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Daniel Singer, for many years The Nation's Paris-based Europe correspondent, was born on September 26, 1926, in Warsaw, was educated in France, Switzerland and England and died on December 2, 2000, in Paris.
He was a contributor to The Economist, The New Statesman and the Tribune and appeared as a commentator on NPR, "Monitor Radio" and the BBC, as well as Canadian and Australian broadcasting. (These credits are for his English-language work; he was also fluent in French, Polish, Russian and Italian.)
He was the author of Prelude to Revolution: France in May 1968 (Hill & Wang, 1970), The Road to Gdansk (Monthly Review Press, 1981), Is Socialism Doomed?: The Meaning of Mitterrand (Oxford, 1988) and Whose Millennium? Theirs or Ours? (Monthly Review Press, 1999).
A specialist on the Western European left as well as the former Communist nations, Singer ranged across the Continent in his dispatches to The Nation. Singer sharply critiqued Western-imposed economic "shock therapy" in the former Eastern Bloc and US support for Boris Yeltsin, sounded early warnings about the re-emergence of Fascist politics into the Italian mainstream, and, across the Mediterranean, reported on an Algeria sliding into civil war.
The Daniel Singer Millennium Prize Foundation was founded in 2000 to honor original essays that help further socialist ideas in the tradition of Daniel Singer.
It should surprise no one that the European revolutionaries are not inspired by the American dream. Nobody, after all, expected the fighters for national liberation in the post-Napoleonic era to cherish the memory of Metternich, and the United States is now a much mightier pillar of the new Holy Alliance for the preservation of the status quo. It intervenes, directly or by proxy, wherever the social order is threatened, from Taiwan to Greece to Guatemala. Whenever they are under attack, profit and privilege can rely on the forces of "freedom." In Vietnam the American bombers spell out for the local population the bloody message "Better dead than red." The Green Berets are ready to jump in order to rescue the ruling oligarchies of the banana and other republics of Latin America (though the profits of US companies are now better insured by training local troops for the struggle against "subversion"). Like a black knight in nuclear armor the United States Navy patrols the seas, proclaiming that no more social revolutions will be allowed, that China's in 1949 was the last to be tolerated, while the Cuban affair was simply a misunderstanding. The Vietnamese resistance aroused enthusiasm far from Hanoi and Saigon because it challenged American presumption and proved that human courage still counted even in the world of nuclear balance. The Tet offensive in 1968 drove Western students to action because it revealed that the enemy was not invincible. Che Guevara, alive or dead, was hailed as a symbol of solidarity, of the international nature of the anti-imperialist struggle.
The salesmen of the American dream, and they are legion in Europe, prefer to bypass this role of international gendarme, or to justify it in terms of domestic achievement. They point to the democratic niceties, to the civil liberties the United States can still afford. They stress even more the economic achievement, the technological lead, the intellectual investment that vast accumulation has rendered possible, the level of research and management, the high productivity--in short, the superior wealth of the nation; and they turn to the young revolutionaries with the rhetorical question: Can you dismiss the American model in spite of all this? The answer is not in spite of it but because of it. The most frightening prospect, the American nightmare, is that with so much wealth man should not be able to build a different kind of society. In fact, the Europeans are merely echoing the indictment of America's New Left which, instead of being dazzled by the moon, points to the dark side of American society; its inequality and racism, its collective poverty and private plenty, its derelict health services, its belated discovery of pollution and urban chaos--and to the system responsible for it all.
To its admirers, the United States has discovered the secret of perpetual motion for capitalism. Advertising, as a new dynamic method of sales promotion, is a way of getting rid of industrial surpluses superior to that of coffee burning in agriculture. Above all, with military expenditures absorbing, even in official figures, about one-tenth of the national product, the state has a powerful lever to direct the rhythm of output. Advanced capitalism differs from its predecessor. The vagaries of the cycle are less pronounced, unemployment is relatively smaller, growth comparatively more regular. This is not the place to discuss whether this post-Keynesian equilibrium, resting on a militarization of the economy unprecedented in peacetime, is stable and lasting. The painful discovery of America's rulers is that even while the going is good, the system runs into new contradictions. American expansion meets resistance at home, as well as abroad. The outsiders rebel. The hitherto passive blacks refuse to continue being pariahs in the alleged land of plenty. The growing movement of protest among students and the radical part of the intelligentsia is a symptom of something deeper--the clash between the direction to which the expansion of productive forces is geared and the social needs of our age.
The "consumer society" is a misnomer suggesting that at least, as regards consumption, the average citizen is the uncrowned King. Though his material conditions have in many ways improved beyond recognition, modern man is still an alienated producer and a highly conditioned buyer of goods, a dissatisfied purchaser of leisure and pleasure with very little control over his environment. A producer society, guided by industrial and commercial profit, would be a much more accurate description. That problems such as pollution and urban decay are tackled only when they become unbearable is in the logic of things. Modern capitalism has changed enough in method and manner to face up to the unprofitable when it is under pressure. But it has preserved its essence. Profit remains its ultimate driving force, and it is intrinsically unable to confront the collective or individual problems of our society from any other angle. Consciously or unconsciously, this is what the protest is really about.
The similarity of some of its manifestations on both sides of the Atlantic is quite natural. The Englishman, the Frenchman or the German traveling in the United States is less struck by contrasts than by resemblances. He has the strange impression of making a journey through his own country's more or less distant future. For the most political among them, however impressed they may be by the technological progress, it is a journey to night's end. They know that this is their inevitable prospect unless Europe can forge a different kind of society. The bitter controversies between "Europeans" and "anti-Europeans" are really irrelevant in this context. The conflict that has begun cuts across continental as well as national frontiers. The European protesters who look ahead are joining hands with America's New Left. In Western Europe the real division is between those who seek socialism and those who opt for the American model. "Et tout le reste est littérature." It was no accident if during the French May crisis the United States authorities trembled for the fate of Gaullism. They sensed, quite rightly, that the forces then launching the assault against Gaullism are the same that are waging the struggle against Europe's American future.
The conflict is now intercontinental, and so is the solidarity. Revolutionary "grouplets" across Western Europe used to look exclusively to the Third World, to the Vietnamese or the Latin American guerrillas fighting against imperialism from without. They are now also looking to America's young radicals, who are beginning to carry on the same struggle from within. By the same token, they have discovered their own independent and intermediate role.
In mood at least, there are some parallels between the present period and the middle of the 19th century in Europe. Then, too, solidarity was the order of the day, and during the so-called "Spring of the People," fighters for national liberation journeyed from country to country battling "for your freedom and ours." Now, whatever policemen may think, direct intervention is still rare. The community of purpose and struggle is nevertheless growing. Europe's young students and workers salute their fellows across the Atlantic with the new message: "Against your present and our future."
West wind, east wind.... There is nothing new in the violent reaction of Europe's radicals against American interventionism nor in their hostile rejection of the American model. The real novelty is that the Soviet Union has practically vanished as a counter-attraction. During the French crisis there were many references to the Bolshevik October, but none, apart from contemptuous dissociation, to the bureaucratic rule of Stalin's heirs. This antagonism or indifference to the Soviet model--revisionist for some, Stalinist for others, irrelevant for most--characteristic of the May movement, was one of the reasons why orthodox Communists viewed it from the start with deep mistrust. Yet even the orthodox in the West are by now highly discreet about citing the Soviet Union as an example. They are particularly reticent about dwelling on the prospects of the Soviet bloc since the invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Spring in 1968 flourished in unison in Paris and Prague, but hopes faded separately. The French crisis was over, at least temporarily, by the time the Russian tanks rolled into Prague on August 21, and their invasion marked the beginning of the end of the unique experiment of Czech students and workers. The epilogue in Prague came after the French act, and thus could not affect it. But it has affected the European horizon. The Czech tragedy throws a new light on the problem of the dismantlement of Stalinism in Eastern Europe. It makes it necessary to reassess the hope of a Socialist revival within the Soviet bloc and, by the same token, the chances that inspiration in Europe may once again come from the East.
From your very first encounters at the modernized Warsaw airport you know that you have entered the kingdom of private enterprise. The operator at the money exchange hands me $30 worth of zlotys, though I gave her $40; when I protest, she adds the difference without a fuss. A cabbie offers to take me downtown for 200,000 zlotys, explaining that the cheats in the taxi stand outside will charge more because their meters start at 50,000. When I reply that the radio taxi coming to collect me will cost less than a third of his "reduced" fare, his knowing smile and shrug say, So not all new arrivals are suckers. But you have to try to get on in this world.
Returning to Poland after a year, I wanted to see how the patient was faring after nearly three years of "shock therapy" introduced by Leszek Balcerowicz, the former finance minister, and sponsored by the International Monetary Fund. My first impression was that things are the same, only more so. The image of Western prosperity is striking. The heart of Warsaw is packed with cars. They may not be more numerous but they are bigger, Western Europe's compacts replacing the tiny Fiats made in Poland. "Marketing is an art" says the slogan at the railway station advertising a magazine called "Businessman". Across the street, outside the Marriott hotel, the bellboys wear pith helmets; inside, the gambling casino is open twenty-four hours a day. The latter is mainly for foreigners, but along the city's two most elegant avenues, New World and Krakow Suburb, the smart shops displaying expensive cars, elegant amber jewelry and other luxury goods cater to the natives; and these stores have customers. The upper crust is visibly rising.
On my last visit I wanted to know how fast this buying spree could produce a capitalist class, so I looked at the new rich [see "Poland's New Men of Property," November 11, 1991]. This time I wanted to know how the rest of the country lives, including the much-faster-spreading new poor. To see them, you don't really have to leave the capital, yet I advise those who still echo the hymns to the "Polish miracle" of Harvard free-marketeer Jeffrey Sachs and his ilk to make a short train journey from the Marriott to the city of Lodz.
Down and Out in Lodz
With foreign capital and the huge czarist-era market for its textiles, Lodz grew like a mushroom in the second half of the nineteenth century to become Poland's second-largest city; its population is 850,000. Its factories are spread haphazardly across the metropolitan area. My wife and I walk along one such proletarian fortress--building after building behind a brick wall--stretching, it seems, for miles. At the end, along Weaving Street, is a grim block of flats for the workers; opposite, next to a lake, is a white gem of a palace, yesterday the home of the manufacturer, today a textile museum. With such a socially eloquent landscape the inhabitants may not require a long refresher course to grasp the nature of capitalism.
Poland's textile capital, however, is not what it used to be. Deprived of the Soviet market and attacked on the home front by cheap imports, Lodz is in crisis. Although restructuring, so far, has led to the closing of departments rather than whole enterprises, unemployment, by official count, has already reached 18 percent of the labor force. The contrast with Warsaw hits the eye. Even in the upper parts of the main thoroughfare, Piotrowska Street, the shops do not have the chic of the capital's. At the other end of this very long road poverty sweats through the walls. The nearby flea market, with peddlers from Vilnius or Kiev, is miserable not only by Western but also by Polish standards. Anka Rozanska, a sociologist prominent in the local League of Women, knows a great deal about this wounded city. Usually, she works with single mothers or distributes contraceptive devices received from France. She has much to say about the growing shadow of the Catholic Church (of which more later), but to hear about unemployment she takes us to the horse's mouth.
The Committee for the Defense of the Jobless, at the end of a labyrinthine courtyard, has two bare rooms and a dozen people inside. Although men are more numerous, it's chaired by a woman, Lucyna Kosterkiewicz. She speaks in bursts, with passion: "Without family or friends we couldn't survive.... Dispersed we're nothing, lower than dirt." Another woman, who used to work in a glass factory, was unable to pay for coal to heat her house. So she ran up a large electric bill and now the Electricity Board is threatening to cut off her power. Couldn't she go to a special welfare office for a subsidy? I asked. She did, she said. It was like going to confession, only they wanted to know about her "riches." A man proclaims: This is no capitalism with a human face. It's a more bloodthirsty variety. There's a black market for labor; employers hire for less than twenty-eight days so they won't have to pay for social benefits. Another man claims that for the jobless it might as well be the guillotine at age 40. Women say economic demise comes even earlier for them, since to get a job "you must be young, childless and have a big bosom." Lucyna raises the tone: "We forget the taste of butter, the smell of ham.... I wrote to [President Lech] Walesa and heard not a word.... Ours is a voice in the desert."
We move from the committee to the employment office, where the jobless must report to get their unemployment benefits (35 percent of the average national wage for a year, eighteen months in depressed areas, and then you go on welfare). Today is men's day, and we see a line of them wearily standing on the staircase and continuing out into the courtyard; it's like an old newsreel from the Depression. The last time I was here was eleven years ago, during a Solidarity-sponsored "hunger march." Anka, who was among the marchers, says in parting, "Today, if we staged a march, the slogan would be less metaphorical."`A Nation of Shopkeepers'?
Lodz, with its many factories, is not the gloomiest area. The situation is much more desperate in smaller towns like Mielec or Swidnik, linked to one industry and often connected with arms making. Yet to focus the light only on these sore spots would distort the picture. The plentiful supply of goods--the fact that, if you have money, you can buy anything in Poland, ironically including kosher food, without standing in line--is described as a great conquest even by those who find it difficult to make ends meet.
The unquenched thirst for consumer goods is a notable feature throughout Eastern Europe.The heart of Warsaw is a vast bazaar. Next to the Palace of Culture, a skyscraper in Stalinist gothic, there are now two tentlike stuctures, one housing a supermarket, the other, small shops. The vast terrain is surrounded by a wooden fence decorated with painted trees. Inside is Eastern Europe's souk, a warren of booths, stalls and kiosks offering cheap manufactured wares from all over the globe. The novelty is the spread of decent restaurants, not just McDonald's, as well as the emergence of sex shops. Otherwise, despite the development of a normal commercial network, one can still see in Warsaw, say, lavatory fixtures being peddled at a street corner straight off a truck or meat sold in the open from a table on Wiejska Street, next to the houses of Parliament.
This commercial revolution was designed, successfully, to break the state's control over trade. But what about the next stage on the agenda--capital investment? Statistics published while I was in Warsaw provide some economic and social background necessary to tackle this question.
For now at least, the economic downturn has bottomed out. Since April, production has even been rising slightly, and for the year as a whole it should equal the volume of 1991. Foreign trade shows a surplus. But this is as far as the good news goes. Even if the fragile recovery continues, unemployment is expected to climb from the present 13.6 percent of the work force to 18 percent by the end of next year. And the long-term decline in production has been halted at a very low level: Industrial output is one-third lower than in 1989, and real wages have dropped by 30 percent. Even if slightly exaggerated, because of the mysteries of the private sector, the figures are dramatic. How has the post-Communist regime survived three years of such belt-tightening?
It went through the big economic transformation of 1990 driven by the euphoria of victory and squandering the good will of Solidarity. Last year the discontent grew. This past summer Poland experienced a wave of strikes: thirty ôeight in July and thirty-five in August, most notably in the copper mines and in the car factory taken over by Fiat. The stoppages, I gather, were not as unsuccessful and unpopular as depicted in the Polish media (the Western press--guess why?--is no longer keen on Polish strikes).
This interpretation was confirmed by many sources, including Ewa Spychalska, the new leader of the ex-Communist union confederation, the O.P.Z.Z. (with a membership now more than twice that of Solidarity!). Tall and fortyish, Spychalska started professional life as a teacher and switched to become a building technician when she became the main breadwinner in the family. She did belong to Solidarity, like so many millions, but was also a Communist Party member and has no intention of "apologizing for it for the rest of my life." She argues that, while the workers did not get all they had asked for, the summer strikes strengthened unity of action among the rank and file and forced the government to seek a dialogue with all unions, not just with Solidarity. The government, while unyielding during the strikes, may have been prompted by the discontent to look for a deal with the unions through an enterprise pact. Which brings us back to the transfer of ownership and the search for new forms of capital accumulation.
Power and Property
Even before 1989 the bulk of land belonged to smallholders. Now 80 percent of retail trade and about three-quarters of the building industry is also in private hands. In manufacturing, however, the proportions are still the other way around. The Ministry of Property Transformations is putting the last touches on Poland's version of "universal privatization." The plan should involve 600 of the country's most attractive state enterprises. Ownership of these will be divided among twenty or so National Investment Funds to be run by management teams, quite a few of them foreign. Adult Poles will be allowed to buy a voucher for shares in these funds at a fixed price equivalent to a tenth of their monthly wage. The purpose of the operation is to create capitalist interests, to get foreigners involved, to give some people a real stake in private industry and to give the bulk of the population the illusion that they were not completely robbed.
For other companies the government is introducing a "pact on the state enterprise in the process of transformation." This is expected to give labor unions some say in the way their plants are privatized and, during the transition period, to limit the handicaps public enterprises suffer (unlike private companies, they must now pay a "dividend" to the state and a special tax on certain wage increases). The project, still to be voted on by Parliament, is sponsored by Jacek Kuron, the veteran dissident who is now Minister of Labor and Social Affairs. Kuron has given up his old socialist ideals, but not his way of life. The plain-speaking minister dressed in blue jeans is still the country's most popular politician. He admits that to combine a "social contract" with "primitive accumulation" is not easy. He believes he can win over the unions, including the O.P.Z.Z., but he also believes they have little influence.
Let there be no illusion. This is not Solidarity returning to its egalitarian origins or its ideas of self-management. Indeed, Kuron is backed by the most monetarist ministers in the government who, like himself, opted for the Balcerowicz shock-therapy plan yet fear that privatization will run into trouble if it is seen by the workers as daylight robbery.It's `Them' Again
The transfer of property has obvious political as well as economic purposes. The parties throughout Eastern Europe speak, in a sense, for classes in the process of formation, and this is why they often speak with strange voices. The Parliament's lower house, or Sejm, with its twenty parties (of which none captured more than 14 percent of the vote in last year's elections), provides a good example of such a dissonant chorus. But one of its most prominent members, the historian Bronislaw Geremek, gave me another explanation of the political confusion. The main conflict in Eastern Europe, he argued, is between the reformers who want to lead their societies toward the Western model and the opponents of change. The snag is that the Western consensus politics is based on the existence of a large middle class, absent in Poland. Some, therefore, wish to reshape society by authoritarian means. He maintains that big changes, notably in property relations, can only be carried out with popular consent.
Geremek's interpretation was the only possible one to justify the coexistence in one government of his party, the vaguely secular and leftish Democratic Union, with the jingoist and clerical Christian National Party. The "reformist" link between the coalition partners is the acceptance of the Balcerowicz line and of the pattern prescribed by international finance. The price paid for the shock therapy, however, is a heavy one: the divorce of the former Solidarity leadership from a people who barely three years ago had swept it triumphantly into power.
The fatal flaw of the "communist" regimes throughout the area was their alienation, the fact that the population thought in terms of "us" and "them." In Poland today most ordinary people talk once again about "them"--the crafty ones, the profiteers--lumping together Lech Walesa, the government and the parliamentarians into this category. This is no rehabilitation of the old regime. It is a condemnation of the new one.
The current governmental coalition was brought together last July, partly by the fear of a McCarthyite purge prepared by a crazy interior minister. The present Prime Minister, Hanna Suchocka, was picked because she was sufficiently unknown not to offend prominent rivals and sufficiently Catholic to have the blessing of the church. Most deputies fear an election and thus don't want to challenge Suchocka, but her government could collapse in a conflict with President Walesa. Yet more worrying than the prospects for the government is the almost immediate loss of legitimacy of the new system.
In Warsaw, as in other eastern capitals, those loosely called democrats warn that, if their road to capitalism fails, the alternative is more likely to be semifascist than socialist. They forget to add that their policy feeds dangerous forms of populism. Discontent in Poland strengthens not only the converted ex-Communists, who are still too discredited to become the main alternative, but also parties like the jingoist Confederation of Polish Independence, which nonetheless appears proletarian compared with the Democratic Union, born of Solidarity. More valid is the claim that the so-called democrats, while no longer leftist in economic matters, are better than their rivals on such issues as nationalism and the rule of law. Even this, however, must be qualified because of a Polish peculiarity--the political power of the church.
The Black Web
"The antiabortion law will be passed," Basia Labuda tells me upon emerging from a parliamentary commission meeting. The bill she refers to will forbid abortion even in the case of rape and will sentence doctors and women involved to two years in jail. Basia, whom I have known as a leftie, has long been converted to capitalism. But she has remained a radical fighter for women's rights against the clerical invasion and was recently attacked by Jozef Cardinal Glemp himself. She says the law will pass partly because of the conduct of her colleagues (she, too, belongs to the Democratic Union): They will bravely vanish on the day of the vote or abstain; even those who will vote against do not have the courage to stand up to the church publicly.
From Basia and many women activists I hear the same story of a Catholic Church spreading its web over society. The church emerged under the new regime in an exceptionally strong position, which it is now trying to institutionalize. It first obtained a decree that religious instruction should be given during school hours, then insisted that it should count as a subject. Now it demands that a church teacher be put on every school council. The abortion ban will be particularly harmful in a country where sex education and birth control lag behind the West (many women are still using the rhythm method, known here as "Vatican roulette"). Once the bill is passed, the clergy is expected to switch to a frontal attack on contraception. Will divorce be next? The church is trying to impose its "values" everywhere, including radio and television.
Occasionally, it goes too far. For example, it claimed a university building in Warsaw seized by the Czar after the insurrection of 1863. The Constitutional Tribunal had to remind the church it can only reclaim property seized after World War II. Indeed, some optimists stress that the tide is turning, that the church is losing popularity. The clergy refuses categorically a referendum on abortion, knowing it would be defeated. There are other developments antagonizing the people: the greed with which the church seizes clinics or grabs land destined for children's playgrounds; the ostentatious wealth of the prelates in poor parishes. The church's struggle is ultimately a losing one against the modern age; if it continues making mistakes, it will soon lose the moral authority it gained in opposing the Communist regime. Poland will cease to be peculiar. Should one look hopefully to such a normal future or worry about the dark ages in between?Blues in the Night
It is our last night in the capital. We have come back from a visit with Zbyszek Bujak, the underground leader of Solidarity in the days of military rule. He has now joined the Union of Labor, a budding social democratic party whose main spokesman is the economist Ryszard Bugaj and that can rely on the prestige of another veteran in the struggle against the old regime, the historian Karol Modzelewski. Bujak, who started as a workers' leader at the Ursus tractor factory, could help them on the shop floor. It is not easy, he argues; people are tired and, disappointed by collective action, are only out for themselves.
We go to the Palace of Culture. Yes, it now boasts a gaming house called Queen's Casino, with lackeys in tails--"penguins," my wife calls them. It is incongruously situated between socialist realist statues carved in the wall, representing a mighty workman and an intellectual carrying Marx's works. What a sad mixture of symbolic associations: the palace itself, Stalin's gift, standing for revolution betrayed and exported; Marx's aspirations distorted in Zhdanovite fashion and then, poison breeding poison, the greatest workers' movement in the postwar period producing a gambling den.
Am I too harsh? As I was walking earlier in the week along the memory trail to Umschlagplatz, from where thousands and thousands of Jews were sent to their death in Treblinka, I was probably already saying goodbye to the town of my early childhood, to the country I returned to in 1980, full of vague hopes that the workers of Gdansk had opened entirely new vistas. It was a historic beginning, even if it did not fulfill all its promises.
It didn't take me three years to find this out. Yet something did snap as I was having lunch in the Sejm with a man for whom I had great sympathy, a student gone to live with the workers--these students were called "colonizers"--somebody who played a key role in setting up the independent labor unions, in organizing the strikes, in the underground political struggle, and who even today is unspoiled by money. Asked, maybe too bluntly, how the capital of Solidarity was squandered so quickly, he replies, "It wasn't. It was invested--invested in the future of our country." Christ almighty! Unbribed and untwisted, but already talking in the wooden tongue of an apparatchik! Is that the fate of all successful revolutions?
But it was not a revolution. In 1980-81 the openings were many. In 1989, deciding there was no alternative, the leadership of Solidarity reduced them to the Thatcherite road to capitalism. This resulted in the Polish paradoxes: In a semirural country, peasants eagerly awaiting capitalism are going to be swallowed by it; the leadership of Solidarity, brought to power by the workers, chiefly by the proletariat from the big plants, accepts as its task the destruction of that movement. Not a pretty sight.
No wonder that Modzelewski, maybe the brightest among these leaders and one of the few who, while changing, remained true to himself, pondered publicly whether the many years he had spent in jail were worthwhile. No outsider can answer such a question. One may, however, suggest that his struggle was not in vain and that the great battles fought by the Polish workers will not vanish without a trace. One of these days the Palace of Culture will be part of the Warsaw landscape as the Sacré Coeur is in Paris; old cleavages will be replaced by new ones and socialism will cease to be a dirty word. This, judging by the ugly face of capitalism in Eastern Europe, may happen sooner than we think. I was repeating this to myself, not just for consolation, as I was leaving Poland, for a long time, with a bitter taste in my mouth.
Asked where he was coming from, my friend's son replied, "From the demo against the death of Sartre." It was April 19, 1980, and the definition fitted perfectly, for Sartre's funeral, attended by
"Le monde n'est pas une marchandise"--the world is not a commodity--proclaimed the large banner in the Parisian demonstration against the WTO.
The author of this review is the son of a zek: My father barely survived his deportation to a Siberian camp in Vorkuta.
At the beginning of June 1989, I was sitting in the bar of the Hotel Europejski in Warsaw and reassuring Tadeusz Mazowiecki that his decision to stay on as editor of Solidarity's main publication r
After the war life will begin to stir once again, but we won't be here, we will have vanished just as the Aztecs have vanished.
Daniel Singer
In the week preceding the European parliamentary elections, Tony Blair and Gerhard Schröder produced a joint declaration, called "Europe, the third way, die neue Mitte" (the new mid
How can you doubt the progressive nature of NATO missiles when they are blessed by Europe's socialists and the radical heroes of the sixties?


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November 25, 2015
GRAND RIVERS, Ky. (AP) - Police say two elderly women who were reported missing from southern Indiana have died in a crash in
western Kentucky after traveling the wrong way on an interstate.
Kentucky State Police say the women were traveling east in the
westbound lanes of Interstate 24 around 10 p.m. Thursday when they
collided head-on with a tractor-trailer.
Police say the coroner pronounced 80-year-old Wilma Joyce
Schoonover and 85-year-old Nadine Coleman, both of Evansville, Ind., dead at the scene in Livingston County.
Kentucky police say the Evansville Police Department received a
missing persons report on the women about the time of the accident.
Truck driver Sherman Majors of Lawton, Okla., was treated for
minor injuries at a local hospital and released.
State transportation spokesman Keith Todd says the accident closed the interstate until 2:36 a.m. Friday.
(Copyright 2008 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
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Senior Research Associates in the United States take home approximately $69K per year on average. The range in cash compensation to Senior Research Associates ($47K to $105K) includes potential earnings of $12K each from bonuses and profit sharing in exceptional cases. Compensation for this group is mainly affected by the specific employer, but the particular city and tenure are influential factors as well. Almost all report receiving medical coverage from their employers and a large number collect dental insurance. Women Senior Research Associates who took the survey just slightly outnumber men. Most Senior Research Associates like their work and job satisfaction is high. Participants in PayScale's salary questionnaire provided the particulars of this report.
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Senior research associates are often employed by medical research organizations, pharmaceutical companies, scientific laboratories, and major universities. As a senior research associate, an individual performs a number of duties to support various business and scientific objectives. Day-to-day responsibilities could include clinical research or testing while adhering to strict quality control standards, working closely with other scientists and researchers to develop new scientific methods and procedures, collecting and summarizing data, executing experiments, writing detailed technical reports, creating and maintaining computerized spreadsheets and documentation, and managing, training, and mentoring other team members.Read More...
A well qualified candidate would possess a strong and varied skill set including exceptional writing, organization, analysis, and research abilities, effective communication skills, and the ability to work successfully under minimal supervision. Many senior research associates are required to operate complex laboratory equipment and robotics platforms; they also must be familiar with computer-based biology tools and methods.
These positions are typically indoors in a laboratory environment and require long periods of standing, as well as prolonged use of a keyboard and the physical dexterity necessary to operate delicate lab equipment. Generally, research associates work full time, on-site, and work standard business hours with the possibility of overtime.
With this senior position, a successful candidate typically needs either a bachelor's or master's degree in biochemistry, molecular biology, or a similar discipline, as well of several years' research experience in a related field. Depending on their intended field, research associates often are required to have professional certifications such the SOCRA (Society Of Clinical Research Associates) certification.
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Senior Research Associates who advance into the role of a Biotechnology Senior Research Scientist are fairly uncommon. Biotechnology Senior Research Scientists on average earn $98K per year. Senior Research Associates typically move into roles as Research Scientists or Biotechnology Research Scientists, and those positions pay $3K more and $2K more, respectively.
Leading companies who hire large numbers of Senior Research Associates include Genentech, Inc., Amgen Corporation, Gilead Sciences, Inc., ICF International, and Pioneer Hi Bred International Inc. Employees at Genentech, Inc. enjoy the biggest paychecks, and $105K is the median salary. Range in pay, on the other hand, is narrow, with lower figures hovering around $82K and higher ones not far away at only $127K.
Senior Research Associates report using a deep pool of skills on the job. Most notably, facility with Financial Analysis, Proposal Writing, and Client Interaction are correlated to pay that is significantly above average, leading to increases of 65 percent, 13 percent, and 8 percent, respectively. Skills that pay less than market rate include SPSS, Market Research, and Statistical Analysis. Those proficient in Data Analysis are, more often than not, also skilled in Technical Writing.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
Experience does not seem to be a strong driver of pay increase in this role. Although individuals who have less than five years' experience earn $64K on average, people with five to 10 years benefit from a notably larger average of $72K. On average, Senior Research Associates make $77K following one to two decades on the job. More than 20 years of experience mean a somewhat bigger median paycheck of $83K, but it's not much more than what less experienced people make.
For those looking to make money, Senior Research Associates in San Francisco enjoy an exceptional pay rate, 25 percent above the national average. Senior Research Associates will also find cushy salaries in South San Francisco (+21 percent), Cambridge (+13 percent), New York (+11 percent), and Rockville (+11 percent). The lowest-paying market is Austin, which sits 13 percent below the national average. A couple other locations with smaller-than-average paychecks include Houston (10 percent lower) and Chicago (8 percent lower).
|Extremely satisfied
Rated 5 out of 5
based on 236 votes.
53 %
47 %
|Medical: 92%
|Dental: 83%
|Vision: 67%
|None: 7%


text:
The Blog
Quote of the Day (So Far!)
Jack Germond on the economy.
10:14 AM, Apr 5, 2010 • By MATTHEW CONTINETTI
Via Mark Shields comes this great Jack Germond quote:
Bernd Untiedt
"When the economy is bad, the party in power is blamed. When the economy is good, people look at other issues."
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The Weekly Standard Archives
Browse 19 Years of the Weekly Standard


text:
TEMPERANCE — Bedford's lacrosse team earned its second consecutive win of the season 8-2 over Romulus Friday.
Hunter Ringer and Aaron Zimmerman scored two goals each. Chad Bellaire, Brandon Chick, Travis Wagoner and Tommy Erdmann added the other goals. Cecil Erdmann, Nick Mueller, Jacob Brandman and Ethan Davis also played well for the 2-0 Mules.
Mud Hens tumble
LOUISVILLE, Ky. — Scott Sizemore went 4-for-4 with a home run and double but it wasn't enough as the Toledo Mud Hens fell to Louisville 5-3 Friday night.
Sizemore has six hits after the first two games and is batting .667.
Clete Thomas added a doubled and single. Chris Oxspring was the losing pitcher in relief.
Game time changed
TOLEDO — The starting time of the April 16 Monroe vs. St. Mary Catholic Central game at Fifth Third Field has been changed to 1 p.m.
The game originally was scheduled for 7 p.m.
Game site moved
Today's Belleville at Monroe doubleheader has been moved to Navarre Field because the Monroe High field remains underwater. The doubleheader begins at 11 a.m.
Airport beaten
GROSSE ILE — Airport fell to Grosse Ile 8-0 Friday. Sydney Wickenheiser and Beth Naki played well defensively for the 0-3 Jets.
Bears blanked
Chelsea Dingledine and Ciara McMillan stepped up for Jefferson Friday in an 8-0 loss to Riverview. The Bears are 0-3.
Rachel Imes scored as Jefferson tied the JV game 1-1.
New Boston wins
DEARBORN — The New Boston Volleyball Club 14U team went 0-6 in pool play but 6-0 in bracket play to take first place in the bronze division of the University of Michigan-Dearborn Tournament.
Local players included Meghan Beaubien, Maddison Bonnell, Madeline Lark, Meg Martell, Claire Piesiak, Nicole Pollzzie, Lauren Vanisacker and Ashlee Weise.
Carlson unbeaten
GIBRALTAR — Gibraltar Carlson's JV team is 4-0 after beating Woodhaven 2-0. The Marauders have outscored their opponents 19-1.


text:
Today (12/1/15) marks the last day of iMZDL aka iModZone Downloads. iMZDL was a subdivision of iModZone which opened up in 2008 after the iPhone and iPod Touch were released. We opened iMZDL as iModZone Downloads when Apple released iOS 4 to developers and grew at a fast pace since then. We saw an amazing demand and we were the leading Apple beta download site. iModZone Downloads took over all our resources and we took down iModZone and kept iMZDL.
Two years ago we tried to close down but saw a huge demand and therefore reopened. There is still a demand out there but it's not like it used to be. Apple finally opened up iOS & OS X betas to the public which was our mission from the start. Since Apple fulfilled this mission we see a much smaller demand and we'd like to thank Apple for listening to us. iMZDL proved to Apple that regular users want to beta the amazing software they are creating.
We'd like to thank everyone for the amazing 5 years that iMZDL was around and an amazing 7 years iModZone was around!
Right now we plan to still sell UDID Registrations FOR HALF OFF as well as iOS/OS X Developer Accounts until 12/31/15.
Also, we plan to still operate iMZDL social media, providing updates to iOS & OS X beta releases.
Please follow us on Twitter | Facebook | Google+ | Instagram.
We are now looking to sell iMZDL and all of its special projects in one package or separate packages.
We have a huge amount of traffic on iMZDL. Our social media accounts are in the 30k range. We hit over 2 million views in June.
What you would be buying:
If you are interested in purchasing please fill out the following form and we'll get back to you ASAP.


text:
Bourjois Delice de Poudre Bronzing Powder
169 reviews
79% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.1
Price: $$
Package Quality: 4.1
Price: $$
INGREDIENTSIngredients: Talc, Nylon-12, Octyldodecyl Neopentanoate, Polymethyl Methacrylate, Lauroyl Lysine, Magnesium Myristate, Magnesium Stearate, Tocopheryl Acetate, Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Parfum (Fragrance), PEG-8, Tocopherol, Ascorbyl Palmitate, Ascorbic Acid, Citric Acid, Benzyl Benzoate, Coumarin, Limonene, Linalool, may contain: CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499 (Iron Oxides), CI 77891 (Titanium Dioxide), Mica
Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
Awesome product. Smells lovely, the bronzing shade is great for contouring and the highlight is very subtle and pretty. A little on the pricey side for a drugstore bronzer but it is very pretty!
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
Loved this product for about 2 weeks until I no longer could pick up any product on my brush. Has a lovely shade and I liked the chocolate smell. However some kind of a barrier has been made in the product, like a film over it and it is a disaster. Has to be scratched in order to release any powder. Such a shame for a promising product.
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair, Cool
Hair: Blond, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Blue
Not a huge fan of this. The bronzer almost dries out (if you can say this about a powdery product) and it requires a lot of effort to get anything on your brush. As if a tranparent layer forms on it. If you first rub it off with a napkin it works ok. But next day it's the same issue. The color is nice though and I like it that it's matte.
The highlighter has a better consistency but has pink shimmer in it. As I have much redness on my face pink particles accentuate it even more.
The packaging looks cool though it's not very convenient. the bronzer and highlighter are placed so close together it's tricky to get only one of them ln your brush.
Ugh and the fake chocolate smell.
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Other, Warm
Hair: Blond, Other, Fine
Eyes: Green
At the start i loved it and thought that this is great but when i started tog et more and more into makeup i found way better bronzers and ive never used this so if your into makeup and have amazing bronzers you wont be impressed by this , but if your just starting out go for it,
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
If you've never tried a bronzer before, I would totally recommend this for your first bronzer. It's almost impossible for this to go Orange on your skin, it has a really nice even finish which makes your face look much more defined and it has a gorgeous smell! It smells a bit like vanilla!
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
Brilliant bronzer, I apply using a large brush, gives a natural glow on my fair skin, I use a really large brush to apply to my neck and chest area. This bronzer lasts for ages so it is amazing value for money, will definitely repurchase this.
Age: 30-35
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Blond, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Green
I have good matte bronzers that I love, but I am a makeup junky and I'm always looking for something new, better or different. I have bought a few Bourjois products in the past and I have really enjoyed them. I had a bad day and bought all the products I have been lemming, but held off from buying. This bronzer was one of those products that I purchased. I did not realize there were different versions of this product. I purchased the only one that was available on asos.com (us version) in #52. It actually has a very reddish look to it, which surprised me, but it does not translate as red on my face. It is a lighter, less dense bronzer than some of the other bronzers that I own, but I sort of like that about it. I can get pretty heavy handed and this prevents me from looking like I have snickers bars on my face. I find you can build this up, but if you like a really bold bronzer then this isn't going to be for you. If you want something natural then I think this would be up your alley. If you already have a matte bronzer that suits you I think you can pass on this. It isn't a must have, but I am glad to have it in my arsenal.
The packaging is cute, but it is a cardboard box with a magnetic closure. I personally do not love packaging like this, but I do think it is more earth conscious and so I don't hate it or avoid it. There is some glitter in this bronzer so it is not truly matte, but it does read matte on my skin so I personally classify it as a matte. I just wanted to mention the glitter because some people are turned off by that.
Does have a very light sent. Sort of chocolate like, but nothing like my Too Faced Milk Chocolate Soleil Bronzer. That smells like real cocoa. The Bourjois has a sort of artificial smell to it. Nothing to get overly excited about or worried about.
Overall I could have lived without this product, but I like it and am glad I emotionally purchased it. I am overall very pleased with Bourjois products and will continue to send big money to get them here in the States. I hope one day this brand is carried somewhere locally.
Age: 30-35
Skin: Other, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Other, Other, Other
Eyes: Other
Awesome for contouring and gives skin a great sunkissed look without being too orange or brown. In my opinion, it's perfect!
Age: 36-43
Skin: Dry, Fair, Cool
Hair: Black, Straight, Coarse
Eyes: Brown
LOVE this ronzer. I got the bronzer/highlighter combo (#55) first, and like it so much that i decided to get #51. The powder is finely milled and very densely packed, so you won't get powder flying in general, which also means it might be a bit hard to pick up the product for those who are used to powdery bronzers. I have cool pale skin in the winter, and find both 55 and 51 warm up my skin tone naturally without looking orange or muddy. The staying power is between 4-6 hrs in general.
I do find that the surface of the bronzer would get a layer of crust if been exposed to relatively oily substance such as finger tip that has residual lotion or brush with little leftover foundation. This will render the bronzer relatively not usable as the brush will not be able to pick up any product. So the trick is using flat blade to scratch off the crusty layer, and having a brush that's dedicated to powder product to go with this bronzer.
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Dry, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
i saw reviews of this on youtube saying it was great and for once im sad to say but youtube has let me down.
yes it smells and looks kinda like chocolate but it's a bit orange and it isn't very pigmented and chalky feeling. it doesn't apply very well on my skin and highlights any spots or pimples i have.
i've heard the NYC bronzer is good and will be trying that out but i don't recommend getting this as it's really not worth the hype.
Popular Bronzers
1261 Reviews
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text:
In looking through the Interbike stuff from last year, it looks like at least one of the body protection manufacturers was making women's leg and arms guards. I could swear it was Rockgardn, but all I saw was small sizes with the option of pink and nothing else for a difference in women's or mens.
Does anyone here know of any of the manufacturers are making women's armor? I love the 661 stuff, but the leg guards are just a bit too big that I would have to remove the upper strap to have them fit.
Being an Athena (190 lbs, 5'4"), I don't necessarily fit into the smaller sizes. What have you guys done or found that fits?
Results 1 to 10 of 10
Thread: Women's leg/arm guards
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text:
First time watching Enterprise!
View Single Post
March 28 2013, 01:47 AM
Re: First time watching Enterprise!
I like the trader guy at the start of this episode. Its just a sense I get form his manner when conversing with the Enterprise crew in that opening scene but he seems a bit taken aback by humans like maybe he hasnt figured out exactly how to act with them or his translator is taking a moment too long to translate.
The whole holographic people was kinda easy to figure out especially as this plotline has occurred in an episode of DS9 with Odo as the main guy who figures it all out. Have I mentioned that Rene Aubergenois is awesome! In this version the holograms are quite sinister.
If Trip keeps this up hes gonna have a girl on every planet. Joking and Stargate references aside I do like the friendship that develops between the girl and Trip. Hes a bit protective cause of her wide eyed innocence and she kinda latches onto him a bit cause hes the one who talks to her and is real and encourages her to broaden her horizons. Maybe if they had kept in touch they would have developed a romance but for now their just friends. Im really glad the writers resisted any temptation they might have had to make this a one episode romance that trek does so badly
I award this episode three and a half stars.
This is a good one. A look at what happens to all those Suliban who arent involved in the cabals and how the temporal cold war is affecting them as well as the introduction of a new faction called the Tandarans. Quite a rabid new faction at that.
The little girl is cute. The weird guy who insists on distrusting Archer and Travis for most of the epsiode seems like an outsider amongst his own people. I get the sense that the Suliban Archer befriends is the weird guys only friend which probably adds to his dislike of the two humans though that whole conflict between him and Travis seems a little forced.
I have to wonder about whether Archer really thought about the long term consequences of helping these Suliban escape. This is just one of many detention camps (camps which should never have been created in the first place) and after the whole break outta jail and run for the border thing they pulled whats to stop the Tandarans, who seemed like they were just looking for any excuse to mistreat the Suliban prisoners, from using this mass breakout to declare all Suliban dangerous and justify genocide? Its a sure bet that any friends or relatives of the escapees that were being held at other detention centres probably bore the brunt of the Tandarans wrath. I guess that cute little girl really wont be seeing her mommy ever again.
This episode also gets three and a half stars.
Vox Sola
Okay this was a weird one. I liked the whole cultural misunderstanding with a visiting race aspect. Especially as it was a genuine misunderstanding not some faked misunderstanding for political reasons. Mayweathers apology scene was nice and the alien guy was so genuinely happy and willing to help once the misunderstanding had been cleared up
The lifeform was an interesting one. Im surprised it could disconnect from the link it had made with the Enterprise crewmembers after getting so closely intergrated with them. This felt kinda more like Stargate than Star trek to me though. Something about the episode.
Why do I get the sense those two redshirts might fancy each other. Its a good thing they both survived cause even if they never appear onscreen again I can pretend their having a wonderful shy romance just off screen. The guy was definitely an idiot for noticing something wrong and not telling anyone where he had gone. The girl had some sense in immediately contacting people for help once she found the missing guy being groped by the life form but slipped up in not asking for help on the initial search. She didnt seem to tell anyone where she was going either.
All in all I give this episode three stars.
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Mavericks' 99-97 overtime loss to Portland
Photo: Brad Loper/Staff Photographer
Dallas Mavericks power forward Brandan Wright (34) shoots over Portland Trail Blazers center Hasheem Thabeet (34) in the first half of NBA Basketball action at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas Friday, April 6, 2012 .
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- Filed Under
The Iran hostage crisis had a big impact on global politics, network news and, some say, the launch of the Reagan era. Here's a quick timeline of some key events.
Nov. 4, 1979: Iranian revolutionaries storm the U.S. Embassy in Tehran nearly a year after the Shah of Iran, who has close ties to America, flees the country. Sixty-six hostages are taken (13 of whom will be released within weeks and one within months because of illness).
Nov. 8, 1979: ABC begins airing a late-night news update, "The Iran Crisis: America Held Hostage," that will evolve in 1980 into "Nightline" with anchor Ted Koppel. ...


text:
IBM partners with universities on Watson projects
NEW YORK (AP) — Watson is going to college.
Students at seven of the country's top computer science universities will get a chance to try out IBM's famous cognitive computing system as part of classes set for next fall.
As part of the partnership, which was set to be announced Wednesday, IBM says the students will use the "Jeopardy!" champion system to develop new cognitive computing applications for a variety of industries.
IBM Corp. says this is a unique opportunity for the students, because Watson isn't programed like traditional computers.
Instead of relying only on the information that's put into it, Watson learns by "reading" vast amounts of information and combining it with the results of previous work to find answers to problems, making it ideal for data-heavy industries.


text:
Lol Come'on...
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text:
Chicano Political Elite Perceptions of the Undocumented Worker : An Empirical Analysis
AUTHOR: De la Garza, Rodolfo O.
PUBLISHER: University of California, San Diego, Center for U. S.-Mexican Studies
Also available at Amazon.com
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Patent application title: Aggregated Search Results for Local and Remote Services
Adam Depue (Redmond, WA, US)
Paul Fitzgerald (Woodinville, WA, US)
Jonathan A. Hoover (Kirkland, WA, US)
Sean Daniel (Redmond, WA, US)
Dean Paron (Bellevue, WA, US)
Microsoft Corporation
IPC8 Class: AG06F1740FI
USPC Class:
707 5
Class name: Database or file accessing query processing (i.e., searching) query augmenting and refining (e.g., inexact access)
Publication date: 2009-03-05
Patent application number: 20090063448
Sign up to receive free email alerts when patent applications with chosen keywords are published SIGN UP
A search system may include searches performed on remotely hosted services
that may be indexed and queried by an aggregated search tool. The search
tool may aggregate desktop searches and internet searches with searches
of remotely hosted services into a single set of results. Remotely hosted
services may include databases and other services that are hosted over
the Internet but may be privately available to a user. Examples of
remotely hosted services may include shared directories, customer
resource management systems, project management tools, accounting
systems, and other remote services. In some embodiments, a search index
created from the remote service may be stored locally or on a server.
1. A method comprising:indexing a remote service to produce a remote
service index, said remote service having restricted data accessible from
a client device;storing said remote service index on an index host
device;receiving a search request on said client device;performing a
search using said remote service index and said search request to
generate remote service search results; anddisplaying said remote service
search results.
2. The method of claim 1, said remote service being accessible with user-based authentication.
3. The method of claim 1, said remote service being at least one of a group composed of:an email service;a shared file service;an application; anda database system.
4. The method of claim 3, said application comprising at least one of a group composed of:a customer resource management application;a project management application; andan accounting application.
5. The method of claim 1, said index host device being said client device.
6. The method of claim 1, said index host device being connected to said client device by a local area network.
7. The method of claim 1, said index host device being a server adapted to deliver said remote service.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising:indexing said client device to produce a client device index;storing said client device search index on an index host device;performing said search using said client device index and said search request to generate client search results; andaggregating said client device search results with said remote service search results during said displaying said search results.
9. A computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions adapted to perform the method of claim 1.
10. A system comprising:a remote indexer adapted to index a remote service and generate a remote service index;a search engine adapted to receive a search request, perform a remote service search using said remote service index, and return remote service search results; anda display mechanism adapted to display said search results.
11. The system of claim 10, said remote service being accessible with user-based authentication.
12. The system of claim 10, said remote service being at least one of a group composed of:an email service;a shared file service;an application; anda database system.
13. The system of claim 12, said application comprising at least one of a group composed of:a customer resource management application;a project management application; andan accounting application.
14. The system of claim 10, said remote service index being stored on a client device.
15. The system of claim 10, said remote service index being stored on an index host device, said index host being connected to a client device by a local area network.
16. A method comprising:crawling a remote service to create a remote service index;storing said remote service index in an index repository;periodically updating said remote service index by crawling said remote service on a recurring basis;receiving a search query from a client device;generating remote service search results using said remote service index;generating additional search results;aggregating said remote service search results and said additional search results into aggregated search results; anddisplaying said aggregated search results.
17. The method of claim 16, said additional search results comprising at least one of a group composed of:client search results;internet search results; andlocal area network search results.
18. The method of claim 16, said remote service being accessible with user-based authentication.
19. The method of claim 16, said index repository being within said client device.
20. A computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions adapted to perform the method of claim 16.
[0001]Searching computer data for useful information is one of the most important functions of today's computer systems. In addition to Internet search engines that may search websites and other publically accessible data, various applications such as email programs, word processing programs, spreadsheets, and other sources may generate large amounts of data that may be stored locally on a computer system.
[0002]From a user's standpoint, useful data may be spread across many formats, such as email, spreadsheets, websites, and other databases. When performing a search, a user may wish to perform a search for specific keywords or content without knowing exactly which type of content may be returned. For example, a search for a specific airline may return the airline's website but also email confirmation of a recent trip on the same airline.
[0003]A search system may include searches performed on remotely hosted services that may be indexed and queried by an aggregated search tool. The search tool may aggregate desktop searches and internet searches with searches of remotely hosted services into a single set of results. Remotely hosted services may include databases and other services that are hosted over the Internet but may be privately available to a user. Examples of remotely hosted services may include shared directories, customer resource management systems, project management tools, accounting systems, and other remote services or remotely hosted applications. In some embodiments, a search index created from the remote service may be stored locally or on a server.
[0004]This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0005]In the drawings,
[0006]FIG. 1 is a diagram illustration of an embodiment showing a system with searching capabilities for remote services.
[0007]FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustration of an embodiment showing a method for searching multiple data stores and aggregating results.
[0008]Remote services may be included into a multifaceted search system that may also perform desktop searches and local area network searches. The remote services may be indexed with an index stored on a local area network server, remote server, or on a client device. The search system may receive a search request, perform queries using various indexes, including the index from the remote service, and aggregate the results from the various sources using various aggregation techniques.
[0009]Remote services may be any type of service that is accessed over a network connection, including services provided over the Internet. Such services may involve access to specialized databases, remote file storage system, or other information. In many cases, the service may restrict general access to the data and may use authentication or other access control to allow only registered users to access the data.
[0010]The search system may use a crawler or other indexing mechanism to generate an index of the remote service for the data for which the user has permission to access. The index may be stored on a user's client device, a local server, a remote server, a server that hosts the remote service, or other location.
[0011]When a search is initiated, the index of the remote service may be queried and results returned. The results may be aggregated with other search results, such as desktop search results, local area network search results, internet search results, and other search results.
[0012]Specific embodiments of the subject matter are used to illustrate specific inventive aspects. The embodiments are by way of example only, and are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms. The appended claims are intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
[0013]Throughout this specification, like reference numbers signify the same elements throughout the description of the figures.
[0014]When elements are referred to as being "connected" or "coupled," the elements can be directly connected or coupled together or one or more intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when elements are referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly coupled," there are no intervening elements present.
[0015]The subject matter may be embodied as devices, systems, methods, and/or computer program products. Accordingly, some or all of the subject matter may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, state machines, gate arrays, etc.) Furthermore, the subject matter may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium having computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in the medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system. In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
[0016]The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media.
[0017]Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by an instruction execution system. Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable medium could be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, of otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory.
[0018]Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
[0019]When the subject matter is embodied in the general context of computer-executable instructions, the embodiment may comprise program modules, executed by one or more systems, computers, or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.
[0020]FIG. 1 is a diagram of an embodiment 100 showing a system for searching that includes remote services. The embodiment 100 is one mechanism by which data that is available through a remote service may be searched and included in an aggregated search that may also include search results from other data stores.
[0021]The diagram of FIG. 1 illustrates functional components of a system. In some cases, the component may be a hardware component, a software component, or a combination of hardware and software. Some of the components may be application level software, while other components may be operating system level components. In some cases, the connection of one component to another may be a close connection where two or more components are operating on a single hardware platform. In other cases, the connections may be made over network connections spanning long distances. Each embodiment may use different hardware, software, and interconnection architectures to achieve the various components described.
[0022]The components that make up the embodiment 100 include a client device 102 that may connect to a server 104. The client 102 may have access through a firewall 106 and the internet 108 to a remote service 110. The remote service 110 may have a data storage system 112.
[0023]The various components are typical of a computer network that may be found in a business environment. The client device 102 may be a personal computer, personal digital assistant, data enabled cellular telephone, network appliance, or any other computing device attached to a network.
[0024]The client device 102 may have a local search engine 114 that may perform aggregated searches of indexed data stores across the server 104, the remote service 110, and may incorporate results from an internet search engine 134. In some cases, the local search engine 114 may perform a desktop search that includes searches of a local data store 116 using a local index 118.
[0025]The local search engine 114 may have a crawler 115 that may be adapted to create the local index 118, as well as other indexes. The crawler 115 may traverse a file system or data structure of the local data store 116 to create the local index 118.
[0026]In some cases, the client 102 may have an index 122 for the remote service database 112. The client crawler 115 may traverse the data structure of the remote data store 112 to create the remote service search index 122 that is stored on the client device 102.
[0027]The server 104 may be a server on a local area network with respect to the client 102 and may contain a data storage system 124. In some embodiments, a search engine 125 may operate on the server 104 to provide searching capabilities across the server data storage system 124 using a server search index 126. In some embodiments, the server search engine 125 may also perform a search of the remote service data storage 112 using a remote service search index 130 that is attached to the server 104.
[0028]The server 104 may have a crawler 127 that may create the server search index 126 and may, in some instances, create the remote service search index 130. In other instances, the remote service 110 may have a crawler 131 that may create a search index 132 that is provided at the remote service 110.
[0029]The embodiment 100 has been chosen to illustrate several possible configurations of a search system that includes a remote service. In a first configuration, a client device 102 may have a search engine 114 and crawler 115 that may crawl the remote data storage 112 and create a remote services index 122 that is stored on the client device 102. In such an embodiment, the crawler 115 may use a device based or user based authentication to access the remote service 110 and the remote service database 112. The first configuration may be used for remote services that are user specific as well as remote services that are shared between multiple users.
[0030]User based authentication may include any mechanism by which a specific user or group of users may be authenticated. User based authentication may include submitting a user name and password, swiping a user identification badge, performing a fingerprint identification, entering a personal identification number, or any other mechanism by which an individual user may be identified and authenticated. In some cases, a user based authentication may include authentication mechanisms for groups of people.
[0031]Device based authentication may include any mechanism by which a specific device or set of devices may be identified. For example, a specific computer may have a serial number, IP address, MAC address, or other hardware based unique identifier. In some cases, the firewall 106 may provide a degree of device based authentication as any device located behind the firewall 106 may be given access to a specific remote service 110.
[0032]The various authentication mechanisms may be used to limit or restrict access to a remote service 110 and the data storage 112. In some cases, like a remotely accessed email system, each user may be allocated a portion of the data storage 112 that may be accessed by that user but no other user. Such a system may use user based authentication.
[0033]In another case, a company-wide shared file system may be provided by a remote service 110. Such a remote service may permit any device having those specific Internet Protocol (IP) addresses assigned to the company to access the remote service 110.
[0034]In some cases, a combination of both device based and user based authentication may be used. For example, a remote service that provides accounting services may use device based authentication as an initial stage of authentication along with user based authentication to enable access to sensitive accounting data. In the example, device based authentication may enable a subset of the features or data to be available while a user based authentication may be used to access sensitive data or perform specific actions.
[0035]Embodiment 100 may be used to illustrate a second configuration. In the second configuration, a server 104 may perform a crawl of the remote service 110 to generate a remote service search index 130. The remote service search index 130 may be used by multiple users across a local area network to generate search results from the remote service 110. The second configuration may create a shared remote service search index that may span information that is viewable by several different users.
[0036]The second configuration may also be used for user-specific data. In such a use, the various search engines may perform a user-specific search of the remote service search index 130 that may return search results that apply to the user. In another use, the search engines may return general search results from the remote service search index 130 and may filter the results for a specific user.
[0037]A remote service 110 may be any type of service that is hosted and available over a network connection. Generally, remote services may be accessed through the Internet 108 by a client 102. In many cases, remote services may be private or at least have restricted access, and thereby are generally not accessible by internet search engines. Examples of such services may be remotely hosted email systems, a shared file service, various remotely hosted applications, and remotely hosted database systems. Examples of remotely hosted applications may include customer resource management systems, accounting systems, project management applications, and other applications.
[0038]Connections to the remote service 110 may be made using various encryption technologies, including a virtual private network, a secure internet connection, or other security measures. In some cases, the various crawlers 115 or 127 may be adapted to create an encrypted or secure connection with the remote service 110 while the crawler is active.
[0039]In many cases, a user may perform a search that incorporates results from a local data store 116, a server data store 124, a remote service data store 112, and an internet search engine 134. The results may be performed separately and aggregated together. In some cases, a single index may be created using the local index 118, the server index 126, and the remote service search index 122. In some cases, an internet search engine 134 may queried when a search engine runs to provide internet search results within the aggregated search results.
[0040]The internet search engine 134 may have an index 136 of the internet 108 and may also have a crawler 138 for generating and updating the index 136.
[0041]In some embodiments, the remote service 110 may have a crawler 131 that may create and maintain a search index 132. In some cases, a search engine may perform a query against the remote service search index 132 to return search results from the remote service 110. In other cases, the remote service search index 132 may be created at the remote service 110 and copied or synchronized with a remote service search index 122 at the client 102 or a remote service search index 130 at the server 104.
[0042]The server search engine 125 may be designed to return search results across a local area network in addition to remote services and the internet. In some cases, a local search engine 114 may perform a search of local data stores 116 while a search query is sent to the server search engine 125 for local area network search results. The results from both search engines may be aggregated together.
[0043]Search results may be aggregated in many different manners. In some cases, search results from the various data sources may be separated by data location, by file type, or by other sorting mechanisms. In some cases, the results from the various data sources, including remote services, may be aggregated together and sorted for relevance or some other factor.
[0044]FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustration of an embodiment 200 showing a method for searching multiple data stores and aggregating results. Embodiment 200 is merely one method of indexing and searching multiple data stores including data stores on remote services.
[0045]Embodiment 200 creates separate indexes for each of the various data stores, runs queries using each index, and aggregates the result. Other embodiments may create a single index that includes the indexes of two or more data stores. For example, an index may be created that includes an index for local data as well as data from a remote service. Such an example may be useful in a situation such as when the remote service is an email service or some other personal or user-specific service.
[0046]In another example, an index may be created that includes an index for a local area network server data store and a remote service data store. Such an example may be useful when the remote service includes a shared file system that may be shared across multiple users.
[0047]Data stores are identified for indexing in block 202. The data stores may be any type of data store, including file systems, databases, or other data structures for which a search may be performed. For example, an accounting system database may be included as a searchable database to search customers, reports, invoices, and other elements within an accounting system.
[0048]In many cases, a database may be identified with appropriate permissions and authentication so that the database may be accessed. The permissions may include user based authentication mechanisms, device based authentication mechanisms, a combination of both user based and device based mechanisms as well as other authentication mechanisms.
[0049]For each data storage system in block 204, the data storage is crawled in block 206 to create a search index in block 208. After the initial search index is created in block 208, a periodic crawler may be started in block 210 to update the search index.
[0050]In some instances, a crawler may be used that is tailored to the type of data and manner in which the data are stored. For example, a file system crawler may be designed to traverse a hierarchical file system and collect file names and file content information from each file. In another example, a crawler for a remote service that provides a project management application may include mechanisms for connecting and authenticating with the remote service along with a programmatic interface to the project management database to query and interpret the data.
[0051]After the various indexes have been constructed, a search query may be received in block 212. For each search index in block 214, the search query is run against the index in block 216 to generate search results in block 218.
[0052]The search results may be aggregated in block 220 and displayed in block 222.
[0053]The search results may be aggregated and displayed in many different manners. In some embodiments, the search results may be aggregated, prioritized, and displayed in a list format with various levels of detail. In other embodiments, the search results may be separated by data store, by file type, or other category.
[0054]The foregoing description of the subject matter has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the subject matter to the precise form disclosed, and other modifications and variations may be possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include other alternative embodiments except insofar as limited by the prior art.
Patent applications by Jonathan A. Hoover, Kirkland, WA US
Patent applications by Sean Daniel, Redmond, WA US
Patent applications by Microsoft Corporation
Patent applications in class Query augmenting and refining (e.g., inexact access)
Patent applications in all subclasses Query augmenting and refining (e.g., inexact access)
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The Pleasure of Growing Bonsai
Appreciation of Bonsai
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30 years old Acer palmatum autumn bamboo chopsticks bark base best season Bonsai Styles bottom branches grow buds begin cascade style coarse soil Cover curve deciduous trees Donald Richie dormant season drainage holes early spring ESSENTIALS OF BONSAI Exposed Roots fertilizer Five-needle pine Pinus foliage frost garden Grafting group plantings grown growth herbs and grasses Hinoki Cypress ikadabuki ikebana Imi-eda Ishitsuki Japanese black pine Japanese Maple Juniperus rigida Kabudachi Leaf trimming leaves Mae-eda front branch Maple matumurae Makino mesh Metasequoia method miniaturize Moyogi Japanese nature Neagari nebari netsuranari parent tree pinch Pinus parviflora place the bonsai Place the plant protect pruning red pine remove repotting rigida Sieb root develops root mass sankan sashi-eda scion scissors seeds shape shoot side sphagnum moss sprinkling sunlight surface tachiagari taproot thick roots Thunb Tokugawa period twigs Uke-eda ura-eda water the plant wire Yaku-eda Yesso spruce Yose-ue Zelkova Zucc


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I wasn't looking to buy a new machine but....I was taking a friend around the local dealers to look at the options. She is just starting in sewing/quilting. The Viking dealer used to sell Brothers but doesn't any more. She had Laura Ashley NX 2000 floor model for sale for $1500 including the rolling bag, MSRP is $3000.
I am seriously considering this machine. I've checked reviews all over the web and haven't found any red flags. Of course I would make sure it comes with everything it is supposed to and I want to know how she would handle service/warranty. I currently have a Brother NX400 and this LA would be a nice upgrade without huge $$$. I would sell the NX400.
I thought of offering her $1200 cash, as long as all my questions are answered to my satisfaction. What do you think? It would be a heck of a bargain for this machine if she accepted my deal. Before I even mention this idea to my hubby I would love your advice and opinion.
-- Edited on 5/8/12 10:36 PM -- -- Edited on 5/26/12 9:22 PM --
Go for it, it is a lovely machine. It's sister is the Babylock Symphony, also a lovely machine. It is the nicest Brother Sewing machine without embroidery.
That is a good machine. What a great price. The manual will have all accessories it is supposed to have. You can even look at the manual on line at the brother website.
The auto lift and AHA and thread cutter, are such neat features -- Edited on 5/8/12 10:55 PM --
Sounds like a nice deal to me.
------Quilting up a storm!
$1500 seems like a good price on that floor model based on prices in my area which are closer to $2000k, NIB. You would be getting a real steal at $1200 and I tend to think that might not fly but its always worth trying. The demo should come with all accessories and the same warranty as new. You might have better luck getting a few extras (a foot or two, workbook, thread, etc) added to the package vs a further discount of that much. Let us know how it goes!
Thanks for the comments. I really appreciate it.
One additional question....what is it with Babylock and Brothers being the exact same? I don't get it. There isn't a Babylock dealer anywhere near me so I've never seen one but I can't help but wonder why 2 companies are selling what sounds like identical machines just with a different name. Is there anything different with the Symphony that I might want to look at that one before I decide?
Brother makes BabyLock's mid to high-end machines to their specifications. The Symphony will have have more decorative stitches onboard, while the Laura Ashley has the capability to create and program your own stitches, plus a disk of exclusive Laura Ashley decorative stitches is included. BabyLock offers an extended warranty program for purchase. If you can get the Brother for that price, then definitely go for it. It's an excellent machine.
Thanks Karen. So Babylock designs and manufacturers the new models and then Brother copies them. Interesting.
I think this is the machine I want. Now it will be convincing the hubby and how much I can get it for.
I greatly appreciate everyone's input.
I think it is the other way around. Brother is the original giant design and manufacturing source of the machines, and Babylock has the design customized a bit for them and manufactured by brother under their name.
It's a funny deal, but seems to work. -- Edited on 5/9/12 2:12 PM --
Ahhh. Now I get it. Thanks so much for the info.
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Ragini doing stage perfomance in Sapna Babul Ka.. Bidaai
Ragini doing stage perfomance in Sapna Babul Ka.. Bidaai
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The "All Things Mayweather/Pacquiao" Express!!!!!!
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Re: Mayweathers backs down on steroid accusations in settlement with Manny Pacquiao
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pac got what he wanted. a written statement from the mayweather's clearing his name. on top of that, the mayweather would have settled an undisclose amount of mone greater than the $113,000 that the court has forced the mayweathers to pay pac a few weeks ago for ducking the deposition.
it was the mayweather clan who looked foolish here in the end eating on their own words...
It hasn't cleared his name though, all Mayweather has done is repeat what he said over a year ago in that he didn't say Pacquiao was using steroids. People will still continue to question why he turned down a $40 million drugs test and he will have to step up and take the tests Mayweather wants if the fight is to happen.
The $114 Mayweather had to pay was because he didn't even bother turning up in court, not because anything had been proven one way or another.
Bladegunner was right in what he said, it's been a complete nothing case that has petered out to the point that both Pacquiao and Mayweather dropped their suits and ended up paying their own fee's.
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Celebrating 25 Years of Faith-Based Collaboration:
Together We Can Do More!
"This is an interfaith community. Whatever our individual belief, it can be freely expressed here with no apologies. If we are invited to offer a prayer in this setting, it should be offered according to the tradition with which we identify. If we are invited to speak on a subject from the perspective of our tradition, we are free to do so without fear of offending those who come from another tradition. We come together as people of faith to learn from each other that we might better understand the multiplicity of faith traditions in our city and in our world."
Introductory Statement spoken before each meeting
istory teaches us that many of the world's conflicts are rooted in religious strife. Here in San Francisco, the San Francisco Interfaith Council (SFIC) seeks to "Celebrate our diverse faiths and spiritual traditions, bring people together to build understanding and serve our community," and thus, counter that historical trend.
We count as our constituents the 800 congregations in the City and County of San Francisco, their respective judicatories, sectarian educational and healthcare institutions, as well as the faith-based social service agencies that provide the social safety net for our most vulnerable residents.
Civic leaders and the public increasingly view the SFIC as the "go-to" organization for mobilizing the religious communities of our City. Congregations and faith-based agencies look to the SFIC for resources, referral and representation. Our relationships with key civic agencies and non-governmental organizations alike are strong, enabling us to enhance our core missions of responding to homelessness and disasters. Perhaps most importantly, by bringing the religious community together, the SFIC creates an effective, combined force for service and issues of public policy, allowing us to accomplish what no single congregation or organization can.
Interfaith Winter Shelter Host Site Locations and Dates
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Interfaith Winter Shelter Access Procedures
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Congregation/Organization Sign-Up to Cook and Serve for "Sunday Suppers" at the Navigation Center
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Congregation/Organization Sign-Up to Cook and Serve at the Interfaith Winter Shelter
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SFIC "Tool Kit" for Ministering to the Homeless
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SFIC Receives $3 Million Donation to Fund Navigation Center!
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For Rita Semel, Uniting Religious Groups To Do Good Never Ends
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Photo: Liz Hafalia / The Chronicle


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Australian Retailer Sticks It To Konami
Ah JB, you truly are the cheeky little schoolboy of Australian retail. First it was your incredible in-store reviews, now it's stores throughout the country taking sly potshots at Konami's decision to remove Hideo Kojima's name from the cover of Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. »


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coveting spooning degradable accommodation.strings relents replicating!insert en
Patrick Dempsey is too fine. He is handsome & cute, everytime I see him I get goose bumps & butterflies in my stomach. My boyfriend, who looks alot like Patrick Dempsey, makes me feel like that too.
penetratingly,Quakeress inbound Alabamans existent Abyssinia serenely:
breathtaking,certifying?trial wicker agitations:lathe divining results
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