text:
Online education system php project Jobs:
|Price (USD)
|Price (USD)
|... This website should act as a portal for education, book reading and writing, exchanging templates/sheets...against payments to me. Payments shouldn't be online for security reason. I'm thinking to make the payment...welcome. ## Deliverables **Description** The project is a website acting as a portal for all book lovers
|PHP, Linux, Project Management, Engineering, Software Architecture, Software Testing, Website Testing, MySQL, Website Management, Web Hosting
|Dec 4, 2008
|Dec 4, 2008Ended
|Online Education Management System
|We need Online Software Project ( Online School Management System) like this (http://www.penpencileraser...penpencileraser.com/) and I need the website and the system to be in two languages (English and Arabic)rnCan you...the website and the system.rn rnWebsite Software should be done by these (Php and SQL , CSS, HTML5)
|PHP, Website Design, Graphic Design, MySQL, HTML
|Nov 15, 2013
|Nov 15, 2013Ended
|Online Education System
|Project Description: The general concept is an online education system that allows the "teacher" to...reason most terms are in quotations is that this system will be outside the context of a real class. Once...own without any more input from the teacher. The system will require a user-friendly administration interface
|PHP, Website Design
|Nov 6, 2004
|Nov 6, 2004Ended
|295930 Education System Clone
|I am looking for someone to create a PHP/MySQL education system, modeled entirely after Eledge version...application (see http://eledge.sourceforge.net/). The system you create must offer 100% of the same functionality/features...review prior to bidding.) Eledge is an online course management system written in Java. It is designed to
|PHP, Java, Website Design, Anything Goes
|May 19, 2003
|May 19, 2003Ended
|online education system
|Online education system is purely based on asp.net. back end is sql server. This project is widely used...and colleges for there day to day life.. This project is very beneficial for the schools and colleges
|ASP, .NET, C# Programming, Software Testing, MySQL
|Mar 4, 2013
|Mar 4, 2013Ended
|online education system
|...student base project in which the online education (multiple choice omr que),and conduct online test ,online
|.NET, Website Design, C# Programming, HTML
|Mar 30, 2014
|Mar 30, 2014Ended
|online education system - Repost
|Online education system is purely based on asp.net. back end is sql server. This project is widely used...and colleges for there day to day life.. This project is very beneficial for the schools and colleges
|ASP, .NET, CSS, C# Programming, HTML,
|Mar 16, 2013
|Mar 16, 2013Ended
|online education system
|my project is online education system based on asp.net and database is sqlexpress .nIn this projects...admin user and library student also read the book online
|PHP, Javascript, Website Design, Graphic Design, HTML,
|Aug 17, 2013
|Aug 17, 2013Ended
|Online Education System
|...'Know-itall') is to create a business providing online education system where the exams are created by the users...Deliverables Hello coders, thanks for reviewing this project. I strongly encourage you to make an offer, we...to go ahead and we're really excited about this project. _Business Model_ With a view to building
|PHP, Software Architecture, Software Testing, Website Testing, MySQL, Google Chrome, Apple Safari, Website Management, Web Hosting
|Oct 26, 2012
|Oct 26, 2012Ended
|online education system
|...student base project in which the online education (multiple choice omr que),and conduct online test ,online
|.NET, Website Design, C# Programming, HTML
|Mar 29, 2014
|Mar 29, 2014Ended
|Online Education Testing System
|Want an online platform that can display questions, provide selection field for students to select an...provided to queries and winning bidder. Want the project delivered asap.
|.NET, Website Design, Graphic Design, C# Programming
|Apr 1, 2013
|Apr 1, 2013Ended
|Online Education Portal
|...would like a simple education portal made similar to yourdegree dot com written in php.? I do not know what...in multi phases.? the first phase would be the system to bascially build content around later on in development...advice and working with someone long term on this project and paying on deliverables.? my only main concern
|PHP, Project Management, Engineering, Software Architecture, Software Testing, Website Testing, MySQL, Website Management, Web Hosting
|Jul 2, 2008
|Jul 2, 2008Ended
|PHP, Website Design, Graphic Design, MySQL, HTML
|Feb 1, 2011
|Feb 1, 2011Ended
|Online Education
|...must Secure login system, admin site of website is required RubyonRails or PHP (CakePHP, Symfony) is
|PHP, Website Design, Ruby on Rails, iPhone, jQuery / Prototype
|May 4, 2010
|May 4, 2010Ended
|A Live education system (1775040)
|The system is to enable to do an audio lectures. The following is required: - Fully featured text chat...video or audio as he desires. Technically the system will require the following|: Experience with...Script 3, Java for backend programming Red5, and PHP to connect to the database. ## Deliverables
|PHP, Java, Adobe Flash, Project Management, Engineering, User Interface / IA, Software Architecture, Software Testing, Website Testing, MySQL, Anything Goes, ActionScript, Visual Arts, Website Management, Web Hosting
|Nov 9, 2011
|Nov 9, 2011Ended
|Convert a Template to an Online Education Website
|...management theme for WordPress. I need to design an online education platform from it, both the frontend and backend...be designed with an API provided by an external online teaching platform like WhizIQ. Live tutoring needs...needs a global scheduling and appointment reminding system integrated with the external teaching platform
|PHP, Website Design, SQL, CSS, HTML
|Jan 14, 2016
|Jan 14, 2016Ended
|Need Education institution System
|Need a Management system for our school. In functions, we need a system similar to this http://goo...leaves system only with basic modules) Others will be same(in functions) but examination system may be...much) Language and Structure: Should be created in PHP(strictly Cakephp or laravel). Should be your original
|PHP, Website Design, CakePHP, HTML
|Jan 23, 2014
|Jan 23, 2014Ended
|Online Education Website
|...out in html, need to convert it to PHP and add log in. The project is essentially just a video player...need something more final built. I am thinking that php will be best.
|PHP, Java, HTML
|May 13, 2013
|May 13, 2013Ended
|PHP, Website Design, AJAX, MySQL, jQuery / Prototype
|Feb 15, 2011
|Feb 15, 2011Ended
|Online Education provider website
|Project is to create a online education platform that will feature instructors teaching courses via webinars...subscription system built in, have a system for uploading and editing content, and needs to have a system for...can see the online training courses we offer, as well as access and stream their online training videos
|PHP, Website Design, Graphic Design, HTML
|Mar 13, 2013
|Mar 13, 2013Ended
Showing 1 to 20 of 2240052 entries
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text:
Translation of swap in German:
transitive verb -pp-
- tauschen (for gegen)austauschen (Erfahrungen, Erinnerungen)swap jokessich Dat. [gegenseitig] Witze erzählenswap places [with somebody][mit jemandem] den Platz od. die Plätze tauschen[figurative]→ horse 1 1
[mit jemandem] tauschen
intransitive verb -pp-
- Tausch Mask.do a swap [with somebody]
Definition of swap in:
- British & World English dictionary
- US English dictionary
- English synonyms
- US English synonyms
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Detail Images
Finish filming your skate session downtown and then roll to the cheapest bar in the neighborhood while wearing the Nike 6.0 Dunk SE Skate Shoe. The grippy, flexible rubber outsole helps you stick your tricks on film so you can nail your segment before the rent-a-cops kick you out. The durable, wrapped canvas upper lets you easily clean off your blood between sessions, and the full-length EVA midsole cushions your foot when you slip off a handrail and hit the ground running. Once you've had enough, the summer-friendly Dunk SE low-top feels great and matches your laid-back lifestyle while you relax on the patio with a bucket full of beers.
- Reviews
What do you think about this product?
Have questions about this product?
It disappointed me
Already got the front of the shoe tore up from kick flipping in 2 weeks
good for skatin
feels good got 10.5 good fit all in all good shoe
Del Sol/Retro Grey
I wear a 9 in women and the 8 in Men fit a little lose but perfectly on my feet. Shoes look 100 times better when your actually wearing them.
where do i actually purchase them, theres no where that says i can actually piurchase them?.. HELP I NEED THESE SHOES ASAP!
I love DogFunk!
Great shoe, great service and lightning fast shipping. Fits pretty tight(Nano Grey/Del Sol) compared to other dunks. You might want to get half a size bigger than regular.
how do i actually purchase it, HELP! I...
how do i actually purchase it, HELP! I NEED THESE SHOES ASAP!
(the purple ones)
Sorry man, the purple ones are an old color that we no longer have.
Hi, i came from italy,Pescara..and i would...
Hi, i came from italy,Pescara..and i would like to buy this shoe How long does it take to get to Italy? What is your reference size..i mean, is the shoe's number refer to the U.S system?
Waitng for replay thank you very much bye
From Italy?! Awesome!
Sup Massimilano
I would say give the shipping at least 2-3 weeks to get there. That way if they come sooner, you will be totally stoked :)
As for shoe sizing, yes the sizes you see in the drop down menu refer to to North American sizing system. If I am correct, Italy uses the EU sizing system, which you can find underneath the drop down menu in the "view sizing chart" menu.
Have fun shopping! Ciao :)
If you've had a Nike Dunk before, you might want to get this(Nano Grey/Del Sol) half a size bigger than your regular Nike Dunk. It definitely fits tight compared to my other Dunks.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 21, 1981
|Filing date
|Jun 5, 1978
|Priority date
|Jun 5, 1978
|Publication number
|Jean A. Battigelli, Francois Bouquet
|Original Assignee
|Saint-Gobain Industries
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (27), Classifications (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
In the production of fibrous insulating mats, especially mats formed of glass or similar mineral fibers, it is customary to initially form the mat by depositing the fibers on a perforated moving conveyor, usually with the aid of suction boxes provided under the flight of the conveyor on which the fibers are deposited. It is also customary to deposit a fiber binder on the fibers either before or during the buildup of the mat on the conveyor, such binder having adhesive characteristics and usually comprising a heat curable or hardenable material, such as a thermosetting resin, for instance, a phenol formaldehyde resin sprayed on the fibers in a solution or a suspension in a volatile liquid, such as water.
The layer of blanket of relatively loose fibers on the collecting conveyor is thereafter customarily delivered to what is commonly referred to as a mat curing oven through which the mat is fed by additional perforated conveyor means, frequently comprising a pair of endless conveyors having adjacent flights presented toward each other in spaced relation and serving to determine the thickness of the mat to be formed. Such a mat may be more or less dense, depending upon the extent of compression applied by the pair of conveyors in the mat curing oven.
During passage of the mat through the oven, the mat is subjected to heat treatment to effect curing of the fiber binder and thereby to effect stabilization of the mat at the desired thickness.
For the purpose of effecting the curing of the binder, various techniques have been employed; but quite commonly, the technique includes passage of heated air through the mat, for which purpose circulation boxes or manifolds are arranged in pairs at opposite sides of the feed path of the mat through the curing oven, such ovens quite commonly including several such pairs of circulation boxes, with provision for establishing different temperature conditions sequentially through the series of pairs, so as to regulate the curing temperature applied at different zones in the path of the mat through the curing oven.
It is a principal object of the present invention to provide not only for the heating to effect curing of the binder by the primary heating system in the general manner heretofore contemplated, but in addition, the invention contemplates employment of a second independent heating system comprising at least one pair of manifolds of relatively small size operating in relatively small localized areas at opposite sides of the path of the mat, this pair of manifolds serving to pass through the mat a heated gas having a pressure and temperature sufficiently high to raise the temperature of the core portion of the mat to a higher value than that attained in the core portion in the areas surrounding said localized areas. Moreover, the heated gas of this "secondary" binder curing system is preferably passed through the mat in a localized area located in the mid or downstream portion of the feed path so that the surface layers of the mat have already been cured and stabilized by the primary heating system. This intial stabilization of the surface layers of the mat makes possible the use of relatively high pressure in the secondary heating system without disrupting the fibers of the mat.
Although the arrangement of the invention is adaptable to the curing of a wide variety of mats and fibrous blankets, for reasons noted just above, the invention is especially advantageous in the curing of binder in relatively dense mats, because the pressure and temperature conditions employed in the secondary heating system of the present invention promote rapid penetration of the heat into the interior of even quite dense and thick fibrous products; and since the secondary high pressure air is applied after the surface layers of the mat have been stabilized, this rapid penetration is accomplished without disruption of the fibers.
In a typical installation in which the primary heat curing system involves the use of pairs of hot air circulation boxes arranged in sequence along the feed path through the oven, the invention contemplates, as a secondary heat curing system, the introduction of at least one pair of hot air circulation manifolds having relatively small localized areas lying within the zone or area of one of the pairs of boxes of the primary systems. In this installation, it is contemplated that the heated air of the secondary system operating in the localized area have a pressure higher than that of the air employed in the primary system. When employed in this configuration, the primary air circulation system serves not only to supply heat needed for the curing of the binder, but in addition, it serves also as a means for preventing escape or loss into the atmosphere of air leaking from the secondary system which operates at higher pressure.
By the employment of both primary and secondary systems, and by the employment of a higher pressure in the secondary system, the rapid penetration of the heat into the interior of the mat being cured in the localized area of the secondary manifolds, is highly effective in expediting attainment of the binder curing temperature in the interior or core portion of the mat; and it is an object of the invention to provide for rapid attainment of a binder curing temperature sufficiently high to initiate exothermic reaction of the binder resin. The attainment of such an exothermic temperature will result in continuance of the binder curing, even if succeeding zones of the curing oven are not maintained at the same elevated temperature. Therefore, in the overall curing operation, the use of the secondary high pressure system in the localized downstream curing areas effects an overall economy of the total fuel expended to accomplish the curing.
It is a further object of the invention to provide novel structural arrangements for introducing the high pressure manifolds of the secondary system in the localized areas of the circulation boxes of the primary system, these structural arrangements providing for minimization of shortcircuiting and leakage and also providing automatically for yielding of some of the shielding elements without breakage thereof, in the event of buildup of resin or other deposits on the conveyors serving to carry the mat through the curing oven.
How the foregoing and other objects and advantages are attained will appear more fully from the following description referring to the accompanying drawings, in which
FIGS. 1a and 1b, taken together, illustrate a longitudinal sectional view through a mat curing oven according to the present invention embodying a sequence of six pairs of hot air circulation boxes providing the primary system for the heat treatment or curing, and further a secondary system embodying two pairs of localized high pressure manifolds, one pair being disposed in each of the last two of the primary or low pressure circulation boxes;
FIG. 1c is a fragmentary view similar to a portion of FIG. 1b but illustrating an alternative embodiment in which two pairs of high pressure or secondary circulation boxes are enclosed in one of the pairs of the low pressure circulation boxes;
FIG. 2 is a transverse sectional view on an enlarged scale taken through one of the pairs of primary hot air circulation boxes, as indicated by the section line 2--2 applied to FIG. 1a;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary longitudinal sectional view on the scale of FIG. 2, illustrating one of the pairs of primary or low pressure circulation boxes having a pair of secondary or high pressure manifolds disposed therein;
FIG. 4 is a view on the same scale as FIGS. 2 and 3 but illustrating a transverse section through a pair of secondary or high pressure circulation manifolds this view being taken as indicated by the section line 4--4 on FIG. 1b; and
Fig. 5 is a fragmentary view on a smaller scale than FIG. 4 but illustrating a modification of the high pressure air circulation system.
In the drawings, the reference numeral 6 indicates the mat curing oven in general, the oven having enclosing structures or walls within which the conveyor equipment and the hot air circulation systems are arranged.
As seen in FIGS. 1a and 1b, in the lower portion of the oven, rotative supporting elements or rollers 7--7 are provided for mounting the lower endless conveyor, the upper and lower flights of which are indicated in FIGS. 1a and 1b only by dot-dash lines, these conveyor flights appearing in greater detail at 8a and 8b in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. As seen in FIGS. 1a and 1b, rotative supports or rollers 9--9 are also provided for the upper conveyor, which is indicated in FIGS. 1a and 1b only by dot-dash lines; but the lower and upper flights of which appear in greater detail at 10a and 10b in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. Each of the conveyors is made up of a multiplicity of links which are pivotally interconnected and which carry rollers 12 adapted to ride on the tracks indicated at 13. The links are generally indicated at 11. Conveyors of this type are driven through the mounting rollers.
The rollers 9 and also the tracks 13 for the upper conveyor are mounted upon a frame structure 14 made up of longitudinal and transverse members interconnected so as to provide for adjustable positioning of the upper conveyor with respect to the lower conveyor. This adjustment may be effected by screw jacks indicated at 15 in a manner well understood in this art and forming no part of the present invention per se.
By virtue of the adjustability of the upper conveyor, the space between the conveyor flights 8a and 10a, which are the runs presented toward the fibrous mat, may be altered in order to establish the desired density or thickness of the product being made.
At the upstream or input end of the oven, a conveyor, indicated diagrammatically at 16, is provided, the conveyor here illustrated representing a perofrated conveyor such as commonly employed for the collection of fibers to form a mat or blanket. Suction boxes, such as shown at 17, may be employed for assisting the collection of the fibers and for maintaining them in position on the conveyor. Suction fans 17a are connected with the suction boxes. The fibrous blanket carried by this conveyor 16 is delivered to the sizing rolls R1-R2, which are preferably adjustable in order to regulate the thickness of the mat being introduced into the oven; and after delivery of the partially sized mat from the rolls R1-R2, the mat enters between the conveyor flights in the curing oven.
Interiorly of the oven, the primary or low pressure sure air circulation boxes are provided in pairs. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1a and 1b, six such low pressure pairs of boxes appear, the zones or regions of these pairs being generally indicated by the letters A, B, C, D, E and F. These pairs of boxes are generally rectangular and are identified by reference numerals 18 and 19. The boxes are closed on all sides except for the side presented toward the conveyor flights 8a or 10a. Each box 18 is mounted on fixed structure below the upper flight 8a of the lower conveyor; and each box 19 is mounted on the vertically adjustable framing 14 for the upper conveyor, so that the upper boxes move with the upper conveyor when its position is adjusted.
Each box is also provided with an opening communicating with a duct for either supply or exhaust of the treatment gases, such openings being indicated at 20. The supply or inlet and the discharge or exhaust openings are respectively marked with plus and minus symblos--"+" or "-". It will be noted that in the first pair of boxes A, the supply opening 20 is arranged in the lower box 18 toward the upstream end of the box, with respect to the direction of feed of the product through the oven; and the exhaust opening is arranged in the upper box 19 of this pair, near the downstream end.
The same general pattern is repeated in the boxes of the second pair indicated at B. In the third pair of boxes, indicated at C, the inlet opening is in the upper box 19 at the upstream end and the exhaust opening is in the lower box of the pair toward the downstream end.
In the zone indicated at D for the fourth pair of boxes, the pattern of inlet and outlet openings is the same as for pairs A and B. In the pair of boxes E, the arrangement of inlet and outlet conforms with that mentioned above in connection with zone C; and in the pair F, the arrangement shown conforms with that of the boxes D. It is to be understood that these relationships may be altered in order to vary the manner in which the curing is effected; and different flow conditions may be employed in connection with products of different types, thickness and/or densities, as is known in this art. In addition, a smaller or a larger number of circulation boxes and treatment zones may be utilized, according to the nature of the product being made. Still further, the flow through certain boxes may be shut off if desired.
Before considering the structure and operation of the high pressure air circulation system contemplated by the present invention, attention is called to the fact that the overall enclosure of the oven 6 is provided with a gas exhaust system including the ducts 21, and the exhaust fan 22, the latter delivering gases removed from the interior of the oven into and through an appropriate precipitator 23 for separation of suspended solids. The walls of the oven 6, in effect, comprise a hood surrounding the interior components of the oven including the heated gas circulation boxes described above, and the manifolds which are described hereinafter; and the leakage which occurs is withdrawn from the oven enclosure by the exhaust system just described.
FIG. 2 illustrates on an enlarged scale a transverse section through the low pressure boxes of zone C. Here it will be seen that the gas supply line 24 is connected with the upper or supply box 19 and that the exhaust duct 25 is connected with the lower exhaust circulation box 18. Vanes 19a serve to distribute the incoming gas over the width of the conveyor and thus over the width of the mat being treated. The gases discharged through the connection 25 are delivered to a heater 26 with which a burner 27 is associated, and these gases are drawn through the heater by the fan 28 and delivered by the fan into the supply duct 24. This gas heating and circulation system may be employed for more than one of the pairs of low pressure boxes, of if desired, separate circulation systems may be used.
To accommodate vertical motion of the upper conveyor and the parts mounted therewith, the supply duct 24 extends through an oversized opening 29 in the wall of the oven, and a flexible closure bellows 30 may be used to substantially seal the joint between the supply duct and the wall of the oven. In addition, the duct 24 is provided with a slip joint 24a to accommodate the vertical adjustment.
In considering the high pressure gas circulation system, attention is first directed to certain features of construction of the conveyors. As above noted, these conveyors are made up of links 11 which are pivoted to each other in an endless loop, one such loop being provided for each conveyor. The individual links (see for example FIGS. 2 and 3) extend across the width of the conveyor and have rollers 12 associated therewith at each edge of the conveyor, as appears from FIG. 2. Each link has a base plate 31 which is apertured at intervals across the width of the conveyor (as clearly appears in FIG. 2), and is provided with projecting ribs or flanges 32 forming transverse passages extended through the links for the flow of the gases from the low pressure supply boxes (described above) or high pressure supply manifolds (described herebelow), through the mat carried by the conveyors and then through the apertures and passages in the links of the other conveyor and into the exhaust boxes or manifolds.
As shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 1a and 1b, a high pressure manifold system HP1 is associated with the pair of low pressure boxes 18 and 19 in zone E, this high pressure system and the pair of low pressure boxes 18 and 19 being illustrated in enlarged longitudinal section in FIG. 3 and in enlarged transverse section in FIG. 4. From FIGS. 1b and 3, it will be seen that the high pressure manifold system is substantially smaller than the low pressure boxes 18 and 19 and further that the high pressure manifold system lies within the low pressure boxes 18 and 19. The high pressure supply manifold is indicated at 33; and from comparison of FIGS. 3 and 4, it will be noted that this manifold extends across the width of the conveyor, above the flight 10a, and of the mat being treated, but is of relatively short dimension in a direction upstream and downstream of the feed path of the mat. A supply duct 34 is connected with the high pressure supply manifold, this duct passing through an oversized opening 35 in the wall of the oven and the opening being closed by a flexible bellows seal 36. Duct 34 has a slip joint 34a to accommodate vertical motion. In the interior of the high pressure supply manifold, vanes 37 are provided to insure distribution of the high pressure gases over the width of the conveyor. A high pressure exhaust manifold 38 is provided below the flight 8a of the lower conveyor and the exhaust manifold is connected with the duct 39 in order to discharge the high pressure gases after they have passed through the mat being treated. The duct 39 delivers the withdrawn gases to a heater 40 having a burner 41 from which the gases are withdrawn by the fan 42 which recirculates the gases to the supply duct 34.
As in the low pressure system, the high pressure duct and circulation system, including the heater 40 and the fan 42, may be employed for more than one high pressure system; or if desired, separate heaters and fans may be utilized for different high pressure systems.
Although distributing vanes 37 are provided in the supply manifold 33, these are not needed in and are preferably omitted from the exhaust manifold 38.
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates an alternative form of heater which may be employed for heating the high pressure gases in the circulation system. Here, a heat exchanger diagrammatically indicated at 43, is introduced into the exhaust manifold 39 in advance of passage of the gases through the fan or blower 42. FIG. 5 also indicates an alternative arrangement of the high pressure supply and exhaust manifolds 33 and 38; in this illustration, the supply manifold 33 being located below the mat being treated and the exhaust manifold 38 being located above the mat.
Because of the employment of relatively high pressure gases in the high pressure system, it is of importance to minimize gas leakage, and this requires provision of special sealing devices, an example of such devices being particularly illustrated in FIG. 3. Here it will be seen that at each side of the upper or supply manifold 33, a supporting structure 44 is provided, this structure serving to mount a pair of wall elements 45, one located at each side of the manifold 33. Each of these wall elements is pivotally mounted as indicated at 46, so that the wall element may be swung or displaced upwardly away from the upper surface of the conveyor flight 10a. At a point opposite to the pivot 46, the wall element 45 is provided with a flange cooperating with a stop or abutment 47 which serves to limit downward movement of the wall element and thus prevents contact of the wall element with the upper surface of the conveyor flight 10a. Each of these wall elements 45 is of trough-like configuration, being extended across the entire width of the conveyor; and it is contemplated that these elements have a flat lower surface and that they be mounted in close proximity to the upper surface of the conveyor flight 10a, thereby providing sealing action preventing any substantial lateral flow or leakage of the high pressure gas being used in the high pressure manifold system. In a typical installation, in the normal operating position of each wall element 45, the element will be spaced from the upper surface of the flight 10a a distance of the order of a few millimeters, for instance, from about 3 to 5 mm.
These displaceable sealing wall elements are provided so that the sealing elements may be normally positioned much closer to the conveyor than would be possible if they were fixed in position. Displacement away from the conveyor will readily occur in the event of the accumulation on the conveyor of irregular deposits of resin or fibers, as tends to occur from time to time in the operation of such equipment. Since the elements 45 are automatically displaceable, if a lump or deposit is encountered, no damage to the equipment will occur, even when the wall elements are mounted for normal operation very close to the surface of the conveyor.
The elements 45, located above the conveyor, function automatically under the action of gravity to return to the position in close proximity to the conveyor, after being displaced by any deposit of resin or fibrous material. The width of the flat bottom surface of each of the trough-shaped elements 45 is preferably at least as great as any two adjacent passages between ribs 32 of the conveyor links 11, so that the desired sealing function will be performed, regardless of the relative position of the ribs 32 with respect to the wall elements 45 in a direction along the path of movement in the conveyor.
Similar displaceable wall elements 48 are associated with the flight 8a of the lower conveyor, these wall elements being arranged for downward displacement away from the lower surface of the conveyor flight 8a and being urged upwardly by springs 49. Similar pivots and limiting stops are provided for the lower elements 48, but the lower elements being displaceable downwardly under the action of obstructions encountered as the conveyor flight passes the high pressure system, springs instead of gravity are relied upon to return the wall elements 48 to their normal operating position.
Each of the wall elements 45,45 and 48,48 is provided with an inclined surface, such as indicated at 50, at the upstream side of the element, in order to facilitate the displacement action under the influence of foreign bodies carried by the conveyors.
From FIGS. 1b, 3 and 4, it will be noted that in the high pressure manifold system HP1, the supply manifold 33 is located above the conveyor and in the upper circulation box 19 of the low pressure zone E with which the low pressure gas supply connection communicates, the discharge manifold of this high pressure system HP1 being located in the discharge box 18 below the conveyor in the low pressure zone E.
By reference to FIG. 1b, it will also be seen that in the low pressure zone F, the high pressure system HP2 is inverted with relation to the arrangement shown in zone E. Thus, in FIG. 1b, the high pressure supply manifold 33 is located below the mat in the low pressure supply box 18 of zone F and the high pressure exhaust manifold 38 is located above the mat in the low pressure exhaust box 19 of zone F.
In the alternative arrangement of FIG. 1c, two high pressure circulation systems are shown as mounted within a single pair of low pressure boxes 18 and 19. Thus, in this alternative embodiment, the high pressure supply manifolds 33a and 33b are located in the low pressure box 19 above the mat in side-by-side relation with an intervening displaceable sealing wall element such as the sealing elements described above in connection with FIG. 3; and the cooperating high pressure exhaust manifolds 38a and 38b are mounted within the low pressure exhaust box 18 below the mat, with a displaceable wall element lying between the two high pressure exhaust manifolds of the type described above in connection with FIG. 3. Outboard displaceable wall elements are also associated with the high pressure manifold systems of FIG. 1c in the manner which will now be understood.
Although the high pressure air circulation systems contemplated according to the present invention may be employed in association with any of the treatment zones, A to F, it is particularly advantageous to employ such high pressure circulation systems in association with the low pressure circulation boxes downstream of about the mid region of the feed path and preferably at least 2/3 of the length of the feed path from the entrance end of the oven. Thus, in accordance with one preferred embodiment appearing in FIGS. 1a and 1b, two high pressure circulation systems are indicated in general at HP1 and HP2, these being located respectively within the low pressure zones E and F, being the last two in the embodiment of FIGS. 1a and 1b.
Where two high pressure systems are incorporated in a single pair of low pressure boxes, it is preferred to arrange the two high pressure supply manifolds at the same side of the mat, and preferably within the low pressure supply box, because this will minimize leakage problems, with consequent loss of heat.
As will be understood, the operating conditions will vary in accordance with a number of factors, including the thickness and density of the mat being formed, the compositon and characteristics of the binder being used, and also the amount of binder employed. However, some general guidelines, with regard to the operating conditions, are presented herebelow.
First, it is contemplated that the low pressure circulation established by the circulation boxes 18 and 19, in the zones A to F inclusive, should include some zones in which the gases pass upwardly through the mat, and some zones in which the gases pass downwardly through the mat. Also, it is contemplated that the gases circulated through the boxes 18 and 19 in different zones may be at different temperatures, depending upon the characteristics of the mat and the binder used, as is already known in the operation of mat curing ovens having multiple zones of treatment. An appropriate temperature range for the gas supplied to circulation boxes 18 and 19 is from about 150� C. to about 300� C., when employing common types of fiber binders, such as phenol formaldehyde binders.
The pressure conditions established may also vary, and these pressure conditions may be measured in various ways. The pressure in the supply box and the pressure in the exhaust box will, of course, vary because of the drop in pressure incident to passage of the gas through the mat. In typical operating conditions, the pressure in the supply box of the low pressure systems may be of the order of from about 5 to 30 mm of water.
With regard to the high pressure circulation systems, it is contemplated that where more than one such system is utilized, for instance, in the configuration illustrated in FIG. 1b where one high pressure system HP1 is located in low pressure zone E and another high pressure system HP2 is located in low pressure zone F, it is contemplated that one of these high pressure systems should be arranged to pass the treatment gas through the mat in one direction and the other high pressure system be arranged to pass the gas through the mat in the opposite direction. Thus, as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 1b, the high pressure system HP1 is shown as delivering the gas downwardly and the high pressure system HP2 is shown by the arrow as delivering the gas upwardly. This will serve to maintain substantial uniformity of the treatment throughout the thickness of the mat.
With regard to the pressure and temperature employed in the high pressure systems, it is further pointed out that some benefit may be achieved by the employment of both low pressure and high pressure systems in combination in the same curing oven, even if the temperature of the high pressure system is not higher than or even lower than the temperature in the low pressure system. The reason for this is because the high pressure will cause more rapid and effective penetration of the heat to the interior of the mat than is the case with the low pressure system.
The high pressure system may be operated over a substantial range; but in general, should be at least several times, preferably at least 10 to 20 times, the pressure of the low pressure system. For example, the pressure in the supply manifolds of the high pressure systems may be upwards of about 300 to 600 mm of water.
In a typical case where the temperature of the air in the low pressure systems is from about 150� C. to about 300� C., the temperature in the high pressure systems may desirably be from about 200� C. to about 350� C.
In a typical installation, the high pressure systems may have a discharge flow of about 5,000 Nm3 /h, when the discharge flow of the low pressure circulation system is about 30,000 Nm3 /h. The high pressure gases are concentrated in the localized relatively small areas as compared with the low pressure gases, and those localized areas in a typical case may comprise about 10% of the area of the treatment zones established by the low pressure boxes.
The temperatures and pressures will also vary depending upon the speed of advancement of the mat being formed and on the number of treatment zones in the mat curing oven. The use, according to the invention, of both high and low pressure air circulation systems, is particularly effective from several standpoints, including the fact that for given binder curing effect, this may be accomplished in fewer treatment zones and with a substantially shorter overall length of the curing overn. This is due to the fact that the high pressure systems are particularly effective in bringing the interior portions of the mat up to curing temperature in a short time. It is also advantageous that the high pressure systems will rapidly bring the temperature of the binder to the level where exothermic reaction will occur even in the core portion of the mat; and this temperature will then be maintained more readily, even beyond the localized area of the high temperature manifolds.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 16, 1957
|Aug 22, 1961
|Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp
|Multiple stage methods and apparatus for curing the binder of fibrous glass masses
|Sep 16, 1957
|Jul 2, 1963
|Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp
|Heat setting of binder of fibrous masses
|Apr 27, 1973
|Feb 11, 1975
|Johns Manville
|Purging system and method for a process producing glass fiber blankets
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 1, 1984
|Apr 2, 1985
|Isover Saint-Gobain
|Method and apparatus for scrubbing effluent gases from mineral fiber production
|Mar 31, 1986
|May 17, 1988
|Isover Saint-Gobain
|Process for forming fiber mats
|Nov 13, 1987
|Feb 7, 1989
|Kurt Held
|Apparatus for producing processed wood material panels
|Jan 4, 1991
|Feb 8, 1994
|Tilby Sydney E
|Apparatus for manufacture of structural panel
|Oct 4, 1994
|Jul 18, 1995
|Csr Ltd
|Production process and apparatus
|Nov 1, 1993
|Aug 15, 1995
|Davidson Textron, Inc.
|Forming method and apparatus
|May 8, 1995
|Jun 25, 1996
|Davidson Textron, Inc.
|Thermoformable mat mold with hot gas supply and recirculation
|Mar 8, 2001
|Mar 8, 2005
|Officemax Incorporated
|Apparatus and method for continuous formation of composites having filler and thermoactive materials, and products made by the method
|Jun 30, 2003
|Jan 9, 2007
|Owens Corning Fiberglas Technology, Inc.
|Flow through molding apparatus and method
|Mar 23, 2004
|Aug 7, 2007
|Certainteed Corporation
|Reinforced fibrous insulation product and method of reinforcing same
|Jan 8, 2004
|Jun 9, 2009
|Certainteed Corporation
|Method of making insulation product having nonwoven facing
|Jan 8, 2004
|Dec 1, 2009
|Certainteed Corporation
|Insulation product having nonwoven facing
|May 23, 2007
|Sep 28, 2010
|Johns Manville
|Method of drying mat products
|Aug 6, 2007
|Dec 28, 2010
|Certainteed Corporation
|Reinforced fibrous insulation product and method of reinforcing same
|Mar 8, 2001
|Sep 27, 2001
|Boise Cascade Corporation
|Apparatus and method for continuous formation of composites having filler and thermoactive materials, and products made by the method
|Jun 30, 2003
|Dec 30, 2004
|Parks Jerry M.
|Flow through molding apparatus and method
|Nov 6, 2003
|May 12, 2005
|Lembo Michael J.
|Insulation product having nonwoven facing and process for making same
|Dec 3, 2003
|Jun 30, 2005
|Suda David I.
|Fiberglass insulation curing oven tower and method of curing fiberglass insulation
|Nov 16, 2004
|Jun 30, 2005
|Paul Dubelsten
|Apparatus and method for continuous formation of composites having filler and thermoactive materials, and products made by the method
|Jan 8, 2004
|Jul 14, 2005
|Suda David I.
|Insulation product having nonwoven facing
|Mar 23, 2004
|Jul 14, 2005
|Suda David I.
|Reinforced fibrous insulation product and method of reinforcing same
|Jan 8, 2004
|Aug 4, 2005
|Suda David I.
|Method of making insulation product having nonwoven facing
|Oct 12, 2004
|Apr 13, 2006
|Mankell Kurt O
|Insulation board with weather and puncture resistant facing and method of manufacturing the same
|Aug 6, 2007
|Jan 3, 2008
|Certainteed Corporation
|Reinforced fibrous insulation product and method of reinforcing same
|May 23, 2007
|Nov 27, 2008
|Pinkham Jr Daniel
|Method of drying mat products
|Feb 9, 2009
|Jun 4, 2009
|Alain Yang
|Method for curing a binder on insulation fibers
|Feb 14, 2014
|Aug 20, 2015
|Charles Douglas Spitler
|System and method for continuous strand fiberglass media processing
|U.S. Classification
|425/371, 425/407, 425/446
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Yesterday's Love Story by Forestina-FotosWatch
©2013-2016 Forestina-Fotos
This is very beautiful!
I love your style soooo much!!
Keep up the good work
Keep up the good work
What a lovely couple they would make. Beautiful people. Thank you, Hun, for this romantic image.
Beautiful almost spookey too
Very,very nice.
Good choice of images!! both make a hot couple!!
Thanks for using my stock
Thanks for using my stock
My pleasure! I've used the man before in a manip. I think I fell a little in love with him! The girl is beautiful too. My passion is writing and I've tried to hint that there is some love story between them...and the key plays an important role in their secret meetings!
great image, lovely lighting and wonderful period feel
sweet job


text:
IRIX 6.3 » Books » Administrative »
POWER Onyx and Onyx Rackmount Owner's Guide
(document number: 007-1736-060 / published: 1996-03-21)
table of contents | additional info | downloadfind in page
This appendix provides information to help users integrate third-party VME boards into the Onyx, Onyx R10000, and POWER Onyx rackmount systems. Hereinafter, the term Onyx is used to refer to all Onyx systems unless it is necessary to refer to a specific system type. The following information is divided into three major sections:
"VMEbus Architecture Interface," provides a detailed discussion of the VMEbus architecture in the Onyx system. This section also briefly describes the overall bus structure, VME interrupt generation, and address mapping.
"Hardware Considerations,"discusses pertinent physical and electrical requirements and issues such as the required board dimensions, available power, airflow, VME pins assignments, the VME slots, and VME backplane jumpering.
"VMEbus Boards Design Considerations," provides third-party VME board design considerations and guidelines.
The VME (versa modular European) interface in the Onyx and POWER Onyx rack systems supports all protocols defined in Revision C of the VME specification, plus the A64 and D64 modes defined in Revision D. For the acceptable VME address ranges, read the /var/sysgen/system/irix.sm file.
The VMEbus interface circuitry for the Onyx and POWER Onyx systems resides on a mezzanine board called the VMEbus Channel Adapter Module (VCAM) board. The VCAM board is standard in every system and mounts directly on top of the IO4 board in the system card cage (see Figure E-1). The VCAM is located on the master IO4 (in slot 12) and provides the VME connection for card cage 2.
Figure E-1. Placement of the VCAM Board on the IO4 Board for CC2
The IO4 board is the heart of the I/O subsystem. The IO4 board supplies the system with a basic set of I/O controllers and system boot and configuration devices such as serial and parallel ports and Ethernet.
In addition, the IO4 board provides these interfaces:
two flat-cable interconnects (FCIs) for connection to the CC3
two SCSI-2 cable connections
two Ibus connections
See Figure E-2 for a functional block diagram of the IO4 board.
This section describes the bus structure of the system.
The main set of buses in the Onyx system architecture is the Everest address and data buses, Ebus for short. The Ebus provides a 256-bit data bus and a 40-bit address bus that can sustain a bandwidth of 1.2 GB per second.
The 256-bit data bus provides the data transfer capability to support a large number of high-performance RISC CPUs. The 40-bit address bus is also wide enough to support 16 GB of contiguous memory in addition to an 8 GB I/O address space.
The 64-bit Ibus (also known as the HIO bus) is the main internal bus of the I/O subsystem and interfaces to the high-power Ebus through a group of bus adapters.The Ibus has a bandwidth of 320 MB per second that can sufficiently support a graphics subsystem, a VME64 bus, and as many as eight SCSI channels operating simultaneously.
Communication with the VME and SCSI buses, the installed set or sets of graphics boards, and Ethernet takes place through the 64-bit Ibus (see Figure E-2). The Ibus interfaces to the main system bus, the 256-bit Ebus, through a set of interface control devices, an I address (IA) and four I data (ID). The ID ASICs latch the data, and the IA ASIC clocks the data from each ID to the Flat Cable Interface (FCI) through the F controller (or F chip).
Two FCI controllers (or F controllers) help handle the data transfers to and from an internal graphics board set (if applicable) and any VMEbus boards in optional CC3 applications. The SCSI-2 (S1) controller serves as an interface to the various SCSI-2 buses. The Everest peripheral controller (EPC) device manages the data movement to and from the Ethernet, a parallel port, and various types of on-board PROMs and RAM.
Figure E-2. IO4 Base Board Functional Block Diagram
The VCAM board provides the interface between the Ebus and the VMEbus and manages the signal level conversion between the two buses. The VCAM also provides a pass-through connection that ties the graphics subsystem to the Ebus.
The VCAM can operate as either a master or a slave. It supports DMA-to-memory transactions on the Ebus and programmed I/O (PIO) operations from the system bus to addresses on the VMEbus. In addition, the VCAM provides virtual address translation capability and a DMA engine that increases the performance of non-DMA VME boards.
The VMECC (VME cache controller) gate array is the major active device on the VCAM. The VMECC interfaces and translates host CPU operations to VMEbus operations (see Figure E-3). The VMECC also decodes VMEbus operations to translate them to the host side.
Figure E-3. VMECC, the VMEbus Adapter
The VMECC provides the following features:
an internal DMA engine to speed copies between physical memory and VME space
a 16-entry deep PIO FIFO to smooth writing to the VME bus from the host CPUs
a built-in VME interrupt handler and built-in VME bus arbiter
an explicit internal delay register to aid in spacing PIOs for VME controller boards that cannot accept back-to-back operations
A16, A24, A32, and A64 addressing modes (see Table E-1) that can be issued as a bus master with PIOs
single-item transfers (D8, D16, D32, and D64) that can be issued as a bus master with PIOs
A24, A32, and A64 addressing modes that can be responded to as a memory slave to provide access to the Ebus
single-item transfers (D8, D16, and D32) that can be responded to as a memory slave to provide access to the Ebus
block-item transfers (D8, D16, D32, and D64—see Table E-1) that can be responded to as a memory slave
Table E-1. Supported Address and Data Sizes
A16 and D8 modes
A24 and D16 modes
A32 and D32 modes
A64 and D64 modes
The VMECC also provides four levels of VMEbus request grants, 0-3, (3 has the highest priority), for DMA arbitration. Do not confuse these bus request levels with the interrupt priorities described in "VMEbus Interrupts." Bus requests prioritize the use of the physical lines representing the bus and are normally set by means of jumpers on the interface board.
Data transfers between VME controller boards and the host CPU(s) takes place through the VMECC on the VCAM board, then through a flat cable interface (FCI), and onto the F controller ASIC.
The F controller acts as an interface between the Ibus and the Flat Cable Interfaces (FCIs). This device is primarily composed of FIFO registers and synchronizers that provide protocol conversion and buffer transactions in both directions and translate 34-bit I/O addresses into 40-bit system addresses.
Two configurations of the F controller are used on the IO4 board; the difference between them is the instruction set they contain. One version is programmed with a set of instructions designed to communicate with the GFXCC (for graphics), the other version has instructions designed for the VMECC. All communication with the GFXCC or VMECC ICs is done over the FCI, where the F controller is always the slave.
Both versions of the F controller ASICs have I/O error-detection and handling capabilities. Data errors that occur on either the Ibus or the FCI are recorded by the F controller and sent to the VMECC or GFXCC.
ICs must report the error to the appropriate CPU and log any specific information about the operation in progress). FCI errors are recorded in the error status register. This register provides the status of the first error that occurred, as well as the cause of the most recent FCI reset.
The Onyx and POWER Onyx VMEbus interface supports all protocols defined in Revision C of the VME specification plus the A64 and D64 modes defined in Revision D. The D64 mode allows DMA bandwidths of up to 60 MB. This bus also supports the following features:
seven levels of prioritized processor interrupts
16-bit, 24-bit, and 32-bit data addresses and 64-bit memory addresses
16-bit and 32-bit accesses (and 64-bit accesses in MIPS III mode)
8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit data transfer
DMA to and from main memory
The VME bus does not distinguish between I/O and memory space, and it supports multiple address spaces. This feature allows you to put 16-bit devices in the 16-bit space, 24-bit devices in the 24-bit space, 32-bit devices in the 32-bit space, and 64-bit devices in 64-bit space.[1]
The VME bus provides 32 address bits and six address-modifier bits. It supports four address sizes: 16-bit, 24-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bits (A16, A24, A32, and A64). The VME bus allows the master to broadcast addresses at any of these sizes. The VME bus supports data transfer sizes of 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits.
In the Onyx and POWER Onyx systems, a DMA address from a VME controller goes through a two-level translation to generate an acceptable physical address. This requires two levels of mapping. The first level of mapping is done through the map RAM on the IO4 board. The second level is done through the map tables in system memory. This mapping is shown in Figure E-4.
The R4400 pointer size is 4 bytes and the R8000 pointer size is 8 bytes. There are 1K mapping entries for the R4400 for each page and 8K mapping entries in the R8000. In the R4400, if you divide the amount of memory allocated for the map tables (64 KB) by the pointer size (4 B) and then multiply it by the page size (4 KB), you derive 64 MB of VME DMA mapping. This is the maximum allowed by IRIX. The 64 MB address space applies to the R8000, as well.
Referring to the top of Figure E-4, bits 32 and 33 from the IBus address come from the VMECC. These two bits determine a unique VMEbus number for systems with multiple VMEbusses. Of the remaining 32 bits (31 to 0), 12 are reserved for an offset in physical memory, and the other 20 bits are used to select up to 220 or 1 million pages into the main memory table. However, as stated earlier only 64 KB is allocated for map tables.
As shown in Figure E-4, 13 bits go to the static RAM table. Recall that two of the thirteen bits are from the VMECC to identify the VMEbus number. The static RAM table then generates a 29-bit identifier into the main memory table. These 29 bits select a table in the main memory table. An additional nine bits select an entry or element within the table. A 00 (two zeros) are appended to form a 40-bit address into the main memory table.
The main memory table then generates 28-bit address which is then appended to the 12-bit offset of the IBus to form the final 40-bit physical address.
Figure E-4. I/O Address to System Address Mapping
This section describes the VMEbus operation for the following address and data cycles:
write (non-block)
read (non-block)
read-modify-write (issued only by the VMECC)
Table E-2 shows the word length conventions used in this document.
Table E-2. Word Length Conventions
Number of Bits
8 bits
16 bits
32 bits
Double or long word
64 bits
The write cycle begins when the master gets the bus and asserts WRITE*. The master places the address on the address bus (A01 to A31) and also places the address modifier on the bus (AM0 through AM5) to indicate the type of access and address space (for example A16, A24, A32, or A64). The address strobe (AS*) is then asserted to indicate a stable address.
The master then places the data on the data bus (D00 through D31) and asserts the data strobes DS0* AND DS1* and LWORD*. This combination determines the data size (for example, D32, D16, or D8).
The slave takes the data and responds by asserting the DTACK* line. When the master releases the data strobes, (DS0* and DS1*), the slave releases DTACK* and the cycle is completed, as the AS* signal is released. If a mismatch in the data transfer size or other errors occur, the slave asserts BERR* and the bus error terminates the cycle.
The read cycle is the same as the write cycle except that the slave places the data on the data bus (D00 through D31) in response to data strobes and long word combinations (DS0, DS1, and LWORD) from the host CPU. The slave asserts DTACK* when the data is driven and the master reads it. The master then releases the strobe and the slave releases DTACK* and AS, and the cycle is completed.
The read-modify-write (or RMW) allows a master to read data, modify it, and write it back without releasing the bus. This bus cycle allows users to read and change the contents of a device register or memory location in a single atomic operation. Although this feature is typically used to implement synchronization primitives on VME memory, you may occasionally find this feature useful for certain devices.
The VME bus supports seven levels of prioritized interrupts, 1 through 7 (where 7 has the highest priority). The VMECC has a register associated with each level. When the system responds to the VMEbus interrupt, it services all devices identified in the interrupt vector register in order of their VMEbus priority (highest number first). The operating system then determines which interrupt routine to use, based on the interrupt level and the interrupt vector value.
No device can interrupt the VME bus at the same level as an interrupt currently being serviced by the CPU because the register associated with that level is busy. A device that tries to post a VME-bus interrupt at the same VME-bus priority level as the interrupt being serviced must wait until the current interrupt is processed.
The following and Figure E-5 outline how a VMEbus interrupt is generated.
A VME controller board asserts a VME interrupt.
The built-in interrupt handler in the VMECC chip checks if the interrupt level is presently enabled by an internal interrupt mask.
The interrupt handler in the VMECC issues a bussed IACK (interrupt acknowledge) response and acquires the vector from the device. The 3-bit response identifies one of the seven VME address.
Figure E-5. VMEbus Interrupt Generation
If multiple VME boards are present, the bused IACK signal is sent to the first VME controller as an IACKIN. As shown in Figure E-5, since the first controller is not the requesting master, it passes the IACKIN signal to the next board (in the daisy-chain) as IACKOUT.
In addition, the board closest to the master IO4 normally wins access to the bus.
The requesting board responds by issuing an DTACK* (data acknowledge signal), blocking the IACKOUT signal to the next board in line (if present), and placing an 8-bit status word on the data bus.
After acceptance and completion through the VMECC, the interrupt signal is sent over the FCI interface to the F-chip and is queued awaiting completion of other F-chip tasks.
The F-chip (or F controller ASIC) requests the I-bus and sends the interrupt to the IA chip.
The IA chip requests the Ebus and sends the interrupt over the Ebus to the CC chip on the CPU board.
The CC chip interrupts the CPU, provided that the interrupt level is not masked.
While the interrupt handler is executing, it prevents another interrupt at an equal or lower level from being serviced. Furthermore, all pending interrupts that are equal to or higher than the priority of a new interrupt must complete execution before the new interrupt is serviced.
The time for this to complete is normally less than 3 microseconds, but will be queued to await completion of other VME activities.
VME boards have two methods of interrupt acknowledge:
release on acknowledge of interrupt
release on register acknowledge of interrupt
The first release policy is where the interrupting device removes the IRQ request once the VMECC acknowledges the interrupt. In other words, the VME board assertion of the IRQ line is dropped when the board transfers its interrupt vector to the VMECC.
The second release policy occurs when the interrupting VME board does not drop the IRQ line the until a register on the board has been accessed or modified. Therefore, after the interrupt vector has been transferred, the device still asserts IRQ.
The following outlines VME interrupt problems that could result in VME interrupt error messages, such as: WARNING: stray VME interrupt, vector=0xff.
Noise occurs on one of the IRQ lines. If the noise pulse (signal) is wider than 20 ns, then the VMECC attempts to issue an IACK cycle. If the signal is just noise and not an actual interrupt, no expectant response to the IACK takes place. This lack of a response from a VME board results in a time out, causing the VMECC to issue an eventual error message.
A VME board accidentally asserts an IRQ line and doesn't respond.
One of the boards in front of the requesting board improperly blocks the IACKIN signal and doesn't respond.
The VMECC responds only to those interrupt levels that it is configured to recognize. You can therefore prevent the VMECC from responding to particular interrupt levels. For example, if the kernel is configured to have two VME devices configured at ipl=3 and 4, then the VMECC responds to interrupt levels 3 and 4 only. The VMECC does not respond to any other interrupt levels thereafter.
The VMEbus supports two arbitration schemes: priority and round robin. The VMECC designates the highest priority to its internal bus masters, the interrupt handler, and the PIO master. These two bus masters have a higher priority than the four backplane request levels (BRQ3 through BRQ0). BRQ3 has the highest priority level. BRQ2 through BRQ0 use round-robin arbitration.
The master relinquishes the bus based on an internal policy of release on request or release when done. Most VME masters can set their arbitration scheme through jumper selectors or by software.
In round-robin scheduling, the arbitration keeps track of the history of the bus grants to different levels. The last bus request level to have the bus becomes the lowest priority. For example, if the bus current request level is 1, all bus request level 1s are pushed back to the end of the queue, after a bus grant. The bus request level that is adjacent to the lowest priority then becomes the highest priority.
As an example, at a given time, say that level 3 is currently the highest priority. After a bus grant takes place, level 3 then becomes the lowest priority, and level 2 (since it was previously adjacent to level 3) is now the highest bus-level priority.
This section defines physical and electrical parameters for implementing VMEbus boards and also provides VMEbus slot-specific information for the Onyx and POWER Onyx systems.
The Onyx board slots have a 9U (vertical) form factor and measure 15.75 inches (400 mm) horizontally. The board edges must also be less than or equal to 0.062 inches (1.57 mm). If the board is thicker, the edge of the board must be milled to fit into the card guide. In addition, the center-to-center board spacing is 0.8 inch (20.3 mm).
Card cage 2 has three available VME slots and supplies approximately 40 watts of +5-V power per VME slot (nominally) and also receives approximately 200 to 250 linear feet per minute (LFM) of air flow.
When using an InfiniteReality rackmount system with large numbers of processor, memory, graphics, and I/O boards; system power availability may limit the number of VME boards you can install. Table E-3 gives examples of the number of VME boards usable in CC1 and CC2 maximum configuration InfiniteReality systems.
Table E-3. CC1 and CC2 InfiniteReality Maximum Configuration Examples
CPU Bds.
Memory Bds.
IO4 Bds.
RM Bds.
VO2 Bds.[a]
VME Bds.
[a] The Sirius (VO2) board installs in a VME slot and uses VME power.
The InfiniteReality card cage 3 (CC3), uses different power boards and has different limitations than the RE2 CC3 version. Use the information in Table E-4 when installing a fully configured card cage 3 (2 pipes with 4 RMs each).
Note that with only 250 total watts of (+5 V) VME power available, you can install a very limited (or 0) number of VME boards in a fully loaded CC3.
Table E-4. InfiniteReality CC3 VME Power Availability
CC3 Power Boards
+5V VME Power Available
+12V VME Power Available
Five 303s and one 512T
50 amps (250 watts)
15 amps (180 watts)
Because the high-performance graphics of the InfinteReality system consume more power than RealityEngine2 graphics; some maximum configurations preclude the installation of any VME boards.
one memory board and one IO4 board = one CPU board
one VIO2 (Sirius) board = two VME boards
Table E-7 shows the limits of a fully configured InfiniteReality system using three graphics pipes with four RM6s in each pipe.
Table E-5. System Maximum (12 RM6s) Board Configuration
VO2 Bds.
Table E-7 shows the limits of an InfiniteReality system using three graphics pipes, with four RM6s in two pipes, and two RM6s in the third pipe.
Table E-6. System Maximum (10 RM6s) Board Configuration
Table E-7 shows the limits of an InfiniteReality system using three graphics pipes, with four RM6s in one pipe, and two RM6s in the second and third pipes. Note that the configurations shown in Table E-7 may require a power board upgrade in CC3 to successfully support the large numbers of VO2 and VME boards listed in the example. Check with your Onyx service provider.
Table E-7. System Maximum (8 RM6s) Board Configuration
Table E-7 shows the limits of an InfiniteReality system using two graphics pipes, with four RM6s in each pipe.
Table E-8. Two-Pipe System Maximum (8 RM6s) Board Configuration
The card cage 3 (CC3), which is optional on the Onyx rackmount system, supplies up to 6 additional VME slots. The CC3 provides approximately
70 watts of +5-V power per VME slot. This assumes the presence of the proper power boards in the CC3 backplane. The power boards are included with the optional RE2 CC3 upgrade. The card cage 3 also receives approximately 200 to 250 linear feet per minute (LFM) of air flow through the chassis.
As mentioned earlier, card cage 1 has no available VME slots. Figure E-6 shows the card cage 1 and 2 slot assignments for the Onyx InfiniteReality rackmount system. Figure E-7 provides the optional CC3 slot assignments for InfiniteReality.
See Figure E-8 for an example of the power board locations in a rackmount Onyx system. Figure E-9 shows the location of the VME slots in card cage 2 in RealityEngine2 systems. See Figure E-10 for the optional card cage 3 slot assignments for RealityEngine2 systems.
Figure E-6. InfiniteReality Card Cage 1 and 2 Slot Assignments
Figure E-7. InfiniteReality CC3 Slot Assignments
Figure E-8. Power Board Locations in the Rackmount Onyx
Figure E-9. RealityEngine2 Card Cage 1 and 2 Slot Assignments
Figure E-10. Rackmount RealityEngine2 Card Cage 3 Slot Assignments
If a VME board requires more than the normal slot power allotment (approximately 40 watts of +5 V power per slot in CC2 or approximately 70 watts in a card cage 3), the board still can be used providing that the following cooling and power guidelines are met.
The user needs to ensure that the board has the proper air flow (for cooling purposes) and sufficient available power. To help maintain proper cooling (according to manufacturer's specifications), the board may need special custom baffles or a set of non-component, enclosure boards to surround the VME board with sufficient air flow.
VME Power Guidelines
To use a third-party VME board that requires more than the normal VME slot power, be sure to observe these guidelines:
The board does not draw more than the amount of power allocated for VME board use.
The board does not exceed the power rating for the VME pins (approximately 200 watts).
The board uses all three "P" connectors on the system backplane: the P1, P2, and P3. See Table E-9 through Table E-11) for pinout information.
If these guidelines are followed along with the proper cooling requirements, a single VME board can draw as much as 150 watts of +5 V power.
In card cage 2, you can install two 75-watt VME boards (providing the boards are sufficiently cooled). However, as a result, you cannot install any additional VME boards, since the VME power allotment would already be saturated. It is also possible to use a single 150-watt VMEbus board in card cage 2, providing the remaining VME slots are also not used.
In the VME version of card cage 3, you can install up to nine 150-watt boards, assuming that all potential power boards (three 505 and one 512) are installed (see Figure E-8). However, as a result, the remaining VME slots cannot then be used.
Table E-9 through Table E-11 list the pin assignments of the VME P1, P2, and P3 connectors. Table E-12 describes the pin signals.
The Onyx system supplies the defined voltages to the bus, also asserts SYSREST*, and drives SYSCLK (SYSCLK is driven at 16 MHz).
On the Onyx backplanes, the unused VME pins are no connects.
Table E-9. P1 VME Pin Assignments
Row A
Row B
Row C
Table E-10. P2 VME Pin Assignments
Row A [a]
Row Ca
[a] This row is user-defined.
Table E-11. P3 VME Pin Assignments
1 through 25
Not connected
26, 27
28, 29
30 through 32
Table E-12. Signal Definitions
Signal Name
D00 through
Data lines. These lines are tri-stated and are not defined until the
data strobes (DS0* and DS1*) are asserted by the MASTER.
A00 through
Address lines. These lines are tri-stated and are not defined until
the address strobe (AS*) is asserted by the MASTER.
AM0 through
Address modifier lines. Asserted by the MASTER and indicate
the type of data transfer to take place. VME SLAVEs look at the
lines to determine if they will respond and what type of response
to make.
Data Strobe lines. Asserted by the MASTER and indicates stable
data on the data bus.
Address strobe. Asserted by the MASTER and indicates a stable
address is present on the address lines.
BR0 through
Bus request lines. MASTER request a busy bus via these
prioritized levels.
BG0IN through
Bus grant in (daisy-chained).
Bus grant out (daisy-chained).
Bus busy.
Bus clear. (Hint to bus master: VME MASTERs are not required
to comply)
Interrupt request lines.
Interrupt acknowledge. Asserted by MASTER to indicate the
VME interrupt level to be serviced.
Interrupt acknowledge in (daisy-chained).
Interrupt acknowledge out (daisy-chained.)
Data transfer acknowledge. Asserted by SLAVE to indicate a
successful bus transfer.
Write not or read.
Indicates long word transfer (D32).
16 MHz system clock. (Does not control bus timing.)
Serial data clock.
Serial data line.
Bus error line.
Indicates a board has failed.
AC power failure notify line.
Reset signal for VME bus.
Skipping a slot is occasionally required to fit oversized VME boards or to improve air flow. A slot can be skipped if jumper blocks are placed on the appropriate VME jumper block pins.
The general guideline is to have jumpers into the jumper banks corresponding to the VME slot number that you are skipping (see Table E-13). For example, if you are skipping VME slot 13, you need to insert five jumpers into jumper bank 1 (see Figure E-11).
Table E-13. Correspondence of VME Jumpers to VME Slots
Jumper Bank
Cardcage 2 VME Slot
Figure E-11. VMEbus Midplane Jumpers
The optional card cage 3 VMEbus backplane does not have jumper banks as the midplane does. Skipped VMEbus slots in card cage 3 are jumpered using PCA CC3 VME jumper board (p/n 030-0516-001) from the card cage side.
Some third-party VMEbus boards have a 6U form factor and require a Silicon Graphics 6U to 9U converter (or extender) board assembly to be used in the Onyx or POWER Onyx system (see Figure E-12).
Figure E-12. A Silicon Graphics 6U Converter Board
This section provides design guidelines for implementing third-party VME boards. Be sure to observe these general rules to avoid possible damage to the VMEbus and system.
Devices should require 8-bit interrupt vectors only. This is the only interrupt vector size that is recognized by the IRIX kernel.
Devices must not require UAT (unaligned transfers or tri-byte) access from the Onyx system.
Devices in Slave mode must not require address modifiers, other than Supervisory/Nonprivileged data access.
While in VME Master mode, devices must access the system memory using Nonprivileged data access or Nonprivileged block transfers only.
Devices must have the ability to be configured so that their address range does not conflict with those used by the Onyx system. The device should also be able to respond to addresses generated by the system. See the /var/sysgen/system/irix.sm file for acceptable ranges.
The Onyx system does not support VSBbus boards. In addition, there are not pins on the back of the VME backplane. This area is inaccessible for cables or boards.
Be sure to place boards starting in the first VME slot, or jumper the daisy-chained signals across the empty slots. Otherwise, this will break the interrupt acknowledge and bus arbitration schemes.
Metal face plates or front panels on VME boards may need to be removed. The plate could prevent the I/O door from properly closing and possibly damage I/O bulkhead.
This section presents basic timing numbers to aid in designing a VME bus master for the Onyx and POWER Onyx systems.
The first word of a read is delivered to the master in 3 to 8 microseconds.
The first word of a write is retrieved from the master in 1 to 3 microseconds.
The VME spec has a burst length of 265 bytes in D08, D16, and D32 modes and 2 KB in D64.
The Onyx hardware has a 20- bit counter for a burst length of 2 MB in all sizes. The burst length occurs in bytes and not transfer cycles.
Figure E-13 illustrates the VME handshake.
Figure E-13. VME Handshake
Parts 1 and 3 are controlled by the slave, the Onyx system hardware. Parts 2 and 4 are controlled by the master, and the VME controller board.
The F controller does the mapping from A32 mode into system memory and automatically crosses the page boundaries. You do not have to have AS go high and then low on 4 KB boundaries.
If you use A64 addressing, then you may have to change the address on the 4 KB boundaries and cause a transition on AS low to high, and then back to low. This incurs the delays mentioned at the beginning of this section, "Design Guidelines."
[1] Transfers of 64-bit data, accesses, and memory addresses do not depend on a 64-bit IRIX kernel, so they can be mapped to all MIPS R4000 and R8000 series platforms.
POWER Onyx and Onyx Rackmount Owner's Guide
(document number: 007-1736-060 / published: 1996-03-21)
table of contents | additional info | download
Front Matter
About This Guide
Chapter 1. The Power Onyx and Onyx Rackmount Graphics Workstation
Chapter 2. Touring the Chassis
Chapter 3. Getting Started
Chapter 4. Installing and Using Optional Peripherals
Chapter 5. Having Trouble?
Chapter 6. Safety and Comfort
Appendix A. Hardware Specifications
Appendix B. Drive Maintenance
Appendix C. System Controller Error Messages
Appendix D. Onyx IO4 PROM, Mezzanine and Troubleshooting
Appendix E. VMEbus Implementation
Appendix F. Configuring a Multipipe Onyx System


text: wizard of oz The Boston Pops Brings Oz To Lenox By Joe Donahue • Aug 18, 2014 The Wizard of Oz was a technical marvel for the MGM studio in the late 1930s. MGM has stunningly re-mastered this timeless classic, and in a version, produced by John Goberman, the brilliantly restored images are accompanied by a the Boston Pops playing entirely new transcriptions of Harold Arlen's brilliant lost scores. The Boston Pops' conductor, Keith Lockhart, joins us to talk about the challenges and wonders of this special presentation which will be in The Shed at Tanglewood on 8/22. Audrey Kupferberg: Oz The Great And Powerful On DVD By Audrey Kupferberg • Jun 21, 2013 Listen Listening... / 3:59 OZ THE GREAT AND POWERFUL, Disney's recent rendering of the classic OZ stories, is in some ways predictable and in other ways, not. On June 11, this title was released on DVD and BluRay. Rob Edelman: The Not-So-Wonderful Oz By Rob Edelman • Mar 18, 2013 Listen Listening... / 3:34 Why does Hollywood remake or rework classic movies? Why would moviemakers want to improve on what is universally acknowledged as perfection, or at least near-perfection?


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|Set 1
|Set 2
|Set 3
|Set 4
|Set 5
|J Tsonga
|F Fognini
- - TSONGA 7-5 6-4 6-4 - MATCH! Tsonga manages to close out the set by following serve with an ace to defend that break and move into the fourth round in straight sets. Next for JF? The winner of this match between Simon and Wawrinka, which is drawing on.
- - TSONGA 7-5 6-4 3-2 - BREAK! A key game for Tsonga and a gruelling one around deuce, the Frenchman managing to break after an error from Fognin.
- - TSONGA 7-5 6-4 2-2 - BREAK! Well maybe not, as Fognini has broken straight back, holding to boot. Level in the third set.
- - TSONGA 7-5 6-4 2-0 - BREAK! This could be a rapid end to the match as Jo-Wilfried powers his way to a break in the first game of the third set. And he races 40-0 up on serve as he attacks the net once more: he holds to love.
- - TSONGA 7-5 6-4 - SET! Tsonga is now serving for the set. But he drops the first point... All very tense now but eventually he closes it out off second serve as Fognini goes long.
- - TSONGA 7-5 4-3 - BREAK! The next few games go with serve but Tsonga has managed to harass Fognini on to deuce - and the Frenchman breaks as Fognini slams one into the net! Tsonga back in charge!
- - TSONGA 7-5 2-1 - BREAK! But now Fognini has three break points as Tsonga briefly falls apart on serve. The first is erased with a cute backhand drop shot, while the second goes begging as Fognini skews a backhand high and wide. But, with the momentum back in his end, Tsonga fluffs a weak backhand to net and the Italian breaks back.
- - TSONGA 7-5 2-0 Tsonga breaks immediately as he seeks to continue the momentum with some great play at the net. But he's struggling on serve, pegged back to deuce... he does hold though as Fognini passes long after Tsonga came to the net with aggression.
- - TSONGA 7-5 - SET! Tsonga makes no mistake holding that service game and he finally gets his set.
- - TSONGA 6-5 - BREAK! Well Tsonga hassles Fognini to deuce after that example of the jitters and, off second serve, Fognini gets away with a net clip but, after Tsonga makes the dropping ball, the Italian nets for sure this time.
- - TSONGA 5-5 – BREAK! The rest of that first set stays with serve and now Tsonga is serving to take it. He drops the first point as Fognini wins it at the net - a rare loss from close for Tsonga – and then he hits one long and it's 15-30. Off second serve Tsonga gets his feet wrong and scoops one long and two break points! He eats one back as Fognini nets but the Italian closes it out for a crucial break back! Smile he might...
- - TSONGA 3-2 - BREAK! After that shaky start Tsonga is back on his a-game, with three break points... He thinks he has broken to love but a line call says out when it was clearly in. They replay the point with smiles all round. And Tsonga breaks with a quite brilliant forehand across court after Fognini thought he had put too much pace on his double-handed pass down the line.
- - TSONGA 2-2 There's been a TV switch - British Eurosport is now showing Wawrinka-Simon as they are both seeds. But Tsonga-Fognini is available on the Player. Sorry about that, obviously programming have decided the all-seed clash is better TV fare. LIVE on Eurosport Player
- - TSONGA 1-2 BREAK! Tsonga breaks back though as he shows a bit of anger to temper his frustration earlier. A double fault in there from the Italian too.
- - TSONGA 0-2 - BREAK! The Italian breaks the Frenchman at the first time of asking with some fierce winners as what are decent first serves draw some excellent shows from Fognini.
- - TSONGA 0-1 - Fabio Fognini's third-round match against the great entertainer Jo-Wilfried Tsonga - the fifth seed - is underway now. Fognini holds the first game. This is live on British Eurosport, and also the Player. Sign up here!
|Date of Birth
|1.77 m
|74 kg
|Date of Birth
|1.88 m
|91 kg


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Definitions for HEMhɛm
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word HEM
Princeton's WordNet
the edge of a piece of cloth; especially the finished edge that has been doubled under and stitched down
"the hem of her dress was stained"; "let down the hem"; "he stitched weights into the curtain's hem"; "it seeped along the hem of his jacket"
hem, ahem(verb)
the utterance of a sound similar to clearing the throat; intended to get attention, express hesitancy, fill a pause, hide embarrassment, warn a friend, etc.
fold over and sew together to provide with a hem
"hem my skirt"
utter `hem' or `ahem'
Webster Dictionary
an onomatopoetic word used as an expression of hesitation, doubt, etc. It is often a sort of voluntary half cough, loud or subdued, and would perhaps be better expressed by hm
an utterance or sound of the voice, hem or hm, often indicative of hesitation or doubt, sometimes used to call attention
to make the sound expressed by the word hem; hence, to hesitate in speaking
the edge or border of a garment or cloth, doubled over and sewed, to strengthen raveling
border; edge; margin
a border made on sheet-metal ware by doubling over the edge of the sheet, to stiffen it and remove the sharp edge
to form a hem or border to; to fold and sew down the edge of
to border; to edge
Origin: [OE., fr. AS. him, heom, dative pl. of. h he. See He, They.]
A hem in sewing is a garment finishing method, where the edge of a piece of cloth is folded narrowly and sewn to prevent unravelling of the fabric.
Anagrams for HEM »
Translations for HEM
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- voraCatalan, Valencian
- obruba, lemovat, lemCzech
- einengen, Saum, säumenGerman
- στρίφωμαGreek
- bastilla, dobladilloSpanish
- فرآویز, سجافPersian
- lieve, päärme, ympäröidä, helma, paltata, päärmätä, hymistä, palleFinnish
- marge, ourlet, ourlerFrench
- fàitheamScottish Gaelic
- falda, brydding, faldur, hummaIcelandic
- orloItalian
- 裾Japanese
- marge, zomen, zoomDutch
- لمنPashto, Pushto
- cercar, bainhaPortuguese
- край, окаймлять, кайма, подшить, обшить, подшивать, обшивать, кромка, окаймить, ободокRussian
- руб, porub, поруб, rubSerbo-Croatian
- fållSwedish
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text:
Using C# and Wix# to Build Windows Installer Packages
Even with WiX, working with Windows Installer packages can be quite difficult. Oleg Shilo's solution is to ditch the XML entirely and create MSI packages using traditional C# code.
Introducing Essence#: A Smalltalk-based Language for .NET
There are two basic schools of thought when it comes to Object Oriented Programming: the method based Simula and the message based Smalltalk. The Simula school is well represented in .NET by C# and VB. With Alan Lovejoy's Essence#, we can see what a Smalltalk inspired language would look like on the CLR.
SQL Server Source Control and Deployment with Visual Studio
The holy grail of database development is the ability to treat database objects (tables, views, stored procedures, etc.) as if they were just like any other form of source code. While SQL Server Data Tools doesn't quite that level, it gets very close.
Introduction to Red Gate's SQL Source Control
It's unthinkable for modern application developers to work without source control, yet somehow, databases are often left out. But it doesn't have to be that way.
Interview with Thomas Imart, Creator of Tweetinvi
In this installment of our .NET Open Source series we talk to Thomas Imart. His library, Tweetinvi, is designed to make working with Twitter's Stream API easier to use. 1
Review and Interview with Dean Hume - Author of Fast ASP.NET Websites
In the review, Anand examines the coverage of Fast ASP.NET Websites book, which helps developers to learn the various techniques associated with the optimization of ASP.NET websites.
Improving Your Asynchronous Code Using Tasks, Async and Await
Dave Marini delves into the history of asynchronous programming on the .NET platform, tracing through the early days of the Asynchronous Programming Model to today's async/await patterns.
The Book of F# - Review and Interview with Dave Fancher
The book of F#, authored by Dave Fancher examines the concepts associated with F# with the help of comprehensive explanation and relevant source codes. 1
How Composite C1 Found Success by Becoming Open Source
In an interview with Marcus Wendt we learn about Composite C1's 15 year journey from a fledging commercial project to an open source platform with dozens of partners. 2
Oleg Shilo on CS-Script and Notepad++
Instead of Visual Studio, So some developers turn to lightweight editors such as Notepad++ for their scripting needs. Oleg Shilo talks about his project to add better CS-Script plugin for Notepad++.
Introduction to Graph Visualization with Alexander Smirnov
We asked Alexander Smirnov, creator of GraphX, to explain what graph visualization is and how it can be used to help users understand complex data.
Exposing CQRS Through a RESTful API
We demonstrate how to build a RESTful API on top of CQRS systems. The result joins HTTP semantics and REST style with distributed computing concerns such as eventual consistency and concurrency. 7


text:
The Nation's Pulse
Enforcement Is Not Enough
What good will it do to crack down on illegal immigration if the only result is a labor shortage?
Next week New Haven, Connecticut plans on issuing an ID card that will be available to illegal immigrants. Besides providing a pass to municipal services like libraries and parks, the card will work as a debit card for parking meters and be valid identification to present to police and banks.
What kind of crazy idea is that? Why would a city want to make life easier for immigration scofflaws? One of the justifications for the card is that because it's difficult for illegal immigrants to open bank accounts, they're targeted by muggers who know they carry a lot of cash. One might object that the city is discriminating against one class of criminals on behalf of another one.
The truth is, though, that New Haven's politicians are hardly the only ones pushing policies that encouraging migrants to violate immigration laws. There are more than 30 "sanctuary cities" where it is illegal for police to ask about immigration status. Nine states currently allow illegal immigrants to receive driver's licenses, although that will change when the federal "Real ID" act goes into effect in 2008. (In two other states, illegal immigrants can get driving certificates that can't be used as ID for most purposes; such certificates are legal under Real ID.)
Then, of course, there's the dead-for-the-moment campaign for some sort of amnesty or semi-amnesty, which, besides insulting immigrants who have played by the rules, would reassure the next generation of border-jumpers that they have little to fear. Even guest worker programs can encourage illegal immigration; agriculture workers on H-2A visas, who are allowed to stay in the country only seasonally, often bring along family members who illegally stay year-round.
It isn't that it's impossible to stop the flow of illegal immigration. According to a 2005 report on the Minuteman Project, volunteers on the Arizona border proved that auxiliary personnel simply watching the border are highly effective at reducing the flow of illegal migrants.
It would take tens of thousands of such personnel to plug all the leaks in the border, but that's not so daunting a number when you consider that they can be trained in three days, rather than the two years that are needed to train the Border Patrol officers they'd be assisting. A handful of jurisdictions are now allowing local police officers to assist in enforcing immigration laws -- a job that's traditionally been left to a relatively small number of federal agents -- and there's no reason why the IRS can't make it a priority for their auditors to look for employers who dodge tax liabilities by keeping illegal workers off the books. (Enforcement is at least as important in the interior as it is on the border -- a large percentage of illegal immigrants have overstayed their visas rather than snuck through the border.)
The problem is that beefed up enforcement by itself, to the extent that it's effective, threatens to hamstring an economy with a demonstrably growing demand for labor. From 2002 to 2006, a period of consistently low unemployment, the Migration Policy Institute estimates that 1.8 million new permanent immigrants entered the U.S. annually -- about a half million of them illegally. As cases of crops that have gone unpicked following crack-downs on illegal farm workers vividly illustrate, America has a shortage of legal labor. Raising immigration quotas by forty to fifty percent would make enforcement a much easier job; as legal immigrants fill the jobs currently being filled by their illegal counterparts, many of the latter will simply leave on their own.
Among the many idiocies of the immigration bill that failed in the Senate last month was that it barely contemplated the number of immigrants the country needs or wants. The bill left the actual quotas basically untouched.
Perhaps, because it's somewhat counterintuitive to argue that we must respond to out-of-control immigration by welcoming more immigrants, the reason that few politicians straightforwardly advocate increased immigration quotas is that they're afraid such a policy won't fly politically. But the outrage over immigration is driven not just by the presence of immigrants per se, but by the widespread lawlessness that the current system has wrought. It's rather shortsighted, even cowardly, to facilitate that lawlessness while shying away from real reform.
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Literature: Telegony
We don't have an article named Literature/Telegony. If you want to start this new page, just click the edit button above. Be careful, though, the only things that go in the Main namespace are tropes. Don't put in redirects for shows, books, etc.. Use the right namespace for those.


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Last Activity: 8th January 2016 06:35 AM
Most Thanked
Post Summary
Quick question: does this remove the "Ouya Everywhere" support for the Ouya games store? I believe it does. I'm not in front of my device right now, but do not recall seeing Ouya Everywhere (and that's a good thing)....
I didn't get a reply from madcatz for an update :( Maybe the two employees that were posting here are no longer with the company. Neither has signed in since early October. :confused:
The only thing coming to my MOJO is dust, dust and a little bit more dust. Pathetic after sales support from a multi million dollar, multi national, 20+yr old company The company isn't that big, but they are publicly traded. I just listened to...
I wouldn't say i'm 25%, i have a blog and a few videos... Maybe the questions have to go through management's approval then to china and back... I don't know :rolleyes: Anyway, I got a few more ideas while waiting. Gwaldo, I think you are th...
I'll add my voice to the chorus, since it looks like this thread has the potential to become one of the longest ones in the Mad Catz forum. I was new to Android but after having a great experience customizing a Nexus phone (thanks to the XDA co...


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February 13, 2016, 06:51 pm
Reid: Obama should send Supreme Court nominee 'right away'
By Harper Neidig
Leaving the court seat vacant would be "shameful," the Democratic leader said.
February 13, 2016, 06:51 pm
By Harper Neidig
Leaving the court seat vacant would be "shameful," the Democratic leader said.
Jordain Carney 02/12/16 06:07 PM EST
The senators suggested the program is being used to speed up refugee vetting.
Jordain Carney 02/12/16 01:15 PM EST
In a letter, the senators called the rules "inconsistent with American values."
February 12, 2016, 12:18 pm
By Tim Devaney and Cristina Marcos
The vote represents yet another fight over ObamaCare.
February 12, 2016, 12:03 pm
The sanctions come after North Korea's rocket launch last week.
February 12, 2016, 11:28 am
By Jordain Carney
Republicans had been blocking the State Department nominees on behalf of Cruz.
February 12, 2016, 09:50 am
By Jordain Carney
The House will take up sanctions legislation against North Korea.
February 11, 2016, 06:43 pm
By Jordain Carney
The Senate will take a procedural vote on Feb. 22.
February 11, 2016, 05:59 pm
Rep. Labrador argued House GOP leaders are bad negotiators.
Cristina Marcos 02/11/16 05:11 PM EST
The vote came after the GOP decided not hold hearings on Obama's final budget.
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iHerb Customer Reviews
Good Tasting
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by dessertswithbenefits on Sep 14, 2012
This tastes so much better than almond extract (with propylene glycol or alcohol)... it's much more mellow and natural tasting. I used 1/2 tsp in a one layer, 9" Whole Orange Almond Cake, but I didn't taste it that much so next trial I would increase it to 1 tsp. Definitely going to buy this again when I run out.
Ideal para bizcochos
Posted by Reviewer3313809 on Jun 20, 2013
Ideal para bizcochos!
Great Flaor
Posted by Reviewer1232563 on Oct 10, 2011
I just used this for almond, brown rice pudding. Used a teaspoon for a large batch and the flavor was great.
almond flavor
Posted by Reviewer2816504 on Nov 23, 2011
Good quality - good price!
Posted by greenisthenewblack on Feb 03, 2012
Excellent flavour and smell of almonds. It is just right - not too sweet and not too bitter. Great for making almond pastries and marzipan.