text:
Diana, Princess of Wales
|Princess of Wales; Duchess of Rothesay (more)
The Princess of Wales raising money for cancer research in Chicago, Illinois, June 1996
1 July 1961
Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk, England
|31 August 1997
(aged 36)
Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
|6 September 1997
Althorp, Northamptonshire, England
|Charles, Prince of Wales
(m. 1981; div. 1996)[1]
|John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer
|Frances Shand Kydd
|Church of England
Diana, Princess of Wales (Diana Frances;[a] née Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II.
Diana was born into a family of British nobility with royal ancestry as The Honourable Diana Spencer. She was the fourth child and third daughter of John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer and the Honourable Frances Shand Kydd. She grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, and was educated in England and Switzerland. In 1975, after her father inherited the title of Earl Spencer, she became Lady Diana Spencer.
Her wedding to the Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981, held at St Paul's Cathedral, reached a global television audience of over 750 million people. While married, Diana bore the titles Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, Countess of Chester, and Baroness of Renfrew. The marriage produced two sons, the princes William and Harry, who were then respectively second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions overseas. She was celebrated for her charity work and for her support of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. From 1989, she was the president of Great Ormond Street Hospital for children, in addition to dozens of other charities.
Diana remained the object of worldwide media scrutiny during and after her marriage, which ended in divorce on 28 August 1996. Her death in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997 and her funeral were accompanied by intense public mourning.
- 1 Early life
- 2 Education and career
- 3 Marriage to the Prince of Wales
- 4 Princess of Wales
- 5 Royal duties
- 6 Problems and separation
- 7 Divorce
- 8 Personal life after divorce
- 9 Death
- 10 Legacy
- 11 Titles, styles, honours and arms
- 12 Issue
- 13 Ancestry
- 14 See also
- 15 Explanatory notes
- 16 Citations
- 17 Bibliography
- 18 Further reading
- 19 External links
Early life[edit]
Diana was born on 1 July 1961, in Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk.[2] She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp (1924–1992) and his first wife, Frances (née Roche; 1936–2004).[2] The Spencer family have been closely allied with the British Royal Family for several generations.[3] Both of Diana's grandmothers had served as ladies in waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[4] The Spencers were hoping for a boy to carry on the family line, and no name was chosen for a week, until they settled on Diana Frances, after her mother and Diana Russell, Duchess of Bedford, her distant relative who was also known as "Lady Diana Spencer" before marriage and was a prospective Princess of Wales.[2] On 30 August 1961, Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, by the Clerk of the Closet, Percy Herbert.[5] Her godparents were her father's friend John Floyd (chairman of Christie's), her father's cousin Alexander Gilmour, Lady Mary Colman (niece of the Queen Mother), and family friends Sarah Pratt and Carol Fox.[6] Diana had three siblings: Sarah, Jane, and Charles.[7] An infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth in 1960.[8] The desire for an heir added strain to the Spencers' marriage, and Lady Althorp was reportedly sent to Harley Street clinics in London to determine the cause of the "problem".[2] The experience was described as "humiliating" by Diana's younger brother, Charles: "It was a dreadful time for my parents and probably the root of their divorce because I don't think they ever got over it."[5] Diana grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate.[9] The Spencers leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II. The Royal Family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and Diana played with Princes Andrew and Edward as a child.[10]
Diana was eight years old when her parents divorced,[11] after her mother had an affair with Peter Shand Kydd. The two were married in 1969.[12] Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents' separation in 1967. However, during Christmas holidays that year, Lord Althorp refused to let Diana and her brother Charles return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly afterwards, Lord Althorp won custody of Diana and her brother with support from his former mother-in-law, Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy.[13] In 1972, Lord Althorp began a relationship with Raine, Countess of Dartmouth, the only daughter of Alexander McCorquodale and Barbara Cartland.[14] They married at Caxton Hall, London in 1976.[15] Diana became known as Lady Diana after her father inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975. Her father gave up the lease on Park House and moved the family to Althorp, the Spencer seat in Northampton.[16]
Education and career[edit]
Diana began her education at Silfield Private School in Gayton, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School, an all-girls boarding school near Diss, when she was nine.[17] She joined her sisters at The New School at West Heath in Sevenoaks, Kent, in 1973.[18] She did not shine academically, failing her O-levels twice. She left West Heath when she was sixteen.[19] Her brother Charles recalls her as being quite shy up until that time.[20] She showed a talent for music as an accomplished pianist.[21] Diana also excelled in swimming and diving, and studied ballet and tap dance.[22] She attended Institut Alpin Videmanette, a finishing school in Rougemont, Switzerland, for one term in 1978.[23]
She also had a great interest in children. After attending finishing school at the Institut Alpin Videmanette in Switzerland, she moved to London. She began working with children, eventually becoming a nursery assistant at the Young England School.[24] Her first job, at the age of 17, was as a nanny for Alexandra, the daughter of Major Jeremy Whitaker and his wife Philippa (van Straubenzee) at their Land of Nod estate at Headley Down, Hampshire. Philippa's brother, William, was a close friend of Diana's.[25][26]
Diana moved to London in 1978 and lived in her mother's flat; her mother was then spending most of the year in Scotland. Soon afterwards, an apartment was purchased for £100,000[27] as an 18th birthday present, at Coleherne Court in Earls Court.[21] She lived there until February 25, 1981 with three flatmates. In London, she took an advanced cooking course at her mother's suggestion, although she never became an adroit cook. She worked as a dance instructor for youth until a skiing accident caused her to miss three months of work. She then found employment as a playgroup (pre-school) assistant, did some cleaning work for her sister Sarah and several of her friends, and acted as a hostess at parties. Diana spent time working as a nanny for the Robertsons, an American family living in London,[28] and worked as a kindergarten teacher at the Young England School in Pimlico.[21]
Marriage to the Prince of Wales[edit]
Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, first met Lady Diana since November 1977 when he and Lady Sarah were dating,[29] but he took a serious interest in her as a potential bride during the summer of 1980, when they were guests at a country weekend, where she watched him play polo. The relationship developed as he invited her for a sailing weekend to Cowes aboard the royal yacht Britannia. This was followed by an invitation to Balmoral (the Royal Family's Scottish residence) to meet his family a weekend in November 1980.[30][31] Lady Diana was well received by the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. The couple subsequently courted in London. The prince proposed on 6 February 1981, and Lady Diana accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for the next few weeks.[28]
Engagement and wedding[edit]
Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981, after Lady Diana selected a large engagement ring consisting of 14 solitaire diamonds surrounding a 12-carat oval blue Ceylon sapphire set in 18-carat white gold, similar to her mother's engagement ring.[32] The ring was made by the then Crown jewellers Garrard but, unusually for a ring for a member of the Royal Family, it was not unique; it was featured in Garrard's jewellery collection. In 2010 the ring became the engagement ring of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.[33] It was copied by jewellers all over the world.[34] The Queen Mother gave Lady Diana a sapphire and diamond brooch as an engagement present.[35]
Following the engagement Lady Diana left her job at the kindergarten and lived at Clarence House, then home of the Queen Mother, for a short period.[27] She then lived at Buckingham Palace until the wedding.[27] Her first public appearance with Prince Charles was in a charity ball in March 1981 at Goldsmiths' Hall, where she met Princess Grace of Monaco.[27][36]
Twenty-year-old Diana became Princess of Wales when she married the Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981 at St Paul's Cathedral, which offered more seating than Westminster Abbey, generally used for royal nuptials.[37] Widely described as a "fairytale wedding", it was watched by a global television audience of 750 million while 600,000 people lined the streets to catch a glimpse of the couple en route to the ceremony.[32][38]
At the altar, Diana accidentally reversed the order of Charles's first two names, saying "Philip Charles" Arthur George instead.[38] She did not say that she would "obey" him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple's request, which caused some comment at the time.[39] Diana wore a dress valued at £9,000 with a 25-foot (7.62-metre) train.[40][41] Music and songs used during the wedding included the "Prince of Denmark's March", "I Vow to Thee, My Country", "Pomp and Circumstance No.4", and "God Save the Queen".[42]
Princess of Wales[edit]
After becoming Princess of Wales, Diana automatically acquired rank as the third-highest female in the United Kingdom Order of Precedence (after the Queen and the Queen Mother), and was fifth or sixth in the orders of precedence of her other realms, following the Queen, the relevant viceroy, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Prince of Wales. Within a few years of the wedding, the Queen extended Diana visible tokens of membership in the Royal Family; she lent the Princess a tiara and granted her the badge of the Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II.[43]
The couple made their homes at Kensington Palace and at Highgrove House, near Tetbury. On 5 November 1981, the Princess' first pregnancy was officially announced, and she frankly discussed her pregnancy with members of the press corps.[44] After Diana fell down a staircase at Sandringham in January 1982, 12 weeks into her first pregnancy, the royal gynaecologist Sir George Pinker was summoned from London. He found that although she had suffered severe bruising, the foetus was uninjured.[45] In the private Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, on 21 June 1982, under the care of Pinker,[45] the Princess gave natural birth to her and the Prince's first son and heir, William Arthur Philip Louis.[46] Amidst some media criticism, she decided to take William, still a baby, on her first major tours of Australia and New Zealand, but the decision was popularly applauded. By her own admission, the Princess of Wales had not initially intended to take William until it was suggested by Malcolm Fraser, the Australian prime minister.[47]
A second son, Henry Charles Albert David, was born on 15 September 1984.[48] The Princess asserted she and the Prince were closest during her pregnancy with Harry (as the younger prince has always been known). She was aware their second child was a boy, but did not share the knowledge with anyone else, including the Prince of Wales.[49] Persistent suggestions that Harry's father is not Charles but James Hewitt, with whom Diana had an affair, have been based on alleged physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry had already been born by the time the affair between Hewitt and Diana began.[50][51]
Even her harshest critics agree that the Princess of Wales was a devoted, imaginative and demonstrative mother.[52] Diana gave her sons wider experiences than are usual for royal children.[53][54] She rarely deferred to the Prince or to the Royal Family, and was often intransigent when it came to the children. She chose their first given names, dismissed a royal family nanny and engaged one of her own choosing, selected their schools and clothing, planned their outings, and took them to school herself as often as her schedule permitted. She also organised her public duties around their timetables.[52]
Royal duties[edit]
Public appearances[edit]
The Princess of Wales attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time on 4 November 1981. She attended the Trooping the Colour for the first time in June 1982, making her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace afterwards.[55][56] Also in 1982, Diana accompanied the Prince of Wales to the Netherlands and was created a Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.[57] In 1983, she accompanied the Prince on a tour of Australia and New Zealand with Prince William, where they met with representatives of the Māori people.[58][59]
Their visit to Canada in June and July 1983 included a trip to Edmonton to open the 1983 Summer Universiade and a stop in Newfoundland to commemorate the 400th anniversary of that island's acquisition by the Crown.[60]
In April 1985, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Italy, and were later joined by Princes William and Harry.[58] They met with President Alessandro Pertini. Their visit to the Holy See included a private audience with Pope John Paul II.[61] In November 1985, the couple visited the United States,[58] meeting President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan at the White House. 1986 was a busy year for Diana. With the Prince of Wales she embarked on a tour of Japan, Indonesia, Spain,[59] and Canada.[60] In Canada they visited Expo 86.[60]
In February 1987, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Portugal.[62] The visit coincided with the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Windsor (1386).[62] A banquet was held at the Ajuda National Palace.[62] In 1987, they visited Germany and France.[59][63] In 1988, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Thailand and toured Australia for the bicentenary celebrations.[58][64] In 1989, they visited the Arab States of the Persian Gulf.[59] The tour began in Kuwait, where they met with Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah and the Crown Prince and Prime Minister Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah.[65] Diana was presented with gifts, including an elaborate embroidered Bedouin gown.[65] The couple also visited Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates.[65]
In March 1990, she and the Prince of Wales toured Nigeria and Cameroon.[66] The President of Cameroon hosted an official dinner to welcome them in Yaoundé.[66] In May 1990, they visited Hungary for four days.[67] They attended a dinner hosted by interim President Árpád Göncz and viewed a fashion display at the Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest.[67] In November 1990, the royal couple went to Japan to attend the enthronement of Emperor Akihito.[58][68] In 1991, the Princess and Prince of Wales visited Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, where they presented the university with a replica of their royal charter.[69] In September 1991, the Princess visited Pakistan on a solo trip, and went to Brazil with Charles.[59] During their tour in Brazil, Diana visited the orphanage and an Aids Treatment Centre for children and met the Brazilian President Fernando Collor de Mello and First Lady Rosane Collor in Brasília.[70] Her final trips with Charles were to India and South Korea in 1992.[58][59]
In 1992, the Princess of Wales visited Egypt.[59] She was invited to stay at the British Ambassador's villa. She met with President Hosni Mubarak[71] and toured some of the country's archaeological sites with the Egyptian archaeologist Zahi Hawass.[59]
In February 1995, the Princess visited Japan.[68][72] She paid formal visits to Emperor Akihito, Empress Michiko,[68] Crown Prince Naruhito, and Crown Princess Masako.[72] She visited a daycare centre for children with learning difficulties, the Yokohama War Cemetery, and the National Children's Hospital, where she gave the opening line of her speech in Japanese.[72][72] In June 1995, Diana went to Venice to visit the Venice Biennale art festival.[73] In November 1995, the Princess undertook a four-day trip to Argentina and met with President Carlos Menem and his daughter, Zulemita, for lunch.[74][75] The Princess visited many other countries, including Belgium, Nepal, Switzerland, and Zimbabwe.[58] Her final official engagement was a visit to Northwick Park Hospital, London, on 21 July 1997.[58]
Charity work and patronage[edit]
In 1983 she confided in the then-Premier of Newfoundland, Brian Peckford, "I am finding it very difficult to cope with the pressures of being Princess of Wales, but I am learning to cope with it."[76] As Princess of Wales, she was expected to make regular public appearances at hospitals, schools, and other facilities, in the 20th century model of royal patronage. From the mid-1980s, the she became increasingly associated with numerous charities. She carried out 191 official engagements in 1988[77] and 397 in 1991.[78] The Princess developed an intense interest in serious illnesses and health-related matters outside the purview of traditional royal involvement, including AIDS and leprosy.
In addition to health-related matters, Diana's extensive charity work included campaigning for animal protection and her fight against the use of landmines.[79] She was the patroness of charities and organisations working with the homeless, youth, drug addicts, and the elderly. From 1989, she was president of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children.[80] From 1991 to 1996, she was a patron of Headway, a brain injury association.[81] She was patron of Natural History Museum[82] and president of Royal Academy of Music.[83] From 1984 to 1996, she was president of Barnardo's, a charity founded by Dr. Thomas John Barnado in 1866 to care for vulnerable children and young people.[84] Her patronages also included Landmine Survivors Network, Help the Aged, the Trust for Sick Children in Wales, the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, the British Lung Foundation, the National AIDS Trust, Eureka!, the National Children's Orchestra, Royal Brompton Hospital, British Red Cross Youth, Relate Marriage Counselors, the Variety Club of New Zealand, Birthright, and the British Deaf Association.[85][86][87][88][89] She made several lengthy visits each week to Royal Brompton Hospital, where she worked to comfort seriously ill or dying patients.[85] She visited Mother Teresa's hospice in Kolkata, India, in 1992, and the two women developed a personal relationship.[85]
In June 1995, the Princess made a brief trip to Moscow, where she visited a children's hospital that she had previously supported through her charity work. Diana presented the hospital with medical equipment. During her time in the Russian capital, she was awarded the international Leonardo prize, which is given to the most distinguished patrons and people in the arts, medicine, and sports.[79]
The day after her divorce, she announced her resignation from over 100 charities to spend more time with only six: Centrepoint, English National Ballet, Great Ormond Street Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, National AIDS Trust, and the Royal Marsden Hospital.[90] She continued her work with the British Red Cross Anti-Personnel Land Mines Campaign, but was no longer listed as patron.[91]
Areas of work[edit]
In November 1989, the Princess visited a leprosy hospital in Indonesia.[92][93] She became patron of the Leprosy Mission, an organization dedicated to providing medicine, treatment, and other support services to those who are afflicted with the disease.[94] She remained the patron of this charity until her death in 1997,[90] and visited several of its hospitals around the world.[95] "It has always been my concern to touch people with leprosy, trying to show in a simple action that they are not reviled, nor are we repulsed," she commented.[95] The Diana Princess of Wales Health Education and Media Centre in Noida, India, was opened in her honour in November 1999, funded by the Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fund.[95]
The Princess began her work with AIDS victims in the 1980s.[93] In 1989, she opened Landmark Aids Centre in South London.[96] She was not adverse to making physical contact with AIDS patients, though it was still unknown whether the disease could be spread that way.[85][94][97][98] In São Paulo, Brazil, in 1991, she was photographed holding a baby with AIDS.[99] Diana noted: "HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake their hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they need it."[99][100][101] To Diana's disappointment, the Queen did not support this type of charity work, suggesting she get involved in "something more pleasant".[93] In October 1990, Diana opened Grandma's House, a home for young AIDS victims in Washington, D.C.[102] As the patron of Turning Point, a health and social care organization, Diana visited its project in London for people with HIV/AIDS in 1992.[103]
In March 1997, Diana visited South Africa, where she met with President Nelson Mandela.[104][105] On 2 November 2002, Mandela announced that the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund would be teaming up with the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to help victims of AIDS.[106] "When she stroked the limbs of someone with leprosy, or sat on the bed of a man with HIV/AIDS and held his hand, she transformed public attitudes and improved the life chances of such people," Mandela said about the late Princess.[106] "People felt if a British princess can go to a ward with HIV patients, then there's nothing to be superstitious about."[106]
Diana was the patron of HALO Trust.[107][108] In January 1997, pictures of Diana touring an Angolan minefield in a ballistic helmet and flak jacket were seen worldwide.[107][108] It was during this campaign that some accused her of meddling in politics and declared her a 'loose cannon'.[109] From 7 to 10 August 1997, just days before her death, she visited Bosnia and Herzegovina with Jerry White and Ken Rutherford of the Landmine Survivors Network.[110][111][112]
Her work on the landmines issue has been described as influential in the signing of the Ottawa Treaty, which created an international ban on the use of anti-personnel landmines.[113] Introducing the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana's work on landmines:
All Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana, Princess of Wales to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best way in which to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave the way towards a global ban on landmines.[114]
Carol Bellamy, Executive Director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), said that landmines remained "a deadly attraction for children, whose innate curiosity and need for play often lure them directly into harm's way". She urged countries which produce and stockpile the largest numbers of landmines (United States, China, India, North Korea, Pakistan, and Russia) to sign the treaty.[115] A few months after Diana's death in 1997, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines won the Nobel Peace Prize.[116]
Diana was a long-standing and active supporter of Centrepoint, a charity which provides accommodation and support to homeless people, and became patron in 1992.[117][118] She supported organisations that battle poverty and homelessness. "We, as a part of society, must ensure that young people – who are our future – are given the chance they deserve," she said.[119]
Problems and separation[edit]
Within five years of her marriage, the couple's incompatibility and age difference (almost 13 years),[120] as well as Diana's concern about Charles's relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles,[121] became visible and damaging to their marriage. During the early 1990s, the marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales fell apart, an event at first suppressed, then sensationalised, by the world media. Both the Princess and Prince spoke to the press through friends, each blaming the other for the marriage's demise.
CNN's chronology of the break-up identifies reported difficulties between the Prince and Princess as early as 1985.[122] The Prince of Wales resumed his affair with his now-married former girlfriend, Camilla Parker Bowles; later, the Princess of Wales began a relationship with Major James Hewitt. These affairs were exposed in May 1992 with the publication of Diana: Her True Story by Andrew Morton. It was serialised in The Sunday Times before its publication.[123] The book, which also laid bare the Princess' allegedly suicidal unhappiness, caused a media storm. During 1992 and 1993, leaked tapes of telephone conversations negatively reflected on both the royal antagonists. Tape recordings of the Princess and James Gilbey were made available by The Sun newspaper's hotline in August 1992.[124] Transcripts of taped intimate conversations were published by The Sun in August 1992. The article's title, "Squidgygate", referenced Gilbey's affectionate nickname for Diana. The next to surface, in November 1992, were the leaked "Camillagate" tapes, intimate exchanges between the Prince of Wales and Camilla, published in Today and the Daily Mirror.[125]
In the meantime, rumours had begun to surface about the Princess of Wales's relationship with Hewitt, her and her children's former riding instructor. These would be brought into the open by the publication in 1994 of a 1994 book by Anna Pasternak titled Princess in Love, which was filmed under the same title in a movie directed by David Greene in 1996.[126] The Princess of Wales was portrayed by Julie Cox and James Hewitt was portrayed by Christopher Villiers.[126]
In December 1992, Prime Minister John Major announced the couples' "amicable separation" to the House of Commons,[127] and the full Camillagate transcript was published a month later in the newspapers, in January 1993. On 3 December 1993, the Princess of Wales announced her withdrawal from public life.[128]
The Prince of Wales sought public understanding via a televised interview with Jonathan Dimbleby on 29 June 1994. In this he confirmed his own extramarital affair with Camilla Parker Bowles, saying that he had rekindled their association in 1986, only after his marriage to the Princess had "irretrievably broken down".[129][130]
While she blamed Camilla Parker Bowles for her marital troubles because of her previous relationship with the Prince, the Princess at some point began to believe that he had other affairs. In October 1993, she wrote to a friend that she believed her husband was now in love with Tiggy Legge-Bourke and wanted to marry her.[131] Legge-Bourke had been hired by the Prince as a young companion for his sons while they were in his care, and the Princess was resentful of Legge-Bourke and her relationship with the young princes.
Diana's aunt-in-law, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, burnt "highly personal" letters that Diana wrote to the Queen Mother in 1993 because she thought they were considered to be "so private". Biographer William Shawcross wrote: "No doubt Princess Margaret felt that she was protecting her mother and other members of the family". He considered Princess Margaret's action to be "understandable, although regrettable from a historical viewpoint".[132]
The Princess of Wales was interviewed for the BBC current affairs show Panorama by journalist Martin Bashir; the interview was broadcast on 20 November 1995.[133] She described her relationship with Hewitt: "Yes, I adored him. Yes, I was in love with him. But I was very let down [by him]." Referring to her husband's affair with Camilla Parker Bowles, she said, "Well, there were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." Of herself, she said, "I'd like to be a queen of people's hearts." On the Prince of Wales' suitability for kingship, she stated, "Because I know the character I would think that the top job, as I call it, would bring enormous limitations to him, and I don't know whether he could adapt to that."[134]
On 20 December 1995, Buckingham Palace publicly announced the Queen had sent letters to the Prince and Princess of Wales advising them to divorce.[135][136] The Queen's move was backed by the Prime Minister and by senior Privy Counsellors, and, according to the BBC, was decided after two weeks of talks.[137] Prince Charles formally agreed to the divorce in a written statement soon after.[135] In February 1996, the Princess announced her agreement after negotiations with the Prince and representatives of the Queen,[138] irritating Buckingham Palace by issuing her own announcement of the divorce agreement and its terms.
This followed shortly after the Princess' accusation that Legge-Bourke had aborted the Prince's child, after which Legge-Bourke instructed Peter Carter-Ruck to demand an apology.[139] Diana's secretary Patrick Jephson resigned shortly before the story broke, later writing that the Princess had "exulted in accusing Legge-Bourke of having had an abortion".[140]
The divorce was finalised on 28 August 1996. Diana received a lump sum settlement of £15 million as well as £400,000 per year. The couple signed a confidentiality agreement that prohibited them from discussing the details of the divorce or of their married life.[141]
Days before the decree absolute of divorce, Letters Patent were issued with general rules to regulate royal titles after divorce. As she was no longer married to the Prince of Wales, Diana lost the style Her Royal Highness and instead was styled Diana, Princess of Wales.[b] As the mother of the prince expected to one day ascend to the throne, she was accorded the same precedence she enjoyed during her marriage.[144] Prince William was reported to have reassured his mother: "Don't worry, Mummy, I will give it back to you one day when I am King."[145][146]
Almost a year before, according to Tina Brown, the Duke of Edinburgh had warned the Princess of Wales: "If you don't behave, my girl, we'll take your title away." She is said to have replied: "My title is a lot older than yours, Philip."[147]
Buckingham Palace stated the Princess of Wales was still a member of the Royal Family, as she was the mother of the second and third in line to the throne. This was confirmed by the Deputy Coroner of the Queen's Household, Baroness Butler-Sloss, after a pre-hearing on 8 January 2007: "I am satisfied that at her death, Diana, Princess of Wales continued to be considered as a member of the Royal Household."[148] This appears to have been confirmed in the High Court judicial review matter of Al Fayed & Ors v Butler-Sloss.[149] In that case, three High Court judges accepted submissions that "the very name 'Coroner to the Queen's Household' gave the appearance of partiality in the context of inquests into the deaths of two people, one of whom was a member of the Royal Family and the other was not."[149]
Personal life after divorce[edit]
After the divorce, Diana retained her double apartment on the north side of Kensington Palace which she had shared with the Prince of Wales since the first year of their marriage, and it remained her home until her death. She continued to use two offices at St. James's Palace.[150]
Diana dated the British-Pakistani heart surgeon Hasnat Khan, who was called "the love of her life" after her death by many of her closest friends.[151] In May 1996, Diana visited Lahore upon invitation of Imran Khan, a relative of Hasnat Khan, and visited the latter's family in secret.[152] Khan was intensely private and the relationship was conducted in secrecy, with Diana lying to members of the press who questioned her about it. Their relationship lasted almost two years with differing accounts of who ended it.[153][154][155] According to Khan's testimonial at the inquest for her death, it was Diana who ended their relationship in a late-night meeting in Hyde Park, which adjoins the grounds of Kensington Palace, in June 1997.
Within a month Diana had begun seeing Dodi Fayed, son of her host that summer, Mohamed Al-Fayed. Diana had considered taking her sons that summer on a holiday to the Hamptons on Long Island, New York, but security officials had prevented it. After deciding against a trip to Thailand, she accepted Fayed's invitation to join his family in the south of France, where his compound and large security detail would not cause concern to the Royal Protection squad. Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the Jonikal, a 60-metre multimillion-pound yacht on which to entertain Diana and her sons.[156][157][158]
On 31 August 1997, Diana was fatally injured in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris, which also caused the deaths of her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver, Henri Paul, acting security manager of the Hôtel Ritz Paris. The funeral saw the British television audience peak at 32.10 million, one of the United Kingdom's highest viewing figures ever, while millions more watched the event around the world.[160][161]
Conspiracy theories, inquest and verdict[edit]
The initial French judicial investigation concluded the accident was caused by Paul's drunken loss of control.[162] In February 1998, Mohamed Al-Fayed, owner of the Paris Ritz where Paul had worked, publicly maintained that the crash had been planned,[163] accusing MI6 and the Duke of Edinburgh.[164] An inquest in London starting in 2004 and continued in 2007–08[165] attributed the accident to grossly negligent driving by Paul and to the pursuing paparazzi.[166] On 7 April 2008, the jury returned a verdict of 'unlawful killing'. The day following the final verdict of the inquest, Al-Fayed announced he would end his 10-year campaign to establish that it was murder rather than an accident, stating that he did so for the sake of the princess's children.[167]
Tribute, funeral, and burial[edit]
The sudden and unexpected death of an extraordinarily popular royal figure brought statements from senior figures worldwide and many tributes by members of the public.[168] People left public offerings of flowers, candles, cards, and personal messages outside Kensington Palace for many months. Her coffin, draped with the royal flag, was brought to London from Paris by Prince Charles and Diana's two sisters on 31 August 1997.[169][170] After being taken to a private mortuary it was placed in the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace.[169]
Diana's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 6 September. The previous day Queen Elizabeth II had paid tribute to her in a live television broadcast.[171] Her sons walked in the funeral procession behind her coffin, along with the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, Diana's brother Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, and representatives of some of her charities.[58] Lord Spencer said of his sister, "She proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic."[172] Originally written in honor of Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jeane Mortenson) in 1973 by Elton John and Bernie Taupin, "Candle in the Wind" was rewritten ("Candle in the Wind 1997" or "Goodbye England's Rose") and performed by Elton John at the funeral service (the only occasion the song has been performed live). "Candle in the Wind 1997" was released as a single in 1997. The global proceeds from the sale of the song have gone to Diana's charities.[173][174]
The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa, who died the same week as Diana. Her grave is on an island (52°16′59″N 1°00′01″W / 52.283082°N 1.000278°W) within the grounds of Althorp Park, the Spencer family home for centuries.[175]
The burial party was provided by the 2nd Battalion The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, who were given the honour of carrying the Princess across to the island and laying her to rest. Diana was the Regiment's Colonel-in-Chief from 1992 to 1997. The original plan was for Diana to be buried in the Spencer family vault at the local church in nearby Great Brington, but Lord Spencer said that he was concerned about public safety and security and the onslaught of visitors that might overwhelm Great Brington. He decided that Diana would be buried where her grave could be easily cared for and visited in privacy by William, Harry, and other Spencer relatives.[176]
Immediately after her death, many sites around the world became briefly ad hoc memorials to Diana where the public left flowers and other tributes. The largest was outside the gates of Kensington Palace, where people continue to leave flowers and tributes. Permanent memorials include:
- The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Gardens in Regent Centre Gardens Kirkintilloch
- The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain in Hyde Park, London, opened by Elizabeth II]]
- The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground in Kensington Gardens, London
- The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk, a circular path between Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde Park, and St. James's Park, London
The Flame of Liberty, erected in 1989 on the Place de l'Alma in Paris above the entrance to the tunnel in which the fatal crash occurred, has become an unofficial memorial to Diana.[177] In addition, there are two memorials inside Harrods department store, commissioned by Dodi Fayed's father, who owned the store from 1985 to 2010. The first memorial is a pyramid-shaped display containing photos of the princess and al-Fayed's son, a wine glass said to be from their last dinner, and a ring purchased by Dodi the day prior to the crash. The second, Innocent Victims, unveiled in 2005, is a bronze statue of Fayed dancing with Diana on a beach beneath the wings of an albatross.[178]
Following Diana's death, the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund was granted intellectual property rights over her image.[179] In 1998, the fund sued the Franklin Mint, accusing it of illegally selling Diana dolls, plates, and jewellery after having been refused a license to do so.[180][181][182] In California, where the initial case was tried, a suit to preserve the right of publicity may be filed on behalf of a dead person, but only if that person is a Californian. The Memorial Fund therefore filed the lawsuit on behalf of the estate and, upon losing the case, were required to pay the Franklin Mint's legal costs of £3 million which, combined with other fees, caused the Memorial Fund to freeze its grants to charities.[180][181][182] In 2003, the Franklin Mint counter-sued. In November 2004, the case was settled out of court with the Diana Memorial Fund agreeing to pay £13.5 million (US$21.5 million) to charitable causes on which both sides agreed. In addition to this, the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund had spent a total of close to £4 million (US$6.5 million) in costs and fees relating to this litigation, and as a result froze grants allocated to a number of charities.[183]
In 1998, Azermarka issued postage stamps commemorating Diana in Azerbaijan. The English text on souvenir sheets issued reads "DIANA, PRINCESS OF WALES The Princess that captured people's hearts (1961–1997)".[184] Several other countries issued commemorative stamps that year, including Great Britain, Somalia, and Congo.[185]
Diana in contemporary art[edit]
Diana has been depicted in contemporary art before and after her death. The first biopics about Diana and Charles were Charles and Diana: A Royal Love Story and The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana that were broadcast on American TV channels on 17 and 20 September 1981, respectively.[186] In December 1992, ABC aired Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After, a TV movie about marital discord between Diana and Charles.[187] In the 1990s, British magazine Private Eye called her "Cheryl" and Prince Charles "Brian".[188] Some of the artworks after her death have referenced the conspiracy theories, as well as paying tribute to Diana's compassion and acknowledging her perceived victimhood.
In July 1999, Tracey Emin created a number of monoprint drawings featuring textual references about Diana's public and private life for Temple of Diana, a themed exhibition at The Blue Gallery, London. Works such as They Wanted You To Be Destroyed (1999)[189] related to Diana's bulimia, while others included affectionate texts such as Love Was on Your Side and Diana's Dress with puffy sleeves. Another text praised her selflessness – The things you did to help other people, showing Diana in protective clothing walking through a minefield in Angola – while another referenced the conspiracy theories. Of her drawings, Emin maintained "They're quite sentimental ... and there's nothing cynical about it whatsoever."[190]
In 2005, Martín Sastre premiered during the Venice Biennale the film Diana: The Rose Conspiracy. This fictional work starts with the world discovering Diana alive and enjoying a happy undercover new life in a dangerous cantegril on the outskirts of Montevideo. Shot at an Uruguayan slum using a Diana impersonator from São Paulo, the film was selected by the Italian Art Critics Association as one of the Venice Biennial's best works.[191][192][193]
In 2007, following an earlier series referencing the conspiracy theories, Stella Vine created a series of Diana paintings for her first major solo exhibition at Modern Art Oxford gallery.[194] Vine intended to portray Diana's combined strength and vulnerability as well as her closeness to her two sons.[195] The works, all completed in 2007, included Diana branches, Diana family picnic, Diana veil and Diana pram, which incorporates the quotation "I vow to thee my country".[196] Immodesty Blaize said she had been entranced by Diana crash, finding it "by turns horrifying, bemusing and funny".[197] Vine asserted her own abiding attraction to "the beauty and the tragedy of Diana's life".[195]
Later events[edit]
On 13 July 2006, Italian magazine Chi published photographs showing Diana amid the wreckage of the car crash,[198] despite an unofficial blackout on such photographs being published.[199][c] The editor of Chi defended his decision by saying he published the photographs simply because they had not been previously seen, and he felt the images are not disrespectful to the memory of Diana.[199]
The Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium was held on 1 July 2007. The event, organised by the Princes William and Harry, celebrated the 46th anniversary of their mother's birth and occurred a few weeks before the 10th anniversary of her death on 31 August.[200][201] On 31 August 2007, a memorial service for Diana took place in the Guards Chapel.[202] Guests included members of the royal family and their relatives, members of the Spencer family, members of Diana's wedding party, Diana's close friends and aides, representatives from many of her charities, British politicians Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, and John Major, and friends from the entertainment world such as David Frost, Elton John, and Cliff Richard.[87]
The 2007 docudrama Diana: Last Days of a Princess details the final two months of her life. She is portrayed by Irish actress Genevieve O'Reilly.[203] On an October 2007 episode of The Chaser's War on Everything, Andrew Hansen mocked Diana in his "Eulogy Song", which immediately created considerable controversy in the Australian media.[204]
In 2013, a previously unseen photograph of the then already officially engaged Diana was put up for auction. The picture belonged to the Daily Mirror newspaper, and has "Not to be published" written on it. In it, a young Diana has her head in the lap of an unidentified man.[205]
On 19 March 2013, ten of Diana's dresses, including a midnight blue velvet gown she wore to a 1985 state dinner at the White House when she famously danced with John Travolta (which became known as the Travolta dress), raised over £800,000 at auction in London.[206]
From her engagement to the Prince of Wales in 1981 until her death in 1997, Diana was a major presence on the world stage, often described as the "world's most photographed woman".[207] She was noted for her compassion,[208] style, charisma, and high-profile charity work, as well as her difficult marriage to the Prince of Wales. Her peak popularity rate in the United Kingdom between 1981 and 2012 was 47%.[209]
She was a fashion icon whose style was emulated by women around the world. Iain Hollingshead of The Telegraph writes: "[Diana] had an ability to sell clothes just by looking at them."[210][211] An early example of the effect occurred during her courtship with Charles in 1980 when sales of Hunters Wellington boots skyrocketed after she was pictured wearing a pair on the Balmoral estate.[210][212]
In 1999, TIME named Diana one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.[213] In 2002, Diana was ranked third on the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, outranking the Queen and other British monarchs.[214]
In February 2013, OCAD University in Toronto, Canada, announced that its new 25,000 square foot arts center would be named the Princess of Wales Visual Arts Centre.[215] Princess Diana Drive was named in her memory in Trenton, New Jersey.[216]
Diana's granddaughter, Charlotte Elizabeth Diana, born in 2015, is named after her.[217][218][219]
Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit]
Titles and styles[edit]
- 1 July 1961 – 9 June 1975: The Honourable Diana Frances Spencer
- 9 June 1975 – 29 July 1981: Lady Diana Frances Spencer
- 29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales
- in Scotland: 29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay
- 28 August 1996 – 31 August 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales
Diana's full title and style prior to her divorce was Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, Countess of Chester.
Posthumously, as in life, she is most popularly referred to as "Princess Diana", a title not formally correct and one she never held.[d] She is still sometimes referred to in the media as "Lady Diana Spencer" or simply as "Lady Di". In a speech after her death, then-Prime Minister Tony Blair referred to Diana as the People's Princess.[220]
- Orders
- Foreign honours
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, bestowed by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands in 1982[57][221]
- Supreme Class of the Order of the Virtues (or Order of al-Kamal), 1982[57]
Honorary military appointments[edit]
The Princess of Wales held the following military appointments:
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Survey Corps[222]
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales' Own Regiment
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the West Nova Scotia Regiment
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment[223]
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the Light Dragoons[223]
- : Honorary Air Commodore, RAF Wittering[224]
She gave up these appointments following her divorce.[58]
|Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
|21 June 1982
|29 April 2011
|Catherine Middleton
|Prince George of Cambridge
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
|Prince Harry
|15 September 1984
Diana was born into the noble British Spencer family, different branches of which currently hold the titles of Duke of Marlborough, Earl Spencer, Earls of Sunderland, and Viscount Churchill.[227][228][229] The Spencers claimed to have descended from a cadet branch of the powerful medieval Despenser family, but its validity is still being questioned.[227] Diana's great-grandmother was Margaret Baring, a member of the German-British Baring family of bankers and the daughter of Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke.[230][231] Diana's distant noble ancestors include John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and Prince of Mindelheim and his wife Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough.[232] Through her grandmother, Lady Cynthia Hamilton, Diana is a distant relative of the Dukes of Abercorn.[233] She is also a distant relative of the dukes of Bedford, Richmond, Devonshire, Gordon, and many other members of the British titled aristocracy.
Diana's American roots come from her great-grandmother Frances Ellen Work, daughter of wealthy American stockbroker Franklin H. Work from Ohio, who was married to her great-grandfather James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy.[234]
Diana's fourth great-grandmother in her direct maternal line, Eliza Kewark, whose daughter was fathered by Theodore Forbes, is variously described in contemporary documents as "a dark-skinned native woman", "an Armenian woman from Bombay", and "Mrs. Forbesian".[235][236] Genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner assumed she was Armenian.[237] In June 2013, BritainsDNA announced that genealogical DNA tests on two of Diana's distant cousins in the same direct maternal line confirm that Eliza Kewark was of Indian descent.[238][239][240][241][242]
Diana's ancestry connects her with most of Europe's royal houses. Diana is descended from the House of Stuart through Charles II's illegitimate sons Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton and Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and from James II's daughter, Henrietta FitzJames, Countess of Newcastle, an ancestry she shares with the current Dukes of Alba.[101][243][244][245] From the House of Stuart, Diana is a descendant of the House of Bourbon from the line Henry IV of France and of the House of Medici from the line of Marie de' Medici. She is a descendant of powerful Italian noble families such as the House of Sforza, who ruled as the Dukes of Milan from the line of Caterina Sforza, Countess of Forlì.[246][247][248]
See also[edit]
Explanatory notes[edit]
- ^ a b As a titled royal, Diana used no surname. When one was used while she was married, it was Mountbatten-Windsor. According to letters patent dated February 1960, the official family name is Windsor.
- ^ Although it was asserted in 1996 that Diana would after the divorce be called "Lady Diana, Princess of Wales",[142] the Royal website in reporting her demise referred to her as "Diana, Princess of Wales".[143]
- ^ The photographs, taken minutes after the accident, show her slumped in the back seat while a paramedic attempts to fit an oxygen mask over her face.
- ^ Often used by the public and media, the style "Princess Diana" is incorrect. With rare exceptions by permission of the Sovereign (such as Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester), only women born to the title (such as The Princess Anne) may use it before their given names. After her divorce in 1996, Diana was officially styled Diana, Princess of Wales, having lost the prefix "HRH".
- ^ "The Life of Diana, Princess of Wales 1961–1997: Separation And Divorce". BBC. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d Morton, p. 99
- ^ Brown 2007, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Bradford 2006, p. 2.
- ^ a b Morton, p. 100
- ^ Demoskoff, Yvonne. "FAQ about Diana, Princess of Wales". Yvonne's Royalty Home Page. Retrieved 30 January 2016.[better source needed]
- ^ Brown 2007, pp. 37–38.
- ^ Brown 2007, p. 37.
- ^ Brown 2007, p. 41.
- ^ Bradford 2006, pp. 2, 20.
- ^ Morton p. 98
- ^ Bradford 2006, pp. 40, 42.
- ^ Brown 2007, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Bradford 2006, p. 25.
- ^ Bradford 2006, p. 34.
- ^ Bradford 2006, p. 29.
- ^ Bradford 2006, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Bradford 2006, p. 23.
- ^ Bradford 2006, p. 35.
- ^ Bradford 2006, pp. 40–41.
- ^ a b c "Diana, Princess of Wales: Childhood and teenage years". The British Monarchy. The Royal Household.
- ^ Brown 2007, p. 54,.
- ^ Bradford 2006, p. 41.
- ^ "Princess Diana Biography". The Biography Channel. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ "Diana's early years to be revealed in new book by Prince William". Daily Mail Online (London). 30 August 2007.
- ^ "An absent friend". Daily Telegraph Online (London). 27 November 2009.
- ^ a b c d "It was love at first sight between British people and Lady Diana". The Leader Post (London). AP. 15 July 1981. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ^ a b Diana: Her True Story, Commemorative Edition, by Andrew Morton (writer), 1997, Simon & Schuster
- ^ Bradford 2006, p. 40.
- ^ "Royal weekend fuels rumours". The Age (London). 17 November 1980. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ^ Dimbleby 1994, p. 279.
- ^ a b "International Special Report: Princess Diana, 1961–1997". The Washington Post. 30 January 1999. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
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- ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got bare: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 98. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ Denney, Colleen (April 2005). Representing Diana, Princess of Wales: cultural memory and fairy tales revisited. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8386-4023-4. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
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- ^ Morton, pp.112–113
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- ^ "Diana's funeral watched by millions on television". BBC News. 6 September 1997. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ Oborne, Peter (4 September 1999). "Diana crash caused by chauffeur, says report". The Daily Telegraph (1562) (London). Archived from the original on 22 May 2008.
- ^ "Diana crash was a conspiracy – Al Fayed". BBC. 12 February 1998. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ "Point-by-point: Al Fayed's claims". BBC. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ "Inquests into the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr Dodi Al Fayed". Judicial Communications Office. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ^ "Princess Diana unlawfully killed". BBC News. 7 April 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ "Al Fayed abandons Diana campaign". BBC News. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ "World Reaction to Diana's Death". BBC. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ a b "Princess Diana's body comes home". CNN. 31 August 1997. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ^ "Prince Charles Arrives in Paris to Take Diana's Body Home". The New York Times. 31 August 1997. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "The Queen's message". The British Monarchy. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ Spencer, Earl (4 May 2007). "The most hunted person of the modern age". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ "Candle In The Wind raises £38 million for Diana's charities after Elton John's moving performance at Princess' funeral". Daily Mail. 17 June 2015.
- ^ "17 Years Ago, Elton John's 'Candle In the Wind 1997' Started Its 14-Week No. 1 Run" (11 October 2014). Billboard. 17 June 2015.
- ^ "Diana Returns Home". BBC. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ "Burial site offers princess a privacy elusive in life". Sarasota Herald Tribune. 6 September 1997. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ Silverman, Stephen M. (28 August 2002). "Paris Honors Diana with Two Memorials". People. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ "Harrods unveils Diana, Dodi statue". CNN. 1 September 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ Rajan Datar (13 May 2005). "Diana's lost millions". BBC News. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ a b "Diana Memorial Fund faces £15m legal bill as sister of Princess is sued by US company". The Independent. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ a b "Federal Court Orders Princess Diana Memorial Fund to Pay $2.3 Million in Attorneys' Fees to Franklin Mint". PR Newswire. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ a b "Factfile: history of Diana memorial fund". Daily Mail. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ Rajan Datar (11 November 2004). "BBC NEWS | Business | Diana's lost millions". News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
- ^ "1998, February, 4. Princess Diana.". Azermarka. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
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- ^ Bastin, Giselle (Summer 2009). "Filming the Ineffable: Biopics of the British Royal Family". Auto/Biography Studies 24 (1): 34–52. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ Tucker, Ken (11 December 1992). "Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ Brett, Oliver (15 January 2009). "What's in a nickname?". BBC. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Work illustrated on page 21 of Neal Brown's book Tracey Emin (Tate's Modern Artists Series) (London: Tate, 2006) ISBN 1-85437-542-3
- ^ Video footage and interview with Emin from The Blue Gallery exhibition is included in the 1999 ZCZ Films documentary Mad Tracey From Margate Archived 21 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Vídeo do artista Martín Sastre revive Lady Di em favela uruguaia". Terra (in Portuguese). 24 August 2005. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ Ezabella, Fernanda (24 August 2008). "Vídeo do artista Martín Sastre revive Lady Di em favela uruguaia" (in Portuguese). UOL Entretenimento. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
- ^ "Lady Di vive en Uruguay" (in Spanish). infobae.com. 2 April 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
- ^ "Modern Art Oxford To Present Stella Vine: Paintings". Art Daily. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ a b Stella Vine's Latest Exhibition Modern Art Oxford, 14 July 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- ^ Nairne, Andrew and Greer, Germaine. "Stella Vine: Paintings", Modern Art Oxford, 2007. This was the first line of a favourite English hymn, which had been sung at Diana and Charles's wedding.
- ^ Barnett, Laura. "Portrait of the artist: Immodesty Blaize, burlesque dancer", The Guardian, 4 September 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Photos Of Dying Diana Outrage Britain, Italian Magazine Printed Photos Of Princess At Crash Site In 1997 – CBS News". Cbsnews.com. 14 July 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ a b "Princes' 'sadness' at Diana photo". BBC News. 14 July 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ Diana concert a 'perfect tribute' BBC. Retrieved 25 August 2012
- ^ "Concert for Diana". BBC. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ^ "Princes lead Diana memorial service tributes". The Telegraph. 31 August 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ^ "Diana: Last Days of a Princess TV Show". tvguide.com. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
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- ^ 'Do-not-publish' Diana photo up for auction in US Inquirer
- ^ White, Belinda (19 March 2013). "Princess Diana's dresses raise over £800,000 at auction". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
- ^ Faulkner, Larissa J. (1997). "Shades of Discipline: Princess Diana, The U.S. Media, and Whiteness". Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies 16 (31). Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ Bradford 2006, pp. 307–308.
- ^ Lydall, Ross (19 November 2012). "Prince William now the most popular royal as monarchy rides high in national poll". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ a b "Will Kate kick off a war of the Welles?". The Telegraph. 17 June 2015.
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- ^ Quittner, Joshua (14 June 1999). "Princess Diana—Time 100 People of the Century". Time Magazine.
- ^ "Great Britons 1–10". BBC via Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 4 February 2004. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ Alcoba, Natalie (13 February 2013). "Royal assent: William and Harry cheer OCAD University decision to name new arts centre after Princess Diana". National Post. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
- ^ Princess Diana Drive infosite, nj.postcodebase.com; accessed 18 May 2014.
- ^ "Royal princess named Charlotte Elizabeth Diana". BBC (London). 4 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- ^ "Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana: why William and Kate made their name choices for royal baby". The Daily Telegraph (London). 4 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- ^ "Princess Charlotte: Prince William pays tribute to late mother Diana with baby's middle name". Daily Mirror (London). 4 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- ^ "Tony coined the 'people's princess'". The Daily Telegraph (London). 9 July 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ^ Photo showing Princess Diana wearing the sash
- ^ C.D. Coulthard-Clark, Australia's Military Mapmakers,Oxford University Press, published 2000, ISBN 0-19-551343-6
- ^ a b The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 52834. p. 2581. 13 February 1992.
- ^ The London Gazette: no. 50148. p. 8028. 10 June 1985.
- ^ "The Coat of Arms of HRH Prince William and HRH Prince Harry of Wales". College of Arms. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
- ^ Round, J.H. (1901) Studies in Peerage and Family History, A. Constable and Company, London, pp. 292–309
- ^ a b "Spencer Family History". sixth Romeo. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ "A Modern Monarchy – The Royal Family appears to have overcome its troubles and the new generation has adapted skilfully to a changing Britain". The Times. 25 July 2013. Leading articles.
Prince George of Cambridge, born on Monday, now has in his relatively recent line miners and labourers; something hard to contemplate a generation ago.
- ^ David White, Somerset Herald, College of Arms (23 July 2013). "The Windsors & the Middletons – A family tree". The Times. Pull-out supplement.
- ^ Ziegler, Philip (1988). The Sixth Great Power: Barings 1762–1929. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-217508-8.
- ^ "A Brief History of Barings". Baring Archive. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ "House of Churchill and Spencer". European Heraldry. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ "Diana, Princess of Wales: A Culpepper Cousin". Culpepper. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ Evans, Richard K. (2007). The Ancestry of Diana, Princess of Wales. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. ISBN 9780880822084. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Williamson 1981a.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Williamson 1981b.
- ^ Reitwiesner, William Addams (2006). "The Ethnic ancestry of Prince William". wargs.com. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ^ "New genetic evidence that Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, is the direct descendant of an Indian woman and that he carries her mitochondrial DNA." (PDF). BritainsDNA. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ "DNA tests reveal Prince William's Indian ancestry". CNN. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ Brown, David (14 June 2013). "Revealed: the Indian ancestry of William". The Times. p. 1. (subscription required (help)).
- ^ Sinha, Kounteya (16 June 2013). "Hunt on for Prince William's distant cousins in Surat". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ Hern, Alex (14 June 2013). "Are there ethical lapses in the Times' story on William's 'Indian ancestry'?". New Statesman. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
Although Eliza Kewark was indeed thought of as Armenian, it's not particularly surprising that she would have had Indian ancestors; the Armenian diaspora had been in India for centuries at the time of her birth, and even the most insular communities tend to experience genetic mixing over in that timescale.
- ^ "Diana, Princess of Wales". English Monarchs. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
- ^ "Princess Diana and her Stewart Lineage". Rosa Mond Press. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
- ^ "HRH The Princess of Wales". Bismith. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
- ^ "Caterina Sforza". the borgias. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ "The Seventeenth Century Lady". andrea zuvich. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ^ "Caterina Sforza, 1463–1509" (PDF). Falco's Aerie. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- Bradford, Sarah (2006). Diana. New York; Toronto; London: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03807-7.
- Brown, Tina (2007). The Diana Chronicles. London; New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51708-9.
- Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
- Morton, Andrew (1992). Diana: Her True Story In Her Own Words. New York: Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-79363-0.
- Smith, Sally Bedell (2000) [1999]. Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9.
- Spencer, Charles (1998). Althorp: The Story of an English House. London; New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-88322-6.
- Williamson, D. (1981a). "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". Genealogist's Magazine 20 (6): 192–199.
- Williamson, D. (1981b). "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". Genealogist's Magazine 20 (8): 281–282.
Further reading[edit]
- Anderson, Christopher (2001). Diana's Boys: William and Harry and the Mother they Loved. United States: William Morrow; 1st ed edition. ISBN 978-0-688-17204-6.
- Bedell Smith, Sally (1999). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-3030-4.
- Brennan, Kristine (1998). Diana, Princess of Wales. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. ISBN 0-7910-4714-8.
- Burrell, Paul (2003). A Royal Duty. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-00-725263-3.
- Burrell, Paul (2007). The Way We Were: Remembering Diana. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-06-113895-9.
- Caradec'h, Jean-Michel (2006). Diana. L'enquête criminelle (in French). Neuilly-sur-Seine: Michel Lafon. ISBN 978-2-7499-0479-5.
- Corby, Tom (1997). Diana, Princess of Wales: A Tribute. United States: Benford Books. ISBN 978-1-56649-599-8.
- Coward, Rosalind (2004). Diana: The Portrait. United Kingdom (other publishers worldwide): HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-718203-1.
- Davies, Jude (2001). Diana, A Cultural History: Gender, Race, Nation, and the People's Princess. Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-73688-5. OCLC 46565010.
- Denney, Colleen (2005). Representing Diana, Princess of Wales: Cultural Memory and Fairy Tales Revisited. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-4023-0. OCLC 56490960.
- Edwards, Anne (2001). Ever After: Diana and the Life She Led. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-25314-1. OCLC 43867312.
- Frum, David (2000). How We Got bare: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- Mattern, Joanne (2006). Princess Diana. DK Biography. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-756-61614-4.
- Morton, Andrew (2004). Diana: In Pursuit of Love. United States: Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 978-1-84317-084-6.
- Rees-Jones, Trevor (2000). The Bodyguard's Story: Diana, the Crash, and the Sole Survivor. United States: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-85508-2.
- Steinberg, Deborah Lynn (1999). Mourning Diana: Nation, Culture and the Performance of Grief. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19393-1.
- Taylor, John A. (2000). Diana, Self-Interest, and British National Identity. Westport, CN: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96826-X. OCLC 42935749.
- Thomas, James (2002). Diana's Mourning: A People's History. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1753-7. OCLC 50099981.
- Turnock, Robert (2000). Interpreting Diana: Television Audiences and the Death of a Princess. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 0-85170-788-2. OCLC 43819614.
External links[edit]
Find more about
Diana, Princess of Wales
at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Media from Commons
|News stories from Wikinews
|Quotations from Wikiquote
|Textbooks from Wikibooks
|Data from Wikidata
- Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund official website of Theworkcontinues.org.
- "Diana Remembered" at People magazine
- Coroner's Inquests into the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr Dodi Al Fayed at National Archives
- The Goddess of Domestic Tribulations by Theodore Dalrymple Essay on the cultural significance of Princess Diana. Theodore Dalrymple. City Journal at City-journal.com.
- "Ten Years On: Why Princess Diana Mattered". Time magazine.
- BBC mini-site Diana One Year On pictures of Diana, Panorama interview video extracts, coverage of the funeral, how the UK newspapers reported her death
- Works by or about Diana, Princess of Wales in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Diana, Princess of Wales at the Internet Movie Database
- 1961 births
- 1997 deaths
- British Anglicans
- British countesses
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- British environmentalists
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text:
Here Comes the Boom
Miley Cyrus and Bigfoot Side by Side for the First Time! Plus 'Flight,' 'Here Comes the Boom,' 'Alex Cross' and More
- By Rob Hunter
- @FakeRobHunter
- February 4, 2013
Welcome back to This Week In Discs! As always, if you see something you like, click on the image to buy it. Paul Williams: Still Alive Like many kids in the '70s Stephen Kessler was a fan of singer/songwriter Paul Williams' particular brand of sad, melodic songs that gave equal...
'Here Comes the Boom' Trailer Sees Kevin James Making Less of a Fool of Himself Than Usual
- By Nathan Adams
- @templeofreviews
- June 27, 2012
Over the last decade or so, Kevin James has found his niche. He stars in wacky, slapstick movies about bumbling losers who are defined by their occupations. Think of it as the big screen version of the Simpsons episodes where Homer gets a new job for a few days and...

subset: commoncrawl


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6 trendiest hairstyles for guys right now
Hair is normally always the first thing that people notice whether it be in a Grindr photo, at work, or at the bars.
You have to keep up with the latest trends in hair or walk around in another decade with an outdated hair style.
Six trendy trendiest hairstyles for guys right now include the Undercut, Fade haircut, Man bun and the Top Knot. So this may apply to both men and women of the gay community. If you wish to go for a more classic look the trends are the Pompadour with a large volume on top and slicked back sides or a men's classic side part for a more professional look.
The hipsters in the house may want the long-haired man bun or some may want the crops cropped style of the fade. There are several hairstyles to choose from that fit your personality. Just make sure the style fits the shape of your face and is easy for you to fix at 8am or when your running late for a date.
When it comes to product if you want to achieve a dry looking matte style then wax is essential. To achieve a wet looking slick style pomade is the best bet. Now of course you lesbians may be far ahead of the trend outdoing us gays like you did when it came to looking like Justin Bieber.


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Ever since moving to our little townhouse in Cambridge almost a decade ago, I've dealt with cooking in tiny kitchens. I cooked a Thanksgiving dinner for 20 in a mini oven the size of one cookie sheet exactly. Only one rack! That goes on my list of proudest accomplishments. :)
Our kitchen in Brooklyn is pretty tiny too. Hardly any counter space and awkwardly laid out (at least I loved our range!). So as we were looking for a new house, I thought it would be completely fantastic to have a nice - like really nice - kitchen for once in my adult life.
Well, what I got with the Valley house is the hope for a 'someday-nice' kitchen. While we're saving up for the day (six months? a year from now?) where I can move plumbing and walls, I'll be DIYing the heck out of this kitchen to make it more "me" on the surface. Here are a million photos and my plans...
So, when you enter the kitchen from the music room, there's a little nook space for a separate freezer. My sister in law suggested putting a beverage fridge there, which sounds a bit like heaven for me and my Diet Coke habit. :) Although, I do love freezing summer produce to use the rest of the year, so a deep freeze might beat out a soda/juice/water fridge.
Next to the freezer nook is a little built-in desk space. I'll probably take the cabinet doors off - at least those two middle doors. And maybe put mirror in the paned doors? Or antique the backs of the existing glass. Something fun. The whole thing would be painted and there'd be a cute little chair, too.


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Use these special offers to save on your visit to Fernbank Museum! And don't forget, Members receive FREE Museum admission and enjoy discounts on IMAX® tickets and more.
Looking for the prefect outing for your young adventurer? Fernbank Museum has the answer with the NEW promotion Mommy & Me Mondays. This special offer includes Museum admission for 1 adult and up to 2 children ages 5 and younger for just $20 and free parking. Some restrictions apply. Learn more.
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Nikola Tesla was the best.
Nikola Tesla was the best.
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All well and good so long as you remember there was only one genius and that was Tesla, Edison was a thief, a plagerist and a bastard.
THE CURRENT WAR//THE TALE OF AN EARLY TECH RIVALRY//THOMAS EDISON VS. NIKOLA TESLA//YOU would never found two geniuses so spitful of each other beyond turn-of-the century inventors Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. They worked together--and hated each other. Lets compare thier life, achievements, and embittered battles. DC DIRECT CURRENT--AC ALTERNATING CURRENT.
edison was an asshole for not paying tesla
I watched on the Hostory channel,
He killed an Elephant!
Edison wasn't a genius.
From my opinion i think AC got more capability then DC.. as i'm software engineer but i think people form electrical engineering field will surely agree with me
Tesla all the way
good stuff. the oatmeal did a great write up bout Tesla too...
history is written by the winners...
Had heard about the rivalry. Nice organization of information here.
Yeah this pisses me off. Fuck you Edison, GE, and JP Morgan too.
The oatmeal.com has a great comic for this
No, sorry. Edison wasn't a fucking inventor - he was a businessman. Period. He was also not a genius, by the typical definition. He was also a tremendous asshole. Presenting him as Tesla's equal is asinine, as Nikola Tesla was a man without equal (save for maybe Leonardo DaVinci).
Tesla > Edison. Something that every geek knows and something that everyone else has to learn.
Edison was a scum and Tesla was a genius. To think that we used to be taught that Edison was such an important person, while not even mentioning Tesla. *sigh.
It's Graz not "Gratz"
Who's who in innovation?


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Tag "android toys"
Dead Zebra's Series 04 Android collectibles on sale Friday, November 29
Just a quick note to let you guys and gals know that you'll want to put aside a little bit of that Black Friday money. The Series 04 Android collectibles
Dead Zebra celebrates China National Day with limited edition Android collectible
Dead Zebra has a new, limited-edition Android collectible to help celebrate CHina National Day. Available starting from 11PM EDT later today (October 2), the figure will be aimed primarily at
Parrot announces AR.Drone 2.0 Power Edition
Limited edition model includes multiple colors for propellers and two higher capacity batteries good for 36 minutes of flight.
Orbotix intros faster, smarter, brighter Sphero 2.0
Orbotix this morning announced that a new Sperho experience is set to roll out (see what we did there?) starting on August 30. Faster, brighter, and smarter than its predecessor,
Dead Zebra Unveils Android Snowman Collectible
The guys over at Dead Zebra sure know how to create a demand. After already creating a highly sought after Android lineup, they turned to limited edition versions of their 3″ figurines with the Power Vampire. As expected, these sold through instantly. Get ready for another super awesome collectible in the Snowman.
Must Have Geek Goodies – 3″ Vinyl Android Figures
Well, I know what I'm going to have decorating my desk and office as soon as possible. Check out the Android mini collectibles from Dyzplastic and Andrew Bell. Kicking of


text:
Mental Health Commission Report
Witnesses testified about a recent report on mental health and the state of mental health care in the U.S.
People in this video
- Paul Appelbaum Professor University of Massachusetts->Medical School
- Carlos Brandenburg Administrator Nevada State Health Division->Mental Health
- Ann Buchanan Resident Maryland
- Charles G. Curie Administrator Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Michael Faenza President and CEO National Mental Health Association
- Stephen Mayberg Commissioner President's New Freedom Cmsn. Mental Health
- Richard "Mike" Michael DeWine U.S. Senator [R] Ohio
Hosting Organization
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Mental health experts and government officials spoke about marijuana use and mental health in teenagers. They also…


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Stock Photo:
WESTWOOD, CA - APRIL 28: Actor Wendi McLendon-Covey signing autographs at the premiere of the movie Bridesmaids at the Village Theatre on April 28, 2011 in Westwood, CA.
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iHerb Customer Reviews
Items 6-10 of 13 total
Timely receipt of great products
Posted by Reviewer1744101 on Dec 27, 2010
We live in southern Mexico, off the beaten track, and our wonderful products from iHerb not only always make it here (!!!) but always come in a timely manner. This is important to us who cannot get these items any other way! Thank you iHerb!! Roxanne Cole
Feels Great
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This toner is very nice. Great to use after washing up before moisturizing. Nice cool feeling but not too strong.
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good performance, good ingredients, cruelty free.
good quality
Posted by Reviewer1687728 on Apr 25, 2011
good for dry skin
Items 6-10 of 13 total


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DONTTOUCHIT by leopardsnowWatch
©2013-2016 leopardsnow
Personal thing, was done in 30-32 minutes. Just wanted to play Dead Space 3, but instead of that started mixing pixels in Photoshop. God damn, better I'd watch movie or play that game.
Excellent. Really like the lighting.
so much win man the light are the top!!!
WOOOOOW!!! This is so cool!!! And... you did this in 30 minutes!??! Even more "WOW!"
You know that you are an amazing artist?
woohooo! man awesome!
Pretty damn impressive.


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The client prefers freelancers from
a different location.
Unified Beat inc. is a company that has just relaunched and needs help building a Web presence. Our specialty is in creating videos for commercial and promotional use. Our target clients are predominantly dancers, but we would like to include all forms of art. Compensation will include a flat rate, and potential commission from every client found. Please email me if you are interested.
Simon Wu
Unified Beat inc.
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