text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 11, 1997
|Filing date
|Apr 21, 1995
|Priority date
|Sep 20, 1993
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Shoji Kitaori
|Original Assignee
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (26), Classifications (13), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/309,900 filed on Sep. 20, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,572.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a digital signal decoding apparatus and a method thereof, for use in a digital communication apparatus including a satellite or an optical submarine cable, and a digital recording/reproducing apparatus using a digital VTR, a digital video disc, or the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
In relation to a digital signal decoding apparatus, a viterbi decoding method is one of maximum likelihood decoding methods which make a full use of information included in a signal. This method is conventionally used as a detection method on which various studies and researches have been made mainly in the field of digital communication using a satellite, a submarine cable and the like. Meanwhile, in relation to a digital VTR or a digital video disc. It is necessary to increase the recording density since a digital signal used in these digital recording medium must include an extremely large amount of data which is as several times as large as the data amount of an analogue signal. Such a communication apparatus or recording/reproducing apparatus using high technologies, a received or reproduced signal has a very low S/N ratio, and it is therefore very difficult to use a conventional method of decoding signals for every one bit. Hence, it is required to decode a signal by making a full use of data included in the signals of low S/N ratios as much as possible. Particularly, the viterbi decoding method stated above attracts public attention since the S/N ration can practically be raised for about 3 dB by using this method.
As a simple example of the Viterbi decoding method, application of this method to an NRZI method will be explained below.
In an NRZI method, an exclusive OR operation value bk is prepared from an input signal ak and a delay signal bk-1, as shown in a pre-code block shown in FIG. 6, and the operation value is recorded into a magnetic recording device.
bk =ak (+)bk-1 ( 1)
When this value is reproduced, a reproduction signal zk is obtained by bk -bk-1 since a magnetic recording system has a differential characteristic. The signal system of this reproduce signal have two states, i.e., Sk ={+1, -1} exists.
zk =bk -bk-1 ( 2)
This equation can be expressed as FIG. 7 in form of a state shifting view. When the reproduction signal z is +2, the state S shifts from -1 to +1; when the reproduction signal z is -2, the state S shifts from +1 to -1;, and when the signal z is 0, the state does not shift. Where noise is not included in a reproduction signal, a signal zk detected herefrom is one of -2, 0, and +2, i.e., a relation of zk ={-2, 0, +2} exists, and therefore, shift of the state takes place in determined courses. However, a signal yk which is obtained by actual detection includes noise nk.
yk =zk +nk ( 3)
If the noise forms a Gaussian distribution, maximum likelihood decoding can be carried out by supposing that a reproduction signal zk which minimizes an Euclidean distance of (Yk -zk)2 has already been supplied.
The maximum value of the sum of each minus Euclidean distance, i.e., {-(Euclidean distance)}, up to a time k at which the state j appears is called a metric (or maximum likelihood) of the state j, which is expressed as Lk j. When a metric Lk-1 i is obtained in a state i at a time k-1, the metric kj in a state j at a time k is expressed by the following equation.
Lk j =max {Lk-1 i -(yk -zk ij)2 }(4)
Here, the only one shift which occurs from the state i at time k-1 to the state j at time k and which gives the value Lk j is stored as a "remaining pass" which generates the highest maximum likelihood, i.e., the highest "probability", and this process is cyclically performed in the viterbi decoding method. In the case of an NRZI method where the number of states is two, relations of i (or j)={+1, -1} and zk ij ={+2, 0, -2} are obtained (where zk ij is used as a reference). These relations are illustrated in form of a trellis chart in FIG. 8.
Thus, a Viterbi decoding method realizes maximum likelihood decoding by which a signal can be decoded depending on a detected signal system which is apart from the signal at the smallest distance and which therefore has the highest probability, so that it is possible to achieve decoding of signals which is less influenced by noise. As a result of this, application of this method into devices of low S/N ratios, such as, a digital recording/reproducing apparatus and the like can be very effective.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing the structure of a conventional Viterbi decoding apparatus. In this figure, a signal reproduced by a reproduce device is controlled to have a constant amplitude by an automatic gain control device (AGC) 33. Thereafter, the signal is subjected to waveform equalization by an equalizer (EQ) 34 and is then quantized by an analogue/digital converter (ADC) 35. Digital data thus processed is subjected to calculation to obtain an Euclidean distance (or branch metric) for every shift by means of a branch metric calculation circuit 36.
In the next, an adder comparator selection circuit (ACS) 37 selects the following pass metric (Lk), in accordance with the formula (4) described below by using the Euclidean distance and a pass metric (Lk-1) of a pass metric memory 38, thereby updating the pass metric and simultaneously recording remaining pass data thus selected, into remaining pass memory means (or pass memory) 39. This pass memory can memory a state shift for a predetermined bit length, and determines a shift state by referring back to past data when a state shift occurs, so that a decoded signal can be outputted. Therefore, an outputted decoded signal may be delayed for a bit length equivalent to the bit length of date which can be stored in the pass memory.
Meanwhile, a pass metric, i.e., the maximum likelihood data used for determining a pass is sequentially changed and stored, and is used again to determine the next pass. In this respect, a viterbi detection method is different from a conventional detection method in which only the amplitude data at a particular time is used for decoding, and a code series having the highest probability on a time series can be selected by the Viterbi detection method.
However, it will be easy to estimate that, when a pass metric has been greatly changed due to some accidental trouble (which is called a diffusion of the pass metric), such a diffusion will greatly influence on successive decoding to be carried out thereafter. A communication apparatus or a recording/reproducing apparatus of high technologies is frequently used in a situation where a phenomenon like a diffusion of a pass metric often occurs. For example, in a communication system which receives a weak radio wave signal, it is difficult to completely eliminate troubles due to disturbance radio waves which irregularly enter into the system. Or in a digital VTR in which a tape-like recording medium is scanned by a rotation head mounted on a rotation drum, thereby to reproduce a signal, a phenomenon called a drop-out frequently occurs due to damages on the recording medium and a signal is thereby suddenly lost. Therefore, conventional method requires initialization of a pass metric at a predetermined optimal constant time cycle.
In recent years, a moving image compression method using digital signal processing techniques has been remarkably developed, and attempts to broadcast a large quantity of digital images and to record digital moving images for a long time period have been made by applying the moving image compression method into a digital communication apparatus or a digital recording/reproducing apparatus. Various methods have been proposed as the moving image compression method, and are typically represented by a method which belongs to a so-called block coding variable length compression method. In this method, coding is performed for every small pixel block, and the length of a code is variable in accordance with the data quantity of a small pixel block, so that image compression can be effectively carried out. However, when the compressed block data is transmitted or recorded, and a received signal or a reproduced signal is decoded by a Viterbi decoder, processing for expanding signals after receiving or reproducing the signals is carried out for every compression block, and diffusion of a metric caused by disturbance signals or a drop-out influences a block next to the compression block which is being subjected to the expansion processing. Therefore, there is a problem that data of blocks which are not concerned with the block influenced by a fault like a diffusion of a metric cannot correctly decoded. In a method in which a metric is initialized at a predetermined time cycle, block arbitrarily have various lengths after compression processing, and initialization of a metric therefore may starts in the middle of one compression block, so that sufficient effects for preventing transference of metric diffusion to other blocks cannot be expected. In this respect, it is obvious maximum likelihood decoding cannot be fully effected if the initialization cycle is shortened.
As has been described above, in the Viterbi decoding, a maximum likelihood is calculated from amplitude data obtained at each sampling point, and a data system having the highest likelihood is outputted. However, since only the amplitude data concerning sampling points is used, it would be obvious that outputs are easily influenced by changes in amplitude levels caused by factors other than general noise. This phenomenon is explained in detail in "Digital video Recording Techniques", page 81, issued by Nikkan Kogyo Shinbun-Sha.
A VTR is a system which brings about changes in reproduction signal level. One of main factors which cause change in reproduction signal level is a track offset. A track offset occurs since a trace on a tape scanned by a head during recording does not correspond to a trace scanned during reproduction. Therefore, a track offset tends to frequently occur when the same apparatus as used for recording is not used for reproduction or when a tape which has led to changes on the passage of time is reproduced. However, such changes in reproduction amplitude level can be removed with ease by means of an AGC (or automatic gain control circuit) or the like since these changes appear at a relatively long time cycle in accordance with rotation of a head.
Another significant factor which cause changes in reproduction signal level is a clearance space between a tape and a head, i.e., a spacing change. In a VTR, although scanning is performed with a tape and a head being maintained in contact each other to reproduce a signal, a slight spacing exists between the tape and head because of surface roughness of the tape. The spacing sensitively changes in response to surface conditions or vibrations of a tape, and makes significant influences on the signal amplitude. A drop of the reproduction signal amplitude is called a spacing loss, and logically follows the formula described below.
Spacing loss=54.6*d/λ [dB] (5)
(where d denotes a spacing and λ denotes a recording wavelength: a quotation from "Logic of Magnetic Recording", Asakura-Shoten.) It is apparent that a drop in signal amplitude is an exponential function of a spacing and is more greatly effected as the high density recording is carried out with a shorter recording wavelength. It is also apparent from causes of a spacing loss that changes due to a spacing loss occurs at an extremely short cycle. Therefore, with use of a feed back circuit which required a long convergence time, such as an AGC used for removing changes in amplitude due to track offsets, removal of changes in amplitude occurring at a short cycle is impossible.
Further, changes in spacing result in changes in frequency characteristic. A change in frequency increases equalization errors and causes various errors. In this respect, various developments have conventionally been made to obtain automatic equalizing circuits in which an equalization characteristic is automatically changed such that an equalization error can be converged to be extremely small. These automatic equalizing circuits are naturally used together with a viterbi detection circuit, and in this case, changes in amplitude can be automatically corrected. However, such an automatic equalizing circuit cannot function to follow changes in frequency characteristic at a cycle shorter than a time required for convergence as far as the circuit is a kind of feed back circuit.
Thus, an AGC circuit or an automatic equalizing circuit does not at all function to respond to immediate changes in reproduction amplitude caused by spacing changes in a VTR, which is a factor rendering a maximum likelihood decoding circuit less functional in a high density digital VTR.
Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a digital signal decoding apparatus and a method thereof which is capable of responding to immediate changes in reproduction amplitude caused by spacing changes in a VTR.
To achieve the above object, a digital signal decoding apparatus according to the present invention comprises equalizing means for equalizing a digital signal and outputting a digital signal having effective values at a plurality of sensing points, extracting means for extracting a plurality of amplitude information with narrower timing than the time interval of the digital signal outputted from the equalizing means, decoding means for decoding the digital signal from the plurality of amplitude information extracted by the extracting means, and control means for performing a predetermined operation on the plurality of amplitude information extracted by the extracting means and on the basis of the operation result, controlling the level of a reference value used in decoding by the decoding means.
Further, the digital signal decoding method of the present invention comprises the equalizing step of equalizing a digital signal and outputting a digital signal having effective values at a plurality of sensing points, the extracting step of extracting a plurality of amplitude information with narrower timing than the time interval of the digital signal outputted in the equalizing step, the decoding step of decoding the digital signal from the plurality of amplitude information extracted in the extracting step, and the controlling step of performing a predetermined operation on the plurality of amplitude information extracted in the extracting step and on the basis of the operation result, controlling the level of a reference value used in the decoding step.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate presently preferred embodiments of the invention, and together with the general description given above and the detailed description of the preferred embodiments given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a digital recording/reproducing apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 2A to 2E are charts showing a compression process according to the present invention;
FIGS. 3A to 3B are views which explains decoding when a specified bit pattern is applied, according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a view showing the operation of an input/output buffer according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 5A to 5D are views which explains decoding where an input/output buffer according to the first embodiment of the present invention is used;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing an NRZI pre-code;
FIG. 7 shows a state shift in NRZI decoding;
FIG. 8 is a trellis chart showing NRZI decoding;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a convention viterbi decoder;
FIG. 10 shows an example of an equalization characteristic according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 shows an another example of an equalization characteristic according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 shows a structure of a transversal filter;
FIG. 13 shows another structure of a transversal filter;
FIGS. 14A to 14C are block diagrams showing the structure of the second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a figure showing a correlation between amplitude change ratios at two detection points;
FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a digital recording/reproducing apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 17 is another expression of the block diagram shown in FIG. 16;
FIG. 18 is a flowchart showing an algorithm of the third embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 19 is a flowchart showing an algorithm of function ChangToCriterion( );
FIG. 20 is a block diagram of a digital recording/reproducing apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 21 is a flowchart showing an algorithm of the fourth embodiment of the invention.
In the following, embodiments of the present invention will be specifically described with reference to the drawings.
At first, a first embodiment of the present invention will be schematically explained. In this first embodiment, a viterbi detector is provided with a pass metric initializing means, and a detection signal having a predetermined specific pattern is transmitted or recorded such that compressed data is received or reproduced for every one compression block or for every plurality of compression blocks, thereby to initialize a pass metric in response to the detection signal of a specific pattern or to a compression block data detection signal.
In order that a received signal or a reproduction signal is correctly decoded with use of an initialized pass metric when a pass metric is initialized, a given bit column having a predetermined length is decoded following the specific pattern or a viterbi decoder is provided with an input buffer and an output buffer.
Therefore, when a variable length compression is carried out, the pass metric can be initialized for every compression block or every plurality of compression blocks, and a diffusion of the pass metric due to a sudden fault such as a drop-out or the like can be completely prevented from influencing adjacent blocks, while maintaining effects of viterbi detection.
In a second embodiment, an amplitude which corresponds to a data bit is picked up from a reproduced signal equalized in accordance with a predetermined equalization method, and also, an adjacent signal amplitude which is smaller than a data bit interval is picked up. A well-known correlation is applied between both amplitude to immediately correct changes in frequency characteristic.
As a result, it is possible to correct an immediate change in frequency characteristic which cannot be corrected by a conventional feed back circuit such as an AGC circuit or an automatic equalizing circuit, and to provide a decoder capable of performing optimal maximum likelihood decoding.
The embodiments as schematically explained above will be described in more details with reference to the drawings.
The embodiments as schematically explained above will be described in more details with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a digital signal decoding apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention. Although a block compression digital recording/reproducing apparatus is dealt with in this embodiment, this recording/reproducing apparatus may be replaced with a transmission/receive apparatus and thus, the first embodiment is, of course, applicable to a digital communication apparatus.
In FIG. 1, a digital video signal 1 is compressed for every block consisting of a plurality of image data items by a block compressor 2, and is then added with necessary data for every compression block by a block data adder 3, thereby generating a digital compression data signal 4. This signal 4 is converted by a modulator 5, so as to have a signal characteristic suitable for the characteristic of a recording/reproducing apparatus 6. This embodiment adopts a run-length limited code RLL (2, 3) modulator which restricts a sequential common bit length to a range of 2 to 7. The signal thus converted is recorded onto a recording medium by the recording/reproducing apparatus 6.
States of compression carried out in the above manner are shown in FIGS. 2A to 2E. A digital video signal 1 is divided and compressed into data blocks 23 each having a predetermined constant length (FIG. 2A). A compressed data block (or compression block) has a length variable depending on the quantity of data, and in order to divide the digital signal 1, a data column 24 for storing data-length information or a position on an original video image is added to every compression block (FIG. 2B).
A metric initializing data column 25 is added to every plurality of compression blocks (FIG. 2C). An add data column 25 consists of a specific bit pattern 26 and a give bit pattern 27 (FIG. 2D). As shown in FIG. 2E, a specific bit pattern 26 uses a 16-bit pattern consisting of a sequence of eight "0" and a sequence of eight "1. This bit pattern is not generated by the RLL (2, 3) modulator, and therefore, can be relatively easily detected and distinguished from image information data. Off course, this pattern is not modulated, but is directly recorded. This pattern may be added after modulation.
FIGS. 3A and 3B show the reasons why arbitrary bit pattern 27 is necessary. FIG. 3A shows a reproduction signal column. On the other hand, a decode signal column shown in FIG. 3B produces a time delay at least corresponding to a data-length stored in a pass memory of the viterbi decoder. Therefore, when a specific bit pattern 26 is detected and a metric initialization control signal 116 is generated as an external control signal after decoding, a calculation for a pass metric immediately after the specific bit pattern 26 has already been completed, but a calculation using an initialized metric is not yet carried out. Accordingly, the data column immediately after the specific bit pattern 26 used for initialization of a metric has a low reliability, and therefore, it is desirable to insert a given bit pattern 27 in place of video information data, into a portion of this data column. However, different application of the given bit pattern is possible. For example, any other information than the image information data, e.g., photographing data such as data or data used for edit operation may be repeatedly recorded into the given bit pattern 27.
Referring back to FIG. 1, the flow of a signal after reproduction operation in the embodiment will be explained below. A signal reproduced by a recording/reproducing apparatus 6 is an analogue signal which causes an interference between codes due to the frequency characteristic during a recording/reproducing process and is added with noise. This analogue reproduction signal is firstly amplified to have a suitable amplitude by an automatic gain control apparatus (AGC) 7, and thereafter, the interference between signals is reduced by compensating for the frequency characteristic during the recording/reproducing process by using an equalizer 8. from this signal, a clock timing for the signal itself is extracted by a phase locked loop (PLL) 9 used as a clock extractor, and an analogue/digital converter (ADC) 10 samples an analog signal on the basis of the extracted clock timing, thereby converter the signal so as to coincide with the digital signal system.
Reference numeral 11 denotes an input buffer memory. This memory stores a sequence of digital signals inputted into a Viterbi decoder 12 in a rear stage for a predetermined time period, and can re-input a sequence of digital signals preceding for a predetermined time period in response to an external control signal 123. This role of the memory will be specifically explained later.
Reference numeral 12 shows a basic structure of a viterbi decoder which is used as a maximum likelihood decoder in this embodiment. This decoder has the same function as a conventional Viterbi decoder. Reference numeral 13 denotes a branch metric calculator for calculating a branch metric for a digital signal sequence, and reference numeral 14 denotes an addition comparison determination system (ACS) for calculating and determining a next pass metric expressed above by the formula (4). Reference numeral 15 denotes a pass metric memory for storing a pass metric used for calculations performed by the ACS 14 and this memory includes an initialization means for initializing the pass metric to a predetermined value with use of a metric initializing control signal 116. Reference numeral 17 denotes a remaining pass memory for storing a remaining pass determined by the addition comparison determination system 14, and performs encoding by tracing back remaining passes stored when it is determined that a state shift occurs.
Reference numeral 18 denotes a comparison determination system for making a comparison with a predetermined signal sequence. This comparison determination system 18 stores a specific bit pattern 26 which has been mentioned above with reference to FIG. 2D, and generates a metric initializing control signal 116 to initialize the pass metric memory 15 if an encode bit sequence corresponds to the specific bit pattern
Reference numeral 19 denotes a buffer memory. This buffer memory stores, delays, and outputs an encoded bit sequence for a predetermined time period. The buffer memory 19 is capable of deleting a part of the bit sequence to be stored and then re-storing the bit sequence, by using a buffer memory control signal as an external control signal. This functional role will be specifically explained alter in combination with the input buffer memory 11 and the viterbi encoder 12.
An encoded signal is demodulated by a demodulator 20 to form compression block data. This compression block data is expanded in units of compression blocks by a block expander 21 to form original video signal data which constitutes digital image data 22. In this stage, the block expander 21 detects a partition between compression blocks on the basis of data column 24 added to information in units of compression blocks (FIG. 2B), and generates a metric initialization control signal 116 and a buffer memory control signal 123. Next, the functional roles of these control signals and the buffer memory will be explained.
FIG. 4 illustrates the functional roles of an input buffer memory 11 and an output buffer memory 19 respectively provided in front and rear stages of a viterbi decoder 12. A sampled digital signal sequence is stored at a predetermined position 124 in the input buffer memory 11, and the storage position is updated to a lower position in the figure. The Viterbi decoder 12 reads data from a predetermined position 125 in the input buffer memory 11, and this position is also updated to a lower position in the figure. A decoding result is temporarily stored in to a predetermined position 126 in the output buffer memory 19, and the storage position is updated to a lower position in the figure. Then, a decoding result of a predetermined position 129 delayed from the above decoding result is outputted. Normally pointers indicating respective positions are uniformly increased or decreased, thereby to cyclically indicate memories, and therefore, the buffer memories 11 and 19 merely serve to slightly delay data. However, when a buffer memory control signal 123 is generated in synchronization with the above-mentioned metric initialization control signal 116, the output position of the input buffer memory 11 moves back to a position 128 from the current position 125 for a predetermined time period. On the other hand, the input position of the output buffer memory 19 does not move from the current position 126 for a predetermined time period, while the output position of the output buffer memory 19 moves from a position 1227 to a position 129.
FIGS. 5A to 5D are charts illustrating the initializing process as stated above which uses buffer memories. FIG. 5A shows an input sequence of the buffer memories 11. FIG. 5B shows an input signal sequence of a viterbi decoder 12. FIG. 5C shows an output signal sequence of the viterbi decoder 12. FIG. 5D shows an output sequence of the output buffer memory 19. Reference numeral 130 denotes a partition of a compression block or a specific pattern position explained above, and the pass metric is desirably initialized from this position. However, the position of a partition of a compression block decoded for processing of input and output buffer memories 11 and 19 and a Viterbi decoder 12 or the position of a specific bit pattern serves as a timing for an output sequence (FIG. 5D) after a relatively long delay. If this timing is detected by an initialization detector 132 which serves serves as a block expander 21 or a comparison determination system 18, to generate only a pass metric initialization control signal 116, processing will normally be too late.
However, if a buffer memory control signal 123 is sent to an input buffer 11 by the initialization detector 132 and the Viterbi decoder 12 can receives a re-input at a timing 133 shown in FIG. 5B from data preceding for a predetermined time period, a pass metric calculation using an initialized metric can be achieved. Data thus re-decoded is delayed from information motivating initialization of a pass metric such as a specific bit patter or a partition of compression block data as mentioned above. However, since the output buffer 19 does not update an input pointer, i.e., since input operation required for updating input pointers are reduced, outputs from the output buffer memory 19 can be kept continued and decoding results obtained by using a pass metric initialized from data immediately after a specific bit pattern or a partition of a compression data block.
In the above-mentioned means, problems as stated above can be avoided by decoding an arbitrary bit pattern 27 having a predetermined length, following decoding of a specific bit pattern 26. Although this is a simple method, the recording density is more or less degraded so that this method cannot be frequently used. However, initialization of a metric for every compression block is realized by using buffer memories, and a diffusion of a metric is prevented from being transferred between compression blocks. Further, in addition to initialization of a metric for every compression block, initialization of a metric is carried out by recording a specific bit pattern and an arbitrary bit pattern following the specific bit pattern for every large block unit consisting of a plurality of compression blocks, and input and output positions of input and output buffer memories 11 and 19 are initialized in accordance with control signals not shown. Therefore, it is possible to prevent data from over-flowing from the buffer memories.
The capacity required for a buffer memory is decided by multiplying the number of time, for which initialization of a pass metric is carried out until the buffer memory is initialized, by at least the size of a pass memory of a viterbi decoder. therefore, by adding a specific bit pattern for initializing the buffer memory in according with the number of times for which the pass metric is initialized for every compression block, the buffer actually does not cause over-flow.
The frequency at which pass metric initialization is carried out depends on the characteristic of a recording/reproducing system. Specifically, if a pass metric diffusion caused by a sudden fault such as a drop-out is small or converges within a range of one compression block with a high provability, initialization for every several blocks is effective. In addition, if one compression block is divided into several blocks in accordance with a recording format, it is possible to initialize the pass metric for every divided block. Further, occurrence of errors can be restricted by generating a pass metric initialization control signal in accordance with an error occurrence state obtained through a process for correcting an error on the basis of an error correction coded normally added.
In the following, a second embodiment of the present invention will be explained. At first, a principle applied to the second embodiment will be described. A signal reproduced by a reproducing head is inputted into a Viterbi decoder 12 after interferences between codes are eliminated by an equalizer 8. FIG. 10 is a graph showing a waveform when an isolated reproduction wave is inputted into the viterbi decoder 12 according to this embodiment. The horizontal axis denotes time standardized by an information bit interval. In a normal equalizer, equalization is carried out such that a level is substantially 0 at an identification point nT of an isolated reproduction wave (n is an integer other than 0) and that a reproduction wave at time 0 does not interfere with other identification time points. However, a wave inputted into the Viterbi decoder 12 of this embodiment has values other than 0 at identification points of a time 0 and times �T/2, as shown in FIG. 10, and has a value of substantially zero at another identification point nT/2 (n is not - or �1). This equalization method is thus characterized in that, other than the original identification point (time 0), positions at which a wave has an effective value other than 0 exist at an interval smaller than an information bit interval. There may be various methods other than the above equalization method, which have the same characteristic and can be applied to the viterbi decoder 12 of this embodiment.
FIG. 11 shows an isolated reproduction waveform after equalization according to another equalization method, which can be inputted into the Viterbi decoder 12 of this embodiment. This waveform is different from that shown in FIG. 10, and the wave has the same value at an identification point time 0 and at a point T/2, while the wave has a value of substantially zero at the other identification points of a T/2 interval. Differences between waveforms depending on equalization methods do not influence the principals of this embodiment, and therefore, any equalization method may be selected as long as the equalization method is suitable for the characteristic of a recording/reproducing system. In this embodiment, a transversal filter is used as an equalizer.
FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of the transversal filter. The transversal filter comprises a plurality of delay elements (D) 101, a multiplication element 102 for extracting signals from between the delay elements and for subjecting the signals to amplification damping or multiplication with use of coefficients called tap coefficients, and an adder 10 for adding multiplication results to each other. Both of the equalization methods described above can be realized by adjusting the tap coefficient of the transversal filter. An response Z from the transversal filter is expressed in form of the following formula (6).
z=a0*f0+a1*f1+a2*f2+a3*f3+a4*f4+a5*f5+a6*f6 (6)
In this formula, a0 to a6 are tap coefficients and f0 to f6 are amplitude values of reproduction signals delayed at interval time period D. If equalization conditions are substituted into terms of this formula and tap coefficients are obtained, it is possible to realize an equalizer which satisfies desire requisites.
In the Viterbi decoder 12 of this embodiment, not only an amplitude at an original detection position (time 0) but also amplitude information at an adjacent position (time T/2 or -T/2 in the example) which exist between the original position and a next detection position (time T or time -T) are used together to carry out decoding.
In this respect, three types of arrangements as shown in FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C may be used. Processes of amplifying a reproduction signal by an amplifier 104 and of sampling thereafter the signal as digital data by a sampling device 105 are common to each of these arrangements. Then, in the arrangement of FIG. 14A which uses two equalizers (or equalizing circuits) 106, through one of which an amplitude at the time 0 is extracted and through the other of which an amplitude at the time 2/T is extracted. These amplitudes are read by a frequency characteristic compensation circuit (or reference compensator) 109 and a reference level signal is generated in a manner which will be described later. The reference level signal is outputted to a maximum likelihood decoder 110. In this arrangement, two equalizers are required so that circuit has a relatively large scale. However, this arrangement is advantageous in that an equalization method for extracting an amplitude at time 0 which is an original detection position can be set independently from another equalization method for extracting am amplitude used for compensation of a frequency characteristic. Therefore, a delay amount of T can be common to all the delay elements of both equalizers (whereby there must be a time difference smaller than the time T between inputs into the two equalizers or between outputs therefrom.)
Meanwhile, FIG. 14B illustrates a method in which amplitudes at different detection time points are extracted from one signal equalizer 107. This method will be realized by preparing an equalizer 106 so as to have an arrangement as shown in FIG. 13. In this equalizer 106, a delay amount of a delay element 101 is T/22, and signals extracted from taps are equalized in such a manner in which signal timings are shifted by a transversal filter using two systems of tap coefficients (a and b). In this manner, amplitude information at an original detection position (time 0) and amplitude information at another detection position (time T/2) slightly shifted therefrom can be outputted at the same time. This arrangement is advantageous in that dispersion of characteristics can be reduced since the arrangement use common delay elements, and in that an actual equalization characteristic can be changed by setting a tap coefficient. However, this arrangement necessitates a large circuit size and it is therefore somewhat difficult to put it into practical use.
FIG. 14C shows an arrangement in which a delay circuit 111 for delaying a signal from one equalizer 108 for a predetermined time period is used to obtain amplitude information at a position shifted from an original detection position. Although this arrangement can be realized by the simplest circuit configuration, the same equalization method and equalization characteristic are used and does not allow any different selection.
Although the arrangement of an equalizer may be modified in other manners than those described above, it is essential to an equalizer that an amplitude at an original detection position and an amplitude at another detection position shifted from the original detection position for a time period shorter than an information bit interval T and that equalization is carried out in manners suitable for two amplitudes, respectively, so that a constant amplitude is expected for each of detection points. The following will be explanation to a correction method for a maximum likelihood decoder with use of two amplitudes.
A reproduction waveform can be approximated by a Loreritz waveform expressed below as a formula (7).
f(t)=1/(1+(t/D50)2) (7)
In this formula, D50 denotes a time interval with which the reproduction amplitude is 1/2, and is a parameter representing a frequency characteristic of a recording/reproducing system. The subject matter of this embodiment is immediate changes in frequency characteristic which can be taken as changes in D50. A tap coefficient of an equalizer optimized under a condition of using a certain frequency characteristic (D50=D0) satisfies the following formula (8). ##EQU1##
In this case, the arrangement of an equalizer according to FIG. 14C is adopted because of its simplicity. The right side of the above formula indicates constant amplitude values expected from two detection points. When the value D50 of a reproduction waveform is changed due to a change in frequency characteristic caused by a spacing change as has been described before, an amplitude to be detected is not a constant of the right side any more. Where g is the reproduction waveform at this time point, an amplitude x to be detected satisfies the following formula (9). ##EQU2##
When an equalization error is relatively small, x2 and x3 are extremely close to 0.
In a conventional method in which amplitude information at only one detection point is extracted, there is no method for determine whether a change in amplitude is caused by noise or by any other factor. Therefore, maximum likelihood decoding is carried out supposing that all the changes in amplitude are caused by noise, and as a result, a change in amplitude caused by a factor other than noise, for example, by a spacing change or the like directly disturbs the maximum likelihood decoding, thereby incurring an error. However, according to the present invention, amplitude information is detected at least at two positions including an original detection position and another detection position shifted therefrom. Of course, amplitude information obtained at any detection position are influenced by noise. However, if a change in amplitude is caused by a spacing change, the amplitude information at the original position and the other amplitude information at the shifted position have a correlation with each other in accordance with a change in frequency characteristic. With use of this correlation, a change in amplitude based on a change in frequency characteristic can be corrected, and a proper maximum likelihood decoding can be performed with respect to only noise.
FIG. 15 is a graph showing a relationship between a change rate p (x0) of an amplitude detected at an original detection position and a change rate q (2*x1) of an amplitude detected at a detection position shifted from the original detected position by T/2, where the frequency characteristic of a recording/reproducing system is change, i.e., D50 is changed, in a fixed equalizer. Changes in amplitude thus detected at two positions have a constant relationship, and therefore, it is possible to obtain the value of D50 from the change rates and to correct a change in frequency with use of the value of D50. On the other hand, a relationship between amplitude change rates caused by noise, a band of which is limited at a lower frequency in comparison with the detection interval between the above two detection position, is substantially constant and uniformly shows uniform stochastic distributions in both of an increasing direction and a decreasing direction, which can be averaged thereby to eliminate influences. Therefore, influences of noise can be minimized when correction using amplitude change rates detected at two detection positions is carried out.
ξ=2*x1/x0 (10)
If a relationship with respect to an amplitude decreasing rate η at a detection time point 0 using a waveform deformation rate ξ defined by the above formula (10) is expressed as η=f(ξ) using a function f, a suitable reference value estimated herefrom is x0*η. Therefore, if the maximum likelihood which serves as a probability in maximum likelihood decoding is equal to the level of the reference value thus corrected, an immediate change in frequency due to a spacing change or the like can be corrected.
In some cases, it may be suitable for a calculation of a correction maximum likelihood to use a recurrence formula depending on e certain weight n (0<n<1) in the meaning of averaging fluctuation caused by noise. Specifically, a correction reference value s' is updated by an operation which satisfying a relation of s'=n*s+(1-n)*η*s with use of a preceding correction value s prior to the value s'. Correction of a reference level or updating thereof thus using a relationship function f between a waveform deformation rate ξ and an amplitude decreasing rate η is calculated by a reference level correction circuit as shown in FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C, and decoding is carried out by a maximum likelihood decoder on the basis of the correction reference level thus obtained.
Consideration has been made in the above with respect to an isolated reproduction wave (which is only one reproduction wave). However, it is possible to correct a reference level where a plurality of reproduction waves are overlayered on each other. The reasons which enable such correction will be described below.
As far as a certain information bit is concerned, an mutual interference of waveforms between the information bit and adjacent information bits preceding or following the information bit, i.e., an interference between codes is generally considered as causing a significant problem. Therefore, in order that a waveform of an information bit at a detection point does not influence waves at any other detection points, an equalizer is adjusted so as to satisfy a requisite that an isolated reproduction wave has a characteristic close to 0 at detection points other than the detection point of the information bit. An equalization characteristic necessary for the decoding method of this embodiment is arranged so as to satisfy the requisite, i.e., an amplitude is close to 0 during bit intervals between respective information bits except for a detection time point 0, which does not cause any problem. However, as has been explained above, when amplitude information having an interval shorter than a bit interval is used to immediately correct a change in frequency characteristic, a large waveform interference may occur at the detection point at which this amplitude information is detected.
For example, in the equalization characteristic cited above with reference to FIG. 10, an amplitude at a detection point of T/2 is expressed as five-value information consisting of �1, �1/2, and 0 since this information is equally influenced from both adjacent information bits in both sides of the information bit at the detection point. Therefore, before a change in frequency is corrected, determination at this detection point is required, thereby rendering a calculation for correcting a reference level complicated, and the reliability of the calculation may be degraded.
However, when data once subjected to the NRZI pre-coding as explained before is recorded and reproduced, adjacent two information bits cannot have equal values such as (1, 1) or (-1, -1) and therefore, the amplitude at T/2 takes three values of �1/2 and 0. Hence, if correction of a reference level is not carried out in case where T/2 may be 0 with a high probability, correction of a reference level can be properly carried out without being influenced by interferences between codes.
Application of the present invention is not limited to a digital VTR, but the present invention is, of course, applicable to other digital signal recording/reproducing apparatuses or a communication apparatus.
According to the above-mentioned first and second embodiments of the present invention, error rate after decoding can be reduced to be low, and the reference level of decoding can be properly maintained against disturbances.
As has been described above, firstly according to the present invention, in course of recording/reproducing compression blocks compressed for every plurality of data pieces thereby to perform maximum likelihood decoding, maximum likelihood information which has been greately changed due to a sudden fault like a drop-out except for noise is initialized to a predetermined value for every one compression block or every plurality of compression blocks, so that the sudden fault can be completely prevented from influencing or transferring a next compression block. As a result, it is possible to realize a communication apparatus or a compression digital signal processing apparatus such as a digital VTR, a digital video disc, or the like which uses compression means, in which errors included in data after expansion of data can be remarkably reduced and a large quantity of data such as digital video signals and the likes can be transmitted/received or recorded/reproduced.
Secondly according to the present invention, an amplitude corresponding to an information bit is extracted from reproduction signals equalized along a predetermined equalization method, and another signal amplitude is extracted at a point which is close to the point where the former amplitude is extracted, with an interval shorter than an information bit interval being interposed between the two points. A change in frequency characteristic is immediately corrected by using a known correlation between the two amplitudes. As a result of this, it is possible to realize a maximum likelihood decoder which is not influenced by an immediate change in frequency, such as a spacing change shown in a digital VTR apparatus.
Hereinafter, a third embodiment of the present invention will be explained.
When the above-mentioned equalizing method is used, there may be a case where a residual equalizing error has a significant effect on the correction of the reference level. Specifically, fluctuations in the spacing cause the frequency characteristic of the reproduction system to vary, which leads to a gap in equalization, making equalization errors larger. This has an effect on the correction of the reference level. This phenomenon appears more noticeably as the line recording density becomes higher and, therefore, is more liable to become a problem in a digital VTR that requires high-density recording.
Accordingly, in the third embodiment of the present invention, the problem is solved by selecting, on the basis of the digital signal train already decoded, the correlation between p and q that characterizes the reproduced waveform explained in FIG. 15.
Specifically, from the already decoded digital signal train, the effect of equalizing errors at the decoding point on the reproduced waveform is known. By preparing a plurality of correlation tables according to the known effect, it is easy to estimate the reference level correctly. There may a case where the correction of the reference level is not correct as a result of an error occurred in the already decoded digital signal train. In this case, too, the signal train can be corrected into the proper digital signal train by a maximum likelihood decoding method, which will be explained below.
Hereinafter, using the block diagram of FIG. 16, the third embodiment of the present invention will be explained. After the electric signal generated at a reproducing head 201 has been amplified to the necessary amplitude by an amplifier 202, it is shaped to a constant amplitude by an AGC (automatic gain control circuit) 203. With this circuit, large fluctuations in the amplitude can be removed.
Next, an equalizer (EQ) 204 performs waveform equalization to basically remove waveform interference. From the equalized signal, a clock sensor 205 senses the signal clock and produces the operation clock for subsequent digital circuits. The analog signal after equalization is sampled by an analog/digital converter (ADC) 206 using a clock in synchronization with the signal, thereby producing discrete digital data. In this embodiment, to obtain complete waveform information, sampling is done using a clock twice the signal clock.
Then, the digital data is sent to a viterbi sensor 207 and a waveform sensor 208. In the viterbi sensor 207, a branch metric calculator 209, a path metric memory 210, and an addition comparison selector (ACS) 211 determine a survival path, which is stored in a path memory 212. By sequentially reading the survival paths thus stored, a decoded signal 213 can be produced. The waveform sensor 208 computes a waveform parameter ξ from the digital signal data oversampled.
From the decoded digital data stored in the path memory 212, a correlation table expected from a correlation table memory 214 corresponding to FIG. 15 is selected.
Then, a reference value computing element 215 estimates the current reference level on the basis of the correlation table information from the correlation table 214 and the waveform parameter ξ from the waveform sensor 208, obtains a subsequent reference level on the basis of the estimated reference level and the existing 10 reference level stored in a reference value memory 216, and then updates the reference level in the reference value memory 216. The Viterbi sensor 207 computes a branch metric on the basis of the new reference value read from the reference value memory 216.
Hereinafter, the third embodiment of the present invention will be explained in more detail.
FIG. 17 is a block diagram of the third embodiment. An along signal 281 is amplified suitably by an amplifier 282 and converted into a digital value by an equalizing and sampling unit 283. This value is once stored in waveform data 284. Matching is effected between the waveform data string and an estimated waveform table 285 previously prepared to find the most similar pattern. Then, an interference level 286 corresponding to the data is estimated. From the interference level 286, the reference value for a reference value memory 287 used in Viterbi sensing is computed. On the other hand, the waveform signal digital value is inputted into a path metric calculator 288, which computes a path metric using the previous reference value. On the basis of the result, an addition comparison selector (ACS) 289 determines a survival path and stores the result in a path memory 810. By following this, the decoded bits 811 can be obtained. At this time, by creating an estimated bit pattern 812 from the state of the path memory 810 and, on the basis of this, effecting the aforesaid matching, decoding can be done effectively.
FIG. 18 is a flowchart (related to steps S10 to S20) showing an algorithm of the third embodiment of the invention.
Signal waveform data SigPtr[AREA] stores the sampled signal waveforms. AREA is the number of samples used for pattern collation. Estimated waveform table BitPtr[DO-- LEVEL][PATTERN][AREA] stores the signal waveforms corresponding to interferences in the estimated range (that is, fluctuation levels of the frequency characteristic) and to the stored bit patterns. By collating these two, interference can be estimated. Path memory Path[SIZE] is a memory for SIZE, a size to store a survival path and is referred to by a pointer circulating from 0 through SIZE-1 (<cyclic 0 and SIZE+1> means that increment(SIZE-1)=0 and decrement(0)=SIZE-1). SIZE must be large enough for Viterbi decoding and sufficiently large for dropout estimation.
Dropout level DO-- indicates the current dropout interference level as a static variable. Viterbi decoding reference level Criterion stores a reference level used for viterbi decoding. In this algorithm, the reference level is set through interference estimation.
First, survival path path[ ] is checked and reference pattern test-- ptr is set. Since point indicates a point to be stored next, the point where the last transition occurred becomes point0 by checking path[ ] backward or decrementally (point0) from point0=point-1 until the state where no transition takes place (NO-- TRANSITION) is exceeded. Because the paths before this point have been determined, decoding can be done up to this point. Then, path memory Path[ ] and decoding point point0 are given to ChangToPtr() function, which decodes several bits before that (eight bits in this embodiment) to produce a bit pattern. This is substituted into test-- ptr to produce a reference pattern.
Next, the range of the dropout interference levels to be referred to is determined. The lower limit do-- min and the upper limit do-- max are determined in the range of the current dropout level DO-- �2. Of course, these values are limited so that they may be in the range estimated in the estimated waveform table from 0 to DO-- LEVEL. The reference level range is not restricted to �2. Although there may be a case where referring to a wider range produces a more effective result, this embodiment uses a range of �2, taking into account execution speeds.
Then, matching is done by a least square method. In the estimated waveform table to be referred to, the dropout level ranges from do-- min to do-- max. The bit pattern to be tested is determined to be test-- ptr. By narrowing the reference range, a practical decoding speed and a small circuit size can be obtained without degrading the waveform analyzing capability. The range in which waveforms are analyzed is the number of samples AREA of the estimated waveform table 285. The range may be, of course, smaller than this. In this range, the square of the difference between the signal waveform data and the estimated waveform data is added cumulatively. By storing the pattern and dropout level whose cumulative addition result is the smallest, the dropout level can be estimated. In addition to this, various methods, including a least square method with weighting, may be used.
Finally, on the basis of a function ChangToCriterion(-- DO) that determines a reference level used for Viterbi decoding from the estimated dropout interference level, the reference level is corrected. In this function, the noise-free signal amplitude level at the sensing point in a case where the recording signal waveform is distorted due to dropouts (fluctuations in the frequency characteristic), is determined to be the reference level for viterbi sensing. At this time, the estimated waveform table used for interference estimation can be used again. FIG. 19 is a flowchart (related to steps S30 to S35) showing an algorithm of function ChangToCriterion().
Externally defined SigPtr[AREA] is a memory for storing signal waveform data, which is the past waveform data that is AREA older than the data at the time of decoding. First, this data is shifted AREA/2 by ShiftSignal(). Then, the AREA/2 advanced waveform data is read there by ReadSignal().
Next, a bit pattern to be collated is set. Although for an n-bit length, there are 2n bit patterns to be collated in AREA, already determined bits may be present as a result of searching for survival paths. Undetermined bits have a pattern of consecutive 0s or 1s, depending on the direction of a subsequent transition. SetPtr() fixes determined bits, assigns consecutive 0s or 1s to undetermined bits, and allocates 0s or 1s to unsensed bits in only AREA/2, thereby producing a test bit pattern. It then stores the test bit pattern in array test-- ptr[ ] and returns the number to num-- ptr.
The number of test bit patterns to be collated is not so large. For example, an 8-bit pattern is assumed to be formed (n=8). In this case, there are 256 bit patterns. For the four bits already sensed, there are only two bit patterns even if they are undetermined. For the four bits not sensed yet, there are 24=16 bit patterns because all possible cases can be considered. Therefore, the number of test bit patterns to be collated is 32 at most. Furthermore, if the number of sensed bits is 6 and the number of unsensed bits is 2, the number of test bit patterns will be 8, which is realizable sufficiently.
Then, matching is effected by a least square method using the estimated waveform table BitPrt. At this time, already estimated DO-- is used as the dropout interference level. Then, the central value BitPtr[DO-- ][pattern][AREA/2] of the most similar signal pattern is determined to be the estimated optimum reference level, which is substituted into the reference level Criterion of viterbi sensing. Then, the reference level thus obtained is returned. In addition to the simple least square method as explained in the embodiment, various methods for matching, including a least square method with weighting, can be considered.
Hereinafter, a decoding method without viterbi decoding will be described. FIG. 20 is a block diagram of a fourth embodiment of the present invention. Unlike the third embodiment, the fourth embodiment is a method where interference levels and decoding bits are returned as they are from an estimated waveform table in matching. The fourth embodiment has not a higher decoding capability than the third embodiment, but is simpler in configuration. Furthermore, in the fourth embodiment, the interference levels estimated can be used for characteristic control of an equalizer or the like.
FIG. 21 is a flowchart (related to steps S40 to S47) showing an algorithm of the fourth embodiment.
Signal waveform data SigPtr[AREA] and estimated waveform table BitPtr[DO-- LEVEL][PATTERN][AREA] are the same as those in the third embodiment.
The current estimated dropout level and decoded bit pattern are stored in the dropout levels DO-- and ptr-- defined as static variables, respectively.
First, two test bit patterns test-- ptr[2] are set. One of the patters is followed by a bit of 0 and the other is followed by a bit of 1. In this case, the already decoded bit pattern ptr-- is shifted one bit, and a bit of 0 and a bit of 1 are added to the result to produce estimated patterns. The bit-- pattern() function is a function that digitizes given binary bits. The reason why the bit pattern given to this function is (WSB)10000000(LSB), not 1, is that ptrξis decoded from LSB in 8 bits and MSB is in the following bit position.
When only dropout interference is estimated, a method of using only the bit patterns already determined in decoding can be considered.
Then, as with the third embodiment, a test dropout level is set and matching is done by a least square method to estimate a dropout interference level. At this time, the pattern giving the most similar estimated waveform is stored in ptr--. Therefore, by referring to this, a decoded bit can be obtained immediately.
As described above, from the reproduced signal equalized according to a specific equalizing method, the amplitudes corresponding to the information bits together with the amplitudes of signals in the vicinity narrower than the information bit interval are extracted. Furthermore, by correcting the change of the frequency characteristic instantaneously using the known correlation between the two on the basis of the decoded digital data stored in the path memory, a maximum likelihood decoder unaffected by instantaneous frequency changes found in spacing fluctuations in a digital VTR, can be realized. It goes without saying that the present invention can be applied to not only to the digital VTR, but also other digital signal recording/reproducing apparatuses or communication apparatuses.
Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details, representative devices, and illustrated examples shown and described herein. Accordingly, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the general inventive concept as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
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Owner name: KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KITAORI, SHOJI;REEL/FRAME:007975/0173
Effective date: 19950413
|Jul 31, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 18, 2002
|Nov 26, 2002
|Sep 1, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 11, 2005
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 12, 2005
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20050211


text:
A night practice by MaiCroftWatch
©2012-2016 MaiCroft
Nope. Nothing's wierd here. It's not like Miku just randomly thought "Hmm, it's middle of the night, maybe I should go to the park and practice a dance with the fans." .
I wanted to add fireworks but they didn't work :c ...
Model by SenseiTag
Also by , and and SEGA
Park stage converted by Moshiha
Fans by Moshiha
I used Aisuchuu's pose but I edited it so much that it's hard to recognize which one >.< .
I wanted to add fireworks but they didn't work :c ...
Model by SenseiTag
Also by , and and SEGA
Park stage converted by Moshiha
Fans by Moshiha
I used Aisuchuu's pose but I edited it so much that it's hard to recognize which one >.< .
Bardzo ładnie wykonane.
What stage was used? So pretty...
It's written in the description, just click on the word "Moshiha" ^_^ .
what mme you use?
By the way, what are the effects in this?
On Miku I just used Adult Shader and Figure Shader. On the background I used (if I can remeber correctly) SSAO, working floor and diffusion. The rest was done in Photoshop and Photoscape .
Look like i found new wallpaper!
Just stunning ;D
Hehe i love Miku-chan ^-^ She looks so cute in this picture
Yes i know im exactly the same I used to listen to stuff like Linkin Park and A Day To Remember before i started listening to Miku, now that i look back at that music it just feels dull compared to Miku's music ^-^ Oh i would do anything to get her running towards me for a hug XP
Yeah, exactly ^^ . If Miku had any concert in Europe I would do anything to go there \(^o^)/ . And I was wondering one day "what the hell have I listened before I knew Miku D: ?!"
Woah super late reply here XP Sorry i get so much feedback its really difficult trying to get through them all XD And yes i hope they come to the UK i would do everything to go and see Miku-chan ^-^ I still listen to all my older stuff but i am all the way Vocaloid and Miku ^-^
Today, I've read that Crypton's CEO wants Miku to give concert in UK D: !!!!11oneone Oh my Gawd, I hope it will become truth x3 !
I know yosh!!! I soooooooooo want to go *-* It will more than likely be in London and im all the way in Coventry which is like 100 miles away of heavy traffic DX I would so love to go if i had friends who loved Miku like me (But no one can love her like i do ) I sure do hope she comes to concert close to me!!!
100 miles is not that far away, I have 1 500 kilometers to London and I doubt if I ever had the money to go there, buy ticket to the concert, stay there for a night ;_; ... And Crypton's CEO said that Vocaloid concerts are more expensive than regular ones. Well, maybe in the future Miku will have a concert in Germany which is much closer to me ^^ .
awwww! I want her! X3
Click on the word "SenseiTag" in description . This model is so cute >w< .
oooh, I love this outfit ^^ too cute
Awesome <3
wow, i love it ! great job <3
oh aweshum,faved <3
Thank you ^^ ! Such a shame that fireworks didn't work in this stage :c . If they did, it would be like Chinese New Year !

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Annalee Belle 1 by elroyhavocWatch
©2012-2016 elroyhavoc
Amazing work. Beautiful girl.
Shes gorgeous!
Cool Shot...beautiful Model....like the Ink and Pose
Wow, beautiful!
And haha, my name is only one letter off from her's. xD
And haha, my name is only one letter off from her's. xD
Lovely shot but a bit too bright?
The colours are amazing. I love the fact that the tattoo isn't easily hidden.
I should get me one actually...
I should get me one actually...
so sexy
a awesome pic love it great pose, love the ink also and a very beautiful model
Lovely picture
I the hair that's so very vibrant red with the black in it for more appeal as well as the eyes & skin which are just as appealing if not more appealing. Pose is powerful in a good way & the angle on the picture isn't bad either. If I had to pick a bad apple out of everything here it would be the background being so bright which is preference but the brightness helps the hair & skin look so ever the more refreshing so it's not really that bad at all
great photo! I love the models style!
mmmmmmmm so dam HOT!!!!!!!!
Wundervoll Traumfrauenformat
stunning and sexy
Great shot. She's gorgeous.
awesome shot bro


text:
Beautiful LEGO
Product Details
Audience: General
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 280
Published: 3rd October 2013
Publisher: No Starch Press,US
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 25.2 x 20.6 x 1.7
Weight (kg): 0.97
This product is categorised byBooktopia Gift Guide » Father's Day » Hobbies for Dad
Non-Fiction » Arts & Entertainment » Art Forms » Non-Graphic Art Forms » Sculpture
Non-Fiction » Arts & Entertainment » History of Art & Design Styles » Art from 1900 to Current » Art from 1960
Non-Fiction » Computing & I.T. » Computer Programming & Software Development
Non-Fiction » Computing & I.T. » Graphical & Digital Media Applications » Computer Games Design
Non-Fiction » Hobbies, Games & Puzzles » Hobbies
Non-Fiction » Society & Culture » Cultural Studies » Popular Culture
Beautiful LEGO is a curated gallery of mind-boggling, awe-inspiring, and masterful LEGO creations. It features the work of some of the most creative minds working in LEGO today, whose art ranges from incredibly lifelike replicas of everyday objects-a slice of pie, an antique phone, a classic keyboard synthesizer-to evocative and unusual imaginings of spaceships, mansions, characters, and creatures of all kinds. Each sculpture is incredibly unique, ambitious, clever, and artful. As you pour through the book again and again, you'll find something novel and jaw-dropping on each page.
About the Author
Internationally acclaimed LEGO artist Mike Doyle is known for his stunningly realistic, grand-scale designs. Contact, the majestic fantasy cityscape featured on this book's cover, uses more than 200,000 bricks. His award-winning Abandoned House series has been showcased at Gallery1988 in LA and now has a home in Boston's Museum of Realist Art. When not constructing unique LEGO art, Doyle works as a graphic designer. He lives with his wife and two children in New Jersey.


text:
Posted in Freaks, Mush, Training Tags: 5/3/1, crazy, powerlifting, Sports, training
Posted in Comics, EVIL, Weird Tags: comics, crazy, EVIL, religion, SDCC, stupid
Posted in Mush, Science, Technology, Weird Tags: Awesome, binary, cool, crazy, expensive, hell yeah, insane, Japan, Technology, Tokyoflash, Watch, wicked, wow
Posted in EVIL, Science, Technology, Weird Tags: Architectutre, Bird, Cocoon, Confuse, Confusement, crazy, Dubai, Frostbite, Hedgehog, Lady Gaga, Olympics, Ron Jeremy, Russia, Sponge, SpongeBob, Winter
Posted in Science Tags: bling, carats, crazy, cullinan, diamond, money, rocks, south america, wow
Posted in computers, EVIL, Weird Tags: computers, crazy, fun, games, Gore, mario, Nintendo, pictures, Twisted
Posted in Freaks, Weird Tags: comics, cool, crazy, Disney, Halloween, princess, scary, Twisted
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Down Wash Granger's
Down Wash Granger's: Perfect for cleaning your down-filled items - unlike other detergents, it restores loft and eliminates odours without stripping away any natural oils.
Down Wash Granger's Specs:
- Specially formulated to clean all down and synthetic-filled products – including sleeping bags and jackets.
- Removes dirt and grime without reducing the insulating properties of your items.
- Can be used as a first step when applying water-repellent treatments.
- After washing, make sure your down items are dried thoroughly – we recommend at least two to three hours in the tumble drier.
- Down Wash works at 30˚C, in all types of wate
Down Wash Granger's: Picking the right cleaner is incredibly important when washing down items. Regular household detergents tend to leave various chemical residues behind after washing – meaning that your down items don't insulate or repel water as well as they should. Granger's Down Wash, on the other hand, is a gentle detergent-based cleaner that cleans your garments without damaging the delicate down within.
Down Wash Granger's: After washing, we recommend tumble-drying your jackets and sleeping bags. Aim to dry your items for at least two to three hours on a low heat – with regular agitation to keep the down from 'clumping' together as it dries.
Down Wash Granger's: Down Wash is suitable for cleaning down and synthetic-filled clothing and equipment – including sleeping bags, jackets, and quilts.
In stock items will ship within the next business day. Available item(s) is/are available to order. Most available items will ship within 9 business days, sometimes the process is faster and of course it will ship to you ASAP. There might be some exceptions, example: supplier is out of stock or manufacturing delays. If you have any doubt your item is in stock please call us at 303-984-4649.
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If you placed an order at 123Mountain and you don't like it just send it back for a refund, applicable for the item not shipping costs*. Ship it back and as long as your item is in unused condition with original tags, boxes, etc. Please follow the steps at Return Policy Page.
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* Even if the shipping was free we paid the carrier for the service provided and we will deduct $7.95 for Economy, $12.95 for Ground, etc.
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Agnus Dei (SAB, a cappella) by William Copper
Date: September 13, 2013
Views: 2385
New medium easy setting with optional 'refrain' for a congregation. Radical tuning notions may surprise many keyboard-oriented music directors....
After a good deal of soul-searching, decided to keep the intonation markings in the score. They are, in a sense, unnecessary, since the piece is written as if it were 16th century renaissance polyphony, where every consonant note is expected to be tuned correctly to every other note. So with perfect singers, ignore the markings!
This is completely new, never used in concert or church -- for a limited time, since this is the first time I've been explicit in a choral piece about the intonation theories I use, I will grant a free license to anyone copy and use the music.
This does not mean that the perusal pdf may be used, or that it is not protected by copyright: you must contact me for a license.
wpcopper at hartenshield.com
Free offer period has expired. Still available inexpensively by pdf or in printed octavo form.
For a choir that needs some tonal and moral support from the keyboard, a simple introduction and accompaniment for organ added this week. It doubles no vocal lines, but if a singer goes astray and sings the organ notes no harm will be done because the organ plays only harmony notes that are in tune with the choir.
http://www.hartenshield.com/0574adorgan.pdf for the organ part with reduced vocal score to eliminate most page turns.
Preface about tuning in the chorus score, http://www.hartenshield.com/0573_agnus_dei.pdf , should be helpful for singing any music from the Renaissance forward (except music where all notes are doubled by a keyboard).


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awesome.. looking forward to try it out mate.. good luck on it. keep up updated.
awesome.. looking forward to try it out mate.. good luck on it. keep up updated.
Hi michalss,
Awesome work mate.. Sorry for asking but any ETA on a working version? Seems most people are getting a error on finalizing.
Thanx for your work....
Thanks dude for the hard work, making our lifes easier, wainting for the update!
It didn't edit PARSM.SFO, so you'll have to do it manually.
with some fixes and clearing out some details (like where the files should actually go) i think it will be really great.
i was told to put my files in dev_hdd0/RDR1GAME/USRDIR but i tried that and i tried putting the files in dev_hdd0/game/BLUSXXXXX/USRDIR but got sent back to xbm both times.
ok new version is done 0.4.8 testing it now it also do autodecrypt or eboot and replace some tools with newones
i could possibly give the source code out as well but now sure if someone want it
here you go latest version.
0.4.8 beta
- add auto decrypt of eboot.bin
- fix wrong paths
- add save selection files
- remove usb option
Thanks dude, testing right now!
it now creates PKG very well, goin to PS3 to test, Game test is FIFA 09 (only got that one)
so after i finish patching a game i just copy it to my hdd and play it on my 3.55 ofw ps3?
can someone please help me out? i tried to make the pkg but i got that error at the end.
i got same error here
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Matthew W. "Matt" Davis (born May 8, 1978), also professionally known as Matt Davis, is an American actor who is known for his roles as Adam Hillman on the ABC comedy-drama What About Brian from 2006 to 2007 and Alaric Saltzman on The CW fantasy drama The Vampire Diaries from 2009 to 2012. In 2014 he returned as a series regular for the sixth season, he starred on the short-lived CW mystery and horror drama Cult as Jeff Sefton and had a recurring role on the CBS police drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation as Sean Yeager.
List of links to Matthew Davis fansites:


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This document describes the Intel® IQ80331 I/O processor evaluation platform board (IQ80331) using DDR-II 400 MHz SDRAM. The IQ80331 is intended for rapid intelligent I/O development. The design is based on the Intel® 80331 I/O processor (80331), which is a multi-function device, that integrates the Intel XScale® technology (ARM* architecture compliant) with intelligent peripherals, including a PCI bus application bridge.
Find in-depth documentation, tools, and resources for embedded and IoT developers.
Access technical and sales assistance, register for an Intel® Embedded Design Center account, or manage your account.


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National Farm Machinery Showfarmmachineryshow.orgFeb. 10-13, 2010 9 a.m.-6 p.m. daily, ESTKentucky Exposition CenterAdmission: Free Parking: $6 Welcome the National Farm Machinery Show in Louisville! Here's a glimpse of what Louisville can offer you as you enjoy America's largest indoor farm show at the Kentucky Exposition Center. Whether you are in town for just one night or all three, there are plenty of things that you can do once the 2010 National Farm Machinery Show is done for the day. From local restaurants and attractions to amazing nightlife and special events, Louisville's possibilities are endless.EventsLooking for something to do once you've left the National Farm Machinery show? Check Louisville.com's calendar and see what's going on Feb. 10-13.RestaurantsLouisville has a lot more to offer food-wise than just what's for sale at concessions stands at the National Farm Machinery Show.Cardinal Hall of Fame CaféType: Sports Bar 2745 Crittenden Dr. 502-635-8686Proof on MainType: American 702 W. Main St. 502-217-6360Park Place on MainType: American 401 E. Main St. 502-515-0172J. Gumbo'sType: Southern 416 S. 4th St. 502-589-9245Toast on MarketType: Breakfast 736 E. Market St. 502-569-4099Joe's Crab ShackType: Seafood 131 River Road 502-568-1171AttractionsTake a break from the National Farm Machinery Show and check out these unique local attractionsLouisville Slugger Museum and Factory800 W. Main St. 877-775-8443The Muhammad Ali Centerwww.alicenter.org 144 N. Sixth St. 502-584-9254NightlifeThe National Farm Machinery show ends at 6 p.m. each day, leaving you ample time to check out Louisville's nightlife. Fourth Street Live! Downtown Louisville, 4th St. between Liberty and Muhammad Ali Blvd Restaurants and entertainment venues in the complex include Hard Rock Cafe, Red Star Tavern, Friday's Rocks!, Sully's Irish Pub, Lucky Strike Lanes (bowling alley and restaurant), a British style restaurant The Pub, Improve Comedy Club, Howl at the Moon ( a dueling piano show) and the first-ever Maker's Mark Bourbon House & Lounge. There are also a variety of nightclubs and bars. Some bars and nightclubs enforce dress code.Baxter Ave TheatresType: Cinema 1250 Bardstown Road 502-459-2288Urban Bourbon TrailVisitor's Center, 4th St. and Jefferson St. Get your passport at the Louisville Visitor's Center and get it stamped at each of the nine historic bars and restaurants on downtown Louisville's Urban Bourbon Trail.HotelsMany conventions are affiliated with hotels, but just in case the National Farm Machinery Show isn't (or the official hotel is sold out) here are some other options.Crown Plaza Louisville Airport830 Phillips Lane 502-367-2251Hampton Inn800 Phillips Lane 502-366-8100Howard Johnson709 Phillips Lane 502-363-9972Galt House140 N. Fourth Street 502-589-5200Louisville Marriott Downtown250 W. Jefferson St. 502-627-5045Taxi cabsReady Cab: 502-417-4406 Yellow Cab: 502-636-5511For more info: Check out the National Farm Machinery Show's website.
Posted On: 1 Jan 2010 - 1:01am


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A relationship with your doctor is very important and our Cinco Ranch physicians make it easy for you to get the care you need, when you need it. The Kelsey-Seybold Cinco Ranch team has one common goal – to work together to provide the best possible care for you and your family. Our Cinco Ranch Clinic is one of two Kelsey-Seybold locations that serves the Katy community. Visit our Katy Clinic, just 3 miles away.
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We stayed at Klausnerhof as a family of 5 for 1 week, our purpose being skiing in nearby ski-resorts Hauser Keibling and Schladming. It is 10 minutes drive to the former and 15 minutes to the latter if there is no snow calamity. Unfortunately, there was snow calamity on the day of our arrival and our car could not make... More
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Last Friday I had 'open' hernia repair surgery. Subsequently house bound, even chair bound though decreasingly so, I have decided to set down my thoughts/experience with the operation as they may be of use to others facing a similar procedure. I also want to record the luck of discovering a Romanian doctor on duty at the time the NHS had deemed I should be sent home. I have to admit that I was somewhat anxious before the event, and searching for advice on the likely post-op situation, how long to recover, etc, much of the information was contradictory. With this background I had been warned by everyone from hernia repair surgeon to most acquaintances who had had the op that I should expect severe pain and to be 'out of action' for quite a time, even surprise from Germany that it was to be 'open' rather than 'keyhole' surgery and that I was to be discharged home the same day. I consoled myself that the pain could not possibly be as bad as that experienced last year, first waiting several hours for an ambulance then for quite a while in A & E with bladder retention; then, by the time a catheter was in, I was pretty much lunatic. (more…)
January 29, 2015
Hernia repair; an experience and lucky coincidence. The Romanians have arrived, doctor and nursePosted by grumpytyke under Health, Personal history, Romania, Uncategorized | Tags: Airedale General Hospital, bladder retention, general anaesthetic, Health, hernia repair, immigration, NHS, nurses, open hernia repair, Romania, Romanian doctors, Yorkshire Clinic |
[11] Comments
November 5, 2014
Back with Romania, classic mini and VW bay, Yorkshire, food, immigration and …Posted by grumpytyke under Cooking, Eastern Europe, Food, Germany, Health, Immigration, Photography, Romania, UK cities, Uncategorized, Volkswagen T2 camper, Writing, Yorkshire, Yorkshire dales | Tags: cancer, Classic cameras, cooking, cornmeal, EU, European Union, Food, Haiku, History, Iasi, immigration, mamaliga, Menston, NHS, Photography, prostate cancer, Romania, VW campers, Writing, Yorkshire, Yorkshire dales |
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Grumpytyke is back, I hope fairly frequently, after a long absence, and I'm trying to decide whether to resume with the wide ranging subjects which I wrote about before – Romania, VW campers, classic minis, haiku, Yorkshire and food and cooking, and a few more as the mood takes me – or to limit myself to one or two themes. That might be difficult for me.
I just ploughed through emails going back to February this year – helluvalot of spam – and was glad to see a lot of 'old friends' still posting, though some seem to have disappeared in recent months. Apart from one short post in February 'explaining' my absence I haven't really posted or looked at emails for about a year.
Much of my absence has been due to a major health problem. I was diagnosed with prostate cancer, had my first ever stays in hospital and spent a while with tubes and bags limiting my movement. Hopefully it's under control for the moment. I might have something to say about the wonderful overworked nursing staff in the NHS, but the often abysmal administration, management and systems, in a future post. (more…)
June 12, 2013
Save the Media Museum. Move it to Leeds!Posted by grumpytyke under Bradford, Immigration, Photography, Politics, UK cities, Uncategorized, Yorkshire | Tags: Bradford, immigration, Leeds, National Media Museum, Photography, Yorkshire |
[2] Comments
There is nothing wrong with the Media Museum except that it is in Bradford. It's a wonderful museum which I used to visit frequently. As a very keen photographer but also someone fascinated by photographic history I would visit it several times a month – it's a pleasant 20 minute train ride from where I live – if I didn't have to cross Bradford's depressing city centre to get to it.
Of course it should not be closed; it should be moved. As one of the three museums of which it is said one must be closed, its low attendance figures compared to those of the other two, the Railway Museum in York and the Science and Industry Museum in Manchester, have nothing to do with the museum itself; they result from where it is.
Solution (more…)
February 17, 2013
Romania hits back on immigration – but concern is rightPosted by grumpytyke under Eastern Europe, English, Equality and Discrimination, Immigration, Romania, The EU, Uncategorized | Tags: Bulgaria, corruption, crime, English, European Union, Gandul, immigration, Politics, Romania, The Guardian, VW campers, wit |
[3] Comments
I don't have a lot of time for blogging at the moment – the weather is superb for walking and photography but unfortunately that means it is also ideal for some much needed 'tender loving care' for Lofty, our beloved VW camper. However, having just cooked and eaten the obligatory full English breakfast I thought I'd use the 15 min 'digestion' pause to get this off.
The Romanians are almost uniquely able to have a joke on themselves and, being far better generally educated than the majority of people coming out of UK schools, are able to do it with a wit and substance sadly lacking in much of what we see from British commentators. I just love the poster campaign launched by the Romanian paper Gandul ('The Thought?) in response to that from the Guardian. The posters are in English so English speakers can understand them even if the accompanying text is in Romanian.
So here are some of the Romanian poster words, each of which has a postscript "Why don't you come over. We may not like Britain but you'll love Romania". There are many more gems. (more…)


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That's not to say it's excusable, just that the appalling neglect of 38 patients at the Alexandra Hospital in Redditch is the logical result of the NHS's untenable management structure. Imagine if eve... Read More
After a busy weekend of rehearsals, tonight I'm playing the first of three concerts this week with my friend, the cellist Steven Isserlis – ending up at the Wigmore Hall on Friday. It's always t... Read More
The time has come. The Government has denied our rights as consumers, and as patients, for too long. My campaign starts here: fund hoodoo folk magic on the NHS. You might think this is ridiculous, tha... Read More
In all the furore over cuts to the NHS, doctors have voted to stop one service all by themselves – and unlike what is expected to follow, this is something we should all celebrate. The British M... Read More


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- 26Promote
Art Print
River Runninby Tyler Resty
Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.
Wow! My favorite of all... so beautiful....
Thanks Deepti!!!!!!!!!!! Glad you like it!
I won't be surprised if it gets featured in some great publication, Tyler! Really love this! :)
Wow! Thanks so much!
like it
Lovely work
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It's not positive: Edinburgh Zoo panda fails to mate naturally and gets artificial insemination
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The UK's only female giant panda has been artificially inseminated after she and her intended partner failed to mate naturally.
Edinburgh Zoo bosses were hopeful that Tian Tian would mate with male Yang Guang this year, but moved on to artificial insemination after her hormone levels started to fall quickly.
The procedure was carried out on Sunday using samples from Yang Guang.
Experts said they will not know for certain whether Tian Tian is pregnant until she gives birth, which could be in August or September.
Their hopes of a pregnancy follow last year's disappointment when the pair did not mate. Although Tian Tian was artificially inseminated, she lost her foetus at late term.
Iain Valentine, director of giant pandas for the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS), said: "From the start, when the pandas started to show breeding behaviour early this spring, both were showing very positive signs.
"We were hopeful natural mating would occur this year, but in the end Tian Tian's hormones started to fall quickly, which meant her breeding window could be much shorter.
"Although our Chinese expert Dr Wang Chengdong, from the China Conservation and Research Centre for Giant Pandas (CCRCGP), was confident the pair would mate naturally, after the first unsuccessful introduction attempt, time restrictions meant we needed to move quickly to artificial insemination.
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"The artificial insemination procedure was undertaken by reproduction specialists Professor Dr Thomas Hildebrandt, Dr Frank Goeritz and Dr Robert Hermes, from the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) in Berlin, along with RZSS's veterinary and panda teams."
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