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Fc Barcelona
Futbol Club Barcelona (Catalan pronunciation: [fubˈbɔɫ ˈkɫub bərsəˈɫonə]( listen)), also known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça,[2] is a professional football club, based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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FC Barcelona For the basketball team, see FC Barcelona Bàsquet. For the reserve team, see FC Barcelona B.
|Futbol Club Barcelona
|Barça or Blaugrana (team)
Culés or Barcelonistas (supporters)
Blaugranes or Azulgranas (supporters)
|November 29, 1899 (112 years ago)
as Foot-Ball Club Barcelona
|Camp Nou, Barcelona
(Capacity: 99,354 [1])
|Sandro Rosell
|Josep Guardiola
|La Liga
|La Liga, 1st
|Club home page
|Current season
Futbol Club Barcelona (Catalan pronunciation: [fubˈbɔɫ ˈkɫub bərsəˈɫonə] ( listen)), also known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça,[2] is a professional football club, based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto "Més que un club" (More than a club). The official Barça anthem is the "Cant del Barça" written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs.[3] Unlike many other football clubs, the supporters own and operate Barcelona. It is the world's second richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €398 million. The club holds a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid, and matches between the two teams are referred to as "El Clásico".
They are the current Spanish and European football champions, and have won 21 La Liga, 25 Copa del Rey, 10 Supercopa de España, 3 Copa Eva Duarte[4] and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. In international club football Barcelona have won four UEFA Champions League, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, four UEFA Super Cup, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup [5] and a record two FIFA Club World Cup trophies.[6]
Barcelona is the only European club to have played continental football every season since 1955, and one of the only three clubs to have never been relegated from La Liga, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first club in Spain to win the treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the Champions League. That same year, it also became the first football club ever to win six out of six competitions in a single year, thus completing the sextuple, comprising the aforementioned treble and the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup.[7]
|Contents [hide]
History Main article: History of FC Barcelona
Birth of FC Barcelona (1899–1922)
Sports Notice: Our friend and companion Hans Gamper… former Swiss [football] champion, being keen on organising some football games in the city asks anyone who feels enthusiastic enough about the sport to present themselves at the office of this newspaper any Tuesday or Friday evening between the hours of 9 and 11pm.
Gamper's advertisement in Los Deportes[8]
On 22 October 1899, Hans Kamper placed an advertisement in Los Deportes declaring his wish to form a football club; a positive response resulted in a meeting at the Gimnasio Solé on 29 November. Eleven players attended—Walter Wild (the first director of the club), Lluís d'Ossó, Bartomeu Terradas, Otto Kunzle, Otto Maier, Enric Ducal, Pere Cabot, Carles Pujol, Josep Llobet, John Parsons, and William Parsons—and Foot-Ball Club Barcelona was born.[8]
FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey. In 1902, the club won its first trophy, the Copa Macaya, and participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1–2 to Bizcaya in the final.[9] Gamper became club president in 1908, the club in financial difficulty after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905. Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm. One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income.[10]
On 14 March 1909, the team moved into the Camp de la Indústria, a larger stadium with a seating capacity of 8,000 people. From 1910 to 1914 Barcelona participated in the Pyrenees Cup, which consisted of the best teams of Languedoc, Midi, Aquitaine (Southern France), the Basque Country, and Catalonia. At that time it was considered the finest competition open for participation.[11][12] During the same period, the club changed its official language from Castilian to Catalan and gradually evolved into an important symbol of Catalan identity. For many fans, supporting the club had less to do with the game itself and more with being a part of the club's collective identity.[13]
Gamper launched a campaign to recruit more club members, and by 1922 the club had over 20,000 members and was able to finance a new stadium. The club to moved to the new Les Corts, inaugurated the same year.[14] Les Corts had an initial capacity of 22,000, which was later expanded to 60,000.[15] Jack Greenwell was recruited as the first full-time manager, and the club's fortunes began to improve on the field. During the Gamper era, FC Barcelona won eleven Campionat de Catalunya, six Copas del Rey, and four Pyrenees Cups.[9][10]
Rivera, Republic and Civil War (1923–1957)
The aerial bombardment of Barcelona in 1938
On 14 June 1925, the crowd in the stadium jeered the national anthem in a spontaneous protest against Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship. The ground was closed for six months as a reprisal, and Gamper was forced to relinquish the club presidency.[16] This coincided with the club's transition to professionalism; in 1926 the directors of Barcelona publicly declared Barcelona a professional side for the first time.[14] The club's 1928 victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled "Oda a Platko", written by a member of the Generation of '27, poet Rafael Alberti, who was inspired by the "heroic performance" of the Barcelona keeper.[17] On 30 July 1930, Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems.[10]
Although they continued to have players of the standing of Josep Escolà, the club entered a period of decline in which political conflict overshadowed sport throughout society.[18] Although the team won the Campionat de Catalunya in 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1936, and 1938,[9] success at a national level (with the exception of a disputed title in 1937) evaded them. A month after the Spanish Civil War began in 1936, several players from Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao enlisted in the ranks of those who fought against the military uprising.[19] On 6 August, Josep Sunyol, the club president and representative of a pro-independence political party, was murdered by Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama.[20] Dubbed the martyrdom of barcelonisme, the murder was a defining moment in the history of FC Barcelona.[21] In the summer of 1937, the squad went on tour in Mexico and the United States, where it was received as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic. That tour secured the club financially, but also resulted in half the team seeking asylum in Mexico and France. On 16 March 1938, Barcelona came under aerial bombardment, resulting in over 3,000 deaths; one of the bombs hit the club's offices.[22] Catalonia came under occupation a few months later. As a symbol of 'undisciplined' Catalanism, the club, down to just 3,486 members, faced a number of restrictions.[23] After the Civil War, the Catalan flag was banned and football clubs were prohibited from using non-Spanish names. These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de Fútbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its club shield.[15]
In 1943, Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi-finals of Copa del Generalísimo. Their first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3–0. Before the second leg, Barcelona's players had a changing room visit from Franco's director of state security. He "reminded" them that they were only playing due to the "generosity of the regime". Real Madrid dominated the match, winning 11–1.[24] Despite the difficult political situation, CF Barcelona enjoyed considerable success during the 1940s and 1950s. In 1945, with Josep Samitier as managers and players like César, Ramallets, and Velasco, they won La Liga for the first time since 1929. They added to this total in 1948 and again in 1949. They also won the first Copa Latina that year. In June 1950, Barcelona signed Ladislao Kubala, who was to be an influential figure at the club.
On a rainy Sunday in 1951, the crowd left Les Corts stadium after a 2–1 win against Santander on foot, refusing to catch any trams and surprising the Francoist authorities. A tram strike was taking place in Barcelona, which received the support of blaugrana fans. Events such as this made the club represent much more than just Catalonia; many progressive Spaniards saw the club as a staunch defender of rights and freedoms.[25][26]
Managers Ferdinand Daučík and László Kubala led the team to five different trophies including La Liga, the Copa del Generalísimo (now the Copa del Rey), the Copa Latina, the Copa Eva Duarte, and the Copa Martini Rossi in 1952. In 1953, the club won La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo again.[15]
Club de Fútbol Barcelona (1957–1978)
The club's stadium, Camp Nou, was constructed with financial backing from the club's supporters in 1957.[27]
With Helenio Herrera as manager, a young Luis Suárez, the European Footballer of the Year in 1960, and two influential Hungarians recommended by Kubala, Sándor Kocsis and Zoltán Czibor, the team won another national double in 1959 and a La Liga and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup double in 1960. In 1961 they became the first club to beat Real Madrid in European Cup competition, but lost 3–2 to Benfica in the final.[28][29][30]
The 1960s were less successful for the club, with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga. The building of the Camp Nou, completed in 1957, meant the club had little money to spend on new players.[30] On the positive side, the decade saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fusté and Carles Rexach, and the club won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966. Barça restored some of its former pride by beating Real Madrid 1–0 in the 1968 Copa del Generalísimo final at the Bernabéu, in front of Franco, with former republican pilot Salvador Artigas as manager. The end of Franco's dictatorship in 1974 saw the club changing its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverting the crest to its original design, again including the original letters.[31]
The 1973–74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff, who was bought for a world record £920,000 from Ajax.[32] Already an established player in Holland, Cruyff quickly won over the Barça fans when he told the European press he chose Barça over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Franco. He further endeared himself when he chose the Catalan name Jordi, after the local saint, for his son.[33] Next to players of quality like Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach, and Hugo Sotil, he helped the club win the La Liga title in 1973–74 for the first time since 1960,[9] defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Bernabéu along the way.[34] He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971). Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player ever to do so) in 1974 while he was still with Barcelona.[35]
Núñez and the stabilisation years (1978–2000)
Diego Armando Maradona playing with Barcelona.
Beginning with Josep Lluís Núñez in 1978, the president of FC Barcelona has been elected by the club members. This decision was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship. Núñez's main objective was to develop Barça into a world-class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch. On recommendation from Cruyff, Núñez inaugurated La Masia as Barcelona's youth academy on 20 October 1979.[36] His presidency was to last for 22 years and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona, as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline, letting players such as Diego Maradona, Romário and Ronaldo go rather than meeting their demands.[37][38]
On 16 May 1979, the club won its first UEFA Cup Winners' Cup by beating Fortuna Düsseldorf 4–3 in Basel in a final that was watched by more than 30,000 travelling blaugrana fans. In June 1982 Maradona was signed for a then-world record fee of £5 million from Boca Juniors.[39] In the following season, under manager Menotti, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid. Maradona's time with Barça was short-lived; he soon left for Napoli. At the start of the 1984–85 season Terry Venables was hired as manager, and he won La Liga with notable displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster. The next season Venables took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua Bucureşti during a dramatic evening in Seville.[37]
After the 1986 FIFA World Cup, English top scorer Gary Lineker was signed along with goalkeeper Andoni Zubizarreta, but the team could not achieve success as Schuster was excluded from the team. Venables was fired at the beginning of the 1987–88 season and replaced with Luis Aragonés. The players rebelled against president Núñez in an event that became known as the Hesperia mutiny, and a 1–0 victory at the Copa del Rey final against Real Sociedad finished out the season.[37]
Johan Cruyff won four consecutive La Liga titles as manager of Barcelona.
In 1988, Johan Cruyff returned to the club as manager and he assembled the so-called Dream Team. He used a mix of Spanish players like Josep Guardiola, José Mari Bakero, and Txiki Begiristain while signing international stars such as Ronald Koeman, Michael Laudrup, Romário, and Hristo Stoichkov.[40] Under his guidance, Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994. They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 Cup Winners' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley. They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990, the European Super Cup in 1992, and three Supercopa de España. With 11 trophies, Cruyff became the club's most successful manager, until being overtaken by Pep Guardiola in 2011.[41] He also became the club's longest consecutive serving manager, serving 8 years.[42] Cruyff's fortune changed in his final two seasons, when he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president Núñez, resulting in his departure.[37]
Cruyff was briefly replaced by Bobby Robson, who took charge of the club for a single season in 1996–97. He recruited Ronaldo from PSV and delivered a cup treble, winning the Copa del Rey, Cup Winners Cup, and the Supercopa de España. Despite his success Robson was only ever seen as a short-term solution while the club waited for Louis van Gaal to become available.[43] Like Maradona, Ronaldo only stayed a short time as he left for Internazionale. However, new heroes such as Luís Figo, Patrick Kluivert, Luis Enrique, and Rivaldo emerged and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998. In 1999 the club celebrated its 'centenari', winning the Primera División title. Rivaldo became the fourth Barça player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year. Despite this domestic success, the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and Núñez resigning in 2000.[43]
Exit Núñez, enter Laporta (2000–2008)
Ronaldinho, 2005 Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player.
The departures of Núñez and van Gaal were nothing compared to that of Luís Figo. As well as club vice-captain, Figo had become a cult hero and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own. Barça fans were distraught by Figo's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid, and during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou, he was given an extremely hostile reception. Upon his first return a piglet's head and a full bottle of whiskey were thrown at him from the crowd.[44] President Núñez was replaced by Joan Gaspart in 2000, and the three years he was in charge, saw the club decline and managers came and went; van Gaal served a second term. Gaspart did not inspire confidence off the field either and in 2003, he and van Gaal resigned.[45]
After the disappointment of the Gaspart era, the club bounced back with the combination of a new young president, Joan Laporta, and a young new manager, former Dutch player Frank Rijkaard. On the field, an influx of international players combined with home-grown Spanish players led to the club's return to success. Barça won La Liga and the Supercopa de España in 2004–05, and the team's midfielder, Ronaldinho, won the FIFA World Player of the Year award.[46]
In the 2005–06 season, Barcelona repeated their league and Supercup successes.[47] In the Champions League, Barça beat English club Arsenal 2–1 in the final. Trailing 1–0 to a 10-man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes left, they came back to win 2–1 for the club's first European Cup victory in 14 years.[48] They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup, but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional.[49] Despite being the favourites and starting strongly, Barcelona finished the 2006–07 season without trophies. A pre-season U.S. tour and open feud between the player Samuel Eto'o and Rijkaard was later blamed for the lack of trophies.[50][51] In La Liga, Barça were in first place for much of the season, but their inconsistency in the new year allowed Real Madrid to overtake them to become champions.
The Guardiola Era (2008–)
The 2007–08 season was unsuccessful, and as Barça failed to emulate the success of previous years, Barça B youth manager Josep Guardiola took over Frank Rijkaard's duties at the conclusion of the season.[52] Josep Guardiola brought with him the now famous tiki-taka style of play which he had been taught during his time in the Barcelona youth teams. In the process Guardiola sold Ronaldinho and Deco, and started building the Barcelona team around Xavi, Iniesta and Messi.
Lionel Messi, Ballon d'Or in 2009, 2010 and 2011.
Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4–1 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final, winning the competition for a record-breaking 25th time. A historic 2–6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became La Liga champions for the 2008–09 season. Barça finished the season by beating the previous year's Champions League winners Manchester United 2–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win their third Champions League title and completed the first ever treble won by a Spanish side.[53][54][55] The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao[56] and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk,[57] becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble. In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup,[58] and became the first football club ever to accomplish the sextuple.[59] Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Spanish Super Cup trophy for a ninth time.[60][61]
After Laporta's departure from the club in June 2010, Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president. The elections were held on June 13, where he got 61.35% (57,088 votes, a record) of total votes.[62] Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for €40M[63] and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for €19M.[64] In November 2010, Barcelona defeated their main rival, Real Madrid 5–0 in El Clásico. In the 2010–11 season, Barcelona retained the La Liga trophy, their third title in succession, finishing with 96 points.[65] In April 2011, the club reached the Copa del Rey final, losing 1–0 to Real Madrid at the Mestalla in Valencia.[66] In May, Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3–1 held at Wembley Stadium, a repeat of the 2009 final, winning their fourth European Cup.[67] In August 2011, the La Masia graduate Cesc Fàbregas was bought from Arsenal and who would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid. The Supercup victory brought the total amount of official trophies to 73, matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid.[68]
Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup defeating FC Porto thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fábregas, thus extending the club's overall amount of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies.[69] The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Josep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only 3 years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona.[70]
In December the same year FC Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup for a record second time since its establishment by beating the Brazilian 2011 Copa Libertadores holders, Santos FC, 4-0 in the final thanks to two goals from Lionel Messi and goals from Xavi and Fábregas.[71]
As a result the overall trophy haul during the reign of Guardiola was further extended and saw FC Barcelona win their 13th trophy out of 16 possible in 3.5 years, thus confirming their recent domination in world football.[72]
Support Main article: Supporters of FC Barcelona
The nickname culer for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul (English: arse), as the spectators at the first stadium, Camp de la Indústria, sat with their culs over the stand. In Spain, about 25% of the population are said to be Barça sympathisers, second behind Real Madrid, supported by 32% of the population. Valencia is third, with 5%.[73] Throughout Europe, Barcelona is the favourite second-choice club.[74] The club's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003–04 season to 170,000 in September 2009,[75] the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media.[76][77]
In addition to membership, as of June 2010 there are 1,335 officially registered fan clubs, called penyes, around the world. The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona.[78] The club has had many prominent persons among its supporters, including Pope John Paul II, who was an honorary member, and former prime minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.[79][80]
El Clásico
Main article: El Clásico
There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barça and Real Madrid is known as El Clásico. From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities. The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War.[81]
During the dictatorships of Primo de Rivera and especially of Francisco Franco (1939–1975), all regional cultures were suppressed. All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory, except Spanish (Castilian) itself, were officially banned.[82][83] Symbolising the Catalan people's desire for freedom, Barça became 'More than a club' (Més que un club) for the Catalans. According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barça. It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement, and allowed them to express their dissidence.[84]
On the other hand, Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond (Santiago Bernabeu, the former club president for whom the Merengues stadium is named, fought with los nacionales).[85][86] However, during the Spanish Civil War, members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters.
During the 1950s the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo di Stéfano, who finally played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success.[87] The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the knock-out rounds of the European Cup.[9]
El derbi Barceloní
Main article: El derbi Barceloní
Barça's local rival has always been Espanyol. Blanc-i-blaus, being one of the clubs granted royal patronage, was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of Barça's primary board. The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona, and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners.[88] The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid.[89] Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarrià.[90][91]
Traditionally, especially during the Franco regime, Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Barça's revolutionary spirit.[92] In 1918 Espanyol started a counter-petition against autonomy, which at that time had become a pertinent issue.[88] Later on, an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish civil war, siding with the fascists. Despite these differences in ideology, the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives. In recent years the rivalry has become less political, as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan.[88]
Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga, it is also the most unbalanced, with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant. In the league table, Espanyol have only managed to end above Barça on three occasions in almost 70 years and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957. Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6–0 in 1951. Espanyol achieved a 2–1 win against Barça during the 2008–09 season, becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season.[93]
Finances and ownership
In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around €752 million (USD $1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008–09 season.[94][95] According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of €366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated €401 million in revenue.[96]
Along with Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, and Osasuna, Barcelona is organised as a registered association. Unlike a limited company, it is not possible to purchase shares in the club, but only membership.[97] The members of Barcelona, called socis, form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club.[98] As of 2010 the club has 170,000 socis.[75]
An audit by Deloitte in July 2010 showed that Barcelona had a net debt of €442 million, currently 58% of net worth as evaluated by Forbes. The new management of Barcelona, which had ordered the audit, cited "structural problems" as the cause of the debt.[99] News had emerged that the club had recorded a loss of approximately €79 million over the course of the year, despite having defended their La Liga title.[100]
For 2011, Barcelona's gross debt stands at around €483m and the net debt is at €364.[101] Barcelona was found to have the highest average salary per player of all professional sports teams in the world, just ahead of rival Real Madrid.[102]
Records For more details on this topic, see List of FC Barcelona records and statistics.
Xavi presently holds the team record for number of total games played (613) as well as the record number of La Liga appearances (404), surpassing the previous record holder Migueli (391).[103]
FC Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in all competitions (including friendlies) is Paulino Alcántara with 357 goals.[103] The record league scorer is César Rodríguez, who scored 195 goals in La Liga between 1942 and 1955. That record is likely to be broken soon as the current leading league scorer Lionel Messi has scored 147 goals.[104] Only four people have managed to score over 100 league goals at Barcelona: César Rodríguez (195), Lionel Messi (147), Ladislao Kubala (131) and Samuel Eto'o (108) .
On 2 February 2009, Barcelona reached a total of 5,000 La Liga goals. The goal was converted by Messi in a game against Racing Santander, which Barça won 2–1.[105] On 18 December 2009 Barcelona beat Estudiantes 2–1 to win their sixth title in a year and became the first ever football team to complete the sextuple.[106]
Barcelona's highest home attendance was 120,000, for a European Cup quarter-final against Juventus on 3 March 1986.[107] The modernisation of Camp Nou during the 1990s and the introduction of all-seater stands means the record will not be broken for the foreseeable future as the current legal capacity of the stadium is 98,772.[108]
Crest and shirt The first crest worn by Barcelona
Since its foundation the club has played with a crest. The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm.[109] In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest. The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club. Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations. The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom.[109]
The blue and red colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900.[110] Several competing theories have been put forth for the blue and red design of the Barcelona shirt. The son of the first president, Arthur Witty, claimed it was the idea of his father as the colours were the same as the Merchant Taylor's School team. Another explanation, according to author Toni Strubell, is that the colours are from Robespierre's First Republic. In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team, FC Basel.[111]
Since its founding, Barcelona has never worn corporate advertisements on their shirt. On 14 July 2006, the club announced a five year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement has the club donate €1.5 million per year to UNICEF (0.7 percent of its ordinary income, equal to the UN International Aid Target, cf. ODA) via the FC Barcelona Foundation.[112] The FC Barcelona Foundation is an entity set up in 1994 on the suggestion of then-chairman of the Economical-Statutory Committee, Jaime Gil-Aluja. The idea was to set up a foundation that could attract financial sponsorships to support a non-profit sport company.[113] In 2004, a company could become one of 25 "Honorary members" by contributing between £40,000–60,000 (£45,800–68,700)[114] per year. There are also 48 associate memberships available for an annual fee of £14,000 (£16,000)[114] and an unlimited number of "patronages" for the cost of £4,000 per year (£4,600).[114] It is unclear whether the honorary members have any formal say in club policy, but according to the author Anthony King, it is "unlikely that Honorary Membership would not involve at least some informal influence over the club".[115]
Barcelona will end their refusal of corporate sponsorship in the 2011–2012 season, having signed a five-year €150m deal with the Qatar Foundation.[116]
|Qatar Foundation, UNICEF
Stadiums Main articles: Camp de la Indústria, Camp de Les Corts, and Camp Nou An elevated view of a full Camp Nou
Barcelona initially played in the Camp de la Indústria. The capacity was about 6,000, and club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club with growing membership.[117]
In 1922, the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club, Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts, which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators. After the Spanish Civil War the club started attracting more members and a larger number of spectators at matches. This led to several expansion projects: the grandstand in 1944, the southern stand in 1946, and finally the northern stand in 1950. After the last expansion, Les Corts could hold 60,000 spectators.[118]
After the construction was complete there was no further room for expansion at Les Corts. Back-to-back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of in June 1950 of László Kubala, who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches, drew larger crowds to the games.[118][119][120] The club began to make plans for a new stadium.[118] The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954, before a crowd of 60,000 Barça fans. The first stone of the future stadium was laid in place under the auspices of Governor Felipe Acedo Colunga and with the blessing of Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego. Construction took three years and ended on 24 September 1957 with a final cost of 288 million pesetas, 336% over budget.[118]
One of the stands displaying Barcelona's motto, "Més que un club", meaning 'More than a club'
In 1980, when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria, the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee. The idea was popular with supporters, and thousands of people paid the fee. Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long-time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernabéu.[121][122][123] In preparation for the 1992 Summer Games two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline.[124] It has a current capacity of 96,366 making it the largest stadium in Europe.
There are also other facilities, which include:[125]
- Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper (FC Barcelona's training ground)
- Masia-Centre de Formació Oriol Tort (Residence of young players)
- Mini Estadi (Home of the reserve team)
- Palau Blaugrana (FC Barcelona indoor sports arena)
- Palau Blaugrana 2 (Secondary indoor arena of FC Barcelona)
- Pista de Gel (FC Barcelona ice rink)
Honours See also: FC Barcelona honours and FC Barcelona in Europe
As of 18 December 2011, Barcelona has won 21 La Liga, 25 Copa del Rey, 10 Supercopa de España, 3 Copa Eva Duarte[4] and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. They have also won 4 UEFA Champions League, a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 4 UEFA Super Cup and a record 2 FIFA Club World Cup trophies.[6] They also won a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies, considered the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League.[126]
Barcelona is the only European club to have played continental football every season since 1955, and one of the only three clubs to have never been relegated from La Liga, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first club in Spain to win the treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the Champions League. That same year, it also became the first football club ever to win six out of six competitions in a single year, thus completing the sextuple, comprising the aforementioned treble and the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup.[7]
Domestic competitions
Winners (21): 1928–1929, 1944–45, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1973–74, 1984–85, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11 Runners-up (22): 1929–30, 1945–46, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1955–56, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1996–97, 1999–00, 2003–04, 2006–07
Winners (25): 1909–10, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1918–19, 1921–22, 1924–25, 1925–26, 1927–28, 1941–42, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1962–63, 1967–68, 1970–71, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2008–09 Runners-up (9): 1918–19, 1931–32, 1935–36, 1953–54, 1973–74, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1995–96, 2010–11
The European Cup, which Barcelona won in 1992. Winners (10): 1983, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011 Runners-up (7): 1985, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999
- Copa Eva Duarte (the forerunner to the Supercopa de España)[130]
Winners (3): 1948, 1952, 1953[4] Runners-up (2): 1949, 1951
European competitions
Winners (4): 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2010–11Runners-up (3): 1960–61, 1985–86, 1993–94
The sextuple, which Barcelona won in 2009. Winners (4): 1978–79, 1981–82, 1988–89, 1996–97Runners-up (2): 1968–69, 1990–91
- Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (the forerunner to the UEFA Europa League, although not organized by UEFA)
Winners (3): 1955–58, 1958–60, 1965–66Runners-up (1): 1961–62
Winners (4): 1992, 1997, 2009, 2011Runners-up (4): 1979, 1982, 1989, 2006
Worldwide competitions
Winners (2): 2009, 2011Runners-up (1): 2006
Runners-up (1): 1992 Current squad Main article: List of FC Barcelona players For a list of all former and current FC Barcelona players with a Wikipedia article, see Category:FC Barcelona footballers.
Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship. The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country. Also, players from the ACP countries—countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement—are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling.
Further information: 2011–12 FC Barcelona season#Squad information See also: FC Barcelona B#Current squad As of 27 January 2012.[136][137][138][139]
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Current technical staff
Josep Guardiola, the current manager of FC Barcelona See also List of FC Barcelona managers
|Josep Guardiola
|Assistant manager
|Tito Vilanova
|Fitness coach
|Lorenzo Buenaventura, Paco Seiruŀlo, Aureli Altimira, Francesc Cos
|Goalkeeping coach
|Juan Carlos Unzué
|Director of football
|Andoni Zubizarreta
|Academy director
|Guillermo Amor
|Youth manager
|Eusebio Sacristán
Last updated: 6 July 2011
Source: FC Barcelona
Management See also: List of FC Barcelona presidents Sandro Rosell, the current President of FC Barcelona
|Sandro Rosell
|Vice president of social area
|Jordi Cardoner
|Vice president of sports area
|Josep Bartomeu
|Corporate director general
|Antoni Rossich
|Board secretary
|Antoni Freixa
|Susana Monje
|Director of social area
|Ramon Pont
Last updated: 1 July 2010
Source: FC Barcelona
See also
|Book: FC Barcelona
|Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.
- FC Barcelona Bàsquet
- FC Barcelona Futsal
- FC Barcelona Handbol
- FC Barcelona Ice Hockey
- FC Barcelona Hoquei
- FC Barcelona Rugby
- FC Barcelona Rugby League
Reserve teams
- Joan Gamper Trophy
- List of fan-owned sports teams
- Supporters of FC Barcelona
- Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs
- ^ "FC Barcelona Information | FCBarcelona.cat". Arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
- ^ Pronounced [ˈbar.sə].
- ^ "FC Barcelona Hymn". FC Barcelona.
- ^ a b c The Copa Eva Duarte was only recognized and organized with that name by the RFEF from 1947 until 1953, and therefore Barcelona's "Copa de Oro Argentina" win of 1945 is not included in this count, i.e. only the 1948, 1952 and 1953 trophies are.
- ^ Considered a major title by FIFA (see FIFA.com F.C. Barcelona's profile at http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44217/) but generally not an official title, as the competition was not organized by UEFA
- ^ a b "Football Europe: FC Barcelona". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Retrieved 4 May 2009.
- ^ a b "FC Barcelona Records". fcbarcelona.com. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ a b Ball, Phil p. 89.
- ^ a b c d e Carnicero, José Vicente Tejedor (21 May 2010). "Spain – List of Cup Finals". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ^ a b c "History part I". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ Murray, Bill; Murray, William J. p. 30.
- ^ Ferrer, Carles Lozano (19 June 2001). "Coupe des Pyrenées – Copa de los Pirineos". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 12 June 2010.
- ^ Spaaij, Ramón. p. 279.
- ^ a b Arnaud, Pierre; Riordan, James. p. 103.
- ^ a b c "History part II". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ Shubert, Adrian. p. 200.
- ^ Roy, Joaquín (2001). "Football, European Integration, National Identity: The Case of FC Barcelona". European Community Studies Association (paper). p. 4.
- ^ Burns, Jimmy. pp. 111–112.
- ^ Arnaud, Pierre; Riordan, James. p. 104.
- ^ Spaaij, Ramón. p. 280.
- ^ Ball, Phil. pp. 116–117.
- ^ Raguer, Hilari. pp. 223–225.
- ^ Raguer, Hilari. pp. 232–233.
- ^ Aguilar, Paco (10 December 1998). "Barça—Much more than just a Club". FIFA. Retrieved 1 May 2011.[dead link]
- ^ Ferrand, Alain; McCarthy, Scott. p. 90.
- ^ Witzig, Richard. p. 408.
- ^ Ball, Phil. p. 111.
- ^ Stokkermans, Karel (2 June 2010). "European Champions' Cup". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ Ross, James M. (27 June 2007). "European Competitions 1960–61″. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ a b "History part III". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
- ^ "The Crest". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
- ^ MacWilliam, Rab; MacDonald, Tom. p. 180.
- ^ Ball, Phil. pp. 83–85.
- ^ "La Liga season 1973–74″. Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP). Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ Moore, Rob; Stokkermans, Karel (11 December 2009). "European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 11 April 2010.
- ^ Perarnau, Martí (18 August 2010). "La Masia, como un laboratorio" (in Spanish). SPORT.es. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
- ^ a b c d "History part IV". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
- ^ Ball, Phil p. 85.
- ^ Dobson, Stephen; Goddard, John A. p. 180.
- ^ Ball, Phil. pp. 106–107.
- ^ "Pep Guardiola enters Barcelona history books with record 11th title as coach". Goal.com. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "Honours". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ a b "History part V". FC Barcelona. 15 June 2003. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ Ball, Phil. p. 19.
- ^ Ball, Phil. pp. 109–110.
- ^ "Ronaldinho wins world award again". BBC News. 19 December 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ McCurdy, Patrick (21 November 2005). "Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 3: Bernabeu forced to pay homage as Ronaldinho soars above the galacticos". The Independent (London). Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ "Barcelona 2–1 Arsenal". BBC News. 17 May 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ "Internacional make it big in Japan". FIFA. 17 December 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ "Barcelona will not punish Eto'o". BBC News. 14 February 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ "Barcelona defends Asian tour". AFP. soccerway.com. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ "Rijkaard until 30 June; Guardiola to take over". FC Barcelona. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
- ^ Alvarez, Eduardo (14 May 2009). "One title closer to the treble". ESPN. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
- ^ "Barcelona 2–0 Man Utd". BBC Sport. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
- ^ "Pep Guardiola's love affair with Barça continues". Thesportreview.com. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
- ^ "Messi leads Barcelona to Spanish Supercup win". CNN Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. 23 August 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
- ^ "Barcelona vs Shakhtar Donetsk". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ Barcelona beat Estudiantes to win the Club World Cup. BBC Sport. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ^ "The year in pictures". FIFA.com. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ Associated, The (21 August 2010). "The Canadian Press: Messi's three goals as Barcelona wins record ninth Spanish Supercup". Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "Messi, Barcelona set records in Spanish league title repeat". USA Today. 16 May 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ "Sandro Rosell i Feliu (2010–)". FC Barcelona. FCBarcelona.cat. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- ^ "Barca agree Villa move with Valencia". FCBarcelona.cat. FC Barcelona. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "Deal with Liverpool to sign Mascherano". FCBarcelona.cat. FC Barcelona. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ Barcelona secure La Liga Spanish title hat-trick BBC Sport. Retrieved 30 May 2011
- ^ Madrid clinch Copa del Rey Sky Sports. Retrieved 30 May 2011
- ^ Phil McNulty (28 May 2011). "Barcelona 3–1 Man Utd". BBC. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "El Barça iguala en títulos al Real Madrid". MARCA.com. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ^ "El club azulgrana ya tiene más títulos que el Real". SPORT.es. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ "Pep Guardiola superó la marca de Johan Cruyff". Sport.es. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ "SANTOS-FCB: Legendary Barça (0-4)". fcbarcelona.com. 18 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "Guardiola: "Winning 13 out of 16 titles is only possible when you have a competitive mentality"". fcbarcelona.com. 18 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "Ficha Técnica" (in Spanish) (PDF). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. May 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ Chadwick, Simon; Arthur, Dave. pp. 4–5.
- ^ a b Aznar, Víctor (19 September 2009). "El FC Barcelona ya tiene 170.000 socios" (in Spanish). SPORT.es. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ Fisk, Peter. pp. 201–202.
- ^ Brott, Steffen. p. 77.
- ^ "Penyes". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ Goff, Steven (29 July 2003). "Barça Isn't Lounging Around; Storied Catalonian Club Plots Its Return to the Top". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Spain's football team welcomed by royals". The New Nation. Associated Press. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
- ^ Ghemawat, Pankaj. p. 2.
- ^ Kleiner-Liebau, Désirée. p. 70.
- ^ Phil Ball (21 April 2002). "The ancient rivalry of Barcelona and Real Madrid". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media). Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ Spaaij, Ramón. p. 251.
- ^ Abend, Lisa (20 December 2007). "Barcelona vs. Real Madrid: More Than a Game". Time. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ Lowe, Sid (26 March 2001). "Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football by Phil Ball (London: WSC Books, 2001)". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ Burns, Jimmy. pp. 31–34.
- ^ a b c Ball, Phil. pp. 86–87.
- ^ Shubert, Arthur. p. 199.
- ^ "Edición del martes, 09 abril 1901, página 2 – Hemeroteca – Lavanguardia.es" (in Spanish). Hemeroteca Lavanguardia. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ "History of Espanyol". RCD Espanyol. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ Missiroli, Antonio (March 2002). "European football cultures and their integration: the 'short' Twentieth Century". Iss.Europa.eu. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ "Matchday 24″. FC Barcelona. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ "The Business Of Soccer". Forbes. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
- ^ "Soccer Team Valuations". Forbes. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
- ^ "Real Madrid becomes the first sports team in the world to generate €400m in revenues as it tops Deloitte Football Money League". Deloitte. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
- ^ Peterson, Marc p. 25.
- ^ Andreff, Wladimir; Szymański, Stefan (2006). Handbook on the economics of sport. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 299. ISBN 1-84376-608-6.
- ^ "Barcelona audit uncovers big 2009/10 loss". Reuters. 27 July 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
- ^ Shaw, Duncan (10 October 2010). "Rosell announces record Barcelona loss, lawsuit against Laporta". Monsters and Critics. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- ^ "Barca announce €45m budget". Soccernet.espn.go.com. 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
- ^ "ESPN The Magazine – The Money Issue – 200 Best-Paying Teams in the World – ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ a b "FC Barcelona Records (Team & Individual Records)". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
- ^ "LFP – Barcelona Seasons". Liga de Fútbol Profesional Tables for other seasons may be obtained using the "Other searches" button. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ "Messi propels 5,000-goal Barcelona". FIFA. 1 February 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ "Kings, queens and a young prince". FIFA. 23 December 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
- ^ "Records". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
- ^ "A Five Star Stadium". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ^ a b "The crest". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Ball, Phil p. 90.
- ^ Ball, Phil pp. 90–91.
- ^ "Open letter from Joan Laporta". FC Barcelona. 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ Desbordes, Michel p. 195.
- ^ a b c UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Lawrence H. Officer (2010) "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" MeasuringWorth.
- ^ King, Anthony pp. 123–24.
- ^ "Barcelona agree €150m shirt sponsor deal with Qatar Foundation". The Guardian. 10 December 2010. Retrieved on 22 December 2010.
- ^ Santacana, Carles (14 March 2009). "Cent anys del camp de la Indústria" (in Catalan). FC Barcelona. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Brief history of Camp Nou". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Farred, Grant. p. 124.
- ^ Eaude, Michael. p. 104.
- ^ Ball, Phil pp. 20–21.
- ^ Ball, Phil pp. 121–22.
- ^ Murray, Bill; Murray, William J.. p. 102.
- ^ Snyder, John. pp. 81–2.
- ^ "El proyecto Barça Parc, adelante" (in Spanish). FC Barcelona. 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ But not an official title, as the competition was not organized by UEFA (for further reference see https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/List_of_confederation_and_inter-confederation_club_competition_winners, in particular reference 8).
- ^ "Evolution 1929–10″. Liga de Fútbol Profesional. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
- ^ "Palmarés en" (in Spanish). MARCA. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ^ Carnicero, José; Torre, Raúl; Ferrer, Carles Lozano (28 August 2009). "Spain – List of Super Cup Finals". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ^ "List of Super Cup Finals". RSSF. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ Torre, Raúl (29 January 2009). "Spain – List of League Cup Finals". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ^ "Champions League history". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ^ "UEFA Cup Winners' Cup". UEFA. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ^ "UEFA Super Cup". UEFA. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ^ "Tournaments". FIFA. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
- ^ "2011–12 season". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "Bojan lluirà el '9′ i Jeffren l"11′" (in Catalan). FC Barcelona. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ Sport.es (13 August 2011). "Guardiola le da el 11 a Thiago y guarda el 4 para Cesc | barca". Sport.Es. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ^ "El Barça renueva a Isaac Cuenca hasta 2015″. mundodeportivo.com. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
Further reading
- Arnaud, Pierre; Riordan, James (1998). Sport and international politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-419-21440-3.
- Ball, Phill (2003). Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football. WSC Books Limited. ISBN 0-9540134-6-8.
- Burns, Jimmy (1998). Barça: A People's Passion. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-4554-5.
- Chadwick, Simon; Arthur, Dave (2007). International cases in the business of sport. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-8543-3.
- Desbordes, Michael (2007). Marketing and football: an international perspective. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-8204-3.
- Dobson, Stephen; Goddard, John A. (2001). The economics of football. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66158-7.
- Eaude, Michael (2008). Catalonia: a cultural history. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-532797-7.
- Ferrand, Alain; McCarthy, Scott (2008). Marketing the Sports Organisation: Building Networks and Relationships. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-45329-1.
- Fisk, Peter (2008). Business Genius: A More Inspired Approach to Business Growth. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 1-84112-790-6.
- Ghemawat, Pankaj (2007). Redefining global strategy: crossing borders in a world where differences still matter. Harvard Business Press. p. 2. ISBN 1-59139-866-5.
- Farred, Grant (2008). Long distance love: a passion for football. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-374-6.
- Ferrand, Alain; McCarthy, Scott (2008). Marketing the Sports Organisation: Building Networks and Relationships. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-45329-1.
- King, Anthony (2003). The European ritual: football in the new Europe. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-3652-6.
- Kleiner-Liebau, Désirée (2009). Migration and the Construction of National Identity in Spain. 15. Iberoamericana Editorial. ISBN 84-8489-476-2.
- Murray, Bill; Murray, William J. (1998). The world's game: a history of soccer. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06718-5.
- Peterson, Marc (2009). The Integrity of the Game and Shareholdings in European Football Clubs. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 3-640-43109-X.
- Raguer, Hilari (2007). The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War. 11. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31889-0.
- Shubert, Adrian (1990). A social history of modern Spain. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09083-0.
- Snyder, John (2001). Soccer's most wanted: the top 10 book of clumsy keepers, clever crosses, and outlandish oddities. Brassey's. ISBN 1-57488-365-8.
- Spaaij, Ramón (2006). Understanding football hooliganism: a comparison of six Western European football clubs. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 90-5629-445-8.
- Witzig, Richard (2006). The Global Art of Soccer. CusiBoy Publishing. ISBN 0-9776688-0-0.
- Jordi Feliú, Barça, 75 años de historia del Fútbol Club Barcelona, 1974.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: FC Barcelona
- Official website (Catalan) (Chinese) (English) (Japanese) (Spanish)
- Futbolme team profile (Spanish)
- Barcelona at La Liga (English) (Spanish)


text:
Definitions for orchestrated
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word orchestrated
Princeton's WordNet
arranged for performance by an orchestra
Coordinated to achieve a maximal effect; -- of actions of a group.
Editors Contribution
To arrange or manipulate, especially by means of clever or thorough planning or maneuvering.
To orchestrate a profitable trade agreement.
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"orchestrated." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/orchestrated>.

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WagnerВ's Ring Cycle В– An Operaphobe Reviews В"Die WalkureВ"
Posted on 12 Sep 2012
Let me begin by saying, if you know Wagner at all, youВ're familiar with В"Die Wakure.В"
Even the Bugs Bunny school of opera has this one down. (And, admittedly, I hummed В"Kill the WabbitВ" absentmindedly while I watched the standout performance and spectacular staging. Some things are just embedded in your psyche.)
I mean, if the opera was good enough to show before the suite was finished В– in spite of the composerВ's express orders (weВ're talking to you King Ludwig II of Bavaria), you know itВ's a jewel. You also know it was particularly good if WagnerВ's friends went to see it, despite his P.O.ed-ness, and couldnВ't resist coming to tell him how much they loved it.
Poor Wagner, it must have been a hard life.
Anyway, the music is spectacular, the plot is engaging, and this production by the Met is completely engrossing.
But I still have a problem with it.
Call me petty, but IВ've never been able to get over the horror at the idea of Olympian (or, in this case, Asgardian) incest. Now, as a favorite Lit professor once remarked, the Greek gods were basically all powerful orangutanВ's running around armed with Uzis, and В– though theyВ're perhaps a tad more sophisticated В– I probably shouldnВ't expect more of the Norse heavenly beings. But that doesnВ't change the fact that I just canВ't quite make it jive in my mind.
I guess itВ's the nature of (past) royal families. But thereВ's a reason to be freaked out, right? Well, freaked out might be a tad harsh. Deeply disturbed seems fair. I mean, the Hapsburg lip was a sign that too much family closeness is a bad thing. Yes?
But, enough fixating. Wagner didnВ't invent the myths В– he just compiled them, did a touch of exposition and set them to a profoundly majestic score! And that, I think youВ'll agree, we can all enjoy.
And, as promised, your uncouth spoilers for the day! Read on, or join us tonight at 8 p.m. for the more sophisticated version.
В"Die WalkureВ" opens as an exhausted mortal, Siegmund, busts into a strange house and crashes by the hearth. Not too long after, the hot lady of the house finds him - and sparks fly. Too bad sheВ's hitched. Hubby Hunding bursts in and wants to know exactly whoВ's in his house.
Turns out SiegmundВ's having a bad time of it. He even gives his name as В"Woeful,В" and goes on to tell about his hard and disaster-riddled life.
The school of hard knocks isnВ't over for old В"Woeful,В" though. His latest disaster involved fleeing enemies … who just happen to be HundingВ's kin. Hunding decides that, to settle all of that, theyВ'll just have to fight to the death in the morning.
Fortunately for poor Siegmund, he can call on dear old birth dad, who just happens to be Wotan, King of the Gods, in human disguise. Apparently, Daddy-o promised Sigmund a sword at some point in the past. They
Not too much later, the dame reappears after she drugged hubby dear with a sleeping potion. Guess what? Things arenВ't all that happy at home, and during her forced wedding, a one-eyed stranger (actually good ole Wotan) thrust a sword into a tree that no oneВ's been able to yank out since.
Seeing as how Sieglinde В– the lovely lady of the house В– was so sweet to drug her hubby and is obviously unhappy, Siegmund В– an all-around good guy В– canВ't happy but fall for her. ThereВ's affection В– and a promise to whoop up on old hubby and set her free from her unhappiness.
Moonlight floods the scene. Sieglinde and Siegmund sing about love, spring and general warm fuzzies.
At this point, Sieglinde asks lover boy more about his dad В– and finds out he gave a false name earlier. DaddyВ's В"realВ" name is Walse, who just happens to be SieglindeВ's dad, too. And suddenly, she realizes Siegmund is her twin brother! But does that cool the flames? Of course not! This is mythology weВ're talking about!
Love! Danger! Intrigue! Romance! Incest!
Dramatically, Siegmund frees the sword from the tree, claims his twin as his bride and rejoices over the union of the Walsungs (half-god siblings). Then, we move on to the second act. And, really, how are you going to top that?
Well, we begin with a change of scenery and go back to the realm of the gods.
High, high in the mountains, Daddy Wotan tells his full-on goddess daughter Brunnhilde to go save little half-brother in his fight with Hunding. (Brunnhilde is a Valkyrie В– something of a warrior princess who decides who lives and dies on the battle field.) Brunnhilde is more than happy to help and sets out to do just that.
Unfortunately for Wotan, he just canВ't quite get himself out of hot water with his wife В– and goddess of marriage В– Fricka. While Fricka isnВ't terribly concerned about a sibling union, she does insist that Wotan has to defend Hubby HundingВ's marriage rights against Siegmund.
The gods can be ridiculous, but they should have standards, right?
Apparently, Fricka does. She doesnВ't even care about his KingnessВ's argument that Siegmund could save the gods by winning back the all-powerful ring from the dragon, Fafner.
But at this point, Wotan realizes that itВ's all a zero-sum game. He will lose his power if he doesnВ't enforce the law and heВ'll lose power if thereВ's no one to secure the ring. In the end, he does what good olВ' Fricka demands.
About this time, Brunnhilde comes home, and dad tells her heВ's changed his mind, and that sheВ's going to have to fight on HundingВ's side in the morning.
Meanwhile, in the mortal world, Sigmund is still comforting his worried sister-bride, and watches over her while she falls asleep (Team Edward, anyone?). Along that time, Brunnhilde comes to him in a vision, telling him heВ'll dies soon and be taken to the warriorВ's paradise, Valhalla.
SiegmundВ's not having it, though. He spouts back that heВ's not leaving Sieglinde В– and that heВ'll kill them both if Brunnhilde doesnВ't back up his sword in the fight w/ Hunding.
Brunnhilde is touched by baby brotherВ's steadfastness, and В– in a moment of rebellion В– decides to help Seigmund instead.
So off Siegmund goes to fight Hunding, Brunnhilde at his side, but just when Siegmund is about to win, Wotan shows up В– and heВ's a stickler for the rules. Just as Siegmund is about to win, Wotan shatters it and Hunding kills Siegmund. But Brunnhilde isnВ't done yet, she sweeps Sieglinde and the broken weapon off in the aftermath. An understandably disappointed Wotan decides he doesnВ't want Hunding around either, and kills him of with a wave of the hand before leaving to punish Brunnhilde.
And so ends Act II. We move on to Act III! (Hang in there, itВ's worth it.)
BrunnhildeВ's eight warrior princess sisters have all gathered on their mountaintop, doing their job and taking slain heroes to Valhalla. Understandably, theyВ're a bit surprised to see Brunnhilde bring a women to their peak. Once they find out sheВ's hiding Sieglinde and fleeing an angry dad, the sisters are a bit reluctant to hide her.
At the same time, SieglindeВ's a bit numb В– despairing over brother-husbandВ's death. But, Brunnhilde tells her she pregnant with SiegmundВ's child, and she perks up a bit. Rather than waiting around an moaning any more, Sieglinde makes off with the sword pieces, thanks Brunnhilde and heads off to the forest В– just in time.
Once Wotan shows up, BurnnhildeВ's basically screwed. He sentences her to become mortal В– and shuts the other warrior princesses up by promising to do the same for them if they donВ't pipe down. To avoid further controversy, they head out.
Left alone with daddy dearest, Brunnhilde defends herself, saying that she was just doing what Wotan REALLY wanted to do. But WotanВ's not buying her pitch. The warrior princess must become mortal and lie in sleep as a prize for any man who finds her. Brunnhilde does succeed on one point, though. She asks that, while sheВ's knocked out, dad sets up a wall of fire only the bravest hero can penetrate to find her. With some kind of godly foreknowledge, they both know the hero will be SieglindeВ's child.
Moving along, sad and supposedly just king Wotan kisses BunnhildeВ's eyes with sleep and mortality and calls the fire god to encircle her sleeping perch with flames. As he heads out, Wotan sets a spell that prevents anyone who fears his spear from braving the flames.
And, thus, ends В"Die Walkure.В" Ta da! Sufficiently interested? See a much more elegant presentation tonight at 8 p.m.
AETN.org > Engage > Blog > WagnerВ's Ring Cycle В– An Operaphobe Reviews В"Die WalkureВ"


text:
In the sample below I have defined a method "MethodDemandingFileIOPermission" which demands "FileIOPermission" declaratively. In Main I deny FileIOPermission to begin with and try calling this method. The call to this method should fail as we have denied this permission. The first output from the code proves this.
Deny FileIOPermission
Unable to access MethodDemandingFileIOPermission after Deny
Now, I call into another method which asserts FileIOPermission and calls the same method. This time call should succeed as a Demand stops walking the stack wen it encounters an Assert. So, in this case the Deny from Main has no effect on the call and it succeeds. The output is shown as below
Assert FileIOPermission from another method
Calling method MethodDemandingFileIOPermission succeeded
Next, we revert the assert in the method where we asserted to make sure that the call indeed succeeded because of the assert. We make the same call again and as expected it fails this time. The output from the code is shown below.
RevertAssert in AssertAndCall and call again
Unable to access MethodDemandingFileIOPermission Assert reverted in AssertAndCall
We Assert one more time and make the call to ensure the call succeeds this time. The output is as below.
Assert FileIOPermission one more time from another method
When the call returns to Main the Assert is reverted. The Deny takes effect and so a subsequent call to the method from Main fails. The output from the code shows the following result.
Assert permission reverted when returned to Main()
Unable to access MethodDemandingFileIOPermission Assert reverted on return
We now Assert declaratively and make the call and the call succeeds this time also. On return the Assert is reverted and the call fails as expected.
Assert FileIOPermission Declaratively
We now revert the Deny from Main and make the call to make sure that it was the Deny that was failing the call. As expected the call succeeds as soon as the Deny is reverted.
RevertDeny from Main()
using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Security.Permissions;
using System.Security;
using System.IO;
class Sample
public static void Main()
FileIOPermission fileIOPerm = new FileIOPermission(PermissionState.Unrestricted);
Console.WriteLine("Deny FileIOPermission");
catch(Exception e)
Console.WriteLine(" Unable to access MethodDemandingFileIOPermission after Deny");
Console.WriteLine("Assert permission reverted when returned to Main()");
catch (Exception e)
Console.WriteLine(" Unable to access MethodDemandingFileIOPermission Assert reverted on return");
Console.WriteLine("RevertDeny from Main()");
static public void AssertAndCall(FileIOPermission fileIOPerm)
Console.WriteLine("Assert FileIOPermission from another method");
Console.WriteLine("RevertAssert in AssertAndCall and call again");
Console.WriteLine(" Unable to access MethodDemandingFileIOPermission Assert reverted in AssertAndCall");
Console.WriteLine("Assert FileIOPermission one more time from another method");
[FileIOPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.Assert, Unrestricted = true)]
static public void AssertDeclarativelyAndCall()
Console.WriteLine("Assert FileIOPermission Declaratively");
[FileIOPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.Demand, Unrestricted = true)]
static public void MethodDemandingFileIOPermission()
Console.WriteLine(" Calling method MethodDemandingFileIOPermission succeeded");


text:
Moist Cranberry Pork Roast Recipe
"I love to serve guests this moist flavorful pork," informs Kimberley Scasny of Douglasville, Georgia. "You don't have to slave away in the kitchen to prepare it, yet it tastes like a gourmet meal."
- 1 boneless rolled pork loin roast (2-1/2 to 3 pounds)
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/4 teaspoon pepper
- 1 can (14 ounces) whole-berry cranberry sauce
- 1/4 cup honey
- 1 teaspoon grated orange peel
- 1/8 teaspoon ground cloves
- 1/8 teaspoon ground nutmeg
- 1. Cut roast in half and place in a 3-qt. slow cooker; sprinkle with salt and pepper. Combine the remaining ingredients; pour over roast. Cover and cook on low for 4-5 hours or until a meat thermometer reads 160°. Let stand 10 minutes before slicing. Yield: 6-8 servings.
Nutritional Facts
1 serving (6 ounces) equals 289 calories, 7 g fat (2 g saturated fat), 70 mg cholesterol, 201 mg sodium, 30 g carbohydrate, 1 g fiber, 27 g protein.
Wine Pairings
Light-Bodied Red Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a light-bodied red wine such as Pinot Noir.
© 2015 RDA Enthusiast Brands, LLC


text:
Things to see and do - Mýkonos
Leaving for Greece
Mýkonos :
Unmissable tourist sites
Where to sleep?
Mýkonos Hotel tips
Castle Panigirakis fromBook
La Veranda from54 €Book
Petasos Town Hotel fromBook
Mýkonos Leisure tips
7-Night Greek Islands Sailing Adventure from Mykonos to Santorini
- 1570.0 €
- Book
Mykonos Shore Excursion: Private Tour to Delos Island
- 119.0 €
- Book
Top searches Greece
Mýkonos Travel guide
Mýkonos : Michelin's recommendations
The white buildings of Míkonos are linked by a maze of alleys, originally intended to cut off the wind and to frustrate pirates. Nowadays it is pleasant to wander about, discovering new perspectives: arched or vaulted alleys, little squares shaded by an almond, pepper or carob tree, pathways winding between high white walls topped by hibiscus and bougainvillaea. You will discover charming cube-shaped houses with flower-bedecked balconies and chapels with their domes painted in bright colours. There are said to be over 300 chapels on the island.
Tourist attractions Mýkonos : Things to see and do
Terrace of the Lions
GR - 84600 Dilos
Looking towards the Sacred Lake, these famous ancient lions carved from Naxos marble numbered at least nine; five have been replaced by copies, a sixth was removed by the Venetians in the 17C and today stands guard over the Arsenale in Venice, the ot..
Isle of Dílos: Mount Kynthos
GR - 84600 Mýkonos
The Terrace of the Foreign Gods was built in the 2C BC to hold the shrines of the non-Greek divinities frequented by the many immigrants who lived on Delos. There are traces of the Shrine of the Syrian gods, of the Shrine of the Egyptian gods, and of..
Theatre District
GR - 84600 Dilos
Sinikía Theátrou (the Theatre District) was built from the 2C BC onwards. It contained luxurious houses built around courtyards and was decorated with superb mosaics in lively colours. There is the House of the Dolphins decorated with a large mosaic ..
Hotels Mýkonos
La Veranda
Chora Mykonos GR - 84600 Mýkonos City
Enjoying views of the Aegean Sea and sunset, La Veranda features a small, free-form pool with sun beds, as well as an outdoor bar. Located 400 metres from Agia Anna Beach and the old port, it offers free 2-way transfer from Mykonos Airport and Port. ..
Petasos Town Hotel
Mykonos GR - 84600 Mýkonos City
Exceptionally situated in the centre of Mykonos, the Mykonian style Petasos Town Hotel is just 400 metres from the port. It offers terrace with panoramic town view, free transfer service and an internet corner. Petasos Town has tastefully furnished ..
Castle Panigirakis
Chora Mykonou GR - 84600 Mýkonos City
Standing above the picturesque Mykonos Town, the listed building Castle Panigirakis is set amidst well-kept gardens with cobbled pathways and panoramic views over the Aegean Sea. It offers accommodation with kitchenette and free WiFi access. Followi..
Leisure activities Mýkonos
When you arrive in port in Mykonos, head out on a private shore excursion to the island of Delos, where you'll discover its legends and its beauty. Your private guide will lead you to the Agora, the Sacred Way and the Temple of Apollo. Go back in tim..
Mykonos Shore Excursion: Private Tour of Little Venice, Kalafati Beach and Panagia Tourliani Monastery
Prices from : 102 €
When your cruise docks in the Mykonos port, see the best of the town on a private shore excursion. Enjoy some of the best views of Mykonos and its surroundings while your private guide explains historical facts and mythological stories about the isla..
Prices from : 82 €
While you're in port in Mykonos, head out on a private shore excursion to enjoy the best of the island, from traditional houses to historical wonders. Explore the narrow streets of Mykonos' old town and Little Venice with your private tour guide, who..


text:
Navy nurse home from Afghanistan
UT nursing instructor treated wounds of war
With whoops and flags and lots of orange, Navy Capt. Teresa "Tess" Kennard was welcomed home Friday night to Knoxville, back to the adoration of family, students and colleagues at the University of Tennessee College of Nursing.
Kennard just completed an 8-month assignment supervising the nursing contingent at a Warrior Recovery Center in Kandahar, Afghanistan.
There was many a moist eye among the crowd of about 40 people awaiting Kennard at McGhee Tyson Airport as she walked into the embrace of some of her students, fellow faculty members and her husband, David, and son and daughter — Nathan, a former Marine, and Kate. Their other son is in the Air Force, stationed at Dover Air Force Base.
"We're immensely proud of her," David Kennard said.
Tess Kennard served at a center that treated military casualties, and she told of helping treat victims of gunshot wounds and other forms of trauma, as well as those dealing with the stress of war.
Kennard is a 28-year veteran of the Navy, having enlisted in 1979, and served three years of active duty followed by 25 years as a reservist.
She said she expects the experience in Afghanistan to be a milestone in her life, one that can give her a new perspective.
Kennard said she saw many "severe trauma cases" that ran the gamut of the war zone.
She said the "really, really severe cases" were transferred to a medical unit in Germany, usually within 24 hours of injury. But others were treated in the Warrior Recovery Center where "they would get a chance to heal" before either returning to their unit or coming home to the U.S.
David Kennard, a retired industrial engineer for Oak Ridge National Laboratory, said he and his wife kept in touch via phone and video calls during her deployment.
Tess Kennard has been a clinical instructor at UT since 1998.
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text:
|Booksie Address:
|United Kingdom
|Favorite book:
|Account closed
|Member Since:
|May 20, 2011
Article by MeepyM
Posted: Jun 5, 2011
Account closed Books can be found on Wattpad under the...
Account closed- Books can be found on Wattpad under the same name, thanks for all the support on here. I will not reply to anything because I don't use this account. Booksie won't delete it, and I'm not prepared to wait.
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text:
The Singleplayer Modification for Mount&Blade; WarBand about Kosciuszko Uprising.
We proudly present to you the first part of our project's architecture overview. Today we will focus on the historical bourgeois building of Eastern Territories, which you might actually witness in game environments such as suburbs and small towns. Behold, comment and enjoy!
Posted by Tony_Bugow on Sep 23rd, 2011
The principle behind creating 1794 is to achieve in making the most extensive modification in terms of architecture. Our goal here was to create the unique scenes, ultimately replacing all of native's buildings and creating the new ones from scratch. Introducing player to the reality of late eighteenth century, without buildings of Renaissance, Baroque and Classical would certainly lack credibility. That is why our primary focus in location making lies within realism and coherence with historical depictions. We cast away the random placing of houses and streets in favor of the actual style of planning of the time. Thus, what you see on the graphics is in fact our third release, enhanced with brand new models. These will possibly make it to the final version of the game.
Straight to the point: using the term "Eastern Territories" we refer to the domains which used to be incorporated in Commonwealth such as: Lithuania, Podlachia, Lublin Province, or lands that were called Rus' or Ruthenia. Today, they belong to different sovereign nations, including Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Back in the day, however, they constituted a single political entity, regardless of their ethnical, cultural and religious diversity.
The Eastern Territories were poor, underdeveloped and had low population density. However, like all of Commonwealth, the population was far from homogenous. To represent this, we used wooden buildings, and placed different types of temples: mostly the Orthodox churches (since Orthodox Christianity was predominant in the region), but also the Catholic churches and synagogues to mark the meeting of different cultures and religions.
We based our works on the collections of Sigmund Gloger. Thank you for your time, and please share your opinions with us!
looks great!
Thanks : D


text:
Chevrolet Express
I have a motorhome with a 2000 express 3500 van front end. It has an injected 454 with 12000 miles on it. The most recent work performed was an oil change by myself. The other day I started it and it ran for less than 1 minute and died, just shut off. I swapped the fuel relay with the starter relay and it just cranked, no pressure at the fuel filter (I have not checked the shrader valve since I can not get to it). Was told by the dealer it was the fuel pump, so I replaced the whole sending unit/pump combo, still no fuel. Friend checked for power by the tank without any luck. Purchased 2 new relays still nothing. All the fuzes are good. I was also told to check oil sending unit. It was connected and shows just under 40psi when cranking. HELP! I was heading on a trip in 3 days.
September 23, 2007.
September 23, 2007.
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text:
West Genesee's girls soccer team still had a good chance to earn the CNY Counties League American division regular-season title – at least until Auburn intervened.
The Maroons came to Camillus last Tuesday night and beat the Wildcats, 2-1, in a game that featured a fast start from the visitors and a tremendous effort in goal from Ally Nicolisi.
Even though WG had most of the possession time in the first half, it still couldn't get the ball in the net, and while they did, Auburn capitalized on its chances, getting goals from Lily Krause and Michaela Breeze to seize a 2-0 edge.
Not giving up, the Wildcats got on the board in the second half with Haley Dwyer's goal, assisted by Calyn Negus. Yet every other opportunity got swallowed up as Nicolisi stopped 16 of the 17 shots she faced to preserve her team's win. WG's goalies, Rebecca Rothenberg and Angela Ponto, split time and had six saves apiece.
Still at home on Thursday night, WG got a second shot at defending Section III Class AA champion Liverpool, and while it was closer this time around, the Wildcats still lost 2-1 to the Warriors.
Having lost 3-1 to Liverpool in their first meeting on Sept. 13, WG quickly found itself trailing again thanks to Logan Rubio's goal at the eight-minute mark. But a stout Wildcat defense made sure that the Warriors did not add to that margin the rest of the first half.
It was still 1-0 when, midway through the second half, a long pass from Rubio sprung Ore Akinpelu loose, and she dribbled from midfield all the way to the net, getting around a defender and then getting around Rothenberg before putting the ball in an open net.
Two minutes later, Dwyer, off a pass from Melissa Fumano, answered with a 25-yard shot that found the net, reducing the margin to one, but while it got sporadic chances in the remaining 18-plus minutes, WG could not quite catch up.
(Continued on Next Page)
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Good value at the sale price
By db
from Victoria BC
Pretty ring. The white topaz are tiny and harder to see than they look in the picture. But the setting seems sturdy enough to me. The stone is clear and very pale green and large. I think it's a fair amount of bling for the buck.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Size of stone is impressive. Got money's worth. Otherwise, the ring is "average, ordinary".
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Even at the blockbuster price, I don't think this ring is worth the money. The setting is extremely thin and flimsy. Any pressure and I'm afraid I would bend it. Nice gemstone, but low quality setting. I'm returning it. Save your money.
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Wednesday, September 12, 2012
It looks like I'm about to get more exercise than I hoped for. Yesterday I went to the HR department of the post office and pretty much begged for any help I could get to keep my job. Thankfully I met with one of the sweetest women. She gave my number to a guy in the department who hires carriers. He gave me a call back today and apologized that our paperwork had gotten mixed up.
So if this paperwork is approved (my driving record) and I can pass my test I will be a carrier right by my house :) In fact, from what it sounded like, one day a week my house will be on my route.
That means I'm going to be walking. YAY!
In the rain a lot. YAY!
And home just in time for dinner with the kiddos... which is kind of a bummer because I've liked being a stay at home mom. I'm hoping when I talk to them that I can be approved to work part time instead of full time. But at this time I'll take what I can get.
The funny thing is, last nigh I was laying down with Josh in bed just venting. I told him I felt like he just assumed that if it didnt' have to deal with his job, it was my responsibility.
Dinner, my responsibility.
School events, taking kids to school, getting kids from school, my responsibility.
Making sure our house was presentable, not just clean enough for today, my responsibility.
Making sure the kids were happy, my responsibility.
I told him when things fail in our house, I feel it's all on me.
And I know he takes on a lot of responsibilities but when things fail, he doesn't seem to be as sad about it as I am.
And he agreed with me.
He said he's always just understood that when we're together things will be fine. But didn't realize how much of that is because I refuse for things to not be fine.
But I said I felt like I was crumbling and felt like I was getting nowhere as the peace keeper in our house and the less people help me or comfort me, the faster I'm going to go back to being the Laura I hated, suicidal, uncaring, sad, and a failure.
So this morning I took the kids to school, assumed nothing would change. When I got home he was up and apologized that he didn't set his alarm. Then we had breakfast together, he went to work, I got the call from the post office.
This time yesterday I was crying in my car. I told God that I knew he had a plan for me, Josh, and the boys. I knew I was supposed to be patient because faith is knowing without seeing. But sometimes its just nice to get a little hint of it's gong to be ok. I guess I asked a day too early.
Praying this carrier position is accepted. And if it is, I have to figure out how I'm going to tell the two people that have been waiting for the post office to change its rules to swap with me that I can't be part of their swap anymore. I feel guilty but I have to do what I have to do for my family. And hopefully they understand.
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I'm so glad for you. I know how stressful this can be. Good luck on getting the job & great job going in & ASKING for it!! Yippie for you!!
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I really hope you get that job you want so bad.
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THings always have a way of working out eventually and you are married to a wonderful understanding man, sounds like you just need to vent to him a bit more often so the old Laura doesnt return. Luvs you and you know things will all work out and be happy again!!
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I am definitely praying for you that you get the job!! I guess living there you have to get used to that rain. (That's a big concern I have about even thinking of moving there!). The exercise would be great, and I know you really need for this to happen.
Hopefully your talk with Josh will help strike more household balance going forward. He seems to really listen, and care about your feelings.
Wishing the best for you! Keep us posted!
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Awesome!!! God is watching over you and your Family. God is Good. We will pray that you get the job you need. God Bless You and your Famiy. Have a Wonderful Week. Have an ebjoyable Fun Day today. Have your Pastor and Church Pray for You Too.
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Looks like getting the job. I will say a prayer for you that you will get it Even though we know what their answer will be!!
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It sounds like God took care of things. He will always lead you in the right direction. Praying that things go well and that you get the job!
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Almost every single music photographer has had the same thought at one point or another: "I want to shoot bigger..
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I'm super excited to share something with everyone. It's a new project I've launched called the Image Story. This is..


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Designer Wigs, Hairpieces & Handcrafted Jewelry
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The Hair Lady is a private wig shop specializing hair replacement / alternatives and handcrafted artisan jewlery. Wigs and hair pieces for hair loss, quick & easy hairstyles for all your needs; medical, casual, costume, formal, party, performances, professional, teams, theater and more. Serving men & women.
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Blood Diamond
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$33.89 Add to Cart
Directed By: Edward Zwick Starring: Jennifer Connelly Leonardo DiCaprio
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Product OverviewA fisherman, a smuggler, and a syndicate of businessmen match wits over the possession of a priceless diamond.
|Release Date
|Theatrical Release
Editors Note
|Set in Sierra Leone, BLOOD DIAMOND explores the role of diamond trading in the African civil war of the late 1990s. Narrowly escaping death when his village is invaded by R.U.F. militia, farmer Solomon Vandy (Djimon Hounsou) is enslaved at a diamond mine and has his family taken from him. When he discovers an unusually large stone he buries it, knowing it may be his only tool for retrieving his family. While Vandy is imprisoned, white African diamond smuggler Danny Archer (Leonardo DiCaprio) overhears an angry R.U.F. leader shouting at the farmer about the missing diamond, and he gets Vandy out of jail, then bribes him with the promise that he will help find Vandy's family in return for half the diamond's worth. Bonded by a common goal, the two men clash over drastically different values, but manage to stick together in pursuit of the prize. Also playing a part is fearless American journalist Maddie Bowen (Jennifer Connolly), whose flirtations with Archer and obsession with the truth land her in the middle of the bloody action. As the three embark on a dangerous journey filled with close calls, unlikely bonds form that threaten to change Archer's unfeeling ways. Meanwhile, a plotline following Vandy's beloved son shows us the horror being done to and by child soldiers at the hands of the so-called freedom-fighting rebel forces. ^Addressing his serious subject with passion and skill, director Edward Zwick (THE LAST SAMURAI) delivers impressive action sequences that feel horrifically real without seeming excessive. While some critics have taken stabs at the film for its Hollywood elements, no one can argue against BLOOD DIAMOND's noble intentions or its stellar performances. To most viewers, the film is likely to provide a disturbing and educational look at a world many know little about.
|3.5 stars out of 5 -- "[With] astonishingly dark, whiplash-inducing action scenes....Caching its polemic within a tough-minded entertainment." 12/01/2006 p.43
|New York Times
|"[DiCaprio] plays the smuggler as the scum he is....A character who has inspired the most fully sustained performance of his adult life." 12/08/2006 p.E1
|Total Film
|3 stars out of 5 -- "Crammed full of exhilarating set-pieces and panoramic photography, it also included the DiCaprio role most likely to snag Best Actor..." 02/01/2007 p.37
|Sight and Sound
|"It is clear that the film-makers have done an enormous amount of research on their subject.....Individual sequences -- such as the massacre that opens the movie -- are staged in bravura but chilling fashion." 02/01/2007 p.46-47
|Box Office
|"[DiCaprio] commands the heavy attention of a performer comfortable in his own actorly skin." 02/01/2007 p.72
|Ultimate DVD
|4 stars out of 5 -- "This is Hollywood thriller at its best but one that also delivers a powerful moral message about Western greed, capitalism and exploitation." 05/01/2007 p.104
|Edward Zwick
|Jennifer Connelly
|Leonardo DiCaprio
Cast & Crew
|Arnold Vosloo - Actor
|C. Gaby Mitchell - Story By
|Charles Leavitt - Screenplay
|Charles Leavitt - Story By
|Djimon Hounsou - Actor
|Eduardo Serra - Cinematographer
|Edward Zwick - Director
|James Newton Howard - Original Music By
|Jennifer Connelly - Actor
|Len Amato - Executive Producer
|Leonardo DiCaprio - Actor
|Paula Weinstein - Producer
|Peter Wenham - Art Director
|Steven Rosenblum - Editor
Technical Info
|Original Release Date
|Catalog ID
|Number of Discs
|Running Time
|143 minutes
|Original Language
|Available Audio Tracks
Aspect Ratio
|Standard 1.33:1 [4:3]
|Nominee (2007)
|Golden Globe, Leonardo DiCaprio, Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama,Image Award, Blood Diamond, Outstanding Motion Picture,Image Award, Djimon Hounsou, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture,Oscar, Leonardo DiCaprio, Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role,Oscar, Djimon Hounsou, Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role,Oscar, Steven Rosenblum, Best Achievement in Editing,Oscar, Lon Bender, Best Achievement in Sound Editing,Oscar, Andy Nelson, et. al., Best Achievement in Sound Mixing,Screen Actors Guild, Leonardo DiCaprio, Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role,Screen Actors Guild, Djimon Hounsou, Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role
|To an extent, Blood Diamond is a victim of its own length. While the film includes a number of disturbing political and sociological insights, the adventure story is tepid and loses momentum as the storyline bogs down. The main character, played by Leonardo DiCaprio, has an effective arc that is believable because it does not force him to act contrary to his nature, but it takes a long time for Blood Diamond to get us to DiCaprio's moment of recognition. Pacing issues aside, this is a well constructed movie - clearly the product of a director who understands how to make a top-notch motion picture. It looks great and sounds great. If only Edward Zwick's mastery of the medium had extended to pruning the screenplay and editing the final result, Blood Diamond might have been a tremendous film rather than one worthy of only a lukewarm recommendation.
|James Berardinelli
|The Flick Filosopher
|There are a lot of reasons to be enthralled by Blood Diamond, Edward Zwick's new action-drama-with-a-conscience: the deeply disturbing story he tells, for one, about how American consumer demand for diamonds and European colonialism drive and support horrifying civil strife in impoverished Africa is one that comparatively few people are aware of, and will be appalled to learn...probably the most stunning aspect of the film is Leonardo DiCaprio's performance as Archer...Much of the credit for Archer's force and integrity as a character -- even if as a man, his integrity is questionable -- is down to Dicaprio: this is his arrival as a genuinely grownup actor, even more so than his powerful performance in The Departed, earlier this year...you believe DiCaprio: he doesn't look like an actor having a lark playing a bad guy. He looks and sounds and feels like the real deal.
|MaryAnn Johanson
|DVD, Pan and Scan (TV Format), English, French, Spanish, Subtitled, No Longer Produced
Product Attributes
|Video Format
|David Denby, The New Yorker
|Spectacular, exciting, and stunningly well made.
|Jeffrey Lyons, NBC's Reel Talk
|Sensational performances!
|Jonathan Rosenbaum, Chicago Reader
|...Zwick's epic story has numerous virtues apart from suspense and spectacle.
|Michael Wilmington, Chicago Tribune
|A visually sumptuous, bullet-train-paced thriller with a really provocative theme.
|Peter Rainer, Christian Science Monitor
|DiCaprio is remarkable...
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