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There are likely many images that spring to mind when you start considering the "fiscal cliff," that will bring tax increases and automatic spending cuts next year, if Democrats and Republicans are unable to negotiate a deal to reduce the deficit.
For the dean of Columbia Business School, Glenn Hubbard, the looming austerity crisis brings back memories of summer vacations in Ogunquit, Maine and a scenic coastal walk along a narrow path on a cliff. Hubbard says there is a safe way down the rocky path to reach the beach below, but you just need to find the right way to get there.
Hubbard was the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President George W. Bush, and he explains why our system was set up to create a "fiscal cliff" in the first place.
"None of these fiscal problems, as large as they are, are beyond our grasp," Hubbard says. "Our dysfunction is less about economics than it is about politics."
"Currently, our leaders talk about taxes and spending as if they're different subjects, and of course, at the end of the day, they have to come together," Hubbard explains. Because of this disconnect, the math simply isn't adding up. "If we want to keep current levels of spending, we would have to raise taxes, and by the way we would have to raise taxes on everyone," he says. "All of the tax increases that the president has proposed on upper income households are about 1 percent of GDP. We're many times that off."
In addition to increasing taxes, Glenn Hubbard advises serious reform of entitlement programs. Though it is important for lower income Americans to have access to Social Security and health care, Hubbard does not see a reason to extend these benefits to the wealthy. "We need to accept the proposition that upper income people should be getting less," he says.
The President and others will swear on a Bible to honor the US Constitution which is about limitations on the Federal government.
That founding document outlines what the government will do and how big that government should be.
Do they teach that at Columbia Business School?
Why didn't the Democrat controlled Congress raise taxes in 2010 like they were supposed to in order to the pay for the trillions they spent?
Dear English teacher mind, beware. Glenn Hubbard and his people want to cut funding for public education by giving vouchers for charter schools and church schools, crushing teachers' unions, and eliminating the liberal arts. Pragmatism will vanish so the public doesn't question what their government and big business is doing. Your job might be outsourced to an internet private education company possibly overseas. Your Social Security and medicare will be reduced in order for the wealthy and corporations to avoid paying more taxes. The reasoning is that you are helping to reduce the national debt. Did you cause the national debt? No. Why should you have sacrifice again to pay for it? Let the billionaires bring back money from their off shore bank accounts and pay the taxes they owe. Let the CEOs getting gigantic bonuses give half of them to pay for government services and to rebuild the infrastructure they use. Question what you hear.
I've had many different jobs without a college degree. When I was a contractor at a pharma company they couldn't hire me without a college degree to do the job I was already doing. I needed 30 credits, I got them in 28 days doing Clepp tests. I had a relatively broad base of knowledge, so I studied a little and wrote the tests. Total cost around $300.00. Best thing I ever did. I work in a well paying industry, but it requires a college degree. I was 45 years old when I got it, I didn't think it would make a difference, but as I left the building after I passed the last test, I cried. My boss was blown away and hired me on the spot.
FALSE! The problem is not entitlement spending. It is too unfunded wars and the Bush tax cuts. When the premise is false, the subsequent analysis falls apart.
This country plays five finger fillet ( the knife game of open hand on table and hitting between the fingers with a sharp object) with its artificial deadlines "Fiscal Cliffs" and avoidance of obvious economic concerns.
There is a reason why the simple obvious questions like "How much tax do we need to collect to do the business of Government?" never gets asked.
I think Government creates "Fiscal Cliffs" in order to seem like the situation is in a panic and that economic policies are out of control and cannot be "put on the table" and discussed sensibly. "Action needs to be taken immediately," instead of discussed
Government creates a whirlwind of perception in order to get the most tax dollars out of people, without them understanding what it goes for.
It is hard to raise rates on the rich because they take it personally, "How dare you raise my rates, don't you know who I am?" and they are willing to pay lawyers a lot of money not to pay the tax hike.
You can always raise rates on the poor because they respond,"Damn it!" and then pay it and go into debt, but the Government can only squeeze so much money out of them
Our economy is a simple math equation of a see-saw that never gets balanced; because what we need, or what Government tells us we need exceeds what we are willing to pay.
So, we can all jump off the Fiscal Cliff, it is a hologram on "The Starship Enterprise.
Glenn Hubbard has the GOP talking points down regarding how to solve the budget problems. On the one hand he says the wealthy should not receive Social Security and Medicare because they don't need it but their Social Security and Medicare payments would not be enough to balance the budget. The wealthy must their far share in taxes to balance the budget. Leave Social Security and Medicare alone. Most of the money in SS and MC is paid in by people who earn a salary. The money paid in is their retirement money. That's the deal. It was not set up to pay for unnecessary wars or to cover losses tax loopholes used by billionaires and corporations. The middle class have already given at the office. Cough it up CEOs.
Glenn Hubbard, your comments make sense to my "English teacher" mind. Hmmm, wonder if anyone from DC is listening?
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Magnusson KR, Cotman CW. 1993. Age-related changes in excitatory amino acid receptors in two mouse strains.. Neurobiology of aging. 14(3):197-206. Abstract
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Columbia University's Health & Related Services...Please refer to the response to How long does HIV survive outside of the body. It is generally believed that the virus probably does not live more than a few minutes outside of the body.RMK Read more »
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 21, 2004
|Filing date
|Feb 5, 2003
|Priority date
|Feb 5, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Brian K. Brady, Bhaskar Sompalli
|Original Assignee
|General Motors Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (37), Classifications (21), Legal Events (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to PEM fuel cells and, more particularly, to corrosion-resistant terminal collector plates and methods for making the same.
Fuel cells have been proposed as a power source for electric vehicles and other applications. One known fuel cell is the PEM (i.e., Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell that includes a so-called "membrane-electrode-assembly" comprising a thin, solid polymer membrane-electrolyte having an anode on one face of the membrane-electrolyte and a cathode on the opposite face of the membrane-electrolyte. The anode and cathode typically comprise finely divided carbon particles, having very finely divided catalytic particles supported on the internal and external surfaces of the carbon particles, and proton conductive material intermingled with the catalytic and carbon particles.
The membrane-electrode-assembly is sandwiched between a pair of electrically conductive contact elements which serve as current collectors for the anode and cathode, and may contain appropriate channels and openings therein for distributing the fuel cell's gaseous reactants (i.e., H2 & O2/air) over the surfaces of the respective anode and cathode.
Bipolar PEM fuel cells comprise a plurality of the membrane-electrode-assemblies stacked together in electrical series while being separated one from the next by an impermeable, electrically conductive contact element known as a bipolar plate or septum. The septum or bipolar plate has two working faces, one confronting the anode of one cell and the other confronting the cathode on the next adjacent cell in the stack, and each bipolar plate electrically conducts current between the adjacent cells. Contact elements at the ends of the stack are referred to as end, terminal, or collector plates. These terminal collectors contact a conductive element sandwiched between the terminal bipolar plate and the terminal collector plate.
As can be seen, the terminal collector plate serves many functions, including, sealing the stack, providing electrical conductivity, permitting ingress and egress of fluids, and providing a stable material between the stack and the external environment. There remains the challenge to optimize as many of these functions as possible, and as cost-effectively as possible.
The present invention provides an electrochemical cell stack having a terminal collector end plate that has both an electrically conductive and a non-conductive region. The non-conductive region contains at least one aperture for fluid communication into and out of the stack. The non-conductive region is coated with a protective coating that is corrosion-resistant. Such a coating may comprise a passivation layer, a corrosion-resistant polymeric coating, or both.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the electrically conductive region of the terminal plate is coated with a conductive protective layer, comprising a conductive oxidation resistant metal layer. Optionally, the oxidation resistant metal layer may be further coated with a conductive oxidation-resistant polymeric coating.
Another aspect of the present invention includes methods for treating the terminal plate to provide corrosion resistance in the non-conductive region. Further aspects of methods of treatment include protecting the conductive region of the terminal plate with an oxidation resistant polymer coating that contains conductive particles.
Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of two cells in a liquid-cooled PEM fuel cell stack;
FIG. 2 is an exemplary terminal collector end plate showing a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3′ of FIG. 2, showing the surface of a terminal collector end plate of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses.
The present invention contemplates a terminal collector end plate (hereinafter "terminal plate") in an electrochemical fuel cell stack that uses a lightweight corrosion susceptible conductive material having an electrically conductive region and a non-conductive region, wherein the non-conductive region is treated to resist corrosion and minimize surface conductivity. Further, another aspect of the present invention contemplates an electrically conductive region of the terminal plate coated with a conductive oxidation-resistant protective coating. First, to better understand the present invention, a description of an exemplary fuel cell and stack are provided herein.
FIG. 1 depicts two individual proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells connected to form a stack having a pair of membrane-electrode-assemblies (MEAs) 4 and 6 separated from each other by an electrically conductive, liquid-cooled, bipolar separator plate 8. An individual fuel cell, which is not connected in series within a stack, has a separator plate 8 with a single electrically active side. In a stack, a preferred bipolar separator plate 8 typically has two electrically active sides 20, 21 within the stack, each active side 20, 21 respectively facing a separate MEA 4, 6 with opposite charges that are separated, hence the so-called "bipolar" plate. As described herein, the fuel cell stack is described as having conductive bipolar plates, however the present invention is equally applicable to stacks having only a single fuel cell.
The MEAs 4, 6 and bipolar plate 8, are stacked together between stainless steel clamping terminal plates 10 and 12, and end contact fluid distribution elements 14 and 16. The end fluid distribution elements 14, 16, as well as both working faces of the bipolar plate 8, contain a plurality of lands adjacent to grooves or channels on the active faces 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 24 for distributing fuel and oxidant gases (i.e., H2 & O2) to the MEAs 4, 6. Nonconductive gaskets or seals 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, and 35 provide seals and electrical insulation between the several components of the fuel cell stack. Gas-permeable conductive diffusion media 34, 36, 38, and 40 press up against the electrode faces of the MEAs 4, 6. Additional layers of conductive media 43, 45 are placed between the end contact fluid distribution elements 14, 16 and the terminal collector plates 10, 12 to provide a conductive pathway therebetween when the stack is compressed during normal operating conditions. The end contact fluid distribution elements 14, 16 press up against the diffusion media 34, 40 respectively, while the bipolar plate 8 presses up against the diffusion media 36 on the anode face of the MEA 4, and against diffusion media 38 on the cathode face of MEA 6.
Oxygen is supplied to the cathode side of the fuel cell stack from storage tank 46 via appropriate supply plumbing 42, while hydrogen is supplied to the anode side of the fuel cell from storage tank 48, via appropriate supply plumbing 44. Alternatively, air may be supplied to the cathode side from the ambient, and hydrogen to the anode from a methanol or gasoline reformer, or the like. Exhaust plumbing 41 for both the H2 and O2/air sides of the MEAs is also provided. Additional plumbing 50 is provided for circulating coolant from a storage area 52 through the bipolar plate 8 and end plates 14, 16 and out the exit plumbing 54.
Isometric exploded views of a bipolar plate (such as number 8) are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,376 to Fronk, et al. As appreciated by one of skill in the art, a bipolar plate can be used as a single fuel cell conductive plate, which is bounded internally by the MEA and externally by the terminal plates, where a coolant field may be used along an active face.
Selection of the material of construction for the terminal plates 10 includes weighing such parameters as overall density (mass and volume), contact resistance at the surface, bulk conductivity, and corrosion and oxidation resistance. Thus, the important considerations for a terminal plate material include surface and bulk intrinsic conductivity of the material to perform as an electrical current collector in the conductive regions, while withstanding any corrosive conditions in the non-conductive fluid transport region. Previous materials have included lightweight metals comprising titanium or aluminum. Aluminum is a particularly desirable metal for use within a terminal plate, due to its high intrinsic bulk electrical conductivity, low surface resistance, and relatively low weight. However, aluminum tends to oxidize during operation of an H2—O2/air PEM fuel cell in electrically active or conductive contact areas. Such oxidation forms an oxide layer at the surface that impermissibly increases surface resistance. Further many lightweight metals are susceptible to corrosive attack, and in light of such corrosion sensitivity and propensity for oxidation, various protective coatings are used. However, often such protective coatings increase the electrical resistance of the metal plate to unacceptable levels or are expensive, such as with gold or platinum coatings. Thus, there is a trade-off between conductivity and corrosion protection.
According to one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to treat a terminal plate 10 made of a corrosion susceptible material so that it can withstand corrosion and oxidative attack, thus allowing for use of a metal that has less surface contact resistance and greater bulk conductivity for its weight relative to other more corrosion-resistant metals. Incorporation of such corrosion susceptible materials improves the overall gravimetric efficiency (i.e., efficiency per unit of mass) of the fuel cell stack.
As shown in FIG. 2, a terminal collector end plate 10 has an electrically non-conductive region 100, as well as an electrically conductive region 102. The conductive regions 102 of the terminal plate 10 are typically separated from the non-conductive region 100 by sealing gaskets 33,35 (FIG. 1). However, if the gaskets 33, 35 fail due to corrosion, corrosive liquids may migrate into the conductive region 102 and leach aluminum ions. These aluminum ions can then migrate into the stack and the individual fuel cells. Such aluminum ions are detrimental to catalysts in the MEA, as the ions can occupy catalyst sites, reducing the performance of the cell and the entire stack.
Apertures 104 within the non-conductive region 100 extend through the body, or substrate, 128 of the terminal plate 10 permit fluid transport both into and out of the stack during operating conditions. Various fluids entering the stack include a hydrogen-containing gas, an oxygen-containing gas, and a liquid coolant (e.g. a mixture of ethylene glycol and water). Thus, on a first side 106 of the terminal plate 10, a first aperture 110 delivers hydrogen containing gas from the exterior of the stack from a storage or generation point 48 (FIG. 1) into the interior of the stack for the anode of at least one MEA, a second aperture 112 delivers oxygen containing gas into the interior of the stack for the cathode of at least one MEA from the oxygen storage or collection point 46 (FIG. 1), and a third aperture 114 delivers liquid coolant into the interior of the stack for cooling the regions inside the bipolar or end contact plates from the storage point 52 (FIG. 1).
The particular quantity or sequence of the apertures 104 is not limiting, and is merely exemplary as described herein, as numerous configurations are possible as recognized by one of skill in the art. A bipolar plate flow field design may dictate the inlet and outlet aperture configurations and fluid delivery placement. In one preferred embodiment, the first side 106 has a collector tab 120 facing upwards with the opposite side 108 facing downwards to maximize the effect of gravity on the liquid coolant assisting its movement as it enters the interior of the stack. On the second side of the terminal plate 108, a fourth aperture 122 transports anode effluent from the interior to the exterior of the stack, a fifth aperture 124 transports cathode effluent out of the stack, and a sixth aperture 126 transports coolant that has passed through at least one bipolar plate within the interior of the stack out of the stack. Thus, exposure of the underlying metal substrate 128 to the fluids entering and exiting the stack promotes corrosion of the non-conductive region 100 of the terminal plate 10, especially in the harsh conditions occurring on the "wet side" (i.e., the side facing a cathode of an internal fuel cell) of the stack. Further, it is believed that due to the terminal plate 10 being polarized to high positive voltages while being exposed to various pressurized gases, acid attack and oxidation are accelerated and promote corrosion of the terminal plate 10 substrate, although such theories are not limiting of mechanisms by which the terminal plate 10 corrodes.
The terminal plate 10 has surfaces 130, 132 of the substrate 128 and according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the non-conductive regions 100 of the terminal plate 10 are treated for protection from both oxidation and acid-attack via a prophylactic corrosion-resistant protective coating 140. One variation is to use different coatings to protect only certain apertures, and not all of them such as anode, cathode, coolant, ingress apertures only, and such as egress apertures only, or both. However, this selectivity adds to the cost and complexity. Corrosion-resistant refers to a material's reduced susceptibility to corrosion including chemical attack mechanisms such as: oxidation (i.e., inadvertent electrochemical reaction), acid attack, or both. "Relatively" corrosion resistant refers to a material's ability to better resist corrosion when compared with other similar materials, resulting in a lower corrosion rates and a longer lifespan.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention as shown in FIG. 2, the exposed surfaces 130, 132 of the non-conductive region 100 are passivated. Passivation, as used herein, generally refers to a process of treating a metal to render the surface less chemically reactive or prone to corrosion. Surfaces exposed to a hostile or corrosive environment in the fuel cell are passivated to form a passivation layer 142 on the surfaces 130, 132 of the non-conductive region 100. One preferred passivation process is anodization of an aluminum metal substrate 128. Anodization is well known in the art, and generally refers to a conversion process where a metal is electrochemically coated with a protective film that renders the plate electrochemically inert. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the anodization forms a surface layer of metal oxide, such as aluminum oxide, that is significantly less electrochemically reactive than the base metal, metallic aluminum. Thus, passivated metal is far more resistant to corrosion. Further, the aluminum oxide layer facilitates better adhesion of subsequent applications of coatings. This minimizes potential flaws in the coating, such as pinholes which expose areas of uncoated metal. These pinholes arise as small, unprotected regions of the metallic surface, and have the potential to become growth sites for corrosion. Such sites may further expand at the surface, thus, the passivation layer on the surface minimizes the occurrence of such defects, by increasing corrosion resistance and also adhesion of any subsequently applied layers.
Many different methods of aluminum anodization are well-known in the art. Selecting an anodization process depends on the alloy properties and the protection layer needed for operating conditions in the cell. By way of example, one anodization process uses chromic acid on aluminum to form aluminum oxide and is described in more detail in "Metals Handbook", 8th Edition, Vol. 2, p. 621 (American Society for Metals, 1964). Depending on the anodization method used, the duration of processing to form the passivation layer 95 varies from about five minutes to over 4 hours. The resulting film thickness varies, then, from 5 μm to greater than 700 μm. In an alternate preferred embodiment a chemical conversion coating may be used to passivate the surface of the metal where the metal is converted to a less active species in an oxidation-reduction chemical reaction.
Minimizing the impedance of electrical conductivity in the conductive regions of the terminal plate is important to maintain the fuel cell power output. An electrochemically inert passivation layer 142 coating the conductive region 102 may diminish the electrical conductivity of the terminal plate 10 within the fuel cell because the conductive region 102 is the primary conductive pathway for electricity generated within the fuel cell stack. Electricity travels from the MEAs 4, 6 (FIG. 1) to the respective bipolar or end contact plates (e.g. conductive fluid distribution elements) 8, 14, 16 and then through conductive media 43, 45 to the terminal collector plates 10, 12, building a cumulative electrical potential across the stack from one terminal plate 10 to the opposite terminal plate 12. The collector tab 120 placed at the periphery 146 of one side 106 of the terminal plate 10 transmits electricity from the conductive region 102 to the collector tab 120 through the conductive metal body 128 of the terminal plate 10. A cable or lead (not shown) is attached to the collector tab 120, while an oppositely charged cable or lead is attached to the other collector tab at the opposite side of the stack. Thus, the conductive region 102 and the collector tab 120 must maintain sufficient surface conductivity for proper operation of the fuel cell. A passivation layer 142 may render the surface relatively insulative by diminishing surface conductivity, however, it does not impact the bulk or intrinsic conductivity through the body 128. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, only the non-conductive region 100 that is susceptible to corrosion has a passivation layer 142 as a protective coating 140, which protects it from acid attack and oxidation, while still allowing electrical charge to flow within the body 128 of the terminal plate 10 from the conductive region conductive 102 to the collector tab 120.
In another aspect of a preferred embodiment of the present invention the protective coating 140 comprises a polymeric coating 150, applied to the non-conductive region 100 surfaces 130, 132 as shown in FIG. 3, a cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3′ in FIG. 2. The non-conductive region 100 of the surfaces 130, 132 of the terminal plate 10 may be coated with a non-conductive polymer. The increased surface electrical resistance of the non-conductive region 100 of the terminal plate 10, does not impact electrical conductivity through the body 128 of the terminal plate 10. Also contemplated are multiple layers of polymeric coating 150 a, 150 b, which may afford greater corrosion protection for the underlying surfaces 130, 132 as the thickness increases.
The polymer, or mixtures of polymers, forming the polymeric coating 150 are selected for compatibility with the metallic substrate surfaces 130, 132 of the terminal plate 10, as well as for its corrosion-resistance. Such a polymer comprises any polymer that is water-insoluble when cross-linked or cured, which can form a thin adherent film to the metallic substrate 128 beneath, and that can withstand the hostile oxidative and acidic environment of the fuel cell. Hence, polymers, such as epoxies, silicones, polyamide-imides, polyetherimides, polyphenols, fluoro-elastomers (e.g., polyvinylidene fluoride), polyesters, phenoxy-phenolics, epoxide-phenolics, acrylics, and urethanes, inter alia are seen to be useful with the present invention. Cross-linked polymers are preferred for producing impermeable coatings that provide corrosion-resistant properties.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, only the non-conductive region 102 receives the protective coating 140. The conductive region 102 and the collector tab 120 surfaces are covered or masked while the terminal plate 10 is protected, e.g. subjected to passivation. A mask is any material that is applied to a substrate and remains stable during passivation and/or polymer application. Such materials may include photomasks typically constructed of opaque materials. Thus, the protective coating 140 is formed only over the non-conductive region 100 of the cell. Areas along the edges of the masks 166 may have some passivation layer or oxide formation, and optionally, these areas 166 may be cleaned to remove any oxide present by mechanical abrasion, chemical etching, or a similar method.
When the terminal plate 10 is constructed of a corrosion susceptible material, such as aluminum, the electrically conductive region 102 may suffer from oxidative attack creating an undesirable aluminum oxide layer that increases contact resistance at the surface 132. Such oxide layers significantly reduce power output and operational efficiency of the stack. One aspect of the present invention is application of a conductive region protective coating 156 covering the conductive region 102 of the terminal plate 10.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the conductive region protective coating 156 comprises an oxidation-resistant metal 158 that resists oxidation better than the underlying substrate metal 128 and protects the substrate 128 from oxidation. Oxidation-resistant refers to a material inhibiting oxidation better than the underlying metal can resist oxidation. Application of the metal layer 158 can be done using conventional physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques (e.g. magnetron sputtering) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) known to those skilled in these arts. Also plating processes, both electrolytic and electroless, are useable to apply these types of metallic coatings.
The surface 132 may be prepared prior to the metal layer 158 deposition by removing any impurities or naturally existing oxide layers on the surface by mechanical, chemical, or electrochemical means. Removal of natural oxides from the entire conductive region 102 substrate surface 132 ensures that the subsequent oxidation resistant coating 156 will be adherent. A layer of an oxidation resistant metal 158, such as platinum, gold, nickel, tin, silver, alloys thereof, mixtures thereof and equivalents thereof, maintains the desirable surface conductivity with a relatively low contact resistance, while preventing the formation of oxide layers that impede electrical conductivity. Metal layers 158 comprising nickel are particularly preferred. In one preferred aspect, electroless-applied nickel is used as a sub-layer under the particle-filled polymer coating.
When exposed to certain internal stack environments, an oxidation resistant metal layer 158 over the substrate 128 may require further protection to prevent oxide layers from forming. An alternate preferred embodiment of the present invention includes an electrically conductive region protective coating 156 that comprises a polymer containing conductive oxidation-resistant coating 160 applied over the oxidation resistant metal layer 158. During operation of the fuel cell, the terminal plate 10 is clamped to compress the several stack components against one another, via clamping means such as bolts extending through the stack. Thus, the terminal plate 10 conductive region 102 is physically separated from the non-conductive region by sealing gaskets 33, 35, during normal operations. However, when exposed to corrosive conditions, the gaskets may degrade or fail allowing fluid communication between the conductive and non-conductive regions 102, 100. The corrosive liquids on the non-conductive region 100 may migrate into the conductive region 102. Thus, such a polymer containing conductive oxidation-resistant coating 160 also safeguards against leached aluminum ions poisoning the catalysts within the stack by prophylactically coating the conductive region 102 substrate 128 with a corrosion and oxidation-resistant coating 160.
A preferred polymer containing conductive oxidation-resistant coating 160 includes a base polymer or mixtures of polymers, similar to polymers selected for the non-conductive coating 150 applied to the non-conductive region 100, as discussed above, but further includes conductive particle fillers 162 to permit the necessary conductivity. The polymer containing conductive oxidation-resistant coating 160 must be electrically conductive, typically having a resistivity less than about 50 ohm-cm. Depending on the characteristics of the polymer selected, the polymer containing conductive oxidation-resistant coating 160 may optionally further comprise oxidation-resistant, acid-insoluble, electrically conductive particles 162 (i.e., less than about 50 μm) dispersed throughout the conductive region oxidation-resistant coating 160. These conductive particles 162 enable electrical conductivity through the conductive region protective coating 156. Corrosion and oxidation resistant polymers containing a plurality of electrically conductive filler particles are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,376 to Fronk, et al.
The conductive particles 162 are selected from the group consisting of: gold, platinum, graphite, carbon, nickel, conductive metal borides, nitrides and carbides (e.g., titanium nitride, titanium carbide, titanium diboride), titanium alloys containing chromium and/or nickel, palladium, niobium, rhodium, rare earth metals, and other noble metals. Most preferably, the particles 162 will comprise carbon or graphite (i.e., hexagonally crystallized carbon). The particles 162 comprise varying weight percentages of the polymer containing conductive oxidation-resistant coating 160 depending on both the conductive characteristics of the polymer itself (determining the extent of conductivity needed) and further the density and conductivity of the particles 162 (i.e., particles having a high conductivity and low density can be used in lower weight percentages). Carbon/graphite containing conductive coatings 160 will typically contain 25 percent by weight carbon/graphite particles 162.
The non-conductive region and conductive region polymer containing conductive oxidation-resistant coatings (150, 160) may be applied to the conductive region 102 substrate surface 132 in a number of ways, e.g., (1) electrophoretic deposition (2) brushing, spraying or spreading, (3) laminating, or (4) powder coating. Powder coatings of polymeric substances 150, 160 are particularly preferred because they can be efficiently deposited with little waste, can coat surfaces with a pre-existing polymer layer, have less porosity, and can be deposited substantially uniformly in thicker layers than other methods of polymer application. Powder coating is well known in the art and useful to coat a variety of conductive and non-conductive substrates by charging dry polymeric particles with voltages generally above 80 kV, as they exit a sprayer (e.g. Teflon� lined or Corona). A variety of polymers may be applied with this method, including without limitation, epoxies, polyamides, and polyimides. Powder coating is particularly well suited to applying the non-conductive region corrosion-resistant polymeric layer 150, where two to three layers of polymer are applied to achieve a thickness within the range of approximately about 50-250 μm. Also, electrophoretic deposition is useful with conductive substrates, providing an efficient way of applying cathodic epoxies, acrylics, urethanes and polyesters. Subsequent baking of coated substrates crosslinks, and densities the coating applied either by powder coating or by electrophoretic deposition. The polymer application methods described herein can be used to apply both the non-conductive protective polymeric coating 150 over the non-conductive region 100 (i.e., without conductive particles), as well as the polymer containing conductive oxidation-resistant coating layer 160 over the conductive region 102 (i.e., with conductive particles) of the terminal plate 10.
An alternative method of applying the polymeric coatings (e.g. 150, 160) is first forming the polymer as a discrete film (e.g. by solvent casting, extrusion, etc.), and then laminating onto the working surface 130, 132 of the terminal plate 10, e.g., by hot rolling. The discrete film preferably contains a plasticizer to improve handling of the film in this method of application and provides a coating layer atop the substrate 128 that is supple enough so that the film will not be torn or disrupted when the terminal plate 10 is further processed. Fluoro-elastomers such as polyvinylidiene diflouride or the like are useful with this embodiment, and may be used with conventional plasticizers such as dibutyl phthalate.
Alternatively, the polymer film 150, 160 is applied to the working surface 130, 132 of the substrate 128 by spraying, brushing or spreading (e.g., with a doctor blade). A precursor of the coating is formed by dissolving the polymer in a suitable solvent, (optionally, conductive filler particles 162 can be mixed with the dissolved polymer and applied it as a wet slurry atop the substrate 132 when it is the polymer containing conductive oxidation-resistant coating 160. The wet coating is then dried (i.e., the solvent removed) and cured as needed (e.g., for thermosets). The conductive particles 162, when present, adhere to the substrate 128 by means of the solvent-free polymer.
A preferred polymer useful with this spraying, brushing, or spreading application comprises a polyamide-imide thermosetting polymer. The polyamide-imide is dissolved in a solvent comprising a mixture of N-methylpyrrolidone, propylene glycol and methyl ether acetate. To this solution is, optionally, added about 21% to about 23% by weight of a mixture of graphite and carbon black particles wherein the graphite particles range in size from about 5 μm to about 20 μm and the carbon black particles range in size from about 0.5 μm to about 1.5 μm with the smaller carbon black particles serving to fill the voids between the larger graphite particles and thereby increase the conductivity of the coating compared to all-graphite coatings. The mix is applied to the substrate 128 dried and cured to about 15-30 μm thick coatings 150, 160 (preferably about 17 μm) having a carbon-graphite content of about 38% by weight (if used). It may be cured slowly at low temperatures (i.e., <400� F.), or more quickly in a two step process wherein the solvent is first removed by heating for ten minutes at about 300� F.-350� F. (i.e., dried) followed by higher temperature heating (500� F.-750� F.) for durations ranging from about 30 seconds to about 15 minutes (depending on the temperature used) to cure the polymer.
A preferred method of treatment includes selecting a region (i.e., the non-conductive region 100) along a major surface 130, 132 of the body 128 for treatment. Prior to treatment, any non-selected regions (i.e., the conductive region 102) along the major surfaces 130, 132 of the body 128 are masked prior to applying the protective coating 140 on the non-conductive region 100. The protective coating 140 includes a passivation layer 142 and optionally a further conductive corrosion-resistant polymeric layer 150. One alternate embodiment of the present invention contemplates an optional treatment step where the terminal plate 10 has a passivation layer 142 and conductive polymeric layer 150 and is passivated to treat any pinholes that may underlie the protective coating 140, which could provide corrosion growth sites in the metal substrate 128. Additional passivation treats the metal underlying any pinholes occurring in the passivation layer 142 or polymeric layer 150, thus fortifying the protective coating 140. After application of the protective coating 140 on the non-conductive region 100, the mask (not shown) is removed from the conductive region 102. A new mask is placed over the freshly coated non-conductive region 100, where it is protected from subsequent treatment of the conductive region 102. The conductive region 102 may be further pre-processed by mechanical or chemical abrasion. Then, a conductive region protective coating 156 is applied over the conductive region 102, comprising an oxidation resistant metal layer 158 and a polymer containing conductive oxidation-resistant coating 160. After applying the conductive region protective coating 156 on the conductive region 102, the masks may be removed from the non-conductive region 100.
The present invention thus provides the ability to coat the non-conductive regions of a terminal plate made of a corrosion-susceptible material with a corrosion-resistant coating, while further optionally protecting the conductive region with a conductive coating, overcoming problems with rapidly expanding corrosion sites on the metal and undesirable oxidizing of electrically conductive portions of the surface, which would otherwise decrease the performance of the fuel stack.
While the invention has been described in the terms of specific embodiments thereof, it is not intended to be limited thereto but rather only to the extent set forth hereafter in the claims which follow. The description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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|European Classification
|Feb 5, 2003
|Mar 17, 2008
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Prices, specials, features and availability subject to change.
Deer Lakes Apartments consists of newly constructed 1 & 2 bedroom units near the SUNY Buffalo North Campus in Amherst. Washers and dryers in unit. Private patios and storage. Garages are available. Sweet Home Schools. Tenant pays gas and electric. Pets allowed with Pet Fee. Located at 3416 Deer Lakes Dr., Amherst NY 14228. To Apply online, click the "Applicant Login" link above.Click here for a Printable PDF Application. A completed application can be mailed, faxed to 716-688-5463, or emailed to email@example.com. View all available rentals at our website: MJPRental.comProfessionally managed by MJ Peterson Real Estate.
Lease terms are variable. Please inquire with property staff.
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31. UFO, ET Probe Windsor Ontario Canada. Aug 29 2012. part 1.
- Uploaded by Maarhuis on Sep 20, 2013
- Views: 101
Part 1. I awoke in the morning made a coffee, sat down outside, looked up to see this ET probe, this is only part of the video the original is alot longer, consisting of me running around trying to aim the video cam off a tree and eve's troft craft was over my head for over 60 min. I filmed in polorization because i couldnt see it in the panel of the camera.


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An integral part of the Center's mission is to plan a wide range of activities to shed light on the major issues in the Middle East and their significance in the global arena. The Center will work to advance knowledge of the relationship between economic development and successful peace efforts. The Center will host guest speaker series, seminars and cultural events as well as dissemination of relevant research reports, media resources and special lectures.
Trials of Spring
Film Screening and Discussion with Director & Featured Activist
Thursday, November 19
2:00 - 3:15 p.m.
O'Leary Library 222
61 Wilder St, Lowell
Free and open to the public
Join Oscar-nominated filmmaker Gini Reticker (Pray the Devil Back to Hell & Women, War, and Peace) and Egyptian activist Hend Nafea for a film screening and discussion of Trials of Spring. Trials of Spring is a series of short films that chronicle the stories of nine women who played central roles in the Arab Spring uprisings and their aftermaths in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Syria, Bahrain and Yemen. This event is co-sponsored by the Middle East Center for Peace, Development and Culture, Multicultural Affairs, Sociology, Political Science, Gender Studies, Peace and Conflict Studies, Center for Women and Work, and PACSI.
Iranian Nuclear Deal: Challenges and Controversies
The challenges and controversies behind the U.S. nuclear deal with Iran – and Congress' reaction to it – were discussed by foreign-policy and nuclear-energy experts during a forum moderated by Prof. Paula Rayman, director of UMass Lowell's Middle East Center for Peace, Development and Culture. Panelists included Gregory Aftandilian, an associate with the center and a former intelligence analyst with the U.S. Department of State, and UMass Lowell professors Sukesh Aghara, an authority on nuclear security, and Marco Marzo, a former director in the department of safeguards for the International Atomic Energy Agency.
20th Anniversary, Day without Violence
"America in Arab Eyes and Arabs in American Eyes"
Shibley Telhami, Ph.D., reviewed public opinion polls in the United States and the Arab World to assess changing public perceptions of issues that concern both sides. Telhami is the Anwar Sadat Professor for Peace and Development at University of Maryland, College Park, and non-resident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.
United States Ambassador to Israel Honors Professor Rayman as Distinguished American Speaker
Middle East Center Trains Jewish and Arab Women in Non-Violent Communication
Professor Paula Rayman, Director of Middle East Center, and Mr. Seth Izen, Assistant Director of the Middle East Center conducted a training in non-violent communication for Jewish and Arab women in Ramle, Israel in November. The workshop was held at Open House, an organization committed to bridging the divide between the two sides through fostering understanding and empathy. Dalia Landau, the co-founder of Open House, stated: "These skills are a much needed life-long practice, we realize, which we hope to implement in our daily life and hopefully to follow up with Paula and Seth whenever they are in the country."
Read more about our past events.
The Middle East Center - Southwick Hall 250-G, Lowell, MA 01854
Phone: 978-934-4307, Fax: 978-934-1089 - Contact Us
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In the early 1900s, Barbour provided oilskins to polar expeditions. The AW15 Arctic Expedition collection features ultra warm jackets that provide protection from the cold, and knitwear is warm and soft to snuggle into on chilly days. The ever changing blues and reds of the Northern Lights, provide the colour inspiration
The Great Coat was originally a heavy military jacket that was used in all weathers. Inspired by this military heritage, the Winter Great Coat collection offers protection and warmth in equal measures. Olive and navy feature strongly in parka shapes. Knitwear is chunky with roll neck jumpers and heavyweight knits
Dress the whole family in Barbour's iconic collections for coordinated British countryside inspired looks. Younger generations can now channel year-round layering with classic quilted jackets, chunky knitwear and versatile gilets. This season brings new colours and prints for an updated take on Barbour's military heritage and luxe rural charm
The Barbour footwear ranges are designed to compliment the Barbour ranges of men's and women's clothing to complete a head to toe look. Classic constructions and designs mixed with Barbour details fit for purpose in the country
and city


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Modern Judaism
Volume 24, Number 1, February 2004
pp. 93-100
Modern Judaism 24.1 (2004) 93-100
Norbert Samuelson, Revelation and the God of Israel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). x + 259 pp.
Revelation in the ordinary sense of the word is an everyday experience, or at least it can be. It refers to moments of illumination, recognition, or insight. In the context of the history of religion, on the other hand, revelation refers to the extraordinary insight into a reality that is usually hidden and is of great existential importance for an entire community. In this sense, the word revelation (from the Latin revelatio) is the equivalent of the Greek word apocalupsis (apocalypse). It is the kind of revelation found in apocalyptic literature (e.g., in the biblical book of Daniel or the Fourth Book of Ezra in the apocryphal books), and this literature is what determined our use of the word revelation in a religious context.
Revelation in the ordinary sense is still a common, if hyperbolic, term. Religious revelation, however, has become problematic. For the apocalyptists, the earth was at the center of the universe and was surrounded by spheres of superior beings whose true essence was hidden from the gaze of the ordinary person, the firmament serving as a screen behind which God was engaged in managing the affairs of the sublunar sphere. Although we no longer picture ourselves as living in a Ptolemaic cosmos, we inadvertently perpetuate the psychology of geocentrism. Hence, as is the case with other words whose metaphoric value is tied to a dated cosmology, revelation still functions in modern religious discourse even though it had to undergo considerable changes in meaning in order to be able to do so. Revelation may no longer refer literally to the apocalyptic gaze at the backstage where divine agents pull the strings that cause the seemingly erratic motions on the stage of human history. But while modern man no longer wishes to have his strings pulled, he still feels enamored with the possibility of revelation. But what is revelation to the modern autonomous man who conceives of himself as a free agent in the arenas of private and public action? Is it the revelation of the moral law itself, discovered by the human genius in response to the experience of thepresence of (divine) alterity? Because modern man considers religion as the projection of human hopes onto the screen of heaven (Feuerbach), he is also able to interpret revelation as the metaphor of our profoundest encounters with the Universe/the Absolute/the Other/the Holy/and so on. The only difference seems to be that we do with full awareness what our parents did naively.
But how is it possible for a religious concept like revelation to take on such profoundly different meanings? Why is it not, instead, entirely discarded, replaced by something more fitting to the changed worldview of the religionists? Or is it, rather, that, for psychological or other reasons, changes in worldview must be hidden behind words that stay the same even though their meanings change? In any case, in order to possess such malleability, divine revelation must be something broader than the cosmological images by which it is accompanied at any given time. As the symbol of a profound continuum of human experience, the concept must represent a fundamental human need.
Norbert Samuelson's recent work on the concept of revelation presupposes the shift in meaning that we discern in the usage of broad religious concepts such as revelation. Revelation and the God of Israel (Cambridge, 2002) is the sequel to Judaism and the Doctrine of Creation (Cambridge, 1994) and thus the second part of Professor Samuelson's exposition of the classical triplet of the doctrines of creation, revelation, and redemption. In order to make these broad dogmatic concepts manageable, Samuelson limits the scope of his inquiry to a summary of the biblical plot and to definitions of revelation extracted from a few representatives of medieval Jewish philosophy and modern Jewish theology. After he establishes the meanings of the concept in each context, that is, the meaning of revelation in the context of biblical literature, its meaning in the context of medieval philosophy, and finally its meaning in the context of modern...
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Subjects taught at LSE | Services and divisions (administration)
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Academic qualifications
You will need a bachelor's degree with honours, with a grade of first or upper second class, or equivalent in a related area. Professional experience, although desirable, is not an essential requirement of the programme.
If your native language is not English, you will need to have passed either the Test Of English as a Foreign Language TOEFL| or the International English Language Testing Systems (IELTS) tests|, obtaining a score of at least 7 for IELTS and 627 for TOEFL (263 if you are taking the computer based test).
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For more information on how to apply in each university, please see the links below.
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first off Great plugin!
Could you implement the feature for png2jpg? Would love to see this added since full image png don't really optimize.
first off Great plugin!
Could you implement the feature for png2jpg? Would love to see this added since full image png don't really optimize.
well, png2jpg isn't really an option, as it only runs on Windows, but the idea is one I've tossed around since I first started the plugin for both converting gif to png and for png to jpg. It's quite a bit of work though, and I'm not sure on the implementation of it, so perhaps I'll pose a couple questions to you.
The ultimate long-term solution (I think) is to let the user know that a conversion would produce a smaller image and offer a link by the image in the media library to replace it with the new format. For PNGs, we have to be concerned with transparency, since JPG does not support transparency. For GIFs, we have to look out for animation, since PNGs don't support animations. One other problem with the PNG to JPG process is that this is not a lossless operation. It may not be noticable but it is still an irreversible loss of pixels. We would likely also need to have a quality setting for JPGs so that the user can choose what level of lossiness is acceptable. In any case, I think keeping the original image around is critical and unless we can auto-detect the transparency and animation issues, bulk operations are completely out of the question.
All that said, there are short-term solutions which may be acceptable (they would require the user to download, and then re-upload the converted image), which would you prefer?
1. when the image is optimized, we do a test conversion in the background and store it alongside the original if it results in a smaller image. We then give the user the opportunity to download the new smaller image via the media library page.
2. when the image is optimized, we do a test conversion in the background, but do not store the new image, we only present a similar message to #1 and re-do the conversion on the fly if they click the download link on the media library page.
3. forget short term, it is too inconvenient, and focus on the long term (as long as 4-6 months out).
thank you for the response nosilver4u, much appreciated.
I was thinking more along the lines of using somthing like imagemagick to perform the conversion.
What you think about this solution?
That's the one I was looking at using. If you could give me more feedback on the options I presented, that would be helpful too.
My current problem is large PNG images that don't optimize down (PNG 32) no matter what you do to them, so converting them to JPG is the best solution.
I imagine the PNG to JPG option should be as follows:
Admin Screen Options:
Hook Process
Then, during the upload process, hook only if option png2jpg is true, then convert png2jpg and return the jpg to the media uploader, delete uploaded PNG.
For my needs:
Ok, I'll add it to the roadmap, but don't hold your breath. Probably at least 4 months out, unless I magically have loads of freetime in the near future. We'll leave it 'not resolved' to make sure I don't forget about it.
so magic happens, the changes are in the -dev version right now if you want to try them out. I'll be releasing probably this weekend. If you don't specify a background, it skips transparent PNGs, and if you don't specify a JPG quality, it goes with the optimal quality setting which is auto-detected based on the image.
This topic has been closed to new replies.


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NSS Legislative and Political Action Network Center
Help Support Space with the 2016 February Blitz and March StormBy Dale Skran, Chair, NSS Policy Committee
February 21-23, 2016 SEA Blitz
NSS will be participating in the Space Exploration Alliance (SEA) 2016 legislative Blitz. During the SEA Blitz teams of up to four space advocates from various organizations visit Congressional offices in Washington, DC. NSS encourages all members to sign up for and participate in the SEA Blitz as described at www.spaceexplorationalliance.org/blitz.
We are currently planning on holding a special dinner for NSS members only on the evening of Sunday, February 21st, following the SEA training session. Dale Skran, Chair of the NSS Policy Committee will be coordinating NSS members. Please send him a short email message at email@example.com indicating you plan to participate in the Blitz and whether you will be attending the Sunday evening NSS dinner.
Also, when registering for the SEA Blitz we request that you answer the last question by saying that you will represent NSS. SEA includes groups ranging from NSS and Explore Mars to AIAA, the Moon Society, the Mars Society, the Planetary Society, the National Society of Black Engineers, SEDS, and Buzz Aldrin's ShareSpace Foundation. The major goal of the SEA Blitz from an NSS perspective is to provide as much support for the NASA budget as possible during these difficult budgetary times. Now is the time to stand up for space and be counted. I look forward to seeing you in Washington, DC, February 21-23, 2016.
March 13-17, 2016 SFF/NSS/ASD March Storm
If February in Washington DC is too cold for you, consider joining the MARCH STORM Congressional action event sponsored by the Space Frontier Foundation, NSS, and the Alliance for Space Development (ASD) from March 13-17, 2016. ASD includes groups like the Space Frontier Foundation, NSS, the Lifeboat Foundation, The Mars Foundation, The Mars Society, the Space Development Foundation, the Space Development Steering Committee, the Space Tourism Society, Students for the Exploration and Development of Space, Students on Capitol Hill, the Tea Party in Space, and the Texas Space Alliance. You can find out more about ASD at www.allianceforspacedevelopment.org.
MARCH STORM is more focused on commerce and development than the SEA Blitz, and is an integrated part of a year-long legislative campaign managed by ASD that is designed for maximum legislative effectiveness. You can expect topics being pushed to include items like a Low Cost Access to Space Prize, full funding for Commercial Crew, and supporting a gapless transition from the ISS to commercial space stations. The basic commitment is to a training session on Sunday, March 13, and to one day on the Hill on March 14th. Supporters with more time can join additional Congressional visits on March 15/16/17. If you are interested, register at www.marchstorm.com. I plan on joining the MARCH STORM, and look forward to seeing you there.
March 21-25, 2016 SFF/NSS/ASD 2016 March Storm Home District BlitzThis year we are also organizing the 2016 March Storm Home District Blitz for those who can't make it to DC. Using the same materials as the DC March Storm, local groups will arrange to visit their Congressperson's home district offices during the March 21-25 recess, just like the NSS/SFF 2015 August Home District Blitz. Signup is via www.marchstorm.com. Since I am organizing this effort, you will hear from me with more details after you sign up.
2015 Success Story: Who Ya Gonna Call? The Oklahoma Space Alliance
NSS members often associate Congressional visits with events like the SEA Blitz, the March Storm, and the August Home District Blitz. Even so, the great majority of these visits are with staff, not the Senators/Congress members themselves.
Hence, it was with considerable surprise when the office of Representative Jim Bridenstine (R-OK District 1) called Steve Swift, the President of the local NSS Chapter (the Oklahoma Space Alliance) requesting a briefing on space matters. Bridentstine is on the Science, Space, and Technology Committee, and is Chair of the Subcommittee on Environment.
Steve and members of the Oklahoma Space Alliance ended up talking with the Congressman himself for 1-½ hours on February 18, 2015! To prepare for this important meeting, the chapter prepared a four-page document of talking points. Although this document is localized to the situation in Oklahoma, it is a good model for any NSS Chapter to follow. Please join us in congratulating Steve and the Oklahoma Space Alliance on this significant achievement!!!
Prior Blitzes
The National Space Society participates in the annual Space Exploration Alliance (SEA) legislative blitzes in Washington DC in which space advocates let Congress know that there is strong constituent support for an ambitious and sustainable path forward in space. The Space Exploration Alliance includes groups ranging from NSS and Explore Mars to AIAA, the Moon Society, the Mars Society, the Planetary Society, the National Society of Black Engineers, SEDS, and Buzz Aldrin's ShareSpace Foundation.
In September 2012, on the 50th anniversary of President John F. Kennedy's "We Choose to Go to the Moon" speech, members of the National Space Society (NSS) went to Capitol Hill and urged Congress to support our nation's space program in a Legislative Blitz that was co-organized with Explore Mars, Inc.
Every February, as the U.S. Congress begins its deliberations on the federal budget, NSS members visit Representatives and Senators in their offices in Washington, DC, in support of the Society's most important space-related agenda items for the year. This event, held over a three-day period, typically involves meetings with over one hundred congressional offices. This activity is open to all NSS members no experience necessary, and, the more the better! and allows members of Congress to hear directly from their constituents about the importance of expanding civilization into space.
NSS Political Action Network (PAN)
The PAN is NSS's phone tree and is instrumental in contacting members personally to notify them of important issues and to request their participation in efforts to call, write, or email others, including their elected representatives, about particular space issues. This activity is open to all NSS members. Please join the NSS and its Political Action Network using our Online Membership Form. See also Guidelines for Contacting Congress.
NSS Policy Committee
The National Space Society's Policy Committee is responsible for formulating and implementing the Society's positions on space activities, from NASA to industry to commercial and entrepreneurial spaceflight. As a grass-roots advocacy and educational organization, NSS is proactive and forward-thinking in sharing its message with the public and with elected officials. The NSS Policy Committee, chaired by NSS Executive Vice President Dale Skran, seeks to further the NSS mission through the following:
Policy Formulation
The Policy Committee discusses, debates, and formulates the positions that the NSS takes to advance the cause of human beings living and working in communities beyond the Earth. These positions are reflected in formal position papers, letters to elected officials, press releases, web site content, and messages presented during one of grassroots visit to Congress that NSS supports, which include the February SEA Blitz, the March Storm, and the August Home District Blitz.
Policy Implementation
The Policy Committee also serves to call our members to action, and to otherwise communicate NSS messages and policy positions to the public and to elected officials. Policy implementation activities include activating the NSS Political Action Network and providing logistical support for the Legislative Blitz.
What is an NSS Position on Legislative Matters?
There are two kinds of NSS Positions on Legislative Matters:
What is not an NSS Position on Legislative Matters?
Pretty much everything except what is listed just above, including:
Where can I find official NSS positions on Legislative Matters?
There are three places/methods of finding NSS positions:
Where can I find other kinds of NSS positions?There are various items on the NSS web page that should be considered official positions of NSS apart from the Legislative page. For example, the NSS Space Settlement Roadmap is an example of an official NSS position found on the NSS web site.
Prior Legislative Alerts:


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For over 90 years, YMCA Camp Y-Owasco of the Auburn YMCA-WEIU has been providing safe, fun-filled summer adventures on the east shore of beautiful Owasco Lake in the central New York Finger Lakes region. We feature traditional day camp programs for ages 6-15, traditional resident camp ( sleepaway camp ) programs for ages 8-15, and leadership programs for ages 15-17 all within a short 45-minute drive from Syracuse. Please explore our website and see how we provide outstanding camp programming with physical and emotional safety in a positive, natural environment that's perfect for making friends, learning a thing or two, and having the best summer yet!
At YMCA Camp Y-Owasco, we believe that the future of our world is determined by the experiences that children have today. We help kids grow into well-rounded individuals by helping them build friendships and leadership, interacting with positive role models, participate in a close-knit community, and experience safe and healthy opportunities to learn new skills and grow as people.
Auburn YMCA-WEIU * 27 William Street * Auburn. New York 13021
About Y-Owasco
Register Online
315-253-5304 September - May * 315-784-5481 June - August
YMCA Camp Y-Owasco * Auburn YMCA-WEIU * 27 William Street * Auburn, New York 13021 * 315-253-5304 * 315-784-5481
Auburn YMCA-WEIU
Auburn YMCA Homepage
Copyright 2013 Auburn YMCA-WEIU. All rights reserved.
Registration for summer 2016 is NOW OPEN!
Links below are active for online registration, you can see 2016 session dates and rates and the 2016 Camp Y-Owasco brochure!
Recent News and Reminders
Belong to the Y and Save on Resident Camp!
Did you know that Camp Y-Owasco extends its member rate for resident camp and specialty camps to several Upstate YMCAs? If your child is a member of one of the following YMCAs, you can save $50 per resident camp session by simply including a copy of your membership card with your registration:
YMCA of Ithaca & Tompkins County
YMCA of Greater Syracuse
Clifton Springs Area YMCA
Oswego YMCA
YMCA of the Greater Tri-Valley
Watertown Family YMCA
Cortland County Family YMCA
Fulton Family YMCA
YMCA of Broome County
Norwich Family YMCA
Little Falls YMCA
Mohawk Valley YMCA
(Members of the Auburn and Skaneateles YMCAs receive the member rate for all programs.)
Thinking about a job for the summer?
We begin accepting application in January!
Click here for more information
We've expanded our programs in 2015!
Mini Camp is Bigger!
Click the above logo to learn more about ACA Accreditation!
Click here to see more Camp Y-Owasco slideshows
A d v e n t u r e E v e r y D a y
Summer Camp 2016 Registration is NOW OPEN!
Make Summer Count! Whether it's one session or a whole summer at Y-Owasco, kids will make friends and memories that will last a lifetime.
We are always happy to talk to you!
315-253-5304 (Sept. - May), 315-784-5481 (June - August)
Click here for the 2016 Dates and Rates!
Click here to email us to have a brochure mailed to you!
Click Here to Get The Brochure!
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Join us on our podcast each weekday for an interesting story, well told, from Charisma News. Listen at charismapodcastnetwork.com.
The season of giving is in full effect in Granbury, Texas. One person took the time to make a difference at a local Wal-Mart.
A secret Santa paid for all the gifts that were on layaway, offering an amazing break for many parents who were working to pay off Christmas for their kids.
"We have our very own mystery here in Granbury," Melinda Ray, Granbury resident, said.
"I asked if it was just me specifically, if someone had come in. And they said no," Brittany Browning, Granbury resident, said.
"I'm just in awe of this person. So amazing that someone is willing to do that and able to do that," she continued.
Wal-Mart said the anonymous donor paid at least $2,000 just on accounts holding toys.
For a community still cleaning up after a deadly tornado last May, there's no better time for a secret Santa to help local families.
It's an act of generosity that will go a long way to rebuild this Texas town.
For a limited time, we are extending our celebration of the 40th anniversary of Charisma. As a special offer, you can get 40 issues of Charisma magazine for only $40!
NEW from CHARISMA: Do you want to encounter the Holy Spirit and hear God speak to you? Increase your faith, discover freedom, and draw near to God! Click Here


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Offer - Schweppes Indian Tonic Water 1L
Product Description
With Sugar and Sweetener
Serve cold for maximum refreshment.
Store in a cool and dry place
Please recycle.
Coca-Cola is committed to making a positive difference - to the health of the planet, consumers and the communities it serves. The company is working hard to reduce its impact on the environment in everything it does - growing more while using less in areas such as energy and water use, waste reduction and recycling - and by encouraging people to think more about the positive impact they can have on their local environment.
Product Information
Beer, Wine & Spirits/
Tonic Water & Mixers/
Tonic Water/
Soft Drinks, Tea & Coffee/
Tonic Water/
Store in a cool, dry place.
Mix a perfect Gin & Tonic... Sch... you know how
'Schweppes' Gin & Tonic
50ml Gordons® Gin
'Schweppes' Indian Tonic Water
A wedge of lime
Serve over ice
1.9 UK Units
Preparation and Usage
Mix a Perfect Gin & Tonic... Sch... you know how
'Schweppes' Gin & Tonic
50ml Gordons® Gin
'Schweppes' Indian Tonic Water
A wedge of lime
Serve over ice
1.9 UK Units
Country of Origin
Country of Packing
Coca-Cola Enterprises Ltd.,
Package Type
Plastic Bottle
Recycling Information
Bottle - Plastic - Widely Recycled
Allergy Advice: For allergens see highlighted ingredients
Carbonated Water, Sugar, Citric Acid, Flavourings (including Quinine), Sweetener (Sodium Saccharin)
Nutritional Data
|Typical Values
|Per: 100ml
|Per: 250ml (%*)
|55kcal (3%)
|0g (0%)
|of which saturates:
|0g (0%)
|13g (5%)
|of which sugars:
|13g (14%)
|0g (0%)
|0g (0%)
|*Reference intake of an average adult (8400kJ/2000kcal)
Customer Reviews
18 August 2011
the one and only
So much better than own brand varieties - will never stray from this again too many disappointments and ruined drinks!. The one and only Tonic water.
29 April 2011
Best flavour AND good for cramp.
According to my GP, this tonic water is the only one with enough quinine to make a difference to cramp sufferers. A small glass at bedtime each night keeps the cramp away. It is also the best tasting tonic for adding to gin. I always have some in the fridge.
26 August 2010
Tonic water with oomph
An excellent tonic water which has the addition of quinine.
Finlandia and Tonic
A refreshing yet simple mix of Finlandia Classic or Grapefruit Vodka, served in an ice filled highball glass, topped with tonic water and a wedge of fresh lime.
2 mins
Hendrick's and Tonic
For a delighfully refreshing tipple, serve Hendrick's Gin over ice, top up with tonic and garnish with a slice of cucumber to fully appreciate the infusion of rose petal and cucumber in this most unusual gin. To make a pitcher: 200 ml Hendrick's Gin 600 ml Tonic Water 4 slices of cucumber Fill a pitcher 3/4 full of cubed ice, add ingredients, stir well and garnish with 4 slices of cucumber. 1 measure = 2.5cl or 25ml 1 UK unit = 25ml (40% ABV)
1 min
- Tesco Price Match
- ** Matched to Tesco's standard retail price on 13-Feb-2016 at 00:26. See our Terms and Conditions for full details.
- Disclaimer
- These summary details have been prepared for information purposes only, and are designed to enhance your shopping experience on the Ocado website. While we have taken care in preparing this summary and believe it is accurate, it is not a substitute for your reading the product packaging and label prior to use. You should note that products and their ingredients are subject to change. If you do require precise ingredient information you should consult the manufacturer, whose contact details will appear on the packaging or label.
- Ocado is therefore unable to accept liability for any incorrect information. Where this description contains a link to another party's website for further information on the product, please note that Ocado has no control over and no liability for the contents of that website.
- You should also note that the picture images show only our serving suggestions of how to prepare your food - all table accessories and additional items and/or ingredients pictured with the product you are purchasing are not included.
- This data is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without Ocado Limited's prior consent, nor without due acknowledgement.


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Police Bunkers, Building Upgrades and Transportation
Things are starting to turn around for these cities as officials have worked to ensure transportation extends out to Clichy-sous-Bois, and municipalities have begun to invest in the look of the banlieus and renovate public housing.
Clichy-sous-Bois has also received its first police station. The riot-proof police bunker was devised by Sarkozy in the wake of the second uprising. Before the development, residents had to visit stations in another town to file complaints.
(Photo: REUTERS/Jean-Paul Pelissier)
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World Lens: More Than 800 Migrants Drown in Mediterranean04/21/2015
World Lens: Hundreds of Migrants Killed in Shipwreck04/15/2015
What You Need to Know About the Kenyan College Massacre04/08/2015
World Lens: Al-Shabab Kills 147 at Kenyan University04/02/2015
World Lens: 500 Nigerian Civilians Allegedly Abducted03/25/2015
World Lens: Super Tropical Cyclone Ravages Pacific Nation03/16/2015
A Timeline of Recent Boko Haram Attacks03/11/2015
World Lens: Dozens Killed by Teen Suicide Bomber in Nigeria03/11/2015
World Lens: Netflix Pays Millions to Stream African War Film03/05/2015
Global Week in Review: Iran, US Talk Historic Nuclear Deal02/23/2015
World Lens: At Least 16 Dead in Haiti Carnival Accident02/17/2015
World Lens: Boko Haram Suspected of Explosion in Nigeria02/12/2015
World Lens: Boko Haram Kills at Least 90 in Cameroon02/05/2015
World Lens: Deadly Blast Destroys Mexico Maternity Hospital01/29/2015
Haiti Uncovered: 6 Photos of the Island's Cuisine01/27/2015
World Lens: Ebola Vaccine Study Set to Begin in Liberia01/23/2015
World Lens: Malian Hero of Paris Attack Awarded01/16/2015
12 Things You Must Know When Vacationing in Abu Dhabi01/13/2015
Global Week in Review: Paris Mass Shooting Suspects Killed01/09/2015
World Lens: Dozens Die at New Year's Eve Stampede01/02/2015
Global Week in Review: Africa's Growing Middle Class12/24/2014
Global Week in Review: Thousands Killed in South Sudan12/16/2014
Global Week in Review: Haiti Protests for Elections12/09/2014
Kenyan #MyDressMyChoice Campaign Spotlights Women's Rights12/04/2014
Haiti's Bull Fighting Culture Brings Fortune to Some11/19/2014
World Lens: Black Pete Protests Result in 90 Arrests11/18/2014
Global Week in Review: Plane Crash Kills Bahamas Pastor11/11/2014
Global Week in Review: WHO to Pick New Leader for Africa11/05/2014
Global Week in Review: Ebola Cases Surpass 10,00010/28/2014
Global Week in Review: Dozens More Nigerian Girls Kidnapped10/23/2014
Global Week in Review: Delayed Elections Amid Crisis in CAR10/07/2014
Global Week in Review: Boko Haram Leader Threatens Nigeria09/30/2014
Global Week in Review: Ebola Deaths Could Reach 1 Million09/25/2014
Swallowed by the Sea: A Look at Recent Migrant Ship Deaths09/17/2014


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About This Activity
It's a bird, it's a plane, it's a superhero! Calling all local super heroes, join us for this extra special secret action-packed time to defeat villains using their superpowers! Games, a craft and a snack are included. Pleas come dressed in your superhero attire. All supplies included.


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This quest was marked obsolete by Blizzard and cannot be obtained or completed. Retrieve the Heartswood from Ashenvale and bring it to Gakin the Darkbinder in the Mage Quarter of Stormwind.
DescriptionIn preparation for your coming, I used my sight to look over the world and through the mists of time. I have found what it is you seek.
In the War of the Ancients, two lovers fell together in battle. Where they took their last breaths, a tree known as the heartswood grew, a symbol of their undying love.
That should be enough to tempt a succubus. You will find it in the ruins of Ordil'Aran in the northwestern part of the forest of Ashenvale.
Please keep the following in mind when posting a comment:
- Your comment must be in English or it will be removed.
- Unsure how to post? Check out our handy guide!
- You might want to proof-read your comments before posting them.
- Please post questions on our forums for quicker reply.
Simply browse for your screenshot using the form below.
- In-game screenshots are preferred over model-viewer-generated ones.
- The higher the quality the better!
- Be sure to read the tips & tricks if you haven't before.
Simply type the URL of the video in the form below.
The Wowhead Client is a little application we use to keep our database up to date, and to provide you with some nifty extra functionality on the website!
It serves 2 main purposes:
- It maintains a WoW addon called the Wowhead Looter, which collects data as you play the game!
- It uploads the collected data to Wowhead in order to keep the database up-to-date!
You can also use it to keep track of your completed quests, recipes, mounts, companion pets, and titles!
So, what are you waiting for? Download the client and get started.


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Personalise your news, save articles to read later and customise settings
Bringing you breaking news from across the capital and beyond. Get in touch with us as we blog from 7am to 10am: email us, tweet us or post on our Facebook page.
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To follow on from Friday's question - can the C/T provide details of the number of Double Demerit fines issued over the weekend (and a comparison with averages for the ACT)?
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