text:
Get notified about updates to this publication
Article: Nordenskioldia and Trochodendron (Trochodendraceae) from the Miocene of Northwestern North America
Page 1
Nordenskioldia and Trochodendron (Trochodendraceae) from the Miocene of NorthwesternNorth AmericaAuthor(s): Steven R. Manchester, Peter R. Crane, David L. DilcherSource: Botanical Gazette, Vol. 152, No. 3 (Sep., 1991), pp. 357-368Published by: The University of Chicago PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2995219Accessed: 29/05/2010 15:12Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unlessyou have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and youmay use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact email@example.com University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access toBotanical Gazette.http://www.jstor.org
Page 2
BOT. GAZ. 152(3):357-368. 1991. t 1991 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0006-807 1/9 1/5203-0007$02.00 NORDENSKIOLDIA FROM THE MIOCENE OF NORTHWESTERN AND TROCHODENDRON (TROCHODENDCEAE) NORTH AMERICA STEVEN R. MANCHESTER,' * PETER R. CRANE,t AND DAVID L. DILCHER' * * Departments of Geology and Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405; and t Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605 The extinct trochodendraceous genus Nordenskioldia, Hemisphere, is documented for the first time from the Neogene, based upon infructescences, fruits, associated twigs, and foliage from the Miocene of Idaho, Washington, and southern British Columbia. The infructescences and fruits, assigned to Nordenskioldia similar to Paleocene N. borealis, but differ in ranging to a higher number of carpels per fruit and in being less regularly dehiscent. The leaves, Zizyphoides auriculata (Heer) comb. nov., formerly attributed to Populus and Cocculus, are clearly congeneric with the leaves associated with Nordenskioldia deposits. Zizyphoides auriculata leaves differ from Paleocene Z. flabellum in having generally more prominent dentations along the margin and a broader divergence of the lateral primary veins. Excellent preservation of the Miocene material reveals features not preserved in the Paleocene specimens, and in particular, lignified fruitlets clearly show aborted ovules in addition to the single mature seed. Infruc- tescences of Trochodendron are also documented from the same Miocene localities at which N. intergla- cialis occurs. The close similarities between Paleocene and Miocene species of Nordenskioldia, between the Miocene and extant species of Trochodendron, evolution of the Trochodendraceae over intervals of up to 45 million years. Introduction Fossil plants preserved in Miocene lake de- posits in eastern Washington and adjacent Idaho (KNOWLTON 1926; BERRY 1929a, 1934; BROWN 1937; SMILEY and REMBER 1 985a, 1985b) indi- cate the presence of a temperate hardwood forest broadly similar in structure and composition to the present-day mixed mesophytic forests of east- ern Asia and eastern North America. However, in addition to genera that now survive in eastern Asia (e.g., Cercidiphyllum, Cunninghamia, Meta- sequoia) or elsewhere in the Northern Hemi- sphere (e.g., Fagus, Hydrangea, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Tilia), these fossil floras also con- tain taxa that are now extinct (e.g., Pseudofagus [SMILEY and HUGGINS 1981]). One of the most abundant leaf types in these Miocene floras was originally identified as POP- UIUS (Salicaceae [KNOWLTON 1926]), and LA- MOTTE (1952) listed the many published reports of these kinds of leaves under the name Cocculus heteromorpha (Knowlton) Brown (Menisperma- ceae). Studies of Paleocene floras, however, have documented the same type of leaf in consistent association with fizits assigned to the extinct trochodendraceous genus Nordenskioldia Heer (KRYSHTOFOVICH 1956; CRANE et al. 1991). The well represented in the Paleocene of the Northern interglacialis (Hollick) comb. nov., are very in Paleocene and also suggest relative stasis in the morphological l Present address: Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gaines- ville, Florida 32611-2035. Manuscript received June 1990; revised manuscript received April 1991. Address for correspondence and reprints: STEVEN R. MANCHESTER, Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Mu- seum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-2035. leaves are now assigned to the fossil genus Zi- zyphoides Seward and Conway (CRANE et al. 1991). The associated shoots and fruiting axes of Nordenskioldia have been shown to lack vessels, and the combined evidence from vegetative and reproductive characters clearly indicates that Nordenskioldia is an extinct genus of Trochoden- draceae (CRANE et al. 1990, 1991). In this paper we review Miocene records of Trochodendraceae, emphasizing material from northwestern North America. Nordenskioldia, which is widespread in the Paleogene of the Northern Hemisphere, is recognized for the first time from the Neogene based on fruits, infruc- tescences, shoots, and leaves. We also present the first unequivocal evidence for the presence of Trochodendron in the Tertiary of North America based on infructescences and fruits from the Mio- cene of Idaho. Comparison with extant T. ara- lioides and with Paleocene N. borealis provides new information on the history of the Trocho- dendraceae and documents the importance of the family in the evolution of temperate vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere. Material and methods The leaves, twigs, and fruits considered here are preserved as compressions and impressions in Miocene shales and clays from northern Idaho, adjacent Washington, and southeastern British Columbia (fig. 1; App. 1). Most of the localities are lacustrine interbeds within the Columbia Riv- er Basalt Group. Localities in eastern Washington include railroad cuts and brickyard excavations in the type area of the Latah Formation (PARDEE and BRYAN 1926; GRIGGS which produced the flora described by KNOWLTON 1976) near Spokane, 357
Page 3
50V 4 ] r - BOTANICAL GAZETTE 358 (1926) as well as a site at the north end of Grand Coulee (BERRY 1931; App. 1). Similar deposits in Idaho have also been attributed to the Latah Formation (KIRKHAM and JOHNSON calities in northern Idaho, including Clarkia (P- 33), Emerald Creek (P-37, 40), and Oviatt Creek (P-35), have attracted considerable interest be- cause of the exquisite preservation of their fossil biota (BOYD 1985; SMILEY 1985b). The stratigraphic relationships of the localities to radiometrically dated basalt flows are pre- sented in Appendix 1. The Grande Ronde locality is the oldest, occurring within the Grande Ronde Basalt which is dated between 15.6 and 16.5 mil- lion years (REIDEL and HOOPER the other localities, including those near Spokane and in northern Idaho, are interbedded with, or lateral to, basalts of the Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt Formation. The Priest Rapids Member is radiometrically dated at 14.5 million years (REIDEL and HOOPER The most southerly localities occur in a slump block oftuffaceous shales near White Bird, Idaho, while the excellent specimens figured by HOLLICK (1915, 1927) are from the Saint Eugene Silts, Kootenay Valley, on the Saint Mary River in southeastern British Columbia. Floristic similar- ities suggest that the deposits in British Columbia are similar in age to the Latah deposits of Wash- ington and Idaho (BERRY 1929b). Miocene in- fructescences and fruits of Trochodendron observed from Iwate Prefecture, Japan, and from the Clarkia and Emerald Creek localities in Ida- ho. Specimens and localities cited are from the fol- lowing institutions: the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the United States National Mu- seumv Washington, D.C. (USNM), the Washing- ton State Thomas Burke Memorial Museum, Se- attle (UWBM, collection of E. E. ALEXANDER formerly housed at the Spokane Museum), the University of Idaho, Moscow (UIMM), Indiana University (IU, now housed at University of Florida, Gainesville), Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago (FM-PP), Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa (GSC), National Science Mu- seum, Tokyo (NSM-PP). Measurements of fruits were taken from the molds left in the clay or silt matrix rather than directly from the carbonized remains, because there may be up to 20% shrinkage in the com- 1929). Lo- and REMBER 1985 a, 1989). Most of 1989). were CRANBROOK; BRITISH COLUMBIA MONTANA COEUR LENE o \ 4 *.5 \ 8 MOSCOW < } .7 .8 t W.9 t | IDAHO N SPOKANE .3 PULLMANo WASH I NGTON \ OREGON 120° FIG. 1.-Map showing localities for Nordenskioldia inter- glacialis. 1, Kootenay Valley, B.C. (HOLLICK 1929b). 2, North end of Grand Coulee, Wash. (USGS 9068). 3, Vicinity of Spokane, Wash. (USGS 7559,7589,7872,7884). 4, Emerald Creek, Idaho (UIMM P-37, P-40).5, Clarkia Race Track, Clarkia, Idaho (UIMM P-33). 6, Oviatt Creek, Idaho (UIMM P-35, P-42).7, Juliaetta, Idaho (USGS 8443).8, Oro- fino, Idaho (USGS 8512).9, White Bird, Idaho (USGS 8444). See App. 1 for locality details. 114° 1927; BERRY pressions from these localities. It should also be noted that the sediments may shrink 9%-l 5% on dehydration after collection (SMILEY 1985a, p. 20). A leafof Zizyphoides from Clarkia, Idaho, was lifted from the matrix, cleared, and mounted between glass microscope slides by WILLIAM REMBER to reveal fine venation and glands of the leaf margin. Leaf impressions from White Bird, Idaho, also reveal excellent details of leaf architecture with very low, oblique light- ing. Complete and variously fractured i-ruits were cleaned in hydrofluoric acid, washed in water, and studied with reflected light and scanning elec- tron microscopy. The seeds and abortive ovules were examined in situ by scanning electron mi- croscopy after flaking away the carpel wall with a needle. The seeds and ovules were then re- moved, cleared, and mounted on glass slides with Canada Balsam for light microscopy. and REMBER FIGS. 2-12.-Miocene infructescences and fruits of Nordenskioldia interglacialis (Hollick) comb. nov. Fig. 2, Incomplete infructescence with eight attached fruits, showing scars on the axis where additional fruits were attached, SP&S. cut, Spokane Wash., UWBM 57254; x 1. Fig. 3, Infructescence with paired fruits remaining attached in lower portion- fruits shed from upper portion of axis, leaving characteristic umbrella-shaped structures with central columns, Spokane, Wash., UWBM 57253 X 1. Fig. 4, Infructescence previously figured as Equisetum underground stem (KNOWLTON 1926, pl. 9, fig. 1), showing three nodes with attached fruits. Central node shows the attachment of three fruits, Spokane, Wash. (USGS 7559), USNM 36875 x 1. Fig. 5, Mold of a laterally compressed fruit showing rounded basal scar, segmented morphology, and a row of 10 persistent styles, Spokane, Wash. (USGS 7589), USNM 435125; x 3.5. Fig. 6, Fruit compressed obliquely showing two rows of seven
Page 4
f>'*Ws: PX h :, At j Wt*y-: or more styles (arrows), White Bird, Idaho (USGS 8444), USNM 435145; x 3.5. Fig. 7, Mold of the base of a fruit showing elliptical central scar and radial arrangement of fruitlets, Spokane brickyard, Wash., UWBM 57276B x 3.5. Fig. 8, Apical counterpart of the specimen in fig. 7, showing bilateral symmetry and 20 persistent styles, Spokane brickyard, Wash., UWBM 57276A; x 3.5. Fig. 9, Transversely compressed umbrella-like structure showing basal cup and central column around which the fruitlets were attached, Spokane, Wash. (USGS 7884), USNM 435126, x 3.5. Fig. 10, Mold of a relatively large fruit with 28 persistent styles, Spokane brickyard, Wash., UWBM 57264; x 3.5. Fig. 11, Base of a fruit showing cycle of marks (not seen in other specimens) that may represent stamen scars, north end of Grande Coulee, Wash. (USGS 9068), USNM 435142* x 3.5. Fig. 12, Carbonized fruit viewed apically, showing separation between fruitlets, Juliaetta, Idaho, UWBM 57395; x 3.5.
Page 5
360 BOTANICAL GAZE'l"l'M [SEPTEMBER Systematics INFRUCTESCENCES AND FRUITS Nordenskioldia interglacialis (figs. 2-17) BASIONYM.-Ficus interglacialis p. 44, pls. 152, 153. (Hollick) comb. nov. HOLLICK 1915, SYNONYMY. 1915, p. 44, pls. 152, 153, HOLLICK 1927, p.405, pls. 34, 35, BERRY 1931, p. 37; Equisetum, derground stem KNOWLTON 1926, p. 24, pl. 9, fig. 1, pl. 26, fig. 5, pl. 29, fig. 8; Carpites men- thioides BERRY 1929a, p. 264; Phyllites amplexicaulis KNOWLTON 1926, p. 47, pl. 29, fig. 3; Malva? hesperia BERRY 1934, p. 120, pl. 24, fig. 2; Carpolithes BROWN 1937, p. 185, pl. 63, fig. 2, 3, Carpites interglacialis (Hollick) Ficus interglacialis HOLLICK un- KNOWLTON 1926, p. 49, pl. 26, fig. 4, KNOWLTON 1926, p. 47, pl. 29, fig. 1 1, sp. LAMOTTE 1952, p. 95. SPECIMENS.- The holotype (HOLLICK 1915, pl. 152, 153; GSC 4958) is from the Kootenay Val- ley, British Columbia. Additional specimens ex- amined: USNM 36875, 36984, 37005, 37010, 37013, 435125-435135, UWBM 57253-57256, 57264-57286 from Spokane, Washington; 435137-435138, UWBM 57395-57397 from Ju- liaetta, Idaho; USNM 435142-435143 from Grand Coulee, Washington; USNM 435144- 435146fromWhiteBird,Idaho;USNM435148 from Orofino, Idaho; IU 9247 from Clarkia, Ida- ho. USNM DESCRIPTION. Infmctescences consist of elon- gate woody axes, 1.2-3.0 mm in diameter and up to 95 mm long (longest axis incomplete), with many sessile fruits (figs. 2, 3). Fruits are attached singly, or in pairs or triplets (fig. 4), at intervals of 12-35 mm along the axis. All of the infruc- tescence specimens are broken at one or both ends so that the total number of fruiting nodes is unknown; the longest specimen (fig. 2) shows that there were up to at least 11 fruiting nodes per axis. The fruits are subglobose, elliptical in lateral view (fig. 5), elliptical to circular in transverse view (figs. 7, 8, 10-12), 9-12.5 mm long (major axis of symmetry), 9-12 mm broad (minor axis of symmetry), and 7-8 mm high. Fruits are par- tially schizocarpic, with 14-29, typically 18-24, laterally concrescent single-seeded fruitlets ar- ranged in a whorl around a parenchymatous tral column (fig. 12). The central column tapers apically and is bilaterally symmetrical, with reg- ular longitudinal ridges developed between each of the adjacent fruitlets. Remains of the recep- tacle and exocarp persist on the infructescence axis after dehiscence as an umbrella-like shallow cen- cup (figs. 3, 9) with a central column. At the base of the fruit the arrangement radially symmetrical (fig. 7), but apically the ar- rangement is bilateral, with persistent abaxially curved styles arranged in two rows (figs. 6, 8, 10). In one specimen, the base of the fruit shows a cycle of circular marks that may be staminal scars (fig. 11). Fruitlets are wedge-shaped in transverse sec- tion, tapering toward the fruit axis, and are D-shaped in lateral view. The ventral margin is more or less straight and the dorsal margin is convex, with a short abaxially recurved style near the apex. Oblique bands of fibers are inconspic- uous on the radial walls. Each fruitlet contains a single mature seed (fig. 15) and up to six abortive ovules (figs. 16, 17). The seeds are anatropous and pendulous from the apex at the ventral side of the locule (fig. 15). The single seed within each fruitlet is ovate in outline, 3.5 mm wide, 7 mm long, and rounded at the chalazal end but tapered toward the mi- cropyle and hilum. Seeds are flattened parallel to the median plane of the fruitlet, and the testa is extended to form a wing surrounding seed body except at the hilar end. The raphe runs directly from the hilum to the chalaza without forming a hairpin loop. The seed surface is retic- ulate (figs. 15, 16), resulting from a layer of large cuboidal cells, 0.074.09 mm diameter, forming the outer layer of the seed coat. of fruitlets is virtually the elliptical DISCUSSION.-These correspond closely in structure and morphology to those of the genus Nordenskioldia from well-preserved Paleocene material (CRANE et al. 1990, 1991). Diagnostic features ofthe ge- nus include elongate fruiting axes with numerous sessile fruits; fruits composed of many single- seeded, wedge-shaped fruitlets arranged in a whorl; fruitlets with an abaxially recurved per- sistent style near the apex on the dorsal side; and conspicuous umbrella-like structures that persist on the infructescence axes after the fruits are shed. Nordenskioldia interglacialis from the Paleogene N. borealis ber of carpels per fruit and apparent differences in dehiscence. The range in carpel number (14- 29) greatly exceeds that observed in Paleocene specimens (12-19). While isolated fruitlets and seeds are common at the Paleocene and Eocene localities and were evidently shed individually, no isolated seeds and only a single isolated fruitlet (UWBM 57424) have been found in the extensive collections from Miocene localities. In contrast, complete fruits with all of the fruitlets intact, but detached from the infructescence axis, are rela- tively common at the Miocene localities, sug- gesting that infructescences of N. interglacialis shed whole fruits rather than individual fruitlets. fruiting axes and fruits as known is distinguished based on the num-
Page 6
361 1991] MANCHESTER ET AL.-MIOCENE TROCHODENDRACEAE FIGS. 13-17.-Fruits and seed of Nordenskioldia between adjacent carpels; most of the exocarp, except near the apex, has fractured away (note styles near the apex); reflected light photography, x 10. Fig. 14, The same specimen split longitudinally, showing remains of central column and adjoining fraitlets; SEM, x 10. Fig. 15, Same specimen, showing smooth lateral wall of fizitlet partially removed, revealing a single winged seed with reticulate surface, x 12. Fig. 16, Same specimen, showing the apex of seed: note large cells comprising the seed coat, and flattened elliptical aborted ovules, x 50. Fig. 17, Aborted ovule removed from the cluster in fig. 16; transmitted light, x 85. interglacialis, Clarkia, Idaho, IU 9297. Fig. 13, Lateral view offruit splitting In addition, the absence of isolated seeds among the Miocene collections suggests that the fruitlets were not regularly dehiscent. Prominent oblique- ly oriented fiber bands, which surround the vas- cular bundles, occur on the lateral walls of each fruitlet in N. borealis but have not been observed in N. intergZaciaZis material. Although this may partly reflect differences in the preservation ofthe Paleocene and Miocene specimens, it may also reflect a difference in dispersal system if these bands functioned as part ofthe fruitlet dehiscence mechanism. LEAVES Zizyphoides auriculata (Heer) new comb. (figs.18-26) BASIONYM. Hedera auriculata HEER 1869, p. 36, pl.9, fig.6. SYNONYMY. TON 1926, p.30, pl.12, figs.8 - 10, pl.13, figs. l - 7, pl. 14, figs. 1-3, pl. 15, figs. 3-5; P. fairfi KNOWLTON 1926, pl. l5, fig.2, pl.16, figs.1 - 3; Cocculus heteromorpha aKnowlton) Populus heteromorpha BOWL- BROVNN 1946,
Page 7
362 BOTANICAL GAZETTE p. 352, BOYD 1985, p. 94, pl. 9, figs. 6-8, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2, LAMoTTE 1952, p. 129, TANAI 1961, p.324, pl.21, fig.7; Cebatha multiformis 1927, p. 406, pl. 38, figs. 1-6, pl. 39, figs. 1-3; Cebatha heteromorpha (Knowlton) BERRY 1931, p.37; probaby also Cissampelos dubiosa HOLLICK 1927,p.408,pl.37,figs.4,5,pl.39,fig.4. HOLLICK SPECIMENS.-The fig. 6) is from English Bay, Cook Inlet, Alaska. Additional specimens include: USNM 36903- 36914, 36920-36926 from Spokane, Washing- ton; UIMM 0150-0152 from Oviatt Creek, Ida- ho; EM-PP43584 from White Bird, Idaho; IU 9592-9594 from Clarkia, Idaho. holotype (HEER 1869, pl. 9, DEscRIPrIoN.-The leaves are simple and long- petiolate, with the petiole nearly as long as the lamina (fig. 20). The lamina is highly variable in shape, ranging from ovate to ovate-elliptical to, less commonly, obovate; frequently it is more or less deltoid (figs. 18-22). The lamina is typically 20-85 mm long, 22-100 mm wide (BOYD 1985), with a length-to-width ratio of 0.75-1.25 (average 1.00). The apex of the lamina is more or less obtuse to rounded, with a slight retuse glandular incision at the very tip (fig. 23). The leaf base varies from rounded or very obtusely wedge- shaped to nearly flat or cordate. The margin is irregularly toothed, with large, often glandular, crenations, typically four on each side of the lam- ina, less commonly, faintly undulate or entire. The lowest crenations are typically in the lower third ofthe lamina. The crenations have a distinct central vein running to the tip and a pair of lateral accessory veins that converge into the apical gland (figs. 24, 25). The venation is actinodromous, with relatively thin primary veins that are somewhat wavering in course and are frequently deflected at the points of origin ofthe secondary veins (figs.18,22). The midvein runs directly to the leaf apex, flanked by one or two pairs of successively thinner lateral primary veins. The inner pair of lateral primary veins typically are not curved inward toward the leaf apex and usually join with a secondary vein originating from the midvein to form a margina] loop. The outer pair of primary veins are dis- tinctly thinner than the inner pair, more or less follow the curvature of the lateral leaf margins, and usually terminate at the margin in the lower third of the lamina. The midvein produces two or three pairs of alternate secondary veins, with the lowest pairs initiated at or slightly below the midpoint of the lamina; weaker, intersecondary veins originate at broader angles than the sec- ondaries. Lateral primaries produce secondary veins only abmedially, and together with second- ary veins produced from the midrib, these form distinct angular brochidodromous loops well within the margin. Outer lateral primaries pro- duce tertiary veins that form smaller angular loops. Tertiary veins between adjacent primaries are percurrent, often forming arched or inverted V-shaped connections. Abmedial tertiary veins produced by secondary veins and lateral primar- ies in the apical third of the lamina form small loops just within the margin. Quaternary veins arise orthogonally, forming a rectangular to po- lygonal network. Quinternary veins also arise or- thogonally and delimit rectangular to polygonal areoles up to 0.34.6 mm diameter. Areoles have straight to curved freely ending veinlets that branch one to three times (fig. 26). DISCUSSION.-Zizyphoides auriculata leaves are common at most of the Miocene localities from which Nordenskioldia interglacialis is known (App. 1) and have also been recovered from the Miocene of southern Alaska (WOLFE and TANAI 1980) and Japan (TANAI 196 1; WOLFE and TANAI 1980). They resemble the leaves of Z. flabellum associated with N. borealis from the Paleocene of North America, &reenland, Spitsbergen, the Paleocene and Eocene of eastern Asia in the long narrow petiole, the irregularly crenate mar- gin, the retuse, glandular leaf apex, the actino- dromous venation consisting of a midvein and two pairs of thinner lateral primaries, and the fine areolation with branched, freely ending veinlets. However, Z. auriculata leaves can generally be distinguished from those of Z. flabellum by fea- tures of the margin and venation. The marginal and from FIGS. 18-28.-Leaves of Zizyphoides and crenate margin, White Bird, Idaho, FM-PP43584- x 1. Fig. 19, Compression previously figured by KNOWLTON 1926, pl. 13, fig.1, Spokane, Wash. (USGS 7559), USNM 36905; x 1. Fig.20, Compression showing typical long petiole, original figured by KNOWLTON 1926, pl. 13, fig. 4, Spokane (USGS 7559), USNM 36908; x 1. Fig. 21, Leaf with prominent crenations Clarkia Idaho (UIMM P-33), UIMM 350/IU 9592; x 1. Fig. 22, Leaf with well-preserved venation, Clarkia (UIMM P-33j, UIMM 351/IU 9593; x 1. Fig. 23, Retuse apex of leaf in fig. 22; x 2. Fig. 24, Isolated cleared leaf showing details of higher-order venation and glandular crenation; note lateral veins converging into the glandular apex of tooth, Clarkia (UIMM P-33), UIMM 353/IU 9594; x 10. Fig. 25, Same leaf as in fig. 18, magnified to show details of tooth and marginal venation- x 8. Fig. 26 Same leaf as in fig. 18, magnified to show five orders of venation and branched freely ending veinlets; x 10. Fig. 27, Twig associated with Zizyphoides Impression of short shoot from fig. 27 (protruding into the sediment), showing a pair of lateral leaf scars (lower left and right), one clearly showing the three vascular bundle scars (arrows); x 6. auriculata (Heer) comb. nov. Fig. 18, Impression showing actinodromous venation auriculata, showing opposite short shoots, Spokane (USGS 7559), USNM 435147; x 1. Fig. 28,
Page 8
Jr <*s sS t * ire'';,S A 8 f e . v # st t:w:z [*S::E ;^:e v :;. b . # f f: . 19 / : . s jt 18 Si. ,,,j. - \v-efe) * 22¢. ;,,r,.X:- - w _. i. a ... :*F . :.J : ;>?t'tS £ B: ; aze .+t w j fw*/ - w:s ;X * tN i.,.,4 q i . ; !s' ,4 20 - ' j t w" -*sl;j ' ,F,<e - .,:. i /; w0 = >' 21 W . 'r};+ §&|a: . .. , 2 ___M r Z
Page 9
BOTANICAL GAZETTE 364 [SEPTEMBER crenations of Z. auriculata nent, with glandular tips, and begin in the lower one-third of the lamina. In contrast, Z. flabellum leaves are frequently entire margined and, when toothed, have more poorly developed crenations that are often nonglandular and typically con- fined to the upper half of the lamina. Also, in Z. flabellum the inner pair of lateral primary veins frequently curve admedially as they approach the apex. In Z. auriculata these veins typically follow a more abmedial course, and the pinnate sec- ondary veins arising from the midvein are more strongly developed. With regard to leaves of Z. auriculata, KNOWLTON (1926, p. 30) commented that this form is represented by approximately 200 spec- imens, and it is without exception one ofthe most polymorphous species that I have ever studied." His illustrations document this range of varia- tion, including narrow to broad leaves and a wide range in the number and spacing of crenations on the margin. This polymorphisin may reflect differences between long and short shoot leaves, as in extant Cercidiphyllum. Isolated twigs showing differentiation and short shoots occur together with Zizyphoides leaves and Nordenskioldia from the Spokane brickyard (e.g., fig. 27), but because they are preserved as molds, with the carbonaceous contents missing, it is not possible to examine internal anatomy. However, their morphology is similar to that of long and short shoots associated with Paleogene Nordenskioldia in which anatomical information is preserved (CRANE et al. 1 990, 1 99 1). Although Zizyphoides leaves have not been found attached to these shoots, the anatomical similarity between per- mineralized twigs and the infructescence axes of Nordenskioldia from the Paleocene of North Da- kota supports the inference that they were pro- duced by the same biological entity. Like the Pa- leocene shoots, the Miocene short shoots have diamond-shaped leaf scars, some of which show a row of three circular marks that may indicate the position of three vascular bundles (fig. 28). Reconstruction Nordenskioldia interglacialis Zizyphoides auriculata leaves, Nordenskioldia interglacialis infructescences, and the distinctive shoots described above have not been found in organic connection. However, their consistent co- occurrence at more than 10 Miocene localities (App. 1) strengthens the association evidence based on congeneric Paleocene material that these different organs are produced by the same plant species (CRANE et al. 1 99 1). We predict that future studies also will reveal Nordenskioldia calities in Alaska and Japan from which Z. au- are typically promi- into long fruits in the collections of at the lo- riculata has been recovered. During the Paleo- gene Zizyphoides and Nordenskioldia occur together at numerous localities, but the interpre- tation of such patterns of co-occurrence is com- plicated by the presence of extinct Cercidiphyl- laceae with leaves very similar to those of Zizyphoides (CRANE et al. 1991). The apparent absence of such extinct cercidiphyllaceous from Neogene floras makes the association evi- dence from Miocene localities particularly com- pelling. The lignitic preservation of many of the Miocene specimens also provides new structural data complementary to those obtained from Pa- leocene impression, cast, and silicified material. Most significantly, the presence of several abor- tive ovules in addition to the single enlarged seed per locule is clearly seen in the Miocene speci- mens although it has not yet been observed in the Paleocene material. Although reconstructions of the Nordenskiol- dia plants are now relatively complete with regard to infructescences, fruits, seeds, leaves, and shoot systems, neither the Paleogene nor the Miocene material has provided direct information on the androecium and pollen, although a single speci- men (fig. 1 1) suggests that the flowers may have had numerous stamens. Detailed morphological comparison of Nordenskioldia of Trochodendrales based on the evidence cur- rently available is presented by CRANE et al. (1991). Comparison with Nordenskioldia While Nordenskioldia borealis from the Paleo- cene and Eocene and N. interglacialis Miocene are sufficiently similar to warrant con- generic status, morphological differences in both fruits and foliage justify the recognition of two distinct but variable species. The probable foliage of N. interglacialis (Zizyphoides more numerous and more distinct crenations on the leaf margin, and the lateral primary veins are generally straighter and not prominently curved toward the leafapex. In addition, N. interglacialis typically has more fruitlets per fruit than the Pa- leocene and Eocene species. The rarity of dis- persed fruitlets and seeds at Miocene localities, combined with the common occurrence of dis- persed fruits with all the fruitlets intact, suggests that the whole fruit may have been the primary unit of dispersal in the Miocene species. The morphological variability in both the Pa- leogene and Miocene species is such that there is some overlap between them. Occasional Paleo- cene leaves have prominent crenations typical of the Miocene material, while some Miocene leaves have more subtle crenations as are common in the Paleocene species. Similarly, there is overlap in the number of fruitlets per fruit, so that a fruit plants with extant genera borealis from the auriculata) has
Page 10
MANCHESTER ET AL.-MIOCENE TROCHODENDRACEAE 365 1991] latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary by a variable complex of closely related plants (Nyssidium/Jof- frea complex) that include Nyssidium (CRANE 1984), JoWrea (CRANE and STOCKEY and TrochodendrocArpus Although most closely related to extant Cercidi- phyllum, these extinct genera are distinguished by differences in the structure of infructescences, fruits, and seeds (CRANE and STOCKEY 1985, 1986). Tertiary leaves and fruits corresponding closely to the extant genus have been assigned to Cercidiphyllum crenatum helveticum (Heer) Jahnichen, Mai, and Walther, respectively, and are known from the Lower Oli- gocene of Oregon (MANCHESTER 1987), Miocene of Idaho (SMILEY 1985b), and Miocene to Pliocene of Europe (JAH- NICHEN et al. 1980). The presence of Cercidi- phyllum in the Miocene of Idaho is clearly dem- onstrated by a fossil twig with attached leaves and a cluster of fruits closely similar to extant Cercidiphyllum, illustrated by SMILEY sER (1985b, pl. 4, fig 8) Taken as a whole, the fossil record of the Trochodendraceae and Cercidiphyllaceae is sur- prisingly extensive and, unlike that of many an- giosperm groups, includes several fossil plants that are well understood from both vegetative and reproductive structures. These data contrib- ute to more reliable estimates of rates of change in the angiosperm fossil record than is provided by studies of single organs, and in the history of both the Trochodendraceae and Cercidiphylla- ceae the striking pattern is one of stasis. Based on the material presented in this article, it is clear that while minor (possibly anagenetic) morpho- logical change may have occurred during the in- terval of about 45 million years between Paleo- cene Nordenskioldia borealis and Miocene N. interglacialis, there is no evidence of any grad- ualistic trend toward the morphology of the ap- parent sister genus Trochodendron. Miocene remains of Trochodendron, million years old, are sufficiently similar to extant T. aralioides to raise the question of whether these fossils warrant a distinct specific epithet. In the Cercidiphyllaceae, Cercidiphyllu helveticum from the Oligocene and Miocene (JAHNICHEN et al. 1980) is apparently indistin- guishable in both foliage and fruits from the ex- tant species. The basic structure and organization of plants in the Nyssidium/JoWrea shows little change over an interval of about 30 million years between their first appearance in the latest Cretaceous-earliest Paleocene and their most recent records in the late Eocene (BECKER 1961; CRANE 1984). An intriguing question raised by the pattern of stasis in these two angiosperm families is how 1985, 1986), (KRASSILOV 1973,1977). (Heer) Brown and C. and MEYER and REMBER and REM- Similarly, about 15 m crenatu m/ C. complex also with 14 fruitlets would be normal for the Paleo- cene species but would be at the low end of the range for the Miocene species. It is only in the context of large collections from several localities that we have been able to distinguish the Paleo- gene and Miocene species. Fossil history of the Trochodendrales The order Trochodendrales, comprising the Trochodendraceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Euptele- aceae, and Myrothamnaceae (ENDRESS cupies a critical position in angiosperm phylog- eny as a probable basal, or near basal, grade within the clade of nonmagnoliid (triaperturate) dicot- yledons (CRANE 1989). The group has an ancient fossil record, broadly consistent with its phylo- genetic position. "Trochodendrophyll" leaves first appear in the late Albian, and Spanomera dinensis, of probable buxaceous affinities from the early Cenomanian (late Cretaceous), also shows many features that are characteristic of the Trochodendrales (DRINNAN et al. 1991). Nordenskioldia borealis provides the earliest unequivocal evidence of the Trochodendraceae and is interpreted as closely related to extant Trochodendron based on the semi-inferior gy- noecium consisting of numerous whorled carpels (CRANE et al. 1991). Fruits assigned to Trocho- dendron? pausiseminum from the Lower Eocene floras of the London Clay (REID and CHANDLER 1933) are of uncertain relationship although leaves combining features of Trochodendron centron have been recorded from the Eocene of Washington (WOLFE 1989). Vesselless trocho- dendralean woods assigned to the genus Trocho- dendroxylon closely resemble that of Trocho- dendron and are known from the Eocene (SCOTT and WHEELER 1982) and Upper Oligocene (HER- GERT and PHINNEY 1954) of Oregon. Records of Tetracentron in the fossil record (e.g., SUZUKI 1967; OZAKI 1987) are based on leaves without corroborative fruiting remains. Fossil infructescences and fruits of Trochoden- dron, illustrated here for the first time, are known from the Miocene of Clarkia and Emerald Creek, Idaho (figs. 29, 31), and from the late Miocene of Yonosawa, Shizukuishi Basin, Iwate Prefec- ture, Japan (figs.30,33; locality in UEMURA pp. 70-71), and appear to be indistinguishable from those of extant T. aralioides Trochodendron is represented by only a few in- fructescences at Clarkia and Emerald Creek and by a single partial leaf from Clarkia (C. J. SMILEY, personal communication.) and has not been ob- served at other localities in Idaho or Washington. Leaves from Japan associated with the Trocho- dendron infructescences have been assigned to T. protoaralioides Murai (UEMURA 1988). The Cercidiphyllaceae are represented in the 1989), oc- maul- and Tetra- 1988, (figs. 32, 34).
Page 11
366 BOTANICAL GAE'l''l'M [SEPTEMBER tt^'3 29 '''hs' 00 X 33 o. S 34 + FIGS. 29-34.-Infructescences and fruits of Miocene and extant Trochodendron. fruits on long pedicels, Clarkia, Idaho (UIMM P-33), UIMM 354/IU 9575; x 1.5. Fig. 30, Infructescence with at least six fruits on long pedicels, late Miocene of Yonosawa, Shizukuishi Basin, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, NSM-PP 15854; x 1.5. Fig. 31, Fruit viewed laterally, showing acute base, truncate apex, persistent styles; note elliptical dark area representing remains of nectar- iferous tissue (arrow) comparable to that in extant fruits, Clarkia (UIMM P-33), UIMM 354/IU 9596; x 3. Fig. 32, Fruit of extant T. aralioides viewed laterally, showing acute base, truncate apex, adaxially recurved styles and deltoid-elliptical pads indicating the remains of nectariferous tissue; x 3.5. Fig. 33, Fossil fruit associated with infructescence in fig. 30, Yonosawa, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, NSP-PP 15854; x 3. Fig. 34, Same specimen as in fig. 32, tilted to show radial arrangement of carpels; x 3.5. Fig. 29, Infructescence showing at least eight taxa such as Nordenskioldia, Trochodendron, Nyssidium/Joffirea, and Cercidiphyllum have managed to persist, apparently with only minor morphological change, in the face of major cli- matic and vegetational changes over long periods of geologic time. In part, the long-term survival of these plants may be due to their ability to disperse uridely and thus to establish themselves opportunistically in an appropriate habitat, but it is also clear from the history of Nordenskioldia and Nyssidium/Joffirea that these taxa are capable of surviving in various ecological situations. Both are wldespread in low-diversity Paleocene vege- tation but also persist in the more diverse vege- tation ofthe late Eocene (Nyssidium/Joffrea) Miocene (Nord¢nskioldia). The Trochodendraceae and Cercidiphyllaceae appear to have achieved their zenith, in terms of abundance, during the Paleogene with the max- imum spread of Nordenskioldia JoXrea. The Nyssidium/Joffrea ently became extinct at around the beginning of the Oligocene but the Miocene mixed mesophytic forests bordering the North Pacific, including northern Idaho, Washington, British Columbia, southern Alaska, and Japan, provided the last known refuge for"Nordenskioldia plants." In North America these Miocene forests in Idaho and and Nyssidiam/ complex appar- also provided the last known refuge of Trocho- dendron and Cercidiphyllum. Acknowledgments We thank J. P. FERRIGNO, SMILEY, K. UEMURA, W. WEHR, S. L. WING, and J. A. WOLFE for providing access to fossils studied in this investigation. W. REMBER in interpreting the stratigraphy and age of the localities. A. N. DRINNAN provided assistance with scanning electron microscopy. H. E. SCHORN provided helpful review comments. This project was supported in part by National Science Foun- dation grants EAR 8707523 and EAR 8904234 to S. R. MANCHES1ER, BSR 8314592 and BSR 8708460 to P. R. CRANE, and DEB 7910720 and BSR 8516657 to D. L. DILCHER. W. REMBER, C. J. provided help Appendix 1 Miocene localities for Nordenskioldia on co-occurrence of Zizyphoides shoots. General collection refers to uncataloged spec- imens in floristic collections of the U.S. Geological Survey housed in the Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Comments on the stratigraphic position of the localities in Wash- ington and Idaho, based on recent fieldwork, are cour- fruits with notes foliage and short
Page 12
1991] MANCHESTER ET AL.-MIOCENE TROCHODENDRACEAE 367 tesy of WILLIAM 1991). The basalt stratigraphy and ages are presented by BOND (1963), HOOPER et al. (1984), REIDEL and REIDEL and HOOPER (1989). REMBER (personal communication (1978), WASHINGTON IJSGS 7559: Cut on Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway; fruit and leaf figured by KNOWLTON 29, fig. 3. Leaves in general collection. Overlain by Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt. USGS 7589: SPtS railway cut no. 1, Spokane, coll. H. FAIR; fruit figured by KNOWLTON 11. Leaf, fruits in general collection. Same stratigraphy as USGS 7559. USGS 7872: Brickyard, Spokane, about 1 mi SW of the high Latah Creek bridge between tracks of OWR and SP&S railway, coll. KNOWLTON Leaves, fruits, twigs with short shoots in general col- lection. Same stratigraphy as USGS 7559. USGS 7884: Brickyard, Spokane, Latah Formation, coll. E. E. ALEXANDER 1927, 1929. IEruits in general collection. USGS 9068: North end of Grand Coulee, coll. BONSER et al. 1927. Leaf, fruits in general collection. Between the R2 and N1 units of the Grande Ronde Basalt. 1926, pl. 1926, pl. 29, fig. and BONSER 1926. IDAHO USGS 8443: 2.5 mi NNE of Arrow Junction, on road to Julieatta, along Potlach Creek. Exposure between basalt flows of Latah, coll. BROWN and McGLosHEN 1934. Leaves, fruit in general collection. Between the uppermost Imnaha and the Grande Ronde R, unit. USGS 8444: 2.5 mi NE of White Bird, on road to Grangeville, coll. R. W. BROWN 1934. Leaves, fruits in general collection. This locality is interpreted as a slump block with shales probably between the upper- most Grande Ronde in the area (R2) and the Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt (Basalt of Lolo) (J. C. BoND, R. REID, and W. C. REMBER, communication 1991). USGS 8512: Latah in vicinity of Orofino, coll. BOYD OLSON 1936. Leaves, fruits in general collection. Be- tween the uppermost Imnaha and Grande Ronde R, unit. UIMM-P33: Clarkia Race Track locality (SMILEY REMBER 1985 a). Result of damming by flows of Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt Formation. UIMM-P37, P40: Emerald Creek (SMILEY sER 1985a). Result of damming by flows of Priest Rap- ids Member of the Wanapum Basalt Formation. UIMM-P35, P42: Oviatt Creek (SMILEY 1985a). Between flows of the Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt. personal and and REM- and REMBER BRITISH COLUMBIA 1927) St. Eugene Silts Kootenay Valley (HOLLICK (see also BERRY 1929b). LITERATURE CITED BECKER, River Basin, southwestern Montana. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 82: 1-127. BERRY, E. W. 1929a. A revision of the flora of the Latah Formation. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 154-H:225-265. 1929b. The age ofthe St. Eugene silt in the Kootenay Valley, British Columbia. Trans. R. Soc. Canada, 3d Ser., 23(sec. 4):4748. 1931. A Miocene flora from Grand Coulee, Wash- ington. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 170-C:31-42. 1934. Miocene plants from Idaho. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 185-E:97-125. BoND, J. G. 1963. Geology of the Clearwater Embayment, Idaho. Idaho Bureau Mines Geol. Pamphlet 128, pp. 1-83. BoYD, A. E. 1985. A Miocene flora from the Oviatt Creek Basin, Clearwater County, Idaho. Master's thesis. Univer- sity of Idaho, Moscow. BROWN, R. W. 1937. Additions to some fossil floras of the western United States. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 186-J: 163-206. 1946. Alterations in some fossil and living floras. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 36:344-355. CRANE, P. R. 1984. A re-evaluation of Cercidiphyllum-like plant fossils from the British early Tertiary. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 89:199-230. 1989. Paleobotanical evidence on the early radiation of nonmagnoliid dicotyledons. Plant Syst. Evol. 162: 165- 191. CRANE, P. R., and R. A. STOCKEY. 1985. Growth and re- productive biology of JoXrea speirsii gen. et sp. nov., a Cercidiphyllum-like plant from the late Paleocene of A1- berta. Can. J. Bot. 63:340-364. H. F. 1961. Oligocene plants from the upper Ruby 1986. Morphology and development of pistillate inflorescences in extant and fossil Cercidiphyllaceae. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 73:382-393. CRANE, P. R., S. R. MANCHESTER, A preliminary survey of fossil leaves and well-preserved reproductive structures from the Sentinel Butte Formation (Paleocene) near Almont, North Dakota. Fieldiana, Geol., N.S., 20:1-63. 1991. Reproductive and vegetative structure of Nor- denskioldia (Trochodendraceae), a vesselless dicotyledon from the early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere. Am. J. Bot., vol. 78. DRINNAN, A. N., P. R. CRANE, E. M. FRIIS, and K. R. PE- DERSEN. 1991. Angiosperm flowers and tricolpate pollen of buxaceous affinity from the Potomac Group (mid-Cre- taceous) of eastern North America. Am. J. Bot. 78:153- 176. ENDRESS, P. 1989. The systematic position of the Myro- thamnaceae. Pages 193-200 in P. R. CRANE and S. BLACK- MORE, eds. Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae. Vol. 1. Systematics Assoc. Spec. Vol. No. 40B. Clarendon, Oxford. GRIGGS, A. B. 1976. The Columbia River Basalt Group in the Spokane Quadrangle, Washington, Idaho and Montana. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1413:1-39. HEER, O. 1869. Flora Fossilis Alaskana. Kongl. Svensk. Vetens-Akad. Hand.8(4): 14 1. (Reprinted as Flora fossilis Arctica. 2(2):1-192 [F. Schulthess, Zurich].) HERGERT, H. L., and H. K. PHINNEY. 1954. Trochoden- droxylon beckii gen. et sp. nov. from the Tertiary of Oregon. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 81: 118-122. HOLLICK, A. 1915. A new fossil species of Ficus and its and D. L. DILCHER. 1990.
Page 13
368 BOTANICAL GAZETTE climatic significance. J. N.Y. Bot. Gard.16:4347, pls.152, 153. 1927. The flora of the Saint Eugene Silts, Kootenay Valley, British Columbia. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 7:389- 465. HOOPER, P. R., W. D. KLECK, C. R. KNOWELS, and R. L. THIESSEN. 1984. Imnaha Basalt, Columbia Riv- er Basalt Group. J. Petrology 25:473-500. JAHNICHEN, H., D. H. MAI, and H. WALTHER. und Fruchte von Cercidiphyllum mitteleuropaischen Tertiar. Schriften. Geol. Wiss. 16:357- 399. KIRKHAM, V. D., and M. M. JOHNSON. 1929. The Latah Formation in Idaho. J. Geol. 37:483-504. KNOWLTON, F. H. 1926. Flora of the Latah Formation of Spokane, Washington, and Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Pap. 140-A: 17-82. KRASSILOV, V. A. 1973. Mesozoic plants and the problem of angiosperm ancestry. Lethaia 6: 163-178. 1977. The origin of angiosperms. Bot. Rev. (Lan- caster) 43:143-176. KRYSHTOFOVICH, A. N. 1956. Oligocene flora of Mount Ashutus in Kazahkstan. Paleobotanica Fasciculus 1. Insti- tutum Botanicum nomine V. L. Komarovii Academiae Scientarium URSS. ACTA Series 8. Moscow. LAMoTTE, R. S. 1952. Catalogue of the Cenozoic plants of North America through 1950. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 51:1- 381. MANCHESTER, S. R., and H. W. MEYER. 1987. Oligocene fossil plants of the John Day Formation, Fossil, Oregon. Oregon Geol. 49: 115-127. OZAKI, K. 1987. Tetracentron Japan. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S. 146:77-87. PARDEE, J. T., and K. BRYAN. 1926. Geology of the Latah Formation in relation to the lavas of the Columbia Plateau near Spokane, Washington. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap.140- A:1-17. S. P. REIDEL, 1980. Blatter Siebold & Zuccarini im leaves from the Neogene of REID, E. M., and M. E. J. CHANDLER. Clay flora. British Museum (Natural History), London. REIDEL, S. P. 1978. Stratigraphy and petrogenesis of the Grande Ronde Basalt in the Lower Salmon and adjacent Snake River Canyons. RHO-SA-62. Rockwell Hanford Op- erations, Richland, Wash. REIDEL, S. P., and P. R. HOOPER, tectonism in the Columbia River flood basalt province. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 239. Boulder, Colo. SCOTT, R. A., and E. A. WHEELER. the Eocene Clarno Formation of Oregon. IAWA Bull. 3: 135-154. SMILEY, C. J., and L. M. HUGGINS. 1981. Pseudofagus ida- hoensis n. gen. et sp. (Fagaceae) from the Miocene Clarkia flora of Idaho. Am. J. Bot. 68:741-761. SMILEY, C. J., and W. C. REMBER. 1985a. Physical setting of the Miocene Clarkia fossil beds, northern Idaho. Pages 11-31 in C. J. SMILEY, ed. Late Cenozoic history of the Pacific Northwest. Pac. Div., Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., San Francisco. 1985b. Composition of the Miocene Clarkia flora. Pages 95-112 in C. J. SMILEY, the Pacific Northwest. Pac. Div., Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., San Francisco. SUZUKI, K. 1967. Discovery of Tetracentron leaves from the Neogene in Japan. Proc. Jpn. Acad. 43:526-530. TANAI, T. 1961. Neogene floral change in Japan. J. Hok- kaido Univ. Fac. Sci. Ser. 4(11): 119-298. UEMURA, K. 1988. Late Miocene floras of Northeast Hon- shu, Japan. Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo Ser. C, 14:1-197. WOLFE, J. A. 1989. Leaf-architectural analysis ofthe Hama- melididae. Pages 75-104 in P. R. CRANE eds. Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Ha- mamelidae. Vol. l. Systematics Assoc. Spec. Vol. No.40B. WOLFE, J. A., and T. TANAI. 1980. The Miocene Seldovia Point flora from the Kenai Group, Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1105:1-47. 1933. The London eds. 1989. Volcanism and 1982. Fossil woods from ed. Late Cenozoic history of and S. BLACKMORE,


text:
The Supreme Court, Affirmative Action, and Higher Education
O'Neil, Robert, Academe
Higher education will feel the ripples of the summer's ruling on affirmative action.
The American higher education community found a curious mix of good and bad news in the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling last summer, in Parents Involved v. Seattle School District and Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, about the use of race-based policies by public elementary and secondary schools. The good news: "Grutter lives!" Most observere agreed that the ruling reaffirmed the high court's 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger decision that had sustained race-sensitive admissions policies at the University of Michigan Law School. The bad news: it was far from clear just what legal principles "lived," because of sharp splits among the justices and pervasive ambiguities in the earlier ruling.
More bad news emerged as the summer wore on. Observere realized that the Court's curb on the use of race-based desegregation remedies in public schools would almost certainly reduce the pools of well-prepared applicants from minority groups that have historically been underrepresented in higher education (mainly African American and Hispanic students). Fewer qualified minority applicants will mean that achieving and maintaining diversity on college and university campuses will be even more challenging. In the end, the most recent ruling left open a host of questions of great importance to faculty and academic administrators.
Good News
We should begin with the good news. While striking down most race-based remedies designed to achieve racial balance in the nation's public schools (specifically addressing plans used in Seattle and Louisville), the Supreme Court took pains to distinguish, and thus implicitly to preserve, its 2003 ruling in favor of the Michigan Law School's race-inclusive preferential admissions policy. Both the context and the process were readily distinguishable, explained Chief Justice John Roberts for a plurality of the justices. Higher education should be viewed very differently from elementary and secondary school education, he noted, recalling Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's declaration in the Michigan case that "in light of 'the expansive freedoms of speech and thought associated with the university environment, universities occupy a special niche in our constitutional tradition.'" The Grutter opinion, noted the chief justice, had stressed "a specific type of broadbased diversity" and "the unique context of higher education"special qualities either inapplicable to or disregarded by the Louisville and Seattle school boards in their desegregation plans.
Moreover, in the Grutter decision, the Court emphasized the "educational benefits" of diversity for the Michigan Law School, but no such emphasis emerged in the new ruling in relation to elementary and secondary schools.
While the Michigan Law School admissions policy considered preferential factore other than race, involved no numerical quotas, and assessed applicants individually, the same could not be said of the public school plans that the Court has now rejected. Although the Louisville and Seattle dissenters argued that the Grutter decision should control the public school cases, at least in spirit, that claim met with little sympathy from the Roberts plurality (or from Justice Anthony Kennedy, whose slightly more sympathetic concurrence produced a majority). However, despite these qualifications and a less-than-sweeping validation of the 2003 ruling, there seems little doubt that "Grutter lives" for higher education, notwithstanding the probable demise of most race-based elementary and secondary desegregation plans. But that, unfortunately, is about the extent of the genuinely good news.
A Closer Look
It's easy to forget that Grutter's companion case, brought by a rejected undergraduate applicant named Jennifer Gratz, reached a very different conclusion. In that decision, the justices invalidated (on both constitutional and statutory grounds) the University of Michigan's racially preferential undergraduate admissions policy, which could not be seen as free of numerical targets or quotas, lacked individualized review of all files, and reflected diversity by race as the dominant, if not the exclusive, desideratum. …

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I'm Jenn
I was put on this planet to help people improve their lives through technology. I've been exploring the depths of the web since I was 8 years old and attribute a large part of who I am today to what I've learned here. I hope to build tools to help others do the same.
I spent my college years studying the web in a more academic sense. Over time my interests have focused in on 3 things: Content, Community, and Commerce. I obsess over building amazing online experiences that touch on these areas and will easily talk your ear off about it for hours if given the chance.
I've more than once been called a unicorn. As a product manager who is also a designer and developer, I really enjoy thinking about building applications from the interactions to the implementation and then organizing all the moving pieces. I'm happiest when I get to dabble in the design and code of a project while orchestrating it through to completion. I've been a Product Manager at the likes of Yahoo!, Flickr, Etsy, and Birchbox. Most recently, I was Director of Product at Kandu. Using this varied experience, I've started an independent product and ux consultancy where I help companies maximize the potential of their digital products. I also created Betterlist.


text:
I'm not a man you can push around. I take charge and lead.
Some interesting facts about me:
- Miniature pigs make me happy.
- I once found a needle in a hay stack.
- I enjoy reading about the ancient Roman era.
- I rode an elephant in a circus.
- I have a fluffy stuffed llama.
- I have a special love for English tea. Something about it puts me in the mood.
- I only take long hot take baths instead of showers.
- A lady in college thought I lived in a castle and was a part of English royalty.
I'm interested in a woman that stands out from the usually crowd, is thoughtful, caring and a little sassy and playful on occasion. She must not mind traveling the world and embarking on Indiana Jones style adventures. I'd like a woman who has a lot of unbridled enthusiasm for her passions in life. And to be honest, she must enjoy displaying the sensual side of herself.
To me life is about living, dancing and laughing. To do otherwise is to waste it.


text:
Add this chart to your site:
Copy and paste this HTML:
Add this chart to your site:
Copy and paste this HTML:
Assistant director positions are found throughout the child care industry, ranging from preschool environments to clinics and academies. Exact educational requirements may vary, but a postsecondary degree in child development or early childhood education is commonly needed. In addition, relevant experience - including in a managerial role - is needed. Many localities also have their own set of certification requirements, and common licenses ranging from CPR to first aid to other forms of safety training are neededRead More...
Typical daily duties for assistant directors of child care involve developing and refining strategies and lessons for child development. This involves everything from basic school operations to the detailed planning of events. Individuals in this position are accountable for daily operations in their facility and for ensuring that all practices meet company and government protocols. They communicate directly with parents, especially in problematic cases or when parents are concerned about potential issues. Additionally, assistant directors are directly involved with recruiting and training staff and ensuring they meet all standards.
This position involves substantial communication with various parties ranging from instructors to parents on a regular basis. Work hours are typically centered on school operating hours, but specific times vary from location to location. Risks and physical requirements are very limited, and most work is done in an indoor environment.
Add this chart to your site: 640px 300px
Though not the most common occurrence, Assistant Child Care Directors sometimes become Child Care Center Directors, where the average income is $35K per year. Assistant Child Care Directors moving up in their careers tend to step into positions as Directors of Child Care or Directors of Preschool. The median paychecks in those roles are $4K higher and $6K higher, respectively.
Although Bright Horizons Family Solutions, Inc heads up the field in terms of compensation, offering the highest median salary at $35K, pay at this particular employer still varies considerably, running the full spectrum from $28K to $69K.
Salaries are easily beat at The Learning Care Group, Inc., where median pay comes to just $30K, the lowest in the field. What's more, with base pay starting at $25K and ending at $42K, range in salary is rather small.
Survey results suggest that Assistant Child Care Directors put a wide range of professional skills to use. Most notably, skills in Operations Management, Childhood Education, Customer Service, and People Management are correlated to pay that is above average. Those listing Office Management as a skill should be prepared for drastically lower pay. Customer Relationship Management and People Management also typically command lower compensation. Experience with Childhood Education is often linked with knowledge of Customer Service.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
Assistant Child Care Directors do not generally earn higher incomes from more experience in the field. Salaries of relatively inexperienced workers fall in the neighborhood of $27K, but folks who have racked up five to 10 years see a notably higher median of $29K. For Assistant Child Care Directors, 10 to 20 years of experience on the job amounts to an average salary of $29K. Old hands boasting more than twenty years of relevant experience report pay that is more or less commensurate with that extensive experience; average earnings for this group come out to approximately $31K.
|Extremely satisfied
Rated 5 out of 5
based on 120 votes.
98 %
2 %


text:
Post Foods
|This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. (October 2014)
|Traded as
|Food processing
|Battle Creek, Michigan, U.S. (1895 )
|St. Louis, Missouri
Key people
|C. W. Post, William Stiritz,[1] Rob Vitale[2]
|Breakfast cereals, granola, granola snacks, probiotic bars, egg substitutes, refrigerated potatoes, cheese, protein bars, protein shakes, protein powders, dry pasta, peanut butter, almond butter, cashew butter, dried fruits, baking nuts, snacking nuts
Post Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: POST) (formerly Post Cereals and previously Postum Cereals) is an American consumer packaged goods holding company that operates in the center-of-the-store, refrigerated, active nutrition and private label food categories. Post's center-of-the-store portfolio includes Honey Bunches of Oats, Pebbles, Great Grains, Post Shredded Wheat, Post Raisin Bran, Grape-Nuts, Honeycomb, Frosted Mini Spooners, Golden Puffs, Cinnamon Toasters, Fruity Dyno-Bites, Cocoa Dyno-Bites, Berry Colossal Crunch and Malt-O-Meal hot wheat cereal. Post also offers natural and organic cereal, granola and snacks through the Attune, Uncle Sam, Erewhon, Golden Temple, Peace Cereal, Sweet Home Farm and Willamette Valley Granola Company brands. Post's Michael Foods Group supplies value-added egg products, refrigerated potato products, cheese and other dairy case products and dry pasta products. Post's active nutrition platform includes the PowerBar, Dymatize, Premier Protein and Supreme Protein brands. Post also manufactures private label cereal, granola, peanut butter and other nut butters, dried fruits and baking and snacking nuts. Post has its corporate headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri.[3]
Post was founded by C. W. Post in 1895 with the first Postum, a "cereal beverage," developed by Post in Battle Creek, Michigan. The first cereal, Grape-Nuts, was developed in 1897 followed by Post Toasties.
In 1907 Collier's Weekly published an article questioning the claim made in advertisements for Grape Nuts that it could cure appendicitis. C. W. Post responded with advertisements questioning the mental capacity of the article's author, and Collier's Weekly sued for libel. The case was heard in 1910, and Post was fined $50,000. The decision was overturned on appeal, but advertisements for Postum products stopped making such claims.[4]
The Postum Cereals company, after acquiring Jell-O gelatin in 1925, Baker's chocolate in 1927, Maxwell House coffee in 1928, and other food brands, changed its name to General Foods Corporation in 1929. By far the most important acquisition of 1929 was of the frozen-food company owned by Clarence Birdseye, called General Foods Company. Chairman E. F. Hutton changed the name to General Foods Corporation after the acquisition of Birdseye and eventually moved the corporate headquarters to Park Avenue in New York City. General Foods was acquired by Philip Morris Companies in 1985.
In 1989, Philip Morris merged General Foods with Kraft Foods, which it had acquired in 1987, to form the Kraft General Foods division. The cereal brands of Nabisco were acquired in 1993. In 1995, Kraft General Foods was reorganized and renamed Kraft Foods.
On November 15, 2007, Kraft announced it would spin off Post Cereals and merge that business with Ralcorp Holdings.[5] That merger was completed August 4, 2008.[6] The official name of the company became Post Foods, LLC.
In July 2011, Ralcorp announced plans to spin off Post Foods into a separate company. About a quarter of Ralcorp's sales in 2010 were generated by its Post Foods unit.[7] The spinoff was completed with an IPO for Post Holdings, Inc. on February 7, 2012.[8]
Post Foods cereal brands – present cereals[edit]
- 100% Bran – currently only available in Canada
- Alpha-Bits
- Bran Flakes
- Cocoa Pebbles
- Fruity Pebbles
- Fruity Pebbles Xtreme
- Golden Crisp
- Good MOREnings Waffle Crunch (a variation of Waffle Crisp)
- Grape-Nuts
- Grape-Nuts Fit
- Grape-Nuts Flakes
- Great Grains Banana Nut Crunch
- Great Grains Cranberry Almond Crunch
- Great Grains Crunchy Pecans
- Great Grains Digestive Blends – Berry Medley
- Great Grains Digestive Blends – Vanilla
- Great Grains Protein Blend – Cinnamon Hazelnut
- Great Grains Protein Blend – Honey, Oats & Seeds
- Great Grains Raisins, Dates & Pecans
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Honey Roasted
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Raisin Medley
- Honey Bunches of Oats – with Almonds
- Honey Bunches of Oats – with Cinnamon Bunches
- Honey Bunches of Oats – with Real Strawberries
- Honey Bunches of Oats – with Vanilla Bunches
- Honey Bunches of Oats – with Pecan Bunches
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Fruit Blends – Banana Blueberry
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Fruit Blends – Peach Raspberry
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Greek – Honey Crunch
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Greek – Mixed Berry
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Tropical Blends – Mango Coconut
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Granola – Honey Roasted
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Granola – Raspberry
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Granola – Cinnamon
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Granola – Protein Chocolate
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Morning Energy – Chocolatey Almond Crunch
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Morning Energy – Cinnamon Crunch
- Honeycomb
- Mini Cinnamon Churros
- Oh's
- Poppin' Pebbles
- Post Toasties
- Raisin Bran
- Selects Blueberry Morning
- Selects Cranberry Almond Crunch
- Sesame Street Cereal – Apple
- Sesame Street Cereal - Blueberry
- Sesame Street Cereal - Strawberry
- Shredded Wheat (made by Nestlé and General Mills in the United Kingdom and Ireland)
- Shredded Wheat – Original Spoon Size
- Shredded Wheat – Honey Nut Spoon Size
- Shredded Wheat – Wheat'N Bran Spoon Size
- Shredded Wheat – Lightly Frosted Spoon Size
- Shreddies – currently only available in Canada, the United Kingdom and Ireland (made by Nestlé and General Mills in the United Kingdom and Ireland)
- Waffle Crisp
Post Foods discontinued cereals[edit]
- 40% Bran Flakes
- Beep Beep (with the Wile E. Coyote and The Road Runner as mascots)[9]
- BlueBerry Morning
- Bran & Prune Flakes[10]
- Cinna-Crunch Pebbles (discontinued 2001)
- Corn Crackos[11]
- Corn-Fetti (early 1950s), later known as Sugar Coated Corn Flakes (late 1950s), later known as Sugar Sparkled Corn Flakes (1960s)
- Corn Flakes & Blueberries[12]
- Corn Flakes & Peaches[13]
- Corn Flakes & Strawberries[14]
- Count Off[15]
- Crispy Critters
- Crispy Numbers (in Canada)
- Cröonchy Stars[16]
- Cupcake Pebbles
- C.W. Post (granola cereal, discontinued 1994)
- Dino Pebbles[16]
- Dino S'mores Pebbles
- Fortified Oat Flakes[17]
- Fruit & Bran (formerly Fruit & Fiber)
- Fruit Wheats (Shredded Wheat variant, discontinued 1990)
- Good MOREnings Cocoa Cinnamon (chocolate flavored rings)
- Good MOREnings Berry Wheels (strawberry flavored rings)
- Good MOREnings Strawberries 'n' Creme (strawberry-flavored corn flakes)
- Grape Nut O's
- Heart of Oats[18]
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Just Bunches – Honey Roasted
- Honey Bunches of Oats – Just Bunches – Cinnamon
- Honey Bunches of Oats – with Real Peaches
- Honey Maid Honey Graham
- Hulk
- Huskies
- Marshmallow Alpha-Bits
- Marshmallow Pebbles
- Oat Flakes[19]
- Oreo O's
- Pink Panther Flakes[20]
- Post Extra[21]
- Post Ghosties (with Casper the Friendly Ghost as its mascot)[22]
- Post Size 8[23]
- Post-Tens, an assortment of 10 single-serving boxes of seven different Post cereals in one package,[24] designed to compete with Kellogg's Variety Pack[25]
- Post Top 3[26]
- Puffed Corn Flakes[27]
- Raisin Grape-Nuts[28]
- Reptar Crunch[29]
- Rice Krinkles[30] (originally Sugar Krinkles,[31] then Sugar Rice Krinkles,[32] finally Frosted Rice Krinkles[33] before discontinuation)
- Selects Banana Nut Crunch[34]
- Selects Maple Pecan Crunch
- Shredded Wheat – Vanilla Almond Spoon Size
- Smurfberry Crunch[16]
- Smurf Magic Berries[16]
- Strawberry Honeycomb[16]
- Super Orange Crisp[35]
- TEAM Flakes
- The Fairly OddParents
- Trail Mix Crunch – Cranberry Vanilla (discontinued Fall 2010)
- Trail Mix Crunch – Raisin and Almond
Post Holdings acquisitions[edit]
|There is a proposal that this section be split into a new article titled Post Holdings. (Discuss) (February 2014)
On December 31, 2012, Post Holdings acquired Attune Foods, a marketer of premium organic cereals and snacks under the Attune, Uncle Sam and Erewhon brands.[36]
On May 28, 2013, Post Holdings purchased the branded and private label cereal, granola and snacks business of Hearthside Food Solutions, which included the Golden Temple, Peace Cereal, Sweet Home Farm and Willamette Valley Granola Company brands.[37] Post combined this business with Attune Foods.
On September 1, 2013, Post Holdings acquired Premier Nutrition Company, a marketer of premium protein shakes and bars under the Premier Protein brand and nutritional supplements under the Joint Juice brand.[38]
On January 1, 2014, Post Holdings acquired private label pasta manufacturer Dakota Growers Pasta Company.[39]
On February 1, 2014, Post Holdings acquired Golden Boy Foods and Dymatize Enterprises.[40] Golden Boy Foods is a manufacturer of private label peanut and other nut butters, as well as dried fruits and snacking nuts. Dymatize Enterprises is a manufacturer and marketer of premium protein powders, bars and nutritional supplements.
On February 3, 2014, Post Holdings announced it has reached an agreement to acquire PowerBar, Musashi and related worldwide assets from Nestlé.[41] Post completed the acquisition on October 1, 2014.[42]
On June 2, 2014, Post Holdings acquired Michael Foods, a producer of value-added food products and service solutions to customers across the foodservice, retail and food ingredient channels including egg products, refrigerated potato products and cheese and other dairy case products through the Papetti's, AllWhites, Better'n Eggs, Easy Eggs, Abbotsford Farms, Simply Potatoes and Crystal Farms brands.[43]
On November 1, 2014, Post Holdings acquired American Blanching Company, a manufacturer of private label peanut butter.[44]
On January 27, 2015, Post Holdings announced that it was purchasing competitor MOM Brands, makers of the Malt-O-Meal line of cereals, for $1.15 billion ($1.05 billion cash and 2.5 million shares of Post Holdings stock). Post completed the acquisition on May 4, 2015.[45]
Attune Foods cereals, granola and snack brands[edit]
- attune probiotic bars
- Erewhon Organic Cereal
- Erewhon organic graham crackers
- Peace Cereal
- Sweet Home Farm granola
- Uncle Sam Cereal
- Willamette Valley organic granola
Michael Foods brands[edit]
- Papetti's
- AllWhites
- Better'n Eggs
- Easy Eggs
- Abbotsford Farms
- Simply Potatoes
- Crystal Farms
Active Nutrition brands[edit]
- Dymatize gainer powder
- Dymatize protein bar
- Dymatize protein powder
- Dymatize recovery/amino acids
- Joint Juice supplement drink
- Joint Juice supplement drink mix
- PowerBar
- Premier Protein bar
- Premier Protein CRISP bar
- Premier Protein shake
- Premier Protein mixed berry smoothie
- Supreme Protein Accelerate Morning protein bar
- Supreme Protein high protein bar
- Supreme Protein high protein milkshake
- Supreme Protein whey & casin protein shake mix
Private Label brands[edit]
- Dakota Growers Pasta Company
- Golden Boy Foods
See also[edit]
- ^ "Ralcorp announces new board to lead Post Holdings". Battle Creek Enquirer. January 13, 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
- ^ "Post Holdings Announces Management Changes; Bill Stiritz to Become Executive Chairman; Rob Vitale to Become President and CEO". Post Holdings, Inc. October 9, 2014. Retrieved 2015-07-07.
- ^ morning!. "Post Cereal Investors - IR Contacts | Post Foods". postholdings.com/investor-relations. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
- ^ Pendergrast, Mark (2010). Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. New York, NY: Basic Books. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-465-01836-9.
- ^ "Kraft Foods to Merge Its Post Cereals Business With Ralcorp". Kraft Foods. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
- ^ "Ralcorp Announces Completion of Post Cereals Merger". Ralcorp Holdings, Inc. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ^ Boyle, Matthew (July 14, 2011). "Ralcorp to Spin Off Post Foods After Failing to Find Buyer". Bloomberg.
- ^ York, New (2012-02-07). "Post Holdings Celebrates Spinoff from Ralcorp Holdings | Exchanges". Exchanges.nyx.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
- ^ Vintage Old 1960's Animated Post Beep Beep Cereal with Wylie Coyote and Roadrunner Commercial. YouTube. 29 June 2013.
- ^ Post Bran & Prune Flakes - Classic TV Commercial. YouTube. 2 March 2013.
- ^ Vintage Old 1960's Post Cereal Corn Crackos Animated Commercial. YouTube. 13 July 2013.
- ^ Corn Flakes and Fruit Cereal Series II Classic Commercial 1960s Pt 2. YouTube. 23 July 2013.
- ^ Corn Flakes and Peaches Cereal II Vintage Commercial 1960s Pt 2. YouTube. 23 July 2013.
- ^ Post Fruit in the Box Cereals II Classic 1960s Pt 4. YouTube. 20 July 2013.
- ^ Post Count Off Cereal (1962) - Classic TV Commercial. YouTube. 20 August 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Comedy News, Viral Videos, Late Night TV, Political Humor, Funny Slideshows - HuffPost Comedy". The Huffington Post.
- ^ "Fortified Oat Flakes Cereal - MrBreakfast.com". mrbreakfast.com.
- ^ Vintage Old 1950's Post Heart of Oats Cereal Commercial. YouTube. 24 July 2013.
- ^ 1960 POST OAT FLAKES CEREAL COMMERCIAL. YouTube. 13 November 2013.
- ^ Pink Panther Flakes cereal commercial. YouTube. 28 October 2012.
- ^ YouTube. youtube.com.
- ^ Vintage Old 1960's Post Casper The Ghost Ghosties Animated Cereal Commercial. YouTube. 23 July 2013.
- ^ Vintage Old 1960's Post Size 8 Cereal Commercial. YouTube. 31 August 2013.
- ^ Vintage Old 1950's Post Tens Cereal Multi Packs Corn Flakes, raisan bran commercial. YouTube. 10 February 2014.
- ^ 1956 Commercial for Kellogg's Variety Pack ( Never used). YouTube. 31 August 2012.
- ^ Vintage Old 1960's Post Top 3 Cereal Commercial. YouTube. 18 September 2013.
- ^ Vintage Old 1950's Post Puffed Corn Flakes Cereal Commercial. YouTube. 28 August 2013.
- ^ "Raisin Grape-Nuts: Raisin Grape-Nuts Cereal Box". mrbreakfast.com.
- ^ "26 Cereals From The '90s You'll Never Be Able To Eat Again". BuzzFeed.
- ^ 1963 RICE KRINKLES RICKSHAW RACER COMMERCIAL. YouTube. 3 March 2013.
- ^ vintage_ads. "Freaky Friday - Evil Clown Phobia, anyone?". livejournal.com.
- ^ Creepy Post Sugar Rice Krinkles Cereal - Classic 1960s TV Commercial. YouTube. 6 June 2012.
- ^ Early 1970's Post Frosted Rice Krinkles Cereal TV commercial (animated). YouTube. 9 August 2010.
- ^ "My Breakfast Cereal Was Discontinued". bcbusiness.ca.
- ^ Vintage Old 1960's Post Super Orange Crisp Animated Cereal Commercial. YouTube. 13 August 2013.
- ^ "Post Foods buys natural and organic cereal maker Attune Foods". St. Louis Business Journal. January 11, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
- ^ "Post Holdings Acquires Organic and Natural Cereal, Granola and Snacks Business of Hearthside Food Solutions". Post Holdings, Inc. May 28, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
- ^ "Post Holdings Acquires Premier Nutrition Corporation". Post Holdings, Inc. September 3, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ "Post Holdings Completes Acquisition of Dakota Growers Pasta Company". Post Holdings, Inc. January 2, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ "Post Holdings Completes Acquisitions of Golden Boy Foods and Dymatize Enterprises". Post Holdings, Inc. February 3, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ "Post Holdings Increases Commitment to Active Nutrition Category". Post Holdings, Inc. February 3, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
- ^ "Post Holdings Completes Acquisition of PowerBar and Musashi Brands". Post Holdings, Inc. October 1, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
- ^ "Post Holdings Completes Acquisition of Michael Foods". Post Holdings, Inc. June 2, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
- ^ "Post Holdings Completes Acquisition of American Blanching Company". Post Holdings, Inc. November 3, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
- ^ "Post Holdings Completes Acquisition of MOM Brands". Post Holdings, Inc. May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
External links[edit]
- Post Holdings Official Site
- Post Foods US Official Site
- Post Foods Canada Official Site
- MOM Brands Official Site
- Attune Foods Official Site
- Michael Foods Official Site
- Dymatize Official Site
- PowerBar Official Site
- Premier Nutrition Official Site
- Supreme Protein Official Site
- Dakota Growers Official Site
- Golden Boy Foods Official Site


text:
The A40 Gypsy Corner Road Widening Scheme ... that never happened
by Lensbooks
I photograph to express my personal feelings and reactions rather than just to record what things looks like. Photography, in all its aspects, gives me great pleasure and hopefully, sometimes, interests and pleases those who encounter it.
Comment posted.
Sign in
or create an account to post a comment.
A Train Journey In Winter
Published April 15, 2012
Published November 09, 2011
Published June 27, 2008
Blurb Sites


text:
What's New
New Content Updated
App Description
AHAA: The Voice of Hispanic Marketing is extending its "Thinking Under the Influence" platform in 2015 to forecast the extraordinary evolution of the American landscape and its effect not only on the marketing industry at large but also in the world we live in now and the changes taking place over the next five years. This year's event will bring together the highest caliber of speakers, including notable newsmakers, CMOs and industry experts, to showcase the best of Hispanic and Latin American marketing and creativity.
Follow all conference chatter on Twitter using the hashtag #thinkahaa.
App Changes
- March 25, 2014 Initial release
- April 04, 2014 New version 1.20
- March 20, 2015 New version 1.23
- May 01, 2015 New version 1.28


text:
Rain or Shine - It's Reading Time
- When: Wednesday, June 13, 2012, 10:30 a.m. to 11:15 a.m.
- Where: New York State Museum, Albany
- Cost: Free
- Age limit: Not available
- Categories: Museum|Activity, Museum exhibits
Read a story with museum staff and visit a special exhibit to learn more about New York state, 10:30-11:15 a.m. For preschoolers. New York State Museum, Albany. Free. 474-5877. www.nysm.nysed.gov.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.


text:
SC: Ch.33 - Circles of Life by simpleCOMICSWatch
©2013-2016 simpleCOMICS
that guy
is fabulous
is fabulous
Mysterious indeed - and to me, the circle in the middle's colours and the props seem to suggest that he's one gigantic mish-mash of all the characters.
Who's that dude in the center?
Dat stache
Future Wizard that's seeing how these events unfold?
But I will say you have the right kind of idea
I can't say without spoiling it, but there are some hidden clues to future events in it. You can guess them but I won't tell you if you're right or not.
Wow trippy.
That is by far the best title for an SC chapter ever xD
It's a strange one, that's for sure. But I know that later on, readers will be coming back to it and saying "oh, I get it" lol
Okay, what?
Funny this should come up, I just watched Lion King 2 the other day xD


text:
Archive for the 'Chad' tag
Abou Zeid and Mokhtar Belmokhtar
New York- The first images have seeped out of the Franco-Chadian battles in the Adrar des Ifoghas and the Adrar Tigharghar areas of northeastern Mali's Kidal Region today. Both Chadian state television and al-Jazeera Arabic gained (or were given) access. Contained briefly in the al-Jazeera English version of the AJA report was this fleeting image of a dead man alleged to be the notorious Mokhtar Belmokhtar, the AQIM/Signatories in Blood katiba leader.
Chadian TV describes its battle as one against "narco-terrorists" of "diverse nationalities" while displaying images of bedraggled captives, mud-caked technicals and dust-encrusted munitions. French news weekly Le Point has exclusive images of French soldiers captured war material from AQIM including a BM-21 Grad truck with a 40 shell Multiple Launch Rocket System.
Update: Long after I posted this, France publicly confirmed the death of AQIM's Abou Zeid but never did such for the case of Belmokhtar. The fate of Belmokhtar is still the subject of wild speculation. Chadian President Idriss Déby Itno said firmly (if bizarrely) that Belmokhtar exploded himself after learning of the death of Abou Zeid in a moment of pure desperation. On the other hand, Algiers indicates that it believes Belmokhtar is in southern Libya-likley related to their version of deadly events surrounding the In Amenas gas plant raid. Only time will truly tell I suppose.
The Honeymoon (in Libya) Is Over
Benghazi- Things are looking a bit bleak from here today. The Qaddaf's are now making a serious push east while Seif is blabbing about never surrendering and never giving up the country. The rebels are backpedaling in high gear out of the Ras Lanuf area and will have to seriously reassess their logistics and casualties in Brega. Without Western intervention, it's beginning to look like the rebels will be toast on the highway if they don't get their act together or get some serious, committed external support. I was wondering if Idriss Déby's Chad, Qaddafi's long-time regional nemesis, might help them out but I haven't heard anything. Obama and NATO/EU are still talking while people here are ready to lay their lives on the line.
As the really nice guy who gave me a ride home last night said: "We have gone half way. We cannot turn back now. We will never go back to Qaddafi." He then gave me a beautiful woven scarf that he said was from one of his traditional Libyan clothing shops that are closed since the start of the war. Of his workers: "Those from Egypt have gone back there. Those from here are fighting down in Ras Lanuf." Though many here in the east continue to scoff at the Guide's and Seif ridiculous bravado, I'm seriously starting to wonder if the party in Benghazi is over. When I first arrived, there was a huge banner on the corniche that read: "No Intervention. We Can Do It [overthrow Q] On Our Own." The other day I saw that banner laying in a crumpled pile.
Though each night in front of the courthouse, there continues to be a carnival atmosphere that often balloons into the thousands, if Q's crew can keep pushing along the Gulf of Sirte, can the rebels adequately defend their de facto capital? Rather than the old fashioned multi-front war that's going on now, this could really turn into an asymmetric insurgency fairly quickly. If the guys hadn't been wasting so much ammo in needless displays of machismo the last few weeks, I might not be so worried. The funny thing is I'm now quite sure that it is because of the very presence of so many journalists here coupled with the lack of free expression that has existed for decades, that has caused the rebels to blow so much smoke into the sky. I often wonder if not a single camera was there, would they be wasting all of this gunpowder? It's sort of a silly tree-falls-in-the-forest question I suppose.
Yesterday I went for lunch at my driver Faisal's house and he pulled out a beat up old Kalashnikov he has stowed behind the couch for when the bad days come. Or for when the street crime becomes too much to bear. He told me that a friend of his gave it to him after the army barracks were trashed at the beginning of the revolt but that if one were to try and buy an AK now, the street price is nearly 3000 dinars (approx. $2000 USD if you go to the right money changer in the souq). I picked up a few Sanussi flags as souvenirs and wandered around meeting people and trying to make a few observations. Interestingly, as so many of the estimated 1.5 million Egyptians have fled the country, which make up much of its proletarian workforce, there are still loads of black Africans from the Sahel countries here. Frail looking women from Niger and Chad line the souq's walkways vending tchotchkes and sit looking glum with blue tattooed tribal markings on their faces. I can only infer how pathetic the Sahelian economies must be to sit in a war-torn Arab city rather than even attempt to return home. That, or perhaps they simply can't go home if their families are depending on remissions of Libyan cash or there is the social stigma of failure if one returns to the village prematurely as can be the case in South Asia.


text: My professor confused me today :( I'm trying to figure out the thickness of an anti reflection coating and it looks like from the equation 2ndcos(Θ) = mλ that for a given λ the thickness of the film should increase for incidence slightly away from normal. But he said that intuitively it should decrease because the waves now have to travel a longer distance through the material... which kinda makes sense, but contradicts the equation. Could someone please explain to me exactly what it happening and whether the thickness should be expected to increase or decrease if we increase the angle and why? @.@


text:
Hockey's miracle before the 'Miracle'
Updated: February 8, 2010, 5:06 PM ETBy Scott Burnside | ESPN.com
By noon that day, they had won the first Olympic hockey gold medal for the United States.
By midafternoon, they were packing their bags.
By evening, many were on red-eye flights or trains back home to their jobs as firemen, insurance salesmen and carpenters.
It was like the scene from "Field of Dreams" in which the baseball players fade away like ghosts when they walk into the corn outfield of Ray Kinsella's homemade diamond. Except for one thing: The men ...
Read full story
You must be signed in to post a comment
You are fully responsible for the content you post. Content that includes profanity, personal attacks or antisocial behavior (such as "spamming" or "trolling"), or other inappropriate content or material will be removed. We reserve the right to block any user who violates our terms of use, including removing all content posted by that user.


text:
Download MaxTV 4.0.9 for Windows
The download is currently not available.
- Publisher:
- MaxTV Labs
- License model:
- Freeware
- Language:
- en
- Release date:
- File size:
- 31.91 Mb
- (0:26 minutes in ADSL 128)
About MaxTV
MaxTV is a free software designed by MaxTV Labs for Windows that enables users to access their favorite TV shows right on their PC.
This freeware lets users view and record hundreds of TV shows easily. It also lets users view video-on-demand using M6 Replay and Arte+7. In addition, MaxTV features a comprehensive TV guide to help users find their favorite shows easily.
Furthermore, it enables users to listen to radio while browsing the Internet. Overall, MaxTV is a simple yet useful Windows utility that lets users enjoy their favorite TV shows anytime and anywhere.
Screenshots for MaxTV
- More information about MaxTV
- There is 1 screenshot available for MaxTV
Multimedia Players: Most downloaded this week
- FLVPlayer4Free 6.0 +686.464%
- Leawo Blu-ray Player 220.127.116.11 +431.852%
- SWF & FLV Toolbox 4.0.479 +251.914%
- Media Player Classic (MPC) 220.127.116.11b +184.737%
- AV DVD Player Morpher 3.0.53 +167.942%
- Full ranking


text:
The Red Lion3 Self rated
Old Road, Buckland,, Betchworth, RH3 7DS
Price FromView Rooms
- Very Good
- 16 guest reviews
"My friend and I stayed in the twin room. The staff were very friendly and helpful and the food was excellent. We had a bar meal as well as a..."
"had a good pub lunch, followed by a one night stay. Room was clean, and of a good size. Bed was very soft and room was not pre heated before..."
"Room was comfortable and well appointed. Dinner and breakfast was enjoyable and well priced. I would stay here agian and recommend to others..."
"Excellent accommodation really liked being asked to remove shoes on entering room. A nice touch, which helps to keep the room clean. Great c..."
"Very friendly run pub and b&b. Enjoyed our evening meal in the restaurant, plenty of choice on the menu and a full plate. The only complaint..."
About the hotel
The Red Lion in Buckland, Betchworth is a well established family run traditional English Country Pub & Restaurant with Accommodation set in a beautiful rural location yet centrally placed for access to London and the South East. The pub dates back to the early 18th century with parts of the main building being built around 1730. The Wisteria plant at the back of the main building is said to be 230 years old which would make it the oldest Wisteria plant in the country.
Our restaurant enjoys a good reputation for tasty, freshly prepared food which is available from 12. 00 to 14. 30 and 18. 30 to 21. 30 during weekdays and is open longer at the weekend, particularly during the day. Our menu is a mix of traditional English classics like Pie of the Week & Fish Pie together with a wide variety of specials. During the winter months we close at 20. 00 on Sunday so please check-in before this time. Our bar stocks a number of well conditioned real ales, lagers, ciders, & Guinness, all on draft and complemented by a range of bottled beers and of soft drinks. We also have a wide range of spirits and a carefully selected range of wines which are sold by the bottle or glass. The accommodation, which is in a separate building to the pub & restaurant, consists of six large en suite rooms on two floors. All rooms have tea & coffee making facilities and flat screen televisions with built in Freeview. The whole interior was re carpeted and redecorated in 2009. The property is set in a large plot which includes a cricket pitch which is home to the Reigate Pilgrims Cricket Club. The location of the property is very central with motorways, railways and airports within easy reach. J8 and J9 of the M25 are 15 minutes away, Railway stations in Dorking & Reigate are 15 minutes away and Central London from there is 45 to 55 minutes by train. Gatwick Airport is 25 minutes away and Heathrow takes 50 minutes. Brighton and the South coast are less than an hour's drive from the In
Read MoreLess
Room Availability
Showing Sunday 14 February 2016 to Monday 15 February 2016Change Search
Facilities Show/hide
- Parking
- Car parking available onsite
- Business
- Meeting Facilities , Wi-Fi Available In Public Areas
- Dining
- Restaurant , Bar
- Family friendly
- Interconnecting rooms available
Useful Info Show/hide
- From 14:00 hours
- Until 10:00 hours
- The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are not allowed
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
Very Good
100% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Food quality
Room quality
Enjoyable stay
My friend and I stayed in the twin room.
The staff were very friendly and helpful and the food was excellent. We had a bar meal as well as a full English in the morning. My only observation is that the room needed a few more touches like pictures on the wall to make it a bit more inviting. The towel rail in the bathroom did not work either. These minor points did not detract from the overall experience.
Read More Less
A pleasant 1 night stay
had a good pub lunch, followed by a one night stay.
Room was clean, and of a good size. Bed was very soft and room was not pre heated before arrival. Apart from that the stay was excellent with a great full english breakfast in the morning. I would recommend this for a short stay, and was good value for money compared to hotels in the area.
Read More Less


text:
- Your Path:
- Home
- Pajanimals Personalized Vinyl Banner
- Large Image
Let everyone know about your Pajanimals party with a fun banner
Set the tone for your child's Pajanimals themed birthday party with our Pajanimals Personalized Banner. This banner features the mischievous set of four Pajanimals and will make your party fun and vibrant. You can use it as a backdrop for photos, or as a decoration for the entrance to your party venue. This is an officially licensed Pajanimals product.
- Includes:
- Pajanimals Personalized Banner
- 4 Metal Grommets for Easy Hanging
- Printed with High Definition Technology
- Heavy Duty Vinyl Material
To personalize the banner, simply select your font and text color then add a customized message. And to make sure the banner turns out exactly how you want it, you can preview the image before you place your order. This personalized banner is available in three sizes for your convenience:
- Standard 18" x 61" (approximately 1.5' x 5')
- Medium 24"x 80" (approximately 2' x 6.5')
- Large 30" x 100" (approximately 2.5' x 8.25')
Our banner is made of heavy-duty vinyl so it is durable enough to handle weather changes and tiny tots' pranks. The banner features metal grommets for easy indoor and outdoor hanging.
Look no further than BirthdayExpress.com for more Pajanimals party ideas. All you need to do to bring Apollo, Squacky, Sweetpea Sue and Cowbella to your child's party is shop our wide selection of Pajanimals themed party supplies and decorations!Read More
- Product Number
- #87840
- Material
- Plastic-PVC
- Air Shippable
- Yes
- Oversized
- No
- Express/Premium Surcharge
- $0.00
- Return Eligible
- No
- Available International
- Yes
Pajanimals Personalized Vinyl Banner
- Was:
- $0.00
- Price:
You Save %0 OFF
- Prod ID:
- 87840
- 5.0
- 2 Reviews
Discontinued Item
- We apologize for the inconvenience, but the product you're looking for has gone out of stock and is no longer available.
You May Like
Customer Reviews
Pajanimals Personalized Vinyl Banner
2 Total Review
- Overall Rating:
- 5.0
- Write A Review
- Filter By:
Showing - of 1


text:
Best Radio Sports Show (2013)
CJ & Kreckman
Nate Kreckman hasn't always received the attention he's deserved for being one of the most entertaining sports-radio personalities in Denver. Likewise, partner Charles Johnson has occasionally been dismissed as a walking, talking advertisement for University of Colorado athletics. But their partnership is finally earning notice, and not just locally, but beyond: Their interview with ex-CU tight end Nick Kasa, in which he revealed inappropriate questions about sexuality put to him during the NFL combine, generated headlines nationwide. Still, perhaps the main reason to tune in is because of their easy camaraderie. They seem to genuinely enjoy spending time ribbing each other while they gab about sports — and fortunately, the rest of us are invited to take part.
More Sports & Recreation Awards
Best Mountain-Bike ParkTrestle Bike Park at Winter Park
Best Sports Team — ProfessionalDenver Broncos
Best Women's College TeamUniversity of Colorado women's basketball
Best Sports Team — CollegeColorado State University men's basketball


text:
1993 Cadillac DeVille Repair and Maintenance
A guide to problems, costs, maintenance and repair for your 1993 Cadillac DeVille
Verified by mechanics, reported by drivers like you
Ask a mechanic in our community
Never overpay. Check prices with our estimator
Trusted by our experts, tested by your neighbors
Related Content
1993 Cadillac DeVille Problems
One or more of the power window regulators (one in each door) may fail causing the window to fall into the door and not roll up.
One or more heater & AC (HVAC) air delivery and/or temperature mode door actuator may fail. This can result in incorrect air delivery or temperature. If this occurs, fault code(s) stored in the HVAC control module should be available to assist with diagnoses.
The engine may develop oil leaks from the lower crankcase portion of the engine block. Our technicians tell us that the engine must be removed from the vehicle to properly repair this oil leak.
1993 Cadillac DeVille Questions
rough cranking runs fine when accelling buts dies when coasting
I just had my transmission rebuilt, it is front wheel drive. I was looking on computer and found that on front of motor by starter is a I think BCM ground could that need a cleaning or make sure its tight be an issue. The dash lights work till I pull on the lights then they go out and no codes ca...
1993 Cadillac DeVille Recalls
Cadillac has recalled 1991-1993 Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood vehicles because the upper transaxle cooler line may leak. In the presence of an ignition source, a fuel leak in the engine compartment may result in a fire. Dealers will replace the upper transaxle cooler line.
1993 Cadillac DeVille Reviews
Good service out of the vehicle for almost 175,000 miles now. Power steering hoses leaked a couple times, but other than that a pretty decent car. handling and ride quality are better than most US made cars of that time period, but not up to the standards of luxury imports from the mid 90s.


text:
Listen to this PRI interview with former Mexican Ambassador Sarukhan who was among the very first successful digital diplomats to use Twitter extensively in his post.
Andreas Sandre, in his recent book, Digital Diplomacy: Conversations on Innovation in Foreign Policy, sheds light on the evolving practice of digital diplomacy in the 21st century. Sandre presents potential challenges and opportunities that all diplomats now face in using digital media and new technologies.
In this video, Ambassador Navdeep Suri highlights the Indian Embassy's use of social media to connect and engage with the people in Cairo.
"A Panel Discussion on Digital Diplomacy Hosted by the U.S. Foreign Press Center." (2014).
ABOUT: Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Evan Ryan, Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Public Affairs Douglas Frantz, and Coordinator for International Information Programs Macon Phillips discuss "Digital Diplomacy."
Burson-Marsteller. (2014). Twiplomacy Study 2014. Twiplomacy.


text:
With 1.7 million freelancers, we'll match you with the perfect talent.
The client has made the following changes to the job.
Job awarded.
Client prefers freelancers from:
You are still able to submit a proposal for this job.
The client prefers freelancers from
a different location.
We are looking for a new logo to be designed for a new platform about to be launched next week.
It is a branch from our main business for which we already have a logo.
We would need the accepted designer to not only produce the new logo but to also look at our existing one, I believe it needs to be made "transparent", currently it does not sit on our background of our site correctly.
We need the logo done asap.
Sign in or Register to see more


text:
My daughter is 7 weeks old today. She has been awake since 8 am today. I tried numerous times to put her down for naps. Everytime she fell asleep I layed her down and she would wake up 5 minutes later which isn't like her. This happened several times today. I made sure she was fed, diaper changed, and even gave her gas drops at one point bc she can get gassy. I also had her swaddled everytime I tried to put her to sleep. She gets very fussy but then after she wakes after those 5 minutes down shes wide awake and smiling. Like right now she is awake and smiling although shes been up since 8 am.
This also happened all day yesterday. She slept fine at night but I don't know whats going on during the day. She had a few days like this in the earliest weeks but she has been pretty good about naps the past 2 to 3 weeks. I've broken down and cried bc yesterday and today I have spent my day holding and rocking her. listening to her cry, I just don't know whats wrong and why she isn't sleeping.
I'm exhausted and my body hurts from rocking her all day. I haven't even managed to get a shower. Everything I usually do to get her to sleep isn't working. I kinow shes way past overtired now.
Please help!