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Catalogue Number: NW6-3U38
- Author: Julia Donaldson
- Format: Paperback
- Publisher: Pan Macmillan
- Published: 11 August 2000
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- Edition: New ed
- Total Pages: 32
- Genre: General fiction (Children's Teenage)
- Secondary Genre: Picture books
- Illustrations: colour and b&w illustrations
Can butterfly help little monkey find his mum? Yes, finally, but only after a lot of trial and error as butterfly misunderstands monkey's descriptions and leads him to all sorts of unsuitable animals.

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Garcia homers in return, but Tigers crush Sox
DETROIT — Two things went right for the White Sox on Friday night.
First, Avisail Garcia homered and tripled in his first game back after a five-day layoff. Also, despite poor forecasts and the presence of a persistent drizzle throughout, the White Sox and Detroit Tigers weren't once delayed and completed all nine innings, thus avoiding the potential for a Saturday doubleheader.
The positives were severely limited beyond that in a 12-5 White Sox loss to the Detroit Tigers at Comerica Park. The White Sox committed two more errors as they lost for the eighth time in 10 games and 17th in their last 21.
Max Scherzer also got enough run support to earn his 20th victory.
[MORE: Ventura hopes to manage Sox beyond 2014]
But at the least Garcia made Scherzer pay for hanging a breaking ball with two outs in the fourth inning as his majestic two-run home run — his fifth this season — soared 417 feet to cut into a 7-1 Tigers lead.
Garcia also later tripled in a run.
"It feels great when you do that," Garcia said. "I was like, 'Ok, whatever happens in this game, it's OK because I had like five days (off).' I was trying to get relaxed and make contact. If it happened it happened. … I don't want to say 'I was trying to hit a homer. No.' I was trying to make contact and get my timing again. It was good today."
Conor Gillaspie also had a few good swings. The first produced a first-inning sacrifice fly and the other a triple in the eighth. Fellow rookie Marcus Semien also had a sacrifice fly.
But the Tigers' bats and more shoddy defense from the White Sox led to a long night. Detroit reduced its magic number to three with the win.
The Tigers knocked around starter Dylan Axelrod, who pitched in place of rookie Andre Rienzo. Rienzo didn't pitch because of a blister on his right hand.
[RELATED: Garcia returns from paternity leave for White Sox]
Axelrod surrendered a 1-0 lead in the bottom of the first inning on a two-out, two-run, bases-loaded single by Andy Dirks.
Torri Hunter made it 3-1 with an RBI double in the second and the Tigers broke it open with four runs in the third inning. Alex Avila singled in a run, Hunter singled in two more and Miguel Cabrera singled in another.
Axelrod allowed seven earned runs and 10 hits in 2 2/3 innings.
Then the defense stepped in.
[MORE: White Sox plan to shut down Danks]
Reliever Ramon Troncoso, allowed the first batter of the fifth inning to reach base, and everything snowballed. The error, the team's 116th of 117 this season, and two-out hits against David Purcey added up to five runs and a 12-3 deficit.
All five runs were unearned. Through 153 games, the White Sox have allowed 77 unearned runs to score after they held opponents to 30 last season.
"It started out good for us with a run and after that they just swung the bats and that was it," White Sox manager Robin Ventura said.
The White Sox added two runs in the eighth inning.
Gillaspie tripled, Semien had an RBI sac fly and Jeff Keppinger, who doubled, scored on Garcia's triple to center.


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Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research 2012 Volume (issues) 29(1): 687-700 Key issues to consider in microalgae based biodiesel production Anoop Singh1,*, Deepak Pant2, Stig Irving Olsen1, Poonam Singh Nigam3 1Technical University of Denmark, Department of Management Engineering, Lyngby, Denmark 2Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Separation and Conversion Technology, Mol, Belgium 3University of Ulster, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK Received: 02 July 2011; accepted: 29 August 2011 Abstract All nations have been confronted with the energy crisis due to depletion of finite fossil fuels reserves, which results an increasing global demand of biofuels for energy security, economic stability and reduction in climate change effects, and generate the opportunity to explore new biomass sources. The production of sustainable bioenergy is a challenging task in the promotion of biofuels for replacing the fossil based fuels to mitigate challenges of fossil based energy consumption. Algae might be a very promising source of biomass in this context as it sequesters a significant quantity of carbon from atmosphere and industrial gases and is also very efficient in utilizing the nutrients from industrial effluents and municipal wastewater. If developed sustainably, the algae biofuel industry may be able to provide large quantities of biofuels with potentially minimal environmental impacts. However, in order to realize this, a complete analysis of full life cycle impact of algal biofuel production in the context of issues such as water resource management, land use impact, energy balance and air emissions are very necessary. The commercial-scale production of algae requires careful consideration of many issues that can be broadly categorized into four main areas: selecting algae species that produce high oil levels and grow well in specified environments, algae growth methods, water sources and related issues, and nutrient and growth inputs. Keywords: Algae; Biodiesel; Technology; Commercialization; Sustainability ©Sila Science. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction At present all nations have been confronted with the energy crisis due to depletion of finite fossil fuels reserves. Their continued consumption as energy source is not accepted as sustainable energy source due to depletion of resources and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the environment [1] when used. The use of fossil fuels to satisfy the major energy requirements cause increasing anthropogenic GHG emissions and depletion of fossil reserves. Therefore, it is highly important to develop strong abatement techniques and adopt policies to promote those renewable energy sources which are capable of sequestering the atmospheric CO2 to minimize the dependency on fossil reserves, and to maintain environmental and economic sustainability [2-6]. ______________ *Corresponding author. Tel.: +454-525-4744; fax: +454-593-3435. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (A. Singh).
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688 A. Singh et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 29 (2012) 687-700 The biomass based fuels can be a possible solution for all the issues related to energy production and consumption. They are renewable by nature, and there are possibilities to use them for heat, electricity and transportation fuel. Biofuels thus have the capabilities to replace fossil fuels, reduce dependency and provide a number of environmental, economical and social benefits [3-7], and can play a major role in achieving the renewable energy targets set by various countries especially for transport sector. Brazil has already shown the way where the cost of making ethanol from sugar has dropped by a factor of about 3 since they started making ethanol from cane sugar 25 years ago [8]. Energy produced from renewable sources, be it biofuels or bioelectricity [9-10] increasingly becomes a possible fuel option especially in the developed world. The first and second generation biofuels have several constraints (like food-fuel competition, land use change, higher resource use, energy balance, etc.) besides having several other benefits. Algal biofuels could be an answer for those constraints as it can grow very fast, is capable in production of several times higher biomass in comparison to terrestrial crops and trees, requires low and marginal land and other resources, producing higher lipid and carbohydrate, etc. Keeping in view the benefits of the algal biofuels over first and second generation biofuels and sustainability issues for the production of biofuels, this article reviews the key issues in the sustainable production of algal biofuels. 2. Qualities of sustainable biofuels World Commission on Environment and Development defined the term "sustainability" as "the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" [11]. Sustainable development encompasses economic, social, and ecological perspectives of conservation and change [12] that can be represented by sustainability matrices and indices (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. The sustainability matrix and sustainability indices [12]. Sustainability has become an unavoidable issue in all major planning and undertakings that involve future use of energy, water and other natural resources. In order to ensure sustainable growth, there is a need to satisfy the sustainability criteria and meet the constraints imposed by the finiteness of all natural resources and the dynamics of their natural renewal [13]. The sustainability of biofuels production depends on the net energy gain fixed in the biofuels that depends on the production process parameters, such as land type where the biomass is produced, the amount of energy-intensive inputs and the energy input for harvest, transport and running the processing facilities [14]. Additionally, there can be competition for land use between biomass crops versus food production. These parameters can vary considerably according to the raw material and local conditions, complicating life-cycle assessments and preventing any valid global statement on biofuel sustainability [15-16]. The large-scale biofuel production can only be deemed sustainable if the energy balance of the biofuel is significantly positive [14]. The biofuel production will be sustainable only if it is eco-friendly (less GHG emission, sequester large quantity of carbon, not affect the air, water, soil and biodiversity, etc.), be socially acceptable (provide employment, involved small stack holders, less inputs in the production) and economically viable (Fig. 2). Social EnvironmenEconomic IIIIIIIVVIIVVISustainability indices I: Highly aggregated indices of sustainability II-IV: Two-dimensional indicators V-VII: Individual
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A. Singh et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 29 (2012) 687-700 689 Fig. 2. Economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainable biofuels. Markevičius et al. [17] found 35 criteria in emerging sustainability assessment frameworks and grouped them into social (15 criteria), economic (4 criteria) and environmental (16 criteria). Energy balance and greenhouse gas balance were perceived as especially critical, social criteria ranked generally low. Although being perceived as important, food security ranked very low. Silva Lora et al. [18] defined the basic criteria and also provide sustainability indicators for a sustainable biofuels (Table 1). They also stated that the most used indicators to measure the biofuels sustainability are: Life Cycle Energy Balance (LCEB), quantity of fossil energy substituted per hectare, co-product energy allocation, life cycle carbon balance and changes in soil utilization. Table 1. Criteria and sustainability indicators for sustainable biofuels [18]. Criteria i. To be carbon neutral, considering the necessity of fossil fuel substitution and global warming mitigation. ii. Not to affect the quality, quantity and rational use of available natural resources as water and soil. iii. Not to have undesirable social consequences as starvation because of high food prices. iv. To contribute to the society economic development and equity. v. Not to affect biodiversity. 3. Algal biodiesel 3. 1. Background For several years, the research on microalgae focused on combining microalgae cultures that fix CO2 with photosynthetic bacteria that produce H2. Though lucrative and seemingly possible, the microalgae biohydrogen production research achieved little progress towards practical and commercial processes [19]. It is only in recent years that algae biofuels is referred as third generation biofuels, also known as "oilgae". The first mention of algae biofuels was in a report published by MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in the early 1950s, when microalgae were mass cultured for the first time [20]. Proposals to use algae as a means of producing energy started in the late 1950s when Meier [21] and Oswald and Golueke [22] suggested the utilization of the carbohydrate fraction of algal cells for the production of methane via anaerobic digestion. A detailed engineering analysis in 1978 is reported by Benemann and co-workers [23], indicated that algal systems could produce methane at prices competitive with projected costs for fossil fuels. The discovery that many microalgae species can produce large amounts of lipid as cellular oil droplets under Sustainability indicators i. ii. iii. iv. v. Economic indicators (cost of production) Output/Input relation (net energy analysis) Substituted fossil fuel per hectare Avoided GHG emissions (CO2 savings) Environmental Impacts evaluation using impact categories indicators Carbon emissions due to land use changes Renewability indicators (exergy or emergy accounting) vi. vii. Environmental GHG emission Carbon stocks changes Air, water and soil quality Biodiversity Social Employment Land use change Water use Food security Small holder integration Impact on communities Economic Cost effective Energy security Self sufficiency Financing Sustainable Biofuel
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690 A. Singh et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 29 (2012) 687-700 certain growth conditions dates back to the 1940s. Various reports during the 1950s and 1960s indicated that starvation for key nutrients (nitrogen or silicon) could lead to this phenomenon. The concept of utilizing the lipid stores as a source of energy gained serious attention only during the oil embargo of the early 1970s and as the energy price surges through the decade [24]. The Aquatic Species Program (from 1978 until 1996) at DOE-NREL (The US department of Energy - National Renewable Energy Laboratory) represents one of the most comprehensive research efforts to date on microalgae fuels. During the early years, the emphasis was on using algae to produce hydrogen, but the focus changed to liquid fuels (biodiesel) in the early 1980s. Advances were made through algal strain isolation and characterization, studies of algal physiology and biochemistry, genetic engineering, process development, and demonstration-scale algal mass culture [24]. The algal biofuels research is still limited to the laboratories because the high efficiency is not be maintained after scaling-up the technology to a large production plant, while a number of large-scale pilot plants are in operation and focus on CO2 capture from industrial emitters and demonstrate a good quantity of dry weight production in algal bioreactors [25]. 3. 2. Benefits over first and second generation biofuels The first-generation biofuels have been mainly extracted from food and oil crops as well as animal fats using conventional technology [7]. The increasing energy demand generates the competition in food and fuel crops production for the utilization of arable land, high water and fertilizer requirements, lack of well managed agricultural practices in emerging economies, biodiversity conservation and regionally constrained market structures. The sustainability of many first generation biofuels has been increasingly questioned over concerns such as reported displacement of food crops, effects on the environment and climate change [25]. The increasing criticism of the sustainability of many first-generation biofuels has raised attention to the potential of so called second-generation biofuels produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks, agriculture residues, grasses and municipal wastes, because it produces fewer GHGs and does not compete with food supply needs. Although significant progress continues to be made to overcome the technical and economic challenges, second-generation biofuels production still faces major constraints to execute commercial deployment [26]. The logistics of providing a competitive supply of biomass feedstock to a commercial plant is challenging, as is improving the performance of the conversion process to reduce costs [25]. Recently, it was reported that the cellulosic ethanol have slowed down due to the financial crisis and it is not sure when the growth in this field will pick up [27]. At the same time, the investment in algae as source of biofuel picked up and several big oil companies such as Exxon Mobil, British Petroleum (BP), Dow Chemical Company planned large investments in algal research [28]. The cultivation of algal biomass for the biofuels production has great promise because algae generate higher energy yield and require much less space to grow than conventional feedstocks and also the algal biomass production does not require fertile or arable land. So that algae would not compete with food and could be grown with minimal inputs using a variety of nutrient and carbon sources, GreenFuel Technologies Corporation called algae the fastest growing plant in the world [20]. The various possible energy production routes via microalgal biomass are shown in Fig. 2. 4. Technological development 4. 1. Strain selection Approximately 22,000-26,000 species of microalgae exist of which only a few have been identified for successful commercial application [49]. Within the US Department of Energy"s Aquatic Species Program (ASP) to develop microalgae as a source of biodiesel more than 3000 strains of microalgae from ponds and oceans have been isolated [50]. The lipid production varies within a vast range among the algal strains (4-80% dry weight basis) and the variation is as result of the environmental conditions. For example, in case of Botryococcus braunii Kützing [51], the yield of oil per unit area is estimated to be from 5000 to 20,000 gallons/acre/year which is 7–31 times greater than the next best crop, palm oil (635 gallons/acre/year) [52]. The best performing micro algae strain can be obtained by screening of a wide range of naturally available isolates and the efficiency of those can be improved by selection, adaptation and genetic engineering [25]. Isolation of suitable microalgae from the natural environment is the first critical step in developing oil-rich strains for further
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A. Singh et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 29 (2012) 687-700 691 exploitation in engineered systems for the production of biodiesel feedstock [53]. Doan et al. [53] found that high-throughput cell sorting, coupled with flow cytometry can be a powerful tool to facilitate the rapid and efficient isolation of microalgae strains for onward axenic culture. The various autofluorescence emitted from microalgae species due to their different photosynthetic pigments have been monitored in flow cytomertry to identify algae [54]. The intracellular neutral lipid of isolated microalgae strains can be measured via fluorescence intensity of Nile Red stained cultures [55] simultaneously to cell growth. Therefore, flow cytometry along with cell sorting, could be a very effective tool for screening and development of microalgal strains for the sustainable production of algal biodiesel. Depending on species, microalgae produce many different kinds of lipids, hydrocarbons and other complex oils [56-57]. Not all algal oils are satisfactory for making biodiesel, but suitable oils occur commonly [41]. A list of lipid, carbohydrate and protein composition of some microalgae is shown in Table 2. For microalgae that are able to survive heterotrophically, exogenous carbon sources offer prefabricated chemical energy that often is stored as lipid droplets [62]. Heterotrophically cultivated Chlorella protothecoides has accumulated higher lipids (about 55% of dry weight) compared to photoautotrophically (14% of dry weight) grown cells [63]. Another natural mechanism through which microalgae can alter lipid metabolism is the stress response owing to a lack of nitrogen availability [64]. Although nitrogen deficiency appears to inhibit the cell cycle and the production of almost all cellular components, the rate of lipid synthesis remains higher, which leads to the accumulation of oil in starved cells [65] and also promotes the accumulation of the antioxidant pigment astaxanthin in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis [66]. Both of these adaptive responses help to ensure the survival in stress conditions [50]. Table 2. Chemical composition of some microalgae on the basis of % dry matter [36, 41, 58-61] Algal species Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Anabaena cylindrica Botryococcus braunii Chlamydomonas rheinhardii Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chlorella vulgaris Dunaliella bioculata Dunaliella salina Euglena gracilis Isochrysis sp. Neochloris oleoabundans Porphyridium cruentum Prymnesium parvum Scenedesmus dimorphus Scenedesmus obliquus Scenedesmus quadricauda Spirogyra sp. Spirulina maxima Spirulina platensis Synechoccus sp. Tetraselmis maculata The ASP recognized that the key to unlocking profitable commercialization of microalgae lies not only in species selection and optimal cultivation, but also in genetic and metabolic engineering. Manipulation of metabolic pathways can redirect cellular function toward the synthesis of preferred products and even expand the processing capabilities of microalgae. One method of coercing microalgae employs specific environmental factors, such as nutrient regimens, to induce desired fluxes in metabolism. The metabolic engineering allows direct control over the organism"s cellular machinery through mutagenesis or the introduction of transgenes. The development of a number of transgenic algal strains boasting recombinant 43-56 8-17 48 57 51-58 49 57 39-61 31-51 20-60 28-39 28-45 8-18 50-56 48 6-20 60-71 46-63 63 52 25-30 8-20 17 26 12-17 4 32 14-18 11-14 20-60 40-57 25-33 21-52 10-17 17 33-64 13-16 8-14 15 15 4-7 25-75 21 2 14-22 8 6 14-20 20-22 35-54 9-14 22-38 16-40 12-14 21 11-21 6-7 4-9 11 3
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692 A. Singh et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 29 (2012) 687-700 protein expression, engineered photosynthesis, and enhanced metabolism encourage the prospects of designer microalgae [50]. Another important aspect while selecting the microalgal strains is when microalgae growth is combined with CO2-biomitigation. This is due the fact that microalgae have much higher growth rates and CO2 fixation abilities compared to conventional forestry, agricultural and aquatic plants [67-68]. Several such algae species which included species of Chlorella and Scenedesmus capable of CO2-biomitigation were listed by Wang et al. [47]. This approach of microalgal biofuel production becomes more attractive when combined with fixing industrial exhaust gases (flue gas) and integrating the cultivation of algae with wastewater treatment. 4. 2. Harvesting technology Harvesting of algal biomass could be the most energy demanding process due to its concentration, smaller size and surface charge. Cells are more dilute in pond cultures in comparison to bioreactor cultures and natural oceanic conditions. A number of methods are available for harvesting algal biomass and Brentner et al. [69] have compared them in the study "Combinatorial life cycle assessment to inform process design of industrial production of algal biodiesel". Centrifugation, filtration, and flocculation and/or settling are the main methods which generally used to harvest the micro-algal biomass. The choice of method depends on the size and density of algae, target product and the production process used to get the final product. Filtration is the most commonly used method but only suitable for large micro algal strains (>70 m) and unsuitable for strains having diameter less than 30 m. Mohn [70] demonstrated that filtration processes can achieve a concentration factor of 245 times the original concentration for Coelastrum proboscideum to produce a sludge with 27% solids. For harvesting of algal strain having small size cells membrane microfiltration and ultrafiltration/centrifugation methods can be used [71]. Flocculation and settling are relatively low cost methods that only require energy for a short period to mix the cells with a coagulant. Flocculants neutralized or reduces the negative charge on the algal surface and prevent them sticking together in the suspension [72]. Algae responses differ significantly with certain flocculants and effectiveness of a particular flocculant and dosage varied tremendously from one algal species to another. Some algal species aggregate and settle with an increase in pH that can be controlled with CO2 aeration or addition of lime [69]. Brennan and Owende [2] reported that multivalent metal salts like ferric chloride, aluminium sulphate and ferric sulphate are suitable flocculants [72-73]. Aluminum sulfate and chitosan could be a promising flocculant as they are produced from crustacean fishery waste and renewable in nature. Kim et al. [74] screened a number of flocculants to harvest Scenedesmus sp. and concluded that flocculation method using consecutive treatment with calcium chloride and ferric chloride and a bioflocculant from the culture broth of Paenibacillus polymyxa AM49 was found to be effective for the flocculation of a high density Scenedesmus sp. and also suggested that a flocculated medium can be effectively reused as a growth supporting medium without compromising with the algal growth and biomass yield, thereby significantly reducing the cost of biodiesel production from algae. The centrifugation method is only feasible for relatively high value products [72] as it is very energy intensive process, though continuous centrifugation has been explored which might be more economic if systems are built on a large scale [75]. Gentle acoustically (ultrasound) induced aggregation followed by enhanced sedimentation can also be used to harvest microalgae biomass [2], this method is successfully used by Bosma et al. [76] and achieved 92% separation efficiency and a concentration factor of 20 times. Bruton et al. [60] reported that some micro algal strains naturally float at the surface of the water as lipid
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A. Singh et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 29 (2012) 687-700 693 content increased and can be harvested by flotation method, while the evidence of its technical and economical effectiveness is very limited [2]. Gravity settling is only suitable for large micro algal strains (>70 μm) 4. 3. Oil extraction Each algal cell has a sturdy cell wall which makes oil extraction complicated. The algae also have to be dried out before the oil extraction [77]. Lipid or oil extraction from microalgae may be one of the least developed areas among the algal biodiesel production processes [69]. Widjaja et al. [78] found that the drying temperature during lipid extraction from algal biomass affect both the lipid composition and content. Freeze drier retain the original composition of microalgal lipid, while higher temperature drying decreased the content of TAG. Drying at 60 °C still retained lipid composition with slight decrease in lipid content. Ultrasonication has no significant effect on extraction, while sufficient pulverization help to extract entire lipid from the cells. There are several approaches to extract lipids from harvested algal biomass, including solvent extraction, osmotic shock, ultrasonic extraction, critical point CO2 extraction, etc. Some common extraction methods explored in the last decade and their effectiveness at recovering lipids and lipid products are summarized by Mercer and Armenta [79]. Solvent extraction is a quick and efficient extraction method, applied directly on dried biomass [80]. Solvent extraction entails extracting oil from microalgae by repeated washing or percolation with an organic solvent. A number of solvents (hexane, ethanol or mixture of hexane–ethanol, benzene, cyclohexane, etc.) can be used and possible to obtain up to 98% fatty acids extraction [81]. Hexane is a popular choice due to its relatively low cost and high extraction efficiency [79]. Osmotic shock is a sudden reduction in osmotic pressure that can rupture the cells in a solution. Ultrasonic waves are used to create cavitation bubbles in a solvent and when these bubbles collapse near the cell walls, it creates shock waves and liquid jets that break cell wall and release their contents into the solvent. Supercritical fluid extraction involves the use of substances that have properties of both liquids and gases (i.e. CO2) when exposed to increased temperatures and pressures. This property allows them to act as an extracting solvent, leaving no residues behind when the system is brought back to atmospheric pressure and room temperature [79]. Lee et al. [82] compared five methods (viz. autoclaving, bead-beating, microwaves, sonication, and a 10% NaCl solution) to identify the most effective cell disruption method. The total lipids from Botryococcus sp., Chlorella vulgaris, and Scenedesmus sp. were extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (1:1) and identified microwave oven method as the most simple, easy and effective for lipid extraction from microalgae among the tested methods. Heger [77] reported that OriginOil (an algal biofuel company in Los Angeles) has developed a simpler and more efficient way to extract oil from algae by combining ultrasound and an electromagnetic pulse to break the algal cell walls. Then the algae solution is force-fed carbon dioxide, which lowers its pH and separates oil from the algal biomass. Cravotto et al. [83] employed ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) techniques to extract oils from vegetable sources and a cultivated marine microalga rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and concluded that either alone or combined techniques can greatly improve the extraction of bioactive substances, achieving higher efficiency and shorter reaction times at low or moderate costs, with minimal added toxicity. Samori et al. [84] proposed switchable-polarity solvents (SPS) method to extract hydrocarbons from dried and water-suspended samples of microalga Botryococcus braunii based on 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) and an alcohol. The high affinity of the non-ionic form of DBU/alcohol SPS towards non-polar compounds exploited to extract hydrocarbons from algae, while the ionic character of the DBU-alkyl carbonate form (obtained with CO2 addition) can be used to recover hydrocarbons from the SPS. On the basis of the results Samori et al. [84] concluded that SPS also have the advantage to be recyclable non-volatile/non-inflammable systems, therefore suited for non-hazardous small plants for biofuel production located nearby algal cultivation sites. Widjaja et al. [78] found that cultivation of algal strains in nitrogen deficient media not only result in higher lipid accumulation but also gradually change the lipid composition from free fatty acid-rich lipid to lipid mostly contained TAG. Since accumulation of lipid occurs at nitrogen depletion condition under which the growth slow down or even no growth. Therefore, compromising between increasing lipid content and harvesting time is necessary to obtain higher lipid content and productivity. At higher CO2 concentration under normal nutrition get higher lipid productivity and this can also be obtained by varying not only the length of starvation but also the length of normal nutrition. Relatively low-grade heat (such as waste heat) could be employed to separate solvents from oil in some circumstances, greatly increasing the overall economics. Osmotic shock, though requiring low-energy input, is probably the method with the lowest efficiency and creates a further issue for some downstream processes, as water content can be a problem requiring energy input to overcome. In one project under the ASP, solvent extraction costs were three times higher for algal oil than for soybean oil due to
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694 A. Singh et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 29 (2012) 687-700 high moisture content of the paste in the experiment [65]. Mechanical dewatering (pressing and filtration) can be cheaper than heating [72], but the real key is to have as few steps as possible and simple scalable extraction. 4. 4. Biodiesel production Bio-oils (derived from crop seed, animal feed, algal biomass, etc.) have high viscosity, high molecular weights, higher flash point (above 200 °C), low volumetric heating values compared to diesel fuels. It has been found that the use of such bio-oils as diesel fuels in conventional diesel engines leads to a number of problems due to significant difference in the injection, atomization and combustion characteristics of these oils in diesel engines. The problems with substituting triglycerides for diesel fuels are mostly associated with their high viscosities, low volatilities and polyunsaturated character [85]. Therefore, refinement is essential in order to turn bio-oils into quality fuel (biodiesel) [86]. Considerable efforts have been made to develop vegetable oil derivatives that approximate the properties and performance of the hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels and it can be changed mainly by four processes, viz. pyrolysis (thermal cracking), transesterification [85]. Balat [85] have described and Lin et al. [86] have summarized the pros and cons of all these processes. Both studies concluded that transesterification is the most promising solution to the high viscosity problem and biodiesel produced from transesterification with methanol quite similar to the conventional diesel in its main characteristics and compatible with conventional diesel that can be blended in any proportion. Currently, transesterification is the most accepted process for production of biodiesel from bio based oils, due to its high conversion efficiency and low cost. Fig. 3 shows energy production routes via microalgal biomass. microemulsification, dilution and Fig. 3. Energy production routes via microalgal biomass. (Modified from Tsukahara and Sawayama [49], Wang et al. [47], Brennan and Owende [2], Singh et al. [48]). The extracted oil from algal biomass can be converted into biodiesel through transesterification that is a chemical reaction between triacylglycerides (TAGs) and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce mono-esters that are termed as biodiesel [87]. Transesterification is a multiple step reaction, including three reversible steps in series, where triglycerides are converted to diglycerides, then diglycerides are converted to monoglycerides, and monoglycerides are then converted to esters (biodiesel) and glycerol (by-product) [80].
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A. Singh et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 29 (2012) 687-700 695 Microalgae biodiesel produced from transesterification has been found to have analogous properties (e.g. viscosity, density, flash point, cold filter plugging point, solidifying point and heating value) to the conventional diesel [88] and most of these parameters comply with the limits established by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) [89] and International Biodiesel Standard for Vehicles (EN14214) [90]. Some microalgae produce high levels of TAGs but the growth of such strain might be slow and many marine species produce higher levels of phospholipids than TAGs, which do not behave optimally during transesterification. There is also the issue to utilize the byproducts (remaining biomass and glycerol). Glycerol has been used in the soap industry in the past but the increased amounts being presently produced are not being absorbed in this way, representing the difficulty of economics of co-products matching the scale of commodities like transport fuels. New ways of using this by-product, such as for plastic production are becoming economic. Proteinaceous and polysaccharide remnants can be used in a variety of ways, the integrative approach of consuming this in anaerobic digesters is one pathway [91] and protein-rich residues can be used as fertilizers. 5. Major constraints in commercialization of algal biodiesel Biodiesel is currently produced from plant and animal oils, but not from microalgae [92]. One of the biggest challenges in this regard is to reproduce laboratory conditions on a large scale. In the lab, it is easier to control algal growth and find strains that produce large quantities of oil [27]. This situation is however likely to change as several companies are attempting to commercialize microalgal biodiesel [27-28]. Oil productivity, that is the mass of oil produced per unit volume of the microalgal broth per day, depends on the algal growth rate and the oil content of the biomass. Microalgae with high oil productivities are desired for producing biodiesel. These algae can even be nourished on recycled sources and can play a role in the treatment of wastewater and avoid the disposal problem [93]. However, producing microalgal biomass is generally more expensive than growing crops. Photosynthetic growth requires light, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts. Temperature must remain generally within 20 to 30 °C. To minimize expense, biodiesel production must rely on freely available sunlight, despite daily and seasonal variations in light levels [41]. It has been argued that growing algae in bioreactors requires fossil fuels for the building of these bioreactors and for their operational activities [94]. Manipulation of metabolic pathways can redirect cellular function toward the synthesis of products and even expand the processing capabilities of microalgae [93]. The crucial economic challenge for algae producers is to discover low cost oil extraction and harvesting methods [95]. Singh and Gu [95] suggested that the utilization of fatter algae with higher oil content (about 60%) in comparison to lower oil content algae can reduce up to half of the size and footprint of algae biofuels production systems and reduces the capital and operating costs and a cheaper and easier process can provided a better ground to commercialize the algal biodiesel. The algal micro-refineries can avoid the harvesting, extraction and refining systems by excreting lipids directly from the cells using non-lethal extraction known as milking. Carotenoids, high value lipids, have also been selectively extracted from the green alga Chlorella sp. using decane [96]. Such methods have the capability to reduce the production cost significantly and simplify the biodiesel production process from algal biomass. 6. Future promises Ongoing advances in cultivation techniques coupled with genetic manipulation of crucial metabolic networks will further promote microalgae as an attractive platform for the
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696 A. Singh et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 29 (2012) 687-700 production of numerous high value compounds [50]. Besides growing algae in well defined conditions and provided with ideal growth substrates, algae can be grown on industrial waste or by-product. Recently it was shown that alga Schizochytrium limacinum could be grown on crude glycerol, which is a major byproduct of commercial biodiesel production. The algae produced from biodiesel-derived glycerol had a composition similar to the commercial algae [97]. The sustainability of a fuel product depends on its environmental, economic and social impacts throughout the products entire life cycle. The complete life cycle of the fuel product includes everything from raw material production and extraction, processing, transportation, manufacturing, storage, distribution and use. A fuel chain and its life cycle stages cause various harmful impacts on the environment. In addition, the life cycle stages can have harmful effects or benefits of different economic and social dimensions. For this reason, the total management of complete fuel chains (cradle-to-grave) from different perspectives is of crucial importance in order to achieve sustainable fuel products and systems in our society. For this purpose LCA appears to be a valuable tool and its use for the assessment of the sustainability of not only fuel products, but also of other commodities has increased dramatically in recent years [17]. Several LCA-studies has been performed on algal biofuels (biodiesel, biohydrogen and biogas) [69, 98-101]. The studies suggest that algal biofuel can be an environmentally friendly solution compared to other types of fuel. The LCA studies can further be used for identification of main environmental improvements in the technology development (e.g. recirculation of the sewage and reuse of the remains for animal feed). In addition to the technological challenges described above the studies indicate that further development of the technologies from an environmental point of view should focus on reusing all byproducts and on reducing electricity use during processing and growing. 7. Conclusions Biodiesel from microalagae has the potential to replace fossil-based petroleum; seems technically feasible and conversion of extracted lipid to biodiesel is relatively easy. The commercial-scale production of algal biofuels requires careful consideration of several issues that can be broadly categorized as: selection of high oil and biomass yielding algal species, cultivation and harvesting technology, water sources, and nutrient and growth Inputs [101-106]. The cultivation of algal biomass provides dual benefit, i.e. biomass for the production of biofuels and also save our environment from air and water pollution and minimizes the waste disposal problems by utilizing wastewater and flue gases for the growth. The life cycle assessment, energy balance, biofuels yield per unit area, carbon balance, land use, water and nutrient sources are very important factors to decide the sustainability of algal biofuels. References [1] Demirbas A. Use of algae as biofuel sources. Energy Convers Manage 2010;51:2738–2749. [2] Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae-a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010;14:557–577. [3] Prasad S, Singh A, Jain N, Joshi HC. Ethanol production from sweet sorghum syrup for utilization as automotive fuel in India. Energy Fuels 2007;21:2415–2420. [4] Prasad S, Singh A, Joshi HC, Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues. Resour Conserv Recycl 2007;50:1–39. [5] Singh A, Pant, D, Korres, NE, Nizami, AS, Prasad, S and Murphy, JD. Key issues in life cycle assessment of ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and perspectives. Bioresour Technol 2010;101:5003–5012. [6] Singh A, Smyth BM, Murphy JD. A biofuel strategy for Ireland with an emphasis on production of biomethane and minimization of land-take. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010;14:277–288.
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A. Singh et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 29 (2012) 687-700 697 [7] Nigam, PS, Singh A. Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources. Prog Energ Combus Sci 2011;37:52–68. [8] Dale B. Biofuels: Thinking clearly about the issues. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:3885–3891. [9] Pant D, Bogaert GV, Diels L, Vanbroekhoven K. A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production. Bioresour Technol 2010;101:1533–1543. [10] Pant D, Singh A, Bogaert GV, Diels L, Vanbroekhoven K. An introduction to the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for sustainable energy and product generation: relevance and key aspects. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 2011;15:1305–1313. [11] UNCED. Report of The United Nation Conference on Environment and Development, Vol. 1, Chapter 7, June, 1992. [12] Lapkin A. Sustainability Performance Indicators. Dewulf J, Langenhove, HV (Eds.), Renewables- based technology sustainability assessment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, England 2006. [13] Afgan NH. Sustainability Concept for Energy,Water and Environment Systems. In: K. Hanjali´c, R. Van De Krol, A. Leki"c (Eds.), Sustainable Energy Technologies: Options and Prospects, 25- 49. Springer, The Netherlands 2008. [14] Haye S, Hardtke CS. The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels: plant scientist input needed. Trends Plant Sci 2009;14:409–412. [15] Davis SC, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, DeLucia EH. Life-cycle analysis and the ecology of biofuels. Trends Plant Sci 2009;14:140–146. [16] Farrell AE, Pelvin RJ, Turner BT, Jones AD, O"Hare M, Kammen DM. Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmental goals. Science 2006;311:506–508. [17] Markevičius A, Katinas V, Perednis E, Tamasauskiene M. Trends and sustainability criteria of the production and use of liquid biofuels. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 2010;4:3226–3231. [18] Silva Lora EE , Escobar Palacio JC, Rocha MH, Grillo Renó ML, Venturini OJ, del Olmo OA. Issues to consider, existing tools and constraints in biofuels sustainability assessments. Energy 2011;36:2097–2110. [19] Benemann JR. Hydrogen production by microalgae. J Appl Phycol 2000;12:291–300. [20] Girardet H, Mendonça M. A renewable world energy, ecology, equality: a report for the world future council. Green Books Ltd. UK. 2009. [21] Meier RL. Biological cycles in the transformation of solar energy into useful fuels. Solar Energy Research, Daniels F, Duffie JA, editors, Madison University Wisconsin Press, pp 179–183, 1955. [22] Oswald WJ, Golueke CG. Biological transformation of solar energy. Adv Appl Microbiol 1960; 11:223–242. [23] Benemann JR, Pursoff P, Oswald WJ. Engineering design and cost analysis of a large-scale microalgae biomass system. Final Report to the US Energy Department, NTIS# H CP/ T, 1605(UC-61), 91, 1978. [24] USDOE. National Algal biofuels technology roadmap. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Biomass Program, 2010. [25] Singh, A., Nigam, PS and Murphy, JD. Mechanism and challenges in commercialisation of algal biofuels. Bioresour Technol 2011;102:26–34. [26] Sims REH, Mabee W, Saddler JN, Taylor M. An overview of second generation biofuel technologies. Bioresour Technol 2010;101:1570–1580. [27] Kwok R, Cellulosic ethanol hits roadblock. Nature 2009;461:582–583. [28] Mascarelli AL, Gold rush for algae. Nature 2009;461:460–461. [29] Harun R, Jason WSY, Cherrington T, Danquah MK. Exploring alkaline pre-treatment of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production, Appl Energ 2011;88:3464–3467. [30] Choi SP, Nguyen MT, Sim SJ. Enzymatic pretreatment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass for ethanol production, Bioresour Technol 2010; 01:5330–5336. [31] Sialve B, Bernet N, Bernard O, Anaerobic digestion of microalgae as a necessary step to make microalgal biodiesel sustainable, Biotechnol Adv 2009;27:409–416. [32] Yang Z, Guo R, Xu X, Fan X, Luo S. Fermentative hydrogen production from lipid-extracted microalgal biomass residues. Appl Energ 2011;88:3468–3472.
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John Williamson says the world is groping toward more realistically aligned currency values, but the US-China and Northern vs. Southern Europe current account imbalances remain worrisome.
Policy Brief 12-14: Estimates of Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rates, May 2012 [pdf] May 2012
Fed Finally Ready to Hike Interest Rates December 14, 2015
China Joins SDR Club December 1, 2015
Fed Miscommunications October 28, 2015
Does China's Currency Decline Portend an Economic Downturn? August 13, 2015
The ECB Acts, but More Action Is Needed June 6, 2014
The ECB Acts to Counter Deflation Threat June 5, 2014
China's Moderate Growth Slowdown April 3, 2014
A Small Step Toward European Banking Union Regulation March 20, 2014
PIIE Debate: How Should the ECB Act to Counter Deflation? February 14, 2014
Tough Questions Confront Yellen and the Fed November 13, 2013


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In a small town, people usually have the right and the avenue to free speech. They can stand up at a Town Board meeting, go to their representatives directly and, especially if they are denied the other courses, come to the press with their grievances.
Councilman Mark Hennessey argued this to be a matter of free speech. But we feel a laissez-faire approach to this issue could well open the door to a potentially indefinite display of libelous or distasteful material all around town. Some would call that free speech. We'd call it poor governance.
Government has to be fair, and that's sometimes a double-edged sword. If you open the door to some, you have to let everyone else in.
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On Mon, Sep 20, 2010 at 4:07 PM, Tab Atkins Jr. <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > On Mon, Sep 20, 2010 at 2:01 PM, Chris Marrin <email@example.com> wrote: >> Where rotations "start" is a matter of convention. Analog clocks start at 12 o'clock (bottom to top), In geometry, a 0 degree rotation is typically represented by a vector along the positive X axis. But again, that's all convention. > > Note that the default rotation direction between analog clocks and > geometry are opposite. > > ~TJ That's true, but the CSS (and SVG) coordinate systems have positive y pointing downwards -- vertically reflecting the usual Cartesian system -- so to match the rotation convention, positive angles should rotate clockwise.Received on Monday, 20 September 2010 21:43:50 UTC
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Astonishing! We found some amazing new mens rings from Bangkok this season. This fierce figure is Totsagan from Ramayana, Thailand's great epic tale.
Size: This is a sized ring. Availability is limited. White metal with faceted garnet eyes.
Posted by Jimi on 23rd Sep 2013
Really just beautiful; exquisite detail. Love it! FYI: it was a bit loose on my finger so I superglued some felt underneath the head - problem solved. Peace :)


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text: Good morning Washington DC area wedding lovers! Are you reading this as a maid of honor or a bridesmaid? Are you wondering how on earth you're going to host a bridal brunch for your BFF in honor of her big wedding day? Maybe you've called around to a few restaurants in the Washington DC area [read more…]


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September 13, 2013
Download & Drive with Gold and Black Radio
Need a Purdue fix on game day? Download the Gold and Black Radio Pregame Show, with in-depth analysis of Purdue's game vs. Notre Dame. The hourlong podcast is available to download to your mobile device, so listen anywhere.
Subscribe to the show at iTunes by searching "Gold and Black Radio," and the podcast will download to your mobile device. So listen anywhere on game day, even in your car on the way to the car. It's the best Purdue pregame show you'll find.
On the show, we take a look at the game, examining the matchups and talking to Gary Post-Tribune beat writer Lamond Pope. Plus, we have a feature on Mr. Confident Cody Webster and an interview with new assistant basketball coach Brandon Brantley.
It's a big recruiting weekend, too, and we'll have the latest.
Also, we take a look around the league, give you "Our Boys" and predictions for Saturday's outcome.
If you don't subscribe through iTunes, click here to listen to the show any time between now and 8 p.m. Saturday.
To access former shows, click on our show page at Gold and Black Radio.
GoldandBlack.com Mobile for your iPhone | GoldandBlack.com Mobile for your Android


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We partner with a wide range of individuals and organizations who share our vision of using soccer as a catalyst for social change.
Corporate Partners
Our Corporate Partners are a team of soccer industry leaders that are committed to growing the game in underserved communities. Their expertise is invaluable regarding program development and field-building projects.
U.S. Soccer Foundation Ambassadors
U.S. Soccer Foundation Ambassadors are dedicated to the Foundation's mission and believe in the positive power of soccer. This core group of champions for social change assists us in educating others about the value of soccer as a youth development tool and helps us raise awareness of the impact that our work is having in under-resourced communities across the country. Click here to learn more about the Ambassadors.
We also continue to work closely with the U.S. Soccer Federation and several leading youth and adult soccer associations, all of which share a similar belief in the benefits that soccer offers to children and adults across the country.


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Taylor with her family
/ News
A CARP fishing expert will give a talk as part of a fundraising drive to help a little girl from Colchester communicate for the first time.
Taylor Smith, seven, suffers from Rett syndrome, a severe neurological disorder which means she is unable to walk or talk.
Her family are trying to raise £11,000 to buy her a Tobii, an eye movement-controlled computer.
To help them reach their total, Adam Penning will give a presentation at Foxash Community Hall, on Friday, February 28. After his speech, the club will host a party, including a raffle, to raise extra cash for the cause.
To buy a ticket, search Taylor's fundraising page on Facebook and send a message to the group.
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Allegories of the virtues and vices in mediaeval art from early Christian times to the thirteenth century
Kraus Reprint, 1939 - Art - 102 pages
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• Owen County High School lost 61-0 last year in Bellevue.
• Bellevue is 2-1 against Class 2A District 5 teams this season. They lost to Walton-Verona and have beaten Gallatin County and Carroll County high schools.
• Owen County High School Head Football Coach Adam Fowler is 1-2 versus Bellevue.
• The last time the Rebels defeated the Tigers was a 38-12 victory on Sept. 23, 2011 on the road.
• The Tigers are looking for their fourth-straight winning season. They have finished 7-5 the last three years.
The Owen County High School volleyball team began play last week looking to pick up some confidence and a couple of 31st District victories. They accomplished both.
The week began with a pair of road matches against district rivals Eminence and Carroll County high schools.
The Lady Rebels were hoping to get back on track after dropping their first two district contests this season.
Against the Lady Warriors, the match would go the distance with the Lady Rebels coming away with the 3-2 win.
The Owen County High School Lady Rebels picked up an impressive win on the soccer field last week against a district rival.
The week began with Owen County suffering a tough 3-2 defeat at home against Henry County High School. It was the Rebels' third straight loss to the Lady Wildcats after defeating them three times in a row. Despite the loss. Amber Gover had a pair of goals.
The Owen County High School boys soccer team enters this week hoping for better results than they experienced last week.
The team opened last week by hosting Henry County High School. The Rebels fell behind 2-0 at the half. The Rebels had some scoring chances in the second half but could not convert while the Wildcats added a goal late in the half. The visitors would head back to New Castle with the 3-0 win.
On Sept. 11, the team headed to Carrollton for a game with the Panthers. Carroll County High School would win 5-0.
Sept. 6
Perry's Fireballs vs. Team Dempsey
The first game of the U8 fall season started Saturday.
The teams have been practicing skills and learning the game of soccer.
The Fireballs demonstrated passing skills and showed much improvement from the first day of practice.
The Fireballs players are Shaya Smith, Lena Smith, Athena Smith, Megan Jones, Brody Hearn, Joshua Brooks, Gabrielle Perry and Nathan Kemper.
The team put forth a great effort and came out playing very hard.
• The Owen County High School boys golf team claimed the Henry County Invitational on Saturday.
Justin Trusty fired a 76 and Cole Hamilton shot 78. Both were named to the all-tournament team.
On Sept. 9, the boys defeated Williamstown High School. Seventh-grader Braden Howard led the Rebels by shooting a 48 to earn medalist honors.
• The Owen County High School girls golf team hosted Ryle High School on Sept. 9 at Fairway Golf Course.
Members of the Owen County High School golf teams had a busy weekend. The Lady Rebels were at Woodsen Bend Golf Course while Justin Trusty represented the Rebels at Eagles Nest in the State All 'A' Golf Tournament.
The girls had to deal with weather issues as play was suspended on Saturday and the tournament was not completed until Sunday afternoon.
• Lloyd defeated Owen County 34-7 last season in Owenton.
• This will be the fourth-straight season the two teams have squared off against each other. After the Rebels won in 2011, the Juggernauts have taken the last two.
• Lloyd is looking for its third-straight winning season.
• The Juggernauts are coached by Eric Turner who is in his second season. His team finished 6-5 a year ago.
The Owen County High School football team is still in search of its first win of the 2014 season.
The Rebels hosted Henry County High School on Friday night at Patterson Field. The Wildcats wasted no time in jumping out to a big lead. They led Owen County 35-0 after the first quarter.
The Rebels would get on the scoreboard in the second half but would ultimately fall short, 63-20.
It was the third-straight loss of the season for the Rebels and marks the second-straight year they have started the year 0-3.
The win improved Henry County to 3-0.
The Owen County High School Rebels soccer team reached the championship game of the Eighth Region All 'A' Classic for the second year in a row.
Unfortunately, they suffered the same fate as 2013.
On Sept. 4, the Rebels played Gallatin County High School in the semifinals at Carroll County. Alex Hernandez would score twice as Owen County defeated the Wildcats 5-1. It was the first win of the year for the Rebels. Also scoring in the game was Preston Forsee, Ricardo Perez and Christian Trejo.
Copyright © 2016
The Owenton News-Herald is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Owen County and Owenton, KY, and the surrounding area.


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Sitting Sparkle by KalleFlaxxWatch
©2013-2016 KalleFlaxx
I don't think words are needed. *hugs*
shinny :3
Amazing, nice job!
God damn it Flaxx, why are you so good at shiny ponies?
Love this style!
shiny style
i love the tail
Twi just looks so cute. I love that pose.
look like she sitting in the corner being punish, SAD
Where's her bloody wings? D:
I took them away from her!
Give them back.
Give them back.
No, I can't fly without them.
This is sooo cute! I love your style!
The empty space... She's missing Spike pretty bad. Soon enough, she's gonna draw a face on one of her pillows, dye it purple and green, and start talking to it.
So adorable!
Ooh, shiny!
Neat drawing. I like it.
Neat drawing. I like it.
Wow, FANTASTIC job!!! Awesome picture.
Hah, glad you think so! Thanks!
She's so pretty! Cute too!
Very nice job on this!
Very nice job on this!
She's lovely! Terrific job!!


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Halfords Plastic Car Creeper Product Description
The Halfords Plastic Car Creeper offers a comfortable under car support for anyone completing maintenance work. The weight limit of this item stands at 127kg.
Features & Benefits of Plastic Car Creeper:
- Comfortable under vehicle support
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- Dimensions: 101cm x 47cm x 12cm
- Weight: 5kgs
Halfords Plastic Car Creeper Instructions
Please read this manual before you use your plastic car creeper and ensure you understand its operation and the safety procedures to be observed.
This plastic car creeper contain no user serviceable parts, any modification may render the plastic car creeper unsafe.
Additional Information
REMEMBER: It is essential to use axle stands when working under a vehicle. Jacks are not designed to hold a vehicle for a prolonged period of time.
Type: Creeper
Halfords Plastic Car Creeper
Cat code: 332350
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ReviewsHalfords Plastic Car Creeper 5 5Halfords Plastic Car Creeper Fits into car seems quite sturdy so far, see what like after son has had it for a while 08 December 2014great product very solid but lightweight, comes with a plastic box key to assemble with but is like a chocolate teapot - useless, so you will need a 10mm socket to assemble which takes 10 mins and only involves attaching the casters with 12 bolts. has a padded headrest which is nice also pockets either side just where your hands are so no more groping around on the floor for your spanners. is decent size and the casters are good size and move easily, has handle at the top which makes it easy to carry and hang up when not in use. I bought it primarily to use as a dolly to move my upended camping trailer around the back of the house whic it copes with very well having a massive 127kg capacity. would definatly recomment to anyone 17 August 2014Halfords Plastic Car Creeper fit for purpose - would have been nicer in red like most garage equipment 07 January 2014Plastic car creeper I bought this item based on the price and availability as I needed to get one in a rush but i have to say i was really pleased with the item. It wasnt complete when it came as i have to bolt the castors on but that only took me 5 minutes. lightweight and easy to manoeuvre under the car. Its solid plastic apart from the headrest but it was quite comfortable laying on it for 20 minutes. There are side pockets for placing tools and parts in whilst working which is a bonus. The only problem i had with it was it wasnt easy to clean down due to the texture of material but then again i like to keep my tools super clean. Very easy to wipe off surface dirts and oil though. 19 December 2013Overall good Good car creeper, just a bit too fiddly to assemble. 27 September 20131-5 of 5
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Board & Staff
|Lauren Howes
Executive Director
Lauren Howes has been working as the Executive Director of the Canadian Filmmakers Distribution Centre since 2006. She is also currently the Chairperson on the Board of the Media Arts Network of Ontario (MANO) 2009-present, she sits on the advisory committee for Visual and Media Art at the Toronto Arts Council, and served as Treasurer on the Board (2008-2010) of the Independent Media Arts Alliance. Through her work in distribution she attends numerous film festivals and media art markets worldwide promoting and presenting Canadian media art globally, including: Dublin, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Hamburg, Paris, London, Berlin, Barcelona, Seoul, Bangalore and Buenos Aires.
|Aimée Mitchell
Distribution Manager
Educational Development + Outreach
Aimée has been active with the Centre since 2005 through the Film Preservation Committee, the Young Canada Works Internship Program, and CFMDC Special Projects. She has been a Project Coordinator for The Visible City Project + Archive, The Leona Drive Project, and The Expo '67 Expanded Cinema Project, supporting the work of artists and important research in Canadian film history and art practice. She has sat on the Executive Committee for the Film Studies Association of Canada (2009-2011) and the Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies (2010-2012). Aimée is currently completing a PhD in Communication & Culture at York University, studying Canadian amateur cinema, the politics of the archive, cultural historiography, and film preservation. Oh, and she has two cats.
|Genne Speers
Operations Manager
Genne has been with the CFMDC since 2007. She has worked on the technical team for several film festivals including; Toronto International Film Festival, Hot Docs and Inside Out LGBT Film Festival. Genne holds a Masters in Cinema and Film Archiving from the University of East Anglia and is pursuing a PhD in Cinema and Media Studies at York University. She has worked on projects at the BFI National Archive, Berkhamsted, and UNESCO, Paris. Her research interests include: traditional and counter archival theory, critical theory and experience, and regimes of perspective in documentary practice. She lives with Hoito.
|Claire Egan
Membership + Acquisitions
Claire Egan holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the Ontario College of Art & Design (OCAD) University. Her work has shown in galleries across Toronto as well as in New York City, Panama City and Amsterdam. In addition to her position as Membership + Acquisitions Coordinator at the CFMDC, Claire has worked for numerous festivals and not-for-profit organizations including: Subtle Technologies, aluCine Latin Media Festival, XPACE Cultural Centre and the International AIDS Conference. Claire also co-founded and co-facilitated conSECUENCIAS, an experimental animation workshop for at-risk youth in Panama. Prior to the CMFDC, she programmed the experimental sidebar for Inside Out, Toronto's LGBT Film & Video Festival. Claire is currently based in Berlin, Germany.
|Edward Fawcett Sharpe
Technical Coordinator
Edward Fawcett Sharpe is a Filmmaker, Freelance Videographer/Editor, and the Technical Coordinator at CFMDC. Just ask him about codec's!
Mariam Zaidi
Mariam Zaidi holds a Masters in Fine Arts in Documentary Media from Ryerson University in Toronto. Her short films have shown at festivals across North America, India and the UAE. Alongside her role as Distribution Assistant Intern at CMFDC, Mariam works as a freelance production coordinator and associate producer with the team at Tiger Spirit Productions, creating short and feature-length documentary films for broadcast and festival exhibition.
Office Dog
Supervisor of courier deliveries.
|Mary J. Daniel
Mary J Daniel is a media artist and educator, with a 20-year history of making hard-to-categorize works focusing on the poetry and artistry of everyday experiences. She has a background in experimental film, intertwining interest in educational and community-based video, and held teaching positions at Purdue University, Emily Carr Institute of Art & Design, Simon Fraser University, and the University of British Columbia--Okanagan. Her body of work encompasses an award-winning anthology of experimental shorts, a feature film, and a series of collaborative documentaries. Her films and videos have traveled international, queer, women's, and experimental festival circuits; screened at Cinematheques, universities, micro-cinemas and art galleries; and have featured in curated programmes of Canadian works, including at the Kassel Documentary Festival and the Anthology Film Archives in New York City.
|Inga Dievulyte
Inga Dievulyte is an Executive Producer with a Toronto-based production company Films in Blue. She has over 10 years of experience in the fields of film and television production, and, most recently, broadcast acquisitions and programming. Inga holds degrees from York University (BFA in Film & Video Production) and the University of Oxford (MSt in Film Aesthetics). She has been a member of the CFMDC since 2008 and joined the Board in 2013.
|Francisca Duran
Francisca Duran (MFA Film York, BAH Film Queen's) is a Toronto based filmmaker, experimental media artist and educator. Her media arts work combines digital and analogue formats and explores the intersection points of memory, history, politics and technology. Her work has been exhibited nationally and internationally in numerous film festivals, galleries and group screenings. Born in Chile in 1967, Francisca came to Canada as a refugee following the 1973 military coup. Related design interests in graphic arts production led to a seven-year professional practice where she produced promotional print materials for cultural sector and non-profit clients Francisca is currently teaching as adjunct faculty in the York/Sheridan Department of Design.
|Janine Heath
Janine Heath began her career with a BFA in Film from York University. Soon she was producing short films, notably the 35mm drama Frog Pond by Director Bradley Walsh, which screened at TIFF in 1999. Since then, she has spent time honing her core skills in the business of film finance through roles at the OMDC and Shaftesbury Films. In 2006, her spirit for documentary filmmaking led her to Yap Films where she became the Head of Production. In this role she line produced the Gemini award winning feature documentary Vimy Ridge: Heaven to Hell that premiered at Canada's War History Museum and was broadcast on History television.
In 2010, Janine's expertise in creative non-fiction was sought by the NFB and she was hired to production manage Stories We Tell, a feature film by Director, Sarah Polley (TIFF 2012, Canada's Top Ten 2012). She is an active member of Women in Film &Television Toronto and the Documentary Organization of Toronto. In 2013, Janine looks forward to co-producing an auteur driven pov documentary by Marc de Guerre titled AD:After Digital.
|Sally Lee
Sally Lee has worked in the not-for-profit arts sector for over 20 years. Past affiliations include LIFT (Membership Coordinator), the Reel Asian International Film Festival (Executive Director), the Images Festival (Board), the Toronto International Film Festival (Public Affairs Manager) and Soulpepper Theatre Company (Government Relations and Foundations Manager). She currently serves as the Director of Development for Artists for Peace and Justice Canada. She is also sits on the Advisory Board of Reel Asian and the Advocacy Committee of the Toronto Arts Council.
|Frank Manzo
Formerly the Manager of Production Finance at Corus Entertainment/Nelvana in Toronto, Frank currently works as an Account Manager for the Film & TV Finance group at National Bank. From 2001 to 2007, he was a Tax Credits Business Officer with the Ontario Media Development Corporation. Frank produced, wrote and directed the short film FunNight in 2000. He has an LLB from Osgoode Hall Law School and a Film and Television Diploma from the Trebas Institute. Frank is also a trained dancer, teacher and choreographer. In 2009 he acted as Artistic Director for the Business for the Arts (bfta) Awards Arnold party and his dansical With Somebody Who Loves Me will debut with a preview run at Toronto's Fringe Festival 2012, before a two week run in August, 2012.
|Terra Jean Long
Terra Jean Long is an independent filmmaker and educator. She creates tapestry like works that draw on personal narrative, history, and the spaces between the real and the imaginary. Currently, she is the Special Projects Coordinator at the Liaison of Independent Filmmakers of Toronto (LIFT) where she contributes to a suite of dynamic community and education initiatives. She holds a double major BFA in film production and women's studies from Concordia University and has recently completed the MFA in film production at York University. Her works have screened at film festivals and micro cinemas around the world and in her hometown, Toronto.
|Gigi Morin
Gigi holds degrees from the University of Guelph (B.A.H.1990) Dalhousie University (MA 1992) and the University of New Brunswick (LL.B. 1995) and was called to the Ontario Bar in 1997 after articling with Fraser & Beatty (now Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP). Gigi joined John Duncan & Assoc. in 1998 and became a founding partner in Duncan Morin LLP in 2000. Gigi acts for a variety of television and film live action, documentary and animation producers on a broad range of matters including rights acquisitions, broadcast and licensing matters, financing including Canadian content structures and international co-productions, Errors & Omissions insurance and clearance matters.
|Gina Vanni
Gina is currently the Vice President of Take 5 Productions, a Toronto based television production company whose credits include international series The Tudors, Camelot, the Borgias and the upcoming mini-series, World Without End. Prior to joining Take 5, Gina was the Vice President of Production Finance at Dufferin Gate Productions where she managed development and financing for the company's considerable slate of productions.
Previous to that Gina worked with the Ontario Media Development Corporation in several capacities including Team Lead in the Tax Credits and Financing Department as well as Director of Tax Credits, where she oversaw the administration of Ontario's six cultural media tax credits. Gina has a background in Management Accounting, and has sat on the board of the CFMDC as Treasurer since 2007.


text:
Related Enforcement Actions
This case was filed on August 5, 2003, in the Southern District of New York.
Related Document(s):
Opinion and Order Granting Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Count 1 and Denying Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Count 2
Order Denying Defendant's Motion for Reconsideration Seeking Dismissal of Count 2
Preliminary Order of Forfeiture and Final Money Judgment
Related Case(s):
In Re Omega Advisors, Inc. (2007)
U.S. v. Viktor Kozeny, et al.: Docket No. 05-CR-518-SAS (05/12/05)
U.S. v. Clayton Lewis: Docket No. 03-CR-930-NRB (07/31/03)
Criminal Fraud
Updated June 9, 2015


text:
Jaber Mohamed, Reporter / / News
Tottenham Hotspur has started its first lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) fan group.
Spurs started the group in collaboration with the Gay Football Supporters' Network as part of its support for the Football v Homophobia month.
The group will become part of the newly-formed GFSN Fangroup Coalition (GFSN FC), backed by Kick It Out and Stonewall, to act as an umbrella organisation for LGBT fans throughout the country.
Tottenham's home match against FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk on Thursday, February 27, at White Hart Lane, will see the official launch of the group.
It aims to engage Tottenham Hotspur's LGBT fan base and hold regular consultation with the club.
Leviathen Hendricks, chair of the group and coordinator of GFSN FC, said: "We are delighted to be launching a LGB&T Tottenham Hotspur fan group.
"All football fans want to feel a real sense of belonging to their team. Unfortunately, homophobia, biphobia and transphobia are still very real barriers.
"We believe that LGBT fan groups will go a long way toward creating a tolerant and safe environment while providing an equality of social experience for all fans to freely enjoy the excitement of being a proud supporter of their club."
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Tottenham Hotspur start first LGBT fan group
I didn't think poofters like football.
I didn't think poofters like football.
I am starting a supporters' group for fans over 6 feet tall. The "Over 6 feet Tall Community (or the OSFT as I call us)" has been marginalized in society for far too long.
I am starting a supporters' group for fans over 6 feet tall. The "Over 6 feet Tall Community (or the OSFT as I call us)" has been marginalized in society for far too long.