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Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and change[Note 1] by means of the rapid display of a sequence of static images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon. Animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation.
Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a flip book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation and digital video. To display animation, a digital camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced.
Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures. Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24, 25, 30, or 60 frames per second.
- 1 History
- 2 Techniques
- 3 Production
- 4 Criticism
- 5 Awards
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
- 10 External links
Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion into a still drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are often depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion.[1]
An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5,200-year-old Burnt City in southeastern Iran, depicts what could possibly be the world's oldest example of animation. The artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree.[2]
Ancient Chinese records contain several mentions of devices that were said to "give an impression of movement" to human or animal figures,[3] these accounts are unclear and may only refer to the actual movement of the figures through space.[4]
In the 19th century, the phenakistoscope (1832), zoetrope (1834) and praxinoscope (1877). The common flip book were early animation devices that produced an illusion of movement from a series of sequential drawings, animation did not develop further until the advent of motion picture film and cinematography in the 1890s.[5]
The cinématographe was a projector, printer, and camera in one machine that allowed moving pictures to be shown successfully on a screen which was invented by history's earliest film makers, Auguste and Louis Lumière, in 1894.[6] The first animated projection (screening) was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888. On 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip. In 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings.
The first film that was recorded on standard picture film and included animated sequences was the 1900 Enchanted Drawing,[7] which was followed by the first entirely animated film - the 1906 Humorous Phases of Funny Faces by J. Stuart Blackton,[8] who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation.
In Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie.[9] The film largely consisted of a stick figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, a wine bottle that transforms into a flower. There were also sections of live action in which the animator's hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, which gave the picture a blackboard look.
The author of the first puppet-animated film (The Beautiful Lukanida (1912)) was the Russian-born (ethnically Polish) director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich.[10]
More detailed hand-drawn animation, requiring a team of animators drawing each frame manually with detailed backgrounds and characters, were those directed by Winsor McCay, a successful newspaper cartoonist, including the 1911 Little Nemo, the 1914 Gertie the Dinosaur, and the 1918 The Sinking of the Lusitania.[11]
During the 1910s, the production of animated short films, typically referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own and cartoon shorts were produced for showing in movie theaters. The most successful producer at the time was John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator Earl Hurd,[12][13]:24–7 patented the cel animation process which dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade.
El Apóstol (Spanish: "The Apostle") was a 1917 Argentine animated film utilizing cutout animation, and the world's first animated feature film.[14] Unfortunately, a fire that destroyed producer Frederico Valle's film studio incinerated the only known copy of El Apóstol, and it is now considered a lost film.
Computer animation has become popular since Toy Story (1995), the first feature-length animated film completely made using this technique.[15]
In 2008, the animation market was worth US$68.4 billion.[16] Animation as an art and industry continues to thrive as of the mid-2010s, because well-made animated projects can find audiences across borders and in all four quadrants. Animated feature-length films returned the highest gross margins (around 52%) of all film genres in the 2004–2013 timeframe.[17]
Traditional animation[edit]
Traditional animation (also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels,[18] which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings.[19] The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one against a painted background by a rostrum camera onto motion picture film.[20]
The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system.[21] Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and effects.[22] The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional 35 mm film and newer media with digital video. The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially the same over the past 70 years.[23] Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" to describe cel animation which makes extensive use of computer technologies.
Examples of traditionally animated feature films include Pinocchio (United States, 1940),[24] Animal Farm (United Kingdom, 1954), and The Illusionist (British-French, 2010). Traditionally animated films which were produced with the aid of computer technology include The Lion King (US, 1994), The Prince of Egypt (US, 1998), Akira (Japan, 1988), Spirited Away (Japan, 2001), The Triplets of Belleville (France, 2003), and The Secret of Kells (Irish-French-Belgian, 2009).
- Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement, having a smooth animation. Fully animated films can be made in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works those produced by the Walt Disney studio (The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Lion King) to the more 'cartoon' styles of the Warner Bros. animation studio. Many of the Disney animated features are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works, The Secret of NIMH (US, 1982), The Iron Giant (US, 1999), and Nocturna (Spain, 2007).
- Limited animation involves the use of less detailed or more stylized drawings and methods of movement usually a choppy or "skippy" movement animation. Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing-Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968), and the anime produced in Japan. Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media for television (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons).
- Rotoscoping is a technique patented by Max Fleischer in 1917 where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame.[25] The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings,[26] as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in Waking Life (US, 2001) and A Scanner Darkly (US, 2006). Some other examples are: Fire and Ice (US, 1983), Heavy Metal (1981), and Aku no Hana (2013).
- Live-action/animation is a technique combining hand-drawn characters into live action shots or live action actors into animated shots.[27] One of the earlier uses was in Koko the Clown when Koko was drawn over live action footage.[28] Other examples include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (US, 1988), Space Jam (US, 1996) and Osmosis Jones (US, 2001).
Stop motion animation[edit]
Stop-motion animation is used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement.[29] There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the medium used to create the animation.[30] Computer software is widely available to create this type of animation; however, traditional stop motion animation is usually less expensive and time-consuming to produce than current computer animation.[30]
- Puppet animation typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting in a constructed environment, in contrast to real-world interaction in model animation.[31] The puppets generally have an armature inside of them to keep them still and steady to constrain their motion to particular joints.[32] Examples include The Tale of the Fox (France, 1937), The Nightmare Before Christmas (US, 1993), Corpse Bride (US, 2005), Coraline (US, 2009), the films of Jiří Trnka and the adult animated sketch-comedy television series Robot Chicken (US, 2005–present).
- Puppetoon, created using techniques developed by George Pal,[33] are puppet-animated films which typically use a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than simply manipulating one existing puppet.[34]
- Clay animation, or Plasticine animation (often called claymation, which, however, is a trademarked name), uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to create stop-motion animation.[35][29] The figures may have an armature or wire frame inside, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated to pose the figures.[36] Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, in the films of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes. Examples of clay-animated works include The Gumby Show (US, 1957–1967) Morph shorts (UK, 1977–2000), Wallace and Gromit shorts (UK, as of 1989), Jan Švankmajer's Dimensions of Dialogue (Czechoslovakia, 1982), The Trap Door (UK, 1984). Films include Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Chicken Run and The Adventures of Mark Twain.
- Strata-cut animation, Strata-cut animation is most commonly a form of clay animation in which a long bread-like "loaf" of clay, internally packed tight and loaded with varying imagery, is sliced into thin sheets, with the animation camera taking a frame of the end of the loaf for each cut, eventually revealing the movement of the internal images within.[37]
- Cutout animation is a type of stop-motion animation produced by moving two-dimensional pieces of material paper or cloth.[38] Examples include Terry Gilliam's animated sequences from Monty Python's Flying Circus (UK, 1969–1974); Fantastic Planet (France/Czechoslovakia, 1973) ; Tale of Tales (Russia, 1979), The pilot episode of the adult television sitcom series (and sometimes in episodes) of South Park (US, 1997) and the music video Live for the moment, from Verona Riots band (produced by Alberto Serrano and Nívola Uyá, Spain 2014).
- Silhouette animation is a variant of cutout animation in which the characters are backlit and only visible as silhouettes.[39] Examples include The Adventures of Prince Achmed (Weimar Republic, 1926) and Princes et princesses (France, 2000).
- Model animation refers to stop-motion animation created to interact with and exist as a part of a live-action world.[40] Intercutting, matte effects, and split screens are often employed to blend stop-motion characters or objects with live actors and settings. Examples include the work of Ray Harryhausen, as seen in films, Jason and the Argonauts (1963),[41] and the work of Willis H. O'Brien on films, King Kong (1933).
- Go motion is a variant of model animation that uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop-motion. The technique was invented by Industrial Light & Magic and Phil Tippett to create special effects scenes for the film The Empire Strikes Back (1980).[42] Another example is the dragon named "Vermithrax" from Dragonslayer (1981 film).
- Object animation refers to the use of regular inanimate objects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to specially created items.
- Graphic animation uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.), which are sometimes manipulated frame-by-frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action.
- Brickfilm A subgenre of object animation involving using Lego or other similar brick toys to make an animation.[43] These have had a recent boost in popularity with the advent of video sharing sites, YouTube and the availability of cheap cameras and animation software.
- Pixilation involves the use of live humans as stop motion characters.[44] This allows for a number of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other effects.[44] Examples of pixilation include The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb and Angry Kid shorts.
Computer animation[edit]
Computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer.[22][45] 2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact.[46] 3D animation can create images that seem real to the viewer.
2D animation[edit]
2D animation figures are created or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics.[47] This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques, interpolated morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.
2D animation has many applications, including analog computer animation, Flash animation and PowerPoint animation. Cinemagraphs are still photographs in the form of an animated GIF file of which part is animated.[48]
Final line advection animation is a technique used in 2d animation,[49] to give artists and animators more influence and control over the final product as everything is done within the same department.[50] Speaking about using this approach in Paperman, John Kahrs said that "Our animators can change things, actually erase away the CG underlayer if they want, and change the profile of the arm."[51]
3D animation[edit]
3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. The animator usually starts by creating a 3D polygon mesh to manipulate.[52] A mesh typically includes many vertices that are connected by edges and faces, which give the visual appearance of form to a 3D object or 3D environment.[52] Sometimes, the mesh is given an internal digital skeletal structure called an armature that can be used to control the mesh by weighting the vertices.[53] This process is called rigging and can be used in conjunction with keyframes to create movement.
Other techniques can be applied, mathematical functions (e.g., gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, and effects, fire and water simulations.[54] These techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics.[55]
3D Terms[edit]
- Cel-shaded animation is used to mimic traditional animation using CG software. Shading looks stark, with less blending of colors. Examples include, Skyland (2007, France), The Iron Giant (1999, United States), Futurama (Fox, 1999) Appleseed Ex Machina (2007, Japan), The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker (2002, Japan)
- Machinima – Films created by screen capturing in video games and virtual worlds.
- Motion capture is used when live-action actors wear special suits that allow computers to copy their movements into CG characters.[56] Examples include Polar Express (2004, US), Beowulf (2007, US), A Christmas Carol (2009, US), The Adventures of Tintin (film) (2011, US) kochadiiyan (2014, India).
- Photo-realistic animation is used primarily for animation that attempts to resemble real life, using advanced rendering that mimics in detail skin, plants, water, fire, clouds, etc. Examples include Up (2009, US), How to Train Your Dragon (2010, US), Ice Age (2002, US).
Mechanical animation[edit]
- Animatronics is the use of mechatronics to create machines which seem animate rather than robotic.
- Audio-Animatronics and Autonomatronics is a form of robotics animation, combined with 3-D animation, created by Walt Disney Imagineering for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks move and make noise (generally a recorded speech or song). They are fixed to whatever supports them. They can sit and stand, and they cannot walk. An Audio-Animatron is different from an android-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli. In 2009, Disney created an interactive version of the technology called Autonomatronics.
- Linear Animation Generator is a form of animation by using static picture frames installed in a tunnel or a shaft. The animation illusion is created by putting the viewer in a linear motion, parallel to the installed picture frames. The concept and the technical solution, were invented in 2007 by Mihai Girlovan in Romania.
- Chuckimation is a type of animation created by the makers of the television series Action League Now! in which characters/props are thrown, or chucked from off camera or wiggled around to simulate talking by unseen hands.
- Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance animation that involves the manipulation of puppets. It is very ancient, and is believed to have originated 3000 years BC. Puppetry takes many forms, they all share the process of animating inanimate performing objects. Puppetry is used in almost all human societies both as entertainment – in performance – and ceremonially in rituals, celebrations and carnivals. Most puppetry involves storytelling.
- Zoetrope is a device that produces the illusion of motion from a rapid succession of static pictures.[57] The term zoetrope is from the Greek words ζωή (zoē), meaning "alive, active", and τρόπος (tropos), meaning "turn", with "zoetrope" taken to mean "active turn" or "wheel of life".
Other animation styles, techniques and approaches[edit]
- Hydrotechnics: a technique that includes lights, water, fire, fog, and lasers, with high-definition projections on mist screens.
- Drawn on film animation: a technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock, for example by Norman McLaren,[58] Len Lye and Stan Brakhage.
- Paint-on-glass animation: a technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of glass, for example by Aleksandr Petrov.
- Erasure animation: a technique using traditional 2D media, photographed over time as the artist manipulates the image. For example, William Kentridge is famous for his charcoal erasure films, and Piotr Dumała for his auteur technique of animating scratches on plaster.
- Pinscreen animation: makes use of a screen filled with movable pins that can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation.
- Sand animation: sand is moved around on a back- or front-lighted piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film. This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the light contrast.
- Flip book: a flip book (sometimes, especially in British English, called a flick book) is a book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change.[59][60] Flip books are often illustrated books for children, they also be geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books are not always separate books, they appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the page corners.[59] Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom-made flip books.
- Character animation
- Multi-sketching
- Special effects animation
The creation of non-trivial animation works (i.e., longer than a few seconds) has developed as a form of filmmaking, with certain unique aspects.[61] One thing live-action and animated feature-length films do have in common is that they are both extremely labor-intensive and have high production costs.[62]
The most important difference is that once a film is in the production phase, the marginal cost of one more shot is higher for animated films than live-action films. It is relatively easy for a director to ask for one more take during principal photography of a live-action film, but every take on an animated film must be manually rendered by animators (although the task of rendering slightly different takes has been made less tedious by modern computer animation). It is pointless for a studio to pay the salaries of dozens of animators to spend weeks creating a visually dazzling five-minute scene, if that scene fails to effectively advance the plot of the film. Thus, animation studios starting with Disney began the practice in the 1930s of maintaining story departments where storyboard artists develop every single scene through storyboards, then handing the film over to the animators only after the production team is satisfied that all the scenes will make sense as a whole.[63] While live-action films are now also storyboarded, they enjoy more latitude to depart from storyboards (i.e., real-time improvisation).[64]
Another problem unique to animation is the necessity of ensuring that the style of an animated film is consistent from start to finish, even as films have grown longer and teams have grown larger. Animators, like all artists, necessarily have their own individual styles, they subordinate their individuality in a consistent way to whatever style was selected for a particular film. [65] Since the early 1980s, feature-length animated films have been created by teams of about 500 to 600 people, of whom 50 to 70 are animators. It is relatively easy for two or three artists to match each other's styles, it is harder to keep dozens of artists synchronized with one another.
This problem is usually solved by having a separate group of visual development artists develop an overall look and palette for each film before animation begins. Character designers on the visual development team draw model sheets to show how each character should look like with different facial expressions, posed in different positions, and viewed from different angles.[66][67] On traditionally animated projects, maquettes were often sculpted to further help the animators see how characters would look from different angles.[23][66]
Unlike live-action films, animated films were traditionally developed beyond the synopsis stage through the storyboard format; the storyboard artists would then receive credit for writing the film.[68] In the early 1960s, animation studios began hiring professional screenwriters to write screenplays (while also continuing to use story departments) and screenplays had become commonplace for animated films by the late 1980s.
Animation has become a domineering force in media and cinema since its inception. With its popularity, a large amount of criticism has arisen, especially animated feature-length films. Many concerns of cultural representation, psychological effects on children and displays of gender binaries have been brought up around the animation industry, which has remained rather politically unchanged and stagnant since its inception into mainstream culture.
The under-representation of women has been criticized not only in animation films themselves, also the industry.[69]
As with any other form of media, animation too has instituted awards for excellence in the field. The original awards for animation were presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for animated shorts from the year 1932, during the 5th Academy Awards function. The first winner of the Academy Award was the short Flowers and Trees, a production by Walt Disney Productions and United Artists.[70] The Academy Award for a feature-length animated motion picture was only instituted for the year 2001, and awarded during the 74th Academy Awards in 2002. It was won by the film Shrek,[71] produced by DreamWorks and Pacific Data Images. Disney/Pixar have produced the most films either to win or be nominated for the award. The list of both awards can be obtained here:
Several other countries have instituted an award for best animated feature film as part of their national film awards: Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Animation (since 2008), BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006), César Award for Best Animated Film (since 2011), Golden Rooster Award for Best Animation (since 1981), Goya Award for Best Animated Film (since 1989), Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year (since 2007), National Film Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006). Also since 2007, the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Animated Feature Film has been awarded at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards. Since 2009, the European Film Awards have awarded the European Film Award for Best Animated Film.
The Annie Award is another award presented for excellence in the field of animation. Unlike the Academy Awards, the Annie Awards are only received for achievements in the field of animation and not for any other field of technical and artistic endeavor. They were re-organized in 1992 to create a new field for Best Animated feature. The 1990s winners were dominated by Walt Disney, however newer studios, led by Pixar & DreamWorks, have now begun to consistently vie for this award. The list of awardees is as follows:
- Annie Award for Best Animated Feature
- Annie Award for Best Animated Short Subject
- Annie Award for Best Animated Television Production
See also[edit]
- Animation Department
- 12 basic principles of animation
- Animation software
- Architectural animation
- Avar (animation variable)
- Computer generated imagery
- International Tournée of Animation
- List of motion picture topics
- Model sheet
- Motion graphic design
- Tradigital art
- War film#Animated
- Wire frame model
- ^ With the "squash and stretch" principle often applied in case of character animation.
- ^ Thomas 1958, p. 8
- ^ "World's Oldest Animation?". theheritagetrust.wordpress.com. The Heritage Trust.
- ^ Needham, Joseph (1962). Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology. Cambridge University Press. p. 123–124.
- ^ Rojas & Chow 2013, p. 5
- ^ Solomon 1989, pp. 10–11
- ^ McLaughlin, Dan. "A RATHER INCOMPLETE BUT STILL FASCINATING". Film Tv. UCLA. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ Solomon 1989, pp. 12–13
- ^ Crafton 1982, p. 35
- ^ Crafton 1982, pp. 60–61
- ^ "Władysław Starewicz - Biography". culture.pl. Adam Mickiewicz Institute. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
- ^ Solomon 1989, pp. 14–19
- ^ Solomon 1989, p. 24
- ^ Solomon 1989, p. 34
- ^ "El Apóstol". The Big Cartoon Database. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
- ^ Masson 2007, p. 432
- ^ "Animation" (PDF). boi.gov.ph. Board of Investments. November 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ McDuling, John (3 July 2014). "Hollywood Is Giving Up on Comedy". The Atlantic (The Atlantic Monthly Group). Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ Thomas & Johnston 1981, pp. 277–279
- ^ Laybourne 1998, p. 203
- ^ White 2006, pp. 195–201
- ^ White 2006, p. 394
- ^ a b Culhane 1990, p. 296
- ^ a b Williams 2001, pp. 52–57
- ^ Solomon 1989, pp. 63–65
- ^ Crafton 1982, p. 158
- ^ Laybourne 1998, pp. 163–164
- ^ Laybourne 1998, pp. 162–163
- ^ Beck 2004, pp. 18–19
- ^ a b Solomon 1989, p. 299
- ^ a b Laybourne 1998, p. 159
- ^ Solomon 1989, p. 171
- ^ Laybourne 1998, pp. 155–156
- ^ Beck 2004, p. 70
- ^ Beck 2004, pp. 92–93
- ^ Laybourne 1998, pp. 150–151
- ^ Laybourne 1998, pp. 150–154
- ^ Furniss 1998, pp. 52–54
- ^ Laybourne 1998, pp. 59–60
- ^ Culhane 1990, pp. 170–171
- ^ Harryhausen & Dalton 2008, pp. 9–11
- ^ Harryhausen & Dalton 2008, p. 18
- ^ Watercutter, Angela (May 24, 2012). "35 Years After Star Wars, Effects Whiz Phil Tippett Is Slowly Crafting a Mad God". Wired. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
- ^ Herman, Sarah (2014). Brick Flicks: A Comprehensive Guide to Making Your Own Stop-Motion LEGO Movies. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62914-649-2.
- ^ a b Laybourne 1998, pp. 75–79
- ^ Serenko 2007
- ^ Masson 2007, p. 405
- ^ Masson 2007, p. 165
- ^ White 2006, p. 392
- ^ Lowe & Schnotz 2008, pp. 246–247
- ^ Masson 2007, pp. 127–128
- ^ Beck, Jerry (July 2, 2012). "A Little More About Disney's "Paperman"". Cartoon Brew.
- ^ a b Masson 2007, p. 88
- ^ Masson 2007, pp. 78–80
- ^ Masson 2007, p. 96
- ^ Lowe & Schnotz 2008, p. 92
- ^ Masson 2007, p. 204
- ^ Solomon 1989, p. 9–10
- ^ Faber & Walters 2004, p. 1979
- ^ a b Laybourne 1998, pp. 22–24
- ^ Solomon 1989, p. 8
- ^ Laybourne 1998, p. 117
- ^ Solomon 1989, p. 274
- ^ Solomon 1989, p. 120
- ^ Laybourne 1998, pp. 100–101
- ^ Masson 2007, p. 94
- ^ a b Williams 2001, p. 34
- ^ Culhane 1990, p. 146
- ^ Laybourne 1998, pp. 99–100
- ^ Zohn, Patricia (February 28, 2010). "Coloring the Kingdom". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
- ^ Flowers And Trees [1932], Ist Oscar Award Winner 3D Animation Movie | Free Maya Video Tutorials
- ^ "Shrek (2001) - Awards". IMDb.
Further reading[edit]
- Anderson, Joseph and Barbara, "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited", Journal of Film and Video, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Spring 1993): 3–12
- Thomas, Bob (1958). The Art of Animation. Walt Disney Studios.
- Culhane, Shamus (1990). Animation: Script to Screen. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-05052-6.
- Laybourne, Kit (1998). The Animation Book. University of Michigan: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-517-88602-2.
- Rojas, Carlos; Chow, Eileen (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Cinemas. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-998844-0.
- Musa, S; Ziatdinov, R; Griffiths, C. (2013). Introduction to computer animation and its possible educational applications. In M. Gallová, J. Gunčaga, Z. Chanasová, M.M. Chovancová (Eds.), New Challenges in Education. Retrospection of history of education to the future in the interdisciplinary dialogue among didactics of various school subjects (1st ed., pp. 177–205). Ružomberok, Slovakia: VERBUM – vydavateľstvo Katolíckej univerzity v Ružomberku.
- Ledoux, Trish (1997). Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide. Tiger Mountain Press. ISBN 0-9649542-5-7.
- Lowe, Richard; Schnotz, Wolfgang (Eds) (2008). Learning with Animation. Research implications for design. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85189-3.
- Masson, Terrence (2007). CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference. Unique and personal histories of early computer animation production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for all reading levels. Williamstown, Massachusetts: Digital Fauxtography. ISBN 978-0-9778710-0-1.
- Serenko, Alexander (2007). "Computers in Human Behavior" (PDF). The development of an instrument to measure the degree of animation predisposition of agent users 23 (1): 478–495.
- Thomas, Frank; Johnston, Ollie (1981). Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life. Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-89659-233-2.
- Faber, Liz; Walters, Helen (2004). Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940. London: Laurence King Publishing. ISBN 1-85669-346-5.
- Williams, Richard (2001). The Animator's Survival Kit. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-20228-7.
- Godfrey, Bob; Jackson, Anna (1974). The Do-It-Yourself Film Animation Book. BBC Publications. ISBN 978-0-563-10829-0.
- Lawson, Tim; Persons, Alisa (2004). The Magic Behind the Voices [A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors]. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-696-4. (A history of cartoon voice-overs and biographies and photographs of many prominent animation voice actors.)
- Beck, Jerry (2004). Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime & CGI. Fulhamm London: Flame Tree Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84451-140-2.
- White, Tony (2006). Animation from Pencils to Pixels: Classical Techniques for the Digital Animator. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-240-80670-9.
- Crafton, Donald (1982). Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03083-0.
- Solomon, Charles (1989). Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation. New York: Random House, Inc. ISBN 978-0-394-54684-1.
- Furniss, Maureen (1998). Art in Motion: Animation Aesthetics. Indiana University Press. ISBN 1-86462-039-0.
- Pilling, Jayne (1997). Society of Animation Studies, ed. A Reader in Animation Studies. Indiana University Press. ISBN 1-86462-000-5.
- Harryhausen, Ray; Dalton, Tony (2008). A Century of Model Animation: From Méliès to Aardman. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-0823099801.
External links[edit]
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Animation
|Look up animation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animations.
|Library resources about
- Experimental Animation Techniques at the Wayback Machine (archived March 7, 2008)
- The making of an 8-minute cartoon short
- "Animando", a 12-minute film demonstrating 10 different animation techniques (and teaching how to use them).


text:
American English: /ˈpələk(ə)l/ British English: /ˈpɛlɪk(ə)l/
Translation of pellicle in Spanish:
- (Biology, Photography)Example sentences
- Young papillae are covered with a pellicle - cuticle layer and contain starch grains.
- However, in the dry type, the pellicle and cuticle remain intact in the functional phase, whereas they become discontinuous in the wet type.
- Proline-rich proteins' coat the teeth with a thin layer - pellicle - that serves as a protective diffusion barrier on the tooth surface.
Definition of pellicle in:
- British & World English dictionary
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
Grammar and usage help for Spanish:
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= trending

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program
Where is Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program located?
The program is located on the Belmont campus, in the Recreation Building. For more information on directions, parking, and local accommodations, please visit our Maps & Directions page.
Who benefits most from Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program?
BHP focuses on use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches (including dialectical behavioral therapy skills) to treat adults with a wide range of conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorders, and substance use disorders.
Is family involved in treatment?
With permission, family involvement, via contact with case managers and family meetings, is encouraged when clinically appropriate.
Is smoking permitted?
Smoking is allowed in designated outdoor areas only. No smoking is allowed inside any of our buildings.
Are cell phones allowed?
Cell phones are permitted, but may not be used during group or individual therapy sessions.
Is aftercare planning a part of the program?
The treatment team works closely with the individual as well as with family, significant friends, and outside providers to develop a personalized aftercare plan. Recommendations by staff are made based upon clinical needs, progress made during treatment, and long-term treatment goals.
Can former patients access their medical records?
All requests for medical records should be directed to McLean's Health Information Management Department.
Are support groups offered?
To complement our programs' services and encourage individuals' initiatives in their own treatment course, many self-help groups are hosted by McLean.


text:
The Ship to Nowhere by JinxyWinxyWatch
©2009-2016 JinxyWinxy
Very fancee!
Oh yes I like this one a lot, it's the only one I've made like this that's good enough to be on here (IMO)
You angled the sails into the wind, and heeled the ship accordingly... jeez.
Good job looks like a painting


text: An ideal gas is brought through an isothermal compression process. The 4.00 moles of gas go from having an initial volume of 214.3 cm3 to 123.2 cm3. If 1.930 � 103 cal are released by the gas during this process, what are the temperature T of the gas and the final pressure pf?


text:
Today's blog post comes to us from Katy Riojas. a senior Mechanical Engineering major from Kansas City, Mo.
So if you are a prospective TU student, what do you need to know?
I have thoroughly enjoyed my time at TU and have learned so much in the last few years – some things I wish I would have known upon (or before) arrival. In typical engineering style, I have listed below what I consider five key points I think you should know before arriving on campus.
So many opportunities
As with anything in life, college is what you make it, and TU is no exception. The number and diversity of clubs, events, teams, and general activities for you to get involved with is incredible. In my last three years at TU, I have had the opportunity to be involved with the TU Women's Soccer Team, Make a Difference Engineering, Tau Beta Pi Engineering Society, STEM-UP, The Little Light House, and much, much more. If you are motivated and have an interest, you can bet other people will help you make it happen. I have been able to perform undergraduate research as a freshman, play soccer throughout Europe, give a TEDx talk, obtain one internship in Pittsburgh, PA, and another in Tulsa- all through TU and the opportunities the university provides. TU sets you up for success and ensures you will succeed.


text:
Chroma key Studio - Green, Blue or Pink Screen
- Publisher: iPloDev
- Genre: Photo & Video
- Released: 5 Jul, 2013
- Size: 23.7 MB
- Price: $4.99
- App Store Info
DescriptionThe ORIGINAL Chroma key Studio application that allows the user to change a monochromatic background (Green, Pink and Blue) into any image.
Chromakey is a technique for mixing two images or frames together, in which a color from one image is removed (or made transparent), revealing another image behind it. This technique is also referred to as color keying, color-separation overlay, greenscreen, pinkscreen and bluescreen.
- Apply backgrounds automatically in real time.
- Intelligent one-tap Auto Enhance filter.
What's New in Version 3.0- Fix bug's
- Better perfomance


text:
Used 2003 BMW Coupe Values
Read more Read less
BMW's stellar reputation with the coupe body style has been cemented by the 507 roadster in the 1950s as well as the reign of the sporty 2002 during the 1960s and 1970s. In recent BMW history, a new naming strategy has devoted all coupe models with even-numbered designations. Joining the BMW 6 Series, the 4 Series debuted in 2014 that replaced the 3 Series coupe. BMW is one of several European automakers redefining the idea of a coupe being a two-door vehicle. The 4 Series and 6 Series models can be purchased as a four-door Gran Coupe adding better rear passenger accessibility while maintaining a sporty demeanor. The Z4 roadster and the electrified BMW i3 are also present in the German car company's coupe line-up.
Select a used 2003 BMW Coupe model
(2016 - 1952 including exotics and classic cars)
2003 BMW 3 Series
A premium sports car, the 2003 BMW 3-Series is available in a range of body styles, a convertible, coupe, sedan and a wagon are all available with the same sporty driving style.
A compact two-door convertible sports car, the 2003 BMW Z4 takes this luxury sports car maker back to the basics of a ride that cares most about the driving experience.
The 2003 BMW Z8 is an exotic, two-door, two-passenger sports car available with 375 hp or 394 hp depending on which of the two trims you opt for.


text:
Article Summary
A collaboration led by the Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) has announced that it's been selected to design a new waste-to-power station on the outskirts of Copenhagen. In an attempt to unify an industrial area and residential housing, the project will turn the vast roofing expanse of the power station into an Alpine ski resort. Skiers will begin their downward journey from the top of the smokestack, which will also pump out smoke rings every time a ton of carbon dioxide is produced to remind citizens of the impact of power consumption.
Read the full article: Ski slope power station design headed for Denmark
Related Articles


text:
Principal Proposed Natural Treatments
- None
Other Proposed Natural Treatments
- Boswellia
- Devil's Claw
- Evening Primrose Oil
- Fish Oil
- Movement Therapies (e.g., Pilates and Feldenkrais)
- Proteolytic Enzymes
- Tai Chi
- White Willow
- Yoga
The muscles and bones of the body work together like a smoothly oiled machine. Some of the "oil" is provided by fluid-filled sacks called bursae. Bursae are strategically located in areas where muscles, ligaments, and tendons might otherwise rub against bones. The smooth surface of a bursa allows tissues to move across each other without friction.Bursae, however, can become inflamed, leading to a condition called bursitis. One of the main causes of bursitis is repetitive motion. For example, custodians who use a vacuum cleaner may develop bursitis in the elbow. Excessive pressure, such as caused by prolonged kneeling, can also injure a bursa. More rarely, gout, arthritis, and certain infections can cause bursitis.Bursitis occurs most commonly in the hip, knee, elbow, or heel. Symptoms include tenderness, swelling, and pain with motion.Conventional treatment involves resting the affected area and using anti-inflammatory drugs. If an attack of bursitis does not respond to this treatment, drainage of the bursa and injection of corticosteroids may be used.Various practical steps can help prevent bursitis. Using knee pads can protect the bursa of the knee from pressure injury. Exercises that strengthen the muscle around a joint are thought to reduce stress on the bursae in the area. Finally, it is important to break up repetitive movements with alternative movement patterns as well as periods of rest.
More from Beliefnet
Simply FabulousJennifer Baxter
New! Gods Plans vs. Your Plans
Beginner's HeartBritton Gildersleeve
New! saving the world


text:
Nagasaki, Japan
Tue 10:30am-5:30pm, Fri 10:30am-5:30pmmore-less
No reviews yet. Write the first review!
- Link to this page from your site. Entry info.
- Return to Nagasaki Vegetarian Restaurants & Health Food Store Listings
- Has Bejitari-an - Shiroyama closed, shut down, moved, or changed? Please use the Update Form.


text:
Pink Cloud by lilok-lilokWatch
©2010-2016 lilok-lilok
oh my god! cotton candy hair!
It remembers me of a story I really loved when I was a child, Peterchens Mondfahrt (sorry, I didn't found an English translation of the name). In a film adaption the sun was just looking like your cloud girl
wow looks amazing!
Beautiful face & lovely, soft tones & colors . . . !
Oh wow. This is so stunning!
Very pretty
So beautiful -- good luck with the contest!
So beautiful,my friend
good luck sweet lilia, I'm so glad you're taking part to this contest too what a beautiful entry !
Sweet work , good luck in this noble contest
your work is really so beautiful !
Beautiful dear
Good luck for the contest Lilia
Good luck for the contest Lilia
beautiful work
Beautiful, dear Lilia
Lovely work!
Gorgeous art!
Beautiful, good luck dear
Takaja neznaja kak budto bi vozdushnaja boginj igraitsja s babochjkoj! Prosto voshetiteljana i ochen krasivaja rabota!
Best of luck for the contest, such a wonderful portrait, so sweet, so elegant!


text:
This shop is not part of the AutoMD IQ! Network. Compare to AutoMD IQ! shops nearby.
No Shop Photo
Belle Tire Mishawaka
4811 Grape Rd, Mishawaka, IN 46545
Gebhardt Motor Sales
1617 Lincolnway W Ste A Osceola, IN 46561-1950(574) 679-9306
There are no reviews for this shop. Be the first to write a review!
41.6633 -86.0891


text:
The Miami Heat were down to 10 available players for Sunday's game against the Chicago Bulls at AmericanAirlines Arena, with Chris Bosh out with a calf strain and with Josh McRoberts out with a bruised knee.
The Heat also remain without center Hassan Whiteside and guards Shabazz Napier and Andre Dawkins, with all three on assignment with the Heat's NBA Development League affiliate, the Sioux Falls Skyforce.
The Bulls also were shorthanded, with center Joakim Noah out with an ankle issue.
Justin Hamilton and Udonis Haslem started in place of Bosh and McRoberts for the Heat, with Taj Gibson starting in place of Noah for the Bulls.
Bosh was injured during Friday's...


text:
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Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
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29 year old woman | Bridgeport, CT, United States | Seeking men 25-35 within 50 miles
I'm contagious, my smile, my joy and my passion :)
I am a Happy go lucky Jesus loving woman who loves to travel the world sharing the gospel looking for a Jesus loving man who wants to embark on this journey called life along side me and.... at times a few steps ahead :) That being said I am not a religious person. I'm more interested in someone who walks out his faith rather then someone who goes to church every Sunday.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Cycling, Other types of exercise, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs
I like to hang out with my friends and be able to understand them. Here are some of the places I like to hang out Bar 140, Starbucks, Las Vetas, Old Post Tavern, Barcelona, Molto, Chaves Bakery :), Mohegan Lake, Pennfield beach
Okay okay I know this is lame but Im obsessed with .... Nashville! I also love love love How Met Your Mother !!
The book of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John also known as the Bible, Redeeming love, When heaven Invades Earth by Bill Johnson.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'3" (160cms)
|5'7" (170cms) to 6'5" (195cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|Occasionally, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker, Moderately
|Sales / Marketing
|No preference
|$50,001 to $75,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Protestant
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant, Christian / Other
|English, Portuguese, Spanish
|No preference
|Bachelors degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree
I was deployed and now I am back finishing up my marketing degree :)


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text:
1701 Views 1 Reply Latest reply: Oct 10, 2008 8:16 AM by KOENIG Yvan
KOENIG Yvan Oct 10, 2008 8:16 AM
in response to m0thr4 Solved
m0thr4 wrote:
I want to make sure all text in my document is a particular font (at least), but Cmd+a only selects any text that is not in a table. There seems to be no way to include text in tables, or even a way to change the format of all text in a particular table (MS Word allows the whole table to be highlighted for example).
A double click in a cell selects it so you may enter what you wish in it.
Select the cell A1 then, pressing the shift key, click in the right-bottom cell.
Doing that you will get every table's cells selected which gives the ability to apply global attributes.
I've searched the built-in help and found "To select all text in a document, choose Edit > Select All." This does not work as tables are excluded from this selection. If tried some of the other suggestions, such as holding down shift while selecting text in tables, but as soon as I get to the end of the text in one cell, the selection disappears.
My guess is that some words are missing in the Help. Select All selects all the text … of the text layer.
We must apply the settings to the text layer, to each text box, to each table.
Of course, you may _Go to "Provide Pages Feedback" in the "Pages" menu_, describe what you wish.
Then, cross your fingers, and wait _at least_ for iWork'09
Yvan KOENIG (from FRANCE vendredi 10 octobre 2008 17:16:06)


text:
try grappling
against someone you don't know
who's been training for years
who's going 100%
in front of 300 or so people
Type: Posts; User: Roark; Keyword(s):
try grappling
against someone you don't know
who's been training for years
who's going 100%
in front of 300 or so people
does anyone have any "quick" plyometric routines i could run through(preferrably object/box/step free)
say in the morning, pre or post run
good job!
i've also heard they have a charuto purple belt who opened a school down at wrightsville
cool, thanks
i'll look into it
i haven't posted in a while, but from what i remember, don't you train bjj in wilmington?
i saw a bunch of guys from champion's at the hayastan tourney in...
just asking
imo, chins/pullups would be straight down to dead hang and back up
seems like kipping would be akin to using back momentum to bb curl heavy weight
but my knowledge of kipping is...
i know it's debated over there
but personally, you don't see kipping as "cheating"?
thanks for the positive words
planning on competing to win on the 13th
yeah, i've seen you post about crossfit for a while anthony
the chinups were my weak spot, but i didn't do any kipping
i've decided it's the conditioning method i want to use to help me compete...
how horrible is that?
i used 95lb on the thrusters
and did chin ups not pull ups
the chin-ups were what blew my time up
thanks for the input guys
this is my first tourney...and i'm 30
i actually was also hopiong to use this as a motivator to get me over those last 10lbs that have been the difference between my...
*DISCLAIMER: i put this here rather than diet because i think this forum is more grappling-oriented and read by more with that skillset*
i have my first tournament in 4 weeks
i would like to...
hillary's latest rants are scary, she's a socialist
in the end, i'd choose rep over dem any day
of course, i'd love to see paul or another strong candidate run w/ the LP, but i don't think it...
just a journal update for posterity's sake
i've gotten back into training jiu-jitsu/submission grappling again
so, most of my energy is directed towards that w/ two full body workouts a week
glad to see you're still doing the thing cocoa
be well
ron paul is the man for the job
too bad rudy seized on him to make his stand and too bad the gop faithful can't see past the soundbyte style of debating
paul handled hannity well afterwards
i'm looking forward to the fight
but it's by no means the best matchup
margarito, moseley, cotto
there's a lot of other guys i'd rath watch floyd fight
perhaps you didn't fully read my post
it's used as an isolation movement to "pre-exhaust" the quads prior to doing squats
ah nevermind
why did i even bother posing in here
any thoughts?
i'm putting together a "pre-exhaustion superset" workout
leg extensions are the preferred quad exhaustaion method prior to squats
BUT, it woul be a bitch to try and use the leg...
don't have time before tomorrow's workout
but i will def look into those
the additonal force being generated by hips and legs would probably account for the "more growth" as you would be stimulating those muscle groups, not just traps
i'm concerned with how best to hit...


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Condition: Brand New
FREE Shipping in US 48!
With its super efficient Class-BD circuit topology, the P1000-1bd assures maximum BOOM for your buck! Due to its dedicated low frequency response, this amplifier is optimized for mid-bass speakers or subwoofers only. No need to worry because its 1-ohm capability will drive a pair of 4-ohm DVC subwoofers or quad-configuration of 2-ohm DVC subwoofers with ease.
Do you own this product? Write a review
Very expensive fosgate amp.Very powerful fosgate amp.Very easy to burn out fosgte amp.Why??They didnt put a fuse in it!!What?For the money and technology no fuse??I mean cheap generic brand amps have fuses.Then fosgate learned their lesson and fused the newer amps.U see 1 of these,stay away.Burnt 3 of them.Ur fuse isnt goin to stop this amp from smoking out cheech and chong as it has no fuse itself to burn 1st before it burns itself
Really good amp. All my amp had been Punch amps. Can't complain.
For the price you CANNOT beat the amp. Sure there are other amps out there in the "1000x1" class that will beat this amp none for this price. Running this amp on 2 12" DVC Rockord P3 Subwoofers which are 500rms each in a 4.45 cu ft box tuned to 37hz. all pushed at 1ohm. I beat the hell out of these subs and the amp is just luke warm!
First off, let say that if you are not happy with your sub and amp, first check your box! TOTAL world of difference to have a box built to size specs for the subs not to mention switch from sealed to ported enclosure. amazing My amp birthsheet stated 1334 RMS watts. INSANE. If I ever swap out my subs and get 2 12's that are 1000 rms each, I will definately buy another 1000bd.
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Dragon Whistle by PiccoloFreakNamickWatch
©2012-2016 PiccoloFreakNamick
This is the dragon whistle I got at the rennisance festival. It's supposed to sound like a dragon's dinner so if you play it here are the following things that you should do or better know how to do: Have dinner ready for the dragon or the dragon will think YOU'RE dinner so if you don't quite have dinner ready you better not blow the whistle or you'd better be able to handle a dragon.
I'd make sure to have dinner ready. If it's Muffin I have some hot dogs I can cook him. Hopefully dragons like tacos :3


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The first message I am getting with google webmaster tools is:-
Invalid URL
This is not a valid URL. Please correct it and resubmit.
Sitemap: http://www.ruralscotland.co.uk/page-sitemap.xml
Parent tag: url
Tag: loc
The second one i am getting with Quix is:-
Notice: This page's canonical link element points to another page, which might prevent this page from showing up in the rankings.
Having checked the canonical link in the information I am seeing
canonical http://www.ruralscotland.co.uk/
Can anyone shed some light on either of these? My site is really struggling in SEO and Google rankings :/


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Jets' Nelson hosting foster kid who made headlines
|In this Dec. 8, 2013, photo, New York Jets wide receiver David Nelson picks up yardage after a reception during an NFL football game against the Oakland Raiders in East Rutherford, N.J. Nelson will host a foster child from Florida who made national headlines with his plea to be adopted. Davion Only, a 15-year-old boy who was born in prison and raised in foster care, will spend the weekend in New York as a guest of Nelson. (AP Photo/Bill Kostroun)
FLORHAM PARK, N.J. (AP) — David Nelson needed to do something as soon as he heard Davion Only's story.
The New York Jets wide receiver was blown away, just as so many others around the world were, by Only's emotional adoption plea in October. Only, a 15-year-old boy who was born in prison and raised in foster care, stood up in front of a church congregation in St. Petersburg, Fla., and begged for a family to love him.
"I'll take anyone," Only said. "Old or young, Dad or Mom, black, white, purple, I don't care. And I would be really appreciative. The best I could be."
It was enough to send many to tears, eager to try to help. Nelson, who started the nonprofit organization i'mME with his two brothers to aid orphaned children, got on the phone with his publicist immediately.
"It's a powerful story," Nelson said in an interview with The Associated Press. "I read it and just felt a calling to reach out to Davion."
Only, who has since been featured on various television talk shows and news programs, is getting a chance at his dream as he'll spend the holidays with prospective adoptive parents. But first, he'll be a guest of Nelson and his organization in New York this weekend.
Only and a friend will tour Manhattan, including trips to Rockefeller Center, FAO Schwartz and Central Park.
"A crash course in Christmastime in the city," Nelson said, smiling.
Only will also meet with Nelson and other players Sunday before the Jets' game against the Cleveland Browns at MetLife Stadium.
"My reasoning was to get him out here, get him to the football game and get him around the guys, not so he could be blessed by the guys but so the guys could meet him and kind of be blessed," Nelson said. "He speaks on behalf of all the orphans across America who are in his shoes, to speak on behalf of the voiceless."
That's a subject close to Nelson's heart, one that drives him each day to try to make a difference.
It's a journey that began during Memorial Day weekend in 2011, when he traveled to Haiti with his then-girlfriend and her sister to visit abandoned and orphaned children. Nelson, then playing for the Buffalo Bills, figured it would make for a nice publicity opportunity. Once he got there, everything changed.
"Honestly, I went there for selfish reasons, really," he said. "To see these kids, who have nothing they can call their own or have anything to hold onto, you get to know them and spend time with them, you realize, `Wow, these kids don't want my money, or the toys or candy that I brought for them. They just want me to hold them, sing them a song or play soccer with them.'
"That touched me on a deep, intimate level. I was wrecked and completely humbled."
He and his brothers Patrick and Daniel had drifted apart over the years, but while in Haiti, he felt an inexplicable urge to re-connect with them. So, after returning from the trip, he told his brothers about his experience and asked them if they'd like to join him when he went back to Haiti.
Less than two months later, all three Nelson brothers were in Haiti, reunited and spending time helping abandoned children.
"The whole time we were there," Nelson recalled, "we were saying, `We were made for this. We were made to help these kids."'
The brothers decided to make their mission official, establishing the nonprofit i'mMe on Jan. 5, 2013.
"We just haven't looked back," said Nelson, who has traveled to Haiti about seven times. "And, it's been an incredible journey."
The brothers are currently holding a 35-day campaign called "House The Vision," a fundraising drive to help them get started on building a family village in Haiti. With the Jets out of the playoff picture, Nelson is scheduled to fly to Haiti on Jan. 15 and get to work on the planned eight or nine cottages which will house six or seven kids each.
He keeps in touch with several of the children he has met, using Skype and emails to stay connected. Nelson and his brothers are also in the process of obtaining legal guardianship over 22 kids in Haiti.
"We were leaving one time and a kid walked up to me to give me a hug, and she said something in Creole and I didn't know what it meant," Nelson said. "I asked a translator about five minutes later and he said that she said to me, `Please don't ever forget me.'
"As soon as I heard that, I lost it."
Nelson's efforts aren't exclusive to Haiti. He and i'mMe are also holding a toy drive through Sunday at The Grasshopper off the Green in Morristown, N.J., to benefit an orphanage in Denville.
"I find inspiration in these kids," Nelson said. "When you talk to them, you can tell there is still hope and you can see it in their eyes. They know they have a purpose and they just don't know how to bring it to the surface. There's greatness inside of them, but it just isn't being ignited."
Nelson is tied for third on the Jets with 27 catches for 324 yards after being signed by New York as a free agent in October. While establishing himself as an important part of the Jets' offense, he has also found balance between football and his passion off the field.
"This experience has changed perspectives for me," Nelson said. "I love football and I love what I do, and when I'm here, I'm here. I give it everything I have. But at the same time, football is what I do. It's not who I am.
"This organization and the kids, helping other people, that's my life. That's who I am."
Online: http://www.imme.org
NFL website: www.pro32.ap.org
Follow Dennis Waszak on Twitter: http://twitter.com/DWAZ73
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$99.95 - $149.95
- Deep bass, soaring highs and clear midrange
- Solid metal housing creates an undisturbed listening experience
- Multisized eartips for a complete fit
- Take calls and control music with RemoteTalk™ cable*
- (*Compatible with iOS devices. Functionality may vary by device.)
Product Actions
Solid metal housing.
Precision-machined single-billet metal housing prevents vibrations and unwelcome sound from tainting your listening experience.
Grid-iron tough.
Whether you keep urBeats pristine or throw them in and out of your bag, you don't have to worry about them breaking or fraying anytime soon.
Built-in mic for calls.
Switch easily between songs and incoming calls. No need to take off your headphones or talk into the phone like a walkie-talkie.
Tangle-free Cables.
Doesn't matter how carefully you wind them up, cords and pockets just don't mix. That's why we've redesigned our cables to make sure they're ultra-flexible and tangle-free.
- urBeats™ earphones
- In-line control microphone cable
- Storage pouch
- Four (4) pairs of ear tip fittings
- Weight (kg): 0.018
- Height (mm): 22.3
- Length of Cable (m): 1.2
- Type of Jack: 3.5mm
Designed for Sound. Tuned for Emotion.
Sound Bigger Than Its Size$229.95rignt arrow image
Calculated based on filtering:
3.8 / 5
76% of Reviewers recommend this product
Rated 3.8 out of 5 by 1215 reviewers.
Rated 2 out of 5 by Kungfoo Not compatible with HTC DESIRE HD!! Great looking earphones, but not compatible with MOST HTC phones.... I mean common people, android devices need some love too.... Buttons dont work, and neither does the microphone... Please fix!! May 12, 2011
Rated 2 out of 5 by Drew broke after 1 month I have beats solo and i decided i wanted to get smaller in ear headphones. These were great while they lasted. About 1 month after i purchased them, the left ear bud stopped working and the control pad stopped working also. I was very disappointed this happened, but these are great headphones and i would purchase them again if i knew they wouldn't break. May 21, 2011
Rated 2 out of 5 by ER1C007 Looks good outside ,but not inside This product is good for people who likes music with bass, however this earphones always fall out of your ears. I used the earphones, but something was wrong with it. The volume just maxed out by itself, hurting my ears. [...] June 6, 2011
Rated 2 out of 5 by Ticked off customer Don't bother with these.. Don't even bother buying these headphones. The sound is great and everything and I wish I could like them but i'm a bit angry. I bought the original headphones 2 months ago. The first week I had them they broke. Sometimes a pair of headphones will break because of a fluke so I shook it off. The support and replacement process took 4 weeks before I had another pair of headphones. About 10 weeks later those ones broke. [*] I sent them back and 3 weeks later (last weekend) got another replacement. They are broken AGAIN! The damage is not my fault, I know how to take care of headphones, it's a manufacturing problem. I paid [$] for these with tax [...] just to listen to the headphones for a total of 3 weeks. I'm demanding a refund, and they should comply. June 9, 2011
Rated 2 out of 5 by G-Man Too Fragile I am a 17 year old athletic male. I received these in ear headphones for Christmas from my parents. My first impression was that they looked great. I played some music and they really isolate you from outside noise. The sound quality is also great. The one problem that I have had is durability. Yes they are made of metal, but I have broke two pairs of these already. You may be thinking to yourself "how did they break if they are metal?" The truth is that not even I know why they are so fragile. I take good care of them (I always store them in the case which is included and I never listen to excessively loud music.) Overall what good are headphones if they break every two months? (I personally feel that my two star rating is being generous.) June 30, 2011
Rated 2 out of 5 by Leonard the listener already went thru 2 sets purchased for use with Iphone, left ear keeps going out, love the sound when they work, would recommend you purchase warranty, if and when these go out again, i will purchase something more durable, they need to work on the quality of the wiring. Also real slow on warranty return of replacement, have been waiting for 2 weeks now. July 10, 2011
Rated 2 out of 5 by Murcie Not worth the price Sound is pretty good, but at full volume you start to hear a static noise once in awhile. The ear buds it came with pretty nice though exercising with them is near impossible since they always seem to fall out your ear. The case it came with is 'meh' I personally didn't like it and used my old Skullcandy pouch instead. The case it came with seems a bit too small and always left the cables tangled up when i wanted to use them.Loved these headphones for the first few months, however like others it started giving me problems and eventually stopped working. First the cable started coming loose on both ear buds then the sound become complete static. Is it worth the [$] I paid? I think not. September 8, 2011
Rated 2 out of 5 by Gym Man Great Sound, Bad Construction Good product for listening to music leisurely. Not at all meant for the gym or sports related activities. September 9, 2011
Rated 2 out of 5 by Biggsy Not impressive I bought these as a replacement for a set of Bose headphones, which through my own stupidity managed to break. Reading the claim on the box about delivering deeper bass, I was deeply disappointed when I put these headphones in to hear a very flat sound, in contrast to the great level of bass I experienced on my old ones, frankly they are no better than the internal speakers on my laptop. September 19, 2011
Rated 2 out of 5 by Broseidon God of the Brocean Decent The iBeats were a great price to me because of the much higher prices of all the other types of beats by dre products. When I first got them they were amazing, the sound quality was much different than I was always used too. I mean these were awesome and the bass incredible for it's size. I also thought with high price comes good build quality and longevity. That however, not so true. I'm on my third pair of these because every time the earphone with the control talk becomes considerably lower in sound and the bass wasn't even there. Also one time the wires frayed along the whole wire. And the problem is I took great care of these so honestly these problems have to do with the build quality. Or lack of Build quality. October 7, 2011


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That was pretty dam cool. Went to a wedding where the couple got out and strutted their stuff (not like this vid though). Go for it!
Me, well - I've always been quite "different" and my "wedding" song was from the Brain Salad Surgery album from Emerson, Lake & Palmer - "still you turn me on". It soooooooooo, uh, ooooooo confused my new inlaws (now ex inlaws of course) - that his mother talked to me about that wedding dance song at least 4 times if not more that evening - and more in the weeks thereafter. "Don't wedding dance songs have the words "I love you" in them or something?, I don't understand - what was that and why is there a skull on the album??".
ELP was awesome though.
Yeah, she's a keeper.
The rider in my avatar is David Etxebarria, not me.
Mine wants to go get remarried in a Vegas chapel, by a preacher or JP dressed as Elvis... and webcast it so our families can watch! Not sure how we'll be dressed yet....
Last edited by HigherGround; 11-21-07 at 01:20 AM. Reason: Adding second sentence.
The rider in my avatar is David Etxebarria, not me.
It was ok, but my friend's was better (IMO). Her's was to Rock Lobster, and she did the "dead cockroach" on the dance floor in the wedding dress.
Very Cool.
Road Bike: 2004 ORBEA Mitis2+Carbon, Freekin' groovy Urban / Mountain Road Cruising Bike: 2007 CANNONDALE Bad Boy Disc, MTB: 2012 Trek Gary Fisher Collection Marlin WSD 29er
Weird...she didn't tell me she was married last Friday night!
Nice dress.
Just loaded some pic as some people wanted to see them (course the marriage is long over, but still pretty pics). I've always been a tad different from other people ...
My wife and I always joke that if we ever renew our vows we'll walk down the aisle to the Final Countdown.
The few, the proud, the likely insane, Metro-Atlanta bicycle commuters.
too cool!!!!
" The love you withhold is the pain you carry, lifetime after lifetime."
That's it ... I'm getting married!
... Brad
That was great! They did good with following thru with it all!
Interested in the Women's Forum? Send me a PM for more information.


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Feb 2
With GET GONE.
Jan 26
Aug 11
Brian Wheat - Western Fifth - John Swardson and Get Gone
Jul 12
GET GONE GET GONE Doors 9:00 PM | $6.00 | Main Stage
Jun 15
Label: Independent
Bio: Get Gone is a band from Minneapolis, MN. The band started after Singer/Songwriter John Swardson recorded his first two solo records (Ablaze, Silver Dust) with Chris Coyne at his studio, The Honker Room. Various musicians played on these records but Chris and Lane Soderberg played on both. After t...See Full Bio
" Thursday, Dec. 29 Tonight's Turf Club headliners, local quartet Get Gone specializes in the sort of vaguely pastoral and distinctly hard-living bar-rock which has long been the Twin Cities calling card. The lumbering crunch of tunes like the tear-in-beer anthem "Scarecrow" (sample lyric: "I'm gonna get drunk tonight/You can watch or you can follow") recall Neil Young and Crazy Horse at their hazy best."


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Are you Antonino Scarinci?Claim your profile
Publications (7)26.36 Total impact
Article: Relationship between inflammatory markers, oxidant-antioxidant status and intima-media thickness in prepubertal children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objective: To investigate the presence of possible early atherosclerotic changes in a group of prepubertal children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to establish the potential beneficial effects of 1-year treatment. Materials and methods: Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α), lipid profile and oxidant-antioxidant status (urinary isoprostanes [PGF-2α]) were assessed in 38 JIA children (12M/26F, mean age 7.05 ± 2.39 years) and compared with 40 controls (18M/22F, mean age 6.34 ± 2.25 years). Carotid intima-media wall thickness (cIMT) was obtained and blood pressure was measured. All parameters were reassessed in JIA children after 1 year of therapy. Results: At baseline JIA children presented compared to controls higher levels of inflammatory markers, proinflammatory cytokines, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and PGF-2α (all p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, blood pressure and cIMT were significantly increased (both p ≤ 0.01). After a 1-year treatment with non-steroid anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a significant reduction of all parameters was detected (all p ≤ 0.01). This was associated with a significant reduction in blood pressure and cIMT (both p ≤ 0.01). Within the JIA group, patients requiring etanercept presented worse laboratory values and cIMT measurements at baseline. Nevertheless, the same improvement of all parameters was obtained after a 1-year treatment. In stepwise multiple regression, LDL cholesterol and IL-1β were mainly related to cIMT. Conclusion: Chronic and systemic inflammation seems to lead to early atherosclerotic abnormalities even in pre-pubertal JIA children. Substantial improvement can be obtained with 1-year of appropriate therapy.
Article: Could Receptors for Advanced Glycation End Products Be Considered Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Obese Children?[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Early development of increased cardiovascular risk in obese children and the possible related cardiovascular diseases into adulthood have been shown; however, the underling pathogenetic mechanisms implicated are not yet completely defined. Receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) pathway play a pivotal role in the genesis of abnormality of arterial wall. However, whether obese prepubertal children present impaired levels of endogenous and soluble secretory receptor for advanced glycation end products (esRAGE/sRAGE) and whether an association exists between RAGE levels and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) are not yet evaluated in this age group. We note that esRAGE and sRAGE were significantly lower in obese children than controls and were independently related to cIMT. Our findings lead to the hypothesis that RAGE system seems to be related to the development of atherosclerosis even in obese prepubertal children.
Article: Family history of premature cardiovascular disease as a sole and independent risk factor for increased carotid intima-media thickness[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in children with a positive family history of premature cardiovascular disease (PFHPCD) and the relationship between cIMT and other known risk factors (insulin resistance, oxidant status and lipid profile) involved in structural vascular changes. Anthropometric measurements and inflammatory markers [isoprostanes (prostaglandin F-2alpha)] were evaluated in 24 prepubertal children (10 boys, 14 girls, mean age 7.9 +/- 2.37 years) with PFHPCD and compared with 25 healthy prepubertal children (11 boys, 14 girls). Fasting insulin and glycemia levels were evaluated and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and fasting glucose-insulin ratio were calculated in all children. High-resolution ultrasound technique was used to evaluate cIMT. Children with PFHPCD had an increased cIMT (P = 0.001) in comparison with healthy controls. No significant differences were found in terms of fasting insulin levels (P = 0.416), glucose-insulin ratio (P = 0.454) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P = 0.317) between children with PFHPCD and controls. Prostaglandin F-2alpha levels were significantly higher in children with PFHPCD than in controls (P = 0.003). In order to evaluate the relationship between cIMT and other known risk factors, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. A direct correlation was found between cIMT and prostaglandin F-2alpha (beta = 0.905; P = 0.002; r2, 0.63) even after adjusting for confounding factors (age, sex, BMI). Signs of precocious cardiovascular risk are detectable in children with PFHPCD already during prepuberty. Furthermore, impaired oxidant-antioxidant status would be implicated in the detected abnormalities of the vascular wall, suggesting a pivotal role of hereditary and genetic predisposition in the pathogenesis of increased cIMT.
Article: Increased carotid intima-media thickness in pre-pubertal children with constitutional leanness and severe obesity: The speculative role of insulin sensitivity, oxidant status, and chronic inflammation[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In order to characterize whether different degrees of adipose tissue storage may be associated with markers of early atherosclerosis, we evaluated oxidant-antioxidant status and inflammatory markers and determined carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in healthy constitutional lean and obese pre-pubertal children. Eighty healthy pre-pubertal lean and obese children were recruited and compared with 40 age, gender, and pubertal stage-matched normal controls. Anthropometric measurements, oxidant (urinary isoprostanes (PGF-2alpha), lag phase, and malondialdehyde (MDA)) and antioxidant status (vitamin E), inflammatory markers (high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)), and insulin sensitivity (fasting glucose-insulin ratio, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)) were investigated. Furthermore, cIMT was measured by high-resolution ultrasound. hs-CRP was not different between lean and control subjects (P=0.45), while higher values were found in obese compared with lean and control children (P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively). PGF-2alpha and MDA were higher while lag phase shorter in lean and obese subjects compared with controls (lean P<0.001; P<0.001; P<0.001 and obese P<0.001; P<0.001; P<0.001 respectively), while no differences were documented between lean and obese subjects (P=0.78, P=0.019, and P=0.53 respectively). Compared with controls, cIMT was increased in lean and in obese subjects (P=0.001; P=0.004), while no differences were documented between obese and lean subjects (P=0.1). In a multiple stepwise linear regression analysis, cIMT was related with PGF-2alpha (beta=0.641, P<0.001) and HOMA-IR (beta=0.307; P<0.001). Pre-pubertal lean and obese children present increased oxidative stress and impaired inflammation and insulin sensitivity, which in turn seem to result in similar impaired endothelial dysfunction and early signs of atherosclerosis, already in childhood.
Article: Association between inflammatory status and intima-media-thickness in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: preliminary data
Article: Obese related effects of inflammatory markers and insulin resistance on increased carotid intima media thickness in pre-pubertal children. Atherosclerosis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Obesity in children appears to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases later in life. Early development of insulin resistance and impaired oxidant-antioxidant status may lead to endothelial dysfunction and increased carotid intima media thickness (IMT) even in childhood. The aim of this study was to measure IMT and the relationship between IMT, insulin resistance and oxidant status in obese pre-pubertal children. In 53 obese pre-pubertal children (27M/26F, mean age 8+/-2 years), anthropometric measurements and inflammatory markers (hs-CRP and PGF-2 alpha), were evaluated compared with 41 healthy pre-pubertal subjects (21M/20F, mean age 7+/-2 years). OGTT was performed and insulin resistance (IR) indices (HOMA-IR, WBISI, G/I and QUICKI) were calculated in all patients. High-resolution ultrasound techniques were used to evaluate IMT. Obese children had higher levels of PGF-2 alpha and hs-CRP compared to healthy subjects (p=0.001 and p=0.005). Furthermore, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR were higher in obese children than in controls (p=0.001 and p=0.001) while WBISI was significantly lower (p=0.002). In addition, obeses had an increased IMT (p=0.001). In obese children there was a significant correlation between IMT and indices of IR (HOMA-IR: beta=-1.233, p=0.002; WBISI: beta=-0.921, p=0.008; G/I: beta=-0.811, p=0.003) and between IMT and PGF-2 alpha (beta=0.505, p=0.004). After categorizing subjects according to tertiles of body mass index (BMI) (<or=21.42, 21.42-26.23 and >or=26.23 kg/m(2)) and to waist circumference (WC) (<or=68.28, 68.28-79.04 and >or=79.04 cm), no influence of BMI or WC on IMT were found in the three groups. In conclusion, early changes in glucose metabolism and an alteration of oxidant-antioxidant status may be present in obese pre-pubertal children; this could lead to increase IMT and early cardiovascular disease.
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ABSTRACT: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs very often after solid organ transplantation and is often a life-threatening complication of long-term immunosoppressive therapy. Actually it is unknown which type of drug is indicated to control the infection in immunocompromised patients. We studied 10 consecutive patients who had undergone heart-transplantation and in which CMV infection was the commonest post-transplant infectious disease. Our results suggest a careful monitoring of IgG seropositivity in heart transplant patients, especially when it is not possible to know the serum status of the donor.
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Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara
Chieta, Abruzzo, Italy
- Pediatric Clinic


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If you're looking for an art school that teaches you art from mixing your own paint pigments to drawing, oil painting, even fresco...this is the place! For beginners to accomplished artists. The school encompasses all aspects of art for those who desire to become better artists or working professional artists. Asheville is such an art mecca. This school I highly recommend.
Fine Arts League of the Carolinas Gallery
Today:9:00 am - 5:00 pm
1 Page Ave,
Asheville, NC 28801
(828) 254-3352
Business Details
in Business
The Fine Arts League of the Carolinas teaches art in the style of the 'old masters' including FRESCO!
- Hours:
Regular HoursSat - SunClosed
- Payment method:
- visa, amex, discover, mastercard
- Location:
In the Historic River Arts District of Asheville, North Carolina.
- Neighborhood:
- Downtown Asheville
- Accreditation:
Asheville Chamber of Commerce, River Arts District
Fine Arts League of Asheville
Fine Arts League
Fine Arts League of the Carolinas
- Category:
- Art Instruction & Schools
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Standard Tungsten to daylight correction. Boosts 3200°K to nominal 5500°K daylight. Deep-dyed base.
Tungsten Conversion Filters are a range of blue filters that raise color temperature as needed. Although typically used on tungsten-halogen sources to balance with daylight, the range offers a multitude of technical and aesthetic color correction possibilities. The material is deep-dyed for heat stability and superior color transmission. Rolls 48" x 25' (122 cm x 7.6 m), sheets 20" x 24" (50 cm x 61 cm).