text:
The State of Things
I am a little perturbed. The lack of progress of any sort in clearing up the aftermath of my motorcycle accident is bothering me. I still haven't been contacted, after a month, by the insurer of the livery company that employed the driver who ran the stop sign and… Continue reading
Free WordPress Motorcycle Themes
One of the things I learned when I switched over to a WordPress blog is that there really isn't much of a selection of explicitly motorcycle-themed WordPress skins available. There's about, uh, four I think, that I found online.
Well, now, I've more than doubled that number.
I've created… Continue reading
HD Guarantees Sportster Trade-Ins
I guess today has turned into Harley Davidson day here, but I came across this bit of news. Frankly, considering the current economic conditions, I found it surprising. But the MoCo is running a promotion from now until 31 Mar that will give Sportster riders the original… Continue reading
First Ride: 2009 Road Glide
Cycle World has gotten their hands on a 2009 Harley-Davidson Road Glide, and after a decently log trip, has written it up. Apparently, they like the new changes.
In the end, the outside image remains quite traditional, but underneath is an ever-improving riding experience. The Road Glide is… Continue reading
HD XR1200 First Ride
The new harley-Davidson XR1200 seems to be racking up the kudos. Motorcycle Daily has a write up on it, and they conclude:
This is the ultimate Harley-Davidson Sportster, with performance and reliability completely unknown to the guys who owned a Sportster decades ago. Guys that dreamed (like Erik Buell)… Continue reading
Merry Christmas
I hope that you and yours have a Merry Christmas and a happy and prosperous New Year.
No More Honda Hoot
One of the big motorcycle events of every year is the Honda Hoot. Honda owners from all over North America show up every year in Knoxville, TN.
But, American Honda is pulling the plug.
American Honda announced today that the 2008 Honda Hoot will bring to a close… Continue reading
Flash: Motorcyclists Love Motorcycles
Motorcyclists have apparently never loved motorcycles as much as they do right this minute. Apparently, according to J.D. Power, motorcyclists think their motorcycles are the tits.
Overall motorcycle ownership satisfaction averages 814 (based on a 1,000-point scale) in 2008, up 5 points from 2007. While all five components… Continue reading
Comment/Email Policy
Any messages transmitted to the administrator(s) or the author(s) of Dale's Motorcycle Blog, whether transmitted electronically or by any other means, may be reprinted at our discretion, and used for purposes of commentary, debate, satire, or humor. Transmission of such messages constitutes implied consent to publicly reprint such messages.


text: Featured comments + Add comment Comments (12) Featured Relientk77 "Yes I prefer the black Wii U, to the white one, I have a black Wii. I think it looks so much better than the white one " 1259d ago Relientk77 "Yeah, honestly I'm sorta getting annoyed with Nintendo and them not telling us prices, release date, launch games, hardware specs, etc. " 1258d ago Freakazoid2012 "Sept 13th dude. We will know launch and price. Nintendo never releases specs and this is pretty common knowledge. Why some people cant grasp it is beyond me. Launch games you can get on their website. LOL_WUT, we already know by ME3 being 1080p that is more powe..." 1258d ago

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Tuesday, January 9, 2007
By SUE RYAN
News staff writer
December 16, 2006
The Cascade Locks City Council heard a somewhat tearful farewell at its Dec. 11 meeting.
Hood River County Commissioner Carol York has represented the community as part of her position for the west end of Hood River County. Her term ends Dec. 31 when Barbara Briggs takes her place.
"I think we built a lot of bridges within the last 10 years that didn't exist before and helped put Cascade Locks on the map regionally," York said.
She thanked the city for the great working relationship. York said she still intends to work on promoting Cascade Locks.
As part of her address to the council, she talked about the county's goal planning session held Dec. 9.
She said among the top 10 goals for the year are to review the county's forest management plan and how to handle the county's Measure 37 claims.
"We have had 100-plus of these in the last six months alone," York said.
She asked for someone to step up to fill the Cascade Locks representative slot on the county's budget committee.
The council also heard a presentation on the town's audit report for 2005-06 from accountant Ken Onstoff.
One of Onstoff's recommendations was to provide more adequate information to the city recorder for record management. He said there were many different people working on various grants which resulted at times in a lack of communication.
"The feds are very strict on the financial administration of grants so it is important to record what is spent on grants and what is not," Onstoff said.
In other business, the city council:
* Appointed Karen Sype to the city's budget committee and Brad Lorang to the planning commission.
* Approved $8,460 for public works to proceed with chemical injections at the wastewater plant to deal with underloading issues.
* Approved a renumbering
system for addresses.
* Approved a 3.55 percent rate increase for garbage collection.
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text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|26 mars 2002
|Date de dépôt
|22 déc. 1998
|Date de priorité
|23 déc. 1997
|État de paiement des frais
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|John Duncan McNicol
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Northern Telecom Limited
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (4), Référencé par (93), Classifications (17), Événements juridiques (9)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates, in general, to a communication device having a wideband receiver capability and an operating method therefor, and is particularly, but not exclusively, applicable to a communication system operating a universal frequency re-use pattern, such as deployed in a code division multiple access (CDMA) environment, in which the use of such a wideband receiver is required to recover broadband signals from a selection of available spectral bands.
Radio frequency (RF) communication systems offer an effective mechanism for supporting data and voice communications. Indeed, cellular RF systems can be quickly deployed to cover large geographic areas, with subscribers to the cellular service merely requiring a handset (or RF modem) to obtain access to the cellular network. This is in stark contrast with conventional wire-line communication systems that necessarily require individual line connections (in the form of twisted pairs or optical fibres) to be made to each subscriber terminal. In fact, the cost of deploying a RF-based cellular service is relatively inexpensive to terms of both time and cost when compared against a wireline system having a similar service capability.
The desirability of implementing RF communication systems is, however, tempered by the limited radio frequency spectrum that is available to support such services. Indeed, commercial cellular services, for example, do not have a uniform spectral frequency allocation on a global basis, with different countries assigning different spectral bands to the same form of service. Furthermore, commercial RF services, generally, are assigned frequency bands that are slotted in between military frequency systems, reserved frequency bands allocated for emergency services and other stellar, commercial or scientific frequency bands. Furthermore, in relation to the assignment of frequencies, national regulatory bodies (such as the Federal Communication Commission (FCC)) allocate radio frequency bandwidth for particular communication services. Indeed with respect to this allocation of frequency, the regulatory authority may not necessarily allocate a single block of spectrum to a particular service, but instead may assign discrete, smaller blocks of spectrum. Indeed, the smaller blocks of spectrum can be supplied from a combination of previously unused spectrum and now system-defunct spectrum that no longer supports a particular form of radio communication, e.g. low RF military application. Consequently, a supplier of infrastructure equipment, particularly, must provision for the subsequent release of radio spectrum for the stipulated communication protocol, e.g. a CDMA modulation scheme.
Consequently, cellular equipment manufacturers, generally, must necessary design systems and handsets that can be adapted (after initial deployment) to support new frequency bands subsequently made available to a network operator, while also having to manufacture equipment that operates at different frequencies. In this latter respect, a change in the operating frequency does not necessarily require a simple alteration in the receiver front end, but instead may require re-design of a significant portion of a transceiver to order to produce an operational unit at a different frequency. Clearly, any re-design of equipment is both costly and time consuming for the manufacturer.
Nevertheless, the popularity of RF-based systems is placing ever-increasing demands on the limited radio spectrum, and in this respect cellular communication systems have been developed that attempt to optimise that available bandwidth. For example, the global system for mobile (GSM) cellular communication systems operates a time division multiplexed scheme in which a carrier frequency supports a number of time multiplexed communication channels, with each carrier frequency framed into time slots.
Unfortunately, time division multiple access (and, for that matter, frequency division multiple (FDM) schemes, generally) necessarily operate frequency re-use patterns within the cellular system. More specifically, cells in the system have frequency carriers assigned to them (usually) on a permanent basis and in a way that interference between frequency carriers on an adjacent channel and co-channel basis is minimised. In other words, re-use of a first carrier frequency may be prohibited in adjacent cells so as to improve the radio environment by limiting potential interference (caused by a substantially identical frequency carriers corrupting the integrity of each others data).
In an attempt to further enhance capacity of time division multiplexed (TDM) systems, re-use patterns may, in fact, be on a sector basis, with each cell containing typically three or more sectors. In this way, lower power transmissions may be used, whereby interference from a particular frequency carrier is reduced (as a consequence of the effective transmission distances of these lower power signals) and carrier re-use hence increased. Furthermore, present TDM systems can operate frequency patterns that employ the underlay of microcells (or picocells) beneath macrocells. Again, such a system increases capacity, but still suffers from co-channel and adjacent channel interference.
A more efficient cellular communication scheme is the nineteen-hundred MegaHertz (MHz) personal communication system (PCS) operated in North America, which scheme operates a code division multiple access (CDMA) technique.
In contrast to TDM-based cellular systems, a CDMA system has a universal frequency re-use that allows frequencies to be used across the entire network, i.e. there is a frequency re-use of one. Such CDMA systems operate by virtue of the fact that a single carrier frequency supports a number of communication resources that are structured from discrete, coded sequences. More specifically, each channel is comprised from a unique coded sequence of "chips" that are selected from a relatively long pseudo-random spreading sequence (typically many millions of bits in length). A communication device therefore has access to an information-bearing channel by virtue of a communication device having particular and detailed knowledge of a specific code that identifies the specific bits used by the information-bearing channel. More particularly, information (such as voice or data) is spread across many chips of the spreading sequence on a unique basis, with a processing gain of the system determined by the number of chips required to construct a single data bit. In this way, less than one bit of information is transmitted per chip.
CDMA systems therefore inherently operate in an interference environment because many channels utilise the same carrier frequency, with individual channels merely differing from one another in terms of their uniquely defined coded sequences. However, CDMA systems become statistically efficient for large populations of users, and therefore present an attractive and more efficient alternative to FDM-based systems.
CDMA systems must therefore necessarily impose and retain strict power controls on all transmissions, with this being particularly important in relation to transmissions from mobile communication devices. Unfortunately, CDMA systems are prone to operational instability in the face of "rogue mobiles" in close proximity to base station transceivers and which rogues mobiles transmit at high power levels. As will now be appreciated, high-powered transmissions from the rogue mobile will swamp the universal frequency carrier and therefore corrupt information bearing chips, with this effect known as the "near-far" problem. Indeed, the near-far problem can ripple-through and potentially unbalance the whole CDMA system to an extent where system-wide failure can result; this is clearly catastrophic for a network operator and must be avoided at all costs.
Other mechanisms that allow the radio spectrum to be utilised more efficiently include that concept of using lower bit-rate voice coders (termed "vo-coders"). Unfortunately, while increasing the number of available channels, low bit-rate vo-coders reduce the quality of the speech, and are hence less desirable to users because they impair the communication.
To date, infrastructure manufacturers (principally) have produced equipment that has separate receiver chains for each frequency in a CDMA system, i.e. different frequency carriers are applied to distinct receiver chains. This form of architecture is expensive to manufacture because each receiver chain must contain: a dedicated frequency oscillator for frequency down conversion; an intermediate frequency amplifier; an analog pass-band filter having a bandwidth appropriate for the frequency channel; a relatively low specification analog-to-distal (A/D) converter; and a back-end receiver channel having a digital filter and demodulation circuitry. As such, in order to allow a network operator some flexibility in system development, additional (and initially redundant) hardware may need to be incorporated into a base station at a time when it is unclear as to what (if any) additional blocks of frequency will subsequently be made available to the network operator. The architecture is therefore not only inflexible in terms of future system enhancement and development, but the provisioning of additional receiver chains increases the cost of the equipment, although its omission (while cheaper in the short term) may ultimately incur greater expense for the network operator as a consequence of the requirement for expensive in situ modification of a base station.
Alternatively, prior art wideband receivers utilise a local oscillator that down-converts incident radio frequency signals (in a mixer) to a range of selectable, intermediate frequencies. Again, the receiver chain will include an intermediate frequency amplifier and an analog filter, although the analogue filter will this time have a wide bandwidth commensurate with the bandwidth required to accommodate all possible frequency carriers. For example, the bandwidth of such a wideband filter would need to be at least 3.75 MHz in order to support three 1.25 MHz frequency carriers (ignoring the requirement for guard bands). However, in the alternative mechanism, a high specification (and therefore high-cost) A/D converter is required.
In relation to the alternative wideband mechanism of the prior art, only recent advances in filter technology (especially in relation to surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices) and A/D converter technology (particularly component manufacturing techniques) have made wideband architectures economically feasible and realisable. Notwithstanding the foregoing, multichannel receivers presently still have difficulty in efficiently meeting the requirements of TIA (Telecommunication Industry Association) interim standard IS-97 "Recommended minimum requirements for base stations . . . " because, in order to accommodate rogue mobiles, the system nevertheless requires sensitive gain-controlled and high specifications A/D converters.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,395 describes a system and method of communicating information within a digital communication system and especially a spread spectrum (code division multiple access) system. A receiver chain of the system contains a series arrangement of a receiver demodulator and an analog-to-digital converter, with this document providing background and framing the present invention in context.
EP-A-0 803 993 describes a transceiver arrangement that is arranged to switch traffic channels within spread spectrum beams of a satellite system. Specifically, a single frequency carrier supports a number of users, with processing restricted to individual channel recovery on that single carrier.
It would be desirable to produce relatively low-cost receiver chain for a communication device (such as a base station or a handset) that can accommodate multiple frequency carriers, while not employing the use of relatively circuitry or the physical duplication of the entire receiver chain for each carrier.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a receiver circuit for a communication device, the receiver circuit arranged to receive a plurality of carriers having relatively high but differing frequencies, the receiver circuit comprising: a frequency converter coupled to receive and arranged to down-convert the relatively high frequency carriers to a plurality of relatively low but differing frequency carriers; and a plurality of receiver chains response to the plurality of relatively low frequency carriers, the plurality of receiver chains each having a filter arranged to isolate selected ones of the plurality of relatively low frequency carriers.
In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a base station for a communication system having a universal frequency re-use scheme, the base station having a receiver circuit arranged to receive a plurality of modulated wideband carriers having relatively high but differing frequencies, the receiver circuit comprising: a frequency converter coupled to receive the plurality of modulated wideband carriers and arranged to down-convert the relatively high frequencies to a plurality of relatively low but differing frequency carriers; and a plurality of receiver chains response to the plurality of relatively low frequency carriers, the plurality of receiver chains each having a filter arranged to isolate selected ones of the plurality of relatively low frequency carriers.
In a preferred embodiment, the receiver circuit is arranged to receive at least three relatively high frequency carriers and wherein at least one of the receiver chains comprises a plurality of branches, each of the plurality of branches containing a filter arranged to isolate selected ones of the plurality of relatively low frequency carriers.
Preferably, the at least three relatively high frequency carriers occupy contiguous frequency bands, and wherein the plurality of branches contain filters that isolate carriers having a non-contiguous frequency band relationship therebetween and, more especially, a next but one frequency band relationship.
In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of isolating a plurality of carriers incident to a receiver of a radio frequency communication system having a universal frequency re-use pattern, the plurality of carriers having relatively high but differing frequencies, the method comprising the steps of: applying the plurality of carriers to a common frequency converter arranged to down-convert the relatively high frequencies to a plurality of relatively low but differing frequency carriers; and isolating selected ones of the plurality of relatively low frequency carriers by applying the plurality of relatively low frequency carriers to a plurality of receiver chains each having a dedicated band-pass filter.
The method preferably includes the step of isolating carriers by applying non-sequential carriers to a plurality of branches within the receiver chains.
Advantageously, therefore, the present invention provides a relatively low cost receiver chain that can be readily adapted to support a number of wideband carriers having stipulated frequency ranges. Moreover, the present invention has a flexible architecture that can accommodate subsequent carrier (channel) release. Furthermore, the partitioning of adjacent frequency channels between different branches of the receiver chain improves performance by enhancing isolation of potentially interfering signals.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram representing a sectorised cellular communication system having a universal re-use pattern;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a prior art receiver architecture for a single carrier frequency;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a prior art wideband receiver;
FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of a receiver configuration in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates still yet another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 illustrates a further embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 illustrates still yet a further embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram demonstrating a wideband signal recovery mechanism for a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Before discussing the present invention in detail, a brief explanation with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4 of the accompanying drawings will clarify the reader's understanding with respect to the problems and structures of the prior art.
Referring to FIG. 1, a block diagram of a prior art cellular communication system 10 is shown. In accordance with conventional techniques, the cellular communications system 10 comprises a plurality of cells 12-24 (shown in conventional hexagonal format). Considering the structure of cell 18 by way of example, cell 18 comprises a base station 26 typically located centrally within the cell to optimise coverage. The base station 26 contains a plurality of transceivers (not shown) that are individually assigned to serve one of the sectors (of which there are three: sector a, sector b and sector c) in cell 18. The base station may also include redundant transceiver equipment (not shown) that can be selectively switched on-line to mitigate against equipment failure.
Each of the sectors is serviced by a main antenna 34-38 and a diversity antennae 40-44. The main antenna and the diversity antenna for each sector may be appropriate for both transmit and receive functions, although for the sake of the present invention an explanation will be restricted to a receive function. Furthermore, each of the sectors 28-32 supports all available frequency carriers (f1, f2 and f3).
Each cell 12-24 also contains a plurality of communication devices 46-50; some of which may be mobile communication devices (e.g. a transportable unit for a car 50 or a hand-held cellular phone 48). Transmissions from the communication devices 46-50 are potentially received at all the main antennas 34-38 and all the diversity antennas 40-44 that interconnect (couple) signals into the base station 26. For example, communication device 48 is shown to have two alternative transmission paths 52-54 to the main and diverse antennas of sector A (reference numeral 28). Therefore, by providing a diverse route for the signal, the communication system mitigates against the effects of multi-path and fading. A rogue mobile 46 can be seen to be in close proximity to the main antenna 38 of sector C (reference numeral 32).
Turning attention to FIG. 2, a hardware block diagram of a carrier frequency signal path in a prior art receiver chain 70 is shown. More specifically, in the receiver chain 70, an antenna of a base station (e.g. main antenna 34 of CDMA base station 26 of FIG. 1) receives suitably modulated radio frequency signals 52 that fall incident on the antenna 34. The modulated RF signals 52 are down converted to a predetermined intermediate frequency through a conventional mixer 72 and local oscillator 74 arrangement. The local oscillator 74 has a limited frequency generation capability and is restricted to supplying a single mixing frequency 75 complementary to one of the carrier frequencies, f1, f2 or f3. Although not shown for the sake of clarity, a receive filter (or diplexer) and a receive amplifier are usually located between the antenna 34 and the mixer 72.
An intermediate frequency signal 76, derived from the mixing frequency 75 and output from mixer 72, is amplified in an intermediate frequency amplifier 78 before being filtered in a band-pass filter 80. The band-pass filter 80 has a bandwidth corresponding to the bandwidth of the frequency carrier, e.g. 1.25 MHz for an IS-95 CDMA system. The filter 80 removes unwanted portions of the radio spectrum and therefore isolates the carrier frequency of interest. A filtered signal 82 that emerges from the filter 80 is then subjected to a digital conversion process in an A/D converter 84, with a digital representation 86 of the wanted signals then applied to a receive channel demodulator 88. The receive channel demodulator 88 is further responsive to similarly processed signals for the wanted receive frequency that have been otherwise received by the diversity antenna 40 of sector A (indicated as Ad) together with representations of the wanted signal received by the main and diversity antennas located in the adjacent sectors, i.e. sectors B and C of the cell 18. The function of the receive channel demodulator 88 is to recover information from the modulated signals supplied thereto by the path between the main antennas 34-38 and the diversity antennas 40-44.
In relation to the signal paths of a wanted signal, the nomenclature Bm has been adopted in indicate the sector and antenna derivation of the signal. Therefore, Bm indicates that the signal originates from the main antenna (m) of sector B. while Cd means that the wanted signal originates from the diversity path of sector C.
Where appropriate, components common to the various drawing figures share a common reference numerals.
Referring now to the block diagram and architecture of FIG. 3, in which there is shown a prior art wideband receiver 100. In a similar vein to the architecture of FIG. 2, suitably modulated RF signals 102 are down converted to an intermediate frequency in a mixer 72 and local oscillator 104 arrangement. Unlike FIG. 2, the local oscillator 104 of FIG. 3 generates a mixing frequency 106 that down-converts received RF signals to a band of frequency selectable intermediate frequencies that are subsequently amplified in intermediate frequency amplifier 78. An output from the intermediate frequency amplifier 78 is then filtered in a saw filter device 108 that possesses a wide bandwidth. For example, the saw filter device 108 may have a central frequency of 73.75 MHz for an IS-97 CDMA system and a bandwidth of 3.75 MHz (ignoring guard band requirements). Following isolation of a signal spectrum having a relatively wide bandwidth, an auto-ranging IF-sampling ADC (such as AD6640 device manufactured by Analog Devices) converts incident analog signals into corresponding digitised representations. It is only after digitisation that the wideband signal is converted into separate channels (through the use of a digital filter 112). Therefore, isolation of each carrier (corresponding to the frequency carriers, f1, f2 or f3, of the system) only occurs at the output from the digital filter 112, with each carrier then applied to a dedicated demodulator 114-118. As will now be appreciated, the intermediate frequency wideband (SAW) filter 108 must necessarily possess excellent intermodulation product performance, and is typically realised by an IF gain strip post "close-in" SAW filter. As will also be understood, the auto-ranging IF-sampling A/D 110 is clearly a high performance device that samples at a high bit-rate to maximise dynamic range, while an associated wideband automatic gain control circuit (not shown) must possess an ability to separate small step-size increments. Unfortunately, this wideband configuration has proven to have insufficient compliance in the face of both uncleared frequency blocks (e.g. frequency blocks containing interference) or in the face of a rogue mobile that is transmitting on one of more of the available carrier frequencies. Indeed, a single channel could conceivably have a margin (e.g. between 10 dB and 20 dB) on IS-97 for blocking at offsets of 1250 kHz and larger, giving rise to a co-ordination ability.
With regard to FIG. 4, an improved receiver path arrangement constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown. For the purposes of explanation only, the preferred embodiment of the present invention is described in relation to a receive module for a CDMA communication network having three contiguous frequency carriers spread across a five MHz bandwidth. In practice, this means that each communication carrier nominally has a 1.25 MHz useable bandwidth bounded by 0.675 MHz guard bands.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention utilises a single local oscillator operable to convert received frequencies to intermediate frequencies, whereby cross-talk between multiple synthesisers is eliminated. In this respect, the present invention has a front end similar to the wideband receiver chain of FIG. 3.
Looking in detail at the diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, incident RF signals 54 are received by antenna (such as main antenna 34) and routed, via a radio frequency filter or diplexer 130 to an amplifier 132. Received signals are amplified by amplifier 132 before being fed to a six-way splitter 134.
As will be appreciated, use of diplexer (or circulator) enables the antenna to be used for transmission as well as reception of suitably modulated RF signals and accommodates the integration of a power amplifier into the circuit, while the six-way splitter 134 provides representations of the received signals to other reception paths within the base station. In this latter respect, the six-way splitter 134 hence endows the base station with an ability to provide a soft hand-over capability, whereby a mobile communication device can be retained on an antenna of a particular sector notwithstanding that the mobile communication device has, during an on-going communication, moved from one sector to a different sector. In this way, the communication system is seen to provide a seamless transmission, during hand-over, while the communication system also benefits from not having to implement excessive changeovers for mobiles operating along sector boundaries.
Returning the FIG. 4, in a similar way to the prior art architecture of FIG. 3, the preferred embodiment of the present invention utilises a single oscillator 104 that provides a mixing frequency 106 for application to a mixer 72. The mixer 72 causes down-conversion of the incident RF signals 54 to an acceptable band of intermediate frequency signals 108. Following down-conversion, the band of intermediate frequency signals 108 can be amplified in an intermediate frequency amplifier 78, with an output from the intermediate frequency amplifier 78 being split (in a three-way splitter 139, as appropriate) and individually applied to separate and distinct band-pass filters 140-144. The individual band-pass filters each have a narrow bandwidth that is centred about one of the assigned frequency carriers in the assigned block of spectrum. The pass-band nature of each of the individual filters 140-144 therefore isolates each frequency carrier prior to an information bearing modulated signal of each carrier being digitised in conventional (and relatively low cost) A/D converters 146-150, similar in construction to the A/D converter of FIG. 1. Digitised representations 152-156 of each of the information-bearing channel carriers are then applied to individual and separate demodulators 158-162 for recovery of encoded information.
The three-way splitter 139 will introduce a signal loss of 4.7 dB, as will be appreciated. Additionally, in relation to the architecture of FIG. 4, it will be appreciated that the three-way splitter coupled be substituted for a four way-splitter in which one of its outputs is terminated to ground through a suitable load, such as a resistor. Generally, the hybrid splitter arrangement of FIG. 4 is realised by a succession of cascaded splitters that operate to isolate the various frequency signals, with each successive cascade causing additional signal loss proportional to the number of branches provided as outputs from the splitter.
In relation to the construction of the in-line filters, a 1.25 MHz bandwidth IF filtering specification can be met by a low-loss, temperature-stable quartz SPUDT-type SAW filter having an operating frequency of approximately 70 MHz, while the downstream effects caused by intermodulation are minimal. Additionally, the circuit can operate with a 30 decibel (dB) gain between the antenna and each ADC (of which approximately half, i.e. 15 dB, is required after the SAW device. Additionally, the filter should preferably have performance rejection figures approximating to a −26 dB stopband beyond a ±1.25 MHz offset from mid-band (i.e. ±625 kHz from the pass-band edges) and an attenuation of −80 dB at the aliasing frequencies. Generally, in-line ADCs, implemented as AD6600s, would be clocked at 19.6608 MHz.
The architecture of FIG. 4 therefore provides a receiver module capable of providing a receive radio frequency carrier selection for three contiguous CDMA carriers covering, for example, a 3.75 MHz PCS allocation. Typically, each relatively narrow bandwidth filters 110-114 is implemented as a SAW device, while the A/D converters (or "ADCs") are implemented in conventional ADC strip technology. Indeed, the circuit configuration of FIG. 4 is IS-97 compliant with a 10 dB margin on single tone desens and spurious intermodulation attenuation for up to three RF carriers, while the circuit does not require that the entire 5 MHz bandwidth (for a three carrier system) be cleared prior to hardware deployment. Furthermore, the circuit maintains effective operation (without impairment of reception capabilities) even in the face of co-carrier interferers jamming any two of the available carriers (in a three-carrier system).
The present invention therefore provides several advantages over a wideband receiver in that multiple spectrum blocks can easily be provided (subject to diplexer bandwidth limitations), while the arrangement is inherently more compatible with initially uncleared spectrum. Specifically, while the receiver module front end has a simplified single oscillator arrangement, processing of the received signals and isolation of individual frequency carriers, at an intermediate frequency, is achieved by discrete chains comprising a narrowband filter, an A/D converter and a receiver demodulator. These chains are easily manufactured on a modular basis, and can be programmed (in accordance with known techniques) to address and decode specific frequency carriers.
The packaging of the receiver modules further saves costs in that the co-location of the filters and the ADCs is more easily fabricated, with the filters and the ADCs having a relatively low specification and hence a relatively low cost. Additionally, as a general consequence of the infrastructure being relatively inexpensive, implementation of CDMA type technology is encouraged. Moreover, the present invention provides several advantages over single carrier receivers in that there is a lower cost and size for carrier counts of two or more (obtained through the elimination of duplicated circuitry), with a close to cost parity with respect to single carrier usage.
A further enhancement to the basic principle of the present invention is shown in FIG. 5. Rather than providing a common intermediate frequency amplifier, intermediate frequency signals 108 are each feed through separate paths (but at least two paths provided by a single, two-way frequency splitter 169) to be amplified by parallel, wide bandwidth intermediate frequency amplifiers 170-172 that feed separate receiver branches 174-176, respectively. Again, it is only after intermediate frequency amplification that the individual carriers are isolated by discrete band-pass filters 178-188 which then feed dedicated A/D converters assigned to each carrier (in an identical fashion to the arrangement of FIG. 4). Again, an auto-ranging IF-sampling ADC (such as the AD6600) would be suitable fir use in the circuit of FIG. 5. The arrangement of the discrete band-pass filters 178-188 in the separate receiver branches 174-176 is structured such that the odd or even carriers are separated between each of the receiver branches 174-176, i.e. each filter is separated from any adjacent filter by a carrier spacing of one carrier. In other words, the branches (and hence the receiver chains) are responsible for processing non-sequential carriers. In this way, the enhanced structure afforded by FIG. 5 ensures that the filters substantially do not interact by ensuring that: i) each filter characteristic has ostensibly tailed-off before cross-over of adjacent filter characteristics; and ii) filter interactions caused by reflections from subsequent components in the receiver chain are minimised.
Since a frequency "gap" exists between adjacent channel filters, the embodiment of FIG. 5 allows these filters to be driven, if desired, by a single amplifier within each branch. Indeed, unlike the embodiment of FIG. 4 that typically realises the 3-way splitter 139 as a transformer-based hybrid splitter, FIG. 5 has reduced signal loss as a consequence of merely having to provide a conventional (non-hybrid) two-way split with 3 dB signal reflection.
The structure of FIG. 5 can therefore reduce manufacturing costs by allowing the use of lower specification filters, while still providing a low complexity solution. Particularly, the circuit arrangement of FIG. 5 is devoid of a hybrid splitter, and so there is an associated cost saving and saving in circuit board area. Additionally, the elimination of a hybrid splitter prevents a loss in signal power provided at an output stage of an amplifier associated therewith.
Clearly, the concept behind FIG. 5 could be extended to provide three or more separate receiver branches, with the isolation between each filter still further improved by having a sequential assignment of carrier bands between each set of filters fed from a common intermediate frequency amplifier, i.e. a first common IF amplifier could serve carriers f1, f4 and f7, while a second common IF filter could serve carrier f2, f5 and f8, etc.
A further embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 6 in which intermediate frequency signals 108 are applied to different branches 174-176 prior to being amplified in IF amplifiers 170-172. A first branch 174 includes a first band-pass filter 190 having a central operating frequency of approximately 73.75 MHz and a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 MHz. Following filtering, second carrier signals 192, centred about the operating frequency of the first band-pass filter, are amplified in a first narrowband amplifier 194 before being applied to a series combination of a filter 196, a first ADC 198 and a second channel demodulator 200. In the second branch 176, following IF amplification, amplified IF signals are applied to parallel IF second 202 and third 204 band-pass filters. The second bandpass filter 202 has a central operating frequency of approximately 72.50 MHz and a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 MHz, while the third bandpass filter 204 has a central operating frequency of approximately 75.00 MHz and a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 MHz. Outputs from both the second 202 and third band-pass filters are each applied to respective variable attenuators 206-208. Following attenuation, the carrier signals are combined at node 210 before being applied to a second narrowband amplifier 212. First and third carrier signals 214 are then applied in series to a filter 216 and a second ADC 218. After conversion to digital representations, first and third carrier signals are applied to discrete, parallel channel demodulators 220-222. In this way, the first and third carriers share a common digitising circuit.
The first ADC 198 and the second ADC 218 are responsive to a clock 224 generating, for example, an operating frequency reference of 19.6608 MHz.
In the structure of FIG. 6, a central carrier (at 73.75 MHz) is digitised by the first ADC 298, while carriers either side of this central carrier are digitised in the second ADC 218. The filter characteristics for FIG. 6 are similar to those described in relation to FIGS. 4 and 5. First and third carrier signals are summed together via the variable attenuators that function to allow one of the filter outputs to be attenuated in the case of excessive jamming.
Clearly, the variable attenuators of FIG. 6 could be substituted for switches that function to terminate a signal path. Additionally, while separate ADCs 198 and 218 are shown, the skilled addressee will appreciate that, after filtering and prior to digitisation, the carrier signals could be combined. Consequently, one of the ADC could be eliminated provided that the remaining ADC operated in a multiplexed fashion. Without using a faster ADC, this configuration would however more an image closer to the passband, and could therefore adversely affect attenuation.
Turning now to FIG. 7, a further embodiment of the present invention is shown. FIG. 7 has a similar structure to that of FIG. 6, but all carriers (from both branches 174-176) are combined in a summing unit 240. Unlike the configuration of FIG. 6, the second carrier signal applied to the first bandpass filter 190 is also applied to a variable attenuator 242 in parallel with the variable attenuators used for the first and third carriers. Following summing of the signals in summing unit 240, a combined signal is applied in series to an amplifier 246, a band-pass filter 248 that rejects image noise (specifically by attenuating noise from amplifier 246 at image frequencies) and an auto-ranging IF-sampling ADC 250. The ADC 250 then separates individual carrier signals for application to respective channel demodulators 200, 220-222.
As will be appreciated, if the band-pass filters of FIG. 7 are realised by SPUDT SAW filters (that do not have a linear phase), the circuit of FIG. 7 would require there to be an appropriate offset in the phases of the filters to ensure that these phases aligned at the band edges of the filter parameters. In this respect, for a two or three carrier design (having two or three filters, respectively) this phase offset can be accomplished independent of an absolute delay incurred through the band-pass filters.
Generally, the ADCs of the preferred embodiment of the present invention all operate by over-sampling. As will be understood by the skilled addressee, over-sampling is beneficial because it reduces filter cost by reducing the effects of channel images from each of the individual band-pass (carrier) filters. In the instances of a shared bank-end (occurring with the recombination of the carrier signals, such as shown in FIG. 7), time sharing of the receiver path is required
FIG. 8 is another variant based on FIG. 7. In the embodiment of FIG. 8 offers a programmable strip arrangement by providing programmable switches for carrier isolation. Specifically, pairs of programmable switches 260-270 isolate the band-pass filters 280-284 from a receiver path, and hence can eliminate the effects of a rogue mobile transmitting on one of the carriers. The programmable switches 260-270 are typically operationally responsive to a microprocessor 271 (with only one connection to switch 262 indicated for the sake of clarity). Furthermore, unlike the previous embodiments, the band-pass filters 280-284 have differing bandwidths ranging from approximately 1.25 MHz through 2.50 MHz to 3.75 MHz. Consequently, the use of non-identical filters therefore requires accurate matching of the phases of each filter.
FIG. 9 is a further enhancement of the basic structure of the embodiment of FIG. 8, although in the case of FIG. 9 all band-pass filters revert to a uniform bandwidth centred on each carrier frequency. Isolation of the individual receive paths for each of the carriers is still achieved through the use of switches, although in this embodiment only a single switch is provided after each band-pass filter 190, 202-204. To achieve a high attenuation, the band-pass filters are arranged in branches that service non-adjacent carrier signals, as in FIG. 5.
Briefly turning to FIG. 10, a flow diagram demonstrating a wideband signal recovery mechanism for a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown. At step 280, incident carrier signals at relatively high frequencies are received by the receiver (or transceiver) equipment. These incident signals are down-converted 282 to respective (and relatively low-level) frequency carriers by a common frequency down-converter. Following generation of, typically, intermediate frequency signals (rather than baseband signals), the low frequency carrier signals are preferably isolated (in accordance with FIG. 5, for example) by applying non-sequential carriers to different receiver branches (step 284). Individual (and frequency distinct) low frequency carriers are then applied, at step 286, to dedicated receiver chains having associated band-pass (or functionally equivalent) filters. Data encoded within (i.e. modulated onto) the carrier can finally be recovered (step 288) by associated channel demodulator/receiver back-end circuitry.
In summary, the present invention advantageously allows reception of a block of radio frequency carriers in a single circuit module, while satisfying the performance requirements of IS-97 on each individual radio frequency carrier. Additionally, the preferred embodiment of the present invention accomplishes isolation of multiple wideband carriers without requiring free-configuration with respect to a number of carriers to be received, and therefore addresses and resolves problems associated with uncleared spectrum. Moreover, the present invention advantageously provides a modular receiver that can be scaled for a frequency block allocation of 5 MHz or larger, e.g. 15 MHz. Furthermore, use of separate intermediate frequency filters and separate A-D converters for each radio frequency carrier eliminates the possibility of receive channel blocking problems when operated in single or dual channel modes.
Clearly, the improved receiver path architecture of the preferred embodiments of the present invention can be utilised within the generic system configuration shown in FIG. 1.
It will, of course, be appreciated that the above description has been given by way of example only and that modification in detail may be made within the scope of the present invention. For example, while the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described in relation to a CDMA system (and especially a PCS environment), the present invention is clearly applicable to other communication systems, such as paging and TDM systems and universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), that have spectrum subsequently released or cleared for their use. Indeed, the architecture of the present invention is particularly and equally suited to other present or future protocols having 5 MHz-wide digitiser/carrier modules and a universal frequency re-use pattern. Furthermore, while the embodiments of the present invention have generally been in relation to a three-carrier system, it will of course be appreciated that the concepts can be extended to wideband and narrowband systems having two carriers or more carriers that three.
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text:
Bills' trailblazer expects more women in coaching business [1:41 AM]
New York Post reports: '"It's really just been an amazing opportunity more than anything. I got into sports. I got into football. Obviously, you want to grow your role. You want to go into the next thing. It's an entry-level coaching position. I'm going to start here on the coaching track and go from here."'
Bills new female coach Kathryn Smith 'surprised' by sideline hire [1:40 AM]
New York Daily News reports: '"There are so many other females in very important roles in football organizations, whether it's in administration, athletic trainers, public relations, so many departments have women," Smith added. "Kim Pegula, for example, is our owner. I'm an entry level coach. So yes I might be the first coach, but I'm not the only woman in the building or dealing with the coaches or players on a daily basis. So that's how I'm looking at it."'
Meet Kathryn Smith, the NFL's first female full-time assistant coach [1:39 AM]
USA Today reports: '"She wasn't the best player on those teams, but she worked as hard as anybody and was respected as much as anybody," Wleklinski said. "It's great to see she continued to work hard while at St. John's and with the Jets and, now, the Bills."'
Bills gender-breaking assistant was 3-sport high school star [1:38 AM]
AP reports: '"She goes from being someone hard-working, doing the right stuff, to all of a sudden being the answer to a trivia question. And it couldn't happen to a nicer person," Wleklinski added. "You couldn't have foreseen this happening. I don't think anybody could. But all that we are is just proud in knowing that she worked hard to get to where she is. She earned this."'
Jen Welter had conversation with Bills, still confident in NFL chances [1:37 AM]
ESPN reports: '"You always wonder what results your sacrifices, your work and your efforts will allow to happen, and this has happened in very real time, and I think it's exciting."'
Radio host beside himself over the Bills' hiring of woman as an assistant coach [1:36 AM]
Fox Sports reports: 'Because you can't have an NFL head coach who's never played football, can you? Well, actually, you can, if he's a man. Todd Haley, now the Steelers' offensive coordinator, became head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs even though he never played organized football, not even in high school.'
What you need to know about Kathryn Smith and her new role [1:35 AM]
WGR-AM reports: 'Quality Control Coach is often a thankless, tireless job. They aren't the coaches who ever get their name in headlines. Long hours are put in staring at computer entries and having to pay attention to minute details. But it's a very important position all teams rely upon in all three phases of the game. It's an entry-level coaching position that allows those who stick with it and do a good job to possibly move into roles as a position coach, and maybe go on from there.'
20 draft pass rushers to know for Bills, Part 2 [1:34 AM]
WKBW-TV reports: 'The second five of 20 edge rushers to know when it comes to the Bills...'.
Kathryn Smith taking pioneer coaching status in stride [1:33 AM]
BuffaloBills.com reports: '"I was surprised at first, but I also know Rex really puts a lot of faith in his staff and his people, so from that standpoint it made sense knowing I've worked with Rex directly and indirectly for a number of years," said Smith. "So he knows my work ethic and what I've done in the past, but it was a bit surprising that he came to me with this."'
A look at Bills' restricted free agents [1:59 AM]
Buffalo News reports: 'A restricted free agent can sign a contract offer from another team, but if their original team – in this case, the Bills – offered a one-year qualifying offer at a price determined by the NFL, that original team would have the right to match whatever contract offer the player receives, or possibly be entitled to draft-pick compensation, depending on the amount of the qualifying offer they made.'
Bills make NFL history by hiring first full-time female assistant coach [1:58 AM]
Buffalo News reports: 'The Bills did not make Smith available to the media Wednesday night, nor did they include any comments from her in their release. A team spokesman said he planned to talk with her in "upcoming days" and guessed the earliest she would address reporters would be at some point after the Super Bowl, which is scheduled for Feb. 7.'
Former All-Pro Darren Woodson sees some Deion in Bills CB Stephon Gilmore [1:57 AM]
Buffalo News reports: 'Gilmore plays a premium position in today's pass-happy NFL — cover corners are rare. So the question is, do the Bills pay him like an elite cornerback? One of the greats believes so because he sees Deion-like traits in Gilmore. Five-time Pro Bowler Darren Woodson views Gilmore as at least a "top 6" cornerback who is "absolutely" in the upper echelon.'
Rex Ryan needed to convince Ed Reed's son, a Pats fan, on coaching in Buffalo [1:56 AM]
Buffalo News reports: '"You just have to be able to relate to guys," Reed said. "Relate to players, relate to the person. I've been running my football camp for 14 years, and coaching kids, and trying to help kids out. I mentored a bunch of guys on every level --- high school, college and pros. So I think I've already been a coach for that matter.'
Bills' LeSean McCoy: Rex Ryan is 'laid back,' where Chip Kelly 'dictates how eve [1:55 AM]
Buffalo News reports: '"His thing is how you approach the game. He's monitoring everything, where Rex is more if it's a big game against whatever team — you know how important this game is, I shouldn't have to tell you to study, I shouldn't have to tell you to get in your playbook, I shouldn't have to tell you those types of things. You shouldn't be out late, you should be already mentally focused for this game. Chip's more on you. He has his thing with the sleep and different things. They're obviously a lot different but they all have the same goal."'
Bills DB report card: A bright spot on defense [1:54 AM]
Rochester D&C reports: 'As the Bills look ahead to 2016, they can at least take solace in the fact that they are set at this key position (though Gilmore is in the final year of his contract and needs to be extended) and they can take aim at safety and linebacker to improve the defense.'
Bills make history, hire NFL's first full-time female coach [1:53 AM]
Rochester D&C reports: 'Smith takes the place of Michael Hamlin, who was relieved of his duties shortly after the 2015 season ended. Smith has worked 13 years in the NFL, the first 12 with the New York Jets, and last year with the Bills.'
Bills hire Kathryn Smith, a CBA grad, as first full-time female assistant in NFL [1:52 AM]
Syracuse Post Standard reports: 'Smith, whose official title is Quality Control-Special Teams, spent the 2015 season as the Bills' administrative assistant to the head coach. She has worked in the NFL for 13 seasons, 12 with the New York Jets (six with coach Rex Ryan).'
How Bills' Kathryn Smith, a CBA grad, became first female coach in NFL history [1:51 AM]
Syracuse Post Standard reports: 'The achievement is both admirable and historic, and Smith, 30, got here by climbing the NFL's proverbial ladder the way anyone else might. In fact, she did so without any sort of connection to the anyone in the league and with a glass ceiling in place because of her gender. This promotion was her way of breaking that glass ceiling for her and other women hoping to achieve similar status in the male-dominated NFL.'
Rex Ryan had to sell Ed Reed's son, a Patriots fan, on his dad coaching Bills [1:50 AM]
Syracuse Post Standard reports: '"Well two days later — it wasn't the weekend — he called me and he was like, 'So what you thinking?' My son, he wasn't for it at first. He's actually a Patriots fan. So I was like, 'Coach, we got to sell my son a little bit more, man. You got to get him some gear.' And he was like, 'He can get whatever he wants.'"'
Bills hire NFL's first full-time female assistant coach [1:49 AM]
Toronto Sun reports: 'Most NFL teams have "quality control" assistants for offence, defence and special teams. These full-time positions are purely entry-level in terms of responsibilities; they usually involve a lot of gofer work.'
Bills hire NFL's first full-time female assistant coach [1:48 AM]
Washington Post reports: 'The league also had its first full-time female on-field official this season, having hired Sarah Thomas last spring.''
Bills hire first full-time female assistant coach in NFL history [1:47 AM]
New York Daily News reports: 'Rex Ryan is helping to break down gender barriers in the NFL.'
Rex Ryan, Bills hire NFL's first full-time female coach [1:46 AM]
New York Post reports: 'Rex Ryan and the Bills made the right kind of history Wednesday by hiring Kathryn Smith as its special teams quality coach, making her the NFL's first full-time female coach.'
Bills hire NFL's first female full-time assistant coach [1:45 AM]
USA Today reports: 'The Buffalo Bills have made NFL history.'
Bills hire NFL's first full-time female assistant coach [1:44 AM]
AP reports: '"Congrats Kathryn!! I know you will do a great job," Incognito said in a post that included a thumb's up and smiley face.'
Bills break ground with first full-time female assistant coach [1:43 AM]
The Sports Xchange reports: '"I consulted with (Cardinals coach) Bruce Arians on this since he was really the first NFL head coach to make this kind of move when he hired a female linebackers coach through the summer," Ryan said. "You can see the success some of these young ladies are having in the coaching profession, such as the young lady that is an assistant to Coach (Gregg) Popovich at the San Antonio Spurs, and realize how exciting this is for women like Kathryn Smith as well as the Bills organization."'
Kathryn Smith hired by Bills as NFL's first full-time female coach [1:42 AM]
ESPN reports: '"You can see the success some of these young ladies are having in the coaching profession, such as the young lady that is an assistant to Coach (Gregg) Popovich at the San Antonio Spurs," Ryan said, referencing Spurs assistant coach Becky Hammon, the NBA's first full-time female coach, "and realize how exciting this is for women like Kathryn Smith as well as the Bills organization."'
Bills make NFL history, hire first-ever full-time female assistant coach [1:41 AM]
CBS Sports reports: '"I consulted with Bruce Arians on this since he was really the first NFL head coach to make this kind of move when he hired a female linebackers coach through the summer," Rex Ryan said in a statement. "You can see the success some of these young ladies are having in the coaching profession, such as the young lady that is an assistant to Coach (Greg) Popovich at the San Antonio Spurs, and realize how exciting this is for women like Kathryn Smith as well as the Bills organization."'
Bills Hire a Female Assistant Coach [1:40 AM]
WGR-AM reports: 'Smith was an administrative assistant to Ryan last season and also worked with the Bills coach in his final season with the New York Jets.'
Monos says Bills need another WR, leaves door open for Harvin return [1:39 AM]
WGR-AM reports: '"Percy Harvin was supposed to be a big help for us and we're still not sure what's going on. He's got to make some decisions here coming up. But we need to get somebody opposite of Sammy to be a real threat to that defense. I think that's a big key for our offense, to take one more step, and obviously Tyrod (Taylor), more experience, hopefully the better he gets."'
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text:
Phoneography, Anura I by arminmersmann2Watch
©2014-2016 arminmersmann2
iPhoneography, 1-11-14 #705 Anura I
I wondered about this one; then I read your explanation. Gorgeous shot!
its a bit to "normal" for what i am after in photography but i sure make me learn the craft better. Also how often do you have this kind of subject matter to work from ill see how strange these will morph into
OK how did i get this shot in the winter in Michigan...I work at a Museum and we opened a show called FROGS! A Chorus of Colors...so ill take more in the next then week fantastic creatures
So, is that a model, a taxidermied toad, or does the exhibit use live animals?
Right now at the museum where I work we have an an exhibit with 70 live frogs including the yellow poison dart frog which is the most poisonous frog in the world!
Now that's impressive! I sure hope it's not an interactive exhibit. 0.o
PS this frog is only in inch long most are very small but a few are the size of small dogs
Here is a link www.facebook.com/mcfta?ref=hl
Here is a link www.facebook.com/mcfta?ref=hl
it is but the the poisonous ones of course they are all are under glass


text:
In the cubicles and shop floors of any corporation, they call it sucking up, brown-nosing, polishing the apple, back-scratchin' boot-lickin' and even kissin' the ol' A. But at the boardroom level, it's called "sophisticated interpersonal influence."
And boy, does it work, according to academic research unveiled Monday.
"Corporate leaders are more likely to win board appointments...when employing subtle, but sophisticated, forms of flattery and opinion conformity," professors Ithai Stern of Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management and James Westphal of the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business, said in a press release.
Their research, "Stealthy Footsteps to the Boardroom: Executives' Backgrounds, Sophisticated Interpersonal Influence Behavior, and Board Appointments," appears in the most recent issue of Administrative Science Quarterly.
Based in part on interviews with 42 managers and chief executives of large U.S. companies, the study shows there is a right way, and a wrong way, to blow smoke up someone's skirt.
"If a person's behavior is interpreted as ingratiation, that individual is more likely to be seen as self-interested and selfish, cold and calculating, manipulative, weak, and untrustworthy," the study said.
Those with backgrounds in accounting, engineering, or finance were less likely to understand how blatant sycophancy can backfire:
"One director with a background in engineering replied, 'I'm not sure I follow you....I didn't know there was good or bad ingratiation. I guess it's all bad, or maybe it's all good. I don't know.'"
Those with backgrounds in politics, law and sales, on the other hand, had the art of subtle ingratiation down pat. People with upper-class upbringings also had a hand up on this skill over those who grew up in working-class homes.
The study's authors identified seven of the best tricks:
1) Disguise flattery as advice: "How were you able to close that deal so successfully?"
2) Argue before you agree: "At first, I didn't see your point, but it makes total sense now."
As one manager in the study put it: "If you keep saying, 'yes boss, I agree boss,' it looks like sucking up. If you appear to challenge the boss a bit before yielding — 'OK, you've convinced me, good point.' — the agreement seems more genuine."
3) Talk up the boss to others. "Complimenting someone to his face is kind of obvious brown-nosing, or at least suspect," one manager in the study said. "If you regularly say nice things about him to his friend, though, he...will almost always find out about it."
4) Pretend flattery isn't really flattery: "I don't want to embarrass you but your presentation was really top-notch."
5) Espouse common social values: "I'm the same way. I believe we should..." (insert boss' worldview and agenda here).
6) "Covertly learn...of manager's opinions from his/her contacts, and then conform."
7) Reference common affiliations, such as religion or political affiliation: "I watched the Republican National Convention last night. The keynote presented some great points."
People who master these skills not only control their own destiny, but the fates of others.
"Top managers who are capable of engaging in sophisticated forms of ingratiation may also exert more interpersonal influence over...security analysts, large investors, journalists and public officials," the study said.
Perhaps it's just another one of those studies that confirms in academic language what most of us on the street already know.
The people at the top are often just suck-ups. And despite all the years of banter about improving corporate governance, human capacity to select leaders remains comically flawed.
"People say many of the problems with companies occurred...because of the old boys' club," Stern said in an interview. "But we've seen an increase in the number of women on boards, and in the number of minorities, and nothing has really changed."
Al Lewis: firstname.lastname@example.com; 212-416-2617; or tellittoal.com


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Stephan Götz is cruising his BMX bike @ night. edit: http://www.facebook.com/actionshot.tv
What camera man? Amazing quality!
Sony FS700, amazing cam!
Not much riding, but the concept is just AWESOME, such a great idea! Loved the Movie, definitely enjoyed the video! Props
Love the movie, the idea and the execution. Good job!
I know the movie like it, and this VID just killed me...really Great job!
sick wall rides. awesome filming. sick.
needs more RIDING


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Alright so I just got into an Agricultural college in the Horse Husbandry course and since coming here....wow!
Now I am a TB person, Warmblood person and a the like.... Now in changing to stock horses! Woweee!Iver never hated them just not been into them and being around stock horse people (as is our study) and we train up our own stock horse, I love them! I will still do my dressage and all that but Stock Horses will open up a whole new avenue for me!
I bought Australia Stock Horse Magazine yesterday and was surprised to see... My College and my trainer, in it! Sends chills that I am able to ride under such great people and get instruction by them!
This is going to be a great year!


text:
Texas Oil Giants: Hands Off California's Green Energy Law
The giant oil companies want to keep holding American consumers hostage to expensive, polluting fuel. They've spent tens of millions to kill a clean energy plan in Congress, and now they're pumping millions more into an effort to kill California's groundbreaking clean energy law!
California passed one of the toughest anti-global warming laws in the world four years ago. It serves as a model for other states to hold polluters accountable and develop innovative clean energy sources, propelling California to the leader of the green economic movement.
But this landmark law is under attack by Texas oil companies. They're funding a Nov. 2 ballot proposition to kill it because they know this isn't just about one state. California's law is a milestone toward ending America's addiction to fossil fuels, and they don't want new competition from clean energy sources.
Those trying to kill the law – including Texas companies Valero Oil and Tesoro Corp. – are opening their war chests to the tune of $8.3 million in contributions so far.
They figure if they can gut clean energy laws in California it will cripple similar efforts around the country, and halt innovative, renewable energy alternatives for years to come. Consumers will continue to be at the mercy of Big Oil and the spiraling, unstable prices that come with that control.
Take action and tell the CEOs of the Texas oil companies behind Prop 23 that you stand with the people of California and their right to a cleaner, greener future.
Consumers Union of United States started this petition with a single signature, and now has 13,438 supporters. Start a petition today to change something you care about.
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Personal Renamer - Easy file renaming
File renamer, Folder monitor. All in one.293 weekly downloads
The simplest free web browser96 weekly downloads
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App for Downloading mp3 Files Hyperlinked in Webpages42 weekly downloads
Quick hide
Don't you feel sick every time trying to enable "show hidden files" and especially when a virus doesn't allow you to? well... I do. So I published a SUPER simple and SUPER handful application to deal with this problem.(remember to refresh explorer)34 weekly downloads
ActiveLock is an open-source copy protection, software licensing framework for all development enviroments supporting COM+ architecture. Core DLL available in VB2008 and VB6. Samples in C++, C#, Excel/Access VBA and keygens in PHP, ASP.NET available.20 weekly downloads
PATHOS-WEB Pathology Information System
PATHOS-WEB is a complete package for use in Anatomic Pathology and Cytology LABs. SNOMED Pathology Microglossary is fully integrated enabling automatic coding. Fast and accurate search capabilities, export data or search results and digital imaging...5 weekly downloads
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Ever wish you could make a virtual hard drive on your computer? What If I told you, you can! Masterdrive is one of the only Virtual hard Drive creators for Windows and you can get it totally free! Only With NTI's MasterDrive!10 weekly downloads
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Wallpaper changer can change wallpaper after an delay, boost system performance [on XP], show calendar, moon state, reminder, and memory state and famous quote. Based on .NET Framework 4.02 weekly downloads
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Convert and translate full text document into Binary and vice-versa.2 weekly downloads
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Root simplifier2 weekly downloads
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Lock your computer with a pretty image/video without admin permissions with lock me you can lock your computer any where you want without needing admin permission VISIT HTTP://965MODS.CO.UK FOR HELP, SUPPORT AND LATEST RELEASE NEWS1 weekly downloads
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jwb aka Johnny's Web Browser is a free and open source web-browser that implement .NET framework classes only. Works with all Windows version with .NET framework components installed. It is distributed under GPL.1 weekly downloads
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A Program with All Lots of Feature1 weekly downloads
Palmpass XML Auto Update
Automatically update the latest palmpass xml and 3xpalm xml. Auto Merging two files. Auto Extract. Support Proxy!!1 weekly downloads


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"You could see the last two races, Dovi on the new bike with the latest spec and me on the old one. Very similar" - Nicky Hayden.
DM52.....nicely put.
@Codger - "manufacturers normally don't let a rider that is leaving the fold anywhere near the new stuff !?!! " When the new stuff is indistinguishable from the old stuff I suppose this is less of a concern.
I think Ducati have their heads in the sand - sending Milandri to a therapist rather than admit the front end was all wrong? Come on Ducati - you have some of the most gifted designers and engineers in the world and a top-class, hard working rider! Give Nicky what he wants for the rest of the year then watch him blitz past Cal on a satellite (insert any number of manufacturers/teams here) in 2014...
@Realist 'Someone' did win a World Championship on a Duc. Im not saying Stoner should come back, but u never know when who or how 'someone' that no one expects could turn things around. Ducati is unique, it needs a unique rider, someone unorthodox. Now who could that be? I dont know...
Codger agree that it's surprising to see Hayden trying the newer version of the Duc but sounds like he already tried it before but didn't think it was much better, guess he changed his mind. If they develop one for next year I'm sure he won't get a chance to try it. DM5 I agree with your points but I believe the JBs comments about mounting points should have been included in the current version of the Duc and if not Audi is worse than the previous owner group.
I think that Rossi has headed Ducati in the right direction but unfortunately they don't have the frame knowledge as the Japanese teams hence they're always catching up and obviously haven't by their results. I'm sure if Rossi was younger he would have stayed with Ducati to figure it and believe he would have if they commited the $ and appropriate R&D to it. However, Ducati's snail pace to make changes just makes them fall further back to the top teams.
Just bring back the frameless alumi bike. It's pointless to chase down the japanese at their own game, the only way Ducati is going to come up on top again is to develop their own idea, and then apply pressure to get a tire that works with it.
@ amakusaI'm aware that "someone" did, but someone also survived jumping out of a plane with no parachute, but most don't. My point is that the bike is flawed in a major way, and it has been proven time and time again. Trying to blame the rider is just silly. Even if "another someone" came and managed to do well, it won't change the fact that the bike is problematic.
overated Italian garbage
Everyone here is talking about the frame, and how they should go back to CF frame and do this and do that. I'll tell you this from an engineer's point of view. composites are not ideal when it come down to having a certain amount of flex dial into a chassis. See Carbon or Fiber Glass,go through curing process which cause the resin to harden therefore becoming very rigid. Aluminum on the other hand is more manageable, you can tune it for more flexibility or rigidity easier the any other composite out here. Remember guys a bikes chassis is an extension of the suspension it acts like a springboard when the bike is leaning on the curves. Just a thought.
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text:
Muk Luks Men's Dave Scuff Slipper Reviews
Rated 3.8 out of 5 by 12reviewers.
Rated 4 out of 5 by emblue fur makes them tight I ordered the size my boyfriend usually wears but it was too small and tight around the toes due to the fur I think. January 2, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5 by NJshoeperson These slippers are very comfortable. May 5, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by MaryVR Great Deals on Slippers The slippers are very nice. Great to give as gifts or keep for yourself. Love the speed that they came in. No work at all for me. My son thinks that they're very comfortable. Would recommend them to everybody. Cost wasn't bad either December 17, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by smokeypoke the back of this slipper is great for my husband. any other slipper he doesn't wear properly he always walks on and flattens out the back of the heel. December 17, 2013


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A different edifice is explored daily as part of New York Architecture and Design Month—take the chance to poke around the new Queens Museum (Oct 19 noon–1pm; sold out), the Guggenheim (Oct 21 noon–1pm; free with museum admission), the renovated Brooklyn Historical Society (Oct 22 noon–1pm; $10) and the United Nations headquarters (Oct 24 1–2pm; $25). Various locations, times and prices; visit archtober.org for details.
Archtober Building of the Day
Photograph: © Peter Mauss/Esto Shake Shack
Photograph: Image courtesy of Renzo Piano Building Workshop in collaboration with Cooper A rendering of the Whitney Museum of American Art's new building in Chelsea
Photograph: Alexa Hoyer Brooklyn Bridge Park
|Event website:


text:
What does AZO stand for?
What does AZO mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: AZO.
We've found a total of 4 definitions for AZO:
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Autozone, Inc.
Alpha Zeta Omega
Kalamazoo - Battle Creek International Airport, Kalamazoo, Michigan USA
Atomic Zone Overkill
What does AZO mean?
- azo(adj)
- relating to or containing the azo radical
Still can't find the acronym definition you were looking for? Use our Power Search technology to look for more unique definitions from across the web!
"AZO." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 7 Feb. 2016. <http://www.abbreviations.com/AZO>.


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Up one level: Coast Province


text:
Derpy Quilava x2~! by Bubble-RhapsodyWatch
©2013-2016 Bubble-Rhapsody
This is adorable!
Cutest derpy Pokemon I ever saw! Great job. ^^
so fluffy~
Gahh tooo cute~ <3
aww cute
They look so fuzzy! I wants one their so cute X3
Yay!!!! They are so cute, I can't wait till mine gets here!
omygosh they're adorable! :3
All the wants! They are the cutest plushies I have ever seen!
omg DO WANT
Adorable !!!
Love it! Their tails and head pieces are perfect! how did you keep them stiff?
Oooh con stock I think I might buy one at Youmacon then
D'aww that is really adorable X3
i'm in love


text:
"Meow Compilation" highlights best cat-video moments of YouTube
Related stories:
Internet Cat Video Film Festival purrs into Minnesota
Lil Bub's dude Mike Bridavsky on his celebrity cat's star quality
Here we are, still trying to calm down from the excitement of the Internet Cat Video Film Festival, and someone's gotta send us back into a kitty tizzy.
According to the Daily Dot, there's a cat video that just may end all cat videos. YouTube user Compilariz has created a "Meow Compilation," showcasing some of the best cat-video moments since the beginning of ye olde YouTube.
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text: Featured comments + Add comment Comments (5) Featured Ilovetheps4 "Kingdom Hearts is one of my favorite series. It's just so much fun, but they chose a good number one. Super Smash Bros is a great series that is a fun game to play when you have friends over. It's simplistic, yet it can use a lot of strategy. And it also has..." 1191d ago Blastoise "I think Kingdom hearts is kind of a wasted opportunity, having played them all I haven't really had fun since Kindgom Hearts 1. And Melee was loads better than Brawl :D " 1191d ago mulder1617 "Now that Disney bought LucasArts I wonder if they will add Star Wars characters to the next Kingdom Hearts? LOL! :) " 1191d ago