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Publications (63)276.92 Total impact
Article: Cooperative effects of aminopeptidase N (CD13) expressed by nonmalignant and cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment.
Article: Cooperative effects of aminopeptidase N (CD13) expressed by nonmalignant and cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Processes that promote cancer progression such as angiogenesis require a functional interplay between malignant and nonmalignant cells in the tumor microenvironment. The metalloprotease aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13) is often overexpressed in tumor cells and has been implicated in angiogenesis and cancer progression. Our previous studies of APN-null mice revealed impaired neoangiogenesis in model systems without cancer cells and suggested the hypothesis that APN expressed by nonmalignant cells might promote tumor growth. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the effects of APN deficiency in allografted malignant (tumor) and nonmalignant (host) cells on tumor growth and metastasis in APN-null mice. In two independent tumor graft models, APN activity in both the tumors and the host cells cooperate to promote tumor vascularization and growth. Loss of APN expression by the host and/or the malignant cells also impaired lung metastasis in experimental mouse models. Thus, cooperation in APN expression by both cancer cells and nonmalignant stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment promotes angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis.
Article: Effect of the Choice of Primary Chemotherapy on the Cumulative Length of Stay in Hospital for Multiple Myeloma[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The actual use of hospital beds for patients with multiple myeloma was calculated from a randomised trial of primary treatment with either melphalan and prednisone (MP, 66 patients) or intensive combination chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, lomustine, melphalan and methylprednisolone (MOCCA, 64 patients). The survival of the patients was similar in both arms, and the samples, 20 and 32 patients, respectively, were well representative for the whole arms. The average numbers of hospital days were similar fur both arms. For the first year MP 33.2 (SD 27.6) vs. MOCCA 32.1 (SD 19.0), and during the first to 4th years 78.5 (SD 45.9) vs. 67.8 (SD 34.1). For the year of death it was 50.4 (SD 33.1) vii. 36.3 (SD 27.0), respectivelly. Thus the choice of primary chemotherapy whether conventional or more aggressive had no influence on the actual number of in-patient hospital days concerned. When the combination chemotherapy schedule is well tolerated it can be administered just as well on an ambulatory basis or by using it with very short admissions. It seems that the need for inpatient care for patients with multiple myeloma is mostly related to the complications of the disease itself and to intercurrent disorders including infections.
Article: Corticosteroid is not beneficial in multiple‐drug combination chemotherapy for multiple myeloma[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In a randomised multicentre trial a combination of methylprednisolone, vincristine, lomustine, cyclophosphamide and melphalan (MOCCA) was compared with the same regimen omitting methylprednisolone after the first course (COLA) in previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. The MOCCA arm showed a response rate of 72% among 79 patients and the COLA arm a response rate of 60% among 59 patients. This difference was not statistically significant. The median survival time was 56 months in the MOCCA arm and 61 months in the COLA arm. There was a slight increase of early deaths (within the first 6 months) in the MOCCA arm as compared with the COLA arm. We conclude that, in multidrug therapies, the continuation of corticosteroid at conventional dosage beyond the first course does not improve response rate or survival time in multiple myeloma.
Article: Intensive chemotherapy with combinations containing anthracyclines for refractory and relapsing multiple myeloma[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: 94 patients with refractory multiple myeloma were treated in a multicentre trial with combinations of cytotoxic drugs including anthracyclines. All were refractory to a 5-drug combination containing 3 alkylating agents, vincristine and methylprednisolone (MOCCA). With a combination of epirubicin and iphosphamide a 50% response was achieved in 9% of 22 patients. The response rate after schedule VAP (vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisolone) was 8% of 13 patients and that after schedule VAD (vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone) 20% of 59 patients. The previous chemotherapy had lasted for less than 12 months in 13 cases from among all these patients, and 5 of these (38%) responded. In contrast, there were only 10 responders (12%) among the 81 patients with longer previous chemotherapy.
Article: Blood stem cell mobilization and collection in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: A nationwide analysis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Some reports suggest that blood stem cell mobilization is difficult in a proportion of patients with CLL. We evaluated this issue in a large cohort of CLL patients. One hundred and twenty-eight patients with CLL underwent blood stem cell mobilization during 1995-2005 in Finland. Ninety-five percent of the patients had received fludarabine. The most common mobilization regimen was intermediate-dose CY plus G-CSF (90 patients, 70%). At least 2 x 10(6)/kg CD34+ cells were collected after the first mobilization attempt in 83 patients (65%), whereas 45 patients (35%) failed to reach this collection target. No differences were observed between these patient groups with regard to age, time from the diagnosis to mobilization, number of previous treatment lines, number of fludarabine courses, time from the last fludarabine-containing chemotherapy to mobilization, disease status or degree of marrow infiltration. Patients who failed collection had platelets <100 x 10(9)/l more commonly at the time of mobilization (30 vs 4%, P<0.001). A significant proportion of patients with CLL were difficult to mobilize. Adequate marrow function including platelet counts >100 x 10(9)/l seem to be important factors in terms of successful blood stem cell collection.
Article: Long-term outcome of intensive chemotherapy for adults with de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (AML): The nationwide AML-92 study by the Finnish Leukaemia Group[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To investigate the long-term outcome of idarubicin- and cytarabine-based intensive chemotherapy in adult acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). A total of 327 consecutive patients with de novo AML (promyelocytic leukaemia excluded) aged 16-65 yr were recruited into the study between September 1992 and December 2001. The latest follow-up data were collected in October 2006. After remission achievement with the first (conventional cytarabine) or second (high-dose cytarabine) chemotherapy cycle, three intensive consolidation courses each containing high- or intermediate-dose cytarabine were given. A total of 268 patients (82%) achieved complete remission (CR). CR rate was 82% and 84% for patients <60 and > or =60 yr of age, respectively. CR rates in patients with favourable (93%) and intermediate/normal karyotypes (87%) were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than CR rate in patients with adverse karyotype (61%). Median relapse-free survival (RFS) for the patients not transplanted in the first CR (n = 195) was 1.7 yr (95% CI: 0.81-2.60). At 4 yr, a plateau of 70% in RFS was reached for patients with favourable karyotypes. The 5-yr survival was 71%, 47% and 37% for the non-transplanted patients (n = 202) with favourable, intermediate/normal and intermediate/abnormal karyotypes, respectively, while only 8% of the patients having adverse karyotype were alive at 5 yr (P < 0.01). Of the patients with favourable, intermediate/normal or intermediate/abnormal karyotypes, respectively, 58%, 41% and 31% were expected to be alive at 10 yr. Idarubicin- and cytarabine-based intensive chemotherapy regimen is very effective in de novo AML for adult patients up to 65 yr of age. New treatment strategies are needed, however, to improve the outcome of the patients with intermediate and adverse karyotypes.
Article: Late non-relapse mortality among adult autologous stem cell transplant recipients: A nation-wide analysis of 1482 patients transplanted in 1990-2003[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Introduction: Data on the incidence and causes of late (>100 d) non-relapse mortality (NRM) in autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) recipients is limited. Patients and methods: We have analysed NRM in a cohort of 1482 adult patients who received ASCT in 1990–2003 in six Finnish transplant centres. The most common diagnoses included non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (n = 542), multiple myeloma (MM) (n = 528), breast cancer (n = 132); Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) (n = 86) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) (n = 63). Results: Until September 2005, 646 patients (44%) have died. Late NRM was observed in 68 patients (4.6% of ASCT recipients; 11% of all deaths). There were 38 males and 30 females with a median age of 58 yr (20–69) at the time of ASCT. The median time to NRM was 27 months from ASCT (3–112). The risk of NRM was highest in patients with CLL (9.5%) and those with HL (8.1%) followed by MM and NHL (4.9% and 4.8%, respectively). The risk of late NRM was comparable in patients who received total body irradiation (TBI) and those who received chemotherapy-only regimens (6.7% vs. 4.3%). Another malignancy was the most common cause of late NRM (24 patients, 35% of late NRM). Twelve patients (0.8% of ASCT recipients) have died due to secondary haematological malignancy. Altogether 22 patients (32% of late NRM) died from infectious causes. Conclusions: Malignancies and late infections are important causes of NRM after ASCT. These facts point out the importance of prolonged follow-up in ASCT recipients.
Article: Autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: The Finnish experience[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Although autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has gained some popularity as a treatment option in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), limited multicentre data are available on the feasibility and efficacy of this approach. Between January 1995 and June 2005, 72 patients with CLL received ASCT in five Finnish centres. There were 45 men and 27 women with a median age of 57 years (38-69). The median time from diagnosis to ASCT was 32 months (6-181) and the median number of prior regimens 1 (1-4). All patients received blood stem cell grafts and CD34+ selection had been performed in 44 patients (61%). The most common high-dose regimen was a total body irradiation plus cyclophosphamide (38 patients, 53%). No early treatment-related deaths were observed. With a median follow-up of 28 months from ASCT, a relapse or progression has been observed in 27 patients (37%). The projected progression-free survival is 48 months (confidence interval (CI) 30-66). The projected median overall survival is 95 months (CI 74-101) from ASCT and is not influenced by graft selection or conditioning regimen used. Autologous stem cell transplantation is a feasible treatment option for CLL. Randomized trials against alternative treatments are needed to assess the impact of ASCT on the clinical course of CLL.
Article: Early treatment-related mortality in adult autologous stem cell transplant recipients: A nation-wide survey of 1482 transplanted patients[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To evaluate early (<100 d) treatment-related mortality (TRM) in autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) recipients. Altogether 1482 adult patients received ASCT in six Finnish centres 1990-2003. The most common diagnoses were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (n = 542), multiple myeloma (MM) (n = 528), breast cancer (BC) (n = 132), Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 86) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) (n = 63). Forty-two patients (2.8%) died from treatment-related reasons <100 d from ASCT. The median time to death was 38 d from ASCT (0-99). The risk of TRM varied according to the diagnoses. The highest risk was observed in patients with AL amyloidosis (24%) followed by NHL (4.4%) and MM (1.9%). No early TRM was observed in patients transplanted for BC or CLL. Infections were the cause of death in 16 patients (fungal 7, bacterial 6, viral 3). Organ toxicity was responsible for early death in 26 patients (heart 9, lungs 7, other 10). This nation-wide survey indicated a low early TRM in ASCT recipients in general, but higher risks in patients with AL amyloidosis or NHL. In addition to patient selection, also optimization of transplant procedure may be needed in these patient groups to reduce early TRM.
Article: A tripeptide mimetic of von Willebrand factor residues 981–983 enhances platelet adhesion to fibrinogen by signaling through integrin βIIbβ3[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: RGD is a major recognition sequence for ligands of platelet alpha(IIb)beta3. To identify potential binding sites for alpha(IIb)beta3 apart from RGD, we screened phage display libraries by blocking the enrichment of RGD-containing phages with a GRGDS peptide and identified a novel integrin recognition tripeptide sequence, VPW. Platelets adhered to an immobilized cyclic VPW containing peptide in a alpha(IIb)beta3-dependent manner; platelets and alpha(IIb)beta3-expressing CHO cells adhered faster to immobilized alpha(IIb)beta3-ligands in the presence of soluble VPW. In platelets adhering to fibrinogen, VPW accelerated the activation of the tyrosine kinase Syk which controls cytoskeletal rearrangements. In alpha(IIb)beta3-expressing CHO cells, VPW induced a faster formation of stress fibers. Sequence alignment positioned VPW to V980-P981-W982 in the von Willebrand factor (vWf) A-3 domain. In blood from a vWf-deficient individual, VPW increased platelet adhesion to fibrinogen but not to collagen under flow and rescued the impaired adhesion to vWf deficient in A-3. These data reveal a VPW sequence that contributes to alpha(IIb)beta3 activation in in vitro experiments. Whether the V980-P981-W982 sequence in vWf shows similar properties under in vivo conditions remains to be established.
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ABSTRACT: Although autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is considered standard treatment in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), limited experience is available on this approach in patients with plasmacytoma (PC). Twelve patients with high-risk PC received ASCT in Finland 1994-2002. There were nine males and three females with a median age of 50 yr (32-64). Ten patients had a PC of bone, whereas two patients had extramedullary PCs. The median time from the diagnosis to ASCT was 9 months (5-100). At the time of ASCT six patients were in first complete remission (CR) or partial remission (PR), in four patients the disease was refractory to the first line therapy and two patients had relapsed. High-dose therapy consisted of melphalan (MEL)200 (n = 7), MEL200 x 2 (n = 3) or total body irradiation (TBI)-MEL140 (n = 2). No transplant-related deaths occurred. After ASCT eight patients (67%) were in CR, one patient in very good PR and one patient in PR; two patients were non-responders. With a median follow-up of 48 months from ASCT, 11 patients (92%) are alive. Six patients (50%) have relapsed or progressed 3-81 months from ASCT. ASCT is feasible in this patient population resulting in promising overall survival. A randomised trial is needed to assess the real value of ASCT when compared with other treatment options in patients with high-risk PC.
Article: Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Primary Amyloidosis: A Nation-wide Survey[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Due to poor prognosis with conventional therapy, high-dose therapy (HDT) with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is considered for treatment in patients with primary amyloidosis (AL). Only single centre series are available on the feasibility and efficacy of this approach. Altogether 20 AL patients (11 males, 9 females, median age 54 years) were included in HDT protocols in 5 Finnish transplant centres between 1997 and 2003. Twelve patients were mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone and 8 patients with a combination of cyclophosphamide and G-CSF. Sixteen patients (80%) went on to high-dose melphalan. Early transplant-related mortality was 25%. Nine out of 11 evaluable patients showed improvement or stabilization of AL. The overall survival of the transplanted patients is 69% (median follow-up 13 months). After a median follow-up of 26 months for the living patients, only 2 patients (18%) have shown progression of AL. This retrospective nation-wide analysis shows that HDT with ASCT leads to improvement or stabilization of AL in the majority of the patients who survive the immediate posttransplant period. A randomized multicentre trial is needed to show whether ASCT is superior to conventional therapy in patients with AL.
Article: Invasive fungal infections in autologous stem cell transplant recipients: A nationwide study of 1188 transplanted patients[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Based on small single-centre series, the risk of invasive fungal infections (IFI) has been considered small in autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) recipients. To analyse epidemiological and clinical features of (IFI) among ASCT recipients in Finland 1990-2001. During the study period, 1188 adult patients received high-dose therapy supported by ASCT in six centres. Altogether, 1112 patients (94%) received blood progenitor cells. The graft was CD34+ selected in 261 patients (22%). The major diagnostic groups were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 417), multiple myeloma (n = 395), breast cancer (n = 132) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 53). Eighteen patients (1.5%) with IFI were identified. The incidence of proven or probable invasive aspergillosis was 0.8%, followed by candidaemia with an incidence of 0.3%. The median time to the diagnosis of IFI was 35 d (6-162) from the progenitor cell infusion. In fourteen patients (78%) IFI was diagnosed during lifetime and they were treated with antifungal therapy for a median of 50 d. Nine patients (64%) were cured. IFI appears to be a rare event after ASCT and Aspergillus infections seem to be predominant. These epidemiological features have an impact in planning prophylactic and empirical antifungal strategies in ASCT recipients.
Article: Oral treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia with etoposide, thioguanine, and idarubicin (ETI) in elderly patients: A prospective randomised comparison with intravenous cytarabine, idarubicin, and thioguanine in the second and third treatment cycle[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A randomised multicentre study was conducted among patients over 65 yr of age with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) to compare oral treatment with etoposide 80 mg/m(2) and thioguanine 100 mg/m(2) twice daily on 5 d and idarubicin 15 mg/m(2) on 3 d (ETI) to a mainly i.v. combination of cytarabine 100 mg/m(2) twice daily on 5 d, idarubicin 12 mg/m(2) x 1, and thioguanine (TAI). Ninety-two patients were enrolled. Their median age was 72 yr, range 65-84 yr. Sixty-five patients had de novo AML, 21 AML subsequent to myelodysplastic syndrome, and six treatment-related AML. They received at first a 6-d i.v. treatment with cytarabine and idarubicin. After the first treatment, 68 patients were randomised to receive two cycles of ETI (n = 36) or TAI (n = 32) and thereafter maintenance with mercaptopurine and methotrexate. Of the 92 patients, 52 (57%) achieved remission at some stage. The median survival was 10 months. There were no significant differences between the patients randomised to ETI or TAI in the remission rate (67% vs. 72%), survival (12 months from randomisation in both arms), event-free survival or relapse rate. The patients randomised to receive ETI spent significantly fewer days at hospital during the two randomised cycles (20 vs. 41 d, P = 0.010), and they had fewer days with infusions, shorter neutropenias and thrombocytopenias and fewer and less severe infections. In conclusion, treatment with oral ETI resulted in a similar antileukaemic effect as obtained with mainly i.v. TAI, with less toxicity and reduced need for hospitalisation.
Article: Inhibition of beta(2) integrin-mediated leukocyte cell adhesion by leucine-leucine-glycine motif-containing peptides.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Many integrins mediate cell attachment to the extracellular matrix by recognizing short tripeptide sequences such as arginine-glycine-aspartic acid and leucine-aspartate-valine. Using phage display, we have now found that the leukocyte-specific beta(2) integrins bind sequences containing a leucine-leucine-glycine (LLG) tripeptide motif. An LLG motif is present on intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, the major beta(2) integrin ligand, but also on several matrix proteins, including von Willebrand factor. We developed a novel beta(2) integrin antagonist peptide CPCFLLGCC (called LLG-C4), the structure of which was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. The LLG-C4 peptide inhibited leukocyte adhesion to ICAM-1, and, interestingly, also to von Willebrand factor. When immobilized on plastic, the LLG-C4 sequence supported the beta(2) integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion, but not beta(1) or beta(3) integrin-mediated cell adhesion. These results suggest that LLG sequences exposed on ICAM-1 and on von Willebrand factor at sites of vascular injury play a role in the binding of leukocytes, and LLG-C4 and peptidomimetics derived from it could provide a therapeutic approach to inflammatory reactions.
Article: Binding of novel peptide inhibitors of type IV collagenases to phospholipid membranes and use in liposome targeting to tumor cells in vitro[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We have recently described a novel cyclic peptide inhibitor CTTHWGFTLC (CTT) for matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, also called type IV collagenases or gelatinases (E. Koivunen et al., NAT: BIOTECHNOL:, 17: 768-774, 1999). As indicated by its amino acid composition, CTT is hydrophobic, and its partitioning into phospholipid films could be verified by the monolayer technique. Augmented fluorescence emission anisotropy (from 0.064 to 0.349) and reduced collisional quenching by I(-) of the Trp residue in CTT was evident in the presence of unilamellar phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes, revealing the association of CTT with the lipid bilayers. Gelatinases are potential targets of therapeutic intervention in cancer, and inhibitors of these enzymes can prevent tumor progression in animal models. CTT enhanced 3- to 4-fold the cellular uptake of liposome-encapsulated water-soluble fluorescent marker, rhodamine B by gelatinase-expressing cells. Gelatinase targeting seems to be essential, as modified peptides that were less potent gelatinase inhibitors were also less efficient in promoting the cellular uptake of liposomes. Augmented killing ( approximately 4-fold) of U937 leukemia and HT1080 sarcoma cells was obtained by the CTT-enhanced delivery of Adriamycin-containing liposomes, compared with control liposomes administered without the peptide. These results suggest a novel type of utility for small gelatinase inhibitors in targeted cancer therapy.
Article: The levels of trypsinogen isoenzymes in ovarian tumour cyst fluids are associated with promatrix metalloproteinase-9 but not promatrix metalloproteinase-2 activation[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Proteolysis mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and serine proteinases is associated with cancer invasion and metastasis. Activation of latent proMMPs, and especially the proforms of the type IV collagen degrading gelatinases A and B (proMMP-2 and proMMP-9), is thought to be a critical step in this process. We have recently found that human tumour-associated trypsin-2 is a potent activator of proMMP-9 and it also activates proMMP-2 in vitro. Trypsinogen, MMP-2, and MMP-9 are expressed in ovarian cancer. To elucidate the function of trypsin in vivo, we studied whether high concentrations of trypsinogen-1, trypsinogen-2, their alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor (API) complexes, and tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) are associated with proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activation in ovarian tumour cyst fluids. Zymography and immunofluorometric analysis of 61 cyst fluids showed a significant association between high trypsin concentrations and the activation of MMP-9 (P = 0.003-0.05). In contrast, the trypsin concentrations were inversely associated with the activation of MMP-2 (P = 0.01-0.02). Immunohistochemical analysis of ovarian tumour tissue demonstrated expression of trypsinogen-2 and TATI in the secretory epithelium. MMP-2 was detected both in stromal and epithelial cells whereas MMP-9 was detected in neutrophils and macrophage-like cells in stromal and epithelial areas. These results suggest that trypsin may play a role in the regulation of the MMP-dependent proteolysis associated with invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer.
Article: Vascular matrix metalloproteinase-2-dependent cleavage of calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes vasoconstriction[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 has been historically associated with the process of vascular remodeling through the cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins. However, we recently found that MMP-2 also cleaves the endothelium-derived peptide big endothelin-1, ET-1[1-38] and yields the novel vasoconstrictor ET-1[1-32]. We therefore investigated the effects of MMP-2 inhibitors as potential vasodilators. MMP inhibition with ortho-phenanthroline (0.3 to 30 micromol/L) induced vasorelaxation of isolated rat mesenteric arteries (maximum of relaxation=74.5+/-27.6% at 30 micromol/L). However, phosphoramidon (0.3 to 30 micromol/L), which inhibits some metalloenzymes, but not MMP-2, did not dilate the arteries. Selective inhibition of endogenous MMP-2 with the novel tissue-permeable cyclic peptide CTTHWGFTLC (CTT, 10 micromol/L) also caused vasorelaxation (by 85+/-6%), whereas STTHWGFTLS (10 micromol/L), an inactive CTT analogue, did not dilate the arteries. Interestingly, the vasorelaxation that results from MMP-2 inhibition was endothelium-independent. Thus, we examined whether MMP-2 acted on peptides derived from the smooth muscle or the perivascular nerves. Recombinant human MMP-2 cleaved calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) specifically at the Gly(14)-Leu(15) peptide bond and reduced the vasodilatory potency of CGRP by 20-fold. Inhibition of MMP-2 increased the amount of intact CGRP in arteries and enhanced vasorelaxation induced by anandamide, which stimulates CGRP release. Vasorelaxation in response to MMP-2 inhibition was abolished by CGRP[8-37], a selective CGRP receptor antagonist, and by capsaicin, which depletes arterial perivascular nerves of CGRP. We conclude that vascular MMP-2 cleaves endogenous CGRP and promotes vasoconstriction. These data suggest a novel mechanism of regulating the vasoactive and, possibly, the neurohormonal actions of CGRP and establish MMP-2 as a modulator of vascular function.
Article: Acute leukaemia and other secondary neoplasms in patients treated with conventional chemotherapy for multiple myeloma: Finnish Leukaemia Group study[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The occurrence of acute leukaemia and other secondary neoplasms in 432 patients treated with conventional chemotherapy for multiple myeloma was analysed after a follow-up period of 11-19 yr (mean 16 yr). The number and organ-specific distribution of observed solid neoplasms was close to that expected in the general population. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developed in three patients (expected 0.7, p = 0.19). Acute leukaemia was diagnosed in 14 patients with an actuarial risk of 9.8% at 9 yr. No further cases were diagnosed thereafter. The average numbers of courses (26.2 vs. 25.5) and cumulative doses of melphalan (1440 and 1400 mg) were similar in patients with or without acute leukaemia. It seems possible that the advanced stage of multiple myeloma is more vulnerable to the leukaemogenic effect of melphalan compared with the earlier stages.
Top Journals
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, United States
Helsinki University Central Hospital
Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
- • Department of Clinical Chemistry
- • Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Kuopio University HospitalKuopio, Eastern Finland Province, Finland
University of TampereTammerfors, Pirkanmaa, Finland
Tampere University Hospital (TAUH)Tammerfors, Province of Western Finland, Finland
University of Helsinki
Helsinki, Southern Finland Province, Finland
- • Faculty of Biosciences
- • Department of Biosciences
- • Department of Bacteriology and Immunology
- • Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
- • Department of Medical Chemistry
Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
لا هویا, California, United States
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology Research Program
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattle, Washington, United States
Seinäjoki Central HospitalSeinäjoki, Province of Western Finland, Finland


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Our house 2by SuzanneCarter
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subset: commoncrawl


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By Patrick Cassin
XCOM: Enemy Unknown is a near-future turn based strategy game which features a global force of elite military banded together to face an alien invasion. Published by 2K Games and developed by Firaxis, the eighteen year old franchise has been dormant for awhile but is now making its triumphant return. A-/A+


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Athletes' village officially opens: Gavin Hastings becomes first 'chieftain'
/ Sport
A host of Scotland's most successful athletes are to act as 'chieftains' of the athletes' village at the Commonwealth Games.
Former rugby captain Gavin Hastings officially opened the village in the east end of Glasgow today as the first of the athletes and their support teams arrive.
Hastings is the first chieftain and will be joined by Sir Chris Hoy, rower Katherine Grainger, swimmer David Carry, former gymnast Steve Frew, Scotland's most capped hockey player Rhona Simpson and hammer thrower Shirley Addison.
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Their duties include presiding over the team welcome ceremonies for each nation, hosting receptions and visits from the royal family and heads of state, and conducting VIP tours of the village.
Organisers said the Commonwealth village usually has a 'mayor' appointed for the competition but chieftains were introduced to give it a Scottish theme.
Adventurer Mark Beaumont, who travelled with the Queen's baton relay across much of the Commonwealth, will also be a chieftain along with some Scottish athletes who win gold medals at Glasgow 2014.
The chieftains will not be staying in the village but will spend a lot of time in the areas where teams arrive for the competition.
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As the first in post, Hastings hosted the official opening which featured a colourful performance by the National Youth Theatre Great Britain (NYT).
"It's a huge honour to be one of the first people to see the village never mind be chieftain," the 52-year-old said.
"Seeing the National Youth Theatre perform was brilliant and it really encapsulates everything you expect the Games village to represent, it was positive, colourful and energetic and that's what's going to be here over the next fortnight or so.
"It's a bit different, and I'll be meeting the different teams and visitors, although I'll be looking out for the rugby sevens guys. We'll be wishing them all well and if we can give them some advice hopefully we can do that."
The NYT show featured dozens of performers in kilts and tartan trousers who danced with pop-up tents and on top of giant cargo boxes.
It featured musicians, singers and dancers from across the UK and Glaswegians from the NYT's inclusion workshops in Easterhouse.
References in the performance, which was watched in the centre of the village by organisers, volunteers, politicians and some of the Commonwealth teams that have already arrived, included the Scottish rain, the Duke of Wellington's cone and the fondness for fish and chips.
Anya Chalotra, 18, who played one of the main parts, said: "It was amazing, it was our own opening ceremony. We've spent about four weeks preparing, and working outdoors is obviously different from the stage but it was great fun.
"We have around 30 performances to welcome the different teams and we're trying to learn a few lines from different languages to make each one unique.
"It's great to work with people from Scotland and across the country and shows that the Games are a cultural festival as well as a sporting event."
The village has its own pub, post office, beauty salon, mini-hospital and shops in the 35-hectare site.
It cost around £230 million to build the 700-house village which will host 4,500 competitors and another 2,300 support staff from the 71 countries taking part.
Afterwards the properties will be sold or rented with a new 120-bed care home for the elderly also to be established on the site.
Each bedroom has two single beds, a couple of bedside cabinets and a wardrobe, with some of the furniture used at the London 2012 Olympics.
The dining hall has a menu offering 2,000 different items and will serve an expected 390,000 meals during the competition. Open round the clock, there will be 600 people on shift in the specially built £1 million kitchen to plate up a range of dishes.
Some Scottish athletes as well as officials from the Australian and English teams started arriving at the village today.
Glasgow 2014 chief executive David Grevemberg said: "The village is key to the overall success of the Games and a vital component is to make sure all the athletes and visitors receive the warmest of Scottish welcomes when they arrive.
"I'm sure each of our chieftains will bring huge amounts of energy and personal experience to the role."
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Im wondering how many of you use a hydration pack and for what. When i first got mine about 2 years ago i loved it and now i still do. I take it on all my ride and every thing.
For road, only summer or when i train
For MT., All the time
Both Raod and Mt.
I don't own one and will only use a bottle!
Im wondering how many of you use a hydration pack and for what. When i first got mine about 2 years ago i loved it and now i still do. I take it on all my ride and every thing.
Liking what you do is Happiness; Doing what you like is Freedom.
Well...I was wondering the same thing. I'm a rodie, but received a Camel Back for my bday recently. I don't see many roadies using them. Do manely mtn bikers use them?
At my local trail that is all they use. If you use a bottle it gunked up with mud(well thats why i use my camelback). But i have to say that i get some weird looks when im on my road bike and have it. It just works so much better than a bottle.
Liking what you do is Happiness; Doing what you like is Freedom.
I like my hydropack thingie!
it holds two lites of water, adn well... I drink like a fish!!
I can go through that much in an hour easily when its as hot as it has been.
it also holds a tube, levers and a multi tool better n a seat bag...
I really don't like the Camelback for long road rides. It gets hot and heavy and it prevents the perspiration on my back from evaporating. Bottles are cheap and effective.
I do, however, use a Camelback on my cyclocross training rides. I don't have bottle cages on my 'cross bike, so I have to stow my water somewhere. My cross rides are never as long as my road rides.
when walking, just walk. when sitting, just sit. when riding, just ride. above all, don't wobble.
The Irregular Cycling Club of Montreal
Cycling irregularly since 2002
I love my Camelbak, mainly because I can stuff lunch in there for longer rides, and because it does a great job of keeping the water relatively cool.
It holds a first aid kit, speed inflater, a Clif Shot or two, and the ever-important Towel.
"The real race is not on the hot, paved road, the torturous off-road course or the smooth-surface velodrome. It is in the electrochemical pathways of your mind."
--Alexi Grewal
I like the hydration pack on the road as well, as I can take much more than two bottles of water, it's more convenient to use, and keeps water cool longer when I half fill it with ice cubes at the start. And of course there's the carrying capacity for tools, food etc.
It is a little warmer and sweatier but I think the advantages outweigh that factor.
"...perhaps the world needs a little more Canada" - Jean Chretian, 2003.
No hydration pack for me. Wearing one of those would be like wearing an extra jumper, and if I do that in Queensland, I'll fry all my organs.
"I am never going to flirt with idleness again" - Roy Keane
"We invite everyone to question the entire culture we take for granted." - Manic Street Preachers.
My blog.
My bike tours. Japan tour page under construction.
I wear my Camebak mainly on long rides, or on very hot days.
the wife bought me a 60 oz brand-x at wal-mart in May.
I use it on every ride. summers are warm in East Texas.
I use my Camelback whenever I am going to ride for more than an hour. Essentially that means all the time. Occasional trips to the store, af friends house within an hour or to a destination where I can easily refill the bottle are occasions for the bottle. Any other ride, I use the CB. Carries snacks, cell phone, wallet and much more if needed.
Just Peddlin' Around
Since I only ride in mountains and rarely road work (even then I am still pushing a mtb) I would say it depends. If I am going for a quick 10K where I don't 'think' I will be doing any technical or strenuous climbs I won't bring it. If I plan for a day of intervals or just plain exploration of the mountain single tracks I bring one. Most of the trails around here climb forever and are really steep I made the mistake of not having one when I did one of the tougher trails. I almost passed out (SOOOO STUPID). Thi was a 2.5 hour VERY technical and difficult climb and then a 45 minute downhill.
So in short. It depends.
HEHEHE you live in Fl you know what i mean when i say that the bottle does not stay cool at all. Thats really the main reason that i got mine, but now i use it for every thing!
Liking what you do is Happiness; Doing what you like is Freedom.
I've never experienced that "bottle taste" with a CB either. Course, I don't use it for anything but water and ice either. Flavored stuff always goes in the bottle.
Just Peddlin' Around
Camelbacks seem more like a mtb thing. In mountain biking youj got singletrack. The trails are not easily predictable (if you don't know it). On the road it seems easier to use a water bottle, moutain biking it seems better to use a camelback. Its also easier to keep hydrated. Just keep sipping the water vs. gulping it with a water bottle.
On long solo rides I always take the Camelback on my MTB, I remove the bladder to carry food and tools, two bottles on the bike and buy extra water along the way.
It is only a small "back" about 1.5litres/50oz, so I never notice it.
I'd rather be riding.


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2015 Walleye Fishing Forecast
- South West Virginia
- South Central Virginia
- Northern Virginia
- Eastern Virginia
South West Virginia
Upper New River
Walleye fishing on the Upper New River from Buck Dam downstream to Allisonia should improve in 2015. Department fisheries biologists suspended walleye stocking in 2012 and 2013 to determine if the walleye were spawning naturally and based on our evaluations, the walleye population is not spawning naturally, so stocking resumed in 2014. The 2014 stocking at Allisonia should produce good numbers of young walleye this year all the way to Buck Dam. Walleye fishing from Fries Dam to Byllesby Reservoir will not produce as many walleye due to a lack of stocking over the past 3 years, but future stocking will enhance the walleye population in this area.
Anglers catch most walleye in the Upper New River from February to April, but walleye are also caught throughout the year. Crankbaits, jigs, and live minnows work well for catching them during the late winter and spring season. Ivanhoe, Foster Falls, and Allisonia are all good areas to fish. During spring 2014 walleye sampling, 61% of the walleye collected were between 14 and 19 inches and 37% were between 19 and 28 inches. While anglers will have to return 19 to 28 inch walleye under the spring season size limit (explained below), they should catch plenty of walleye under 19 inches.
When you fish for walleye on the Upper New River, follow these size and creel limits:
- From Buck Dam downstream to Claytor Lake Dam: From February 1 through May 31: All walleye 19 to 28 inches caught must be released unharmed. Anglers may keep 2 walleye per day less than 19 inches or over 28 inches. From June 1 through January 31: A 20-inch minimum length limit with a five per day creel limit is in effect.
This regulation allows anglers to harvest a few smaller male walleyes (typically less than 19 inches) or a trophy female walleye (typically greater than 28 inches), while protecting the best spawning-size walleyes during the spring months.
- From Fries Dam downstream to Buck Dam: A 20-inch minimum length limit for walleye, with a 5 per day creel limit is in effect year-round. This regulation is designed to protect the walleye population stocked in Byllesby Reservoir that runs upstream to Fries Dam.
Biologists tagged walleyes in the Upper New River from 2008 to 2012 as part of a statewide walleye research project. A cash reward of 20 dollars will still be offered for the return of these tags with catch information. Anglers can remove the tag by cutting through the monofilament attachment with scissors or a knife. The fish can then be released or harvested (the length limits listed above apply). Return the tag and catch information to the address printed on the tag. Catch information includes: date, time, and general location of catch; "Was the fish harvested or released?"; "Were you fishing for walleyes?" and "Did you catch other walleyes on this fishing trip?"
South Holston Reservoir
South Holston should provide excellent walleye fishing in 2015. During sampling in 2014, biologists collected 90 walleye. Of these, 51% were 18 inches or larger. Anglers can expect good catches during the spring spawning "run" on the South Fork Holston River. Anglers congregate near the community of Alvarado from February through April to catch walleyes on the spring spawning "run". During May and June anglers find walleyes feeding along the shorelines of the lake. The post spawn top water bite in the lower lake will yield the best walleye fishing Virginia has to offer. When walleyes move deeper during the summer months, successful anglers troll crawler harnesses on lead core line or use jigging spoons to reach the depths. Fall and winter fishing call for jigging spoons or jigs and live minnows. Walleye growth is outstanding, so anglers should find plenty of fish larger than the minimum size of 18 inches.
Flannagan Reservoir
Walleye are still providing good fishing opportunities for anglers willing to target them. The catch rate for walleyes was down slightly from previous years, but this may be partially attributed to saugeye (walleye x sauger hybrid) being stocked in place of walleye in 2013 as a result of hatchery availability. Juvenile walleye (Age 1+) typically account for 20-25% of the fish observed during sampling, but these fish would have been absent in the 2014 sample. Despite the slightly lower abundance of walleye, approximately 52% of the walleye observed during sampling were 18 inches or larger and 14% were 20 inches or larger. Anglers can expect good catches during the spring river run in the Cranesnest River, and post spawn walleye are great for night top water action. Summer trolling for walleye in the main lake is productive and continues to grow in popularity. The saugeye stocked in 2013 appear to have had good survival and should reach legal size in late 2015 - early 2016.
Hungry Mother Lake
This 108-acre lake provides anglers with a great opportunity to catch walleyes in a small lake setting. Located in Hungry Mother State Park, the lake is also a great destination for families. The walleye population is stable or slightly increasing. There are good numbers of fish up to 20 inches and just enough larger ones to cause anglers to lose some sleep this summer. Walleyes up to 28 inches in length have been landed in recent years. April, May, and June are the three best months, with night fishing generally being more productive. Most anglers' use artificial lures, but live shad, minnows, and night crawlers are also very effective.
Clinch River
The Clinch River will provide some good walleye fishing in 2015. Walleye are native to the Clinch River and are available in low densities throughout most of the river. Walleye fishing is improving as the population continues to be enhanced through stocking. Walleye collected in the 2014 samples ranged from 18 to 23 inches. Late winter and early spring time is the best time to target walleye. Anglers should focus their efforts at the times and locations that concentrate walleyes. Walleyes often congregate in pools just below significant ledges and shoals during daylight hours, and then move into shallow water at dusk. Another good location is where a creek enters the river.
South Central Virginia
Leesville Reservoir
The 2015 fishing season for walleye at Leesville Reservoir will be very good compared to previous years. Fishing has historically been challenging due to sporadic stocking and poor survival of stocked walleye. This fishery has contained a limited number of primarily larger fish, but the overall numbers of walleye has been very low compared to other Virginia walleye lakes. However, fish stocked in 2013 did very well and produced the highest number ever recorded in DGIF sampling. Fish stocked in 2013 will be 14-20 inches with most falling just below or near the 18-inch minimum size limit, but some of these fish will be legal size.
While the bulk of the walleye population is in the 14-20 inch range, there are some larger fish still available, with an occasional fish in the 5-6 pound range. Walleye at Leesville have good growth rates and typically reach 18 inches between their second and third year. Although there is a limited number of older and larger walleye available, approximately 50% of the walleye over 18 inches in length are at least 20 inches and about 7% of the population is over 22 inches.
The most productive walleye fishing is typically between Leesville Dam and mile marker 6. Night fishing in May and June, with floating or shallow running plugs cast to the shoreline, should not be overlooked. Walleye often frequent water less than 2 feet deep during the dark spring and early summer hours. During daylight hours in the spring, fish the shoreline contour, targeting depths of 10-20 ft., then move deeper if those depths are unproductive. Walleye are very light sensitive and prefer dark or shaded habitat; consequently, these fish will frequent shallower depths if the water is shaded or stained, but will remain deeper during the day if the water is clear. Rock cliffs and steeper shorelines should be the most productive, with some coves also holding additional walleye. As water temperatures increase in late spring and throughout the summer, walleye move deeper, seeking cooler water, and become most active during nighttime hours.
Leesville can be a challenge due to extreme daily water fluctuations, but anglers who spend time learning productive walleye angling techniques for Leesville and concentrate on areas and habitat that hold walleye, may encounter a number of these elusive fish. Leesville Reservoir experiences very light fishing pressure and can provide solitude for anglers looking to avoid crowds and boating traffic.
Philpott Reservoir
With one of the better walleye populations in Virginia, walleye fishing at Philpott Reservoir should be good in 2015. This fishery has been stable and consistent for the past ten years, and the 2014 gill net sampling catch rates were slightly below the long term average for Philpott Reservoir. Most legal size walleye are between 18 to 21 inches. This fishery does not contain many large fish due to heavy angling pressure, but does support good numbers. Walleye reach 18 inches at about 3 years of age and most male walleye grow very slowly after reaching this size. Female walleye typically grow well for another few years, with some achieving larger sizes.
Anglers who spend time learning angling techniques that are productive for walleye, find areas that are productive, and fish between late May and September, should have successful fishing trips. Top water night fishing is very popular and productive in May and June, during the alewife spawn. By late June, walleye start moving into deeper water and are caught on nightcrawler harnesses and plugs trolled in deeper water. As water temperatures increase throughout the summer, walleye continue to move deeper seeking cooler water. Anglers must fish deeper throughout the summer or fish at night to capitalize on this fishery. Catching a few walleye per outing is considered good, and catching a limit of five walleye, is very good.
Northern Virginia
Lake Brittle
Lake Brittle continues to be one of the best places in the northern Virginia piedmont to catch a walleye. Anglers targeting walleye report good success at this small impoundment, with most fish caught in the 2 to 3 pound range, and the occasional fish up to 5 pounds. Fish sampling continues to document good survival of stocked walleye fingerlings, with a strong population of walleye up to age 5 residing in Lake Brittle. Recent data from the ongoing tagging study has shown that angler catch and harvest rates for walleye are higher than previously thought and, as a result, an 18-inch minimum size limit was put into effect in 2009. Angler success seems to be the highest during the late spring and early summer.
Biologists will continue tagging walleyes at Lake Brittle again in 2015 as part of an ongoing tagging study to evaluate stocking densities in small impoundments. A cash reward of 20 dollars is offered for the return of the tag and catch information. Anglers can remove the tag by cutting through the monofilament attachment with a knife or scissors. The fish can then be released or harvested. Return the tag and catch information to the address printed on the tag. Catch information includes: date; general location of catch; "Was the fish harvested or released?"; "Were you fishing for walleyes?" and "Did you catch any other walleyes on this fishing trip?"
Burke Lake
Burke Lake is located in Fairfax County-a stone's throw from Washington D.C. Anglers in pursuit of walleye can expect to find most fish in the 2 to 3 pound range, with some fish as large as 7 pounds. An 18-inch minimum size limit is in place at Burke.
Burke Lake is also included in a tagging study that began in 2014, to evaluate stocking densities in small impoundments. A cash reward of 20 dollars is offered for the return of the tag and catch information. Anglers can remove the tag by cutting through the monofilament attachment with a knife or scissors. The fish can then be released or harvested. Return the tag and catch information to the address printed on the tag. Catch information includes: date; general location of catch; "Was the fish harvested or released?"; "Were you fishing for walleyes?" and "Did you catch any other walleyes on this fishing trip?"
Lake Orange
Anglers hoping to catch decent walleye, while fishing for multiple species, should look no further than Lake Orange. Walleye have been stocked into this northern piedmont impoundment for years and current management includes annual stockings of walleye fingerlings. Generally, survival of stocked fingerlings is good and the current age structure is comprised of fish up to age 15, with most of the population less than age 8. Walleye growth at Orange is fast up to age 4, averaging 20 inches and 3 pounds, but growth slows beyond age 4, with fish seldom reaching 26 inches. Anglers occasionally catch walleye in the 6 to 8 pound range. Most walleyes are caught during the late spring and early summer by anglers fishing Lake Orange for bass, although a few anglers do specifically fish for walleyes at this location. Anglers should also be aware that an 18-inch minimum size limit was placed on all walleyes caught at Lake Orange in 2009.
Beginning in 2014, Lake Orange is included in the walleye tagging study to evaluate stocking densities in small impoundments. A cash reward of 20 dollars is offered for the return of the tag and catch information. Anglers can remove the tag by cutting through the monofilament attachment with a knife or scissors. The fish can then be released or harvested. Return the tag and catch information to the address printed on the tag. Catch information includes: date; general location of catch; "Was the fish harvested or released?"; "Were you fishing for walleyes?" and "Did you catch any other walleyes on this fishing trip?"
Eastern Virginia
Little Creek Reservoir
Little Creek Reservoir is a 947-acre water supply impoundment for the City of Newport News located within James City County. The reservoir provides a great opportunity for anglers to try their luck at catching walleyes. The walleye population continues to show signs of improvement. Little Creek Reservoir typically receives 94,700 walleye fingerlings each May, with fish stocked in a pelagic manner to allow for greater dispersal. The 2014 stocking consisted of 97,000 saugeye fingerlings, which are a hybrid between a female sauger and a male walleye. DGIF has stocked saugeyes into various impoundments during 2013 and 2014 in hope of establishing strong populations and exciting fishing opportunities.
Some of the best walleye action has come from anglers that slow troll their baits in the 15 to 20 foot depth range within the western half of the reservoir. Additional success has been found from anglers using deep diving crank baits originally intended for largemouth bass. One of the keys to fishing on Little Creek Reservoir is to concentrate on the deeper edges in and around the numerous points that line the shoreline. Anglers that fish Little Creek Reservoir for the first time should be aware that the reservoir is trolling motor use only. Anglers must also adapt to the clear water conditions in order to find walleyes holding in deep water habitat most times of the year.
Because the 2014 spring electrofishing survey was delayed until the early part of April, the majority of the walleye concentration had dispersed to deeper water. Walleyes will congregate along the southern shoreline of the reservoir in their classic pre-spawn pattern from March to early April. There are no large tributaries that flow into Little Creek Reservoir, so the walleyes will target various rock shelves in their attempt to spawn. The collected walleyes ranged from 8 to 23 inches with the average length at 19 inches. The average weight was 2.4 pounds with the largest walleye weighing 4.8 pounds. The fall gill net survey provided some additional insight into the walleye population. A total of 22 walleyes in the 20 to 25 inch range were collected, with the majority found off main lake points in the western half of the reservoir. The two largest walleyes (4.97 and 5.07 pounds) were both caught from the eastern creek arm. The 4.97- pound walleye was tagged on November 14, 2014 and was caught by an angler on February 8, 2015. The fish exhibited excellent growth and weighed in at 5.94 pounds. The walleye population feeds heavily upon the schools of blueback herring that are present. Relative weight values showed a great increase when compared to past surveys. DGIF biologists have tagged walleyes over the last couple of years as part of the state wide tagging study and anglers that catch a white-colored reward tag can receive a $20 reward after the tag is returned with some catch information.
Lake Chesdin
Over the last couple of years, Lake Chesdin has benefitted from the great production of walleyes and saugeyes in our DGIF hatcheries. Lake Chesdin is stocked with surplus fish from various hatcheries when conditions are favorable; receiving 109,440 saugeye and 57,000 walleye fingerlings in May 2013 and 58,025 saugeye and 67,000 walleye fingerlings in 2014. These consecutive stocking efforts should allow for a respectable fishery to be established, with the fall electrofishing survey of Lake Chesdin showing favorable results. A total of 43 walleyes were collected for a catch rate of 21.5/hr. These fish ranged in size from 6 to 15 inches with the majority of the 2014 year class in the 8 to 9 inch range. The 2013 year class was represented by fish in the 13 to 15 inch range. The survey collected 12 saugeyes for a catch rate of 6/hr. These fish ranged from 9 to 17 inches in total length. The fall gill net survey recorded 9 saugeyes that measured in the 13 to 15 inch range. The survey also produced a total of 5 adult fish from previous stockings measuring in the 20 to 22 inch range. Lake Chesdin has a strong gizzard shad population that the walleye and saugeyes will target for forage. An angler was able to catch an 8 lb. 4 oz. trophy walleye from Lake Chesdin on July 6, 2014. This fish is an example of "you never know what you might catch until you try".
More Information
For more information, contact the following offices:
|Leesville and Philpott Reservoirs
|Forest Office: (434) 525-7522
|Lakes Orange, Burke, and Brittle
|Fredericksburg Office: (540) 889-4169
|Little Creek Reservoir and Chesdin
|Charles City Office: (804) 829-6580
|Upper New River and Clinch River,
South Holston Reservoir,
Flannagan Reservoir,
Hungry Mother Lake
|Marion Office: (276) 783-4860


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Extramural Research
Since our founding in 2009, the establishment and ongoing expansion of our extramural research program has been a major part of SENS Research Foundation's commitment to changing the way the world researches and treats age-related disease. We recognize that building and sustaining collaborations throughout a global research community is crucial to the realization of our mission. Toward this end, we fund work at some of the top universities and research institutions in the world.
As of 2015, SRF-funded research programs are in progress at:
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Babraham Institute
Buck Institute for Aging Research
Harvard University / Brigham & Women's Hospital
Rice University
University of California - Berkeley
University of Oxford / Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovations (CASMI)
University of Texas
Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Yale University
We have also previously supported work at:
Applied Stem Cell
Cambridge University
Pierre and Marie Curie University
Stanford University
University of Arizona
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
University of Chicago
University of Denver
Learn more about each active project and how it relates to SRF's mission using the sidebar links in this section.


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'Attention grabbing billboards with sexual overtones are in the firing line of the Victorian Government. This follows outrage expressed in focus groups by young women and schoolgirls.'SBS News 18 June 2002
'The media coverage was estimated to be worth more than $4 million for our brand. The reaction was absolutely fantastic for us and the shoe featured in the ad became one of our best sellers.'Sydney Morning Herald 28 November 2000
'Magpie ad ruffles feathers.''By Leela de Kretser, family reporter.''The billboard for controversial shoe manufacturer Windsor Smith features a topless Holland posing with a scantily clad woman draped around him.'Herald Sun 17 June 2002
'…public responsibility to put out a good image, and not have the lowest, sleaziest image.'Herald Sun 17 June 2002
'Women believe they should be presented as more than just cute, curvaceous and compliant and these guidelines will I think show leadership in that area.'Channel 10 News 18 June 2002Have a look »
'Advertising really is a fun part of our world and fashion is a fun part of our world and it would be a bit sad I think to regulate it more so than it already is.'Channel 10 News 18 June 2002Have a look »
'Warning on sexist outdoor ads''Status of Women minister Stephanie Key said yesterday she would follow a Victorian move to regulate outdoor advertising to reflect community concerns about stereotypical images.''In spotlight: the Windsor Smith billboard in Prospect.'Adelaide Advertiser 21 June 2002
'They love it when it's picked up but they don't create an image just to create controversy. Our marketing research shows that people like the ads.'Statement to media Watch from Lisa Trendall
'All of the ad space and airtime in print and broadcast,bearing in mind that most of it is in editorial space and during primetimeperiods, would be worth at a very conservative estimate $250,000.'Statement to Media Watch from Steve Allan


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News›China ADVENTURE
A perfect stunt: Two Russian daredevils climb world's second tallest building
Two Russians made a splash on social media after they scaled a crane on the top of the second tallest building in the world
PUBLISHED : Friday, 14 February, 2014, 3:25pm
UPDATED : Friday, 14 February, 2014, 11:24pm
A video filmed using head mounted cameras of two gutsy Russians scaling China's Shanghai Tower without ropes or any climbing gear has gone viral.
Vadim Makhorov and Vitaliy Raskalov not only climbed to the top of the Shanghai Tower, but also scaled a crane on top of the building. The pair sneaked into the building site at midnight on Chinese New Year and spent almost two hours climbing up 120 floors to reach a height of 650 metres.
All photos by Imagine China.
Watch: Two men climb the Shanghai Tower, and film it
wanyee.yim Feb 15th 2014
horrifying!!!!!!!!!!! awesome!!!!!!!!!!!!scare me to death!!!!!!!!! i just wanna know whether did they ever think of how to get down this damned high building????!!!!!!!the most incredible thing is that they can still laugh and stand like nothing ever happened on the top!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!omg!!!!!
Two Disneys
INFOGRAPHIC: One country, two Disneys1 Feb 2016 - 10:48am
INFOGRAPHIC: Has Asia gone M.A.D.?15 Jan 2016


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Natural Balance Vegetarian Formula Dry Dog Food
|Per lb
Natural Balance® Vegetarian Formula was designed for dogs with allergies caused by an intolerance to common food ingredients such as meat or dairy products. Our Vegetarian Formula provides adult dogs with the same essential nutrients found in diets with meat as the protein source. Natural Balance® Vegetarian Formula is for all breeds of adult dogs.
Some dogs may be highly sensitive to commonly used animal proteins, carbohydrates and food additives in their diet. Allergic reactions can lead to irritable bowel, upset stomach, and a number of skin problems. Natural Balance® has created Vegetarian Formula for dogs with these food allergies. Our Vegetarian Formula combines special non-meat proteins along with effective natural ingredients to help rebuild the dog's immune system.
A TRUE Vegan Formula Contains no dairy products or products derived from trace amounts of meat or dairy sources.
Brown Rice Rice grain with the bran portion intact, an excellent source of carbohydrates. Contains increased levels of B vitamins.
Oatmeal An exceptional source of: carbohydrates, fiber, thiamin and vitamin E. Not widely used in pet food because of cost.
Green Peas An excellent source for B complex vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin A, protein, carbohydrates and fiber.
Fresh Potatoes Single premium quality carbohydrates, rich in potassium and highly digestible energy source.
No Artificial Preservatives, Flavors or Colors.
Brown Rice, Oatmeal, Cracked Pearled Barley, Peas, Potato Protein, Canola Oil, Potatoes, Tomato Pomace, Vegetable Flavoring, Calcium Carbonate, Dicalcium Phosphate, Flaxseed, Potassium Chloride, Choline Chloride, Taurine, Natural Mixed Tocopherols, Spinach, Parsley Flakes, Cranberries, L-Lysine, L-Carnitine, Yucca Schidigera Extract, Kelp, Vitamin E Supplement, Iron Proteinate, Zinc Proteinate, Copper Proteinate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Potassium Iodide, Thiamine Mononitrate (Vitamin B-1), Manganese Proteinate, Manganous Oxide, Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Supplement, Biotin, Niacin, d-Calcium Pantothenate, Manganese Sulfate, Sodium Selenite, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B-6), Vitamin B-12 Supplement, Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2), Vitamin D-2 Supplement, Folic Acid.
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Last week we asked our readers for their best tips for meal planning. How do you get dinner on the table, week in and week out, without getting bored? How do you stay energized and engaged with the act of cooking at home? Here are fifteen of our best and most universal tips for learning how to plan your meals.
Healthy in a Hurry: 6 Ways to Use Leftover Cooked Grains
Making big batches of grains and refrigerating or freezing the leftovers not only maximizes your time in the kitchen, it also makes throwing together a healthy meal on a busy weeknight a lot easier. And once you have them on hand, there are plenty of ways to incorporate cooked whole grains into your meals. Here are six!
The Best Way to Cut Up a Watermelon
Tips from The Kitchn
A Few Things Every Picnic Basket Needs
The New York Times
What should you pack in your picnic basket? Yes, a few leftovers, a quick tossed salad, a baguette and some cheese will make anyone happy, but with just slightly more planning you can develop a flexible picnic menu that'll work for you every time. Mark Bittman has a system for this which he divides into four categories: dips, poached food, raw or pickled food and beverages.
25 Time-Saving Freezer Tips
When I first learned to freeze herbs in olive oil, it's like a lightbulb went off in my head. So easy! Such a time-saver! And a great way not to let food go to waste. In the spirit of that easy freezer-friendly tip, here are 24 more. So put that freezer to use! You'll thank yourself later.
Too Busy to Plan Lunch? Freeze PB&J Sandwiches to Enjoy Later!
How well do you plan your weekday lunches? And what do you do when you don't have time to pack a lunch - does it throw you off? When I have one of those multiple-snooze-button mornings, I usually end up buying lunch even when I have a perfectly suitable - yet unassembled - meal waiting in the 'fridge at home. A friend shared her last minute lunch secret with me and it's totally changed my busy weeks.
Time-Saving Tip: Freeze Smoothie Ingredients in Muffin Tins
Whether you enjoy drinking smoothies for breakfast, lunch, or snack, you can always have a delicious one ready to go with this time-saving tip from Muffin Tin Mania.
A Single Jar of Refrigerator Jam
Cooking for One
We've posted a fair amount about small-batch canning here at The Kitchn, but I'd like to take this concept one step further and encourage the tiny-batch, refrigerator method of jam making, especially for the solo cook. The approach is simple: make a single jar of refrigerator jam every couple of weeks, or whenever you are inspired by what you find in the market.
Smart Tip: For Quicker, Cleaner Cooking, Make a Lid for Your Grill Pan
Good-quality grill pans come pretty close to achieving the smoky taste of food cooked on an outdoor grill, but they can't mimic the oven-like conditions of a grill with the lid down — or can they? The LA Times Test Kitchen has a great tip for setting up your own "lid" for a grill pan for more evenly-cooked meat and cleaner, quicker cooking.
Peeling, Cutting, & Dicing: 20 Tips & Techniques for Fruit and Vegetable Prep
I'll admit that in my cooking lifetime I've been known to use a few, er, creative techniques to prep my fruits and veggies. (It's amazing I still have all my fingers!) If artichokes and pomegranates, mangos and squash get the better of your knife skills, then this post is for you. From how to peel a head of garlic in 10 seconds to how to cut a grapefruit, from the best way to dice an onion to the super easy way to peel ginger, these 20 tips and techniques will change the way you work with produce. Let the learning begin!


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What's the dollar limit for small claims court cases in West Virginia?
The most you can ask for in a small claims case is $5,000.
Which court hears small claims cases in West Virginia?
Small claims cases in West Virginia are heard in the magistrate Court.
How long does the defendant have to answer the small claims court complaint?
In West Virginia, the defendant may file a written answer or make a personal appearance within 20 days of service to avoid default (30 days if service is made on defendant's attorney or agent).
Are attorneys allowed in small claims court in West Virginia?
You are allowed to have an attorney represent you in small claims court in West Virginia.
Can a landlord bring an eviction lawsuit in small claims court in West Virginia?
Eviction cases are allowed in small claims court in West Virginia.
Do I have a right to a jury trial in small claims court in West Virginia?
In West Virginia, either party may demand a jury trial if the claim is over $20 or involves possession of real estate. The request must be made in writing within 20 days of service of defendant's answer, or in eviction cases, five days after service of complaint.
Where can I get more information about small claims court in West Virginia?
For more information about West Virginia small claims court, see www.state.wv.us/wvsca/magistrate.htm.
Nolo's Small Claims Court area has many helpful related articles and a Small Claims Court FAQ. For more detailed help with filing a case, using the best strategy in court, and collecting your money if you win, see Everybody's Guide to Small Claims Court, by Attorney Ralph Warner (Nolo).
Last updated on 10/01/09.


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Celtics can't draft what they need: a new coach
WALTHAM, Mass. – The Boston Celtics aren't going to get what they really need with the No. 16 pick in tonight's NBA draft.
They won't be able to select a coach, unless General Manager Danny Ainge has found a loophole in league rules that allowed him this week to trade Doc Rivers to the Los Angeles Clippers. And, with their only pick of the night coming in the middle of the first round, they won't find the player that they need, either: A younger version of Kevin Garnett or Paul Pierce to replace the aging veterans who are increasingly showing signs of slowing down.
"I think it's a fairly deep draft. I just don't think it's a star-laden draft," Ainge said this week after explaining why he agreed to let Rivers go. "I definitely think there are some good role players in the draft."
Five years after assembling the New Big Three, the Celtics seem finally ready to tear down the roster that won the franchise's unprecedented 17th NBA title in 2008 and returned to the Finals two years later. Ainge all but confirmed that it's time to rebuild this week when he let Rivers go to the Clippers in exchange for a first-round pick in 2015, a move that could be followed by the departures of Pierce and Garnett.
Garnett is 37 with a no-trade clause and a contract that will pay him $23.5 million over the next two years; he has openly discussed retiring. Pierce, the longest-tenured member of the team, is due to earn $15.3 million next season, when he will be 36; he could be bought out for $5 million, with the deadline at the end of the month.
"I love Paul and KG, and we haven't made that decision yet," Ainge said. "KG is under contract and Paul we have an option on five days from now. Those are very big decisions for us. But I'm not certain."
Without Garnett or Pierce, the Celtics would have few blocks to build on.
Point guard Rajon Rondo is a top ball-handler with a questionable shot who is coming off surgery for a torn ligament in his right knee. Guard Avery Bradley is a defensive specialist who missed the first half of last season with injuries to both shoulders.
Jeff Green, who returned after missing a year because of heart surgery, could take up the minutes that Pierce had provided. But with the health of Fab Melo and Jared Sullinger in question, the roster is largely lacking big men beyond Garnett.
The centers who could be available with the Celtics' No. 16 pick of the draft include Kelly Olynyk of Gonzaga, Gorgui Dieng of Georgetown and Mason Plumlee of Duke. Other possible mid-first round picks are point guards Shane Larkin of Miami and Dennis Schroeder of Germany and small forward Giannis Adetokunbo, who had been playing in Greece.
The Celtics finished at 41-40 last season, their worst record in six years, after losing 13 of their last 20 games. They were eliminated in six games by the New York Knicks, the first time in six years the Celtics didn't make it to the second round.
Ainge said it is not a setback to go into the draft without a coach, although he said the drawn-out negotiations with the Clippers have been "a little bit distracting, to be honest with you."
"The only wrinkle right now is that we need to get a new coaching staff," he said. "There's no urgency right now. We don't need that to happen fast."
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text: I've used my bag for a week of courier work and it's starting to have an all encompasing odour. would it be safe to throw it in the washing machine? There's no way I can have this smell with me all day tomorrow. I was pretty much bearable most of today but soon as I got home I felt like there was somone behind with a serious b.o. problem. I kept turning around but found no one but me. It's a chrome. Anyone have any problems washing them in the machine? How about drying?


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WASHINGTON -- The epochs of Newt Gingrich's public life are defined by the books that have revolutionized him -- generally of the type that sell well at airports. There is Isaac Asimov's "Foundation" trilogy, Alvin Toffler's "The Third Wave," Napoleon Hill's "Think and Grow Rich," Steven Covey's "The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People" and various foundational texts of Total Quality Management and Lean Six Sigma.
These idea crushes are mostly harmless. Sometimes they are not. Gingrich has embraced Dinesh D'Souza's slapdash thesis about Barack Obama's Kenyan, anti-colonial ideology as "the most accurate, predictive model for his behavior." And Gingrich has recently been captured by the theory, developed in books such as Andrew McCarthy's "The Grand Jihad," that Shariah law is a mortal threat to the survival of freedom in the United States and the world as we know it.
Does this seem an exaggerated description of Gingrich's view? Here is the former speaker: "Shariah is a mortal threat to the survival of freedom in the United States and the world as we know it." Gingrich often precludes the possibility of exaggeration.
The Republican front-runner set out his argument about Islamic law in a speech last year to the American Enterprise Institute. America's problem, Gingrich argued, is not primarily terrorism; it is Shariah -- "the heart of the enemy movement from which the terrorists spring forth." Shariah law, in his view, is inherently brutal -- defined by oppression, stonings and beheadings. Its triumph is pursued not only by violent jihadists but by stealthy ones attending the mosque down the street. "The victory of Shariah," he concludes, "would clearly mean the end of the government Lincoln was describing."
It was not a casual theme. Gingrich Productions has generated a movie on the topic called "America at Risk: The War with No Name." Gingrich has called for a "federal law that says Shariah law cannot be recognized by any court in the United States" -- leaving the impression of a threat as real in Topeka as it is in Riyadh.
So Gingrich would be America's first officially anti-Shariah president. And he knows exactly what Shariah really means. It is totalitarianism.
Who else shares this interpretation of Shariah law? Well, totalitarians naturally do. Gingrich joins Iranian clerics, Taliban leaders and Salafists of various stripes in believing that the most authentic expression of Shariah law is fundamentalism and despotism.
Rush Limbaugh defends Rubio's debate answer: He's absolutely right that Obama knows what he's doing | Allahpundit
Time for Team Hillary to break out the gender card for young liberal women who prefer Sanders | Allahpundit


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ACO and FIA plan single GT category to replace GTE and GT3
|By Gary Watkins
|Saturday, October 13th 2012, 11:08 GMT
A new GT class will replace GTE and GT3, possibly as early as 2015
You have viewed over 15 free stories this month. Why stop there? Click here to find out how to continue reading.


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wow stuff!
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is that *** I am a good boy and I can eat that puss ylike you never have had it done before, and then I will be a bad boy so that you can tease my cock like crazy, and then I will punish you for making me wait to be pleasured. you will be a good girl for daddy, and you will please me anyway and wanyhow that I want it. Now you be a good giirl
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or write me ur email sexy
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Mildred M. Marr 1912 - 2013 SPRINGFIELD - Mildred Marie (Clarke) Marr, 100, passed away Sat. She was born in Springfield on May 16, 1912 to the late Robert B. and Elizabeth (Hogan) Clarke. Mildred graduated from Cathedral High School and was a member of the Charter Class of the Elm's College, graduating in 1932. She was a graduate student at the University of Connecticut, School of Social Work in 1965-1966. Mildred was Assistant Director of Administration at the former Department of Public Welfare, retiring in 1978. Previously, she was Head Social Work Supervisor in AFDC at the Welfare Department. For several years, she administered Old Age Assistance and Medical Assistance at the local office. Prior to that, she was employed as a social worker for the City of Springfield. Mildred was a member of the Elms Alumnae, the Catholic Women's Club, the Springfield Women's Club, College Club of Springfield and the Massachusetts Retirees Association. She was a communicant of Sacred Heart Parish. Mildred was predeceased by her husband, Alfred Marr II in 1945 and her son Alfred Marr III in 2008. She leaves her daughter Elizabeth Mary and her husband Richard T. Collins, her 6 grandchildren and 9 great grandchildren, her sister Barbara Burns of Chicopee and several nieces and nephews. Funeral Services will be held WEDS 8:30 AM from the SAMPSON'S CHAPELS OF THE ACRES FUNERAL HOME, 21 TINKHAM RD., SPFLD. followed by a 10 AM Liturgy of Christian Burial in Sacred Heart Church, 395 Chestnut St., Spfld. Burial will follow in St. Michaels Cemetery, 1601 State St., Spfld. Calling hours will be held TUESDAY from 4 to 7 PM. In lieu of flowers, memorial donations may be made to the Elms College Library 291 Springfield St., Chicopee, MA 01013 or to the Sacred Heart Parish Renovation Fund, 395 Chestnut St., Spfld, MA 01104
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Sign and Sealed: Montell Cozart
Bishop Miege quarterback Montell Cozart has faxed in his letter of intent and is the newest Kansas Jayhawk.
Favorite Athlete: Dwyane Wade
Favorite Football Player: Michael Vick
Favorite Pro Sports Team: New England Patriots
Pregame Ritual: Chicken Alfredo & music before!
Favorite Vacation Spot: Virginia Beach, Virginia
Favorite TV Show: Martin & ESPN
Favorite TV Sports Broadcaster: Dick Vitale & Lee Corso
What do you want to do after college football: I want to study Accounting & hopefully become an Accountant
Famous Person You Would Switch Places With For A Day: Jay-Z or LeBron James
Favorite Food: Chicken Alfredo
Favorite Musical Artist: J.Cole
Reason why you chose KU: I feel the future is bright & the program is headed in the right direction.


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"hamlet on north side of Gareloch, 5½ miles north-north-west of Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire. It took its name, signifying 'old fort,' from an ancient fortalice, now almost extinct; it has a post office, with money order and telegraph departments, under Helensburgh, and a Free church; and it is near the elegant modern mansions of Shandon Lodge and West Shandon. Pop. 291."
[From The Gazetteer of Scotland, by Rev. John Wilson, 1882.]
Description and TravelYou can see pictures of Shandon which are provided by:
Historical GeographyYou can see the administrative areas in which Shandon has been placed at times in the past. Select one to see a link to a map of that particular area.
MapsYou can see maps centred on OS grid reference NS255865 (Lat/Lon: 56.039540, -4.802742), Shandon which are provided by:
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- National Library of Scotland (Best site for old maps)
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We are looking for somebody who can help with the maintenance of this page, which currently has a status of Pending - The section is active and has a maintainer assigned but a replacement maintainer is being sought. For more information about what helping us entails, look at our help wanted page. If you would like to consider helping us then please contact David McFarlane.


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SAN DIEGO (AP) Rocky Long and Bronco Mendenhall will leave it to the fans to get all worked up about the revival of the BYU-San Diego State rivalry.
SAN DIEGO (AP) Xavier Thames scored 17 points and Chase Tapley added 15 as No.
SAN DIEGO (AP) Chase Tapley scored 15 points, including consecutive 3-pointers during a decisive 12-0 run, and Jamaal Franklin had 14 to lead No.


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Encompassed by clouds by spoiiWatch
©2010-2016 spoii
Bucegi Mountains, Romania, July 2010
Nikon D40 + Nikon AF-S 18-70mm f/3.5-4.5
Bucegi Mountains Collection: [link]
Nikon D40 + Nikon AF-S 18-70mm f/3.5-4.5
Bucegi Mountains Collection: [link]
An excellent shot.
that's fantastic
lovely b&w. such nice contrast
mama ce tare e
um... confused.. i think the B&W is a mistake in this photo.. Just a point view.
can we see the normal one .
can we see the normal one .
at first I thought this was a seascape. This is beautiful. I like thing that cause me to take pause, this one certainl did and still does. What is the tower in the center, do you know?
it's the Costila Relay. As far as I know it's used for telecommunications (radio and TV signals). it's located in the Bucegi Mountains at an altitude of 8170 feet.
Nice one!
Wow, great one
Beautiful shot!!


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Humanities Increasingly under Fire ; Budget Cuts Are Hitting Programs That Are Easy Targets for Politicians
Delany, Ella, International New York Times
Financing for college humanities programs has fallen steady in the United States since 2009, echoing a trend across the globe.
In the global marketplace of higher education, the humanities are increasingly threatened by decreased funding and political attacks.
Financing for humanities research in the United States has fallen steadily since 2009, and in 2011 was less than half of 1 percent of the amount dedicated to science and engineering research and development. This trend is echoed globally: According to a report in Research Trends magazine, by Gali Halevi and Judit Bar-Ilan, international arts and humanities funding has been in constant decline since 2009.
Rosemary G. Feal, executive director of the Modern Language Association of America, says the decline in funding for humanities research in the United States is related both to fiscal emergencies and "the devaluing of the humanities, especially by legislators who themselves have not experienced firsthand the value of studying the humanities."
Last year, a task force convened by Gov. Rick Scott of Florida recommended that students majoring in liberal arts and social science subjects should pay higher tuition fees, arguing they were "nonstrategic disciplines." Reacting against that, an online petition, which more than 2,000 people signed, warned that the differential tuition model would lead "to a decimation of the liberal arts in Florida."
In March this year, an amendment submitted by Senator Tom Coburn, a Republican from Oklahoma, passed the Senate, limiting the use of National Science Foundation funds for political science research, unless that research promotes "national security or the economic interests of the United States."
This kind of political interference is echoed elsewhere. This year in Australia, Tony Abbott, the newly elected prime minister, promised to "reprioritize" 103 million Australian dollars, or $93.6 million, from research in the humanities into medical research. In a statement, Mr. Abbott's coalition government singled out four examples of "increasingly ridiculous" research grants including "The God of Hegel's Post-Kantian Idealism," and an "Investigation of Sexuality in Islamic Interpretations of Reproductive Health Technologies in Egypt."
Associate Prof. Robert Phiddian, director of the Australasian Consortium of Humanities Research Centers, said that even before Mr. Abbott took office, humanities funding in Australia was in decline. "Humanities departments have seen less and less funding per student for as long as I can remember," he said in an email.
In Britain, at an undergraduate level, government funding for humanities teaching has been pulled. "From 2011, direct government funding for humanities provision has been withdrawn entirely, and replaced by tuition fees, backed up by government loans," said Robin Jackson, chief executive of the British Academy for the Humanities and Social Sciences. "The move has been highly controversial: some have seen it as an expression of lack of respect for the value of these subjects."
"Postgraduate study is now seen as a sensitive area, where enrollments might be depressed by students with debt from undergraduate study," Dr. Jackson said. "There is almost no government funding for masters-level programs in the humanities, although leading universities are shifting towards providing Ph.D. bursaries."
According to Prof. Homi K. Bhabha, director of the Mahindra Humanities Center at Harvard University, "the humanities are facing serious challenges in both developed and developing countries. …


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The Jersey Lillie Suite
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Lillie was nicknamed The Jersey Lily after the flower that comes from where she was born in Jersey.
To find out more about availability of rooms or make a booking, go to Reservations.


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