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Article: RPE, Pain, and Physiological Adjustment to Concentric and Eccentric Contractions
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Psychobiology and Behavioral Strategies WBE, Pain, and Physiological Adjustment to Concentric and Eccentric Contractions DANIEL B. HOLLANDER', ROBERT J. D U R ~ I , V. DANIEL CASTRACANE~, EDWARD P. HEBERTI, and ROBERT R KRAEMER' JAMES L . TRYNICKI', DEBORAH LAROCK', I Department of Kinesiology and Health -Studies. S&astern Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech Universfty Health Science Center, Amarillo, TX Louisiana Universiry, Harmrsolld, U; and 2~eparanenr of HOLLANDER, D. B., R. J. DURAND. J. L. TRYNlCKI, D. LAROCK, V. D. CASTRACANE, E. P. HEBERT. and R. R. KRAEMER. WE. Pain, and Physiological Adjustment to Concentric and Eaamic Contractions Med Sci. Sporfs ~ T C . , 1017-1025. 2003. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare perceptual (RPE and pain). cardiac (lean rate). lactate, and endocrine (cortisol) responses with concentric (CON) and e c a m ~ c (ECC) resis~nce exarise prorocols using the same absolute workload. Methods: Eight healthy men with resistance-training experience participated in the study. Subjects completed two experimental trials consisting of either CON contractions or ECC contractions at the same absolute workload for each of four exercises: bench press, leg extension, milimy press, and leg curl. Subjects performed four sets of 12 repetitions at 80% of l@RM with 90-s r e s t periods. Blood samples were taken before. immediately after. and 15-min postexercise Resnlb: Thac was a sigdicant hiai effect f a RPE, with CON exercise eliciting a higher RPE than ECC exercise(6.71 f . 051 and4.10 5 0.27, respectively). A significant trial effect was also demonstrated for pain, with CON exercise producing a higher pain rating than ECC exercise (5.59 + 0.41 and 3.23 2 0.27, respectively). Significantly higher heart rates and laaates wen also demonstrated &ring !he CON hial. -For cortisol, a significant interaction was revealed between the pre- and M i postrial m&s revealed a significant relationship between RPE a d pain for both aials. ~oncI&o& CON exercise &its greater perceptmi (hi* W E and pain rating), cardiac, lactate and conk1 -rhan ECC exercise at the sam absolute workload. Data demonstrate t h a t relative to absolute load, RPE and pain respond to resistance exercise in a similr fastdon. Additionally, physiologicai cues are consistent with these perceptual data. K e y Words. RESIS.TANCE EXERCISE, CORTISOL LAmATE. HEART RATE ... . .* R monly associated with intense effort and pain. However, few studies have investigated the link between rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain, and we are unaware of any studies investigating RPE and pain perceptions to re- sistance exercise involving CON and ECC muscle actions. Perceived exertion can be conceptualized as a sense of effoa experienced while performing physical * or mental work Borg has referred to this rating as a psychosomatic interac- tion to assess changes in work, effort, and breathlessness to produce an effort sense (5.23). Pain is typically defined as Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. but not an o v d trA effect. Comlational analyses - .. esistance exercise typically includes concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) muscle contractions. Moreover, strenuous resistance exercise is com- i y unpleasant sensation that is a result of injury, disease, emotional trauma, or distress (5). The relationship between RPE and intensity of resistance exercise appears to follow both a linear and quadratic model (27). Gearhart et al. (10) demonstrated that when comparing seven exercises at either five repetitions at a 90% of a 1-RM or I5 repetitions at a 30% of a 1-RM, the higher intensity protocol was perceived as more difficult despite requiring a similar amount of relative work. Another investigation re- vealed that at intensities of 30.60, and 90% of a 1-RM for a biceps carl, RPE for both overall body and active muscle increased as workload increased (21). These findings were further validated by Lagally and colleagues (21), who dem- onstrated that EMG increases paralleled the perception of effoa changes during resistance exercise. Collectively, these rugpa RPE is an effective it^ of resistance exercise. A consistent finding has been that lactate concentrations are related to RPE during resistance exercise both in single and multi-joint exercise prot~~ols (17) demonstrated a clear progressive increase in RPE in a multiple ser resistance exercise protocol utilizing three sets of 10 repetitions for bench press, latissimus dorsi pull downs. I q extensions, and leg curls with concomitant in- - Address for correspondence: Daniel 8. Hollander, I3.D.. - , ment of Kinesiology and Health Studies. Southeastern Louisiana Univer- sity, SLU 10845. Hammond. LA 70402: E-mail: dhollan&&du.edu. Submitted for publication August 2002. Accepted for publication January 2003. mm- the (17,21). Kraemer et al. 0195-913 1lO313506-1017 MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE, Copyright 0 2003 by the American College of Spons Medicine DOI: 10.1149101 .MSS.0000069749.13258.4E
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crease in lactate. Another study reported significant corre- lations between lactate and RPE in which subjects com- pleted resistance exercise at 50 or 70% of a 1-RM (30). Additionally, training may alter RPE and subsequent lactate levels at a standard workload (25). Thus, the pattern of increases in RPE with increases in intensity of resistance exercise appears to be related to lactate concentrations and these values can be attenuated after resistance exercise training. Recently it was suggested that R E markers of perceptual change because W E is related to sense of effort whereas pain may be related to damage and d i s t r e s s (5). Supporting this contention, a study that com- pared W E and leg pain in response tocycling suggested that RPE is greater than leg pain on the same scale (CR-10) at the same workload (6). Although prwious research indi- cates the absolute scores for RPE are higher than pain, there is evidence that the pattern of change in W E and pain to ind workload is similar (6). The rationale for why RPE and pain may be related can be seen in the physiolog- ical marker of lactate. Several studies have been conducted demonstrating the relationship between increased lactate levels with higher workload and inaeased ratings for RPE and pain (5,26,30). Additionally, when examining resistance exercise, CON muscle actions in an absolute loading scheme represent greater muscular stress than ECC ac- tions, thus potentially eliciting higher lactate concentra- . tions. Support for greater RPE and pain during CON. muscle actions is inferred from research demonstrating that maximal ECC strength is roughly 20-60% more than ; maximal CON strength; thus, if identical absolute loads are used for CON and ECC actions, ECC actions are . performed at a lower relative intensity and may have iess motor unit recruitment (2). Cook et al. (7) compared the effects of progressive iso- metric resistance exercise to fatigue on RPE and pain using category ratio and standardized scales. A low correlation was observed between RPE and pain. Perhaps the type of muscle contraction (e.g., dynamic vs isometric) affects the relationships between RPE and pain, as Borg et al. (6) found that RPE and pain were related daring cycle ergometry. Exploration of the effects of contraction type on the rela- tionship between RPE and pain m l d illu~nate subtle distinctions that may exist and are linked to physiological changes (8,12,13.16,31). O'Connor et al. (25) examined the relationship between RPE and pain responses to three dif- ferent ECC resistance exercise protocols (80% of maximum for 45 repetitions, 100% of maximum for 36 repetitions, and 120% of maximum for 30 repetitions of CON maximal voluntary contraction). Elndirigs revealed a moderate rela- tionship between RPE (during exercise) and pain (12-72 h postexercise) that was probably due to the intensity of ECC muscle work on skeletal muscle damage. The relationship between W E and pain has yet to be examined during both ECC and CON dynamic resistance exercise. With regard to RPE and pain during resistance exercise, if afferent feedback from the muscle or cognitive alterations occurs. then it is plausible that cortisol, a neuroendocrine and pain are distinct 1 marker of stress. w d d be altered (2). Additionally, if the stressor of resistance exercise is perceived to be greater in one muscular action versus another, then activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (as indicated by cortisol levels) should mirror the perceptual changes. Tra- ditionally, psychophysiological studies using cortisol as a neuroendocrine marker have operated under the assumption that perception of increased stress leads to a hormonal cascade that results in increased cortisol bioavailability (32). However, the relationship between cortisol, RPE and pain in response to different muscle actions has not been clearly defmed. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to exam- ine perceptual (WE and pain), cardiac (heart rate), lactate, and cortisol responses to CON and ECC resistance exercise protocols using the same absolute workload. Additionally, we sought to examine the relationship between RPE and pain during resistance exercise. Our hypotheses were that CON muscle actions would produce higher RPE and pain ratings on the CR-10 scale than ECC muscle actions; HR, lactate, and cortisol responses would also be higher in re- sponse to CON muscle actions; and RPE and pain would be related. The expectation that RPE and pain would be related was predicated on the previous work of Borg and colleagues demonstrating at moderate intensities of work, WE, and pain ratings were moderately related and became more correlated as maximum workloads were approached (5). -Understanding.the reiatid&ip &tween RPE and pain as well as physiological markers related t o these perceptual changes for standard, absolute load resistance exercise could aid in the development of resistance exercise prescriptions to improve the exercise experience while capitalizing on the psychophysiological benefits of exercise. METHODS Subjects. Eight healthy men with resistance-training experience were reuuited and gave written consent for participation in the investigation. Subjects were determined to be eligible if they engaged in recreational weight lifting for a minimum of 1 yr and were between 18 and 30 yr of age. The subjects were well-trained recreational athletes who were not involved in sport but whose normal training regimen consisted of bodybuilding type workouts (i.e.,.mul- tiple sets, high-repetition training). A health history ques- tionnaire was administered to rule out 1) participation in competitive body building or weight lifting for the previous year; 2) smoking; 3) taking medications that could alter test results (e-g., anabolic steroids, sympathoadrenal drugs, etc.); 4) history of pituitary, renal, hepatic, cardiovascular, or metabolic disease; 5 ) adherence to a reduced calorie or low fat diet, or ketogenic diet that could affect hormone levels; and 6) use of commial ergogenic aids in the past 6 months such as creaaine monohydrate, androstenedione, DHEA, or ephedra. The mean +- SE for age, height, weight. and body com~osition were 24.88 2 1.36 yr, 178.28 + 2.49 cm, 84.72 5 6.27 kg. and 17.00 t 1.78%. respectively. The study was approved by the Southeastem Louisiana Univer- 10 18 Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine
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sity Institutional Review Board and was conducted in ac- cordance with the policies of the American College sports Medicine. Experimental design. Subjects completed three test- ing trials: 1) a preexperimental trial, 2) a CON-only exercise trial. and 3) an ECC-only exercise trial. The CON and ECC trials were ~~IIducted in a Counterbalanced fashion. Most resistance training protocols investigating CON and ECC contractions and RPE have used either the same relative load or did not employ both muscular actions (14,25). We employed conventional resistance exercise that involved the performance of dynamic, full range-of-motion conmctions against a constant external load. Preexperimental trial (session 1). Subjects com- ~leted a preexperimental session to obtain anthropometric and muscular strength measurements. Fist, height and weight were determined. Next, body composition was as- sessed with a skinfold caliper using a four-site equation (15) (abdomen, suprailiac, triceps, and thigh) (Lange, Beta Tech- nology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA). Subjects were then tested to determine the 10-RM for each of the four exercises: bench press (BP), leg extension (LE), military press (MP), and leg curl (LC). Before each subject was tested, two 48-inch (10 lb each) steel pipes were bolted on top of the machine bench and military press. The steel rods were placed on the ma- chine before the 10-RM to simulate the conditions of the CON and ECC trials. The 10-RM was a modification of a 1-RM protocol by Kraemer et al. (20). Briefly, a 2-3 set warm-up was performed with 5-10 repetitions that rep- , sented 40-60% of a perceived maximal exertion.'-E&6 warm-up set was perfonned in a linear progression. Subjects were instructed to perform $e next 1-2 sets for 5 repetitions' at a weight that was approximately 80% of perceived 10- RM. Immediately after these sets, subjects were instructed to perform a 10-RM; if the 10-RM was not achieved, a heavier weight was chosen. Rest periods between a l l sets were 3-5 rnin. A f t e r determining the 10-RM on each exer- cise, the validity of this measurement was tested by having each subject perform as many repetitions as possible with the determined 10-RM weight after a 10-min rest period. All subjects reached their 10-RM within three trials after their warm-up sets were performed. Ten-repetition maximum strength measurements have been accepted as a suitable secondary choice for determining appropriate training loads when maximal strength testing is not possible (2). The position of all benches, seats, bars, and subject handgrip alignment were recorded and kept constant for each exer- cise. For each exercise, the distance the weight was dis- placed was determined with a metal meter stick and pointers mounted to the resistance exercise equipment in an effort to maintain constant work per repetition in subsequent ses- sions. The maximal lifts determined for the BP, LE. MP, and LC used in the ECC and CON trials were (mean + SE) 116.48 2 8.6 kg, 42.05 + 3.lkg, 68.75 2 7.4 kg, and 21.02 + 1.5 kg, respectively. Sessions 2 and 3 (CON and ECC trials). Seven and 14 d after the preexperimental trial. the subjects returned to the iveight room for session 2 or 3 after an 8-h fast. For both . ' ' ' sessions, the same procedures were followed except one session was CON-only and the other session was ECC-only resistance exercise. At 8 : 0 0 a.m., the subject was seated quietly for 20 min. A baseline blobd sample was collected from an antecubital vein via venipuncture. During this rest period, subjects filled out a state anxiety quationmire. Subjects then performed four sets of 12 repetitions of the four exercises at 80% of the preMously determined 10-RM in following order: BP, LE, MP, and LC. During piloting of h e study, we determined that four sets of 10 repetitions at 80% of a 1-RM load was too strenuous for researchers posisbning the weight (in a timely manner) and for some subjects to complete the CON protocol. Four sets of 12 repetitions at 80% of the 10-RM load (approximately 60- 65% of 1-RM, see reference 2) were found to be optimal to produce a substantial stimulus and ensure completion of the protoco1. After each set, the subject's heart rate, RPE, and pain level were recorded. During the CON trial, subjects lifted the weight for each repelition, whereas technicians using a pulley or steel bar extensions performed the lower- ing of the weight. During the ECC trial, technicians lifted the weight stack with a pulley or steel bar extensions, and then the subject lowered the weight. All repetitions were performed to the rhythm of a metronome; the weight was lifted in 2 s and lowered in 2 s. Subjects rested 90 s between all sets and exercises. A rest period of 90 s was chosen because this interval is indicative of high-intensity weight- naining sessions commonly performed (19). A f t e r comple- tion of the fourth set of LC, a blood sample was immediately collected, and another blood sample was taken 15-min pos- texercise. For each blood sample, blood was collected into a 10-mL whole-blood tube for hormone analysis and a 3-mL tube with sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate for lactate determination. The 10-mL t u b e s were allowed to sit at room temperature for 10 rnin for clot formation and refrigerated for 25 min before centrifugation (500 X g ) . Serum was diquoaed and samples were stored a t - 80°C until hormone assays were performed. State anxiety inventory. A state anxiety questionnaire that is a measure of how anxious a subject is at the moment (the state portion from Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)) was employed as a control variable to ensure that anxiety did not disrupt perceptions of exertion or pain (29). Previous research has demonstrated a relationship be-tween state anxiety and RPE during exercise (9,24). Our god was to control for potential effects of state anxiety on RPE and pain during resistance exercise. The state portion of the STAI asks individuals to respond to a series of questions regarding their thoughts and feeling "at this mo- ment" to examine context and current levels of anxiety. RPE and pain instruments. For instructing the sub- jects to rate perceived exertion during CON and ECC trials, we quoted the exact instructions recommended by Borg (5). The instructions included a paragraph of basic instruction and separate scaling instructions for RPE and pain. The instmtions to the subjects for rating RPE were: "We want you to rate your perception of exertion, that is, how heavy and strenuous the exercise feels to you. The perception of RPE, PAIN, AND MUSCLE ACTION Medicine 8 Science in Sports & Exercise* 1019
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TABLE 1. Borg CRlO scale 1998 (5). 0 0.3 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3.0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Nothing at all "No P" Extremely weak Very weak Just noticeable Weak Light Merate m n g Heavy Vay strong Exiremely strong "Max P" Absolute maximum Highest possible exertion depends mainly on the strain and fatigue in your muscles and on your feeling of breathlessness or aches in the chest. We want you to use this scale from 0 to 10 and "*, where 0 means 'no exertion at all' and 10 means 'extremely strong-max P,' that is, the maximal exertion you have previously experienced" (Table 1). For instructing the subjects to rate pain during CON and ECC trials, we quoted the exact instructions recommen~ by Borg (5). The instructions to the subjects for rating pain were 'What are your worst experiences of pain? If you use 10 as the strongest exertion you have ever experienced oi can think of, how strong would you say that your three worst pain experiences have been (5)Y "10 'Extremely strong-max reference. It is anchored in your previously experienced worst pain, which you just described, the 'max P'." ''@The worst pain that you have experienced, the 'max P' may not be the highest possible level of pain. There may- be a level of pain that is still stronger than your 10, you will say 11 or 12. If it is much stronger, e-g., 1.5. times, 'Max P,' you will say 15! Any questions (5)?"en to scale their pain using the CR-10 scale as shown above. Additionally, subjects were told that W E and pain were different sensations in that RPE should relate to fatigue and strain, whereas pain should be considered as unpleasant feelings related t o muscle damage or potential muscle dam- age. Subjects were asked to confmn that they recognized the differences in the ratings. These directions enabled subjects to have perceptions anchored by the worst pain they bad ever experienced and compare the pain with the type and quality of pain they were experiencing during the resistance exercise trial. The rationale for employing the CR-10 scales for overall body RPE and pain was to remain consistent with past research that had employed overall body W E ratings when using multiple joint movements such as those em- ployed in the bench press and military press for the present study (3,17,30). In addition, because a specific muscle ac- tion was not targeted in the present study, overall body RPE and pain ratings were deemed most appropriate. Moreover, although active muscle RPE has been employed in pat research, it was important for our experiment to employ whole-body RPE to match whole-body ratings of pain. Then, instructions were given that followed Borg's recom- P,' is your main point of' subjects were asked mendations on pain scaling (4). Category-ratio scales (CR- 10) for both rating of perceived exertion and pain were selected based on high concurrent and predictive validity. Specificallyl carepry-ratio scales for RPE and pain em- ployed during multiple workloads of cycle ergometry re- vealed high correlation coefficients (correlation coefficients between pain and exertion and workload magnitude estima- tions r = 0.66 (5) as well as perception of exertion and pain and maximal workload capacity (r = 0.56) (5)). Further- more, reliability coefficients using split-half analyses have demonstrated high coefficients with both types of scales during bicycle ergometry testing (Spearman-Brown carre- latlons were re (exertion) = 0.96, r, (pain) = 0.96, heart rate r = 0.97, and blood lactate r = 0.98 (5)). These scales were also consistent with recommendations related to psycho- physiological scaling (5). Heart rate and blood analyses. All blood samples were analyzed for lactate and cortisol. Lactate was deter- mined using an enzymatic method (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO). Cortisol concentrations were determined using a sensitive chemiluminescent enzymatic imrnunoassay (Im- mulite: Diagnostic Products Corp., Los Angeles, CA). The interassay coefficient of variation was 5.44%. and the intra- assay coefficients of variation were < 5.0%. Statistical analysis. A preliminary t-test was r u n on state anxiety measures for each trial to ensure that anxiety was similar in each protocol. If the t-tests were significant, anxiety would be entered as* mvariatti in subsequent and- jses. WE, pain; and heart rate were analyzed using 2 (Trial: . _ CQN and ECC) X 16 (Time of measurement) ANOVA with . , &at4 measures. For lactate and cortisol, 2 (Trial: CON .and ECC) X 3 (Time: pre, immediately post, and 15 min postexercise) ANOVA with repeated measures were per- formed. Finally, Pearson product moment correlation coef- ficients were computed to examine relationships between RPE and pain as well as these perceptual variables and HR, ladate, and cortisol. All comparisons were considered sta- tisically significant at P < 0.05. Post hoc tests were applied where appropriate. ANOVA analyses were followed by the calculation of eta-squared and post hoc power analysis to determine the statistical probability of detecting differences of the obse~ed sizes as significant given the design char- acteristics and number of subjects in the study. RESULTS The t-test comparing anxiety before CON and ECC trials revealed no significant difference. Therefore, anxiety was not entered as a covariate in the ANOVA analyses. WE. Analysis of RPE data revealed a significant trial effect (P < 0.01) with CON exercise eliciting a higher RPE than ECC exercise (6.71 2 0.51 and 4.10 t- 0.27, respec- tively). A main effect for time was also demonstrated (P < 0.001). This factor was further investigated using post hoc analyses that compared each exercise time point to the previous time point. Significant differences were demon- strared between bp 1 -bp2, bp2-bp3, bpdrlel, le2-le3, mpl- mp2, mp2-mp3, mp4-lcl, lcl-lc2, lc2-lc3, and lc3-lc4 (P < 1020 Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine
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1 8 I bpi bp2 bp3 bp4 lei le2 le3 le4 mpl mp2 mp3 mp4 1 ~ 1 lc2 lc3 Exercise lc4 FIGURE 1-Data represent mean -c SE RPE values for the concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECO trials. * Represents a significantly dafemtt (P < 0.05) value of CON trial when compared with the same time point in the ECC trhl. For sls 1-4: bp, bench press; 1% leg extension; mp, military press; Ic, leg curl. 0.01) time points. As shown in Figure 1, RPE increased on each subsequent set of each exercise then decreased at the start of each new exercise. A significant trial x time inkc- action effect was demonstrated as well for RPE (P < 0.01). Post hoc contrasts indicated significant differences existed - between CON and ECC tiials'f6r a l l but the following time points, le3,le4, mpl, and lcl, suggesting that RPE changed at a different rate for CON as compared with ECC muscle actions (see Fig. 1). Eta-squared values indicated most of the variance in RPE was due to the time factor (0.60) and trial factor (0.48). Power to detect differences for these two factors as significant were greater than 0.90. The interaction eta-squared value was substantially smaller (0.15) and power to detect differences for this interaction was 0.64. Pain. The pattern of changes in pain across trials was similar to RPE. Pain increased with each subsequent set of an exercise and decreased between exercises (see Fig. 2). Analysis of pain between CON and ECC trials demonstrated a significant trial effect (P < 0.01) with CON contractions eliciting a higher pain rating than ECC contractions (5.59 2 0.56 and 3.26 2 0.56, respectively). Additionally, a signif- icant time effect was demonstrated (P < 0.0001); post hoc comparisons revealed sigGficant time differences between sets bp 1 -bp2, bp2-bp3, bpblel, le 1 -1e2, le2-le3, mpl -rnp2, mp2-mp3, mp4-lcl, lc1-1c2,1~2-1~3. The interaction failed to reach significance. Eta-squared and observed power for trial, time, and the interaction respec- tively were 0.3810.77, 0.5511.00, and 0.0910.40. These val- ues indicate that pain primarily varied as a function of time and trial, and that power was adequate to detect these differences. and lc3-lc4 (P < 0.01). . Heart rate. Heart rate increased during both trials with the CON eliciting higher HR than the ECC triai (see ' Fig. 3). The ANOVA revealed a si&cant 0.001) with higher mean HR values (128.85 + 3.01 bpm) 'for CON exercise as compared with ECC exercise (9455 + .. 1'13 1 bpm). Significant time effects were evident as w e l l (P < 0.001). Post hoc analyses comparing each exercise time point to the previous time point indicated si@cant ences between the bp3-bp4, le4-mpl, and mprllcl (P < 0.01). Additionally, a significant interaction effect was dem- onstrated between CON and ECC hem rates (P < 0.0001). Post h comparisons at each exercise time point indicated that HR during the CON ma1 was higher than that during the ECC mal at every time point except the first. Examination of post hoc power estimates indicated that HR primarily varied as a function of trial (eta-squared = 0.66, observed power = 1.00) and time (eta-squared = 0.55, observed power = 1.00). The interaction accounted for 21% of HR . variance and observed power for this factor was 0.88. Lactate. Lactate increased during both CON and ECC trials with the greatest increase evident in the CON trial immediately post and 15 min postexercise (see Fig. 4). Data analysis revealed a significant trial effect (P < 0.0001) with CON resistance exercise exhibiting a higher lactate than ECC resistance exercise. Also, a significant time effect was demonstrated (P < 0.0001); follow-up comparisons of each exercise time point to the previous time point indicated significant differences between pre to immediate post to 15 min postexercise. In addition, a significant interaction was revealed (P < 0.001), indicating lactate changed at differing rates during the CON and ECC trial. Post hoc comparisons trial effect (P < differ- RPE, PAIN. AND MUSCLE ACTION Medicine 8 Science in Sports & Exerci* 1021
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r_________--_-------------. i -+-con :---o-.- ecc i !-..--........-...---------o b p l bp2 bp3 bp4 lel le2 le3 le4 mpl mp2 mp3 mp4 Icl lc2 lc3 lc4 E x e r c i s e FIGURE >Data represent mean i SE pain values for the concentric (CON) for ratings of pain but no interaction effects were demonstrated. For sets 1-4: bp, bench press; le, leg extension; mp, military press; 1% leg curl. and eccentric (ECC) trhls. Overall CON was greater than ECC trials indicated lactate was significantly different between trials immediately and 15 rnin postexercise, Eta-squared and-oh served power for trial, time, and the interaction respectively were 0.6711.0, 0.7411.0, and 0.6411.0. Cortisol. Cortisol declined for both mals with thi-. ' greater decline in the ECC trial (see Fig. 5). The ANOVA ' revealed no significant trial effect. However, a significant time effect as well as an interaction effect was revealed (P < 0.05). Post hoc comparisons of each exercise time point to the previous time point demonstrated a significant main effect for time at pre to immediately postexercise for cortisol iP < 0.01). These comp&i~oris iiiaicated cortisol did not change significantly during the CON trial. But a significant dqline during the ECC trial was observed from pre to ' ; . , .. * 160 - 155 - 150 - 145 - 140 - *' * - *t* 80 - 75 - 70 , bpl bp2 bp3 bp4 lei le2 le3 le4 mpl mp2 mp3 mp4 Exercise ICI k2 lc3 lc4 FIGURE ?---Data represent mean k SE heart rate values for the concentric (CON) (P < 0.05) value compared with the same time point in the ECC trial. For Sets 1-4: bp, bench press; le, leg extension; mp, military press; Ic, leg curl. and eccentric (ECC) trials. * Represents a significantly different 1022 Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine http://www.acsm-msse.org
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FIGURE 4-Data represent mean r+ SE lactate values for the con- tric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) trials. * Reprksents a significantly different (P < 0.05) value compared with the same time point in the ECC trial. immediately postexercise. Examination of post hoc power estimates indicated that cortisol primarily varied as a func- tion of time (eta-squared = 0.64, observed power = 1.00). Comparatively, the interaction and trial factors had lower eta-squared values (0.25 and 0.09, respectively), and the ability to detect significant differences was reduced (0.66 and 0.20). Comparison of RPE and pain perceptions. Data indicated that RPE and pain perceptions followed similar patterns over each trial (Fig. 6). However, RPE scores were slightly higher than pain during exercise. Correlations be- tween RPE and pain were computed for each set. Relation- ships observed ranged from 0.71 to 0.86, all significant &$. < 0.001. Relationships between physiological variables and subjective perceptioiis. To assess the relationshi; between physiological variables and subjective perceptions, correlations were computed between the final ratings of pain and RPE and immediate postexercise HR. lactate, and cor- tisol. High positive correlations were demonstrated between the last rating of RPE and immediate postexercise lactate (r = 0.73, P < 0.001), cortisol (r = 0.51, P < 0.05), and heart rate (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). Relationships between the last pain rating and immediate postexercise lactate (r = 0.61, P = 0.012), cortisol (r = 0.56, P < 0.05), and heart rate (r = 0.76, P < 0.001) were also strong and positive. I P re post Time 15-post FIGURE 5-Data centric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) trials. * Represents a significant time different (P < 0.05) from the previous time point- represent mean rl: SE cortisol values for the con- F I - CR-10 scale * All correlations were signi6caut at the P c 0.01. 6--Data represent mean * SDbetween RPEad pain- the DISCUSSION We hypothesized that CON muscle contractions would produce higher RPE, pain ratings, heart rate, lactate, and cortisol concentrations at the same absolute workload than ECC muscle contractions. Moreover, we hypothesized that RPE and pain ratings would be related for each muscle action. These hypotheses were tenable. O u r data revealed that at a constant load, RPE and pain: 1) were higher in response to CON than ECC contractions, 2) provided con- stant perceptual markers of resistance exercise stress, and 3) w v significantly related. Additionally, heart rate, lactate, a d cortiql concentrations were higher in the CON trial than th6ECC trial corroborating greater physiological stress ' ocamed in the CON trial. Data indicated t h a t RPE and pain were associated with the same physiological cues assessed .in the present study. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document either RPE or pain responses to both types of muscle actions during resistance exercise. Moreover, this is the-first study to examine RPE and pain -tion CON and ECC muscle actions separately at a constant load. Although this study had a relatively small sample size, dependent measures were taken s e v d times in the re- peated measures design, which resulted in increasing power. Post hoc power analyses indicated that when eta-squared values were greater than 0.40, power was > 0.90. T k heart rate data in the present study showed a clear cumulative effect of resistance exercise during CON muscle actions. For instance, HR rose 41% from baseline in the CON trial versus only 17% in the ECC trial. Thus, HR data demonstrated a greater cardiac demand during CON actions compared with ECC muscle actions at the same absolute workload. The increases in cardiac demand during CON mmck actions could be related t o the higher pePcentage of absofute maximal force employed for the CON trial as compared with the ECC trial (2). With regard to lactate, it was also clear that CON muscle actions produced higher levels than ECC muscle actions. Higher lactate concentra- tions would be expected from greater recruitment of fast- twitch muscle fibers and greater glycogenolytic activity. Our fmdings support previous research suggesting lactate comntrations are also related to RPE and pain (5) and that higher rating of these perceptual markers are induced, in h m Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise?, 1023 RPE. PAIN. AND MUSCLE ACTION
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part, by lactate (23). Thus, present data support that differ- ences in lactate levels induced by CON and ECC muscle actions were associated with differences in perceptions of effort sense and pain. Decreased cortisol levels in the present study reflect nor- mal morning decline consistent in pattern and magnitude with previous research (18). A lesser decrease in cortisol was evidenced for the CON as compared with the ECC muscle actions during our study. The attenuated cortisol decline during &e CON trial compared with the ECC ma1 was probably doe to greater effort andlor pain that awld stimulate the P A axis. This supposition seems tenable as researchers have proposed a l i n k between pain, fatigue, and heighten HPA-axis stimulation (1.5). In the present investigation, overall body RPE and pain were assessed using a category-ratio technique. Resdts showed similar patterns of response between these per- ceptual constructs but revealed a trend of greater absolute values of RPE than pain. These results are similar to previously reported RPE and pain responses to cycle ergometry (6). The present study did not provide specific cues for pain ratings such as stinging, throbbing, or burning sensations. Gearhart and Robertson have recommended specific s c h g of RPE for resisrarm exercise and have noted that this type of scaling can benefit the coachttrainer in monitoring a h a perceptions and enable the exerciserlathlete to become aware of the effects of perception on power output (3,11,22,28). Additionally, it is quite possible for pain to . REFERENCES 1. ADLER, G. K Editorial: exercise and fatigue-is neiroendocrid- ogy an impcngnt factor? J. flin.' EndocrinoL Metab. 85:2167- 2168,2000. 2. BAECHLE, T . I L and R. W. EARLE. EssentiaLr of Strength Training and Condin'oaing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2000, pp. 10-410. 3. BERGLUND. B , and H. S ~ O M . modulation of training load of world class canoeists. Med S c i . Spons ,?%ex 26: 1036-1040, 1994. 4. BORG, G. A pd model for interindividual comparison. Ia: Recent Tred in 7Xeorerical Psychology, Vol. 2, J. W. Baiar, M. E. Hyland, R. Van Hexewijk, and S. Terwee (Eds.). New York: Springa-Vexbg, 1990. pp. 439-444. 5. BORG, G. Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales. Champaign, I L : Human Kinetics, 1998, pp. 39-89. 6. BORG, G.. J.G. KARISSON, and I. LINDBAID. Quantitative variation of subjective symptoms during ergometer work. Reports f r o m the Institute of Applied Psychology, no. 72. Stockholm, S w * . University of Stockholm, 1976. In: Borg's Perceived Exerrionand Pain S & , G Borg Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics, 1998, p 64. 7. COOK, D. & P. J. OICONNOR, perception and sy~llpathetic nerve activity t o exercise during opi- oid modulatim. Anr I. Physiol. Regular. Integr. Comp Phpiol. 279:R156j-lU573.2000. 8. FLECK, S. J. Cardiovascular adaptations to resistance training. Med Sci Spons .Exert. 20:S146-S151, 1988. 9. Foam. B. C and K. F. KOLTYN. of different intensities on state anxiety and blood pressure. Med Sci. Spons Exem. 31:456-463, 1999. 10. GEARHART. R F . , F. L. GOSS, K. M. LAGALLY, perceived exation in yctive muscle during high intensity and low intensity resistance exercise. J. Strength Cond. 16:87-91. 2002. / Psychological monitoring and and C. A. b y . Muscle pain Influence of resistance exacise et al. Ratimp of occur without effort sense changing. Studies could explore secondary measures beyond self-report such as EEGIEMG data to more objectively validate how changes in RPE and pain impact local versus peripheral physiological adjust- ments- Specific scale development for pain and resistance exercise would be illuminating if time of sampling (preex- escise, during exercise, and postexercise) and type of spe- cifc sensation (throbbing, stinging, pressure, burningltear- hag, and delayed onset muscle soreness) could be clearly delineated. This type of pain scaIe would also aid the strength coach or personal trainer to determine the emo- tional responses and inhibited efforts that can occur during fatiguing resistance exercise. In summary, CON exercise elicited a greater perceptual (RPE and pain rating), cardiac, lactate, and cortisol response than ECC exercise at the same absolute workload. Implica- tions are that relative to absolute load, CON contractions are more challenging, both perceptually and physiologically, than ECC contractions in a common resistance exercise protocol. Both RPE and pain provide perceptual markers of resistance exercise stress and are related to the same phys- iological cues, heart rate, lactate, and cortisol. Future studies should examine perceptual responses to CON and ECC muscle actions employing higher and lower absolute loads to determine whether alterations in loading affect the find- ings from the present study. Moreover, studies are needed to determine whether the use of higher relative loading would mult in greater RPE and pBin perceptions for ECC muscle actions than CON muscle actions (2). ' . 11. GEARHART, GALLAG- and R. J. ROBERTSON. for rating perceived exertion during resistance exercise. I. Sh-ength Cond. 15320-325.2001. 12. HALEY, D., R. GORINSKI, and S. BLARE. Effects of velocity on localized muscle fatigue dnring isotonic resistance exercise with a constant time under tension. Pirps Ther. 81:A72, 2001. 13. HASMAN. P., R STAHL, and G. BORG. Psychophysiological re- sponses to exercise in type A/B men. Psychosom. Med. 55:178- 184, 1993. 14. HENRIKKSSON. J.. H . G. KFRmm, and F . BONDE-PETERSEN. ceived exertion during exercise with concentric and eccentric muscle contractions. Ergonomics 15:537-544, 1972. 15. JACKSON, A. S., and 1. H . WILMORE. Generalized equations for predicting body density in man. Br. Med. J. 40:499-504, 1978. 16. JENSEN, S. M., H. D. CRAM, and B. L. VAN DUSTER. music tempo on heart rate and perceived exertion during rest, exercise, and recovery. Rer Q. Exerc. Spon 71:A29. 2000. b7. KRMMER, R. R., E 0. AIZVEDO, D . A. DZEWALTOWSKI, WORE, G. R WEU, and V. D. CASTRACANE. low-volumeresistive exercise on beta-endorphin and cortisol con- centrations. Inr. J. Spons Med 17:12-16, 1996. IR KRAEMER. R. R., E . 0. latory endocrine responses to intermittent exercise of different intensities: plasma changes in a pancreatic B-cell peptide, arnylin Metabolism 5 1:657-663,2m. 19. KRAEMER. R. R., J. L. K I L G O ~ G. R. KRAEMER, and V. D. CAST- RACANE. Growth hormone, IGF-1, and testosterone ri'SpOnSeS 10 resistive exercise. Med. Sci. Spons Ererc. 24:1346-1352, 1992. M. KRAEMER, W. J., S. E. GORWN. S. J. FLECK, et al. Endogenous anabolic hormonal and pwth factor responses to heavy resis- tance exercise in males and females. Int. J. Sporfs Med. 12:228- 35, 1991. R. F . . F. L. GOSS. K . M. LAGALLY, J. M. JAKICIC, J. Standardized scaling procedures Per- Effects of J. L. Effects of ACEVEW, L . B. Smovnz, et al. Glucorep- 1024 Official J m a l of the American College of Sports Medicine
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11, LAGALLY. ceived exertion. electromyography, and blood lactate durine acute bouts of resistance exercise. Med. Sci. Sporrs Ererc. 34:552-559, 2002. 22. MARKS, L. E.7 G. BORG. and G. ~UNGGREN. Individual differences in perceived exenion assessed by two new methods. Percept. Psychophy. 34280-288, 1983. 23. NOBLE, B. K.7 and R. J. ROBERTSON. paign, I L : Human Kinetics. 1996, pp. 1-320. 74. O'CONNOR. P. J., and D. B. COOK. effects of acute static compared to dynamic exercise. 1~1. J. pons Med. 19:188-192, 1998. 25. O'CONNOR, P. J., M. S. POUDEVIGNE, exertion responses to novel elbow flexor eccentric action in women and men. Med. Sci. Sports h r c . 34:862-868. m. 26. PIERCE, K . , R. ROZENEK, and M. H. STONE. weight training on lactate, heart rate, and perceived exertion. J. Strength Cond. 7:211-215, 1993. K. M.. R. J. ROBERTSON, K. 1. G A L L ~ G H ~ ~ . el Per- Perceived fiemion. Cham- Anxiolytic and blood pressure and J. D. PASLET. Perceived Effects of high volume 27. ~ I V E R O , A. BRIGHT. The effects of voluntary contraction inremiry and gender on perceived exertion during isokinetic q-ceps cise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 84:221-226, 2001. 28. ROBERWN. R. J.. F. L- GXS. N. ~ O E R . et al. OMNI scale paaived at ventilatory breakpint in children: respoose mmd- i~tion. Med Sci. SPOI?S Exerc. 33: 1946-1952,2001. 29. SPIELBERGER, C. D.. R- L- GORUCH, and R. F. LUSHENE M d f o r the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Pal0 Alto. CA: Consulling Psy- chologists Press. 1970. PP. 1-70. 30. SIJMINSI~, R . R, R J. RoBER~~ON, &&g resistance exercise. /. strength c o d 11:261-265, 1997. 31. W w s , A. G., A. N. I s m A. SHARMA, and D. A J-. D. M.. A. J. COELHO. R. M- C A M P Y , Y. SALFEIN~V, and exer- J. ~ N G , et al. Pcrcepioo deffm Effects of resistance exercise volume and nutritional --86:31>32I. 2001. 32. ~TSIORSKY, V. M. Science and Practice o f Strength Tmining. Champaign, I L : Human Kinetics, 1995, pp. 1-243. t&m on anabolic and catabolic hormones. Eur. J. AppL W L RPE, PAIN, AND MUSCLE ACTION Medicine & Science in Sports & E x - 1025


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Eglo 89758A Raya 1 Light Flush Mount Ceiling Fixture
This piece is as much a an artistic statement as it is a light fixture, this flush mount ceiling fixture from the Raya Collection features Circle Shaped Clear; White Paint Glass with Chrome / Satin Finish accents. Make a statement with this highly artistic piece This dynamic fixture can be mounted as a ceiling fixture or a wall sconce.
Eglo 89758A Features:
- Circle Shaped Clear / White Paint Glass
- Chrome / Satin Finish
- Can be mounted as a ceiling fixture or a wall sconce
Eglo 89758A Specifications:
- Requires (1) x 60 Watt Medium Base Incandescent Bulb (Not Included)
- Height: 4"
- Width: 13"
- Weight: 3 lbs.
- UL Rated for Damp Location
Established in 1969, Eglo quickly grew to be one of the leading light manufacturers in Europe by the mid 1980's. Specializing in contemporary and modern designs, every Eglo fixture features simple lines and clean metallic finishes, exuding class and sophistication.
Additional Eglo Links
This Eglo item can also be referenced by the following color/finish specific model #:
- Eglo 89758A
Chrome / Satin
*Discontinued model or finish
More Than Just a Store - Your Reasons to Shop
Discover the best online deals for the 89758A and everything else for your home from the leading online home improvement store.
We're committed to providing you with the best assortment of Eglo products with over 400 warehouses across the country.
Our knowledgeable product specialists work to bring you the best prices on every product and provide unmatched customer service. Your satisfaction is our highest priority!
Installation Resource Center
Whether you are installing the product yourself or hiring a professional, our installation Resource Center has everything you need to get your project done. Visit the Installation Resource Center to get started.

subset: commoncrawl


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Cheddar Basil Cauliflower Recipe
4 3
Fresh basil adds a unique flavor burst to this traditional side dish. Perfect for chillier days, the comforting recipe was shared by David Harper of Clackamas, Oregon.
- 2-1/2 cups small fresh cauliflowerets
- 1 tablespoon white wine or water
- 1-1/2 teaspoons minced fresh basil or 1/2 teaspoon dried basil
- 1 teaspoon water
- 1 teaspoon canola oil
- 1/2 teaspoon sugar
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 1/3 cup shredded cheddar cheese
- In a small saucepan, combine the first seven ingredients. Cover and cook over medium heat for 10-12 minutes or until cauliflower is tender, stirring once. Transfer to a small serving bowl; sprinkle with cheese. Yield: 2 servings.
Originally published as Cheddar Basil Cauliflower in Cooking for 2 Fall 2007, p56
Full-Bodied White Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a full-bodied white wine such as Chardonnay or Viognier.
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Real Medicine Foundation in partnership with Google held another two day free Medical Camp for the Flood Victims of Pakistan on this past weekend of November 13 and 14, 2010 in Union Council Sardaryab, District Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan. The Medical Camp was inaugurated by Dr. Asghar (formerly senior team member of Save the Children) at UC Sardaryab, Charsadda. The patients were mostly women and children. A 10-member team of volunteers helped to facilitate the medical camp. This camp, as our previous free medical camps, was divided into various sections, such as registration counter, different specialist OPDs, pharmacy and patient waiting halls.
1,497 patients were treated on Saturday, November 13
- 2,109 patients were treated on Sunday, November 14
- A total of 3,606 patients were treated in 2 days.
Of these 3,606 patients
71% were female
- 29% were male
- 19% were children below the age of 12
The team consisted of 29 medical doctors (14 on Saturday & 15 on Sunday) representing a wide range of specialties; the final figures of specialized care made possible are as follows:
- 880 patients – OPD/General Medical; of these patients
- 230 patients presented with Malnutrition
- 167 presented with Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- 45 patients – General Surgery
- 676 patients – Dermatology
- 132 patients – Ophthalmology
- 187 patients – ENT
- 685 patients – Pediatrics (Children below the age of 12)
- 623 patients – Obstetrics/Gynecology
- 67 patients – Orthopedics
- 86 patients – Dentistry/Oral Hygiene
- 101 patients – miscellaneous, such as general body aches (not specifically to categorize according to WHO criteria)
- 124 patients were referred to tertiary hospitals for follow up and advanced care.
The RMF medical team will be able to follow these patients at the hospitals where they work.
For this camp, too, the response from the community was excellent. Local notables, Government officials, politicians and religious leaders also visited the camp and appreciated the great effort of RMF and Google.
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For more information about our Flood Relief Efforts, please visit our website.
To contribute to our Flood Relief Efforts, please click the Donate button below or through our website at realmedicinefoundation.org.


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Madeira Bright Star Hotel4 Self rated
Rua Princesa Dª Amélia, Funchal, 9000-019
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Located only 1 km from the lively centre of Funchal and just 300 metres from the Casino da Madeira, this hotel provides comfortable and colourful rooms for your stay in Madeira. There is an outdoor swimming pool in the hotel grounds and for those feeling a bit more competitive, you can take part in a game of pool or play a round of golf on the course which is located around five miles away. The hotel has a restaurant serving a buffet breakfast and a table d'hote menu for dinner.
The lobby bar is where we serve snacks, cocktails and soft drinks. All rooms have a balcony or terrace so you can take in the fresh sea air and enjoy wonderful views of sandy beaches and calm seas.
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multivitamins w/iron (includes prenatal vits) - oral liquids (cont.)
HOW TO USE: Take this medication by mouth as directed. Follow all directions on the product package, or take as directed by your doctor. Do not take more than the recommended dosage. If you are uncertain about any of the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist.Use a medication-measuring device to carefully measure the prescribed dose. Do not use a household spoon.Some products are best taken on an empty stomach 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals. If stomach upset occurs, you may take this medication with food. Avoid taking antacids, dairy products, tea, or coffee within 2 hours before or after this medication because they will decrease its effectiveness.
SIDE EFFECTS: Constipation, diarrhea, or upset stomach may occur. These effects are usually temporary and may disappear as your body adjusts to this medication. If any of these effects persist or worsen, contact your doctor or pharmacist promptly.Iron may cause your stools to turn black, which is not harmful.Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediate medical attention if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction may include: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.In the US -Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 4/16/2014
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Action Comics #900 features shocking change of status quo for Superman
Comics Alliance reports that Superman makes what appears to be a very surprising decision in the David Goyer-written back up story in "Action Comics" #900. SPOILERS AHEAD.
In the issue, after appearing in support of protesters in the Middle East, Superman finds himself at odds with the U.S. President. Superman's appearance has been construed as an official move by the U.S. government.
Superman thus plans to renounce his American citizenship at the United Nations the next day, Comics Alliance writes, and to work as a more global superhero.
My immediate thoughts on this:
1. Clark Kent is the one who needs citizenship, not Superman – Superman doesn't have a Social Security card, pay taxes, or even have any proof of his American citizenship to begin with.
2. This could get some severe PR blowback for DC, as the icon associated with "truth, justice and the American Way" says he's no longer an American.
What do you think?
- Matt Price


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Smooth Tobacco e-Liquid Flavor Swagger
Swagger: You can't teach it, but now you can buy it.
One of our top selling gourmet e-Liquid flavors, Swagger comes blended in a 60VG/40PG ratio and is probably the smoothest and most flavorful tobacco based flavor you've ever tried. Not the swag for you? Who are we to tell you how to step? Just let us know in the custom request box, and we'll customize this and any of the flavors at Pink Spot Vapors to meet your specifications.
Happy Vaping!


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Darwin Wiggett's images from a two-week trip to Belgium to visit relatives. Photos were taken with a Canon G9 point-n-shoot camera - the perfect camera for travel snaps - this book is mostly a memory book for the relatives.
I am a professional photographer who specializes in photos of the Canadian Landscape, humorous animals and kids. You can see what I am all about at www.darwinwiggett.com
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Extreme Saskatchewan 2010 - Hardcover Published December 20, 2010
Extreme Saskatchewan 2010 - Softcover Published November 16, 2010
Winter in the Canadian Rockies Published July 12, 2009
Big Hill Springs - 2008 Published January 04, 2009
Mutts by Darwin Wiggett Published July 13, 2008


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"Nobody knows how much revenue that generates," he said.
He said the security guards there are town employees with benefits and wages that cost more than the town collects from the fees. Redlich cited DiCaprio Park as an example of a park that does not have security guards and said it is wrong for the town to pick and choose where they will charge for town services and where they will not.
"Let's not nickel and dime people over using town services," he said.
He agreed with Runion that fuel costs make the budget process difficult, and it will make it hard not to raise taxes.
He said he is also hopeful that the budget will allow for new recreational equipment for some of the parks in the town.
"I'm hopeful that we can upgrade the playground equipment in Tawasentha Park," Redlich said.
He said the equipment there is 20 years old.
"I have pressure from a key constituent in my home," Redlich joked about his family.
Councilman Mark Grimm said he is concerned with fee increases on public services. Grimm wants to find out how many fees there are and how much they will be raised.
He added that the town brings in close to $10 million in sales tax, but is worried that consumer spending may decline in coming months.
He said he wants to make sure the budget accounts for a potential decline in revenue.
Grimm also said he is pushing to make a copy of the budget available on the Internet.
Councilman Paul Pastore addressed the need to increase the fees. Pastore said the fees have not been raised in a while, and said now is a good time to do so.
He said it is better to levy the fees, rather than raise taxes since fees only apply to those who use a particular service.
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Stay like a king in the Queen City when booking a suite at Residence Inn Charlotte University Park. Our extended-stay hotel near UNC Charlotte combines the comforts and conveniences of home for a hospitable visit. Our spacious guest suites with separate living, sleeping and dining areas boast fully equipped kitchens ideal for business and leisure travelers. Work easily from our Charlotte hotel suites with complimentary Internet access. Located near Charlotte Motor Speedway, PNC Music Pavilion and Carolinas Medical Center-University and just 6 miles from downtown, our Charlotte suites put you in the center of the action. Start your day off right with a complimentary breakfast buffet, then join us Monday- Wednesday for evening social hours which feature light fare and free beverages. In downtime, take advantage of our seasonal outdoor pool, Sport Court and fitness center. Pets are more than welcome at our Charlotte, NC extended-stay hotel. Sleep in style at Residence Inn Charlotte University Park.
Amenities· 24-hour front desk
· Accessible facilities
· Accessible parking
· BBQ/Picnic area
· Barber shop - (In Area)
· Beauty shop/salon - (In Area)
· Boarding pass print-out available
· Bookstore - (In Area)
· Buffet breakfast
· Business center
· Business services
· Car rental desk - (In Area)
· Check cashing policy
· Coin operated laundry
· Complimentary breakfast
· Complimentary buffet breakfast
· Complimentary cocktails
· Complimentary coffee in lobby
· Complimentary full american breakfast
· Complimentary in-room coffee or tea
· Complimentary newspaper in lobby
· Currency exchange - (In Area)
· Dinner delivery service from local restaurant - (In Area)
· Direct dial telephone
· Drugstore/pharmacy - (In Area)
· Dry cleaning
· Efolio available to company
· Exercise gym
· Express check-out
· Florist - (In Area)
· Free high speed internet connection
· Free parking
· Front desk
· Front desk
· Full service housekeeping
· Grocery shopping service available
· Hair dryer
· Health club
· High speed internet access
· High speed wireless
· Hot breakfast
· Housekeeping - daily
· Ice machine
· Individual Efolio available
· Ironing board
· Laundry/Valet service
· Limousine service
· Managers reception
· Meeting rooms
· Motorcycle parking
· Non-smoking rooms (generic)
· On-Site parking
· Outdoor pool
· Parking
· Pets allowed
· Pool
· Public area air conditioned
· Safe deposit box
· Security
· Spa - (In Area)
· Tennis court
· Valet cleaning
· Valet same day dry cleaning
· Wakeup service
· Wireless internet connection in public areas
Room InformationThe amenities listed in this description represent a sample of amenities available in some or all guest rooms in this hotel
High speed internet connection, Internet access, Wireless internet connection, High speed wireless, Meal included - breakfast, Free local calls, Coffee/Tea maker, Alarm clock, Air conditioning, Air conditioning individually controlled in room, Fireplace, Bottled water, Shower, Bathtub, Private bathroom, Hairdryer, Separate closet, Closets in room, Iron, Bathroom amenities, Down/feather pillows, Foam pillows, Sofa bed, Cribs, Local calls, Free toll free calls, Full kitchen, Tables and chairs, Refrigerator, Refrigerator with ice maker, Stove, Microwave, Toaster, Silverware/utensils, Pots and pans, Plates and bowls, Dishwasher, Color television, Cable television, Premium movie channels, CNN availaible, HBO available, ESPN available, All news channel, AM/FM radio, Remote control television, Large desk, Chair provided with desk, Electrical current voltage, Separate modem line available, Telephone, Voice mail, Direct dial phone number, Bathtub/shower combination, Upgraded bathroom amenities, List of movie channels available, Dish-cleaning supplies, Multi-line phone, First nighters' kit
Miscellaneous Information
· American Dollars is the native currency.
· Check in time is 3:00 PM
· Check out time is 12:00 PM
· Opened in 1988
· Renovated in 01/01/2007
· 91 rooms.
· 91 suites.
· 2 floors.
Cancellation Policy
Cancel policy may be more restrictive based on rate / room booked, season, special events
Meeting FacilityBoard Room
Recreation Information
Tennis court
Health club
Bowling alley
Bike trail
Hiking trail
Horseback riding
Mountain biking trail
Nature preserve trail
River rafting
Sports court onsite
Outdoor pool
Putt putt golf
Rock climbing
Children's program
Fitness center on-site
Area Attractions- Charlotte
- Amtrak Station
- Belk Theater
- Knight Theater
- Greyhound Bus Lines
- IKEA Charlotte
- Northlake Mall
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- zMAX Dragway - 4 wide
- Concord Mills Outlet Mall
- Charlotte Motor Speedway
- Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre
- US National White Water Center
- UNCC - University of NC at Charlotte
- Cabarrus Arena & Events Center
- Time Warner Cable Arena
- Charlotte Convention Center
- Carowinds Amusement Park
- University Place Shops
- Ray's Splash Planet - Uptown Water Park
- Bo Jangles Coliseum
- Carolina Medical Center - University
- Discovery Place
- NASCAR Hall of Fame
- Charlotte Museum of History
- Wells Fargo CIC
- Hartford
- Solectron
- Philip Morris
- AT&T Learning Center
- Bank of America (Headquarters-Uptown)
- Allstate
- Cronatron Welding
- Rack Room Shoes
- UNC Charlotte Campus Tours
- Charlotte NC Tours
- C-Charlotte Tours
- Queen City Tours
- Charlotte Motor Speedway Tours
- Charlotte Douglas International Airport
- Concord Regional Airport
- NASCAR Speed Park
- Carolina Panthers
- Charlotte Bobcats
- Charlotte Checkers
- Howl at the Moon Saloon
- Bank of America Stadium - NFL Panthers


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Read all 2 articles for this celeb
Great Nudity! White Blonde hair Medium breasts Real Has shown bush Average body size Porn Star Skinternational
Best known from her no-holes-barred work in hardcore titles like Babes With No Limits 2 (2004), Dirty Girl Gangbang 2 (2005), Double the Fun 2 on 1 3 (2006), and Shemales Invade Italy (2005), voluptuous Veronesi Federica Tommasi has also shown off her front and back doors doing a bottomless boogie in the Tinto Brass softcore flick Private (2003). Nice tom-ass-i, Federica!… Join Mr Skin to read her entire Biography
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The Simpsons: The Simpsons is an animated sitcom about the antics of a dysfunctional family called the Simpsons (surprise surprise). Homer is the oafish unhealthy beer loving father, Marge is the hardworking homemaker wife, Bart is the ten year old underachiever (and proud of it), Lisa is the unappreciated eight year old genius, and Maggie is the cute, pacifier loving silent infant.
The Simpsons (1989) Links
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Season 7
Season 8
Season 9
Season 10
Season 11
Season 12
Season 13
Season 14
Season 15
Season 16
Season 17
Season 18
Season 19
Season 20
Season 21
Season 22
Season 23
Season 24
Season 25
Season 26
Season 27
Season 65
|= Low Quality
|= Medium Quality
|= High Quality
|How do I watch these?
The Simpsons (1989) Comments
|Posted by dominusluna
I guess I got XXVI confused with XXV. Time to check out XXV I guess.
|Posted by La_Beast
You mad Fox bro :P
|Posted by dominusluna
Thank you for all your work and effort posting these episodes.
|Posted by MattD13
funny show, should stop playing about god though
|Posted by beard_guy
This is one of the best episodes.
|Posted by dominusluna
Out of sync.
|Posted by studrabbit
Can someone sync the audio.
|Posted by dominusluna
#XXII Homer gets bit by a spider that makes him communicate by farting and Ned with the "Dexter" theme cleaning up Springfield of bad humans and a planet where everything is something.An entertaining take on humanity and the environment. One of the better ones I think. It seems that Bart's "Aye Carrumba's" are getting stale or misplaced. Homer's farts (or his ass webs) are more entertaining. Some of the Halloween Specials fall short but this one did not for sure.It's a few years old but Halloween never grows old.
|Posted by jalex45
Very well made fantasy film, at par with Inception and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus. I only wish it was longer. 4.5/5 or 9/10.
|Posted by Argotzz
Hmm season 65, that seems legit! xD
|Posted by altontowersnerd
R-I-P Marcia Wallace.
|Posted by YeshuaEST
fuck this shit i have to pay for this.
|Posted by gamleole154
November 26, 2013. Nothing here wtf?
|Posted by Dr_Teddy
Very nice episode with hayao miyazaki s work :) i was plesantly surprised :) i will miss his work
|Posted by alexmoraes
season 65!? what year is it?
|Posted by dominusluna
I'm not sure if this was worthy of being a milestone Treehouse of Horror but thank you much.
|Posted by dominusluna
Now I remember why I didn't like or watch Futurama. This Simpsons episode had some very bizarre moments like off the wall humor that didn't really need Futurama to pull them off. The episode was not the bash they properly had hoped for in my opinion but others may have enjoyed the two shows together and have a different opinion and really like it. Thanks for posting so fast.


text:
- Article
- About the Authors
- Metrics
- Comments
- Related Content
About the Authors
- Jacob E. Lazarus, Armen J. Moughamian, Mariko K. Tokito, Erika L. F. Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Corresponding Author
Email: email@example.com
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
The author(s) have made the following declarations about their contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: JEL AJM ELFH. Performed the experiments: JEL AJM MT. Analyzed the data: JEL AJM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MT. Wrote the paper: JEL ELFH.


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- SenegalFoodFunding via CAURIE Microfinance, a partner of Catholic Relief Services
Diouma's GroupSenegalFoodFunding via CAURIE Microfinance, a partner of Catholic Relief Services
Adama's GroupSenegalFoodFunding via CAURIE Microfinance, a partner of Catholic Relief Services
Binta's Group
Binta (seated at the far right in the photo), is the group's representative. She is married and supports four of her children (two girls and two boys). She has a table at the central market, where she sells fresh vegetables. She buys her produce from women who have their own gardens on the outskirts of town, and she resells her merchandise on a retail basis. She is very experienced in this activity.
She plans to use this loan to buy fresh vegetables, and also to pay an advance to her wholesalers, in order to maintain her customer base during the rainy season.
The profits from her business will allow her to help her husband with the daily management of the family expenses.
Madame Binta, (assise à l'extrême droite), est la représentante du groupe. Elle est mariée et prend en charge 04 de ses enfants dont 02 filles et 02 garçons. Elle tient une table au marché central où elle vend des légumes frais qu'elle achète auprès de femmes détentrices de jardins de maraîchage en périphérie de la ville pour la revente au détail. Elle jouit d'une expérience dans cette activité.
Avec ce prêt elle compte acheter des légumes frais et avancé une partie aux fournisseurs pour assurer et maintenir sa clientèle durant l'hivernage.
Les bénéfices de son activité lui permettront d'apporter son soutien à son mari dans la gestion quotidienne des dépenses familiales.
Additional Information
About CAURIE Micro FinanceThe mission of CAURIE Micro Finance is to contribute sustainably and to offer microfinance services adapted to impoverished micro-entrepreneurs, primarily women, based on the principles of 'credit for the poor' and on microfinance best practices, all while investing in order to become financially independent.
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Senegal
25View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 8 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- At end of term
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Jul 2, 2013
- Listed
- Jul 12, 2013
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- Feb 17, 2014


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The darker house by jego0320Watch
©2008-2016 jego0320
Done in photoshop , I put much work in it.
Okay wow! This is unreal, superb effort... I really love how dark everything is.
Fantastic. I love this piece.
Very atmospheric and gothic! Nice work.
great work!
Gorgeous image. I love how it just has this haunting, yet very inviting feel to it. Awesome! :3
Very nice!
Keep up the great work^^
Keep up the great work^^
the work/the talent shows. good/dark/nice. i love.
Very nice shot ! Good work
great atmosphere
The sky really speaks to me in this one... so dark but with a sun only partially obscured from view. I tried to do one like this once... it failed. Y_Y
Very nice. It reminds me of an old video game called Return to Zork (if the graphics were updated).
nice work!
Nice job...
fantastic work!
i love this so much. love the colors. love the darkness. amazing clouds. everything is great.
I love the atmosphere...great job! all those hours put in really paid off with a great image!
Jäklarns vad snyggt... Vad är det du reglerar i Photoshop för att få fotona så här fina och kusliga?
ja bland annat det är många timmars arbete på de flesta utav bilderna
Thanx for the dev watch!
I love what you've done to this picture, do you use PS plug ins to create this effect?
I love what you've done to this picture, do you use PS plug ins to create this effect?
no no plug ins just adjustments and some stocks^^ mostly level and contrast
I would love to live here; very nice indeed
very nice
Wow, this looks awesome. I would love to see how it looked before you used PhotoShop on it. Very nice work!!
I love the dark beauty of this piece very well done ^,^
This deserves more favs, its really well done.


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Back in 2009 I asked about the lifespan of a Wish List in iTunes and nobody got back to me. Well, it's been a while and I found that all of my Wish List items have been deleted! I had 2000 items, the maximum, and now they're all gone, how do I get them back, does Apple archive tnis stuff, why were they removed?
ref: https://discussions.apple.com/message/10186746#10186746
I trusted Apple with my list, adding song I do not remember the name of, now Apple got rid of them!
What are my options?
Retrieving data ...


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NEWS: LPI Europe's MF 45 CPV module project has been selected in the 3rd call of Fondo de Emprendedores organized by Fundación Repsol. click here.
LPI's RXI™ free-form optics, used on the Acura RXL provide superior efficiency and beam control in a very compact package. The design software is an implementation of the LPI-patented 3D SMS Method. LPI has designed several automotive applications .
Julio Chaves has just published the second edition of his widely used book,
"Introduction to Nonimaging Optics". You can purchase it through Amazon
Click Here
The book includes many references to LPI innovative designs.
Utilizing a combination of LPI's patented Fresnel-Köhler CPV architecture with spectrum-splitting enhacements and standard Si solar cells, the ultra-flat CPV concept should acheive 45% efficiency. A MF45 proof of concept module will be developed partially financed by Fundación Repsol. Click Here to read the full new release. Click Here to visit Fundación Repsol webpage.
LPI specializes in remote phosphor lighting application. This A19 lamp provides superior illumination uniformity. The unique, patented approach offers improved thermal performance and efficiency. The phosphor is contained in a silicone sphere permitting higher temperature applications, such as use inside a glass globe. Click Here for our simple Light Bulb Facts document.
The Ventana™ Optical Train design is now available to the CPV industry. This optic set can deliver above 32% module efficiencies for integrators.
The Shell Mixer is placed over an RGB or RGBW source and produces perfect color mixing without compromising collimation. The étendue increase is negligible and the lens diameter is only three times that of the source. Optical efficiency is >90%.
This custom optical design satisfies Kichler's demands for high efficiency, with a unique thermal solution. Most of the LED light exits directly from the lamp without the added losses passing through a lens or off a reflector. The LEDs are placed direcly adjacent to the outside of the housing for cooler operation.
Optical systems for ultra short-throw projection. These devices can be used as an accessory to conventional projectors (home cinema). Other applications include multimedia equipment for virtual reality systems with rear, frontal or surround projection.


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Attorneys and Staff
Charles B. Rosenstein
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Chuck is a native of Albany, New York, with 25 years of experience in handling residential and commercial real estate transactions. He also handles will preparations and estate Administration. A 1986 graduate of Colgate University, Chuck received his law degree from Albany Law School in 1989.
Chuck is a highly regarded real estate attorney, who has represented numerous lenders, sellers, and purchasers in real estate transactions over his legal career. He also has substantial experience in title examination, and is a licensed agent for Chicago Title Insurance Company.
Chuck utilizes his background, knowledge and experience to great advantage for his real estate clients. He has worked with a diverse client base to achieve excellent results in consumer and commercial collection matters and landlord-tenant matters. He has also assisted many clients with will drafting and estate issues.
Robert Orapello
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Rob is a native of the Capital District and currently resides in Albany. He joined our firm in November of 2014 as an Associate. Rob received his Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Albany in 2009 and earned his Juris Doctorate at Albany Law School of Union University in 2013.
Rob is admitted to practice law in the State of New York. His practice will focus mainly on the representation of purchasers, sellers, and lenders in residential and commercial real estate transactions. He can also assist clients with will drafting and estate issues.
Rob is a member of the New York State and Albany County Bar Associations.
Debbie Karius, Paralegal
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Debbie has worked in the real estate/title insurance industry since 1998. Debbie is one of our closing coordinators at the office, She is responsible for handling those matters where our office is personally representing a buyer or a seller in the closing transaction. Debbie lives in Colonie, New York.
Sindy McBride, Paralegal
email: email@example.com
Sindy has been working in the legal/real estate industry since 1992. At our office, she is responsible for all aspect of the title and closing process including ordering, reading and preparing title search notes and abstracts for preparation of title commitment for closing. She prepares closing documents and closing statements on behalf of purchasers, sellers and various mortgage lenders (including HUD Settlement Statements) for residential and commercial transactions. She, also handles all the day to day responsibilities of Marathon Title such as procedures, billing and remittance to our Underwriter on a monthly basis. Sindy's knowledge and experience allows our firm to handle title and settlement closings in all counties in New York State. She resides in Rensselaerville, New York.
Cindy Hudson, Paralegal
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Cindy specializes in the handling of closings where our firm acts as the settlement or closing agent for the Mortgage lender. She is responsible for all aspects of the settlement process from scheduling, to preparing the closing documents and HUD Settlement Statement, to handling post closing issues. Cindy has been in the legal field since 1992. She resides in Colonie.
Rebecca Hudson, Paralegal
email: email@example.com
Rebecca provides legal and administrative support for the attorneys and paralegals in the firm. She came to the firm with 5 years of legal experience. Rebecca graduated from Schenectady County Community College in 2010 with an associate's degree in paralegal studies.


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Announcing Cotton Spandex Jersey!
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14 CFR 1216.316 - Cooperating with other agencies and individuals.
(a) The Associate Administrator for Management, in coordination with the Associate Administrator for External Relations, shall ensure that NASA officials have an opportunity to cooperate with other agencies and individuals. He/she shall keep abreast of the activities of Federal, state, and local agencies, particularly activities in which NASA has expertise or jurisdiction by law (see 40 CFR 1508.15 of the CEQ Regulations). He/she shall inform the responsible Headquarters official of the need for cooperation as necessary.
(b) At the request of the Associate Administrator for Management, Headquarters officials shall initiate discussions with another Federal agency concerning those activities which may be the subject of that agency's EIS on which NASA proposes to comment.
(c) At the request of the Associate Administrator for Management, the responsible Headquarters official shall, in the interest of eliminating duplication, prepare joint analyses, assessments, and statements with state and local agencies. These joint environmental documents shall conform with the requirements of these procedures and overall NASA policy.
(d) Because of the uniqueness of the NASA's aerospace activities, it is unlikely that NASA will have the opportunity to "adopt" environmental statements prepared by other agencies (40 CFR 1506.3 of the CEQ Regulations). However, should the responsible NASA offical wish to adopt a Federal draft or final environmental impact statement or portion thereof, he/she shall consult with the Associate Administrator for Management to determine whether that statement meets NASA requirements.
(e) From time to time, there may be disagreements between NASA and other Federal agencies regarding which agency has primary responsibility to prepare an environmental impact statement in which both parties are involved. The Headquarters official with primary responsibility for the activity in question shall consult with the Associate Administrator for Management to resolve such questions in accordance with 40 CFR 1501.5 of the CEQ Regulations.
(f) Responsibility for the environmental analyses and any necessary environmental assessments and environmental impact statements required by permits, leases, easements, etc., proposed for issuance to non-Federal applicants rests with the Headquarters official responsible for granting of that permit, lease, easement, etc. The responsible Headquarters official shall consult with the Associate Administrator for Management for advice on the type of environmental information needed from the applicant and on the extent of the applicant's participation in the necessary environmental studies and their documentation.
[53 FR 9762, Mar. 25, 1988]
Beta! The text on the eCFR tab represents the unofficial eCFR text at ecfr.gov.
This section's status may have changed. It may have been renumbered, reserved, or removed.
Title 14 published on 2015-01-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 14 CFR Part 1216 after this date.


text:
Announcements 2015 (2014 Archive)
ROSES-15 Amendment 5: Delay of due dates for A.36 ACCESS
ROSES-15 Amendment 5: The due dates for program element A.36, Advancing Collaborative Connections for Earth System Science, have been delayed. Notices of Intent (NOIs) are now requested by May 22, 2015, and proposals are now due by July 24. 2015
The primary objective of the Advancing Collaborative Connections for Earth System Science (ACCESS) program is to enhance, extend, and improve existing components of NASA's distributed and heterogeneous data and information systems infrastructure. NASA's Earth science data systems, comprised of both core and community elements, directly support Agency science and applied science goals and objectives. ACCESS projects increase the interconnectedness and reuse of key information technology software and techniques underpinning the advancement of Earth science research.
NOIs are now requested by May 22, 2015, and proposals are now due by July 24. 2015.
On or about March 23, 2015, this Amendment to the NASA Research Announcement "Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) 2015" (NNH15ZDA001N) will be posted on the NASA research opportunity homepage at http://nspires.nasaprs.com/ and will appear on the RSS feed at: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/grant-solicitations/roses-2015
Questions concerning this program element may be directed to: Kevin Murphy at email@example.com or email@example.com
NASA's Science Mission Directorate announces the release of its annual omnibus solicitation, Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Science (ROSES) for 2015
February 13, 2015 at http://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2015.
Table 2 of individual programs in order of due date can be found at: http://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2015table2
Table 3 of individual programs organized by subject area can be found at: http://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2015table3
This ROSES NRA (NNH15ZDA001N) solicits basic and applied research in support of NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD). This NRA covers all aspects of basic and applied supporting research and technology in space and Earth sciences, including, but not limited to: theory, modeling, and analysis of SMD science data; aircraft, scientific balloon, sounding rocket, International Space Station, CubeSat and suborbital reusable launch vehicle investigations; development of experiment techniques suitable for future SMD space missions; development of concepts for future SMD space missions; development of advanced technologies relevant to SMD missions; development of techniques for and the laboratory analysis of both extraterrestrial samples returned by spacecraft, as well as terrestrial samples that support or otherwise help verify observations from SMD Earth system science missions; determination of atomic and composition parameters needed to analyze space data, as well as returned samples from the Earth or space; Earth surface observations and field campaigns that support SMD science missions; development of integrated Earth system models; development of systems for applying Earth science research data to societal needs; and development of applied information systems applicable to SMD objectives and data.
Awards range from under $100K per year for focused, limited efforts (e.g., data analysis) to more than $1M per year for extensive activities (e.g., development of science experiment hardware). The funds available for awards in each program element offered in this ROSES NRA range from less than one to several million dollars, which allow selection from a few to as many as several dozen proposals depending on the program objectives and the submission of proposals of merit. Awards will be made as grants, cooperative agreements, contracts, and inter- or intra-agency transfers depending on the nature of the proposing organization and/or program requirements. The typical period of performance for an award is four years, although a few programs may specify shorter or longer (maximum of five years) periods. Organizations of every type, domestic and foreign, Government and private, for profit and not-for-profit, may submit proposals without restriction on the number or teaming arrangements. Note that it is NASA policy that all investigations involving non-U.S. organizations will be conducted on the basis of no exchange of funds.
Electronic submission of proposals is required by the respective due dates for each program element and must be submitted by an authorized official of the proposing organization. Electronic proposals may be submitted via the NASA proposal data system NSPIRES or via Grants.gov. Every organization that intends to submit a proposal in response to this ROSES NRA must be registered with NSPIRES; organizations that intend to submit proposals via Grants.gov must be registered with Grants.gov, in addition to being registered with NSPIRES. Such registration must identify the authorized organizational representative(s) who will submit the electronic proposal. All principal investigators and other participants (e.g., co-investigators) must be registered in NSPIRES regardless of submission system. Potential proposers and proposing organizations are urged to access the system(s) well in advance of the proposal due date(s) of interest to familiarize themselves with its structure and enter the requested information.
Details of the solicited programs are given in the Appendices of this ROSES NRA. Names, due dates, and links for the individual calls are given in Tables 2 and 3 of this ROSES NRA. Interested proposers should monitor http://nspires.nasaprs.com/ or subscribe to the electronic notification system there for additional new programs or amendments to this ROSES NRA through February 2016, at which time release of a subsequent ROSES NRA is planned. A web archive (and RSS feed) for amendments, clarifications, and corrections to this ROSES NRA will be available at: http://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/grant-solicitations/roses-2015/
Frequently asked questions about ROSES-2015 will be on the web at http://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/faqs/. Further information about specific program elements may be obtained from the individual Program Officers listed in the Summary of Key Information for each program element in the Appendices of this ROSES NRA and at http://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/program-officers-list/.
Questions concerning general ROSES NRA policies and procedures may be directed to Max Bernstein, Lead for Research, Science Mission Directorate, at firstname.lastname@example.com.
NASA Official: Jon Ranson
Curator: Carla Evans


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Best New Music Venue (2013)
The Western
We've heard The Western's ambiance described as "honky-tonk bar and restaurant without the Disney-esque trappings" of a honky-tonk bar and restaurant, which is exactly how it'll charm you: If you're the kind of person for whom boots will always feel a little like a Halloween costume, The Western just might make you comfortable. Brainchild of Charlie Levy and Tucker Woodbury, who previously teamed up for Crescent Ballroom, The Western offers a rootsy, unpolished antidote to glitzier Americana with regular, free sets from local stalwarts like Sara Robinson. Like Levy's other venue, it's a great place to hang out that also happens to be an excellent venue — national acts aren't the focus, but they do and will show up when they fit the theme. What makes it such a pleasant place to be is that you won't feel like you also have to fit the theme.
Location Details
Scottsdale AZ 85251
More Bars & Clubs Awards
Best Arena ShowTaylor Swift
Best Theater ShowJimmy Eat World
Best Club ShowJeff Mangum
Best Non-Turntablist TurntablistDJ Ruthless Ramsey


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Home > News > Scientists debate value of citizens' advisory panels
August 5th, 2003
Scientists debate value of citizens' advisory panels
Scientists perform many wonders, but sometimes they scare the dickens out of people. Genetic tinkering, radioactive nuclear waste, cloning, embryonic stem cells, robots that reproduce themselves and other high-tech developments have stirred widespread distrust and alarm. To address such fears, the National Science Foundation, an arm of the federal government, is experimenting with a system of citizens' advisory panels that it hopes can help head off future eruptions.
|Related News Press
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Durnham University's DEEPEN project comes to a close September 26th, 2012
Technical Seminar at ANFoS 2012 August 22nd, 2012
Nanotechnology shows we can innovate without economic growth April 12th, 2012
Thailand to host NanoThailand 2012 December 18th, 2011
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› email@example.com
As the year dwindles and we start to see our breath in the evening cold, we don our scarves and indulge in little sentimentalities and considerable amounts of alcohol. Also, it's time to clean out the e-mail box. Now or never. I find a note, half buried in a drift of messages slowly composting into cybermulch, announcing a new foodie Web site, www.foodiebytes.com, which is there to assist you when you crave a particular dish and need to locate a restaurant that serves it. You just type in the name of the dish, and the Web site quickly returns a list of nearby places where you can find it and at what price. A Google Maps or MapQuest feature seems inevitable.
Even sheathed in a pun an obvious one at that the word foodie provokes a shiver, and I am a wearer of scarves. Some of my best friends are, or I suspect them of being, foodies; it is important to distinguish between the self-confessed types and the latents and cryptos. We are able to converse about food, these foodies and I, often to our mutual pleasure and benefit, but I am not one of them, and they know it.
Through some quirk of temperament, I am not able to go ice-skating over the smooth surfaces of foodie Web sites that cater to people's cravings. It is my fate instead, as a wonderer and a ponderer, to find myself needing to know the history of a particular dish or technique. And how did it get here? And can I do it, or something like it, at home? All of this is part of my experience of buying, cooking, and eating food.
Food separated from the past, from the ligaments and other connective tissues of culture and custom food flattened to one dimension loses much of its power to nourish our souls, our whole human selves, in much the same way that nutrients packed into pills don't do us the same kind of good as nutrients eaten as part of the foods in which they naturally occur.
We live in a culture that exalts monomania, pops pills for every ailment, and tirelessly resists the past, and in such a context a foodie obsession (got a craving? get a fix!) is hardly unusual. But like most other forms of monomania, it isn't necessarily all that interesting either.
Also from this author
Food writer Paul Reidinger bids farewell after more than a decade covering the San Francisco food scene
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It was low priced and close to Casino Coushatta. The staff were polite, once they could top talking to each other and get to the desk. You get what you pay for...
The room smelled stale, the bathroom door would not close, their was no refrigerator or coffee pot as advertised, the 'breakfast' was slightly old sweet rolls (as if from a day old bakery), and coffee. There was orange juice, but no tea or decaffeinated.
Bad, gross, nasty, things growing from the tissue box. If I could have found another room that night, I would have let them keep the -- bucks and paid --- for a better room. What a rip. Some toys were left behind the bed so how clean could it be
No coffee in room.
price was good for holiday and location
booked& paid for room with 2 dbl beds.we received room with 1 kg bed and we were told only room left! the door key didnt work so attendantsaid when we needed to get in just come get her and she'll open door,after a fuss,we got rm&key but 1bed.unhappy!!!!!
reasonable rate, closeby the casino
Nothing. The only perk is that it is close to the Coushatta.
Smells horrible! Mold all over the ceiling. Dirty. Not comfortable.
Close to casino and rate.
Bed comfort.
It was cheap.
Very hard bed. Toilet wasnt working well.
Conveniently located near the Casino.
The train across the street
Great location, and very typical facilities
Staff including manager
There were roaches in our room, the smell was terrible. The bathroom/jacuzzi looked like it hasn't been cleaned properly in months. The sheets and pillows smelt terrible. There were roaches in the frig?? Not sure how they got there but are surviving because the frig was hardly cold. The door handles felt as if they were going to fall off. Terrible tv channel selections on the 1980s tv, very fuzzy. All in all very disgusting. Will pay the same if not more to stay in the best western that is at least 20 miles the other direction, stayed at days inn for closeness, not worth it!!!!!
Black Mold at ac vent and walls near it
I was expecting a 3 star but was obviously upgraded and given what was normally a $---- per night room. It was awesome!! I was roomed at the Grand Hotel. I could have just stayed in my room my whole stay.
Apparently there are several places that use the name Inn at Coushatta or Coushatta Inn so it is confusing to find. My 2nd try was at Coushatta Inn and she pulled me up on computer and showed me at the Grand Hotel which I had never even known about.
I was pleasantly surprised. I really wanted to stay at one of the bigger hotels thinking of proximity to casino and just overall luxury but the Best Western gave me this......and all at a great price!! Bathrooms were very spacious, rooms were large and clean. The room was cold and the bed was so comfortable.....I really didn't want to leave the next day. Looking forward to our next stay!!
Thank you for everything Best Western and staff was great!!
Great place to stay when visiting the casino. Always clean & very comfortable.
Friendly staff and location to the casino is great. Comes with shuttle service 24/7. Bed linens were clean but very thin and you could see through them. Obviously very worn. Cheap place to stay if you do not have a comp from the casino for a room.
Stayed at this hotel a few times years ago and am sad to say that the cleanliness and condition has gone down. Used to be a nice quaint little hotel. Horrible mold in the air conditioning unit and spiderwebs all over. Needs a good general cleaning.
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