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Progress in accessing environmental data and information
Integrative commentary
Department of the Environment and Heritage
prepared for the 2006 Australian State of the Environment Committee, 2006
Continuing challenges
SoE2001 recognised a pressing need for research and monitoring of the state of the environment. In discussing data and information management, the report identified the following as common problems across all state of the environment reporting themes:
- important gaps in primary data
- lack of access to some data because of institutional barriers
- confusion about intellectual property and copyright
- lack of trend data for many variables
- some data cannot be aggregated and compared on a continental scale because of differences in scales, map projections, boundaries and geographical divisions, and inconsistencies in the way attributes are described and recorded.
While some progress has been made on these issues, these same problems still restrict the quality and completeness of state of the environment reporting in 2006. From 2006 onwards, Australia faces new challenges in ensuring the consistent supply of source data for environmental reporting, in particular, continued satellite remote sensing monitoring data and ground-based primary data collection. Furthermore, there are ongoing challenges for state of the environment reporting that are associated with the complexity of environmental data and with the values-based nature of heritage appraisal.
Gaps in primary data
The National Land and Water Resources Audit (the Audit) in its first phase (1997–2002) delivered a comprehensive national appraisal of Australia's natural resource base and addressed several of the gaps in land, water and vegetation data required for SoE2001. At that time, the Audit recognised the need for more strategic data collection to maximise future return on investments in natural resource management. Since then, while vast improvements have been made in the accessibility and online delivery of environmental information, this appears to have been at least partly at the expense of Australian, state and territory government investment in the collection and compilation of primary data (Campbell 2006). Furthermore, lower investment has apparently favoured methods of remotely gathering data over ground-truthed data collection, which has benefited some state of the environment reporting themes but reduced the availability of information suitable for others. Hence, in 2006 there are still gaps in primary environmental data (see Table 2 for examples) and fundamental spatial data (Table 3) for aspects of Australia's land and marine resources, most particularly in the availability of nationally consistent environmental datasets.
|Up-to-date land use change data
Water resources data at a national scale
Information about weeds, pest and feral animals at a national scale
The fate of pollutants such as fertilisers and herbicides in the environment
Rural and regional air pollution monitoring
The actual distributions of threatened species
Vegetation and habitat mapping data
Information describing the condition of the environment, such as habitat condition, soil condition
Condition of natural heritage places
Freshwater species and habitats
Marine species and habitats, condition and extent
Coastal ecosystems, such as seagrasses, coral reefs
Estuarine and coastal water quality
Environmental impacts of uses of the marine environment
Natural resource management trend information, in particular, the effectiveness of management and recovery actions
Information on potentially useful biological compounds
National mapping of fire and fire regimes
Measures for monitoring sustainability in human settlements
|Marine park boundaries
Seafloor topography and bathymetry
Ocean parameters, such as temperature, salinity, currents
Land tenure and land use
Commonwealth interests in land
Natural resource management: soil condition and socio-economic census
River catchments
Cropping and irrigation areas
Antarctic remote sensing products
Datasets that deliver on monitoring and evaluation framework indicators at a national, state and territory, and regional level
There is considerable scope for agencies to pool resources and collaborate on the collection or procurement of primary data. A number of agencies are already working together on projects to develop and deliver fundamental and nationally consistent environmental data. Examples include the Australian Collaborative Land Use Mapping Program (ACLUMP) and the Australian Collaborative Land Evaluation Program (ACLEP). An important first step will be for government and science agencies, industry and non-government organisations to discuss, and agree on, data collection priorities that will fill the gaps in key national environmental datasets.
Access to environmental data
National initiatives promoting interoperability have meant that the issues regarding technological barriers are rapidly being addressed. In contrast, institutional barriers continue to prevent efficient use of the data that are available within Australian agencies and jurisdictions. These barriers include:
- the lack of trust or agreement between agencies and jurisdictions about who has responsibility for the collection, management, reporting and analysis of data
- a lack of coordination within jurisdictions and agencies, leading to fragmentation of monitoring efforts within and between agencies in all jurisdictions
- the failure to systematically standardise and collate local data to obtain the 'big picture' within and between jurisdictions
- a misalignment between the needs of the information users and the objectives of the information providers
- confidentiality, privacy and commercial concerns that increasingly impede access to the data available within agencies.
Cooperation appears to have improved across Australian Government agencies, but this is not necessarily filtering down to lower levels where, for example, copyright and licensing issues have impeded the collegial sharing of data between agency staff.
Intellectual property, copyright and licensing issues
Data accessibility is reduced by intellectual property issues, such as restrictions on the use of commercially confidential data and data that were previously publicly available but are currently not available due to the corporatisation of organisations. This barrier has particularly affected access to waste generation data and, to some extent, waste recycling data.
While NVIS provides a good example of the collaboration between state, territory and Government agencies to produce a standardised, nationally consistent dataset, the process of formalising the necessary license agreements for data sharing was considerably simpler in 2001 than during the recent update of the dataset in 2005. Agencies have shown increased concern over the risk of litigation arising from the supply and use of their data. This has resulted in source agencies being more constrained in their capacity to share data and the agencies responsible for compiling the data instigating overly cautious procedures for approving the acceptance of liabilities associated with incoming license agreements. Hence, licensing issues have considerably slowed and in some cases have prevented the collaborative sharing of data between agencies and jurisdictions. There is still an issue of how to gain in-principle agreement on data sharing between jurisdictions for all government activity.
Availability of trend data
The picture is variable, but it reflects the reluctance or capacity of government at all levels to commit ongoing funding for long-term environmental monitoring. Consistent, ongoing trend data can be relied on for reporting of the atmosphere theme, the human settlements theme (especially population data from ABS), and some indicators for the Antarctic theme. Trend data are available for some rangelands features (Watson 2006) and certain individual monitoring datasets; examples include a 30-year record of whale sightings at Southern Cross University, Birds Australia data, and particular attributes of the Great Barrier Reef. Studies of particular species or ecosystems have been carried out over long time periods but, by their nature, these records are spatially constrained by the character and extent of the ecosystem or species being studied. For other themes and issues, such as biodiversity, land condition, and the state of marine and freshwater biota, there are no nationally available trend data. There are little available trend data for any attribute of 'condition', largely because the term is value laden: values change constantly and it is difficult to obtain institutionalised agreement on what the term constitutes. While SoE2001 recommended that it was essential to instigate an ecological monitoring programme to track changes in biodiversity (ASEC 2001), such a programme still does not exist. Similarly, there are no systematic long-term national programmes in place to monitor key features of Australia's oceans and coasts.
A typical example of attempts at regional monitoring that have been hampered by limited trend data is the Australian Collaborative Rangelands Information System (ACRIS), which tested the reporting of change in the rangelands from 1992 to 2002 across a number of pilot regions. ACRIS reported not only a lack of suitable monitoring data to adequately report change in biodiversity but a decreasing information base for monitoring change during the period of their study. ACRIS observed that most jurisdictions had shown a decreasing capacity to sustain future monitoring activity.
The lack of natural resource management trend data was noted in early Audit reports (for example, NLWRA 2000) and the situation has not improved. More recent works undertaken by the Audit suggest a continuing reduction in the basic mapping and monitoring of the environment (Campbell 2006). Audit publications prepared between 1997 and 2002 reported on the condition of Australia's natural resources and were intended to provide a baseline for monitoring the effectiveness of national land and water policies and programmes. In most cases, the data have not been updated since 2001. Whether or not monitoring to support the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework takes place will depend on the future commitment from relevant jurisdictions and regional organisations.
Diversity of data scales and geographies
The obstacles to building nationally consistent environmental datasets include incompatible formats, different map projections and scales, and inconsistent categorisation and recording of data attributes by the data providers. A typical example of such problems can be observed in the compilation of the NVIS; state and territory agencies independently collect vegetation data for their own purposes, which vary considerably from agency to agency. When these data are incorporated into NVIS, problems with data integration occur, particularly at the state or territory borders. The most common inconsistencies are due to definitional issues (the allocation of the same vegetation type to a different community class), the lack of consistent schemas for vegetation mapping, and the use of different boundaries to delimit the state or territory extent of mapping (for example, cadastral boundaries versus state and territory borders). Nonetheless, the states and territories have cooperated with the Australian Government to iron out these problems and an updated version of the NVIS national map of native vegetation types was completed in 2006.
ABS data are generally supplied in spatial units defined by a minimum population size for the purpose of census data collection and privacy considerations (the smallest unit currently used is the Census Collection District). The land area covered by these units varies enormously from urban to rural regions and bears no relationship to cadastral or land management boundaries. In many cases, this restricts the use of the data for effective mapping and geographic comparisons or analysis with natural resource information. The ABS is aware of these limitations and is making concerted efforts towards improving the spatial usability of their data sets (for example, the development of 'Mesh Blocks').
Technological advances that promote interoperability between applications are beginning to overcome some of the processing issues related to data integration. The more difficult problems to overcome will be those that stem from the different needs and objectives of the agencies collecting the data.
Ensuring a continuing supply of remote sensing data
Remote sensing imagery underpins a large and growing number of map products and analyses used for state of the environment reporting and, more importantly, many of the products that monitor long-term environmental trends. It is very easy to overlook the importance of satellite and airborne image data since many products are sourced as finished maps without acknowledgement of the remote sensing data and processing works used in their development. The Bureau of Meteorology, the Bureau of Rural Sciences (BRS) and the Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO) depend heavily on satellite data for many of their applications. Remote sensing is being increasingly applied to produce nationally relevant datasets as a complement to the integration of data collected at the state and territory level and there is considerable potential for further use of this efficient and cost-effective approach to national data collection.
The Landsat series of satellites have provided the foundation for much of Australia's long-term environmental monitoring since the 1970s. With the impending demise of the current Landsat 5 and 7 satellites, and doubts over NASA's commitment to continuation of the program, there is concern in the Australian spatial science community about continued access to cost-effective, stable, well-calibrated imagery that has the spatial and spectral characteristics suited to such a wide range of environmental applications. Australian Government agencies are currently investigating replacement options to ensure the continued supply of these fundamental monitoring data.
Complexity of environmental data
Some environmental data are intrinsically challenging to collect and thus slow progress has been achieved in establishing integrated datasets.
The condition of biodiversity is inherently difficult to measure because it refers to the condition of all species that make up an ecosystem, how they contribute to each other, and the resulting stability and resilience of the ecosystem as a whole. There is very little understanding of how the population of any one species may vary depending on physico-chemical factors or the presence, population and distribution of each other species comprising the ecosystem. The responses of an ecosystem to perturbation or disturbances are complex, often unexpected and inherently difficult to describe or measure. Hence, the focus of data gathering has been at the level of population and distribution of individual species and, to a lesser extent, the distribution and character of ecological communities and landscapes. The monitoring of ecologically significant species (such as 'keystone' or 'indicator' species) has proven to be a useful management tool (see Soulé and Kohm 1989), but in reality Australia does not have a comprehensive understanding of whether changes in the distribution and abundance of any particular species reflect positively or negatively on biodiversity as a whole.
Even in the absence of a direct measure of the 'condition' of Australia's biodiversity, valuable information for conservation planning and management can be provided through the assessment and monitoring of individual species and communities, habitat quality, and the extent and distribution of key threatening processes. Some significant progress has been made. For example, the Audit's landscape health and biodiversity assessment reports (NLWRA 2000, 2002b) provided a national overview of key environmental threats and the health of landscapes.
A number of government agencies are progressing 'benchmark-based' approaches to habitat quality assessment for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. For example, the National Natural Resource Management Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (NRMMC 2002) established nationally agreed indicators, including one on native vegetation condition, which provide the basis for ongoing reporting of progress in regional planning against reference points or benchmarks. Other reporting systems using this approach include the Australian Collaborative Rangelands Information System , the Victorian Government's methods for Vegetation Quality Assessment and the (former) New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service's BioMetric Tool that facilitates the preparation of property vegetation plans.
In some cases, because of the multifaceted and dynamic nature of the natural environment, it could simply be impossible or impractical to collect sufficient, appropriate field data at suitably regular intervals to satisfy reporting and management needs. Modelling can provide the next best solution for monitoring landscape condition or predicting environmental change in certain situations where the suitable data cannot be obtained.
Due to the inherently values-based nature of heritage and the tendency for values (and therefore what is being measured) to change over time, attempts to describe, maintain and report on heritage data have continued to be challenging (Johnston 2006).


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Disappointing if compared to their Bangsar branchPosted on 05 / 22 / 2014
I visited the Sri Hartamas branch of Nature's Vegetarian, and was a little disappointed, as I was expecting a similar experience to their Bangsar branch (which is very good).
They obviously do not offer Dim Sum, and the restaurant looks rather shabby. The dishes were ok, but definitely not outstanding. We had the fried noodles, which were ok, the Japanese Mushroom and seaweed pot, that was quite nice and green vegetables that were rather bland.
Either the cook was deliberately trying to use less salt and herbs for health reasons, or his cooking simply is not so good. Everything tasted rather bland, worst of all the green vegetables.
Service was also a bit inattentive, I asked if they have ice lemon tea without sugar, which they confirmed. What I received, however, was a carbonated ice lemon tea with lots of sugar (presumable from a can).
All these factors added up to leave me a bit disappointed
Cons: Bland taste

subset: commoncrawl


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Kaenon's Italian-made Soft Kore sunglasses, with a small frame and short temples, are designed especially for women. The semi-rimless frame is so light that it floats on your face, and steaming was never a problem, even on overheated afternoon runs.
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be careful with sun by Lapis-RazuriWatch
©2012-2016 Lapis-Razuri
amazing !
Very Cool! ;D
I love how you draw couples and girls
i love every piece of your works <3
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you're one of my top favorite artist in DA
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baahhh I'm so very happy that my art makes You smile! >W< comments like that make me smile too!
thank You very much!
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Publications (9)2.25 Total impact
Conference Paper: Discussion of millimeter wave FBAR with very thin A1N film fabricated using MOCVD method[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We discuss millimeter-wave film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) with very thin aluminium nitride (AlN) film fabricated using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method. In previous works, we have successfully grown c-axis oriented AlN film using MOCVD method on Ru/Ta/SiO2/Si substrate. In this paper, we grew excellent orientation films of AlN and Ru electrodes in MOCVD, although their film thickness were very thin. Experimental results show that full width at half maximum (FWHM) is 1.3° at AlN thickness of 30 nm. In calculating analysis, when both top and bottom electrode thicknesses were 20 nm and AlN thickness was 30 nm, we obtained that resonant frequency was higher than 50 GHz. Therefore, FBAR is possible to apply to millimeter-wave bands devices, also contribute to small-size, low power consumption and low cost for millimeter-wave terminals.
Conference Paper: Spurious Vibration Suppression by Film Thickness Control for FBAR[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We have successfully fabricated 5 GHz band FBAR using aluminium nitride (AlN) film by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method on SiO2/Si substrate. However, large spurious existed between resonant frequency and antiresonant frequency on admittance characteristics of prototype FBAR. We analyzed spurious vibration mechanism using three-dimensional (3-D) simulation. Spurious vibration mode was longitudinal thickness mode by simulation results. Therefore, we completely suppressed the spurious vibration by designing film thickness.
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ABSTRACT: Film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) was fabricated using AlN(0002) film. We achieved the high oriented AlN(0002) film through the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method on Ru/Ta bottom electrode. But thermal stress of AlN film was a problem in the high temperature MOCVD process over 1000degC. To reduce the thermal stress of AlN film, the low temperature AlN film growth was needed. We investigated the influence of H2 and N2 carrier gas in the MOCVD process to the AlN film quality. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the AlN(0002) using the N2 carrier gas was better than that of the H2 gas at the low temperature. Then the AlN cracks was reduced by the low temperature AlN growth. Furthermore, the FWHM of AlN(0002) using H2 and N2 gases at the MOCVD method were excellent value of under 1.5deg at less than 0.5 mum thickness.
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ABSTRACT: Film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) was fabricated using high oriented AlN(0002) film obtained through the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method. We used the Ru/Ta bottom electrode to improve the FBAR resonant characteristics because Ru has a high acoustic impedance and a hexagonal crystalline that is effective to obtaine the high oriented AlN(0002) film. The Ru/Ta electrode had good characteristics under 1100degC in points of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of Ru(0002), the surface roughness and the electrode resistivity. The evaluated FWHM of AlN(0002) on Ru/Ta at 1050degC was exellent value of 1.2deg. The resonant frequency and anti-resonant frequency of the fabricated FBAR using the Ru/Ta bottom electrode were 5.217 GHz and 5.479 GHz, respectively. The resistance of the FBAR electrodes and of the series-resonance part in modified Butterworth Van Dyke (MBVD) equivalent circuit were improved to 4.3 Omega from 7.0 Omega and to 0.5 Omega from 3.0 Omega compared to the results of previous Mo bottom electrode, respectively. The effective electro-mechanical coupling coefficient (keff 2) of the fabricated FBAR was exellent value of 7.0 % and the evaluated Qr was 329. We successfully fabricated the FBAR with the small insertion loss and the large keff 2 using the Ru/Ta bottom electrode and high oriented AlN(0002) film.
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ABSTRACT: Film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) using AlN film was fabricated. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) was used to obtain high oriented AlN (0002) film. The unloaded Q factor (Qscrr) of fabricated FBAR was improved by reduction of Mo electrode resistance and optimization of cavity etching process. Since Mo nitridation degraded Mo resistance, reaction time between Mo and NH3 became shorter than conventional process to suppress the nitridation during AlN deposition. As a result, Mo resistance was improved to be 12.3 muOmegacm from 26.4 muOmegacm. In conventional process using Bosch process to fabricate cavities, insufficient etching selection ratio between Si/SiO2 of 200 brought incomplete structure of cavities. The etching selection ratio between Si/SiO2 was improved to be 650 by change of the etching process. The evaluated Qscrr of the fabricated FBAR was as high as 1557 at 3.698 GHz. We achieved the high Qscrr value FBAR using high oriented AlN (0002) film by the MOCVD method
Conference Paper: Low propagation loss of atomically-flat surface aln with low dislocation density for 5-ghz band saw devices[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Not Available
Article: Surface Acoustic Wave Properties of Atomically Flat-Surface Aluminum Nitride Epitaxial Film on Sapphire[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We have investigated the surface acoustic wave (SAW) properties of atomically flat-surface (0001)aluminum nitride on a (0001)sapphire (AlN/alpha-Al2O3) combination. SAW propagated along [1\bar{2}10]AlN/[1\bar{1}00]alpha-Al2O3 and [10\bar{1}0]AlN/[11\bar{2}0]alpha-Al2O3. SAW velocity was measured to be approximately 1.0% higher than that of a conventionally calculated curve. The dispersion of SAW velocity as a function of normalized thickness (kH) was as low as 1.3%. The measured temperature coefficient of delay was 9 ppm/°C at kH values of 5.9 and 9.9. The propagation loss in the case of using an atomically flat-surface AlN film was lower by one order of magnitude than that using a conventional AlN film. The propagation loss at 5.172 GHz was measured to be 0.0053 dB/lambda.
Article: Growth of Atomically Flat-Surface Aluminum Nitride Epitaxial Film by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A high c-axis-oriented and atomically flat-surface aluminum nitride (AlN) film has been successfully deposited on a (0001)sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. We evaluated the dependences of surface roughness, tilted mosaicity and twisted mosaicity on the conditions of AlN deposition. It was found that the atomically flat-surface AlN film was deposited under the diffusion-limited area with suppression of vapor phase reaction at a substrate temperature of 1200°C and a V/III ratio of 800. It was also recognized that surface roughness was controlled by gas flow velocity, which is determined by both gas flow rate and pressure in reactor. Mean surface roughness (Ra) of the deposited AlN films was approximately 1 Å. The full width at half maximum of X-ray rocking curve for (0002) and (10\bar{1}2)AlN were approximately 100 and 2300 arcsec, respectively.
Conference Paper: Growth of AlN film on Mo/SiO2/Si (111) for 5 GHz-band FBAR using MOCVD[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We fabricated a film-bulk-acoustic resonator with high c-axis oriented AlN film on Mo/SiO2/Si (100) using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The resonant frequency and anti-resonant frequency of the fabricated resonator were 3.189 GHz and 3.224 GHz, respectively. The quality factor and the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient were 24.7 and 2.65%, respectively. The conditions of AlN deposition were substrate temperature of 950°C, pressure of 20 torr, and V-III ratio of 25000. We have successfully grown high c-axis oriented AlN film with 4×10-5 Ωcm resistivity of the Mo bottom electrode. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the AlN (0002) on Mo/SiO2/Si (100) and Mo/SiO2/Si (111) were 4° and 3.8°, respectively. The FWHM values of the deposited AlN film satisfy the RF band pass filter specification for GHz-band wireless local area network.
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Tohoku University
Miyagi, Japan
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication


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When it comes to chardonnay, Flowers's Sonoma Coast bottling consistently delivers a fresh, fragrant, silken, mouthwatering wine. The freshness in the 2009 tastes real, the tension of the acidity captures the briskness of the far coast (70 percent of the blend in this vintage). The texture and flavor are woven together into a soft cushion of white raspberry, tart lime, white flowers, silk and down.
All dairy and cream with a fine, clear white fruit and charming leesy texture.
Clean, fresh and snappy, with pleasant ripe apple, pear and floral scents that take on a creamy scent and texture. Drink now through 2016.
From the winemaker: "Light straw color. Attractive and delicate aromas of white flowers, tangerine and coconut are evident before opening up to green apples and crisp Anjou pear. Citrus and stone-fruit flavors develop on the palate with the characteristic lemon backbone of the Sonoma Coast. Medium bodied with a crisp and bright acidity the wine finishes with a distinctive coastal minerality."
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2011 Stonestreet "Bear Point" Chardonnay Sonoma (Previously $35)
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