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Take a bite out of summer during Shark University Week at Moody Gardens Aug. 4 through Aug. 10. Moody Gardens is a proud sponsor of Discovery Channel's Shark Week.
Take a bite out of summer during Shark University Week at Moody Gardens Aug. 4 through Aug. 10. Moody Gardens is a proud sponsor of Discovery Channel's Shark Week.
We'll be celebrating World Ocean Day on June 8 with ocean-themed activities across the property to raise awareness about ocean conservation. Guests can dive into aquatic movies, a special presentation at the MG 3D Theater, keeper activities at the Aquarium Pyramid®, special discounts and live concerts.
Like Moody Gardens, the One World One Ocean Foundation hopes to inspire generations to help protect the ocean.
"Earth Day is the ideal day to make an announcement about World Oceans Day activities," said Moody Gardens President John Zendt. "The ocean plays a vital role in our conservation efforts."
In partnership with the Foundation, Moody Gardens created an elaborate exhibit at the MG 3D Theater exit and donated $1,000 to the Foundation. The exhibit highlights the importance of ocean conservation with staggering statistics and beautiful imagery.
Beginning at 10 a.m., visitors can join Marine Biologist Sarah Bedolfe via Skype at the MG 3D Theater. Bedolfe, who works with film producers MacGillvray Freeman, will highlight the importance of conservation. Families can learn about whale sharks, sea turtles, coconut octopus and other exotic animals featured in upcoming films.
Audiences ages 12 to 18 can get involved by producing a video telling judges what the ocean means to them. Grand prize winners will receive $100 and a Go Pro HD HERO3 camera. For more information, visit www.worldoceansday.org.
Visitors can also help support ocean conservation when Bands on the Sand kicks off at Palm Beach with the popular beach group, the Intercoastal Pirates. Visitors can donate to the One World One Ocean Foundation, with Cadillac matching the donation up to $1,000. The summer concert series is sponsored by Cadillac with fireworks.
Guests can also watch a diverse range of ocean-themed movies throughout the day or visit the Aquarium Pyramid for presentations. A special World Oceans Day combo will be offered, featuring admission to the Aquarium Pyramid and MG 3D Theater for $24.95.
About World Oceans Day
Coordinated by The Ocean Project and World Ocean Network, World Oceans Day was recognized by the United Nations in 2008, encouraging people around the world to celebrate how water connects the globe and impacts all life forms.
Start your Earth Day in our Herb Garden with the Galveston County Master Gardeners, as they teach easy gardening tips on Texas butterfly gardens. Children can also enjoy plenty of activities including make-and-take recycled pots and other crafts.
*Pyramid admission not included
Save big this Earth Day weekend with our Special Combo Pass to the Aquarium and Rainforest Pyramids for just $24.95 ($43.90 value). Click here to purchase online (valid only April 20-21).
Moody Gardens® is a public, non-profit educational destination utilizing nature in the advancement of rehabilitation, conservation, recreation and research.
In celebration of its mission of conservation, Moody Gardens will feature free presentations, activities and fun, as well as special discounts this Earth Day weekend, April 20 and 21.
Join the Galveston County Master Gardeners in the Herb Garden by the Discovery Pyramid® to learn about easy gardening tips on Texas butterfly gardens. Guests can also pick up a homemade pot and learn how to make one of their own with materials found around the house. Children can enjoy plenty of activities including make-and-take butterfly crafts and recycled seed starters. In the Visitors Center, the Oleander Festival will feature more than 60 varieties of oleander flowers.
At the Aquarium Pyramid, Moody Gardens biologists will be holding special keeper presentations throughout both days. Visitors will be amazed by the massive seals as they are rewarded with fish for completing training exercises at 10:30 a.m. and 2:15 p.m.
Biologists will begin penguin feedings at 11:00 a.m. and 3 p.m., so families can adore and spot the newest King penguin, Watt. In the South Pacific exhibit, biologists will suit up and dive in at 11:30 a.m. to feed sting rays, sharks and more than 200 species of fish. In the one million-gallon Caribbean tank, guests can watch divers feed the tropical fish, sharks and barracudas at 2 p.m.
As guests tour the Rainforest Pyramid, the Society for the Advancement of Volunteer Youth group (SAVY) will have educational carts out to teach visitors about the importance of conservation and preservation. At 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., biologists will release beautiful butterflies in their netted exhibit on the top canopy of the Rainforest Pyramid. Guests can also take pictures of the newborn Prehensile Tailed Porcupine, before heading over to the Ocelot's exhibit for a keeper presentation at 1 p.m.
The Earth Day activities and Oleander Festival are open from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on April 20 and 21, and admission is free to the public. A special $24.95 combo pass to the Aquarium and Rainforest Pyramids will be available during the festival. For more information, call Moody Gardens at 800-582-4673 or visit www.moodygardens.org and www.oleander.org.
March is a busy month here at Moody Gardens! On top of our Spring Break and Easter activities, we have a variety of other events and activities going on.
Flight of the Butterflies 3D opens March 9
Follow monarch butterflies on their journey in one of those most incredible migrations on Earth. Not only will you be joining the butterflies, but also scientist Fred Urquhart, who spent forty years trying to discover the mysteries of monarch butterflies and where exactly they go during the winter season. The documentary is a story of perseverance across thousands of miles and many generations.
Why is it important? Each spring, millions of monarchs begin a journey north into Texas and onto a 1,500-mile quest to across North America. As they travel, the butterflies breed and lay eggs on milkweed plants in Texas. Over several generations, the monarchs complete their migration and return to Mexico for the winter, making their trip one of the longest migrations on Earth. However, because of extreme drought conditions, Texas' milkweed population has declined in recent years, severely impacting the flight. More than 20 percent of the migration has decreased. The loss of milkweed and habitat, coupled with intense heat, contribute to the diminishing migration numbers over the past decade. As part of conservation efforts, Moody Gardens is launching a public awareness campaign in an effort to save the shrinking monarch migration. A portion of the sales from the new film, Flight of the Butterflies 3D, will be donated to the leading conservation organization in Mexico, Fondo Mexicano para la Conservación de la Naturaleza.
Click here to watch trailer and for showtimes
Birding 101 and 201
Presented by Moody Gardens® and Galveston Island Nature Tourism Council, Birding 101 & 201 is a series of classes designed to educate and excite people about the tremendous variety of bird life routinely seen around Galveston Island.
Click here for more information
Golf Junior Spring Break Camps
These camps are designed for boys and girls, ages 6-14, wanting to learn golf basics or brush up on their skills. Cost is $99 per student. Choose from one of these two-day sessions:
March 11 – 12, 2013 (9am-12pm) OR
March 14 – 15, 2013 (9am-12pm)
Registration form here: http://bit.ly/GolfJrCamps
Annual Easter Egg Hunts are scheduled for 1 p.m. and 3 p.m., and children 12 years old and younger are invited to run around the Oleander Bowl filled with colorful eggs. Other activities include a variety of games for prizes. In addition to all of the fun and excitement outdoors, Easter Buffet feasts will be available at both the Garden Restaurant and the Moody Gardens Hotel on Easter Sunday. Beginning at 11 a.m. and lasting till 3 p.m., this event is free to the public.
Join us at Moody Gardens for family-friendly events and attractions such as the Aquarium Pyramid and Rainforest Pyramid. We look forward to spending time with you in March!
Spring Break is quickly approaching, and there is no better place to spend it than at Moody Gardens! We create a total vacation for you right here at the Moody Gardens Hotel and our popular attractions. The weather is warming up as well, so visiting the beaches of Galveston is a must.
Moody Gardens "Spring Break Family Fun" gives you and your family the opportunity to break away from your daily responsibilities and enjoy the island. Moody Gardens puts together spring break activities for your entire family. When you are staying at the Moody Gardens Hotel, you will start off each day with a character breakfast. Our resident King of Cool, Sunny the Penguin, will be joining you while you fuel up on eggs and bacon!
Kid's Crew is the perfect way to enhance your family's spring break vacation. When you check into the Moody Gardens Hotel, your children will receive a Kid's Crew Fun Pack. All the activities offered are free to hotel guests and include arts and crafts, scavenger hunts, pool coin dives, a bounce house, kite flying, karaoke, Wii competitions, clown face painting, movie nights, and s'mores! Kids can also participate in a game of giant chess or explore the outdoor playground.
The Spa at Moody Gardens is the perfect place for parents to find some time to relax and enjoy their vacation. Indulge in a couple's massage or take a dip in our hydrotherapy tub.
Moody Gardens Hotel is currently offering a special Spring Break Family Fun hotel package! Book your vacation between March 7th and 19th and enjoy the following prices:
Sun – Thurs from $229/night + tax
Fri & Sat from $249/night + tax
When you book two nights, you will get the third night half off! The Moody Gardens Hotel is one of the best places to stay in Galveston and the perfect vacation destination for you and your family. Not only do we have great deals, but you can also explore the Aquarium Pyramid, Rainforest Pyramid, and all the other popular attractions on our grounds.
Easter in the Gardens is more than just the annual Moody Gardens Easter Egg Hunt. While children will be spending their time running around the Oleander Bowl collecting colorful eggs, there is also an Easter Buffet feast being served. Think of all the time and stress you will save by not cooking a giant Easter Sunday dinner for your entire family or cleaning it up! Moody Gardens is giving you the opportunity to spend less time cooking and cleaning and more time with your family.
Sit down with family and friends this Easter Sunday for a lavish buffet in either the beautiful Moody Gardens Hotel Ballroom or the Moody Gardens Garden Restaurant.
Easter Buffet – Moody Gardens Hotel
From waffle and omelet stations to gulf shrimp and roasted leg of lamb, there's something for everyone at this extraordinary buffet. Don't forget the dessert table which will include french pastries, cookies and cakes, chocolate mousse, cheesecakes, caramel flan, chocolate amaretto bread pudding and much more!
Adults: $42.95
Seniors: $32.95
Children: $19.95
Seating from 11:00 a.m. until 3:00 p.m.
Click here for full menu. For reservations, please call 409-683-4465
Easter Buffet – Garden Restaurant
You won't be disappointed with the variety of options at this delicious buffet! You'll have a variety of soups, salads and entrees to choose from, including Pasta del Mar, Chicken Cordon Bleu or a Carved Roast Sirloin. Kids can also enjoy some of their favorites including macaroni and cheese or chicken tenders with french fries. A variety of desserts, assorted rolls and fresh baked breads will also be offered.
Adults: $24.95
Seniors: $17.95
Children (5-12): $11.95 (Children 4 and under are complimentary with adult purchase)
Served from 11:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
Click here for full menu. For reservations, please call 1-800-582-4673 ext. 4238
Easter in the Gardens brings hundreds of families from the area to participate in tracking down all the eggs the Easter Bunny has spread out across the Oleander Bowl at Moody Gardens!
On Easter Sunday (March 31, 2013), we will be throwing the best Easter celebration around. There will be activities such as games, arts and crafts, a petting zoo, and of course, the huge Moody Gardens Easter Egg Hunt! Egg hunts are scheduled for noon and 2 p.m.., but you'll want to get there early for all the other fun events. Kids aged 12 and under can enjoy all the activities and the colorful eggs throughout the Oleander Bowl.
All activities are open to the public and admission is free. Just show up with your baskets and ready to have a good time. Mark you calendars and get ready to spend your Easter holiday with Moody Gardens this year, and hopefully many more.
The Moody Gardens Hotel is one of the best places to stay in Galveston. Our family-friendly hotel is the perfect vacation destination for your next family weekend getaways in Texas. We look forward to spending Easter with you and your family.
You're invited! The Friends of Moody Gardens want you to join them for their Annual Fundraiser. The Gulf Coast Herb Fair at Moody Gardens benefits 3rd graders at the Aquarium Pyramid and 5th graders at the Rainforest Pyramid. Last year, the Friends of Moody Gardens hosted over 950 Galveston Elementary School Children!
The Gulf Coast Herb Fair includes more than just herb education. Vendors showcasing herbs, books, gifts and food items have been invited for guest's shopping enjoyment.
Tickets to the fundraiser are $35 per person. Other fundraising options are the raffle and silent auction. There are tons of awesome items to be won! Not only could you be going home with some awesome prizes, but you'll also be donating to a great cause.
The Gulf Coast Herb Fair will be held on Thursday, February 28, 2013 from 10 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Come in at ten to start browsing all the vendor booths and get your shopping fix. Lunch will be at 11, and then we have a special guest speaker at noon.
The Gulf Coast Herb Fair is proud to have Lucia Ferrara Bettler of Lucia's Garden in Houston as the guest speaker this year! "Herbs from the Garden to the Table" will be a presentation on Mediterranean, Italian and Louisiana cooking that you won't want to miss.
Lucia Bettler founded Lucia's Garden in 1984 with her husband Michael as a one-room operation. The business has grown into a substantial bookstore featuring music, incense, herbs, crystals, statuary and other exciting items. Lucia's Garden also hosts classes throughout the year on everything from cooking with Lucia to aromatherapy and gardening. The Friends of Moody Gardens are so excited to have her share her expertise and wisdom at the Gulf Coast Herb Fair this year.
The fundraiser will be held in the Moody Gardens Visitor Center and The Garden Restaurant. Click here for more details!
If you're looking for one of the best places to stay in Galveston, check out the Moody Gardens Hotel, and don't miss out on our great offer going on right now at the Spa at Moody Gardens.
Moody Gardens is dedicated to educating the community on nature, animals, and conservation. We love getting involved with our guests while also teaching them about the nature and beauty that surrounds us. On our Calendar of Events, some of the exciting things we have coming up are Birding 101 and Birding 201.
Birding 101
Birding 101 is presented by Moody Gardens and the Galveston Island Nature Tourism Council. Birding 101 is a class created to educate participants about the variety of bird life that can be seen on Galveston Island. The island is home to hundreds of species of birds such as egrets, herons, hawks, seagulls, and many more. The class is free and held on the second Saturday of each month. We want to be able to excite our people about the bird species we share the area with. Class meets in the Aquarium Pyramid lobby and is from 9-11 a.m.
Birding 201
Birding 201 gives participants a more in depth look at the bird life on the island. The instructor-led classes allow participants to visit certain areas of the island where they can spy some of the tremendous variety of birds. Instead of just teaching participants about the birds, Birding 201 actually takes you out to find them! Classes are held on the third Saturday of each month from 9-11a .m. The class is $5 and participants meet in the Aquarium Pyramid lobby. Moody Gardens will provide transportation. Due to high demand, we ask that you reserve you spot no later than the Wednesday prior to the class by calling 409-683-4101.
Make Moody Gardens the destination for your next family weekend getaways in Texas, and learn more about Galveston's bird life while you're here! If you're on the hunt for one of the best places to stay in Galveston, make your reservations at the Moody Gardens Hotel.


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By Chris Gardner
If there ever was a child who epitomized the title of music royalty, it's the daughter of Beyonce and Jay Z. Sure, plenty of musically majestic offspring have come before her, but Blue Ivy is living one of the most fabulous lives we've seen in a very long time. To celebrate Blue's 2nd birthday on Jan. 7, let's take a peek inside her chic world -- from designer clothes to desirable vacations and, of course, superstar parents!
RELATED: Celebritots with unique names
© 2015 Whalerock Industries

subset: commoncrawl


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What is an "ion pod?"
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February 8 2010, 04:25 PM
Re: What is an "ion pod?"
I'd actually think that a stern launch would be more logical. That way, the pod doesn't stand in the way of the mothership after launch, but rather allows her to hit the pedal and get out of the storm without doing any fancy maneuvers.
If the pod were something ejected at high relative speed, then perhaps bow launch would be good. But I'm fond of
's idea of something that looks essentially like a travel pod, only with sensors in place of the window, and with a narrower docking collar - and is not as much launched as it is jettisoned (the term also used in the TOS episode), at low relative speed and without significant propulsive capacity of its own.
The bonus of this sort of thinking is that it agrees with TOS-R and makes use of all the pseudo-logic already associated with that. Such as the proximity of the shuttle maintenance facilities, the clear path for Finney to escape to Main Engineering, the idea that Finney would take quite some time to get to the location from his quarters or whatever, and so forth...
Timo Saloniemi
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The video for their song 'Didge On Fire' takes you on both a spiritual and imaginative journey; discussing traditional Australian culture and themes. They make reference to the Aboriginal Dreamtime and heritage, the ever changing Australian climate and opening our hearts to bring people together. The song features the use of traditional Aboriginal instruments and vocals and the video extends the use of our cultural heritage, featuring Aboriginal dancers performing around the band on a coastal rock pool platform.
With such a wonderful representation of Australian beauty and culture, 'Didge On Fire' is an iconic song with massive tourism potential. It has already been used in the independent Australian film 'The argues: The Move', however, Blue Pie would like to see more of Didge On Fire's music used in movies, documentaries and advertising. Blue Pie will be talking to numerous agencies to ensure this happens, so stay posted!
For more information on 'Didge On Fire', visit their official Myspace page:


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The microbiota has been shown to play an important role in the biology of insects. In recent decades, significant efforts have been made to better understand the diversity of symbiotic bacteria associated with mosquitoes and assess their influence on pathogen transmission. Here, we report the bacterial composition found in field-caught Aedes albopictus populations by using culture-dependent methods.
A total of 104 mosquito imagos (56 males and 48 females) were caught from four contrasting biotopes of Madagascar and their bacterial contents were screened by plating whole body homogenates on three different culture media. From 281 bacterial colony types obtained, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) showed they had 40 distinct ribotypes. Sequencing and BLAST analysis of the 16S rDNA genes responsible for each representative profile made it possible to identify 27 genera distributed in three major phyla. In female mosquitoes, bacterial isolates were mostly Proteobacteria (51.3%) followed by Firmicutes (30.3%) and Actinobacteria (18.4%). Conversely, Actinobacteria was the most abundant phylum in male mosquitoes (48%) followed by Proteobacteria (30.6%) and Firmicutes (20.4%). The relative abundance and composition of isolates also varied between sampling sites, ranging from 3 distinct families in Ankazobe to 8 in Tsimbazaza Park, and Toamasina and Ambohidratrimo. Pantoea was the most common genus in both females and males from all sampling sites, except for Ambohidratrimo. No differences in genome size were found between Pantoea isolates from mosquitoes and reference strains in pulse field gel electrophoresis. However, according to the numbers and sizes of plasmids, mosquito isolates clustered into three different groups with other strains isolated from insects but distinct from isolates from the environment.
The recent upsurge in research into the functional role of the insect microbiota prompts the interest to better explore the role some bacteria detected here may have in the mosquito biology. Future studies of culturable bacteria might decipher whether they have a biological role in the invasiveness of Ae. albopictus. As a possible candidate for paratransgenesis, the predominant genus Pantoea will be characterized to better understand its genetic contents and any possible influence it may have on vector competence of Ae. albopictus.
Keywords:Culturable bacteria; Asian tiger mosquito; Pantoea; Plasmids
Insects can be considered as holobiont units in which the insect host and its microbiota are involved in complex reciprocal multipartite interactions [1]. Numerous studies have shown the beneficial impact of microbiota on their insect hosts, especially in phytophagous insects. For instance, bacterial endosymbionts contribute to different biological functions like supplying essential nutrients, inducing resistance to pathogens and parasitoids, and conferring tolerance of temperature stress [2-6]. Surprisingly, the nature and function of naturally occurring microorganisms harboured by hematophagous arthropods have been largely overlooked in research even though these aspects might be relevant in the study of pathogen transmission. There are nevertheless a few examples of the molecular characterization of bacterial species in the microbiota of mosquito vectors based on culture-dependent or independent methods or both [7-12]. Recent years have seen a growing interest in metagenomic-based studies of bacterial communities possibly displacing traditional culture-based analysis [13]. For instance, next generation sequencing technology was successfully used in Anopheles gambiae to provide a 'deeper' description of the bacterial community than can be achieved with conventional molecular techniques [14]. However, even though such an approach can reveal the number and richness of bacterial species, it is still important to search for culturable bacteria residing in insects for several reasons. Culturing bacteria still offers the best way of observing the diverse characteristics of the isolated organism. The physiological characteristics of bacterial isolates need to be determined to investigate properties such as antibiotic resistance, interspecies growth inhibition or population dynamics within mosquito cohorts. The availability of key representative isolates therefore allows detailed analyses of biochemical, metabolic and functional processes. For example, isolation of Actinobacteria showed that they are involved in cellulose and hemicellulose degradation pathways in termites [15,16]. Culturable Proteobacteria associated with insects were shown to play a role in carbohydrate degradation and nutrient provision [17,18]. In addition to phenotypic characterization of bacterial isolates, culturing also facilitates bacterial genome sequencing, a further link towards revealing functionality [19]. There have also been a number of recent studies of the use of engineered bacteria in the development of more efficient insect control strategies. Insect bacterial symbionts were genetically modified and the recombinants reintroduced into their native host. This paratransgenesis strategy involves different steps but requires the initial isolation of a suitable bacterial species [20]. In mosquitoes, paratransgenesis studies have mainly focused on anopheline mosquitoes, vectors of the malaria parasite [11]. As an efficient colonizer of Anopheles stephensi, the bacterium Asaia sp. was originally proposed as a candidate for malaria control [21], but recently it has been suggested that Pantoea agglomerans, another bacterial symbiont of Anopheles, could also be engineered to express and secrete anti-Plasmodium effector proteins [22].
Screening culturable bacteria using traditional microbiological techniques is an important method in mosquito-associated microbiota investigation. One of the key mosquito species for pathogen transmission is Aedes albopictus, which is a vector of several arboviruses pathogenic to humans, some having a devastating impact worldwide [23]. This species has been identified as the primary vector responsible for recent outbreaks of Dengue and Chikungunya which emerged in Madagascar and other neighbouring islands [24,25]. Until now, no bacterial species has been reported as being essential for mosquito biology, while only Wolbachia has been proposed as a gene driver system in Aedes mosquitoes. Here we present an in-depth investigation of culturable bacteria in natural populations of Ae. albopictus. Our main objective was to assess the abundance and phylogenetic diversity of culturable bacteria in a set of adult male and female mosquitoes from different regions of Madagascar. This deeper screening of the bacterial isolates retrieved significantly extends our previous work on the prevalence of Acinetobacter and Asaia associated with Madagascarian populations of Ae. albopictus[26].
Sampling areas and mosquito collection
The sampling areas and capture procedure were approved by Madagascar National Parks. Aedes albopictus specimens were sampled in December 2010 at four sites in two regions of Madagascar, Analamanga and Antsinanana. The main characteristics of the sampling sites are summarized in Table 1. Briefly, the two regions have a similar tropical climate, but different biotopes according to the vegetation or the presence of human or animal hosts susceptible to mosquito bites. Butterfly netting was used to collect both female and male mosquitoes flying near the grass or ground, as previously described [27]. The live mosquitoes collected were identified using morphological characteristics keys [28] and transported to the local laboratory.
Table 1. Ecological characteristics of Ae. albopictus sampling sites
Enrichment and isolation of bacteria from mosquitoes
Only non-blooded mosquitoes were used for the analysis. Specimens of Ae. albopictus were anaesthetised with ether and surface-disinfected as previously described [12], then crushed individually in 150 μl of sterile 0.8% NaCl with sterile piston pellets. After a brief vortexing, the homogenate was used in different isolation procedures using various media, from generalist to selective. All solid media were supplemented with 2.5 μg ml-1 amphotericin B to prevent the growth of fungi. An aliquot of the homogenate (10 μl) was streaked onto a modified rich solid Luria-Bertani medium (LBm, LB with 5 mg ml-1 NaCl) and incubated at 28°C for 24 to 48 h. Another aliquot (20 μl) was inoculated into 1 ml of selective enrichment medium I (0.2% KNO3, 0.02% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.2% sodium acetate, 0.04 M KH2PO4, pH 6), a medium which is suitable for the isolation of Acinetobacter species [29]. Cultures were incubated at 30°C for 24 to 48 h with shaking. When microbial growth occurred, an aliquot (10 μl) of the culture was streaked onto Herellea agar plates (Biolife, Italy), a medium suitable for the isolation of Gram-negative bacteria especially members of the Acinetobacter genus and the Enterobacteriaceae family [30]. These cultures were further incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 h. In parallel, 1 ml of pre-enrichment liquid medium (pH 3.5), which is suitable for the isolation of acetic acid bacteria [31], was inoculated with an aliquot of homogenate (20 μl). These cultures were incubated with shaking at 30°C for 3 days. When microbial growth occurred, an aliquot (10 μl) was streaked onto CaCO3 agar plates (pH 6.8), a medium suitable for the isolation of members of the genus Asaia, and the plate was incubated at 30°C for 3 days as previously described [32]. Colonies were selected according to various characteristics including colour, shape, or size. Individual colonies were then re-inoculated onto fresh agar plates of the appropriate isolation medium. Newly formed colonies were streaked again to check for purity and stored in 25% glycerol at -20°C for two weeks before they were transported to the laboratory in Lyon, France. Isolates were re-streaked and new glycerol stocks were made and stored at -80°C. Brief morphological descriptions of colony size, shape and colour were recorded for each isolate.
PCR and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA)
For PCR, a sterile toothpick was used to transfer bacteria from a single colony freshly grown on appropriate medium into 20 μl sterile water in a 0.5 ml Eppendorf tube. The homogenate was placed on a heating block at 95°C for 2 min followed by 2 min on ice. This step was repeated and the tube was centrifuged at 16,000 g for 5 min. The supernatant (2 μl) was used as template in a 50-μl PCR reaction. Bacterial 16S rrs genes were amplified with eubacterial-specific primers pA (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) and pH (5′-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGCA-3′) in reaction mixture containing 1 × polymerase reaction buffer, 0.2 μM MgCl2, 200 μM of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 10 pmol of each primer and 1 U of Taq polymerase (Invitrogen). PCR amplifications consisted of 3 min at 95°C, 35 cycles of 30 sec at 94°C, 40 sec at 55°C and 1 min 30 sec at 72°C, and finally 10 min at 72°C. Amplified DNA fragments were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). ARDRA was performed to screen the rrs genes of bacterial isolates in 20 μl reactions containing 200 ng of DNA template, 1 × Buffer Tango™ and 10 U each of endonucleases RsaI and HhaI (Fermentas, France), as previously described [12]. DNA fragments were separated on 2% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide with a 50-bp DNA ladder marker (Fermentas). Isolates showing the same restriction pattern with the two endonucleases were considered to be similar.
Sequencing of rrs rRNA genes and phylogenetic analyses
Both strands of 16S rDNA amplified from isolates representative of each ARDRA profile were sequenced at Biofidal-DTAMB (FR Bio-Environment and Health, Lyon, France). Sequences were manually curated and assembled from forward and reverse primer-generated sequences. Curated sequences were then compared to available bacterial sequences in GenBank using the BLASTn program in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi webcite). The Ribosomal Database Project II Chimera Check was used (http://wdcm.nig.ac.jp/RDP/html/analyses.html webcite) to discard any chimeric sequences.
Phylogenetic analyses were performed on a set of Pantoea sequences. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes from Pantoea isolates from mosquitoes were compared to all available sequences of Pantoea retrieved from GenBank that originated from other insect species and environments. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW then corrected manually using Bioedit software [33]. The resulting alignment was used to construct a maximum-likelihood tree using Seaview v.4.2.12. (http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/software/seaview.html webcite). The tree topology was tested by bootstrap analysis with 1,000 resamplings.
Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of bacterial genomes
Undigested genomes of Pantoea isolates were analysed by PFGE according to published protocols with some modifications [26,34]. Briefly, isolates were grown in 10 ml of LBm liquid medium for 18 h at 30°C. Cell cultures were centrifuged at 5,000 g for 20 min at 4°C. The pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of 1 × Tris-EDTA buffer to obtain an optical density between 1.8 and 2.0. Cell suspensions (0.5 ml) were mixed volume to volume with 1.6% low melting point agarose (Biorad) and the mixture was distributed per 0.1 ml in the plug molds (Biorad) and cooled at 4°C. Cells were lysed in lysis solution (2 × Tris NaCl EDTA, 10% sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, 1.4 mg ml-1 lysozyme) at 37°C for 24 h and proteins were digested with proteinase K (Euromedex) in 0.5 M EDTA pH.8 containing 1% N-lauryl-sarcosine at 37°C for 48 h. The agarose plugs were incubated in 0.4 mg ml-1 phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (Sigma-Aldrich) at 50°C for 1 h, washed in 0.5 M EDTA pH.8 and electrophoresed in 0.8% chromosomal-grade agarose in 1 × TAE buffer using a CHEF Mapper XA (Biorad, France) at 14°C, a constant pulse of 500 ms and a field angle of 106° for 48 h at 3 V cm-1.
Plasmid content
The procedure of Eckhardt [35] was used to identify high molecular weight plasmids in Pantoea as already described [36]. Briefly, 300 μl of bacterial culture (OD600 nm equal to 0.5) was placed on 0.3% sodium lauroyl sarcosinate in 1 × Tris-borate-EDTA (TBE) buffer. After centrifugation at 2,300 g for 5 min at 4°C, the pellet was resuspended in 25 μl of lysis solution (9% saccharose, 1.9 mg ml-1 Lysozyme and 0.38 mg ml-1 RNase) and homogenates were loaded into 0.75% agarose gels in TBE containing 1% SDS. Electrophoresis was carried out at 10 V for 20 min then 85 V for 210 min. To identify lower-molecular-weight plasmids, a second method was used as described previously [37]. Plasmid sizes were estimated by comparing their relative mobility in agarose gels with those of plasmids from sequenced Azospirillum genomes [38,39], standard supercoiled plasmids (Life Technologies, Inc., USA) and two reference strains of Pantoea (Pantoea stewartii CFBP 3614 and Pantoea agglomerans CFBP 4740) retrieved from the French collection of phytopathogenic bacteria (http://www-intranet.angers.inra.fr/cfbp/ webcite).
Statistical analysis
Differences between mosquito genders were tested by a chi-square test using R software [40].
Bacterial diversity in Ae. albopictus from Madagascar
Culturable bacteria from 104 field-caught Ae. albopictus adults (56 males and 48 females) were analysed by plating homogenates of whole mosquito bodies onto different culture media. The bacterial isolates obtained from each mosquito were first screened on the basis of colony characteristics including colony size, shape, colour, margin, opacity, and elevation consistency. Only one colony per type was selected per plate, with the result that 62 colonies were selected from Herellea medium, 70 from CaCO3 medium and 149 from LBm giving a total of 281 colonies to analyse from the initial 3,000 isolates.
The 16S rRNA genes were amplified from these 281 isolates and analysed by ARDRA. Forty distinct ARDRA profiles were obtained. For each profile the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced from one or more randomly chosen isolates (Table 2). The sequences were analysed by BLASTn showing that they originated from 27 bacterial genera. Some genera exhibited identical ARDRA profiles with the two enzymes used. All the genera belonged to three major phyla: Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (see Table 2 for details of families, genera and species in each phylum). One isolate was affiliated with the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum.
Table 2. Taxonomic affiliation and abundance of bacterial isolates from Aedes albopictusa
The distribution of bacterial phyla was significantly different according to mosquito gender (P = 0.0002). Most bacterial isolates from females were Proteobacteria (51.3%) followed by Firmicutes (30.3%) then Actinobacteria (18.4%). Conversely, Actinobacteria was the most abundant phylum in male mosquitoes (48%) followed by Proteobacteria (30.6%) and Firmicutes (20.4%). Some bacterial genera were found in both females and males, namely Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Microbacterium, Arthrobacter, Kocuria, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Haematobacter massiliensis, Enterobacter, Klebsiella oxytoca, Acinetobacter and Pantoea. Some bacterial genera were only associated with one mosquito gender. For instance, Asaia, Citrobacter freundii and Sphingomonas were only present in females whereas Arseniococcus bolidensis, Cellulosimicrobium, Deinococcus, Leucobacter, Planococcus, Pseudomonas, Skermanella aerolata, Xanthomonas and the Neisseria (referred to as being unculturable in databases) were exclusively isolated from males. According to the number of affiliated sequences, Pantoea was the most abundant genera, representing 25.8% of the total isolates from both male and female mosquitoes (Table 2).
Relative abundance of bacterial isolates differs according to geographic distribution
The relative abundance of isolates according to the sampling sites and the isolation media is shown in Figure 1. As expected, the isolation procedure using rich LBm medium gave the most diverse bacterial composition ranging from 3 to 8 distinct families per sampling site. Mosquitoes sampled in Ankazobe harboured only 3 bacterial families (Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, and Staphylocacceae), whereas mosquitoes from the other three sites (Tsimbazaza Park, Toamasina and Ambohidratrimo) harboured a total of 8 bacterial families per site. However, the abundance and composition of the bacteria from particular families varied between sampling sites. For instance, members of the families Moraxellaceae and Deinococcaceae were only isolated from mosquitoes in Ambohidratrimo, and those of the families Neisseriaceae and Xanthomonadaceae only from mosquitoes in Toamasina and Tsimbazaza park, respectively. While the isolation procedure was initially used to enrich for Asaia, isolates on CaCO3 medium largely belonged to Actinobacteria, irrespective of the origin of mosquitoes. Differences were also observed for members of the family Acetobacteraceae found in mosquitoes from Toamasina. As expected, on Herellea medium Gammaproteobacteria were detected with a majority of Enterobacteriaceae as well as bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter. These bacteria were only noted in mosquitoes from Toamasina and Ankazobe. Overall, the Ambohidratrimo mosquitoes harboured the highest number of distinct bacterial taxa with a total of 10 families in comparison to mosquitoes from other sites, which exhibited no more than 4 families. Members of the families Staphylococcaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Planoccoccaeae, Intrasporangiaceae, Rhodospirillaceae, Promicromonosporaceae were only present in mosquitoes from Ambohidratrimo.
Figure 1. Frequency of culturable isolates from field populations of Ae. albopictus according to sampling site and isolation medium.
Molecular characterization of the Pantoea isolates
As Pantoea was the most prevalent genus isolated from mosquitoes from three of the four sites, it was further characterized by analysing its genomic structure. Nearly complete rrs gene sequences were obtained from 11 isolates that were compared to reference strains (Table 3). PFGE showed that Pantoea contains a high-molecular-weight replicon (>3.13 Mb), which when considered alongside sequenced reference genomes (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov webcite) probably corresponds to the bacterial chromosome (Figure 2). Two other replicons each less than 1 Mb were also seen in the PFGE pattern which makes it possible to classify isolates into two groups. One group comprises mosquito isolates no. 127 and no. 131 with the reference strain Pantoea stewartii (CFBP 3614), another group included mosquito isolates no. 95 and no. 110 with the reference strain Pantoea agglomerans (CFBP 4740) while all other mosquito isolates have patterns closely related to each other but distinct from the reference strains. When the Eckhardt procedure for plasmid analysis was used, high-molecular-weight plasmids (from 75 kb up to 980 kb) from Pantoea mosquito isolates were detected. The number (from 2 to 6) and size of plasmids were different from those observed in reference strains (Figure 3). If classified according to plasmid content, mosquito isolates no. 127 and no. 131 showed unique patterns that were similar to each other, while the other mosquito isolates clustered into two distinct groups. The first group included 6 isolates (nos. 85, 86, 93, 95, 104 and 124) and the second group contained 3 isolates (nos. 110, 111 and 115) (Figure 3). Using another method to detect lower-molecular-weight plasmids (less than 28 kb), two supplementary plasmids were detected in mosquito isolates no. 127 and no. 131 only, around 8 and 15 kb (data not shown).
Figure 2. PFGE of undigested genomic DNA of Pantoea mosquito isolates and their reference strains. Chromosomal DNA from Hansenula wingei was used as a reference (BioRad). Characteristics of the samples are indicated in Table 3.
Figure 3. Electrophoretic profiles of high-molecular-weight plasmids from Pantoea mosquito isolates obtained using a modified Eckhardt procedure. Plasmids from Azospirillum brazilense strains En-Ab79 and Sp245 were used as references [38,39]. Characteristics of the samples are indicated in Table 3.
Table 3. Phylogenetic affiliation of Pantoea isolates and their 16S rDNA sequences
One representative sequence of Pantoea isolates according to their ARDRA profile and sequence composition was chosen and the sequences were compared to construct a phylogenetic tree. Sequences of Pantoea isolated from other insect species (stink bug, honeybee, Onion thrip, beetle and the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus) and the environment (plants and plant nectar) (Figure 4) were also included. The topology of the tree showed that Pantoea isolated from Ae. albopictus clustered with the sequence from Pantoea dispersa from C. quinquefasciatus and the sequence from Pantoea sp. from ant.
Figure 4. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of Pantoea obtained from this study and some of those available in GenBank. Identification and GenBank accession numbers are indicated for each sample. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Hasegawa, Kishino and Yano maximum likelihood method, with bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates. Numbers on branches indicate support for each clade ≥ 50%. Only one representative sequence of Ae. albopictus Pantoea isolates is listed in the tree corresponding to the classification of the 45 Pantoea isolates according to their ARDRA profile and sequence composition.
We found a total of 27 genera of culturable bacteria associated with the mosquito Ae. albopictus caught in different regions of Madagascar. This relatively high number might be partly attributable to the variety of culture media used and provides evidence of the diversity of culturable bacteria present in wild Ae. albopictus. The 16S rDNA sequences from the isolates indicated that they belonged to 19 families from three major phyla, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Of the 27 bacterial genera identified here, 12 had been previously found in other mosquito species, so this suggests that these bacteria might be in a close relationship with mosquitoes or enable mosquitoes to be better adapted to the environment [8-10,12,41,42].
Many isolates identified are known to be commensal bacteria for plant and soil environments. In mosquitoes, the origin of commensal bacteria has not yet been fully resolved. Usually bacteria can be acquired in two ways, either by vertical inheritance through generations or through continual acquisition from the environment. Moreover, the mosquito gender is also an important factor that affects bacterial microbiota composition, as already demonstrated [12]. This difference is mainly due to the fact that male and female mosquitoes exhibit different ecological behaviors in terms of nutritional capabilities. Both genders feed on nectar and plant saps, but females are also hematophagous. Consequently, diet regime (sugar and/or blood meals) can significantly affect the bacterial structure. However, information on the sugar feeding of Ae. albopictus in the field is scarce [43]. Recently, a first survey of bacteria in floral nectar from a natural plant community showed that Pantoea was one of the most common bacterial genus recovered [44]. Interestingly, we showed that this bacterium was also the most prevalent in Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, suggesting a potential route of its acquisition through the environment.
A total of eight 16S rDNA sequences identified were similar to those of bacteria encountered in human clinical specimens, including the species Microbacterium, Klebsiella oxytoca and Haematobacter massiliensis[45,46]. As mosquitoes are mostly known to transmit arboviruses and parasites, it is possible that they also transmit, even on a small scale, opportunistic bacterial pathogens to human and animals.
In our previous study of Ae. albopictus populations from Madagascar, we identified the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, with Bacillus as a predominant isolated genus [12]. Here the majority of isolates belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae family and Pantoea was the most common genus probably due to the difference in the sampling region as well as the cultural media used. The relatively high prevalence of Pantoea isolates found in the present study emphasizes the need to also consider this bacterium as an intimate partner of the mosquito vector and to better explore its abundance and persistence among field populations, as previously explored in the context of the prevalence study performed on Acinetobacter and Asaia in the same areas. The genus Pantoea is polyphyletic and comprises seven species [47]. Following the results of phylogenetic analyses, sequences of Pantoea isolates from Ae. albopictus tended to cluster together and with those originated from the C. quinquefasciatus species as well as one isolate from ant. A larger number of sequences is thus needed to make conclusions on the presence of well-conserved sequence of Pantoea isolates in mosquitoes. For this purpose, it would be necessary to pursue the global effort to obtain new Pantoea isolates from insects and environment. Members of Pantoea are commonly isolated from the environment, mostly from water and soil, and some isolates have been recovered from human clinical samples or as causative agents of plant diseases. Pantoea agglomerans can establish a symbiotic relationship in western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) that persists for over 50 generations or about 2 years [48]. Pantoea agglomerans was also the most frequently isolated bacterium from the midgut of Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae species caught in Kenya and Mali [49], and it has been shown to easily adapt to its hosts [50]. This bacterium was also recently detected in Ae. albopictus from North America [51]. Recently, Bisi and Lampe [22] hypothesized that P. agglomerans could be engineered to express and secrete anti-plasmodium effector proteins in Anopheles mosquitoes. As Pantoea was the most prevalent bacterium isolated in our study, it could also be a candidate for paratransgenesis in Ae. albopictus. One strategy in paratransgenesis is to insert the gene of interest into plasmids hosted by the chosen bacterium. We found Pantoea isolates from Ae. albopictus harboured at least two plasmids per genome, so it would be of interest to further determine if plasmids can be laterally transferred between strains and which genes they carry.
This study highlights the diverse culturable bacteria in field populations of Ae. albopictus. Some of them were detected for the first time in this vector and their functions are not known at all. Further studies are needed to investigate the physiological characteristics of the bacterial isolates and their possible interactions with mosquito biology and vector competence. This information could be of great importance in developing new alternative control strategies based on the use of symbiotically modified mosquitoes.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
CVM conceived the design of the study, participated in all the tasks and performed sequence analysis. FHT carried out the molecular identification of bacteria (ARDRA, PFGE, plasmid profiles). FNR participated in the sampling of mosquitoes and the isolation of bacteria. PR participated in the design of the study. PM conceived of the study and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We are grateful to Madagascar National Parks for authorizing the collection of wild mosquitoes under ethical approval. This work was carried out within the frameworks of GDRI "Biodiversité et Développement Durable à Madagascar" and COST action F0701 'Arthropod Symbioses: from fundamental to pest disease management'.
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07 March 2014 at 9:08 PM
Shailene Woodley: I Don't Own a Cellphone!
About this photo set: Shailene Woodley and Theo James make their way through swarms of people at LAX Airport on Thursday (March 6) in Los Angeles. The 22-year-old actress recently… Read More Here
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While the race to the moral bottom gathers speeds in places like Anthony Weiner campaign headquarters, 3 million Brazilians gather at the beach to hear the new pope suggest an alternative path. Hmmm. Does Pope Francis know something New York's most revealing ex-congressman doesn't?
Besides how to behave himself on Facebook? That's one likely response. The matter, nevertheless, goes deeper. Before the world had social media, it hosted every species of behavior today; it just didn't have to live with the dark suspicion that some of the worst species were spreading. A "culture" -- the term understood as meaning the sea we live in and everything in it -- privileges or prohibits particular kinds of human activity. It indulges in broad, and often specific, definitions of good, bad and who-cares.
Anthony Weiner has been a beneficiary of the modern who-cares culture, setting his own standards, doing his own thing. He gets to do so -- as he still seems to think -- on account of the seeming indifference with which many formerly disallowed behaviors nowadays meet. Whatever you want to do is, a lot of the time, OK with a culture long on permissive shrugs, extremely short on shock.
This makes Brazilian reaction to the new pope so ... would "odd" be the word? Odd, because why would 3 million people show up on a Sunday to hear a 76-year-old man urge that they turn in a direction other than the one that leads to Weiner headquarters (even if the sermon didn't make the point that explicitly)? "I am asking you," said the pope, "to rebel against this culture that sees everything as temporary and that ultimately believes that you are incapable of responsibility."
This, from the head of the largest branch of an institution widely believed to be headed for the junkyard, 2,000 years after its founding; an institution plagued by shrinking numbers, vexed by scandals, pronounced marginal by the intelligentsia on account of its literally incredible ideas and backwards modes of thought. And 3 million turn out to hear such a man!
Now that -- as I say -- is odd. Unless the intelligentsia and, of course the media, who love to tout the intelligentsia's ideas, should be wrong in their premises as to what makes sense and what doesn't.
People who approve publishing lists of gun owners cry foul over published list of Muslims | Jazz Shaw


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Get up close and personal with these lovable critters, and learn about conservation and animal care.
The place to satisfy a variety of tastes
The West Edmonton Mall, located in Alberta, Canada, is not just a shopping centre. It's a top tourist destination with nearly 30.8 million visitors annually, making it the province's number-one tourist attraction.
Measuring 5.3 million square feet and home to nearly 800 stores and services - including 10 world-class attractions, two hotels, over 100 dining venues, the widest variety of one-of-a-kind retailers, and entertainment for all ages - the West Edmonton Mall incorporates the shopping and entertainment needs of the consumer in one fabulous location.
With the vast attractions available - such as the World Waterpark, the Sea Life Caverns, the Ice Palace and the world's largest indoor amusement park, Galaxyland, you will need to plan for a few days of exploring. So, the next time you are in Edmonton or thinking about a multipurpose place to satisfy a variety of tastes for your next family vacation, consider the West Edmonton Mall as one of the stops on your list.
Edmonton RV Dealers and Repair
Edmonton Sani-Dumps
Key Alberta Central Contacts
Experience the RV lifestyle—your way!
That's right! Enjoy the RV lifestyle your way. Woody's RV World makes it easy to get into an RV to fit your lifestyle. From lightweight trailers to luxury motorhomes, it's all here. Jump in and begin your adventure!Woody's RV Worldwww.woodysrv.com
Plan your trip. Find your host. Stay and play.
Customized vacations for travellers who want a personalized stay anywhere they go. Complete listings for RV sites, Boondocking sites, RV rentals and RV storage. Sign up at RVwithMe.com.Bubble Up Marketing Corp.www.rvwithme.com
Come visit us today!
Come to Spring Lake RV Resort in May for a one-night stay and get a second night for free.Spring Lake RV Resortwww.springlakeresort.com
We sell fun!
The West Edmonton Mall is where people come to shop, play and stay.West Edmonton Mallwww.westedmontonmall.com
Travel with confidence
RV Care is Canada's national RV dealer network. Purchase a new or used RV from an RV Care dealership and enjoy priority service at all RV Care locations when you travel. For people traveling south, we have an alliance with the Priority RV Network with over 100 locations throughout the USA. RV Care stores are also an excellent source for all the parts and supplies at great prices to help you enjoy the RV lifestyle. Vancouver Island to Newfoundland and all over the USA you're never far from one of over 160 RV Care and Priority RV stores. Download the free RV Care app on your mobile device for GPS directions. Full information available on our website and at any RV Care dealer location.RV Care Network Ltd.www.rvcare.ca
Small town feel, big city convenience
Vermilion may appear to be just a small rural community, but if you look closer, you will realize that this town boasts big-city advantages, while still maintaining that small-town feel. Life is better in Vermilion because we take time to enjoy life!Town of Vermilionwww.vermilion.ca
Jasper Getaway contest!
Win a Jasper weekend getaway in the Mercedes-powered Free Spirit by Leisure travel vans—courtesy of Grove RV, your Edmonton and area RV dealer. Prize includes: a Free Spirit travel van on loan for three nights and three days (Friday afternoon pickup from Grove RV and Monday morning return to Grove RV), a two-night stay at an RV campground in Jasper and insurance coverage for one driver. To learn more about RVing in Jasper and to see the top 5 Jasper must-do's, click here!Grove RV & Leisurewww.groverv.com
Book your dream vacation now with CanaDream
One of the largest RV rental companies in Canada, we specialize in making your dreams come true—experience the beauty and majesty of Canada's vast wilderness and unspoiled parklands in a comfortable motorhome or camper from CanaDream.CanadreamLearn more about Canadream
RV SnapshotsExploring the country
Teri and John Vallevand have big plans for after he retires. Meanwhile they spend every day of vacation time in their Class C motorhome.» View more RV Snapshots


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Tyreke Evans admitted that he is suffering from plantar fasciitis on the bottom of his foot.
Evans insists that it's a minor case of plantar fasciitis, and we certainly believe him after he logged 40 minutes in a preseason game Tuesday night. The concern is that this injury almost never heals completely without rest and can cost players significant time when it becomes severe. Joakim Noah missed 18 games due to plantar fasciitis last season. Still, the Kings are surely on top of it and we would not downgrade Evans on draft boards. Tons of NBA players play through minor cases of this injury every season. Read more at nbcsports.msnbc.com


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Looking for Ann Beiller of Louisiana
Journal by Sheeba51
Ann Beiller was married to John Ford Harper on July 3, 1845. The license was in Tenas Parish, LA. I have her oil potrait hanging on my wall (somewhere in the 1850's) Any info greatly welcomed.
Thank you
Surnames: ANNBEILLER
Viewed: 1246 times


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Garden Grant
Growing Gardens in Your Community
Food Bank of Central New York strives to engage partner agencies and community members in educational opportunities and projects supporting community food security.
Members of Food Bank of Central New York who do not have a garden, or would like to expand a current garden, have the opportunity to receive a garden grant award. In 2015 there will be up to 20 awards available. Each award includes $250 worth of reimbursement for either four cedar wood barrel containers or a cedar 4' x 8' rectangular raised bed, as well as plants and supplies. Award recipients are responsible for maintaining, sustaining, and growing the garden.
Grants will be awarded to partner agencies on a first come first served system. It is a rolling application process which means there is no deadline to apply. However please keep in mind that if you would like to install a garden for spring or summer, we will need to receive your application before the growing season begins.
Agencies will have to meet the criteria outlined in the application and provide all the information to receive the award. Applications are accepted year-round allowing for spring, summer, and fall garden installations - meaning food can be planted and grown throughout multiple seasons.
For questions or if you would like to receive additional information, please contact Beth Seeley, Community Nutrition Educator at or call (315) 437-1899 x222.


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August 30, 2015 by Nick Villano
The Nashville Predators surprised the league last season with a 104-point season. Despite the success, there are still issues that need to be addressed. Read More
July 1, 2015 by Nick Villano
The Nashville Predators made one of the best moves of the day by signing Barret Jackman to a two-year deal. Read More
May 26, 2015 by Nick Villano
The Nashville Predators showed a ton of promise this season, but they will lose a lot to free agency. They need to retool this offseason. Read More
May 6, 2015 by PowerPlayCJ
After re-establishing themselves as a great team in 2014-15, here are the five biggest rumors surrounding the Nashville Predators. Read More
April 26, 2015 by Nick Villano
The Nashville Predators' season is over after their loss to the Chicago Blackhawks, but they have plenty to look forward to. Read More
April 24, 2015 by Nick Villano
Filip Forsberg reacted to being left off the Calder Trophy top three by scoring three goals to keep his team alive in the playoffs. Read More
April 14, 2015 by Seth Lassen
The Predators lost six games to end the season, but they'll still be a tough test for Jonathan Toews and the Chicago Blackhawks. Read More
April 1, 2015 by Coleman Slawski
Icing is something often present on your favorite dessert items, but just how it pertains to the Nashville Predators is beyond local fans. Read More
March 16, 2015 by PowerPlayCJ
After being snubbed in the past, look for Shea Weber of the Nashville Predators to win his first Norris Trophy this season. Read More
February 19, 2015 by PowerPlayCJ
Despite making a splash last week the Nashville Predators still have work to do as the NHL Trade Deadline approaches. Here are five moves that make sense for the team. Read More
January 28, 2015 by PowerPlayCJ
When these Central Division powers face off, look for a playoff-type atmosphere between the Nashville Predators and St. Louis Blues. Read More
January 21, 2015 by Lissa Albert
The Montreal Canadiens and Nashville Predators met for the first time this season, and it featured another interesting finish. Here are 5 takeaways from the match. Read More
June 12, 2014 by PowerPlayCJ
February 14, 2014 by Jon Garcia
February 4, 2014 by Jon Garcia
November 13, 2013 by Casey Drottar
October 24, 2012 by Michelle Drinnenberg
October 16, 2012 by Matthew Speck
September 27, 2012 by Matthew Speck


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Open 9am – 5pm every day except Christmas
On Saturday, November 28, Soldier Field parking rates will be increased due to the Northwestern vs. Illinois football game. Consider public transit or alternative options.
Visitors can discover an impressively large variety of plants from all over the globe through this exhibition's detailed and accurate recreations.
© The Field Museum


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The process of buying a new Hyundai car or truck can seem overwhelming if you don't know where to begin. Edmunds.com can get you started on the right track with a convenient directory of Hyundai car dealerships in and around Millburn, New Jersey. Compare online price quotes on the new or used car, truck, SUV, minivan, or wagon of your choice to locate the best deals. Edmunds.com makes it easy to find trusted Hyundai car dealers in Millburn, saving car buyers time and money on what will be an important purchase.
Non Display Review Name "Everybody in the dealer was very nice and professional they took time to answer questions. The sales person mark C makes you fell comfortable with pur"... Read more Review by: Armenio
Non Display Review Name "From beginning to end, Sansone Hyundai bent over backwards to help me find the vehicle that I wanted. From my initial inquiry, to the test drive and f"... Read more Review by: benguzman
Non Display Review Name "I had gone to a few dealers looking for a Santa Fe and they were able to get me to the great price very quickly. My salesman, Kelvin P was awesome a"... Read more Review by: MaryHogan7
Non Display Review Name "I worked on the deal with Joe Ippolito. He is their "Salesman of the Year" and for good reason. If you go into the negotiation process without doing"... Read more Review by: krzykd04
Non Display Review Name "A pleasant surprise for me. I found a people friendly dealership close to home. No hassle, no pressure just good information, patience, a good deal &"... Read more Review by: benice1


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Im not sure if this is just from my job sitting down all day or what but im scared. when i lost my my baby last year at 19 weeks i only went to the doctor because of lower back pain. Im scared. anyone else have this? it also hurt yesterday but when i laid down it went away.
Lower Back pain...
Becca(25) DF Justin(25) and Beautiful baby girl Jaylyn (5/28/06) New Rainbow baby due 2/7/2012!!
Comments (10)
From what everyone says, lower back pain is a typical symptom of pregnancy. Something about hormones and ligaments expanding and hitting nerves in the lower back.
i also sit at a desk all day and the past few days my lower back has really been hurting, i havent felt any stretching and pulling tho i dont think. . but i also have not been working out cause im always so tired so i wondered in my case if that isnt directly related to it as well
Married to Coleman 5/21/2011
I barely sit the whole time I'm at work and I'm constantly bending over and doing stuff...My back was literally on fire last night...I'm not looking forward to a repeat of that tonight!
Thanks Ladies
Becca(25) DF Justin(25) and Beautiful baby girl Jaylyn (5/28/06) New Rainbow baby due 2/7/2012!!
I have back pain too. I see a chiropractor and it does wonders. I did all through my first pregnancy and had her adjusted throughout her first year. It's amazing.
I know that not everyone is sure about Chirocpractors, but unfortunately that's because the medical community sees them as competition and gives the field a bad rap. There's no faster relief that an adjustment!
Get recommendations and make sure they are familiar with maternity care.
Happliy married to DH for 8 yrs, amazing DD is so excited to become a big sister. Now praying we can sell our house. We need a change, and more space!
I have had horrible lower back pain too and in fact this is the 1st week I haven't felt it as strongly.
Doc said it is completely normal and should get better.
I have lower back pain too. I actually thought that my recurrent bladder infections had moved into my kidneys but come to find out my Dr. says I have a tilted uterus and that's what's causing it. Strangely enough I never had this with my son and they never told me it was tilted. I wouldn't worry too much though, lower back pain is normal in early pregnancy for lots of different reasons.
Mommy to Jack 7.08 Angel 1.11 Clara 2.12
I have low back pain in my first trimester as well. It's kind of like sciatica pain but not shooting down my leg, just in my back. My uterus is retroverted and when it starts to get bigger it puts pressure on the nerves in my lower back until mid pregnancy when it gets big enough to tip forward and reduce the pressure. At least that what I think causes it :)
Stay at home mama to Lila (January '08) and Ethan (June '11) and baby # 3 due mid February.
Gatsby815 - That's interesting about the tilted uterus causing back pain. It makes sense. Mine is tilted and has been for as long as i can remember. With my last pregnancy I had horrible lower back pain, especially in my tailbone area.
Tara(26) & Ryan (27) married 6/19/2004
Emmitt Lincoln born sleeping 3/31/2010 @ 26wks
Mommy to Davin James born 1/10/2012 @ 32w5d.


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All Andrew Starykowicz: Page 1
Video: Andrew Starykowicz Talks About Recent Injury Struggles
- By Jené Shaw
- Published Jul 9, 2015
Andrew Starykowicz Recaps His Wildflower Race
- By Aaron Hersh
- Published May 7, 2014
American Andrew Starykowicz chats after his fourth-place finish at the 2014 Wildflower Long Course Triathlon.
Photos: 2014 Ironman 70.3 Puerto Rico
- By Triathlete.com
- Published Apr 13, 2014
- Updated Apr 14, 2014 at 7:13 PM UTC
The United States' Andrew Starykowicz and Denmark's Helle Frederiksen defended their titles at Sunday's Ironman 70.3 Puerto Rico.
Starykowicz, Frederiksen Repeat At 70.3 Puerto Rico
- By Liz Hichens
- Published Apr 13, 2014
- Updated Apr 13, 2014 at 7:10 PM UTC
The United States' Andrew Starykowicz and Denmark's Helle Frederiksen repeated at the Ironman 70.3 San Juan triathlon in Puerto Rico today.
Andrew Starykowicz On Kona, The Real Starky And More
- By Triathlete.com
- Published Mar 31, 2014
Starykowicz chats about Kona strategy, the real starky and how he really feels about the personalities in triathlon.
Video: Andrew Starykowicz On The Perception Of Others
- By Aaron Hersh
- Published Mar 25, 2014
Uber cyclist Andrew Starykowicz chats about what others think of his sometimes-brash personality.
Starykowicz, Kessler Earn Victories At Rev3 Florida
- By Liz Hichens
- Published Nov 10, 2013
- Updated Feb 4, 2014 at 12:38 PM UTC
Americans Andrew Starykowicz and Meredith Kessler were the victors at today's Rev3 Florida triathlon in Venice, Fla.
Records Fall At Ironman Florida
- By Liz Hichens
- Published Nov 2, 2013
- Updated Jan 31, 2014 at 1:28 PM UTC
Victor Del Corral and Yvonne Van Vlerken earned the overall titles and new course records in ideal conditions in Panama City Beach.
Speedy Pro List Set For Ironman Florida
- By Bethany Mavis
- Published Oct 31, 2013
- Updated Nov 1, 2013 at 9:36 AM UTC
This Saturday, some of the top pros in Ironman triathlon, including Kona champ Mirinda Carfrae, will be competing in Panama City Beach, Fla.
Breakfast With Bob & Paul: Andrew Starykowicz
- By Triathlete.com
- Published Oct 7, 2013
- Updated Oct 10, 2013 at 6:18 PM UTC
American Starykowicz sits down with Bob Babbitt and Paul Huddle on Breakfast with Bob and Paul.


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Mandorlo - Tuscan Vacation Rental at Castelletto
From $203 / night
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 3/
Bathrooms: 2/
Sleeps: 6/
Type: House
Apartment, about 120 m², on the ground floor of the country house with access from an internal stairway. The door opens on the dining room with terracotta floor, exposed beams and fireplace. Kitchenette with fridge, dishwasher, telephone, satellite TV and safe. The living room gives on to an access corridor with a door opening onto a wonderful double room with four-poster bed, a room, a double room, furnished with XVII century furniture and bathroom with showerstall. The other bedroom, with private bathroom, is also reached from the living room. Outside is a loggia with table, chairs and barbecue. The apartments is provided with a kitchen, telephone, ...Read more
About the manager
About the manager
- Response rate: 40%
- Response time: Within 2 days
- Calendar updated: 6 months ago
Overall rating:
Additional Location Information
The property is located just a few kilometers from the most famous art heritage cities of central-Italy, with a particularly high concentration of historical assets and local traditions, as Siena, Arezzo and Perugia. Cortona, Montepulciano, Pienza and the many medieval villages are also the testimony of a grand past that still deeply characterizes the entire area. Part of the Val di Chiana was already largely populated since Etruscan leaving numerous archaeological areas and finds today visible in the local museums. A few kilometers from the apartment there are thermal baths where you can receive (by appointment) treatments and massages.
Sinalunga is a hill-town with Etruscan origins where farming is still one of the most important sources of income along with flourishing small industries. Numerous hotels and farms attract tourists from all over the world. During your stay in the splendid countryside around Sinalunga, don't miss a visit to the Teatro (Theatre), built in the 18th Century and named after famous local musician, Ciro Pinsuti. Also worth seeing are the coats of arms of the Podesta' on the walls of the 15th Century Palazzo Pretorio.
Sinalunga boasts several churches of great importance including the 17th Century Collegiate Church of San Martino with works by Girolamo del Pacchia, the 18th Century Church of Santa Croce, and Santa Lucia. On the hill at Poggio Baldino just outside the town you will find the Convent of San Bernardino with works by various 16th Century artists. On the road to Torrita di Siena stands the town's oldest church, the Romanesque parish church of San Pietro ad Mensulas, with three naves. It contains two interesting burial urns dating back to Roman times. Once a centre of agriculture and furniture-making, today there are many small factories and small businesses. The most important industries are brick and tile-making, ceramics and clay pots.Various farms in the area produce the famous Chianina cattle. Sinalunga is an excellent tourist centre, with numerous historic attractions, unspoilt countryside and an excellent road and rail network which places it at the centre of communications for the whole of Italy.
More About This Location
City vacations, Rural retreats
Getting There
Nearest train station: Sinalunga Train Station, 1.99 miles
Nearest airport: Firenze Airport, 65 miles
Car is recommended


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7 Things You Don't Need to Buy
This Southern Woman Wants You to Know 'Leggings Ain't Pants'
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Save Big With These Smart Shoe Hacks
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4 Tips for Camping For Way Less
Unique Engagement Rings
For Grief Counseling, Look No Further Than Your Dog
This Couponing Hack Could Save You Thousands
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How to Get Free WiFi Anywhere, Anytime
13 Things Any Sane Person Will Never Do After a First Date
This Household Item Will Save You Big
She has struggled all her life…Her emotional confession!
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Did You Know: Do This to Save on Flights
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4 Tips for Moving From Employee to Entrepreneur
Brilliant Money-Saving Travel Hacks
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Naturally Cheap Beauty Tips
20 Secrets to Getting People to Like You
Surprising Ways to Make Extra Cash This Holiday Season
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1. Re: McAfee and MalwarebytesPeacekeeper May 8, 2012 4:19 AM (in response to joni)
First Malwarebytes Pro will clash with Mcafee guaranteed. MWB pro has a real;time scanner and when it and Mcafee try to check teh same file things happen. The free 1 works fine with Mcafee IF you install it after Mcafee as Mcafee objects to it being present.
Are you saying that MWB alone is better than both together? MWB is a backup seebelow from 1 of the MWB developers
· As far as why MBAM is very good at dealing with this infection, that is simple.MBAM is designed to be very good at dealing with malware that the AVs seem to be having problems with. I do not spend my time making MBAM detect millions of infections that any decent AV already detects as MBAM is DESIGNED to work alongside antivirus software, not replace it. A huge chunk of the research that goes into MBAM revolves around what we see making it into HJT threads as the vast majority of these threads involve antivirus software that was in some waybypassed.
Lets settle this now and avoid any further misinformation. MBAM is now a very good backup to any antivirus software and will only get better in the future. MBAM will NEVER add antivirus abilities to its core app and is always advised to be used WITH antivirus software. We actually get this question a lot in the forums and I assure you that we always say :
"No, MBAM can't replace your existing antivirus software and is not designed to."
Try a couple of the scanners mentioned here especially stinger and getsusp.
McAfee Communities: Anti-Spyware, Malware & Hijacker Tools
Did the registered version actually find anything? I thought both detect the same just the pro is doind it in real time.
You got XP? Also by Mcafee host you mean Mcafee host (mchost.exe) or mcsvhost?
Finally what are your PC specs. Cpu and ram?


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- What is Business Aviation?
- Membership
- Flight Department Administration
- Aircraft Operations
- Professional Development
- Events
- Advocacy
- News & Publications
- Products & Services
An Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) is a device that allows flight crews to perform a variety of functions that were traditionally accomplished by using paper references. In its simplest form, an EFB can perform basic flight planning calculations and display a variety of digital documentation, including navigational charts, operations manuals, and aircraft checklists. The most advanced EFBs are fully certified as part of the aircraft avionics system and are integrated with aircraft systems such as the FMS. These advanced systems are also able to display an aircraft's position on navigational charts, depict real-time weather, and perform many complex flight-planning tasks.
Using an Apple iPad or other Tablet Device in Part 91 Operations
With many pilots using iPads to display approach plates, airport diagrams and other digital documentation, the FAA released InFO 11011 to clarify when authorization is needed to use the device as a Class 1 EFB. For Part 91 operators, authorization is not required to utilize an iPad in this capacity. If an operator plans to install a mounting device or power source, requirements found in Advisory Circular 120-76C are still applicable.
The information in AC 120-76C is directed toward certificated air carriers and fractional providers, but Part 91 operators should as a best practice refer to the guidance on developing EFB training programs and making the transition to a paperless cockpit. The pilot in command is ultimately responsible for ensuring that the proper aeronautical charts are available for the flight, so it is important to document and validate the reliability of the iPad during the transition. During this initial transition period the crew should carry paper backup materials.
Part 91F operators are required to comply with the AC but do not need written approval. They should also validate compliance with FAR 91.503 (flying equipment and operating information for large/turbine powered aircraft) and FAR 91.21 (portable electronic devices) when using an iPad. Part 91F operators must also have a secondary system in place to augment their primary iPad. The secondary system can simply be a backup iPad or alternate EFB.
iPad Approval Process for FAA Certificated Operators
Before using an iPad as a Class 1 EFB, when operating under Part 91K, 125, or 135, authorization must be received from the principal inspector. The procedures for obtaining this approval are contained in FAA Order 8900.1 and AC 120-76C. OpSpec/MSpec paragraph A061 authorizes the use of the iPad or any similar EFB device. At the end of a successful evaluation period, the operator will receive authorization to use the iPad in lieu of certain paper references.
During the approval process, the operator will need to develop training programs and operational procedures to utilize the EFB in compliance with FAA guidance.
The operator must show that the device has been through rapid decompression testing and noninterference testing in accordance with the AC. Apple has conducted the noninterference test and Jeppesen has conducted the rapid decompression test. Both organization s have made their compliance statement available to the public.
iPad Resources
EFB Hardware and Software Classifications from AC 120-76C
The following classifications, created by the FAA, help operators determine what type of approval is necessary to use an EFB.
|Hardware Class
|Class 1 Hardware
|Portable hardware with no mounting device (docking station, swing-arm, cradle, or kneeboard) and has read-only connectivity to other aircraft systems.
|Class 2 Hardware
|Attached to the aircraft by a mounting device (docking station, swing-arm, cradle, or kneeboard) and may connect to aircraft power and data ports.
|Class 3 Hardware
|Permanently installed aircraft equipment that may share data with the FMS or EICAS.
|Software Class
|Type A Software
|The least complex software providing electronic documentation such as flight manuals but no navigational charts.
|Type B Software
|Provides all Type A information and also can display approach charts, calculate weight and balance, and deliver weather information.
|Type C Software
|Provides all Type A and B information and can display "own-ship" position on approach and airport charts.
EFB News
- App Developer Who Urges 'Sterile iPad' Approach to Present at Chicago Forum
- August 19, 2013
Robert Creek was one of the first half-dozen business pilots approved to use Apple's iPad in the cockpit, and he was so convinced of the benefits that technology presents that he became an aviation app developer himself. His company, CockpitApps.com, is now marketing two pilot apps for Apple iOS devices. Creek, who will present a session titled "A Pilot's Guide to Using iPads in the Cockpit" at NBAA's Business Aviation Regional Forum at Chicago/Waukegan Airport in Illinois on Sept. 12, advocates the notion of a "sterile iPad" in the same sense that safety experts promote a "sterile cockpit," where there is nothing to distract the flightcrew from the tasks at hand. Listen to this week's NBAA Flight Plan podcast for more about the use of iPads in the cockpit.
- Apple Issues New Compliance Data for iPad EFB
- August 27, 2012
In an Aug. 24 posting to its iPad support knowledge base, Apple listed its international battery safety certifications, thereby meeting the requirements of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular (AC) 120-76B. "Basically, the compliance statement means the iPad 100 percent meets FAA requirements spelled out in the new AC," said Rick Ellerbrock, director of aviation strategy at Jeppesen. "That deals with UN transport safety requirements and also Underwriters Laboratories requirements. That's a statement that any operator can reference with their principal operations inspector (POI) and put into their authorization package." Read more about the new iPad compliance data.
- FAA Updates EFB-Approval Procedures
- August 27, 2012
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recently issued an update to the EFB Advisory Circular (AC 120-76B), which includes guidance on electronic flight bag (EFB) systems aimed specifically at certificated operators and operators of large and turbine-powered multi-engine aircraft. The updated AC, which was years in development, was finalized after NBAA provided input regarding the draft circular. For example, the Association was concerned about language in the draft that seemed to indicate that FAR Part 91F operators would be required to obtain specific approval from the FAA. In the final version, that is not the case. However, the AC does mandate that certain requirements be met and records kept by Part 91F operators. Read more about the update to AC 120-76.
- NBAA Highlights Changes in FAA's Revised Guidance on EFB Use
- July 24, 2012
NBAA's Operations Service Group has reviewed the changes that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) made to the agency's Advisory Circular on the use of electronic flight bags (EFBs) in flight operations, and has clarified the new provisions, which had confused many aircraft operators. "Do I need to seek FAA approval to use an iPad in the cockpit?" is the most common question NBAA receives from pilots and flight department managers evaluating the use of tablet devices. With the rapid advance of EFB technology, the FAA has been working to create guidance that keeps pace with how pilots are using the devices. Read more about the FAA's guidance on EFB use.
- Webinar Discusses International Flight with Digital Charts
- July 23, 2012
A record number of participants – more than 300 Members – took part in a free NBAA webinar July 18, which discussed international flights using digital charts. The third in a series, Jeppesen sponsored and presented the hour-long session that focused on the Mobile FlightDeck, the company's iPad electronic flight bag (EFB) app, said moderator Jo Damato, NBAA director of educational development & strategy. Read more about the webinar.
- FAA Publishes Revised EFB Advisory Circular
- June 11, 2012
The FAA has released an updated version of Advisory Circular (AC) 120-76B on EFB use. The AC explains that Part 91 operators, even those operating under Part 91F (large and turbine-powered multi-engine aircraft) do not require specific authorization for EFB use. While formal authorization is not required, compliance with numerous items such as non-interference testing and backup procedures must be documented by the operator prior to EFB use. Learn More.
- Senate Committee Questions FAA's Plan for E-Chart Fees
- May 11, 2012
The Senate is stepping in to ensure stakeholders are able to provide input to a plan by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to impose user fees for electronic chart data. The new charges, originally expected to take effect April 5, 2012, are now likely on hold until the FAA seeks formal public comments and justifies its pricing to lawmakers.


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Myers Rum
Select Quantities
Item #171365
Check Availability »
- Size: 1.75L
- Type: Rum
- Country: Jamaica
- Proof: 80
"The initial inhalations expose a moderately spicy, black peppercorn perfume; aeration brings about flax, cooked vegetables, and brown sugar. The platform flavor is intensely cocoa-like, then at midpalate, the taste leaps into deeper cocoa/bittersweet chocolate territory before turning lean and keenly bittersweet, oily and chocolaty in the finish." 85-89 pts. Reviewed by: The Wine Enthusiast
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