text:
The United States is going bankrupt—and economics cannot explain why.
Of course, sovereign over-indebtedness does exist, and it is a problem—a terrible, life-or-death problem: As a lot of historians have pointed out, sovereign bankruptcy presages and ushers the collapse of great nations—often violent collapse. And this is something we want to avoid, no?
Some schools of economic thought recognize that deficits are bad because they lead to bankruptcy, and that therefore fiscal budgets should be balanced so as to avoid them. But they do not explain why this is the case—they have no argument to explain why deficits happen in the first place. That these clever Austrians point to something that has happened before, and therefore infer that it will happen again if similar conditions are met is not an argument—it is an observation, like saying that the sun has risen countless times in the east, so it will likely rise again in the east tomorrow morning.
This is a true observation—but it doesn't explain why the sun will rise tomorrow in the east. Since the Austrians cannot explain why deficits happen and eventually lead to national bankruptcy, they are simply positing them, much like tenets of a religion. These arguments might appeal more to our experiences in the real world—especially when compared to the a priori drivel of Neo-Keynesians, Monetarists, MMT weenies, and their ilk: Peddlers of arguments as unsound as atonal clamor. But a posteriori arguments based on intuition and "common sense"—gussied up in German though they may be, and attractive though we may find them—are of no help, because they are based on faith, not reason.
If anything has to be taken on faith—if it can't be analyzed, its premises scrutinized, and the overall argument judged to be sound or unsound—then it's really no argument at all.
It's an overall concept I've designated as the Democratic Bankruptcy Paradox: The paradox by which every democracy eventually goes bankrupt—regardless of the people's will and intention of keeping it from going bankrupt.
That's why it's a paradox: The citizens of a democratic state are supposedly in control its destiny. They obviously do not want their nation to suffer bankruptcy—yet in spite of their will and intent, democratic states always go bankrupt. Always.
This post will outline my proof of why this is so.
I will first explain the logic of my Democratic Bankruptcy Paradox theory, and how it is derived from a rather recently articulated problem in philosophy called the discursive dilemma, or sometimes the doctrinal paradox; an aspect of group agency (otherwise known as "the wisdom of crowds" [sic]) that has been used primarily in legal theory, but which I've realized has some fairly interesting—and radical—applications to macro-economics and public finance in representative democracies.
I will then explain how the discursive dilemma, when applied to macro-economics and fiscal policy in a democratic regime, leads to the Democratic Bankruptcy Paradox. It is here that I will prove two general conclusions:
• One: Democracies always act in a fiscally incoherent manner. That is, they always pursue simultaneous goals which cannot be afforded.
• Two: Democracies always go bankrupt once they have access to credit—without exception.
The discursive dilemma is a recently formulated paradox in philosophy about how a group's decisions can be contradictory with the aims of the individual members of the group, to the point of incoherence. Phillip Pettit, Franz Dietrich and Christian List have done a lot of work on the issue of group agency, where the discursive dilemma is discussed; see here for a fairly complete reading list.
As with all paradoxes, an example is the easiest way to understand it—so here's one:
Suppose there are three of us—you, me and Mary—standing around in the kitchen. Suppose that you and I believe that p is true, while Mary is sure down to her very bones that p is most definitely not true.
Mary is just one person—you and I are two. Therefore, a majority of this group believes p is true.
As I said, Mary doesn't believe for a second that p is true—instead, she argues very convincingly that r is true. For the purposes of this example, p is completely incompatible with r; not contradictory—rather, incompatible: Symbolically, ¬(p ⋏ r).
Since Mary believes r is true, and p and r are incompatible, you therefore fervently argue with Mary about why r is most definitely not true—if r is true, then p cannot be the case. And you believe that p.
But as I listen to Mary, I come to the conclusion that r might well be true. I don't believe that p and r are both true—because they are incompatible. I simply believe that r might be the case.
Therefore, a majority of this group believes r is true.
Which allows us to arrive at our paradox: A majority of the group believes p is true, a majority believe that r is true—but none of us as individuals believes that both p and r are true, because as I said before, p and r are incompatible.
However, as a democratic group, we believe that p and r are both true—which is incoherent.
This is the discursive dilemma.
Let me make the example more concrete: I said earlier that you, me and Mary were standing around in the kitchen? Suppose, then, that we have a cup of flour in a bowl on the kitchen table: You think we should add yeast and salt in order to make bread—to which I agree. But Mary thinks we should add eggs and sugar, to make a cake—to which I also agree, as that too sounds yummy.
As a group, the majority is in favor of adding salt and yeast to the flour, while another majority is in favor of adding eggs and sugar to the flour. But even though no individual would conceivably be in favor of adding yeast and salt as well as eggs and sugar to the flour, that is what the group as a whole is in favor of: A majority wants to add yeast and salt to the flour, while simultaneously, a majority wants to add eggs and sugar to the flour.
And that's just a big old mess. That's an incoherence in the democratic decision-making process.
So how does this apply to macro-economics in a democracy? It shouldn't come as a surprise:
You, me and Mary are in the middle of campaigning for our democracy's budget for next year.
I am campaigning for the Balanced Budget Bill, which requires that our budget be balanced—and all three of us, wholeheartedly and without reservations, agree. So the Balanced Budget Bill sails through.
You are campaigning for the Lower Taxes Bill, which you obviously favor, and to which I also wholeheartedly agree. Therefore, the Lower Taxes Bill has a majority—and it too passes.
However, Mary is campaigning for the More Government Services Bill, to which which I also wholeheartedly agree, creating another majority—and it too passes.
You may say to me, "But your position is contradictory!" But I reply, "Certainly not!"
In fact, I did my civic duty: I listened to all the arguments, and I voted for all the bills. I think we should cut taxes—so when it came to a vote, I voted in favor of the Lower Taxes Bill, which passed. But I also want more government services—so when it came to a vote, I voted in favor of Mary's More Government Service Bill, which also passed.
And all the while, I'm still in favor of my law, the Balanced Budget Bill, for which I voted.
Thus, as a group, we have an incoherent outcome: The majority of the group believes taxes should be cut—and at the same time, the majority of the group thinks the government should deliver more services to the people. All of the members of the group individually do not want a deficit, but as a group their incoherence leads to a deficit.
This is the democratic fiscal incoherence, a situation unique to democracies.
All democratic regimes eventually reach a state of fiscal incoherence—in fact they reach this state every year, at budget time: A majority of the people want lower taxes while at the same time, a majority of the people want more government services. That is because all people want to pay less and receive more, a self-evident proposition.
A democratic regime has to resolve its fiscal incoherence every time it happens—that is, every year a new budget is proposed. If it doesn't, it will not be able to operate the following year, as it will not have the money to do so. (This of course is assuming an independent Central Bank that will not money-print away the dilemma.)
The only way a democratic regime can avoid having to resolve its fiscal incoherence is by issuing debt.
Some democratic regimes do not have the credit-worthiness to issue unsecured debt—so issuing debt is simply not a possibility. In fact, all democracies at least initially are constrained from issuing debt because of their circumstances. They are forced to resolve their annual fiscal incoherence—either government spending will be lowered, or taxes raised, but it will be thrashed out and resolved one way or another. No one will lend them the money—so they have no choice.
However, as each successive, successful resolution of the democratic fiscal incoherence takes place, paradoxically, the democratic regime becomes more credit-worthy: The cost of borrowing goes down with each successive, successful resolution of the democracy's fiscal incoherence.
When it finally reaches the point where credit is so cheap, and the cost of resolving the annual fiscal incoherence—politically, emotionally, practically—is higher than the cost of taking on debt, then a subtle crisis point will arise: The democratic regime will "postpone" the resolution of its fiscal incoherence, and instead take on debt.
This is the tipping point: This is the first step on the path to ruin for a democracy. It's a subtle moment, but it's key—the moment when the democracy decides not to resolve its fiscal incoherence, and instead paper over the incoherence by way of debt.
All democracies reach this point. The United States reached it in 1975, when it failed to balance its budget for the first time in peacetime, and never balanced it again.
Once the democratic regime fails to resolve its fiscal incoherence one year and instead covers the shortfall with debt, the democracy enters a debt spiral: The cost of resolving the fiscal incoherence of the electorate is double what it was last year (last year's cost plus this year's cost), while the cost of borrowing in order to paper over the fiscal incoherence has likely remained the same, or risen only slight. Therefore, the cost of borrowing the second year is half what it was the first year. And the third year? Assuming the costs of debt haven't risen significantly, the debt is cheaper still on the third year, when compared to the costs of the accumulating, unresolved fiscal incoherence of the previous years.
This is how every year, the costs of additional debt falls in relation to the cost of resolving the accumulated fiscal incoherence. And this is how it will continue in a democracy, as its debt spirals.
So long as the cost of issuing debt remains lower than the political, financial, personal, social, and emotional costs of resolving the democratic fiscal incoherence, then the deficit will continue (or expand), and the total fiscal debt will grow—because each of the majorities will want more of what it got with each passing year.
This is the problem of unresolved fiscal incoherence: Each majority in a democratic regime becomes accustomed to getting its way, and not reaching a compromise or accomodation with the other majorities that would be necessary, were the fiscal incoherence of the democratic process forced to be resolved.
Thus, the majority which wanted lower taxes expects and demands even lower taxes the next year—while the majority which wanted more government services expects and demands more government services the next year too.
This is exactly the situation happening in the United States today—and it is a natural, inevitable byproduct of not resolving the democratic fiscal incoherence.
In the U.S., majorities wanting lower taxes and more defense spending get their way, while at the same time majorities wanting more government services and entitlements and goverment macro-economic stimulus get their way too—all happening while the overwhelming majority of the population is fervently opposed to deficit spending, which is geometrically adding to the fiscal debt.
As the debt burden in a democracy grows because of the failure to resolve the fiscal incoherence, the total debt inevitably reaches a point where it is unsustainable. People can argue the exact point where fiscal debt becomes unsustainable—100% of GDP, 120% of GDP, or some other figure. But that issue is irrelevant for this discussion—all we have to agree on here is that such a point of over-indebtedness eventually, inevitably happens. I doubt anyone will find this presumption controversial or debatable.
Therefore, once a democracy's debt reaches a point of unsustainability—either because it cannot borrow more, or it cannot service the debt it already has—the democracy becomes bankrupt.
So as you can see, this always happens, in every democracy: Failure to resolve the yearly fiscal incoherence of the democracy leads it to take on sovereign debt, which leads to a debt spiral, which leads to bankruptcy—every time.
There are several well known outcomes to a nation's going bankrupt—none of them pleasant, some of them quite awful. Again, a presumption that should not be controversial or debatable: Most of the outcomes of a national bankruptcy are worse than the sacrifices made to avoid bankruptcy. Therefore, national bankrutpcy should be avoided
Now, the solution to this problem—how to avoid national bankruptcy—is quite obvious: Avoid taking on sovereign debt in the first place.
But the problem, as pointed out earlier, is that debt becomes cheaper as a democracy becomes more successful at resolving its fiscal incoherence. In every successful democracy, the point where the cost of taking on debt is less than the cost of resolving its fiscal incoherence will always arrive—it is inescapable. And when that point is reached, people will rationally decide that taking on sovereign debt and kicking the can down the road is a better choice than resolving the fiscal incoherence of the electorate.
This is why democracies will always, in the end, go bankrupt.
This is why the United States is going bankrupt now.
The United States was generally very successful in resolving its fiscal incoherence since the Revolution of 1776 until 1975. Debt was taken on—but only in exceptional cases, almost always war. See the following chart.
As can be readily seen, the periods of large debt occurred during and after the Revolution, the War of 1812, the Civil War, the First World War, the Great Depression, the Second World War.
But then since 1975, the U.S. fiscal debt grew steadily, paused for a bit in the Nineties (when because of political happenstance the contrary aims of the executive and the legislature led to debt reduction)—but then shot the moon. The Congressional Budget Office projects 10% of GDP deficits are in the offing until at least 2013, perhaps until 2016.
My bet is, the 10% of GDP deficits will be even larger in the coming years. And they will not stop in 2013 or 2016—the only thing which will stop the ever-increasing deficits is national bankruptcy. The American democracy cannot prevent this bankruptcy. Bankruptcy is the inevitable, inexorable end.
I hope I have proven why.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
This set of 4 34x35 inch, 8mm Play Silks gently welcomes the Spring! The sun is still Pale Yellow but is strong enough to awaken the Light Pink and Purple flowers blooming among the Spring Green shoots of grass and leaves. It's time to go outside and stretch our arms wide! Each Play Silk is $10.75. Silks are manufactured and hand-hemmed in China, are dyed, ironed, and packaged in California using low-impact Jacquard Silk Dyes.
PLEASE NOTE: As with all playsilks, sizes vary from silk to silk. They are hand-hemmed, dyed in very hot water, ironed, and each of these processes can change the size of the silks. They are not perfect squares. We find that children do not notice and enjoy each as it is.
"We absolutely love the Spring silk set and her basket and eggs. They are beautiful and Gracie loves them. It is nearly Halloween and she still plays with them." Jessica F. 10/27/09
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text:
Preliminary playoff ticket info
Should South Dakota State be among the 20 teams selected for a berth in the Football Championship Subdivision playoffs, tickets for the Jackrabbits' first game will go on sale as soon as Monday to season ticket holders.
If SDSU is selected as a host site, season ticket holders will have until 5 p.m. Monday to claim their tickets. Any unclaimed tickets will be released to the general public for purchase beginning at 9 a.m. Tuesday. Please note that priority parking passes and season tailgating passes will be valid for all postseason games at Coughlin-Alumni Stadium.
Per NCAA policy, all fans must purchase tickets to attend an FCS playoff game. Student and youth tickets will be $10 each.
Should the Jackrabbits travel for a first-round game, season ticket holders and the general public will be able to purchase tickets through the Jackrabbit Ticket Office starting at 1 p.m. Monday.
Tickets can be claimed through JackrabbitTickets.com, in person at the Jackrabbit Ticket Office weekdays from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., or by calling 1-866-GO JACKS.
Playoff pairings will be
announced at 12:30 p.m. Central Time Sunday on ESPNU. The postseason schedule
is as follows:
* First Round - Nov. 24
* Second Round - Dec. 1
* Quarterfinals - Dec. 8
* Semifinals - Dec. 14 or 15
* Championship - Jan. 5, 2013 (at Frisco, Texas)


text:
The CAFLS page you have requested is currently not available.
Please note that due to the recent Web site redesign, there are numerous pages using new destinations. This will cause some broken links for the immediate future.
Please visit the CAFLS Homepage at http://www.clemson.edu/cafls/, pick a department on the lower left navigation or use the search function to find the new location of the information.


text:
- The season, day by day
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1756 - 1791
Dramma per musica in three acts
Libretto by Giambattista Varesco after a libretto by Antoine Danchet for the Tragédie lyrique Idomenée (Paris 1712) by André Campra
World premiere of 1st edition January 29th 1781, Hoftheater, Munich
Sung in Italian with German surtitles
Duration: c. 3 hrs incl. one interval after c. 90 minutes
About the work
Mysterious powers are at work, which force Idomeneo to admit his guilt and abdicate in favour of his son. The King of Crete is pursued on his voyage home from Troy. The curse of ten years of war weigh heavily upon him. Caught up in a storm at sea he took a terrible vow in return for his life being spared. He must sacrifice the first person he meets on land – which turns out to be his son, Idamante. Idomeneo tries everything to avoid having to keep his promise but only bringing catastrophe on himself and his people. In the end his son offers himself as a sacrifice but it is Ilia's love for Idamante, and Idomeneo agreeing to hand his throne over to his son, that appease the god. When Mozart composed the opera in the summer of 1780 he was influenced by many styles, contemporaries and a desire to write another opera seria, a stipulation from the court in Munich. Idomeneo marked a turning point in Mozart's music: the framework was preserved but, internally, opera seria's rigid structure was broken completely. This may not be Mozart's most popular opera but it is certainly his »wildest«.
King Idomeneo, returning from the Trojan War to his island Crete, is eagerly awaited by his son Idamante, the Mykenian King's daughter Elektra and his subjects, and, less eagerly, the Trojan King's daughter Ilia. The curse of ten years of war weighs heavily upon him. His life is spared in a terrible storm at sea by Neptune, but only on condition that Idomeneo sacrifice the first person he meets on land, which turns out to be his son. The King puts his own people in danger in trying to avoid carrying out his side of the bargain. When his son finds about the oath his father has taken he offers himself as sacrifice. When Ilia says that she wants to take his place the God is appeased, as long as Idomeneo hand power over to his son.
With generous support from the Frankfurt Patronatsverein - Sektion Oper
Friday 20.09.2013 19:00 h
Further performances
Opera House
Subscription: series 15
Pre-booking and Pricing
Roland Böer
Jan Philipp Gloger
Assistant for the Revival
Caterina Panti Liberovici
Stage Designer
Franziska Bornkamm
Costume Designer
Karin Jud
Lighting Designer
Jan Hartmann
Zsolt Horpácsy
Chorus Master
Matthias Köhler
Idomeneo, König von Kreta
Daniel Behle
Idamante, sein Sohn
Jenny Carlstedt
Ilia, trojanische Prinzessin
Anne-Catherine Gillet
Katie Van Kooten
Arbace, Vertrauter des Königs
Simon Bode
Oberpriester des Neptun
Beau Gibson
Die Stimme
Philipp Alexander Mehr
Olaf Reinecke
Chorus and Orchestra of Oper Frankfurt


text:
This squidgy Yorkshire
favourite is a traditional
bake for Bonfire Night!
4oz /110g soft butter
4oz/110g soft brown sugar
8oz /225g medium
4oz /110g plain flour
2 tsp baking powder
2 tsp ground ginger
1 large egg, beaten
1 tbsp milk
2oz / 55g black treacle
7oz / 200g golden syrup
Heat the oven
to 275°/140°C/gas 1 and
grease an 8" x 8"/ 20cm x
20cm square cake tin.
Melt together the butter,
sugar, treacle and golden syrup
in a large heavy-based
saucepan (don't heat it too
much). Stir all the dry
ingredients together in a big
mixing bowl. Gradually add the
melted butter and stir it into the
dry ingredients. Add the
beaten egg and mix thoroughly
before adding the milk. Pour the
mixture into your greased
baking tin and cook for 1 1/2
hours until firm.
Take the tin out of the oven
and leave it to cool in the tin.
Once cool, store in an airtight
container for a minimum of
3 days (up to a week) before
eating; this allows the flavours
to develop and gives the
mixture a better texture.
The Parkin will keep for up
to two weeks if it's kept
in something airtight.
Make this simple, tasty soup
and pop it into a flask. Sip it
while you watch the fireworks.
1 x 4kg/8lb 13oz pumpkin
125g/4oz butter
2 medium onions,
peeled, finely chopped
1 cinnamon stick
Some grated nutmeg
1.7 litres chicken stock
(use vegetable stock if
you're vegetarian)
Melt the butter in a large pan with
a lid over a low heat and add the
onions. Cook them for 10-15
minutes, until they are softened
and golden-brown. Add the
roughly chopped pumpkin flesh,
cinnamon and nutmeg,
and season with salt and
Increase the heat and
cover with the lid.
Cook for 40-45 minutes,
stirring occasionally to
prevent the base from
burning, until the
pumpkin is cooked
through. Add the stock
and bring to the boil.
Remove from the heat
and allow to cool slightly.
Transfer the soup to a food
processor in batches and
blend until smooth. Return
the soup to the pan and
cook on a low heat for a
further half an hour
Pour the soup into a bowl
or flask if you're dining
al fresco!
These tasty treats are
easily portable; guaranteed
to make any bonfire night
party go off with a bang!
450g/1lb sausages, skinned
225g/8oz Bramley apples,
peeled, cored and chopped
2 tbsp fresh sage or
2tsp dried sage
Black pepper
A bit of flour (for dusting)
1x375g/13oz pack
ready-rolled puff pastry
Beaten egg to glaze
Preheat the oven
to 200°C/425F/Gas7.
Mix the sausage meat with
the apples and sage.
Season well with black
Divide the mixture into two
even portions and roll into two
long tubes.Unroll your pastry
onto a flour-dusted baking
sheet. Cut it into two, creating
two long rectangles.
Put the sausage meat into the
centre of each. Fold the pastry
over the sausage meat and
brush the edges with beaten
egg (pinching with your fingers
to seal). Brush with more egg
and bake for 25 minutes or
until golden and crisp.
Cool for 5 minutes before
cutting and transferring
to a warm plate.
Warm and toasty, the Hot
Toddy is our favourite
cold-weather warmer.
We've replaced traditional
honey with golden syrup
to make it sweeter
1 teaspoon golden syrup
50ml boiling water
1 1/2 measures whisky
3 whole cloves
1 cinnamon stick
1 slice lemon
1 pinch ground nutmeg
Pour the honey, boiling water,
and whisky into a mug.
Add the cloves, cinnamon
and a slice of lemon.
Leave the mixture
to stand for five
minutes so the
flavours can mingle,
then sprinkle with
a pinch of nutmeg
on top before serving.
Enjoy responsibly!
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text:
Geary Boulevard runs almost the entire width of San Francisco, from Market to the ocean. The name of the street hides a lot of history — John White Geary was the first mayor of San Francisco post-statehood, and he would go on to govern Kansas during its "Bloody Kansas" period in the buildup to the Civil War. But that's a matter for another post though — this post is about forgotten transportation.
5.5 Designers' wallpaper maze [Photo Credit: Switched on Set]
The Dogpatch may already be on everyone's radar as a neighborhood on the rise (see last year's New York Times "Surfacing" feature), but touring the area's artisan manufacturers lends a much more tangible element to all the hype. This former shipbuilding center has attracted a new wave of craftsmen, producing everything from messenger bags to chocolates to modern backyard cabanas.
Colleen McHugh, native San Franciscan and resident SPUR photographer, will blog about a different walk through San Francisco each week of the summer, reflecting on what it means to live as a pedestrian in this city and some of the ways we can improve upon that experience. There are so many things a walk in San Francisco can be — from a protest to an errand to an active use of public space.
Hayes Valley Farm [Photo Credit: flickr user edibleoffice]
Urban farming events are plentiful right now in San Francisco. Here's a summary of this week's line-up:
[Image: The New York Times]
Where will I live?
How will I get around if I can no longer walk or drive?
Fritz Haeg's Animal Estates Snag Tower [Photo Credit: Monique Deschaines/FOR-SITE Foundation]
Last week's Parks and Parklets tour led a group of enthusiastic urbanists to three of the city's parklets — miniature parks built on roadway and parking spaces reclaimed for the pedestrian realm.
[Photo Credit: flickr user Sam Williams]
Determined to see changes occur in their neighborhoods despite tight city budgets, many DIY Urbanists are taking matters into their own hands. They are rolling up their sleeves to make improvements to their built environment by planning, designing, and implementing projects. Because DIY Urbanism projects are conceived by individuals and implemented on tight budgets, innovation and creativity are key ingredients in any DIY project.
[Photo Credit: Colleen McHugh]
The San Francisco Department of Elections announced on Monday that the Fix Muni Now campaign had submitted enough voter signatures to qualify their Muni reform measure for the ballot.
Golden Gate Bridge, circa 1933 [Photo via Historypin user megscannell]
Policy wonks across the state will be thrilled to discover the Public Policy Institute of California's recently released CA2025 report, a "briefing kit" covering California's most important long-term policy issues.
[Photo Credit: Timothea Tway]
This Week: JAPAN
For evident selfish reasons, I like to tout the Golden State as the breeding ground for innovation. And as California attempts to build the first high-speed rail (HSR) network in the country, it's tempting to consider ourselves warriors heralding in a new day for transportation. Really, though, HSR has been successful for decades in Asia and Europe. Nations from South Africa to South Korea are doing precisely what California hopes to achieve.
Crime and unemployment: two things cities consistently battle with, but rarely like to talk about. While it may seem like these two issues are linked, with crime rising out of necessity, GOOD's recent infographic shows that a positive correlation may not exist. Working with Part and Parcel, a small design firm in New York, GOOD's Transparency graphic confronts this issue in a very direct manner.
[Photo Credit: Colleen McHugh]
Alleys serve many purposes and people, often all in the same space. They provide back access so that service vehicles and garages don't conflict with transit and pedestrians, and so that main frontages can be preserved for shops and lobbies. They provide affordable and quirky commercial spaces for small businesses.
Data. The mere mention of the word can overwhelm, baffle, and cause general disorientation. In its raw state, or as displayed in traditional forms such as pie charts and bar graphs, data has a tendency to elicit these negative reactions. This confusion occurs when the reader is unable to decipher what story is being told, or why they are being told it.
Our second installment of the Photos of the Week posting features images submitted by SPUR members and friends. If you are interested in seeing your own photos show up in the Photos of the Week, please add your shots to our Flickr Pool!
We are starting a new posting series with the hopes of engaging the creative points-of-view of the SPUR community. Each week we will feature a few photos from SPUR members and friends in a "Photos of the Week" blog. If you are interested in participating, please upload your images to our Flickr Group Pool. Include a caption, if applicable.
In Emerald Cities: Urban Sustainability and Economic Development, Joan Fitzgerald, director of the Law, Policy and Society Program at Northeastern University, showcases how some cities have taken the lead in creating policy that is mutually beneficial to both the environment and economic development. Ms.
SPUR is co-hosting with the AIA a lunchtime lecture on bottom-up sustainability practices in India. "Grass roots green" refers to the design approaches in India and other developing countries, which look to innovatively use traditional common-sense methods, knowledge and approaches to minimize consumption. Speakers Nimish Patel and Parul Zaveri, cofounders of the Indian design firm, Abhikram, will sha


text:
Compare 69 Similar or Matching Items! Back To Top
About Opal
More than any other gem, each opal is distinctly an individual. No other stone has as rich and varied a folklore. Opals are also the most delicate gems commonly worn. They require special care to insure their health and longevity.
Opal's fire was long thought to be the result of iridescence. However, with the advent of scanning electron microscopes, we now know that it is a result of diffraction.
Opal is relatively soft, with a rating of 5.5-6.5 on Mohs scale. Despite its frequent use in rings, opal is a poor choice for a ring stone; it is much better suited to earrings, pins, and pendants.
Major suppliers include Australia, Brazil, Mexico, and the US. Values are normally determined by the presence and nature of color flashes.
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Best ant people high resolution HQ Wallpaper
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Play Baseball Challenge for your chance to win a $1,000 Best Buy gift card.Total ARV is $5,000
Play Ball!
By James Quintong
ESPN Fantasy
G Fiume/Getty Images
Mike Trout may cost a lot, but he's probably worth having on your Baseball Challenge roster.
Looking for another way to satisfy your fantasy baseball urges? Then sign up for Baseball Challenge, where you have to balance both finding the best players and maintaining the salary cap.
For those new to the game, you'll start with a budget of $50 million to build a roster of 10 players: a catcher, first baseman, second baseman, shortstop, third baseman, left fielder, center fielder, right fielder, designated hitter and a pitching staff. Note that each outfield position is separate, and that you draft an entire pitching staff instead of individual pitchers.
You get points for their performances based on this system:
- Hitters get one point each for every run scored, total base, RBI, walk and stolen base.
- Pitching staffs get points in this way: 1 out = +1 (complete IP = +3), ER = -3, Hit = -1, BB = -1, K = +1, Win = +5.
That's all there is to it, scoring-wise.
Obviously, the big wrinkle is the salary cap, as you'll have to balance drafting high-priced stars and potential bargain-priced sleepers who could eventually rise in value based on their performance. Luckily, we now have a floating salary cap, so if your players rise in value, so will your salary cap, giving you extra flexibility to improve your roster. Locking in those bargain sleepers early could pay off in the long run.
You have the option to play either weekly (where you lock in a roster once a week) or daily (you can change your roster each day), depending on what type of challenge suits you best.
Best of luck in picking out superstars, landing those bargains and building the best team money can buy. Happy drafting!
Join Our Baseball Challenge Forum
Eager to share your baseball knowledge and discuss your daily or weekly lineup? Let yourself be heard or just see what others have to say on the Baseball Challenge forum.


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Light Up Spongebob T-Shirt
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From rucksacks and backpacks to kit bags and pocket carriers, the catalog above features Rogue's complete selection of packs and travel gear. Choose from convenient meal management bags from 6 Pack Fitness and a wide array of military grade carriers from GORUCK—including the GR1 and GR2 rucksacks, Echo back packs, RR field bags, and the Bullet Ruck. This page also features exclusive Rogue patches and tags you can add to any new or existing bag.


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Daily Archives: November 25, 2013
Wildcats roll past Stanton 62-27
The BCHS Wildcats won their home finale in dominating fashion with a 62-27 victory over Stanton October 25 to improve their record to 5-1 in District 3-5A play and 7-2 overall.
Mike Boone's five touchdowns on the night propelled the Wildcats to the blowout win. Four of his scores came in the first half on two sweep plays of 15 and 14-yards and two punt returns of 45 and 82-yards. He added 78-yard touchdown reception on a slant from freshman quarterback Joe Green in the third quarter.
CeCe Jefferson led an impressive game from the Wildcats' defense. The junior defense end had three of the team's five sacks on the night and returned an interception for a touchdown in the first quarter.
The Wildcats must now prepare for their regular season finale when they travel to play the undefeated Bishop Kenny Crusaders November 1. The game could determine the District 3-5A champions and has major playoff implications.


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text: Imagine having a boutique wine shop just around the corner. Independently-owned wine shops are a great solution and already working well in other places in Canada. It's time we had them here in Ontario so we can conveniently enhance our wine experiences. The vast majority of people in Ontario agree. Private wine shops pair nicely with our province, our neighbourhoods, even our LCBO system. Why not get the wines you love in the locations you adore?


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These glasses are unmatched in their ability to amplify the bouquet of any wine. For most wines Amplifier glasses focus and intensify the bouquet. Ravenscroft Amplifier glasses are hard to drink from. Any powerful tool requires effort to learn to use it The rewards of mastering a fine tool are obvious.
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GreatSchools Rating
The GreatSchools rating is a simple tool for parents to compare schools based on test scores, student academic growth, and college readiness. It compares schools across the state, where the highest rated schools in the state are designated as "Above Average" and the lowest "Below Average." It is designed to be a starting point to help parents make baseline comparisons. We always advise parents to visit the school and consider other information on school performance and programs, as well as consider their child's and family's needs as part of the school selection process.
Rating Breakdown
|Test score rating
|The test score rating examines how students at this school performed on standardized tests compared with other schools in the state. Test scores are based on 2013-14 ISTEP and 2012-13 End of Course Assessment results.
|Student growth rating
|The student growth rating measures whether students at this school are making academic progress over time. Specifically, the rating looks at how much progress individual students have made on reading and math assessments during the past year or more. This rating is based on 2013-14 Median Growth Percentiles in Math and English Language Arts
MethodologyView more details about the GreatSchools rating
State Rating
Indiana uses the A through F School Grading System to assess the overall performance of a school. For the 2013-2014 school year, schools were graded based on performance and participation levels in state standardized tests and student growth using the Indiana Growth Model. In addition, high schools were graded on four-year (on-time) graduation rates and college and career readiness indicators including Advanced Placement exam results and industry certification exam results.
MethodologyView more details about the State rating
The bar charts below tell what percentage of students are performing at or above grade-level.
Indiana Statewide Testing for Educational Progress Plus
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Source: Indiana Department of Education


text:
posted on May 27, 2012
Hello…looking for anyone who is related to the Rainbolt family. My grandmother was Clara Leona Rainbolt. Her mother was Susan. I would appreciate any help. Thx
posted on May 27, 2012
Hello…looking for anyone who is related to the Rainbolt family. My grandmother was Clara Leona Rainbolt. Her mother was Susan. I would appreciate any help. Thx
posted on May 27, 2012
this name is probably more common than you think. if you are looking for genealogy, you might start with the obituary – see your local public library for that. maybe you have a death certificate, which should give you some other details.
if you are looking for living relatives, you are doing exactly the right thing in posting on messageboards. rootsweb.com and genealogy.com have messageboards by tribe, surname, location.
i am not sure if rainbolt was a maiden name or a married name. i don't know if susan's married name is rainbolt. i don't know the location or dates that either of these people were born or passed away.
genealogists use names, dates, locations, children and spouses to match records. if you have a common surname, you need to give more information rather than less. if you post about women, it is helpful to include the maiden name and the married name and designate which one is the maiden name.
start with what you know, gather documentation, then you can go backward in time. so get your birth certificate, your parents' birth certificates and marriage license and then you can start on your grandparents. if someone passed away after 1/1/1937, they probably have a social security application on file. if you ask a government agency for a birth certificate, and they were born before 1929, they might have submitted a delayed birth certificate. death certificates, cemetery information and obituaries are helpful. you can usually get a copy of an obituary, newspaper mentions such as birth of a child or marriage, through the interlibrary loan program – see your local public library for this. i usually start with the death and work toward the person's birth. military records and pension records can be helpful. census records can tell you where they were at particular times, names of family members. the census records up to 1930 are available, although the 1890 census was largely destroyed. the 1940 census will be public information in 2012.
obituaries through the oklahoma choctaw tribe is through the history link for the tribe:
social security application for a deceased person:
form SS-5.
your public library probably has a subscription to heritage quest and ancestry.com. fold3.com is another useful database for native records and military records, but they are a subscription. however, many times their month's subscription price is less than the price of a dawes packet, however check with accessgenealogy's database to see if your relative's dawes packet is exists or is available at fold3.
partial names are allowed.
bear in mind that many records are not online. always collect documents, as just the reference to a relative in an index informs you that a document is available.
death records:
death certificate: state vital records or if very old, state archives. ask for the person's name at the time of death. you can look at death indices, such as the social security death index 1964-present for a date of death on rootsweb.com or ancestry.com.
obituary: see your local public library, interlibrary loan program. ask for the person's name at the time of death. approximate date of death is helpful. if old, state historical society or state archives might have historical newspapers.
cemetery record: try findagrave.com or interment.net. ask for the person's name at the time of death. if you find a relative, you can click on the county or cemetery to see if others with the same surname are buried there.
marriage records:
state vital records office, county clerk or if old, state archives or state historical society.
birth records:
state vital records office, or if old, state archives or state historical society. if the birth was before 1940, ask for a birth certificate or a delayed birth certificate. many people had to get delayed birth certificates when social security came into effect because they had to show proof of age. this will be under the name used at the time of birth.
census records:
you will want to search for census records 1940 on down to the birth of your relative. the federal census was taken every 10 years, however the 1890 census was largely destroyed by fire. there are also some state census records and native census records and native rolls. ancestry.com and heritage quest are two databases that include many census records. many native census records kept by NARA (http://www.archives.gov) are transcribed at accessgenealogy.
first of all, heritage and tribal enrollment are two different things. many times natives didn't apply for enrollment because 1) they didn't qualify, 2) they were philosophically opposed to enrollment, 3) they didn't have documentation, or 4) they were mississippi choctaw and their ancestor had accepted land or benefits in lieu of tribal enrollment.
the dawes roll was taken 1896-1906, so you should trace your ancestors down to that time period. mostly, they had to be living in oklahoma by that time and agree to live there permanently.
history of the dawes roll
wikipedia entries are sometimes opinionated; entered by volunteers.
helpful information about tribal enrollment
2 ways to search:
this will let you enter partial names to get card#. click on the card# in the card column and you can see other names in that family.
other resources on the left and at the bottom of this webpage. native census records and databases are especially useful.
this will give you card# (family group) and enrollment #. they have some native marriage records too. other oklahoma records listed at left.
if your relative was enrolled by court action, their name might not be on this list.
if the name is common, you may find too many possible records.
you can order the dawes packet from the oklahoma historical society website.
if you find a relative listed on the dawes roll, fold3 may have filmed the record and could be available online.
other resources are NARA http://www.archives.gov
the five civilized tribes book put out by the department of the interior has testimony.
and you can read it online
and these are the microfilms at fort worth TX archives.
there may be additional records about your relative:
contact NARA http://www.archives.gov for these and other records listed on this webpage.
75.23.1 Records of the Dawes Commission
75.23.2 Records of the U.S. Indian Inspector for Indian Territory
75.23.3 General records of the Commissioner to the Five Civilized Tribes
(Record Group 75)
oklahoma newspaper and archives search. some of these resources may be available through interlibrary loan/public library.
the tribe has an excellent information to help you. it is found under genealogy advocacy.
some obituaries:
NARA http://www.archives.gov/ federal records repository. the fort worth, TX office has archives for oklahoma and texas tribes. atlanta/morrow office has archives for the southwest tribes. many offices have microfilmed records for several tribes. note that this web address has changed recently from nara.gov.
freedmen info:
You can ONLY apply for Choctaw Nation Membership, AFTER you have obtained a CDIB card proving your Choctaw Blood lineage to a direct ancestor who actually enrolled, BY BLOOD. Freedmen DID NOT enroll By Blood. When US Congress closed the Final Dawes Commission Rolls, there were no provisions granting Freedmen any benefits after the Dawes Commission closed. The tribe Constitution states BY BLOOD. however, the documents (application, census card and testimony) may help you find out more about your heritage.
mississippi choctaw and choctaw tribe explained here:
jena choctaw tribe in louisiana:
MOWA tribe
MOWA Band Of Choctaws Wilford Taylor 1080 Red Fox Road Mount Vernon, AL 36560 (251) 829-5500. E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
other choctaw tribes:
chickasaw historical society
Historic Preservation and Repatriation Office
Phone: (580) 272-5325
Fax: (580) 272-5327
2020 E. Arlington, Suite 4, Ada, OK 74820
send mail to: P.O. Box 1548, Ada, OK 74821
chickasaw tribe
Chickasaw Nation Headquarters
520 East Arlington, Ada, OK 74820
Phone (580) 436-2603
Mailing address: P.O. Box 1548, Ada, OK 74821
chickasaw genealogy archive center Tribal Library
Phone: (580) 310-6477
Fax: (580) 559-0773
1003 Chamber Loop, Ada, OK 74820
send mail to: P.O. Box 1548, Ada, OK 74821
oklahoma historical society
marriage records
other historical societies:
some oklahoma genealogical societies:
texas tribes
oklahoma tribes:
some links for the choctaw.
i looked at the land records and those need a lot of work. i have no information about whether or when they will improve some of these categories.
types of records available for native americans:
pages 366-369 in particular although the entire native american chapter is helpful.
The Genealogist's Companion and Sourcebook:
Guide to the Resources You Need for Unpuzzling Your Past
Emily Anne Croom
you can ask for these particular pages from your local public library. if they don't have the book, you can get the pages through the interlibrary loan program.
native american records are discussed in pages 352-386.
Tracing ancestors among the Five Civilized Tribes: Southeastern Indians …
By Rachal Mills Lennon
this book could be accessed through the interlibary loan program also.
always find the state archives. some records are online, some records are not. but many times you can find a record not found in other places. you want to see also about newspaper mentions for obituaries, births, marriages in particular.
check courts for probate, civil and criminal cases, marriage records.
if your ancestors lived on a reservation, they might not appear on a federal census because they were not taxed.
1860 census, indian territory.
this book is a good read about the dawes roll and how they implemented it.
The Dawes Commission and the allotment of the Five Civilized Tribes, 1893-1914
By Kent Carter
and you can read this book online. your relatives' testimony might be in the book.
see the menu at left. you can download it.
there are 63 tribes in oklahoma but only the five major tribes are on the dawes roll. look at your family's location around 1900-1930 time period (census will help you there) and see if there was a tribe located nearby. it is possible that your relatives were affiliated with another tribe.
if they were mississippi choctaw, there is probably a land grant in MS/AL to a head of household called choctaw scrip land. this was given in lieu of tribal enrollment 1830-1880 time period. ancestry.com has a database of the MS and AL choctaw scrip land records, called mississippi or alabama land records. there are other land records in those databases too,, so you have to look at the authority/source cited. NARA http://www.archives.gov has those land record packages.
the mississippi choctaw was not removed from oklahoma. but they were largely rejected for tribal enrollment.
this website might help you in your search. some people are trying to transcribe applications.
i do not know what they are trying to transcribe, but this is the volunteer page
and this might be of interest to you:
Rights of Mississippi Choctaws in the Choctaw Nation
Index to the Final Rolls of the Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory
the dawes roll is composed of applications to the five major tribes in oklahoma.
good advice about native research:
if your relatives came from a different geographic location or belonged to a different tribe, try searching google for the state and tribes. you might find a contact for a state-recognized tribe or a federal recognized tribe.
this page can help you set up a targeted google search.
penny postcards. this is a website that features pictures that were on postcards. click on the state to see the postcards that they have.
if you have a penny postcard, you can click on submissions to add your penny postcard to the collection.
these searches will combine several possible search terms and give you the best matches.
i have collected many resources over the years. if you want to write to me, firstname.lastname@example.com and request the choctaw resource list, i will be glad to send it to you.
i am just a volunteer that wants to empower people to learn how to do genealogy.
suzanne hamlet shatto
If you haven't already, you will need to register before you can log in. It only takes a moment. If you've forgotten your password, you can enter your email address to set a new one.


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UN.GIFT Publications
UN.GIFT Progress Update, 2009
Apr 29 2010
Download right click "save as"
In this paper are presented the main achivements of the UN.GIFT in its advocacy efforts to help raise awareness to human trafficking. Among the immediate objectives of the UN.GIFT stand the global commitment to counter human trafficking in partnership with all the key stakeholders and the support for the victims of trafficking.
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Arlan "Al" Francis Cummings, 75, of Glen St. Mary died on March 30, 2013 at Memorial Hospital in Jacksonville. Al was born in Bakersfield, Vermont on November 11, 1937 to the late Harold Vernon Cummings and Marchaline Isabell Britch Cummings. Al was a resident of Macclenny for 35 years after moving from California. He retired from the United States Navy after 21 years of dedicated service, including duty during the Vietnam War.
He also retired from the Florida Times-Union after 20 years in the maintenance department. Al attended St. Mary's Catholic Church, and enjoyed fishing, bowling, watching television and building car and airplane models. He was preceded in death by his parents and one sister.


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- absorb and wick away moisture,
- provide additional padding to reduce pressure at the sit bones.
- The pad in a bike short designed for women differs from a men's pad. It is:
- wider at the sit bones,
- shorter in length - no need for a large "modesty panel" up front.
- Chamois pads are available in a variety of thicknesses, shapes, densities and cover fabrics. The best chamois for a particular rider is a matter of personal preference. Unfortunately, it may take time and experience to determine what works best for your unique anatomy.
- Search the TE Forums for advice from other female cyclists on which shorts have the best chamois?
- TIP: every bike short on our site has a chamois photo, linked to in the details section of the product page.
Inseam Length
- Longer inseam shorts provide better support to the quads.
- Shorter inseam shorts can help you avoid an obvious "cyclist's tan".
- TIP: Use our filters to shop by your preferred inseam length.
Leg Grippers
- Silicone dot grippers or no gripper at all help to avoid the sausage leg look.
- Silicone grippers are a good choice for those with latex allergies.
- If the short has no grippers, it needs to fit well to avoid riding up and bunching.
- TIP: Use our filters to view only those bike shorts that feature your preferred gripper type.
Panels & Seams
- More panels generally means a more contoured, better fit when in the cycling position.
- Fabric orientation within a panel can be used to provide additional muscle support.
- Flatlock seams between the panels are less obtrusive than overlock seams and reduce friction.
Waist Band
- Waistbands are largely a matter of personal preference. Look for a waistband that doesn't gap at the back or fold over in the front when in the cycling position.
- Elastic waist bands have traditionally been used, but elastic-free yoga-style waist bands are popular option.
Bib Shorts
- Eliminated waistband makes for a very comfortable bike short.
- Women can find bibs problematic on longer rides due to the need to remove the jersey top in order to use the restroom.
- Manufacturers are now offering a variety of innovative buckle systems in an effort to improve women's cycling bib shorts.
Use and Care of Cycling Shorts
- Wear Without Underwear:
- Bike shorts are always worn without underwear.
- Underwear bunches and abrades and retains moisture.
- No Velcro (hook-and-loop closures), No Sharp Edges:
- Lycra cycling shorts are very susceptible to snagging when exposed to Velcro.
- Check your bike for any exposed velcro or sharp edges on saddle packs and frame-mounted accessories. Velcro can chew up a pair of shorts in a single ride!
- Protect your shorts and other apparel by using laundry bags for any clothing or gloves with Velcro.


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Despite bright economic prospects, most emerging Asian countries—China, India, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)—continue to suffer from underdeveloped infrastructure. In India, for example, electricity generation is 16 percent to 20 percent short of what is needed to meet peak demand, thanks to persistent underinvestment and poor maintenance. In Indonesia, infrastructure investments dropped from 5 percent to 6 percent of GDP in the early 1990s to 2 percent to 3 percent of GDP for much of the last ten years. We estimate that the consequent deterioration in energy, transport, housing, communications, and water facilities has restrained economic growth by 3 to 4 percentage points of GDP.
We believe that situation is about to change. Across the Asian region as a whole, we calculate that around $8 trillion will be committed to infrastructure projects over the next decade to remedy historical underinvestment and accommodate the explosion in demand.
Traditionally, most Asian infrastructure projects have been funded by governments or domestic banks. Foreign investors were mostly excluded. Those that were allowed to participate faced severe restrictions, including complex regulatory and legal regimes, uneven workforce quality, and occasional political interference.
In the wake of the financial crisis, however, we have started to see signs that global private capital is increasingly welcome. The combined effects of increased stimulus spending and reduced tax receipts have increased deficits, with the result that restrictions on foreign investment are easing and a growing number of projects are being carried out under public–private partnerships (PPP). We estimate that over the next ten years fully $1 trillion of the $8 trillion of projected infrastructure projects will be open to private investors under PPPs.
The questions for owners of global capital are how to identify the opportunities, how to mitigate the main risks, and how to develop appropriate entry strategies.
More than 80 percent of the demand for infrastructure investment in emerging Asia over the next ten years will come from energy and transport, the sectors most critical to supporting heightened economic activity. Exhibit 1 shows the full breakdown.
Our analysis suggests that much of this new investment will be in advanced technologies. For example, Asia may leapfrog developed economies in its adoption of clean-energy technologies, thanks to falling costs and improving effectiveness.
Several countries, such as China and Malaysia, have sufficient financial depth in their domestic private-capital markets to meet their infrastructure funding requirements (Exhibit 2). Foreign investors should therefore focus on countries such as India, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines, where the financial markets have less capacity.
Although the environment is changing, even in these countries the bulk of infrastructure investments will likely remain effectively closed to private investment. The obstacles are varied. Many governments, for instance, have ill-defined PPP policies that, because of their vagueness, inhibit private participation, while capital controls frequently deter investors who worry that they may not be able to repatriate their cash flow. Weak regulatory or legal systems intensify the risk, and while shallow or illiquid capital markets make private investment necessary, they also complicate exit strategies. Exhibit 3 calculates the effect of restrictions on foreign direct investment in India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Despite all this, Asia remains an exciting place for infrastructure investment over the next ten years. India alone is set to spend $500 billion on projects from 2007 to 2011, thereby raising its infrastructure investment from 4 percent to 8 percent of GDP per annum. Domestic capital markets will finance some but not all of this demand: as in other parts of the region, global investors will have an opportunity to fill the gap.
Once they have decided to invest, foreign firms must overcome several risks. Thanks to political pressures, environmental considerations, and local issues, there are often long delays between planning and project approval; this can severely affect capital deployment and productivity. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge project in China, for example, was held up for 10 years, and the Bandra-Worli Sea Link in Mumbai, India, required more than 20 years before approval was finally given.
As in other parts of the world, infrastructure investors in Asia should have long investment horizons and should be prepared to have capital locked up for many years.
They need to be wary of—and ensure they make changes to—partnership agreements that are often poorly structured and drafted due to a lack of skills or experience in government departments.
They should plan for the possibility of continuing political, legal, and regulatory uncertainty with respect to foreign ownership restrictions, capital controls, and partnership terms. During the 1997 Asian financial crisis, for example, several countries suddenly imposed capital controls, which in some cases were only lifted many years later.
And global investors must find ways around capital markets that lack the full range of financial instruments for risk mitigation. For example, the foreign-exchange (FX) markets for some emerging Asian currencies might not be liquid enough to allow full hedging of a currency exposure, while local derivative instruments may be insufficient to offset particular risks.
Offshore products or structures domiciled in financial centers like Singapore and Hong Kong could be a solution when local currencies are illiquid. One example is the use of a Singaporean dollar fund (or fund of funds) that then invests in, say, Vietnamese infrastructure assets. The currency risk between Vietnamese đόng (VND) and the Singapore dollar (SGD) is mitigated by a simultaneous synthetic contract that is renewed annually. While this does not completely do away with the currency risks, it reduces the volatility significantly.
Another option is to set up a holding company in a tax-friendly jurisdiction rather than have the investment in the underlying infrastructure special-purpose vehicle (SPV), which is a domestic asset. The fund-raising entity enters into a contract outside the country, which at least partially helps to reduce the sovereign risk.
Third, partnerships between foreign players and a dominant local institution—SBI-Macquarie Fund in India and the CIMB-Principal fund in ASEAN are two examples—can help.
In addition to mitigating the inherent risks, investors must choose the right participation model if they are to maximize. Exhibit 4 explains the choices, several of them suitable for use in a PPP.
Foreign investors and institutions typically follow an equity-led entry strategy in the initial years, since their local balance sheets tend to be insufficiently capitalized to support debt-led models. Domestic and regional banks, by contrast, typically use their strong local balance sheets to engage in debt financing.
In recent years, savvy financial institutions with a well-rounded suite of financial services have begun adopting integrated models for infrastructure investment. For example, besides funding the construction of an airport, an integrated player might also offer transaction banking services and insurance to the airport operator. Such cross-selling can deliver significant value, as our research suggests an estimated 40 percent of potential revenues from infrastructure projects come from nonlending sources (Exhibit 5). Even better, this extra value opportunity comes with relatively little additional risk—after all, the operation of an airport, or indeed a power plant, once up and running, is relatively straightforward compared with getting it built in the first place.
It is critical, however, to note that infrastructure investment requires significant dedication of time, organizational resources, and management focus. The example of Macquarie Group provides a good illustration of how a global infrastructure-investment business can be built. Macquarie first developed its expertise in infrastructure by capitalizing on the wave of Australian privatization of national infrastructure in the 1990s. Armed with the knowledge built up, Macquarie then launched its international expansion. Despite its expertise, however, it still took Macquarie more than six years for infrastructure to become a significant international platform. Along the way, it has developed sophisticated risk-management techniques to oversee activities in disparate markets.
Despite the challenges and risks, Asia's infrastructure growth over the next ten years is an attractive opportunity for global investors and financial institutions. There will be more than $1 trillion of infrastructure projects open to foreign investment, and further value can be captured by offering a full range of associated financial services besides lending. To tap into this growth, global capital players must select the appropriate participation model and dedicate sufficient resources to build up their expertise and familiarity with Asian infrastructure markets.
Naveen Tahilyani is a principal in McKinsey's Mumbai office, where Toshan Tamhane is an associate principal; Jessica Tan is a principal in the Singapore office.
March 2011—Uday Kotak of Kotak Mahindra Group and Dato' Sri Nazir Razak of CIMB Group offer their perspectives on the changing landscape in Asia. more
March 2011—The markets of Southeast Asia offer rapid growth to those with the right skills and preparation. more
March 2011—Now is the time to spot opportunities and risks in the coming boom.more
March 2011—Banks that serve midmarket and overseas companies will have opportunities to grow revenues and improve skills.more
March 2011—The right strategy is key to finding success in this growing market.more
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Saturday to Saturday booking arriving 1pm onwards departing by 10am The Country Retreat is at the end of a private road set in 3 acres of grounds and overlooks beautiful parkland.
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A five bedroom listed farmhouse situated on a working farm in a stunning location just outside Canterbury.Provides three reception rooms all with wood burners & three ensuite bedrooms with a further two twin bedded ones. Recently renovated.
Self-catering with 1500 units, £39 pppn sleeps 1
Based in the heart of this historic City, Canterbury Christ Church University offers a range of excellent 3 - 5 star University accommodation, available during the summer months.
Self-catering with 2 units, £440-£825 pupw sleeps 6-7
Two cottages set in 30 acres of private parkland. Sleeping 4-7. Both with three ground floor en suite bedrooms plus twin beds on upper floor. Wheelchair friendly. Easy reach of Canterbury, Sandwich, Deal, golf Links, beaches, Channel Port.
Self-catering with 1 unit, £464-£536 pupw sleeps 2
This stylish ground floor apartment situated close to the seafront is the ideal getaway for two. There's plenty to do during your stay, with the popular Harbour Street just a 10 minute walk away with shops, restaurants and delis.
Self-catering with 1 unit, £566-£1143 pupw sleeps 6
This stylish self catering holiday cottage sleeping up to six is a seafront property with direct sea views and is situated in the historic heart of the Kentish seaside town of Whitstable.
Self-catering with 3 units, £700-£1800 pupw sleeps 6-8
Three 5 star self catering houses.The Oast (sleeps 8) and The Old Tannery (sleeps 6) have been recently renovated and are set in a beautiful location by the river in the village of Littlebourne. Ellens Cottage (sleeps 6) has a large garden.
Self-catering with 1 unit, £280-£800 pupw sleeps 4
The house is conveniently located opposite the Cathedral, just a 2 minute walk from the city centre. The house has period features including fire places and wooden floor boards, with all facilities and a modern design.


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Momma's Jewels
|Momma's Jewels blend style with function to create beautiful, durable, safe adornments for you that entertain and soothe your baby with their silver teething necklace and silver teething bracelet. We can't be happier to be the only online retailer with the exclusive permission to carry these exquisite pieces of jewelry.
Silver is naturally antibacterial, which is why it's used for silverware and baby spoons. But it took an evolved mom like Stacy Rosenthal to innovate a sterling silver jewelry piece that's also a teething ring. As the mother of a five-month-old and three-year-old, Momma's Jewels founder, Stacy Rosenthal, became frustrated with the never-ending task of picking up and cleaning her infant's teething ring. After tying a plastic teething ring around her neck, she had to face the fact that that wasn't the fashion statement she wanted to make.
Sterling silver is naturally antibacterial, naturally cool to the touch, beautiful, timeless and easy to cleanso it's a perfect material for a teething necklace and bracelet. Each elegant Momma's Jewels teething necklace and bracelet is meant to be passed on for generations and enjoyed by all of them. They come with lifetime guarantees against breakage.
To ensure safety, Momma's Jewels pieces have been extensively tested (tests performed recommended by the CPSC by an independent testing facility) and have been proven safe for both teething babies and playful toddlers.


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Cool summers, fog off the bay, the Golden Gate Bridge and the amazing hills... Owning a home in San Francisco is becoming a bit of a feat. With so many tech companies and start-ups in the area, the San Francisco real estate market is climbing quickly. Property values are at an all-time high and purchasing a home now has a good chance of being a very sound investment; as if someone needed another reason to live in the bohemian flavored city that is San Francisco. These eclectic few miles, surrounded by bays and ocean, have been a symbol of First Amendment rights since the 1950's.
Where you live inside San Francisco is as important as the home itself. San Francisco luxury real estate is not only becoming harder to find, it is becoming harder to get when you find it. The average selling price of a home in the San Francisco real estate market is approximately twelve percent higher than the asking price - and that percentage is rising. This takes flipping houses to an entirely new level. The obvious trick is to purchase as soon as possible.
That being said, San Francisco region is a wonderful place to live. The art and freedom and culture are infectious. It is ranked in the top ten happiest cities in the United States for a reason. And clearly, the real estate market has shown people really want to live there. There are luxury homes to fit the personality of every buyer. They range from beautiful bungalows to massively impressive expressions of architecture. Everyone can be accommodated if they know the style in which they wish to live. Residents of San Francisco can enjoy the pleasures of Fisherman's Wharf and Chinatown daily. Upscale shops populate Union Square offering everything from coffee to Cartier. The options are endless and the rising market makes acquiring a San Francisco home a must have... and soon.