text:
In Defense of Critical Eclecticism : A Reply to
By Drake Shelton
There are five main reasons why I take the Critical Eclectic position: 1. The Critical text position is the most consistent with the Bible verses mentioning preservation. 2. The Critical Text Position is the most consistent with the textual position of Jesus and the apostles; 3. The Critical text position is the most consistent with Reformed and Exegetical. Hermeneutics; 4. The Critical text position is more consistent with the philosophy of translation given in Scripture (Nehemiah 8:8, Mark 7:9-13,); 5. The Majority Text position is self defeating on many accounts; In recent years the preservation of the text of the New Testament has been hotly debated, renounced, dogmatically misrepresented and in a number of ways made very confusing. In simple form there are about four main views that people have about preservation:
Ø God has not verbally preserved His Word (If there is a God at all)
Ø God's words have been preserved in a particular English translation and only that translation
Ø God has preserved the words of the autographa in one particular Hebrew and one particular Greek text.
Ø God has preserved his Word in the multiplicity of manuscripts which must be compared to determine the specific wording of the originals.
I hold to the fourth position and in a small discourse I am arguing against the MT position that excludes the Alexandrian families as untrustworhty. Now I do not want to be misunderstood. I am not arguing against the MT, but the position that some hold to the MT at the expense of the older manuscripts. As I begin the next discourse I would like to digress and mention that the men I am in controversy with are godly Bible defending and believing men, who love the Lord. In our apostate country it is a refreshing and blessed experience to hear men defending the preservation of the divinely inspired Word of God. Though I believe the MT only position is an incorrect interpretation of the Bible, is divisive and is the source of unnecessary name calling, the men who hold to this position are godly Reformed men and I find this necessary discourse unfortunate. In dealing with objections from the MT position I will attempt to comprehensively display in general form the view of preservation that God has preserved His Word in the multiplicity of manuscripts which must be compared to determine the specific wording of the originals.
I. The Critical text position is the most consistent with the Bible verses mentioning preservation.
First, scriptural philosophy must be obeyed in this discussion and I would like to clear up some misinterpretations that some use in defense of their position claiming that it is the Bible's position. I will deal with the main verses used regarding this issue, refute the false interprestations and supply positive arguments.
"Psa 12:6 The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times.
Psa 12:7 Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever."
Before I begin I would like to quote Matthew Henry:
"Psalm 12: 7 Thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever. This intimates that, as long as the world stands, there will be a generation of proud and wicked men in it, more or less, who will threaten by their wretched arts to ruin religion, by wearing out the saints of the Most High, Dan_7:25. But let God alone to maintain his own interest and to preserve his own people. He will keep them from this generation, (1.) From being debauched by them and drawn away from God, from mingling with them and learning their works. In times of general apostasy the Lord knows those that are his, and they shall be enabled to keep their integrity. (2.) From being destroyed and rooted out by them. The Church is built upon a rock, and so well fortified that the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. In the worst of times God has his remnant, and in every age will reserve to himself a holy seed and preserve that to his heavenly kingdom."
Notice the lack of insight into scriptural preservation in this passage. Many people use this passage to defend their position but I fear they are doing violence to the text. I think the correct reading of this passage is exactly what we have in the NASB.
A. The Bible teaches the preservation of a message not the preservation of the
specific form of the message, though the message is made up of specific words.
"Psa 12:6 The words of the LORD are pure words; As silver tried in a furnace on the earth, refined seven times.
Psa 12:7 You, O LORD, will keep them; You will preserve him from this generation forever. "
Psalm 119:89 Forever, O LORD, Your word is settled in heaven.
Psalm 119:152 Concerning thy testimonies, I have known of old that thou hast founded them for ever."
These verses are used to prove that God has preserved without error, every detail of His word in every age in a specific text family. This is again gross violence to this passage. The context is clear that David is under great trial and suffering and he is wrestling with the concept of God subjecting him to such pain and persecution. Suppose ye a case. Imagine you had just finished doing you morning devotions and you read these two passages and were meditating upon them:
"Psalm 121:7 The LORD will protect you from all evil; He will keep your soul.
Proverbs 1:33 "But he who listens to me shall live securely And will be at ease from the dread of evil."
Immediately following this, a government agent bursts in your house, tears your Bible from you, arrests you and burns down your house because you are a Christian living in a communist country. Has God's Word changed? No, His word is forever settled in heaven. This is the sense of David's statement. Some try to use this verse to prove that an uninspired sinful, mortal man is protected by heaven to make no mistakes while copying a Greek manuscript and that family of manuscripts and scribes past and future. I just don't see that in those verses. In addition both "founded" and "settled" have a fixed and stable sense to them. To prove the MT position these verses would need words that have a linear or continuing activity of sustenance through the "generations" that the MT position is supposedly defending.
"Matthew 5:17 Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.
18 For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. 19 Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven."
This verse is the heralding used by most KJV only advocates and I think their reasoning is incorrect, but what really concerns me is that Reformed people use this passage to defend their MT position. John Owen discusses this passage:
"From these particular instances we may return to the consideration of the law of the decalogue in general, and the perpetual power of exacting obedience wherewith it is accompanied. That in the Old Testament it is frequently declared to be universally obligatory, and has the same efficacy ascribed unto it, without putting in any exceptions to any of its commands or limitations of its number, I suppose will be granted. The authority of it is no less fully asserted in the New Testament, and that also absolutely without distinction, or the least intimation of excepting the fourth command from what is affirmed concerning the whole. It is of the law of the decalogue that our Savior treats, Matt. v. 17-19. This he affirms that he came not to dissolve, as he did the ceremonial law, but to fulfill it; and then affirms that not one jot or tittle of it shall pass away. And making thereon a distribution of the whole into its several commands, he declares his disapprobation of them who shall break, or teach men to break, any one of them. And men make bold with him, when they so confidently assert that they may break one of them, and teach others so to do, without offense. That this reaches not to the confirmation of the seventh day precisely, we shall after-wards abundantly demonstrate." (Owen, Works, 23:372).
The jot and tittle is not in reference to the abiding form of the words, else we need to read only the Greek and Hebrew, but to the abiding obligation to obey its doctrinal truth. John Calvin says in reference to this passage:
"But what does it mean, that every part of the law shall be fulfilled down to the smallest point? for we see, that even those, who have been regenerated by the Spirit of God, are very far from keeping the law of God in a perfect manner. I answer, the expression, shall not pass away, must be viewed as referring, not to the life of men, but to the perfect truth of the doctrine. "There is nothing in the law that is unimportant, nothing that was put there at, random; and so it is impossible that a single letter shall perish."(Commentaries Vol I, Matthew)
Notice the total lack of specific preservation of manuscript families. As much as some want this to teach the abiding supernatural preservation of every Greek distinction in its vocabulary through a chosen manuscript family this passage clearly and simply teaches the abiding truth and obligation to obey the true moral doctrine of the law of God. Else, that would imply that the objection Jesus is addressing is that He was tampering with the contemporary translation. Is that what the Pharisees were so upset about? Did they accuse Jesus of mistranslating a Hebrew manuscript? Was it the Septuagint that Jesus was accused of revising? If it was, I never read that passage in my New Testament.
B.) The Critical text position is the most consistent with incidents of lost or destroyed manuscripts recorded in scripture.
1. 2 Chronicles 34 refutes the very skeletal structure of the Majority Text
"Luke 16:17 "But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one stroke of a letter of the Law to fail.
Mark 13:31"Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will not pass away.
Duet 29: 29 "The secret things belong to the LORD our God, but the things revealed belong to us and to our sons forever, that we may observe all the words of this law.
Psalm 102:18This will be written for the generation to come,
Psalm 111:7The works of His hands are truth and justice;
Isaiah 59:20"A Redeemer will come to Zion,
These are verses that promise God's preservation of His Word. Now to say that these verses teach a perfect inerrant translation of every specific of the originals by an uninspired copyist is stretching these verses. You may ask why and I will give a reason:
Francis Turretin points out:
"Yet, all copies are just that: copies. And they are to be corrected, where necessary, by the originals. In 2 Kings 22 and 2 Chronicles 34 we read of the finding of the "original" book of the law of Moses by the priest Hilkiah (the literal reading of 2 Chronicles 34:14 is "by the hand of Moses"). Albeit the men of that day had copies of the law (which is obvious from their carrying out the work required by the law in 2 Chronicles 34:1-13), there were apparently certain teachings which were not found in the copies which were in the originals. Israel had been guilty of not doing all that God had required (verses 19-21). Thus, obedience of the people had to be governed by the Word as it was originally given "by the hand of Moses" (verses 29ff.)."(Institutes of Elenctic Theology, I:72-73)
The clear point that Turretin excludes is that every specific of the Law had not been preserved in every generation and time period. He even admits there were parts of the Word of God that were lost and that is the very reason the king Josiah tore his clothing (vs 19). It is clear that not every specific of the Bible is preserved without error to every generation and time period.
2. Exodus 32:19 compared with Exodus 34:1, 28 clearly records a forty day and forty night time period where a previous manuscript written with God's hand is lost to the Church.
3. Jeremiah 36:1-23 also clearly records an incident where a manuscript recording a fresh prophecy from the Lord is destroyed and for a time lost to the Church.
"1Pe 1:23 Being born again, not of corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, by the word of God, which liveth and abideth for ever.
1Pe 1:24 For all flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of grass. The grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away:
1Pe 1:25 But the word of the Lord endureth for ever. And this is the word which by the gospel is preached unto you."
This verse is used to prove that God has preserved without error, every detail of the wording of His word in every age in a specific text family. I am personally amazed at how MT people have such disdain for KJV only people, while at the same time using the exact same arguments from the exact same verses. Maybe I am making too much of that but, that's in passing. Imagine that you are that same Christian living in a Communist country and instead of robbing you of your entire Bible, that government agent only ripped out Psalm 121:7. Let's say you never saw that verse again. Are you now bereft of the Word of God? Can you really say with confidence that the book you still hold in your hand is the Word of God? Of course it is the Word of God, because the Word of God endures forever unlike the fading and corrupting nature of the creation (i.e. manuscripts made of papyrus and animal skins). The beautiful thing about God's book is that he teaches the same thing over and over.
"Proverbs 1:33 "But he who listens to me shall live securely And will be at ease from the dread of evil."
Genesis 50:20 But as for you, ye thought evil against me; but God meant it unto good, to bring to pass, as it is this day, to save much people alive.
Rom 8:28 And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose.
Psa 23:4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me."
Even if someone were to take that verse from you would still know God's divinely inspired teaching on the subject of His providence in evil and the protection of His children. This verse says nothing in support of the MT only position. I will suggest that this verse refutes the position of MT only and all other positions that claim preservation through perfect copying of every detail in one manuscript family. Taking a position that finds fault with every new version (and excluding the KJV which has many errors) and claiming that preservation is the perfect copying and transfer of every detail is self defeating. If that's the Biblical definition of preservation then we are all men most miserable, because there are differences in every manuscript and there are errors in every manuscript. On the MT basis God's Word has failed and he has not preserved His Word in all these English translations that we have because they all contain mistakes. Now some may immediately say, "Oh but that's not my position. My position is that I think they are preserved in the MT not these new versions." Ans. That's exactly my point. Then America and most other countries in all these passing generations have been without the pure Word which your position defends and falls on itself. The first critical printings of the MT were 1982 and 1985 (The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text, 1985, by Zane C. Hodges , Arthur L. Farstad ). Was the world without the Word of God until 1982? If you stay consistent, you will have to say yes, which totally defeats your own position and the world was without the pure Word until 1982, or 1985.
II. The Critical Text position is the most consistent with the textual position of Jesus and the apostles.
A.) Christ and the apostles quote the Septuagint over the Hebrew in the majority of Old Testament quotations.
Also, it can be safely said that the translators of the LXX were not exactly reformed brethren. Yet Christ and the apostles quote it constantly as the Word of God. Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus, and Codex Alexandrinus originally all contained the Septuagint. I would really like to see the facial expression on an Alexandrian scholar in the 5th century if some Christian condemned Him for reading or teaching from Codex Alexandrinus with the argument, "Why listen to Egypt." The N.T. apostles and Christ Himself quote the Septuagint in the vast majority of the N.T. To the demise of the MT that scorns Alexandria, the Septuagint was translated in Alexandria. The Septuagint has numerous differences with the Hebrew. The apostles and Christ quoted numerous times as the Word of God a translation that was overseen and initiated by a pagan general (Ptolemy). The MT advocate will ask, "Why listen to Egypt?" Ans. Because the apostles and Christ did.
B.) The Septuagint differs from the Hebrew wording. The Septuagint argument is used by the King James translators and is recorded in their preface on page xvii as the argument of "most learned men" and is not a liberal argument:
"The translation of the Seventy dissenteth from the Original in many places, neither doth it come near it for perspicuity, gravity, majesty; yet, which of the Apostles did condemn it? Condemn it? Nay, they used it, …which they would not have done, nor by their example of using of it so grace and commend it to the Church if it had been unworthy the appellation and name of the word of God."[1]
III. The Critical text position is the most consistent with Reformed and exegetical hermeneutics in regard to the specific use of the Old Testament by the apostles.
A.) The usage of the Old Testament by the Apostles in regard to the rebuilt temple (Acts 15:14-19) is a perfect example of the specific use the Old Testament in Reformed Theology and is binding on the believer as is the specific translation philosophies used by the Apostles.
B.) The usage of the Old Testament in regard to the New Covenant in Hebrews 8 is a perfect example of the specific use the Old Testament in Reformed Theology and is binding on the believer as is the specific translation philosophies used by the apostles.
IV. The Critical text position is more consistent with the philosophy of translation given in Scripture (Nehemiah 8:8, Mark 7:9-13)
A.) Nehemiah 8:8 records the philosophy of Nehemiah the prophet as giving the "sense" for the purpose of understanding and the sense is regarded in verse 9 as "the words of the law."
B.) Mark 7:9-13 equates the word of God with the correct sense and interpretation of what the Bible teaches on the fifth commandment not to the exact wording of the passage. Our opponents like to make the point that if we take this view we have to take a dynamic equivalence view to translation. They simply confuse our view of preservation with our view of translation.
"Mark 7:9 And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition. Mar 7:10 For Moses said, Honour thy father and thy mother; and, Whoso curseth father or mother, let him die the death: Mar 7:11 But ye say, If a man shall say to his father or mother, It is Corban, that is to say, a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; he shall be free. Mar 7:12 And ye suffer him no more to do ought for his father or his mother; Mar 7:13 Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition, which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye. KJV)"
V. The Majority Text position is self-defeating.
A.) The belief that God has preserved every detail of His Word in every age is refuted by the fact that a critical apparatus of the MT did not come about until 1982.
B.) The belief that counting manuscripts is less scientific than dating manuscripts is irrational.
The MT advocate heralds the KJV as the true representation of the MT failing to recognize that the translators of the KJV made a specific point to refute MT arguments in their own preface. Points mentioned by the translators that contradict MT:
1.) "That we do not deny, nay, we affirm and avow, that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English set forth by men of our profession…containeth the word of God, nay, is the word of God."[2]
2.) "They that are wise had rather have their judgments at liberty in differences of readings, than to be captivated to one, when it may be the other."[3]
3.) "We know that Sixtus Quintus expressly forbiddeth that any variety of readings of their Vulgar edition should be put in the margin"[4] The papacy had claimed authority to interpret the Bible and the notion of a variety of readings is a direct attack to their authority. A variety of reading speaks well of a translation that believes in the Protestant priesthood of the believer. This priesthood can be overemphasized as it has been in America, but abuse does not overrule this doctrine.
VI. Objections
Obj 1.) "Recognizing which text fits the Biblical presuppositions is a legitamate role of textual criticism. This prevents us from blindly following either Erasmus (like Textus Receptus fans do) or blindly following five liberal experts (like most modern evangelical translation teams do)." Phillip G. Kayser, PhD,"Has God Indeed Said?", pg 11-12
Ans. First, I have proven already that the presuppositions used in this book are foreign to the text of the Bible. In addition, the use of numerous texts in paragraph form are used to seemingly overwhelm the reader with verse references to prove without a shadow of a doubt that these verses teach what the author proposes. I find this practice very "concerning", to avoid use of a more piercing term.
Secondly, this presupposition is the exact reason why the MT position finds itself in the bind it does. As mentioned earlier, if the presuppositions mentioned here in this book are true we are all men most miserable. The reason being, the apostles and Christ qoute numerous times from a translation (the Septuagint) not holding to the presuppositions mentioned by Dr. Kayser, as the Word of God, which finds fault with the majority of the O.T. qoutations in the N.T as well as the apostles and Christ Himself.
Thirdly, one of the reasons I am doing this study is the false notion that those who use a newer version as the Word of God, which has Alexandrian manuscripts underlining it are somehow liberals, under the influence of liberal theology or just plain apostates. Dr. Custer, in his book The Truth About The King James Version Controversy, says on page 6:
"In the Alexandrian text Jesus Christ is called "Lord" some 749 times. The deity of Christ is taught as well in 161 verses in the Gospels and Acts; in the Thessalonian and Corinthian epistles it is taught in 57 more verses; in Romans and Galatians it is taught in 40 more verses. The deity of Christ is not found in just a few proof texts; it is woven into the very structure of the New Testament…….Most of the modern translations are poor, not because they use a different text, but because they are doctrinally prejudiced and will not allow the text to say what is says."
Some people will bring up the argument that the NASB attacks the virgin birth of Christ by siting Luke 2:33,43.
"Luke 2:33 And His father and mother were amazed at the things which were being said about Him."
"Luke 2:43 and as they were returning, after spending the full number of days, the boy Jesus stayed behind in Jerusalem. But His parents were unaware of it,"
Their argument is that Joseph is implied as Christ's father. They will proudly turn in their KJV to these verses and read:
"Luke 2:33 And Joseph and his mother marvelled at those things which were spoken of him."
"Luke 2:43 And when they had fulfilled the days, as they returned, the child Jesus tarried behind in Jerusalem; and Joseph and his mother knew not of it."
If this is the argument: That the NASB calls Joseph, Christ's father, then this argument proves too much. The KJV does the same thing in the same chapter:
"Luke 2:48 And when they saw him, they were amazed: and his mother said unto him, Son, why hast thou thus dealt with us? behold, thy father and I have sought thee sorrowing."
This kind of example could go on for pages against the claims of some, that people reading newer versions are followers of liberal theology.
Fourthly, it is often said that the newer versions "blindly" follow the NA 27 (eclectic, or Alexandrian text), and thereby are "blindly following five liberal experts." I would like to quote passages that the NASB includes in the text that are not included in the NA27, but is included in the MT.
"Mat 17:21 ["But this kind does not go out except by prayer and fasting."] Mat 18:11 ["For the Son of Man has come to save that which was lost.] Mat 23:14 ["Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, because you devour widows' houses, and for a pretense you make long prayers; therefore you will receive greater condemnation.] Mar 7:16 ["If anyone has ears to hear, let him hear."]Mar 9:44 [where THEIR WORM DOES NOT DIE, AND THE FIRE IS NOT QUENCHED.] Mar 9:46 [where THEIR WORM DOES NOT DIE, AND THE FIRE IS NOT QUENCHED.] Mar 11:26 ["But if you do not forgive, neither will your Father who is in heaven forgive your transgressions."] Mar 15:28 [And the Scripture was fulfilled which says, "And He was numbered with transgressors."] Luk 17:36 ["Two men will be in the field; one will be taken and the other will be left."] Luk 23:17 [Now he was obliged to release to them at the feast one prisoner.] Joh 5:3 In these lay a multitude of those who were sick, blind, lame, and withered, [waiting for the moving of the waters; Joh 5:4 for an angel of the Lord went down at certain seasons into the pool and stirred up the water; whoever then first, after the stirring up of the water, stepped in was made well from whatever disease with which he was afflicted.] Act 8:37 [And Philip said, "If you believe with all your heart, you may." And he answered and said, "I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God."] Act 15:34 [But it seemed good to Silas to remain there.] Act 28:29 [When he had spoken these words, the Jews departed, having a great dispute among themselves.] Rom 16:24 [The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.]"
(I would like to add that the reason I quote all these passages in full is so the reader can see for themselves the bracketing of these verse in the NASB, so as to not obligate the reader to take my word and interpretation on these passages as some do to seemingly overwhelm the reader with a false sense of support.)
Therefore, it is clear that the NASB does not blindly follow one text family but does take into account the MT giving it much play and spotlight in the NASB. Therefore, this accusation is with all do respect… wrong.
Obj 2.) "The preservation of every word of the Bible is of critical importance to God…… "If anyone adds to these things, God will add to him the plagues that are written in this book; and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the Book of Life, from the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book" (Rev. 22:18-19)." Phillip G. Kayser, PhD,"Has God Indeed Said?", pg 13
First, I would like to point out a rather embarrassing portion of information from this quote. Dr. Kayser is here quoting from the NKJ version. Based on Dr. Kayser's statements on page 28 he argues against himself. In discussing the variant in 1 Tim 3:16 Kayser writes:
"So we have to judge between 97% and 2%, "God" versus "who". It is really hard to imagine any possible set of circumstances in the transcriptional history sufficient to produce the cataclysmic overthrow in statistical probability that is required by the claim that "who" is the original reading."
This argument is used many times in his book and comes back to haunt him in numerous passages. In the MT a number of passages are omitted that the NKJV includes; For instance in 1 John 5:7-8 the Majority text reads like this:
"1Jo 5:7 For there are three that bear witness: 1Jo 5:8 the Spirit, the water, and the blood; and these three agree as one." (EMTV version by Paul Esposito of Stauros Ministries . Drew upon the work of Dr. Wilbur Pickering's work of collating manuscripts, holds the same position as Dr. Kayser)
However the NKJV reads like this:
1 John 5:7 For there are three that bear witness in heaven: the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit; and these three are one. 8 And there are three that bear witness on earth:[b] the Spirit, the water, and the blood; and these three agree as one.
There is some serious adding going on there in the NKJV according to the position of Dr. Kayser. This kind of thing happens in numerous places in the NKJV and the KJV. These are the verses that are added in the NKJV that are omitted in the EMTV which is the MT translation: Act 24:7, Act 15:34, Act 8:37, Luke 17:36. Again, the mountain that the MT only position has to overcome is the fact that their view on preservation defeats itself by their very arguments. If we just received the EMTV (copyright 2002-2003) in the past few years then we were not given the pure Word until now and so it has not been preserved in specific to every generation and time period.
Secondly, this reading in 1 John 5:7 occurs only 2 times (61 and 629) out of the 5000 plus manuscripts we have. Kayser makes an argument that 1 Tim 3:16 is 97% to 2% in favor of the KJV and the NKJV but happens to leave out that the reading of 1 John 5:7 is about 99.96% to .04% in favor of the NASB over the KJV and the NKJV. The truth is all of these versions and manuscripts have problems and variants, not just the newer versions. According to Dr. Kayser's own presupposition on page 27 of his booklet, "The true text will far outnumber corrupt texts." Therefore, according to Dr. Kayser's own statements the KJV and the NKJ are corrupt for they use manuscripts of extreme minority. The frustrating thing for me, is that even after pointing this out to a MT advocate, he says that they do have problems with all these versions and another version needs to be done based on the MT. Maybe so, but my friend don't miss what point you are making. By saying that all these versions are corrupt and we need a new version, you are saying that the English speaking people have not had a specific pure translation for all these years. Therefore the MT only position falls on itself again when it states, "therefore God has promised to preserve every detail of His Word in every age" Phillip G. Kayser, PhD,"Has God Indeed Said?", pg 13.
Obj 3.) Most MT only supporters make the argument that we should not necessarily expect to find an early "Byzantine" MSS (the earliest Byzantine manuscript we have is the middle of the 4th century, Matthew and Luke). They argue that these texts would have been used and worn out because of their popularity. They argue that the reason we find Alexandrian manuscripts earlier is because no one used them.
Ans. In Dr. Custer's book, The Truth About The King James Version Controversy, he says in response to KJV only arguments (which sadly are the same arguments used by MT guys) on page 9-10:
"Some will say, "But could not these Byzantine manuscripts be copied from earlier sources?" Yes, of course. But what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander as well. The Alexandrian manuscripts were also copied from earlier sources, which would put the evidence for them back in the first century! The plain truth of the matter is that the Alexandrian text has a two century advantage over the Byzantine text in age. It is also clear that the Byzantine text is a derived text. It obviously incorporates into itself the earlier readings found in both the Alexandrian and Western texts…..A clear example of the derived nature of the Byzantine text is found in Luke 24:53 in which the disciples are described as being in the temple "praising and blessing God" (E VIII century, etc.). The Alexandrian text has the reading "blessing God" (P75 II-III century, etc.). The Western text has the reading "praising God" (D V-VI century, etc). The Byzantine text simply put both readings together rather than omit one reading."
I would like to add the fact that there are people today who use and teach out of copies of scripture. The texts wear out and I have numerous worn out copies of the Bible on my shelf in front of me right now. Here's my point: notice how I said the worn out texts are in front of me right now. I did not throw them away. Why, because people don't do that. People do not throw away Bibles. I have never known of anyone throwing away even the most worn and torn copy of the scripture. So are we supposed to believe that every Christian with a Byzantine text from the first century to the middle of the 4th century just lost, or threw away their copy of scripture? Even in a time of war (which would be very rare during Pax Romana from 27 A.D. to around 180 A.D) after around 180 A.D. there was pleanty of time after 70 AD to disperse these texts. There was obvious persecution of believers, and this would be the strongest argument to make from the MT position, though still weak. Early texts p66 and p75 of the Alexandrian family date in the second century and were found just a few miles south of Cairo, Egypt. Other manuscripts were found in Oxyrhynchus. Are we to believe this area was left alone by the Roman persecution? The opposite is true. Northern Africa came under great persecution under the reign of Roman emporer Decius (249-251 A.D.). Decius demanded that bishops and officers of Christian Churches sacrifice to the gods of Rome in obedience to the emporer. Certificates were given to those who complied while those without the certificates were persecuted. Fourty six of these certificates have ample documentation and four of them come from Oxyrhynchus! You can see a copy of one of these certificates at this link: (http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/VExhibition/d6.htm). Just a few years later Valerian came to power and started killing more Christians in North Africa including Cyprian of Carthage in 258 A.D.
Kayser objects to the argument that the Byzantine text was a derived text, and has additions to it to smooth out the Greek.
"Thus Aland explains away the smoothness of the Greek in the Byzantine text by saying that scribes were offended by the course and faltering Greek of the original and sought to change the word usage to make the poor Greek sound better….On the other hand, Church history substantiates the Biblical presupposition. The Church fathers were very zealous to guard against even the slightest deviation from Scriptural usage." Phillip G. Kayser, PhD,"Has God Indeed Said?", pg 18-19
Kayser goes on to qoute Polycarp, Justin Martyr, Gaius, Dionysius and Irenaeus among others to support his interpretation of Biblical preservation. In these qoutes the Church fathers objected to those who, "perverts the sayings", "changed the text", "altered the text", "tampered with his writings", and Irenaeus' claim is that the scriptures were handed down, "without falsification." The problem with these qoutes is that they could all be used to defend the eclectic position because of the general language they all use. I suggest these phrases do not prove Kayser's presupposition. The issue is not whether we believe the Bible has been perverted, tampered with, changed or falsified. The issue of preservation focuses our attention on the question: Can a manuscript with mistakes in it (though the message not changed) ipso facto truly be called the preserved Word of God? The problem Dr. Kayser has is all the manuscripts have variants, and not one of them is the same. However, this does not mean the divine doctrine has been perverted, changed or tampered with but has been preserved for us in the totality of the manuscripts we have. Therefore, these qoutations are another example of filling page space with ink to give the illiusion that more support is underlining the authors position than is truly the case, therefore defrauding the reader. In addition, to say "Even the slightest changes simply were not tolerated" (pg 22) is either guising the author's definition of "change" , or is simply blind denial of the reality that all our 5000 plus manuscripts disagree in some area or another.
Obj 4.) "P66 is claimed as an old witness to the "Alexandrian text," yet is has "roughly two mistakes per verse." Phillip G. Kayser, PhD,"Has God Indeed Said?", pg 31
By way of introduction I would like to admit that the ecelctic position is not to predjudice a certain family of manuscripts and is critical with all of them, admiting that there are mistakes and problems with many manuscripts from the Alexandrian family. However, this does not negate the value of the earlier testimony.
Ans. Daniel K. Davey writing in God's Word In Our Hands pg 203 says:
"Though the MT advocates may find fault with P66 (and other papyri as well) not all papyri can be looked upon with the same suspicion. In fact, the beauty of the 2nd and 3rd century papyri fragments is they are clear testimonials to the reality of the New testament without unfolding the whole of the New testament text. Many are credible witnesses to the historicity of the Greek autographa and must not be overloooked because of some textual agenda. If absolute commitment to a textual family is an "agenda", then does not this become the MT's own version of the W-H a priori argument ?"
Objection 5.) Critical Eclectic says that the variants do not leave us bereft of any doctrinal truth. However, John 3:13 says "And no man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the Son of man which is in heaven"; The segment regarding the Son of man in heaven is left out of the NASB. This doctrinal truth of Christ's omnipresence is missing on the eclectic view.
Ans.) "Gen 19:24 Then the LORD rained on Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven," Every Reformed commentator I have read sees this as the pre-incarnate Christ, from the context of Abraham's three visitors, being distinguished from his Father. They are both titled LORD (Which refers to the Holy Name of God in the original) proving their unity. One is on earth and the other is in heaven yet they are one. This is exactly what Jesus is referring to in John 3:13. Theologians have often used this verse to prove the Trinity from the Old Testament. There is no problem here.
[1] F.H. Scrivener, The Translators to the Reader in the The Holy Bible, King James Version (Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, Originally published in 1611, The text is taken from Scrivener's 1873 edition in his Cambridge Paragraph Bible) ,xvii
[2] F.H. Scrivener, The Translators to the Reader in the The Holy Bible, King James Version (Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, Originally published in 1611, The text is taken from Scrivener's 1873 edition in his Cambridge Paragraph Bible) ,xvi
Bibliology >


text:
Looking for a new radio/gps
Hey guys, new to the boards. I just bought my 2012 Dodge ram 1500 Lonestar and was wanting to upgrade the radio (standard cd player w/ aux, no touch screen) to an in-dash touch screen with it being backup camera enabled.
Was curious if anyone had any recommendations that would be reasonably priced ($400-600).
I saw this one... but have NO idea if it's even compatible..
with a bit of modification, you can fit in a Double Din radio
Our Rams MUST have a radio that uses a HIGH SPEED BUS interface
this may save you some $$$$
================================================== ======
this is a stock Ram radio, High Speed Bus
it is 1 step up from what you now have, w/ 6.5 inch touch screen
our radios stereo size is what is called 1.5 DIN or DIN and a Half which measures approximately 3 3/16″ in height and 7 1/8″ in width
if you already have BLUETOOTH & Satellite, this radio is perfect as far as OEM radios go
it does NOT have Navigation & will NOT work with navigation
================================================== ==================
radio sizes are
stereo size is single DIN which measures approximately 2 1/8″ in height and 7 1/8″ wide
your Ram's stereo size is what is called 1.5 DIN or DIN and a Half which measures approximately 3 3/16″ in height and 7 1/8″ in width.
stereo size is what is called double DIN which measures approximately 4 1/2″ in height and 7 1/8″ in width
Thanks a BUNCH for your reply! I really appreciate it!
Ok, I looked at a few... so let me ask you a question.. (sorry kinda new at this)
Why is this one so much cheaper than the stock ram radio with high speed bus you showed me?
also... the one at crutchfield... i didn't see where it has the ability to work off of backup camera. dunno if you know if it does or not.
My other noob question would be... since the one at crutchfield is a DVD receiver... does it use the screen or do i have to get an external screen?
I just viewed the 3 videos about the radio, this one explains it quite well
looking through the Overview it reads
Add navigation and more
you can add a rear-view camera to the receiver's cam input — it'll make backing up in tight spots a lot easier and safer, too.
DVDs play through on the radios screen
Before you purchase that radio, i would call their Tech Support to make sure that the radio Will work in our Rams & the High Speed Bus system
It also looks like some things that you may want, like satellite XM radio have an extra charge of $50 for a module
but then again, if you were to buy the stock radio that i mentioned, you would need to buy a separate module for the Bluetooth
By the way, the AVH-P2400BT is a double din radio, so you would need to trim some metal brace in your Ram, but several members have done that modification
Man, you are awesome. Thank you so much for the help. Ill check with their tech support to see what I'll need to do. Thanks again!! :-D
Chrutchfield is great source for customer service and installation kits. But, if you check Onlinecarstereo and Sonic Electronics they have some awesome deals on Pioneer models right now. I have Pioneers in all my cars, as they seem to work flawless with the Bluetooth system compared to other brands, and have good Audio adjustment sections. You could buy the kit from Churtchfield and radio from them and still save some money if it's marked down below half price. The sites may not be authorized dealers, so you may void warranty, but I personally have never had a deck last less than 5 years that was new when I purchased it so I don't get too concerned.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Malena assured sammy that she would not be able to release the tension from her legs and neck. after getting a massage with warm oil all over her body and an intense pussy rub, malena was feeling loose and ready for some pussy licking.
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text:
Church Farm, Pagham
Please scroll down the page for full details of this privately owned static caravan for hire situated on Church Farm.
- Caravan Name:
- Cosalt Cascade
- Caravan Size:
- Length 35ft / Width 12ft
- Bedrooms:
- 3
- Max Occupancy:
- 6
- Low Season (min):
- £150 per week
- High Season (max):
- £700 per week
Special Offer: Monday 28th March 2016 - Friday 1st April 2016 - £230
Booking Terms
just £50 deposit secures a booking (balance payable 8 weeks before occupancy)
just £50 deposit secures a booking (balance payable 8 weeks before occupancy)
|Owner Name:
|Mr Jeremy Trevor
- Smoking Allowed:
- No
- Pets Allowed:
- No
- Children Allowed:
- Yes
- Same Sex Groups: ?
- No
|Contact the Holiday Home Owner
|Use the form below to make a no obligation booking enquiry or to ask any questions you may have about hiring this caravan.
Caravan Facilities
- Toilet
- Shower
- Gas Fire
- Electric Panel Heating
- Fridge
- Microwave
- Toaster
- Television
- DVD Player
- Parking Bay
- Patio Area
- Garden Chairs
Availability Information
Holiday Home and Location DetailsWe have a lovely 3 bedroom, 6-berth caravan for hire on Church Farm Holiday Village in Pagham, West Sussex available to rent.
The accommodation comprises:
1 double and 2 twin bedrooms. All bedrooms have wardrobe storage with drawers and electric heaters. All bedrooms are newly re-carpeted for this season. Pillows and duvets are provided; you will just need to bring your own bed linen and towels. A travel cot for infants is available free of charge upon request.
Shower room with toilet and wash basin, and a cloakroom with additional toilet and wash basin.
The bright lounge area provides ample seating, a 28" LCD Freeview TV and a DVD player, plus a selection of DVDs and family board games provided for you. There is also a gas fire for those cooler evenings. The carpet here is also new this season.
A well-equipped kitchen offers everything you'll need for your stay and also has an adjoining dining area.
Outside there is a patio area with patio furniture and a barbecue provided for your use.
Part weeks such as Fri-Mon/Mon-Fri may be available, please e-mail your requests.
The caravan is situated on Haven's award winning Church Farm Holiday Village, which offers an indoor and an outdoor swimming pool, tennis courts, a Par 3 golf course, crazy golf, children's play area, amusement arcade and soft play area, children's clubs, plus additional sporting activities such as soccer coaching, fencing etc. (for additional charges).
The Mash and Barrel is the on-site restaurant and bar, with a terrace overlooking the pool and gardens. There is also an entertainment lounge/bar.
The on-site convenience store is open seven days a week, as is the take-away fish and chip shop. Additional take-away facilities can be found in Pagham village for those evenings when you don't want to cook.
Site Facilities Requiring Membership
Indoor Pool,
Site Facilities Not Requiring Membership
On-Site Pub/Club, Amusement Arcade, Bowling Green, Tennis Court, Golf Course, Crazy Golf, Restaurant, Takeaway, Grocery Shop, Laundrette, Junior Zip Wire, Go-Carts
Local Amenities
Beach, Scenic Walks, Watersports, Nature Reserve, Golf Course, Pubs and Clubs, Takeaway, Fishing,
Map of Local Area
UK Location
Interactive Map
View Interactive Map
View Interactive Map
Useful Tools & Information
Using the postcode of the caravan's location at Church Farm we have provided some links to information below that you may find useful. Please Note: We do not guarantee the accuracy of these external tools, they are for guidance purposes only.
Advert Online Since
14th February
Weather Forecast


text:
Imaginary worlds by foureyesWatch
©2007-2016 foureyes
with the camera in my hand,
............I lie beneath imaginary worlds
with the camera in my hand,
............I lie beneath imaginary worlds
very nice photo.....!!!
Amazing photo!!!
Great photo
Beautiful shot
pretty nice shot
That's a most original landscape! Great work.
Brilliant photograph. I've enjoyed viewing all of your wonderful work.
That's a cool inclination
Love it, how exactly did you manage to do this though?
very beautiful..
It's rare that I find a piece of truly abstract/surreal photogrpahy. This is one.
Excellent, Awesome talent!!
Gorgeous scene!
Wow!! That's just mind blowing!!!!!!!
good work. Online photography Competition
Visit www.artenthu.com Post your best 2 arts
Visit www.artenthu.com Post your best 2 arts
excellent work
Incredible. Focusing on the trees, the foreground make them look massive.
That's wizard!
Beautiful, and very nicely phrased.
beautiful! I love it.
The atmosphere is really relaxing.. and with the perspective, kind of surreal. Beautiful lighting and photograph.
Amazing shot!
wOw !!!!
Amazing !
What more can I say...
What more can I say...
It is very tricky to bend the horizon without making a photo look totally off balance, but in this case it works perfectly. Well done!
oh, I had seen your photos maybe two years ago but I forgot how whats your name to search in dA. But now, today, just few minutes ago I suddenly saw one of your photos. Oh, I'm so,so, so happy.
You're georgeus photographer.
(sorry for my english, I'm from another country and I cant write in this language)
Love :*
You're georgeus photographer.
(sorry for my english, I'm from another country and I cant write in this language)
Love :*
Absolutely gorgeous shot. Wonderful with the trees in the mist, great angle, and the water-filled track looks like a river.
it reminds me of something from tolkein! absolutely wonderful!
Sweet God... Your photos are amazing. I'm... speechless...
This reminds me of a place I used to drive to many years ago in my first car in the middle of nowhere. Ive no idea where that place is now. Sometimes I wonder if it merely existed in my imagination.


text:
garden.com > Gardening > Garden Footwear & Apparel > Garden Totes > Item # G34562
promotional discount applied.
Cart total will reflect savings.
Quantity discount will reflect in cart.
Sometimes, manufacturers require that products be advertised only at their suggested prices.
When we choose to sell these items for less, we display the sale price only in the cart. To see the price, click Add to Cart.
One-time delivery
Deliver Every:
2 Weeks
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Product Summary:
Boca Raton Myrtle Green Utility Basket
You can keep your living space clean and neat with this Boca Raton Myrtle Green Utility Basket. This utility basket offers immense space to stuff your unwanted things. You keep all your reading material, silverware and clickers in an orderly manner in this utility basket. This basket flaunts a braided construction with a wide rim that is tipped off with double braids to resist pilling and unraveling in the future. The basket is self-supported as it has a flat base so requires less storage space when not in need. This highly functional basket is travel friendly and is furnished with two strong handles that support transportation. The basket is made of Polypropylene which resists stains and discoloration thus making this accessory durable and sturdy.
Product Features:
Item Specifications:
Boca Raton
Myrtle Green
14in x 10in
18in x 12in
100% Polypropylene
Stain/Fade Resistant:
Two easy-grip handles
Country of Origin:
Made in USA
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text:
Fantastic, as always. Very inspired.
Simply awesome shot!
If it were only for the sky, the photograph would not have had a clear definition, but by including the road, it adds a whole new dimension, it gives the impression of something grand, much larger and more beautiful than humanity, it gives the impression that our civilization pales, as the road does, in comparison to the wonders of the univers.
Wow...its so damn beautiful! (: very nice!
omg... its good to have you back
that one cloud actually looks like a dragon


text:
You have no items in your shopping cart.
Mammut: Men's Cruise Longsleeve Shirt
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Special Price: $24.50The Mammut Cruise Longsleeve Climbing T is made from 100% bioRe organic cotton with a printed Mammut logo on the chest. bioRe stands for: 1. Organic: produced according to organic criteria; 2. Quality: high-quality materials and workmanship; 3. Ecological: no use of harmful substances or heavy metals; 4. Transparency: control over all production stages throughout the entire value chain; 5. Fairness: humane production conditions throughout the entire value chain. Perfect for: Bouldering / Urban Climbing, Sportsclimbing, Gym Climbing Learn More
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text:
Rasmus Christian Elling
Assistant professor
Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies
Karen Blixens Ve 4, 2300 København S, Bygning 10, Building: 10-2-17
Member of:
Current research
My work focuses on the cultural, social and political life (and, occasionally, death) of cities - and on Iran's modern history in particular.
Through my research in conjunction with the historical project 'Urban Violence in the Middle East' (SOAS, London, 2011-2012), I studied the connection between collective violence and urban space in the oil city of Abadan. This focus then developed into a larger project on the urban history of Abadan - a project for which I have recently been awarded a grant. Together with my innovative, multi-media history project Abadan:Retold, this research has been covered by CNN, The Guardian, IranWire and other media outlets.
My first book was a political sociology of ethnicity and nationalism in post-revolutionary Iran. In this book, I focused on the large ethnic groups on Iran's geographical periphery, and their relation to the state and public intellectuals. I have since followed up on these topics with case studies in various aspects of identity politics in modern Iran, including Islamism/nationalism and regionalism. For the Abadan project, I have investigated the role of ethnicity in the coercive structures of the British-controlled oil industry.
Apart from the Abadan Project, I am working more generally with urban sociology, spatial politics and radical theories of the city. I am also convener of Global Urban Studies - a new Master's Elective at TORS, which among other things encompasses an international summer school on 'Urban Culture in Theory and Action'.
Fields of interest
Cities, urban space, urban history, spatial politics, geography;
Ethnicity, nationalism, identity, ideology;
Iran, Central Asia, the Middle East;
Language, semantics.
Primary fields of research
Urban studies.
Ethnicity, nationalism and identity.
Have taught following courses:
BA-level: Elementals of Persian Language; Persian, verbal communication; Communicative Persian; Persian-Danish translation; Danish-Persian translation; Iran's History in Overview with Methodology; Afghanistan and Central Asia's Modern History.
MA-level: Structure and Change in the History of the Modern Middle East; Minorities in the Middle East; Political and Economic Systems in the Middle East; Subculture, counterculture and minorities in Iran; Totalitarianism and the Middle East; The Anthropology and Sociology of the Middle East.
Planned for 2015: Global Urban Studies (MA Elective); summer school in 'Urban Culture in Theory and Action'.
Can supervise BA and MA students interested in the modern politics, societies and cultures of the Middle East and Central Asia.


text:
Kite Duty by Booter-FreakWatch
©2011-2016 Booter-Freak
Oh my gosh, this hits me in nostalgia I didn't even know I had....
awwww that is sooo cute how longshot and smeller bee takes care of The Duke...
Yeah, that's the ONE part that sucks about their life
Cute expressions!
Cute expressions!
So cute! I love their facial expression! And the looks awesome!
Don't worry, The Duke: Your tiger kite looks even more badass when it has a scar and stitches!
Such a gorgeous illustration with so much charm, I also love how you've made it look like a postcard!
This is a wonderful illustration of them
This is awesome. An homage to another one of my favorite cartoons in one of my favorite cartoons.
Adorable work! I love the storybook feel you've created with the border and textures, and some lovely gesture drawings that capture their personalities so well.
I LOVE this!!!!!
Aw! That's just cute!
Aw so cute XD
Aww so cute! It totally captures their personalities.
"lets go.... fly a kite.....up til the highest height....lets go fly a kite and it soaringgg....up through the atmosphere....up where the air is clear....ohhhh let's go fly a kite!!!!"
This is great, I love it!
I wish I had a kite like that.
I'm still trying to figure out how they got that knot in the string in the first place-this is awesome, nice work!
She's gonna use blasting jelly in about four seconds, if The Duke doesn't shut up.
Poor Longshot, he does suffer..
Poor Longshot, he does suffer..
That is one rockin' kite! Those trees must be really scary if they can defeat such a fierce looking kite!
The Duke cries now, be just wait until the kite-eating tree saves them from people eating Great Pumpkin.
OMG!!!!!!!! Booter... I have no words, this is PHENOMENAL. i am squeeing the most supersonic tones!
"lets go.... fly a kite.....up til the highest height....lets go fly a kite and it soaringgg....up through the atmosphere....up where the air is clear....ohhhh let's go fly a kite!!!!"
Aw, very cute concept. I like how family-like the group is.
OMG!!!!!!!! Booter... I have no words, this is PHENOMENAL. i am squeeing the most supersonic tones!
awesooome!!!! ohmygawd the duke is the cutiest cutiepie ever!!
hahahaha awesome!!
Aww, so cool!
awwww <3 that is the cutest goddamn idea. anyway who doesn't like smellershot?
Awwwww... she'll love it, I'm sure!
nice colors
smellerbee looks like a dood in this pic and lol kite eating trees. do they have any children eating ones? you could totally due a few comics about that XD
...smellerbee always looks like a dude. heck, in the show, she practically had to announce she wasn't.
That's really cute, though the thumbnail and name made me think of a Chinese legend about kites [a general used them to scare the enemy into believing a forest was haunted]
This is adorable. It's like they're practicing for the future.
Smellerbee and Longshot are such good parents.
Awww...poor THE Duke!
Well sure, on the forest floor. In the treetops however...
Awww. XD
Haha, Longshot's such a good sport.
so adorable!
Isn't her name Smellerbee-? OOOH, right, gotcha.
Ahh this is great! Love the texture and colors


text:
POP QUIZ: Suppose you and some friends are out in Berlin (Berlin!) late at night, and the bouncer won't let you into the club of your choice on account of overcrowding in the place. Do you A: wait patiently, B: find a different bar to go to, or C: try to bribe the bouncer into looking the other way for a moment or two?
(It's just A, B, or C, sir. You've got that look in your eye that says D, and that worries us.)
Oh, hmm, we see you've added a D bubble and filled that in. Let's go back to the test booklet and… yes, you've written in your own answer in purple crayon, and it says "throw bottles at the doormen and start a war." You just had to freelance the answer on a multiple choice quiz, didn't you? Gentlemen, that's obviously the incorrect answer, and not only do you get no points, but you get arrested and almost certainly suspended by the IAAF. Wow.
Via THE LOCAL:
Six track and field stars – among them 26-year-old US bronze medallist Bershawn Jackson – were arrested early on Sunday morning in Berlin after attacking three bouncers.
The 400-metre hurdle medallist was out with five other IAAF athletes in a group of 20 post-competition revellers when they tried to enter the "Havanna" club in Berlin's Schöneberg district around 4 am, daily Berliner Kurier reported on Monday.
Bouncers told the group, which also included athletes from Cuba and the Bahamas, to wait in the foyer because the club was too full to accept new patrons. The athletes reacted angrily, and began throwing bottles when they were kicked out, the paper said.
Injuries to three doormen included a cranial contusion, a cervical spine injury and a split lip.
Let's ignore the fact that the guy's name is "Bershawn" and move on. No good can come of staring at that name and trying to make sense of it.
Johnson and the other athletes will be allowed to leave the country and will face suspended sentences, which we think might send the wrong idea to athletes. Aside from the IAAF's tuts and moans, and the likely month-long-or-so vacation the gentlemen have just earned themselves, they're not going to face any real punishment.
The message, then, is "keep the crimes minor, and go out in style when you leave a foreign country." In other words, an idea ripped straight from Bad Idea Jeans. Don't believe us?
- "Normally I wear protection, but then I thought, 'When am I gonna make it back to Haiti?'"
- "Normally I don't assault bouncers with a beer bottle, but then I thought, "When am I gonna make it back to Germany?"
See? So let's say somebody approaches you on the last night before you leave a foreign country and says you can lacerate a man's head with a thrown beer bottle and suffer basically no repercussions at all. Would you say no?
Okay, yes you probably would… unless it's 4 AM and you're probably drunk enough that you don't know what planet you're on. Then, naturally, Bottle Fight Extravaganza 2009 is a go.


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Rosalon by tigerbreath13Watch
©2012-2016 tigerbreath13
Here's the ancient chimeric volcano spirit, Rosalon who's trap in the supervolcano of the same name. She's the wife of the Blopper who moved to the Hoober-Bloob Highway and mother to the First Animal.
Reminds me of Discord xD
Very original. Cute. I love him
very original, i like creativity.


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To view your training history, log in to Fast-Train. The sign-in for Fast-Train is located within the AU Access portal: Sign into AU Access from the University's main web page; go to "Employee Services"; on that page under "Professional Development" click on "Fast-Train," and you will be taken directly to your Fast-Train page. Once you have logged into Fast-Train, go to the "history" tab and select "search" to see your training history. You may print a copy of your training history from this screen. It should be complete; if it is not let
Mary Elizabeth Fukai or
Ben Smith know.
Last Updated: April 3, 2015


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Alexandra: Why would I faint? I'm not the one who overdid it! I only go for walks on surfaces that are FLAT. Why would I want to sweat during my nice walk? If you want to get rid of stiffness, have your muscles practice public speaking. Or learn to become a better stretcher! Or ask to be carried down those hills on one! And what do you mean by "really hilly?" Is that a reference to a television reality show in which everyone must fend for themselves in a mountainous region (I define "mountainous" as anything rising above sea level)?
Kymberly: Well, as you probably noticed, we did not get the huge bribe gift for getting to your question via the super express rush deluxe insta-answer service. So let's answer as if you were going to hike the hills again and wonder what to do next time. Hope you survived in the meantime.
Alexandra: Miss Lizzie, when you walk downhill, your shin muscles (let's call them Aunty Tibby – formal name is anterior tibialis) lengthen and your calves (let's call them Bessie & Bossy – formal names are gastrocnemius & soleus) shorten. Shorten is nature's way of saying "contract." If you had gone for a flat, or even mildly hilly walk, your bleating calves wouldn't be crying so much for Mama. But you have admitted, under no oath whatsoever, that your walk was "very hilly." For the record, I too go for really long walks. I call it "going outside and getting lost, then accosting strangers to ask for a ride home." Your brain said, "Oh what a beautiful morning, oh what a beautiful day," while your calves said, "shorten, lengthen, shorten, lengthen." See how stiff your calves are in conversation?
Kymberly: Concerning stretching, Alexandra is onto something. Post walking, stretch your calves and imagination by holding a position whereby your toes are higher than your ankle. aka dorsiflexion. Hold it, hold it, hold it. Now switch legs. To make this successfully simple, Try the three calf stretches we show in our post, Prevent Shin Splints: 3 Calf Stretches.
Next, pay attention to your foot action as you go uphill. Did you bend at the ankle getting your heel to the ground with each stride? Good form going uphill means keeping your body vertical and accounting for the hill angle at the ankle joint by allowing your heel to make contact with the ground with each step. Pick that answer. Or did you basically head uphill on the balls of your feet, bending forward from the hip or spine, and having your heel hanging in space? If so, your calves were in contraction throughout the walk and transforming into steers of steel. No bull. And no wonder they are bellowing. (Check out "Proper Form for Uphill Walking" here).
To make this super simple: walk, walk, stretch, drink water, head home, sleep my pretty, sleep, wake, walk again until warm, stretch, call us in the morning. With that gift.
Alexandra: Kymberly is right; I am fresh. And onto something. Known as my stretched butt. DOMS – Don't Offer Money to Sis.
Dear Readers: Have you ever experienced muscle soreness? What did you do about it? What do you wish DOMS stood for?
Action: Please share this post on twitter, Facebook or Pinterest. Simply click on the icons in the left column. Thanks!
Kymberly Williams-Evans, MA and Alexandra Williams, MA
Kymberly Williams-Evans, MA and Alexandra Williams, MA
The foot bone connected to the ankle bone, The ankle bone connected to the shin bone, The shin bone connected to the knee bone, The knee bone connected to the thigh bone, The thigh bone connected to the hip bone, the hip bone connected to the back bone, The back bone connected to the shoulder bone, The shoulder bone connected to the neck bone, The neck bone connected to the head bone, Them bones got up and walked around. – Lyrics from the song Dry Bones by the Delta Rhythm Boys
If you want your bones and muscles to get up and walk around, you have to keep them happy. Our singing does not necessarily make our bones happy! But stretching, well, that's a solution of a different horse!
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Photo credits: creativecommons.org: horse: doe-c-doe, leg drawing: rosswilliamdrew, highlighted shin splint: Northcoast Footcare.
Don't worry, nothing you can't handle. The kinetic chain is made up of the:
All of these parts make up a whole that is interdependent. For example, muscle tightness restricts the range of motion that a joint may be moved (i.e., tight hamstrings can affect hip and lower back mobility). If you're confused, please refer to this handy chart:
Odd as it sounds, for a muscle to gain strength, the tissue has to receive enough stress to cause micro-tears. Once that's occurred, you can help your muscles recover by using the foam roller to break up adhesions in the muscle tissue and/or fascia. When these "trigger points" are decreased, blood flow increases, which is good!
Alexandra: I like to use the foam rollers for myofascial release with my group fitness students every so often, mostly because I always get a laugh out of their moans and groans when they discover their tight iliotibial (IT) bands.
Kymberly: I admit up front that I love foam rollers! Roll, roll, roll in zee … Hey, that really hurts so good. (Insert silent scream here as I roll out my tight hammies and upper back. Did you get the movie reference I just made two sentences ago?)
Alexandra: I was starting to think it was about time to introduce the foam roller to this quarter's "crop" of university students when I found out about an app called Roll Release Techniques, which has 100 different videos for using the foam roller for self-massage.
My feeling at discovering an app that I could take onto the teaching stage with me was something like this:
This app packs in 100 videos, more than 25 different muscle groups, and demos that show up to 4 different levels for each group. The creator of the foam roller app, Dr. Ryan Emmons, is the one demonstrating the moves, and it's simple to use and follow. Tap the muscle you want, then tap the level you want (regression, main, progression or advanced). Simple to follow along; simple to use.
As a fitness instructor who doesn't use foam rollers enough to know all the possibilities by heart, I found the Roll Release Techniques App super handy. For a fitness enthusiast at home who wants to get some quick myofascial release, it's also super because there's no need to know the names or function of any muscles; you can just tap the picture of the muscle you want to work.
Usually I'm a bit
snobby particular about the fitness information I'll purchase and use, but this app totally rocked and rolled; well, it rolled! As you can see by the facial expressions on my students' faces in these pictures, foam rollers are an effective tool!
Readers and Rollers: What fitness apps do you use?
FitFluential LLC compensated me for this Campaign. All opinions are my own. Alexandra used her own money to purchase this app because it was totally worth $2.99 to get all the video demos.
Photo credit: Man jumping kreg.steppe
The 3 tips in the video below will help you prevent shin splints. You'll see more in future posts on what to do before and after shin pain. For now, take a look at this short video:
Key for you to know is that the shin (anterior tibialis) and calf (gastrocnemius, plus five other calf muscles work as a team. Most people shower too much attention on the calf, and neglect the shin. The calf gets big and bossy and tries to exert constant force on the little tib. This makes the shin very envious and it shows its displeasure by becoming stressed and painful. If you give the shin a bit more love (that is secret code for "more training") it will be happy and joyous and take you all kinds of places pain-free.
Have you ever had shin splints? What did you do to recover?
Photo Courtesy of Mayo Clinic
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Kymberly Wiliams-Evans, MA and Alexandra Williams, MA
We ripped open the package and found first a DVD with "Instructions." Already we had to like that since we have unique senses of humor. The last time we got shoe instructions was when we learned shoelace tying in kindergarten. "Loop one bunny ear, then the other; send the rabbit around the hole, through the hutch, and ta dum! Shoes tied!" Aahh sweet memories of that and eating that white paste at recess after playing "cooties."
Anyway… we decided to live life on the edge, skip the instructions and take our Skechers on all sorts of adventures to see what they could handle. Since we teach a variety of classes plus power walk almost every day, we thought our shoes should go with us.
First up: Low Impact class with Kymberly and her spiffy looking Women's SRR Pro Speed.
Report directly from Kymberly's Skechers: "Yes, this was an excellent and comfortable experience. I made Kymberly's feet dance and twirl in comfort and style. Do her pants make my tongue look big?"
Next up: Step class with Kymberly
Report from K's Skechers: "Big no for this activity. Kymberly's balance was all over the place and the up and down stepping, lateral moves, and my shoe tread combined with the step rubber did not really play well together. Our master looked styler at least (that's what Kymberly insisted we call her or she was going to tie us in knots)."
Last in-class visit: Kymberly's Strength Training Class with Tubing
Skechers shoes reporting directly: "Gotta say, I was comfy and foot supportive throughout. However, the tube exercisers insist on using had nowhere to fit under my rocker! That darn resistance tubing kept slipping out from underfoot as my shoe has no arch underneath to keep it in place. So, rocker type shoes and tubing are not destined to work out safely together. No way to anchor = tube snap!"
Power Walking and Aerobic Moseying with Kymberly: Field report: "SUCCESS IS OURS! Being on Kymberly's' feet so long, I noticed she has arthritis in her big toes and a knee that has had two major surgeries. So normally long walks hurt her feet and knee. She is acutely aware of foot strike and impact issues and usually takes her shoes off the minute she gets home as her feet cramp. I overheard her tell her sister that these shoes were surprisingly the MOST comfortable ones she has walked in and that her feet felt cushioned, fully engaged in each stride, and very light and springy from start to finish! She even kept me on for hours afterwards walking around the house and generally being footloose and fancy free! Apparently I am 'walkers' not 'rockers'!"
Kymberly: Bottom line, these shoes are now my favorite walking shoes. But when equipment is involved, naaah!
Alexandra: I got the Fitness Flex Tone-Ups, which have very little of the "rocker" tone-up aspect, which is actually why I selected that style.
Here's what I like about them:
* very lightweight
* attractive colors
* extremely comfortable, even with my wide feet
* great breatheability (this means I don't end up with stinky feet)
Here's where I won't wear them: Teaching classes. I tried them in many of my formats (step, strength, hi/low cardio, kickbox, sports training,, etc.) and they were too unstable. I get the Good Sport award for thorough testing! Here's where I will wear them: Walking. For walking I loved them. Keep in mind that I was walking on an unstable surface, not a sidewalk.[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GTh4Oeh8og[/youtube]
Readers: We know some of you love them; some hate them. What's your experience with the shoes? Do you feel drunk without having to actually drink when wearing them?
Photo Credits: I poached the Fitness Flex shoe pic off the Skechers site by doing a screen shot. Kymberly took all the other photos.
Dear Sore Sherry:
Alexandra: Well, "Day-um" as my other southern friends would say! And "DOMS." Which is not a way of cussing with a northern accent. It stands for Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness. We talked about it in our suggestively named post "Calves Got a Stiffy," and feel happy to talk about this topic even more. Essentially, elevating your core temperature (and thereby henceforthwith and so forthy warming up the muscles) within 24 hours of the original cardio exercise will help prevent muscle soreness later on. You don't have to repeat the 10 mile run, but a walk of just ten minutes should do the trick.
Kymberly: Running is powered primarily by calves and quads. Walking is powered by glutes and shins (and therefore a great cross training or complementary cardio activity). So if you are used to running and added the walking recently, then your body may simply have been adapting to using your muscles in a new or different way. I am not sure if the pace has anything to do with the soreness unless the slow pace dictated or created an unusual gait that did not work for you biomechanically.
A: Door #3 – If it's not delayed muscle soreness, could your pain be caused from overuse? Is it standard for you to do 31 miles in a 4-day span? Somewhere in here I'll throw out the concept of post-run stretching…oh, there, I just did! With your entire lower body in pain, have you considered shin splints or your Q-angle? If you have fairly wide hips and/or a narrow stance, then your knees might be the ones yelling "ouchy."
K: When you feel better, run or walk over to our place so you can let us know whether your pain and soreness are in your joints or muscles. If muscles, I'd say pull a Bobby McFerrin: "Don't worry; Be happy." If your pain is in the joints, I'd say, "whoa doggies, ask a health professional to assess you." Do not light up those joints!
Dear Readers: When the crossing light says "Don't Walk" do you run?
Photo credits: Photobucket and http://ericcressey.com/tag/acl
Kymberly: Not liking to stab in the dark–poke, poke, scream of pain!– I will say I must guess into the wilderness as to the reasons for the different effects. One guess as to what happened was you powered your downstroke of the bike with your quads and your upstroke with your glutes and hamstrings. Most likely you also had your toes closer to your body than your heel (flexed foot or dorsiflexion), especially on the downstroke. That means your calf was not involved that much as it was in slight extension. Your friend most likely had her toes pointed away from her (plantarflexion) throughout the work, which is very common, though not ideal. Therefore her calf was in slight contraction. Is one way wrong? Depends on your goal. But generally it is considered good form and far more powerful to work as you did and NOT to put the load into the calf.
Alexandra: I'm not sure if you're saying it was a recumbent bike or if you just like to lower the heck out of your seat on the indoor cycle, but we'll start at recumbent;
Was your friend's seat farther back than yours, relative to leg length? Because if her seat was way back, she might have had to point her toes a lot (back to plantarflexion) to reach the pedals, which would put her into a calf contraction – and not the kind that leads to cute little baby moos.
If you were on an upright bike with a really low seat, that could also contribute to the different results, depending on whether your toes were up or down.
Were you a good witch or a bad witch? But then, if your seat was too low, your knees will hurt soon anyway, so who cares about the calf ache?
What has been your experience with indoor cycles and your muscles? How pointy are your toes when you cycle?
Photo credits: Creative Commons
Kymberly Williams-Evans, MA and Alexandra Williams, MA
Kymberly: Whether you call them rocker shoes, toners, shape-ups, negative heel shoes, the funniest looking shoes you ever saw, or the shoes that saved the workout world, people are wearing them. And we are getting asked often "do they work? Are they worth the money?" "Are they actually helping me get more fit when walking?" We turned to self-appointed experts, ourselves, for a review.
Short answer: if wearing them moves you from "feet in slippers propped on the ottoman" to rocking it in your rockers, then they have value. You believe in them; therefore you walk more; ergo you get more fit. But we have to say that the only research thus far that touts their superpowers is all put out by the shoe manufacturers. Hmmmm. Fun and Fit is having a "suspicious ole' coot" moment and wants to find out more. If you like lots of detail check out this short article: Shape Up Shoes and Other Negative Heel Wear, If you do not like detail, the general consensus is "the shoes don't shape you up any more than any shoe or bare feet would." So save your mega-dollars.
Alexandra: I'll just say right up front that aesthetically I will never, ever, never like any of these shoes because they remind me too much of the Earth shoes I bought in the 70s. I saved my money for a long time, got on a waiting list (demand way outstripped supply) and finally got my shoes. Guess what? I put them on once, decided they looked horrible on me and never wore them again. Now I see the originals on sale for $135. Guess I should have kept my unworn pair.
Looking past my traumatizing "sexy babe with immensely fat-looking feet" teen experience, let me say that professionally I tend to not like them either. I have a lot of fitness students of all ages, and have heard anecdotaly that the toning shoes have caused or exacerbated issues with balance and hip/knee joint pain. I have not had anyone yet vouch for them though. And we know a lot of podiatrists, chiropractors and biomechanic specialists who are not fans either. I wrote an article about choosing shoes and couldn't get a single expert to comment favorably on any of the toning shoes. Actually, one of them went so far as to call them "nightmares."
A direct quote from an unbiased study (meaning the shoe company didn't fund the study) states: "Across the board, none of the toning shoes showed statistically significant increases in either exercise response or muscle activation during any of the treadmill trials. There is simply no evidence to support the claims that these shoes will help wearers exercise more intensely, burn more calories or improve muscle strength and tone."
How does the study above seem so different from the studies touted by the shoe companies that say toning shoes are almost mystical in their ability to transform your body? One, it could be the type of study conducted– clinical versus normal daily activity (although nothing has yet been done long-term, so it's almost a moot point); two, there is a big ol' difference between marketing science and real science. If you're a really invested consumer, read the studies carefully. However, if you're not into that plan, it might be best if you try on a pair and walk around the store.
K: Then sit down and take the darn things off your feet! If your goal is to be more toned, have shapelier legs, burn more calories, may I politely suggest DO YOUR DARN WEIGHT TRAINING! Ok, so I politely yelled. Why take yourself away from your body's natural movement patterns? We keep looking for quick fixes. Instead, learn or relearn how to move in the body you have. Our feet are actually designed to help us walk in the best manner possible.
A: I'm trying to have an open mind (but not open toe) so I'll mention the advantages. If you wear the shoes and start to walk more and stand up straighter, then the shoes are working because you are now moving the body that's in those shoes. Are the toning shoes actually the key to lifelong buffness, happiness and a firm, lifted butt? Maybe. And maybe you're just walking more since you feel so fabulous and groovy in your new shoes!
My final recommendation? If you loved Earth Shoes, you might just be a candidate for toning shoes. Otherwise, it's way more important to move than it is to spend money on toning shoes.
K: My final recommendation? When the foot experts, medical community and unbiased research say "oy vay, no way; save your mo-nay," then I am going with that and lacing up my foot slimming, outfit matching, tried and true walking sneakers. Shoe-off!
Readers: What is your opinion or experience with the toning shoes? Did you know there are more than 25 companies that make them?
Photo credits: PhotoBucket and Creative Commons
Kymberly: Last time I got a plea like this it involved Nigeria and sending money to a dethroned prince. I am prepared to send you good advice at half the price. Yes, for a definition of shin splints, check out this link. Even better, if you want to understand the causes and treatments, try the solutions in our posts on the subject of shin splints:
Then send money to me, but preferably more than the dollar or two you stashed in your running shoes.
Alexandra: I'll give you free advice if you promise to make sense of the complete lyrics to Ice Ice Baby. It would seem you increased the duration a wee bit too enthusiastically (and maybe overpronated).
1. Ice the shin.
2. When your shins feel better (not while you are still in pain), strengthen the muscle (anterior tibialis). You can do this with toe (up) taps. By this I mean, don't focus on tapping your toes on the floor; focus on lifting the toes up. This will hurt a lot if you do it before you are feeling better. For expert tapping hints, have Savion Glover come over and
make-out with help you.
3. Get some inserts for your shoes, especially if you're going to be the bad girl of fitness and run before you're all healed. And consider new shoes as yours may be worn out and no longer supporting your foot, ankle, leg and high sense of fashion.
4. Become at one with the simple word "stretch." As in, "Oh, I just ran for 72 miles (or 2 – but it would feel like 72 to me). Maybe now I should stretch out my shins by pointing my toe and holding for at least 15 seconds."
K: 5. Stretch your calf – the muscle buddy to your shin (aka agonist and antagonist muscle pair in high-falootin' circles.) A lot of shin splint trauma comes from an imbalance between the strong, tight, shortened, strong, bossy
Alexandra calf and the comparably petite, underloved, underdeveloped, underworked, weak anterior tib. Reduce the pull on the shin from the calf by lengthening the calf with mucho stretching.
If you run again–and we hope you do, someone has to–try to stay on surfaces that absorb impact, such as asphalt, tracks, grass, cardio equipment. Avoid surfaces that have no springback or cushion such as CONCRETE. Translation – sidewalks! Even the best shoes and strongest shins cannot overcome the jarring effect of concrete pounding. Even the strongest of twins cannot overcome the jarring effects of my sister whining when she has to run (for cover).
Readers: What are your tricks to prevent or cure shin splints? Are you secretly harboring any Vanilla Ice recordings?
Photo credits: Creative Commons and Photobucket
Kymberly Williams-Evans, MA and Alexandra Williams, MA


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12 Luscious Spring Desserts Anyone Can Bake
Lemon-Blackberry Mini Tarts
A luscious blend of lemon curd and cream cheese fills store-bought pastry shells. Fresh mint makes an elegant garnish.
Carrot Cake Cupcakes
These moist cupcakes feature all the luscious goodness of carrot cake with a rich and creamy cheesecake frosting. Grated carrots make a gorgeous topping.
Coconut-Blueberry Cheesecake Bars
Fresh blueberries and coconut give these creamy bar cookies a spring spin.
Raspberry Cakes for Two
This cake looks fancy but it's actually just fresh raspberries and raspberry preserves sandwiched between two already-made shortcakes. No baking required!
Lemon-Lime Bars
A sprinkling of powdered sugar tops off these impressive bar cookies -- ideal for graduation parties and wedding showers.
Fresh Rosemary & Lemon Cupcakes
For a spring dessert that's sure to be a hit with kids and grown-ups alike, try these super-simple seasonal cupcakes.


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A detailed analysis of Florida's long-term loggerhead nesting data (1989-2015) revealed three distinct annual trends (Figure 1). Following a 24 percent increase between 1989 and 1998, nest counts declined sharply over nearly a decade (1999-2007). However, annual nest counts showed a strong increase (74 percent) over the last eight years (2008-2015). Examining only the period between the high-count nesting season in 1998 and the most recent nesting season (2015), researchers found a slight but nonsignificant increase, indicating a reversal of the post-1998 decline. The overall change in counts from 1989 to 2015 was significantly positive (38 percent); however, it should be noted that wide confidence intervals are associated with this complex data set.
Figure 1. The 27 years of nest counts recorded a pronounced increase, then decline, then increase in nesting. Scientists do not yet understand what caused these changes. This trend line describing annual loggerhead nest counts was estimated by fitting a 4-knot restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve to the total counts via negative binomial regression. The 4-knot RCS model had the greatest support and appeared to be the best choice from the available set.
Scientists estimated (corrected) nest-count points in Figure 1 based on small variations in missing count data among years. These estimated counts differed slightly from the observed nest counts reported in the index nesting beach survey. The curved line describing the annual trend in loggerhead nest counts was estimated using methods similar to the one described in the 2009 publication: Decreasing Annual Nest Counts in a Globally Important Loggerhead Sea Turtle Population.
Hundreds of participants surveyed index beaches and counted turtle nests to collect data for this analysis. All participants hold a Florida marine turtle permit and are trained in sea turtle nest identification. Scientists at the Fish and Wildlife Research Institute coordinate the nest counts according to a rigorous protocol to ensure that they reveal unbiased trends.
In contrast to the loggerhead nesting trend, nest counts for green turtles and leatherback turtles in Florida have increased dramatically over the 27-year period. These two species nest on many of the same beaches in Florida as the loggerhead, but in smaller numbers.
Florida beaches are of worldwide importance to loggerhead sea turtles. Approximately 80 percent of the global loggerhead population nests either on Florida beaches or in Oman, a country on the Arabian Peninsula. Florida accounts for approximately 90 percent of U.S. loggerhead nesting.
View the article Index Nesting Beach Survey Totals (1989-2015) for more information on how scientists at the FWC's Fish and Wildlife Research Institute collect nesting-trend data and for nesting trends of green and leatherback turtles.
Loggerheads Face Wide-Ranging Threats to Their Survival
In Florida, coastal development and high vessel traffic present challenges for sea turtle protection. On developed beaches, coastal armoring meant to protect buildings from erosion has eliminated nesting habitat where natural dunes once stood. Artificial lighting on nesting beaches causes hatchlings from nests to crawl inland rather than toward the water. Throughout the state's waters, collisions with boats are the most common identifiable cause of trauma in sea turtles that wash up dead on Florida beaches.
The FWC's conservation work includes assisting the rescue and rehabilitation of sick and injured sea turtles and expanded efforts to guide coastal construction practices and commercial fishing activities. The agency also works to correct errant lighting that could lead sea turtle hatchlings to their death on developed beaches.
Additional threats to Florida's loggerheads occur far from the state's waters and beaches, throughout the Atlantic Ocean basin. During the approximately 30 years that it takes a loggerhead sea turtle to mature, it will travel widely through international waters and many national jurisdictions. Many drown in shrimp trawls; others get hooked or entangled by open-ocean longlines set to catch reef fish, sharks, tuna and swordfish. Occasionally, mass strandings of dead or sick loggerheads occur without clear evidence of what disease, toxin or event was responsible.
To help protect sea turtles outside Florida waters, the FWC provides nesting data to the federal agencies with management oversight beyond Florida's jurisdiction: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the state's sea turtle license plate provide funding for FWC's sea turtle nest monitoring programs.
Learn more about sea turtles and threats to their survival by visiting the Sea Turtles section of this website.
FWC Facts:Did you know tiny little mosquitofish are put into drainage ditches and ponds to eat mosquito larvae?
Learn More at AskFWC
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Healing, part 2
A bruise first begins as a pinkish, red color, changes to dark blue or purple, fades to violet, green, dark yellow, and turns a pale yellow until it completely disappears. A bruise will usually completely heal in 2 weeks.
Update Date 4/14/2013
Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.


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This is a favorite birthday gift or party activity for all ages. With this creative set you can paint designs where colors merge and blend or are outlined with the resist provided. With these dyes you can also make sun prints using natural objects as stencils
Set includes 3 silk hoops, 3 bottles of Dye-Na-Flow fabric paint (turquoise, brilliant red and golden yellow), permanent gold water based resist, two paint brushes, "silk salt" for star bursts and complete instructions and tips. Finished hoops are beautiful in a window or on the wall.
In all likelihood you will have extra fabric paint. We offer white scarves here>
Ages 3 and up.
Chosen by Mothering Toy Guide as a Top Pick for 2013
Sorry but this item is currently unavailable.
Please check back at a later stage.