type MalT to repression by MalY, as observed in vivo. We demonstrate that MalY forms a complex with MalT only in the absence of maltotriose and that, conversely, MalY inhibits maltotriose binding by MalT. Together, these results establish that MalY acts directly upon MalT without the help of any factor, and that MalY is a negative effector of MalT competing with the inducer for MalT binding.
Article: Self-association of the Escherichia coliTranscription Activator MalT in the Presence of Maltotriose and ATP[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: MalT, the transcriptional activator of the Escherichia coli maltose regulon, binds the MalT-dependent promoters and activates transcription initiation only in the presence of maltotriose and ATP (or adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP)). Cooperative binding of MalT to the array of cognate sites present in the MalT-dependent promoters suggests that promoter binding involves MalT oligomerization. Gel filtration and sedimentation experiments were used to analyze the quaternary structure of MalT in solution in the absence or presence of maltotriose and/or AMP-PNP, ATP, or ADP. The protein is monomeric in the absence of ligands and in the presence of ADP. In the presence of maltotriose, AMP-PNP, or ATP only, the protein self-associates, but a large fraction of the protein remains monomeric. In the presence of both maltotriose and AMP-PNP (ATP or ADP), the protein is essentially oligomeric, with the difference being that the oligomerization is less favored in the presence of ADP + maltotriose than in the presence of AMP-PNP + maltotriose. We present evidence that the association pathway comprises the following steps: monomers --> dimers --> (MalT)(n) --> aggregates, where 3 </= n </= 6. From these data, we conclude that the role of maltotriose and ATP as positive effectors is to induce the multimerization of MalT, and hence its cooperative binding to the mal promoters.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The nucleoid-associated protein H-NS is a major component of the chromosome-protein complex, and it is known to influence the regulation of many genes in Escherichia coli. Its role in gene regulation is manifested by the increased expression of several gene products in hns mutant strains. Here we report findings showing that H-NS and the largely homologous protein StpA play a positive role in the expression of genes in the maltose regulon. In studies with hns mutant strains and derivatives also deficient in the stpA gene, we found that expression of the LamB porin was decreased. Our results showed that the amounts of both LamB protein and lamB mRNA were greatly reduced in hns and hns-stpA mutant strains. The same results were obtained when we monitored the amount of transcription from the malEFG operon. The lamB gene is situated in the malKlamBmalM operon, which forms a divergent operon complex together with the malEFG operon. The activation of these genes depends on the action of the maltose regulon activator MalT and the global activator cyclic AMP receptor protein. Using a malT-lacZ translational fusion and antiserum raised against MalT to measure the expression of MalT, we detected reduced MalT expression in hns and hns-stpA mutant strains in comparison with the wild-type strain. Our results suggest that the H-NS and StpA proteins stimulate MalT translation and hence play a positive role in the control of the maltose regulon.
Article: On the Role of the Multiple Regulatory Elements Involved in the Activation of theEscherichia coli malEpPromoter[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Activation of malEp and malKp, two divergent promoters from Escherichia coli, depends on the synergistic action of MalT and CRP. The reaction involves a common regulatory region located in between and comprising multiple binding elements for both regulatory proteins. The binding of MalT and CRP to this region is known to result in the formation of a higher-order structure that is responsible for malKp activation. This paper presents genetic data which together with previous results, provide compelling evidence that this higher-order structure is also responsible for malEp activation. The role(s) that this structure or elements thereof play in the activation of malEp is analysed by monitoring both the occupancy of the proximal MalT sites (sites 1 and 2) and the activity of different malEp variants in strains containing increasing amounts of active MalT. A truncated malEp promoter comprising only MalT sites 1 and 2 forms a minimal MalT-dependent promoter whose activity is limited by the occupancy of these sites. One role of the higher-order structure formed by MalT and CRP when bound to the entire regulatory region is to ensure high occupation of MalT sites 1 and 2, but it is not its only function. Some elements of this structure, namely the CRP site 1, located at -76.5, and the distal MalT sites, seem to play a direct role in malEp activation besides their participation in the assembly of the higher-order structure.
Article: CRP induces the repositioning of MalT at Escherichia coli malKp promoter primarily through DNA bending[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Activation of transcription initiation at the Escherichia coli malKp promoter requires the repositioning of MalT, the primary activator, from a set of non-productive sites to a set of productive sites, which is staggered by 3 bp. Occupation of the latter relies on the formation of a higher order structure involving distal MalT sites and the binding of CRP (cAMP receptor protein) to three sites located in the intervening region. We show here that one can successfully replace all of the CRP sites by the binding site of another DNA-bending protein, integration host factor, or by a sequence-directed bend without altering the process of malKp activation. This observation indicates that CRP action at malKp does not involve critical interactions with MalT and that CRP promotes MalT repositioning primarily through DNA bending. This structural role of CRP differs markedly from its role in the activation of the lac promoter.
Article: A small C-terminal region of the Escherichia coli MalT protein contains the DNA-binding domain[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: MalT, the transcriptional activator of the Escherichia coli maltose regulon, is a 901-amino acid-long protein that specifically binds to short, asymmetric nucleotide sequences present in several copies in the promoters of the regulon. We report that the protein structure involved in this specific binding is carried by a small C-terminal part of MalT encompassing the last 95 amino acid residues. This was demonstrated by fusing the last 95 codons of malT to the gene that encodes glutathione S-transferase, purifying the hybrid protein by affinity chromatography, and comparing the DNase I and dimethyl sulfate footprints of the hybrid and of wild-type MalT on different MalT-binding sites. MalT belongs to a large family of prokaryotic transcriptional activators, which share significant homology in their approximately 60-amino acid C-terminal regions. Our result strongly supports the suggestion that the region of homology corresponds to the DNA-binding domain of the proteins in this family.
Article: Richet, E., Vidal-Ingigliardi, D. & Raibaud, O. A new mechanism for coactivation of transcription initiation: repositioning of an activator triggered by the binding of a second activator. Cell 66, 1185-1195[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The cAMP receptor protein (CRP) and MaIT, the maltose regulon activator, synergistically activate transcription from the E. coli maIKp promoter. The maIKp regulatory region comprises two series of MaIT-binding sites separated by three CRP-binding sites. By combining genetic and biochemical studies, we demonstrate that the promoter-proximal region contains two overlapping sets of three MaIT-binding sites. Occupation of the higher affinity set of sites, which occurs in the absence of CRP, does not lead to malKp activation. In contrast, in the presence of CRP, MalT binds to the lower affinity set of sites and triggers transcription initiation because, unlike the high affinity set, the low affinity set of sites is properly positioned with respect to the Pribnow box. The CRP effect requires the malKp-distal MalT-binding sites. The synergistic action of MalT and CRP therefore relies on MalT repositioning via the formation of a nucleoprotein structure involving the entire regulatory region.
Top Journals
Center for Molecular GeneticsGif, Île-de-France, France
Institut Pasteur
Lutetia Parisorum, Île-de-France, France
- Department of Microbiology
French National Centre for Scientific ResearchLutetia Parisorum, Île-de-France, France
Universität Konstanz
Constance, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Department of Biology
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
베서스다, Maryland, United States
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Université Panthéon-Assas Paris 2Lutetia Parisorum, Île-de-France, France


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Malthael Ascension with Head Shish Kebabs by mattdonniciWatch
©2014-2016 mattdonnici
What can I say that was a lot of fun - great character design Malthael
Congratulations, your piece is featured on DarK, with your interview!
DarK loves you!
DarK loves you!
Your materials are so great! I was looking for familiar faces in the head-pile
Hey Sunny - yes some familiar faces would have been pretty cute for sure - will paint you into my next one
scary as hell, or heaven in this case ^^
Very clean technique, and I love the detail on the faces - so ambitious to make something like that. Good luck in the contest!


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Eurasian Oystercatcher Livorno Italy Stock PhotoAnimal,Animal Body Part,Animals In The Wild,Beak,Bird,Color Image,Day,Eurasian Oystercatcher,Headshot,Horizontal,Italy,Livorno,No People,One Animal,Outdoors,Oystercatcher,Photography,Portrait,Profile View,Side View,Water's EdgePhotographer Daniele Occhiato/ Buiten-beeldCollection: Minden Pictures


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[caption id="attachment_94626" align="alignright" width="285" caption="Gotye live at the first weekend of Coachella 2012. Photo: Michael Buckner, Getty Images"][/caption]
The Gotye juggernaut just keeps barreling along.
The Aussie sensation behind "Somebody That I Used to Know" is following up his standout sets at last month's Coachella double-header in Indio with his biggest U.S. outing yet, launching Aug. 22 from the iconic Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado.
The singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist and his band will arrive locally just after Labor Day, headlining Sept. 4 at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles. Brooklyn outfit Chairlift and South African star Jonti will open.
Tickets go on sale next Friday, June 8, at 10 a.m., though a pre-sale for fans who like Gotye on Facebook or who sign up for his mailing list by midnight EST on June 4 will get advance access to purchase tickets for all shows on this tour. Check out his official site for more details.
Also, before the trek kicks off, there will be two more Gotye releases:
Like Drawing Blood, his 2006 breakthrough Down Under -- it went platinum, spawned the hit "Hearts a Mess" and won the Australian equivalent of a Grammy, all without ever cracking the Top 40 -- will finally get a proper release in the U.S. in July.
And "Somebody," his Kimbra-enhanced mega-smash, is getting the remix treatment, with 10 different electronic forces (including Tiesto and Adrock) taking a stab at deconstructing that omnipresent track. That bundle will appear on iTunes as of June 8.
More coming shows:
[rssfeedme cat="soundcheck" feedpath="category/concert-announcements/feed/" max="6"]


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Daniel 11:14New King James Version (NKJV)
14 "Now in those times many shall rise up against the king of the South. Also, violent men[a] of your people shall exalt themselves in fulfillment of the vision, but they shall fall.
New King James Version (NKJV)
Scripture taken from the New King James Version®. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
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22 Free Crochet Patterns: Afghan Patterns, Crochet Hats, and More
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Colorful Shells and Bows Boutique Tissue Box Cover
By: Roseanna Beck
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Make this colorful Tissue Box Cover from Roseanna Beck as a special crochet project. The colors will light up the room and it's a useful craft. The Colorful Shells and Bows Boutique Tissue Box Cover is a simple crochet project.
- 52 yds. White Red Heart 4-ply yarn
- 35 yds. Lime Green Red Heart 4-ply yarn
- 20 yds. Hot Pink Red Heart 4-ply yarn
- 9 yds. Yellow Red Heart 4-ply yarn
- 9 yds. Parakeet Red Heart 4-ply yarn
- G crochet hook or size needed for gauge
- Tapestry Needle
- Boutique Tissue Box
GAUGE: Side square measures 4 ¾" x 5 ¼" (before bottom edging)
STITCH GUIDE: Chain (ch), Single Crochet (sc), Half Double Crochet (hdc), Double Crochet (dc),
Slip Stitch (sl st)
Special Stitch: Shell – 2 dc, ch 1, 2 dc
SIDES: (make 2 hot pink and 1 each yellow and parakeet)
Rnd 1 – With white ch 2, 8 sc in 2nd ch from hook, join to beg sc.
Rnd 2 – Ch 4, dc in same st, (dc, ch 1, dc) in each st around, join to 3rd ch of beg ch 4 and
fasten off.
Rnd 3 – Join color with a sl st in any ch 1 sp, ch 2 (dc, ch 1, 2 dc) in same sp, *ch 1, Shell in
next ch 1 sp, rep from * around, join to top of beg ch 2 and fasten off.
Rnd 4 – Join green with a sc in ch 1 sp of Shell, *5 dc in next ch 1 sp, sc in ch 1 sp of Shell, rep
from * around, join to beg sc and fasten off.
Rnd 5 – Join white with a sl st in center dc off any 5 dc cluster, sc in next dc, hdc in next dc,
(2 dc, ch 3, 2 dc) in next sc, hdc in next dc, 1 sc in each of next 9 st, hdc in next dc,
(2 dc, ch 3, 2 dc) in next sc, hdc in next dc, sc in next dc, sl st in next dc and fasten off.
Rep pattern along opposite edge of square.
Rnd 1 – With green ch 14 to form a ring, work 24 sc in ring, join to beg sc and fasten off.
Rnd 2 – Join pink with a sl st in any sc, ch 2, (2 dc, ch 2, 3 dc) in same st, *ch 1, skip 2 sc,
3 dc in next sc, ch 1, skip 2 sc, (3 dc, ch 2, 3 dc) in next sc, rep from* around, join
to top of beg ch 2 and fasten off.
Rnd 3 – Join white with a sl st in ch 2 corner sp, ch 2 (2 dc, ch 2, 3 dc) in same sp, *ch 1, 3 dc
in next ch 1 sp, ch 1, 3 dc in next ch 1 sp, ch 1, (3 dc, ch 2, 3 dc) in ch 2 corner sp, rep
from * around, join to top of beg ch 2 and fasten off.
1. With corresponding color whipstitch sides together.
2. With white whipstitch top to sides.
3. With white work 1 sc in each st around bottom.
4. Weave green strand of yarn around bottom.
5. Using 1 strand of white, pink and green attach bows to center of each side at top seam
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text: > MILF Porn Reviews from Coast to Coast | Adult DVD Talk You are not logged inLog in | Join for Free MOVIES New Releases Coming Soon New Reviews Write a Review Top Rated Movies XXX Movie Trailers Must Have Movies Top 50 Movies Porn Studios PORNSTARS Pornstar Interviews Pornstar Galleries Official Websites Top Porn Stars TALK Porn Forum Pornstar Members Chat Room Email !Alerts SHOP Where to Shop Porn Bargains XXX Coupons Advanced Search Search: Actor Director Movie Forum Reviews Review text Go Porn Movie Categories > MILF > Reviews > Coast to Coast Reviews of MILF Coast to Coast Movies MOVIESREVIEWSShowing 1 - 2 of 2 MoviesLatex Soccer Moms (2.5 stars from 1 review)Starring: Kyle Stone, Angelica Sin, Van Damage, Herschel Savage, Brad Baldwin, Audrey Hollander, James Deen, Brooke Haven, Chelsea Zinn, Nicki HunterStudio: Coast to CoastDirected by: Stiv GatorsRelease date: 7/25/2005Latex Soccer Moms reviews: astroknight review on 7/19/2009 This is a simple but mildly enjoyable little fuck flick. Nobody ever takes it too seriously, which saves it along with a couple great Nikki Hunter scenes. The technical aspects are pretty average but there's barely any effort put into the extras. This isn't a bad movie nor is it a great one, but it ends up working okay because it never seems like it wants to be anything beyond a nice little sexy diversion. read the reviewOlder Women & Younger Women 2 (5.0 stars from 1 review)Studio: Coast to CoastRelease date: 8/8/2003Older Women & Younger Women 2 reviews: Em review on 5/19/2004 Older Women and Younger Women, Volume 2 Highlights: Older damsels, lesbian love with younger women Data: 2002, Coast to Coast, 90 minutes Models: Diane Diamonds, Kat Kleevage, Erika Kole, Katie Morgan, Missy Parks, Riley Roberts, Sage, Sherilyn, Jessica Wylde, Allison Wyte Featured Screenshot Special Features Notable Older Damsels: [5/6] Jessica Wylde, Sherilyn Anal Play: [0/6] None. Deep Oral Penetration: [3/6] A few good moments, some longer excursions. Footsies: [0/6] None. Kissing: [5/6] Incredibly, this video delivers in all respects! Summary Purchase Recommendation: [6/6] Overall Rating: [5/6] In short, movies from Coast to Coast are superior as far as image quality is concerned within the niche market of older/younger lesbian videos. There is never any hint of hairy cameramen anywhere (if you spent even a cent on FilmCo's output, you know what we mean). The directors seem to enjoy what we all enjoy, and that is ladies kissing for a long time. read the reviewPage 1 of 1 Current FiltersCoast to Coast XAvailable FiltersCategoryAll Girl (1)Barely Legal (1)Fetish (1)DirectorStiv Gators (1) AdultDVDTalk.com is not a store. Please see Where to Shop for adult movie shops and porn download sites.More Porn Resources: Sex Toy Talk . IAFD . Eurobabe Index . Gay DVD Review 18 U.S.C. 2257 | Site Map | Email Us | Follow Us on Twitter | Terms of Use © 1999 - 2016 AdultDVDTalk.com


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A number of people are concerned that using the term "velocity" to describe this metric is misleading (since velocity already has another meaning in physics - and that meaning could also be successfully applied to lead-generation terminology). My friend @GrantG9 and I compare, contrast, and define Lead Velocity and Lead Momentum in such a way that shows the value of each, clarifies their definitions, and hopefully creates a common terminology for us to move forward with! Let me know what you think? http://sumo.ly/Efm
For aspiring or actual entrepreneurs, The Accelerators is an online archive of discussion among startup mentors– entrepreneurs, angel investors and venture capitalists. Although the blog is no longer being updated, its content lives here and you can see an archive of its tweets through June 2015 @wsjstartup.


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8 Comments
kristenhoward Artist from
Like the one tone colour! +1 Check mine out if y want!
GO joe !!!!!
jmustang305 Human from
I have this shirt and it ROCKS ! Buy it ! And vote !! =)
SantoMuerto Artist from
Yeah that is super sick. Nice job with this design. Voted!
If you have a spare minute have a look at my recent design Red Bonzai Sea. Good luck
sweet design, XD
I'd wear that!
Amazing details! I would LOVE to have this shirt.
jsymonsdesign Artist from
its nice. just sick of skulls. +1 cuz overall i like the design
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I stayed here with family, in the ballroom. This property is not a bed & breakfast. The host leaves very basic continential breakfast provisions in the ballroom kitchen for you to prepare your own breakfast. The ballroom room is very spacious and comfortable and I enjoyed the quite and beautiful outlook into the garden. Good location... within walking distance to... More
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Hi dating/relationship experts!
We're looking for creative, passionate and enthusiastic writers to join our team of creative talents.
We're in need of 5 articles in the dating/relationship area for men and women (topics will be provided), willing to pay $40 per article.
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text: This may seem a little bit like the "You got chocolate in my peanut butter", "No, you got peanut butter in my chocolate" routine, but however it happened, we love the resulting fusion of our personal passion (robotics) with one of our favorite toys/hobbies (LEGOs), delivered via our favorite method of getting information (podcasts). That's exactly what we were delighted by when we ran across the February 3rd "Bricks in my Pocket" podcast interview featuring Jake McKee. Jake reveals a lot of the background behind the LEGO NXT build-up, and how they scored the Wired magazine cover article.


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Obituary & Guest Book Preview for Gladiola D. Abbott
Gladiola D. Abbott Obituary
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: Gladiola Doss Abbott, age 84, of Tarrant passed away May 14,2014. She was preceded in death by her husband, Roland F. "Bud" Abbott. She is...
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Prune Cake with Glaze Recipe
5 2
This cake recipe was given to me years ago by a friend, who got it from her mother. I'm 82 years old, have been married 57 years and still enjoy baking this cake for my husband.
- 1-1/2 cups sugar
- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1 teaspoon baking soda
- 1 teaspoon ground nutmeg
- 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 cup vegetable oil
- 3 eggs, beaten
- 1/2 cup buttermilk
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1 cup chopped pitted dried plums, cooked
- 1 cup chopped nuts
- 1/2 cup butter, cubed
- 1/3 cup buttermilk
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1/2 teaspoon baking soda
- 3/4 cup sugar
- In a large bowl, combine first six ingredients. Add oil, eggs, buttermilk and vanilla; mix well. Fold in prunes and nuts. Pour into an ungreased 13-in. x 9-in. baking pan. Bake at 350° for 45 minutes. meanwhile, combine all topping ingredients in a saucepan. bring to a boil and boil 2 minutes. Pour over hot cake. Leave in pan to cool. Yield: 12-16 servings.
Originally published as Prune Cake in Grandma's Great Desserts Cookbook 1992, p6
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"As a student, I chose GCU because of its ability to help me succeed academically and personally. The WILD program was the foundation of my accomplishments as a student. As a staff member, I chose GCU because I wanted to give back to my alma mater and inspire students to embrace their true potential."
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Hotel Brigitte(4 stars)Oberer Kirchenweg 3 6561 Ischgl View on map
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- Hotel
- Things to do and see
Hotel review overview
Top-hotel met TOP-service! We hebben genoten!
- Recommended hotel
- Couples
- Proof of booking
- Skiing and winter sports
- January 2014
Comfortable hotel with a personal atmosphere! A privately owned hotel where we felt welcome from the first moment. Excellent gastronomy and spa. Very good service of the entire team. The hotel is very tastefully decorated and highly recommended. The Room equipment: bathtub, shower, bathrobe, slippers, hair dryer, toiletries, toilet, balcony, Refrigerator, Safe, Desk, Seating Area, Mini Bar, Cable TV Wellness of sauna, steam bath, herbal bath and swimming pool all there! There is plenty of parking in the private garage of the hotel. One of the best hotels in Ischgl that you should know! Hotel Brigitte can not be called ... as a hotel but as a "second home", so it feels. I can only recommend! Will love to come back! TOP! read hotel review
The perle in paznauertal.
- Recommended hotel
- Families
- Translated
- Skiing and winter sports
- January 2014
If someone is the epitome of the ski, relax and wellness holidays in Ischgl if it is in the hotel Brigitte at the judge address. Here is the sentence as' at home feel ' reality. Gitti & Sepp read hotel review
Jupp & Rita
Super ski hotel
- Recommended hotel
- Couples
- Translated
- Skiing and winter sports
- January 2014
We are now already guest for some years in the hotel Brigitte and feel the friendly and casual atmosphere, like always very well. The food is exceptional and it is fine dining. The central location of the hotel are the distances to the seilbahnanbindungen very low. Conclusion: we were completely satisfied and have already for next year booked. Rita and yeah. read hotel review
Wonderful hotel! Good food! Friendly staff!
- Recommended hotel
- Couples
- Proof of booking
- Skiing and winter sports
- January 2014
Wonderful hotel! Beautiful new rooms! Friendly staff! Good food! Everything is perfect as it should be! The hotel impresses with proper style design, straight and clean lines combined with natural color elements. For a fee you can take massages and various beauty treatments. A ski storage room with a ski boot dryer, parking and a garage are also available. The comfortable room was fully equipped with shower / WC, satellite - TV, W- Lan ( included), telephone, safe, minibar, bathrobe, slippers, hair dryer and balcony or terrace. There was a rich breakfast buffet with hot and cold food. The half-board ... comprises a welcome drink, breakfast buffet and à la minute prepared egg dishes, freshly squeezed juices, fresh fruit and a 5 -course menu with local and international specialties in the evening. Weekly a theme night and a gala dinner is served. read hotel review
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Amazon.com Review
Of course, he also experiences moments of unparalleled serenity--caribou trotting out to his boat, belugas spouting around him, grizzlies on the shore--and creates warm friendships with the Inuit themselves, who have changed radically since their own days of traveling by kayak and dogsled. Waterman works admirably to understand The People without judging them, though he is discouraged by what he finds left of the culture he emulates--communities caught in a "depraved limbo, somewhere between paradise and tuberculosis." As with the Arctic itself, the Inuit turn out to be more complex in reality--and ultimately more appealing--than in mythology. Waterman's stark and satisfying account excels in its ability to grapple with the human condition while illuminating a mystical world inaccessible to the rest of us. --Lesley Reed
From Publishers Weekly
Copyright 2001 Cahners Business Information, Inc.


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Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis
- Author
- Talmadge E King, Jr, MD
Talmadge E King, Jr, MD
- Editor-in-Chief — Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
- Section Editor — Interstitial Lung Disease
- Dean, School of Medicine
- Vice Chancellor, Medical Affairs
- University of California San Francisco
- Section Editor
- Kevin R Flaherty, MD, MS
Kevin R Flaherty, MD, MS
- Section Editor — Interstitial Lung Disease
- Associate Professor of Medicine
- University of Michigan Health System
- Deputy Editor
- Helen Hollingsworth, MD
Helen Hollingsworth, MD
- Deputy Editor — Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
- Associate Professor of Medicine
- Boston University School of Medicine
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that affects individuals worldwide and is characterized pathologically by the presence of noncaseating granulomas in involved organs. It typically affects young adults, and initially presents with one or more of the following abnormalities:
●Bilateral hilar adenopathy
●Pulmonary reticular opacities
●Skin, joint, and/or eye lesions
An overview of the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis is presented here. Issues relating to extrapulmonary sarcoidosis and the pathogenesis and treatment of sarcoidosis are discussed separately. (See "Pathogenesis of sarcoidosis" and "Treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis with glucocorticoids" and "Treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis with alternatives to glucocorticoids" and "Extrapulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis".)
Subscribers log in hereTo continue reading this article, you must log in with your personal, hospital, or group practice subscription. For more information or to purchase a personal subscription, click below on the option that best describes you:Literature review current through: Jan 2016. | This topic last updated: May 15, 2015.The content on the UpToDate website is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your own physician or other qualified health care professional regarding any medical questions or conditions. The use of this website is governed by the UpToDate Terms of Use ©2016 UpToDate, Inc.References
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- Baughman RP, Lower EE, du Bois RM. Sarcoidosis. Lancet 2003; 361:1111.
- Martinetti M, Tinelli C, Kolek V, et al. "The sarcoidosis map": a joint survey of clinical and immunogenetic findings in two European countries. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:557.
- Newman LS, Rose CS, Maier LA. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1224.
- Morimoto T, Azuma A, Abe S, et al. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Japan. Eur Respir J 2008; 31:372.
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- Marcellis RG, Lenssen AF, Elfferich MD, et al. Exercise capacity, muscle strength and fatigue in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2011; 38:628.
- Sweiss NJ, Barnathan ES, Lo K, et al. C-reactive protein predicts response to infliximab in patients with chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2010; 27:49.
- Studdy PR, Bird R. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme in sarcoidosis--its value in present clinical practice. Ann Clin Biochem 1989; 26 ( Pt 1):13.
- Baughman RP. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25:521.
- Semenzato C, Facco M, Agostini C. Immunologic events in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease: the paradigm of sarcoidosis. In: Interstitial Lung Disease, 5th, Schwarz, MI, King, TE JR (Eds), People's Medical Publishing House, Shelton, CT 2011. p.407.
- Hours S, Nunes H, Kambouchner M, et al. Pulmonary cavitary sarcoidosis: clinico-radiologic characteristics and natural history of a rare form of sarcoidosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2008; 87:142.
- Soskel NT, Sharma OP. Pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000; 6:455.
- Navaneethan SD, Venkatesh S, Shrivastava R, et al. Recurrent pleural and pericardial effusions due to sarcoidosis. PLoS Med 2005; 2:e63.
- Huggins JT, Doelken P, Sahn SA, et al. Pleural effusions in a series of 181 outpatients with sarcoidosis. Chest 2006; 129:1599.
- Koyama T, Ueda H, Togashi K, et al. Radiologic manifestations of sarcoidosis in various organs. Radiographics 2004; 24:87.
- Malaisamy S, Dalal B, Bimenyuy C, Soubani AO. The clinical and radiologic features of nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis. Lung 2009; 187:9.
- Sileo C, Epaud R, Mahloul M, et al. Sarcoidosis in children: HRCT findings and correlation with pulmonary function tests. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49:1223.
- Nishimura K, Itoh H, Kitaichi M, et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: correlation of CT and histopathologic findings. Radiology 1993; 189:105.
- Müller NL, Miller RR. Ground-glass attenuation, nodules, alveolitis, and sarcoid granulomas. Radiology 1993; 189:31.
- Teirstein AS, Machac J, Almeida O, et al. Results of 188 whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in 137 patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 2007; 132:1949.
- Kaira K, Oriuchi N, Otani Y, et al. Diagnostic usefulness of fluorine-18-alpha-methyltyrosine positron emission tomography in combination with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in sarcoidosis patients. Chest 2007; 131:1019.
- Line BR, Hunninghake GW, Keogh BA, et al. Gallium-67 scanning to stage the alveolitis of sarcoidosis: correlation with clinical studies, pulmonary function studies, and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123:440.
- Schoenberger CI, Line BR, Keogh BA, et al. Lung inflammation in sarcoidosis: comparison of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels with bronchoalveolar lavage and gallium-67 scanning assessment of the T lymphocyte alveolitis. Thorax 1982; 37:19.
- Beaumont D, Herry JY, Sapene M, et al. Gallium-67 in the evaluation of sarcoidosis: correlations with serum angiotensin-converting enzyme and bronchoalveolar lavage. Thorax 1982; 37:11.
- Baughman RP, Shipley R, Eisentrout CE. Predictive value of gallium scan, angiotensin-converting enzyme level, and bronchoalveolar lavage in two-year follow-up of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Lung 1987; 165:371.
- Shorr AF, Helman DL, Lettieri CJ, et al. Depreotide scanning in sarcoidosis: a pilot study. Chest 2004; 126:1337.
- Lebtahi R, Crestani B, Belmatoug N, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and gallium scintigraphy in patients with sarcoidosis. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:21.
- Dunn TL, Watters LC, Hendrix C, et al. Gas exchange at a given degree of volume restriction is different in sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Med 1988; 85:221.
- Baughman RP, Sparkman BK, Lower EE. Six-minute walk test and health status assessment in sarcoidosis. Chest 2007; 132:207.
- Karetzky M, McDonough M. Exercise and resting pulmonary function in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1996; 13:43.
- Lin YH, Haslam PL, Turner-Warwick M. Chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis: relationship between lung lavage cell counts, chest radiograph, and results of standard lung function tests. Thorax 1985; 40:501.
- Ward K, O'Connor C, Odlum C, Fitzgerald MX. Prognostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage in sarcoidosis: the critical influence of disease presentation. Thorax 1989; 44:6.
- Winterbauer RH, Lammert J, Selland M, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Chest 1993; 104:352.
- Agostini C, Trentin L, Zambello R, et al. CD8 alveolitis in sarcoidosis: incidence, phenotypic characteristics, and clinical features. Am J Med 1993; 95:466.
- Kantrow SP, Meyer KC, Kidd P, Raghu G. The CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid is highly variable in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 1997; 10:2716.
- Perez RL, Duncan A, Hunter RL, Staton GW Jr. Elevated D dimer in the lungs and blood of patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 1993; 103:1100.
- Perez RL, Kimani AP, King TE Jr, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid D dimer levels are higher and more prevalent in black patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respiration 2007; 74:297.
- Meyer KC, Raghu G, Baughman RP, et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: the clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage cellular analysis in interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:1004.
- Polychronopoulos VS, Prakash UB. Airway involvement in sarcoidosis. Chest 2009; 136:1371.
- Bradley B, Branley HM, Egan JJ, et al. Interstitial lung disease guideline: the British Thoracic Society in collaboration with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Irish Thoracic Society. Thorax 2008; 63 Suppl 5:v1.
- Bjermer L, Thunell M, Rosenhall L, Stjernberg N. Endobronchial biopsy positive sarcoidosis: relation to bronchoalveolar lavage and course of disease. Respir Med 1991; 85:229.
- de Boer S, Milne DG, Zeng I, Wilsher ML. Does CT scanning predict the likelihood of a positive transbronchial biopsy in sarcoidosis? Thorax 2009; 64:436.
- Descombes E, Gardiol D, Leuenberger P. Transbronchial lung biopsy: an analysis of 530 cases with reference to the number of samples. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1997; 52:324.
- Roethe RA, Fuller PB, Byrd RB, Hafermann DR. Transbronchoscopic lung biopsy in sarcoidosis. Optimal number and sites for diagnosis. Chest 1980; 77:400.
- Keogh BA, Hunninghake GW, Line BR, Crystal RG. The alveolitis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Evaluation of natural history and alveolitis-dependent changes in lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128:256.
- Takemura T, Hiraga Y, Oomichi M, et al. Ultrastructural features of alveolitis in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:360.
- Ma Y, Gal A, Koss MN. The pathology of pulmonary sarcoidosis: update. Semin Diagn Pathol 2007; 24:150.
- Myers JL, Tazelaar HD. Challenges in pulmonary fibrosis: 6--Problematic granulomatous lung disease. Thorax 2008; 63:78.
- Mukhopadhyay S, Wilcox BE, Myers JL, et al. Pulmonary necrotizing granulomas of unknown cause: clinical and pathologic analysis of 131 patients with completely resected nodules. Chest 2013; 144:813.
- Aubry MC. Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation: what does it mean if your special stains are negative? Mod Pathol 2012; 25 Suppl 1:S31.
- Brincker H. Coexistence of sarcoidosis and malignant disease: causality or coincidence? Sarcoidosis 1989; 6:31.
- Ojeda H, Sardi A, Totoonchie A. Sarcoidosis of the breast: implications for the general surgeon. Am Surg 2000; 66:1144.
- Toner GC, Bosl GJ. Sarcoidosis, "Sarcoid-like lymphadenopathy," and testicular germ cell tumors. Am J Med 1990; 89:651.
- Nakamura M, Iemura A, Kojiro M, et al. Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum with sarcoid-like reaction--a case report. Kurume Med J 1990; 37:171.
- Campbell F, Douglas-Jones AG. Sarcoid-like granulomas in primary renal cell carcinoma. Sarcoidosis 1993; 10:128.
- Newman TG, Minkowitz S, Hanna A, et al. Coexistent sarcoidosis and HIV infection. A comparison of bronchoalveolar and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Chest 1992; 102:1899.
- Haramati LB, Lee G, Singh A, et al. Newly diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis in HIV-infected patients. Radiology 2001; 218:242.
- Wildner D, Boxberger F, Wein A, et al. Granulomatous lung disease requiring mechanical ventilation induced by a single application of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: a case report. Case Rep Oncol Med 2013; 2013:683948.
- Sekhri A, Palaniswamy C, Kurmayagari K, et al. Interstitial lung disease associated with azacitidine use: a case report. Am J Ther 2012; 19:e98.
- Vital Durand D, Durieu I, Rousset H. [Toxic or drug-induced granulomatous reactions]. Rev Med Interne 2008; 29:33.
- Howard L, Gopalan D, Griffiths M, Mahadeva R. Sirolimus-induced pulmonary hypersensitivity associated with a CD4 T-cell infiltrate. Chest 2006; 129:1718.
- de Kerviler E, Trédaniel J, Revlon G, et al. Fluoxetin-induced pulmonary granulomatosis. Eur Respir J 1996; 9:615.
- Chang H, Klein JS, Norotsky M, Cooper K. Granulomatous chest disease following intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy. J Thorac Imaging 2004; 19:60.
- Judson MA, Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, et al. Defining organ involvement in sarcoidosis: the ACCESS proposed instrument. ACCESS Research Group. A Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999; 16:75.
- Burke RR, Rybicki BA, Rao DS. Calcium and vitamin D in sarcoidosis: how to assess and manage. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 31:474.
- Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA, Teirstein AS. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2153.
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Recent Articles by NRL
Indigenous All Stars to clash with the World
THE game's finest Indigenous players will clash with a new World All Stars team following a revamp of the Harvey Norman Rugby League All Stars concept.
New free-to-air television agreement
RUGBY League fans will be able to watch four live matches each week on free to air television from 2018 as part of a new broadcast rights agreement reached with the Nine Network today.
Pacific Test squads
GET the lowdown on all four test squads for Saturday night's Pacific Tests at Cbus Super Stadium.