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Waiving parent permission can be an option in some epidemiological and social research with adolescents. However, exemptions have not been uniformly considered or applied. Our aim is to critically assess the different factors that could be taken into account when making decisions about waiving active parental permission in observational research with adolescents.
In some cases alternatives to parental permission could be applied to protect the rights of both adolescents and parents and also to assure the benefits to adolescents as a group that can come from appropriately conducted studies. However, the criteria of ensuring minimal risk can be difficult to define and apply and a distinction between harm and discomfort is reviewed. Waiving active parental permission could be acceptable when the risk of harm is minimal; when the research questions are related to an activity for which adolescents are not legally considered to be children; when the risk of harm or discomfort may increase if parental permission is required; and when risk of discomfort is low because the questionnaire is not potentially offensive for some adolescents and/or for some parents.
Stringent rules concerning parental permission in some studies could be detrimental to adolescents. A framework and a decision tree guide are proposed to help researchers and Research Ethics Committees in their decisions on whether active parental permission must be obtained.
Keywords:Adolescents; Parental consent; Research ethics; Observational research; Health surveys; Research subjects
The relationship between ethics and epidemiology has been explored for many years [1]. International guidelines have been published to elucidate the ethical rules that should govern epidemiological research [2]. Generally, fewer ethical issues are raised in observational studies than in experimental studies [3]. However, there is challenging tension in observational research between the need to access personal information and the need to maintain due respect to participants' autonomy and privacy [4-7]. Requiring informed consent is a contentious issue because in some cases it makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to carry out epidemiological research [6,8]. Allowing some possible exemptions to the principle of explicit consent is currently being debated [9,10].
The debate concerning exemption for parental permission is especially contentious issue in epidemiological research with adolescents. The use of the term "parental permission" rather than "parental informed consent" is preferable because parents or legal guardians are not the research subjects and they do not bear the risks and benefits of participation [11,12]. However, both terms are used interchangeably in literature. In any case, the generally accepted rule is to obtain both the minor's assent and parental (or legal representative) permission before conducting any research [2]. This is an essential requirement in clinical trials with minors [13]. However, waiving parent permission can be an option in some epidemiological and social research with adolescents where risks are considered minimal [2,11]. This waiver has been justified in non-interventional studies conducted in health behavior [14], social [15] and psychological research [16].
The current problem is that exemptions are not uniformly considered or applied. In some countries there is no clear set of rules regarding when it is required to obtain parental permission for minors in observational research [17]. Regulation in the US allows the consideration of a waiver of parental permission when it is not a reasonable requirement to protect subjects. However, even in these cases there is some controversy and contradictory assessments from Research Ethics Committees can be found [18-20]. This variability can be explained by multiple factors that can determine decisions regarding adolescents' participation in research. In each case the assessment should take into account the topic of the research, the context in which it is implemented and the developmental level and age of the participants [21].
To our knowledge, the current literature does not provide a specific and detailed guide about how to manage parental permission in different research scenarios. The Guidelines for Adolescent Health Research made a significant contribution to this question but mainly taking into account the US legal context [11]. In most published studies a waiver of parental permission is allowed on specific, and in some cases, exceptional cases that make it difficult to know if it can be extrapolated to other type of research. Our aim is to critically assess the different factors that should be taken into account when making decisions about a waiver of parental or legal guardian permission in observational research with adolescents. A framework and a decision tree guide (Figure 1) are proposed to help researchers and Institutional Review Boards (or Research Ethics Committees) in their decisions on whether parental permission must be obtained or whether other alternatives to protect adolescents should be considered.
Figure 1. Decision tree guide regarding parental permission in research with adolescents*. * Numbers in circles enable the reader of the text to follow the explanation on this figure. (a) Harm is an objective measure related to the risk of disclosure of the information obtained in the study. Anonymous studies or studies adhered to standards of data security are usually considered to be minimal risk. However, information could promote risky behaviors depending on the age of the adolescents and/or their level of maturity. (b) When the legal autonomy of adolescents or a particular research topic is controversial, the level of discomfort related to the research should be assessed. (c) A variety of alternatives can be used, such as passive parental consent, permission from a surrogate parent or child's advocate, and consultation with key school/community members. (d) Extreme cases, such as neglected or abused children, where risks could be exacerbated if parents know the participation of the adolescent. (e) For example, the school board may consider that, due to the nature of some information included in the questionnaire or the aim of the research, it could be inappropriate to leave the decision making in the hands of the school rather than the parents. (f) This question refers to the context of the research. Adolescents in the school are always under the guardianship of their parents and they are easily accessible (9) but this situation is less clear in community-based research or in the Internet (10).
Vulnerability and respect for adolescents
The principle of respect for persons stated at the Belmont Report means that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents and that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection [22]. A balance of both ethical mandates needs to be found in the case of research with adolescents. When assessing the nature and level of protection needed for adolescents, the focus should be on the specific circumstances that might contribute to vulnerability rather than only the definition of the participating group [11]. Following guidelines on clinical research with minors (where risk is frequently greater than minimal) the general rule is that parental permission must be obtained. However, in research related to a health service where adolescents are considered legally autonomous (for example, a clinical trial of a new drug for herpes virus using adolescents from a sexually transmitted infection clinic) some may argue that this research could be conducted without active parental permission. These situations are beyond the scope of this paper and a careful ethical analysis must be made of this kind of research (Figure 1, No. 1). When the risk is minimal, the required levels of parental involvement should be determined after evaluating several factors such as the age and the capacity of adolescents to make decisions.
The evolving capacities of adolescents
As stated before, the general approach in today's research environment is to treat adolescents as children and to ask for parental permission in research. However, in some cases this could be described as a protectionist and paternalistic policy [14]. Even if adolescents are legally considered children (Figure 1, No. 3), investigators and Research Ethics Committees or IRBs may still decide that waiving parental permission is the best option to protect adolescents and to allow research which entails minimal risk (Figure 1, Nos. 6 & 8) [11].
Article 5 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child states that the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents should be respected in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child [23]. Article 12 of this Convention states that the views of the child should being given "due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child". The National Commission in the US noted that parental permission would not be required on research in which the subjects are "mature minors" and the procedures involved entail essentially no more than minimal risk that such individuals might reasonably assume on their own (Figure 1, Nos. 6 & 8).
The World Health Organization defines adolescence as the period between 10 to 19 years of age [24]. Different authors and organizations have proposed several ways of dividing this period. Table 1 shows four adolescent development stages according to age and sex [25]. During these stages adolescents experience multiple biological, cognitive and socio-emotional changes. Early adolescence is the period where adolescents develop the potential for more abstract types of thinking and begin to explore the world with more independence and less parental supervision [25]. Decision-making abilities develop during the early adolescence although genuine increases in behavioral autonomy occur in middle and late adolescence (between ages 14/15 and 18).
Table 1. Adolescent stages
Research policies usually do not address the rapidly changing competencies of adolescents from 12 to 18 [21]. A review found that the crossover age in understanding information in medical research was between 7 and 11 years of age [26]. Bruzzese and Fisher found that youth between 10 and 15 were close, but didn't have the same levels of understanding and exerting their research rights as adults [27]. Several studies have demonstrated that adolescents as young as 14 are competent to make informed decisions concerning their health [28] and it is suggested that around the age of 15 adolescents become eligible for the classification of mature minors [29]. A study carried out in the US found that 14 year-olds demonstrated a level of competence equivalent to that of adults according to legal standards when presented with hypothetical treatment dilemmas [30]. The Guidelines for Adolescent Health Research state that "for mid- and late adolescents (aged 14 years old or older), understanding of research and cognitive ability to make decisions about research participation are similar to these abilities in adults" [11].
Adolescents who are considered legally as autonomous
Adolescents are recognized as having an increased capacity to make independent decisions concerning their own health. In many countries they can give permission for sensitive health services, such as HIV testing, without parental notification. Following US legislation, adolescents who have reached the age to consent for general health care, who are allowed to give their consent for specific types of health care or who are emancipated minors, are not considered children, even if they are under the legal age (the concrete legal age depends on the state) [19]. In the UK a child under 16 is allowed to consent to treatment without the permission of their parent or guardian providing that some criteria of competence are fulfilled: they have been counseled and do not wish to involve their parents; and they have sufficient maturity [15]. In Denmark adolescents (from the age of 12 onward) have a certain level of self-determination on health, social and educational contexts [17].
The legal capacity of adolescents to make independent decisions could also be applied to the research context. The National Commission in the US stated that IRBs may determine that parental permission is not appropriate in "research designed to identify factors related to the incidence or treatment of certain conditions in adolescents for which they may legally receive treatment without parental consent". However, this application of the right of self-determination at the research level is usually ambiguous. A survey in the US concerning consent for adolescents showed that, under the same federal regulation, there was a wide spectrum of interpretation from IRBs, even in scenarios that included emancipated or mature minors [31]. In the UK, the Central Office for Research Ethics Committees considered that there is a profound difference between accessing medical interventions and participating in research. This organization argues that parental consent is an ethical, if not a legal, requirement prior to the involvement of minors in research [15].
However, this distinction between the ability of a young person to consent for a health care intervention and for a research related to this health care may seem contradictory in some cases [15]. For example, adolescents have the capacity to decide to have sex when they are 16 years old but parental consent would be required in an anonymous research on their sexual behavior [16]. This contradiction could be more obvious in some public health activities, such as public health surveillance, where the distinction between research and practice is mainly based on the intention for which the activity is designed [32]. We find this could be considered an unjustified inconsistency because youths' autonomy in research should be respected if they have the capacity to consent [28]. This distinction may be arbitrary especially when research risks are lower than risks related to the healthcare services they can legally receive, or activities they can legally decide upon, without parental permission. Consequently, waiving parental permission could be accepted when risk of harm is minimal and questions included in research are related to an activity for which adolescents are not considered legally as children (Figure 1, No. 4).
However, even when adolescents are legally not considered as children and they can autonomously receive health services, parental permission should not be automatically waived. In some cases parents may believe that their responsibilities to decide on interventions that can affect the wellbeing of their children are taken away by some laws and strongly disagree with them [33,34]. The autonomy of adolescents is thus questioned by these parents. This may be a reason for why such laws concerning parental consent on controversial issues related to adolescents are not uniformly applied, even among different regions of a same country. For example, in the US only a few states do not require parental permission in a minor's abortion [35]. In other cases, the autonomy of adolescents for a particular health service is more widely accepted, for example, healthcare policies concerning sexually transmitted infections. However, a specific research topic on adolescents using this particular health service could be controversial. For these reasons, when the legal autonomy of adolescents or a particular research topic on adolescents is controversial, we propose to additionally assess the level of discomfort related to the research (as it is developed later in this text) instead of just accepting alternatives to parental permission (Figure 1, No. 4).
A matter of justice
Access to personally identifiable data is frequently necessary in epidemiological studies in order to answer publicly valuable research questions. In some circumstances, waiving informed consent has been justified to make this research possible or to avoid a likely bias [36,37]. The same logic is present in the case of observational research with adolescents. Parental permission can be an important source of bias if those adolescents at risk are systematically excluded because their parents deny their participation [38]. Chartier et al. found that a significantly lower proportion of students participated when informed consent from parents was required in a depression screening program implemented in the context of a research study [12]. Moreover, they found a differential exclusion of high-risk students when active parental permission was required. As a consequence, another relevant reason to waive parental consent is that young people are often excluded from participating in research and initiatives that may serve to improve their health [28].
Moreover, adolescents who assent to participate in research studies may be less likely to share personal and sensitive information if they suspect that their responses can be disclosed to their parents [39]. A study of adolescents 12-17 years old showed that fewer adolescents would report suicidal thoughts when told that researchers will share information with parents (1%) than when a promise of confidentiality was required (8%) [20]. This possible bias can be minimized in some studies where responses are anonymous and efforts are made to increase adolescents' perception of anonymity [40]. However, response rates can still be low because adolescents may claim that they prefer to sign their own consent when personal and intimate issues are included in a questionnaire. This reason explained the low response rate (19%) in an anonymous study to understand factors related to the use of condoms among Brazilian adolescents students [41]. A selection bias was probably present in this study because female and public schools students were more likely to return the consent by the legal guardian and consequently they were overrepresented in the study.
Many research questions are currently unresolved because there is an insufficient number of studies with adolescents. In order to achieve a benefit for all youth, it is imperative to obtain better knowledge to be applied in health promotion initiatives for adolescents and public health policies [25]. Participation in research can be therefore a matter of justice. Denying adolescent participation because of the added complexities of determining if parental consent is necessary could be considered unfair [21]. Moreover, completing surveys may also have some benefits for adolescents who participate in this research. Participants in research may receive important information related to their own health and lifestyle. This information and the interaction with researchers may also increase their self-understanding of the risk of one's own behavior [11].
Risks and the protection of adolescent's privacy
A general condition for waiving informed consent in the US is that the research involves no more than minimal risk to the subjects. Traditionally, the US regulation has defined minimal risk as when "the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests" (Common Rule 45 CFR 46.102(i)). The European Union Working Group, which provided guidance for applying the European Clinical Trials Directive with regard to research in children, adopted the same definition [42].
A substantial difference between experimental and observational research with adolescents is generally that risks in the latter are mainly related to the information obtained in the study. These risks can be bidirectional because information can have a negative impact both when adolescents are exposed to sensitive questions and when their answers to these questions are known by their parents or other persons. Confidential or anonymous survey research is considered low-risk research by the Guidelines for Adolescent Health Research. In this case, adolescent's capacity to give consent can be assumed based on the reasonable expectation of capacity of the group of adolescents to be studied [11]. To be classified as minimal risk research, the survey should include questions about issues that are concordant with the age, family, social, and cultural characteristics of adolescents. Moreover, for some specific topics it would be appropriate to assess the intellectual and emotional development of adolescents since this development is determined by other factors than age. In the assessment of these risks, researchers could seek external advice from experts, parents, etc. with close and practical knowledge of adolescents.
The application of "minimal risk" can be difficult to concretize and a distinction between risk of harm and risk of discomfort has been proposed for its application in paediatric research in the clinical context [43]. The same reasoning can be applied in the case of observational research that is frequently implemented in epidemiology and sociology. Both harm and discomfort can be psychological or physical. However, harm is more objective because it is directly a result of the study and usually all the adolescents participating in the study are equally affected. This can occur, for example, when information the participants end up receiving by reading a questionnaire is not appropriate for their age, when the data they provide is not adequately protected, or when disclosure to parents can worsen the situation of children abused by them or close family members.
US regulation explicitly mentions neglected or abused children as a subject population for which a waiver of parental consent might be appropriate (Figure 1, No. 3). For example, Stablein and Jacobs obtained a waiver of parental consent granted by the local IRB in an ethnographic study of street youth in a city in the northeastern US. They stated that "the waiver for non-homeless youth was deemed justifiable because discussing participation with caregivers could exacerbate existing tensions in the home related to the minor's engagement in delinquent activities on the street" [29]. Disclosure of suicidal thoughts by adolescents may increase their risk of harm when it is their home situation what has triggered their emotional stress [20]. In these extreme cases, the disclosure of information to parents could be waived in order to avoid a higher risk of harm or discomfort to adolescents (Figure 1, No. 6).
Research with adolescents may address sensitive issues. Topics may relate to an illegal behavior, such as substance abuse, or in other cases may be perceived as inappropriate (e.g. sexual intercourse). For some youth, their desire to participate in sexual health research may be interpreted as admitting to being sexually active and/or having accessed sexual health services [28]. In these cases harm may result from a loss of confidentiality and disclosure of information to others. Interestingly, the challenge is that in these cases parental consent can increase risk, at least it may be thus perceived by adolescents [18]. This reasoning was even extended to an Internet-based research project where authors thought that parental permission would not probably contribute to increase the protection or safety of participants and it would likely decrease adolescent participation [44].
Apart from the risk of harm, the level of discomfort must also be assessed in order to protect adolescents (Figure 1, No. 5). Discomfort concerns a subjective and momentary experience. The information provided in the research (for example related to sex, drugs, violence, etc.) might have a negative impact on adolescents. This information may be a source of discomfort even though it refers to activities that can be considered as normal for their age, and which they may have experienced or seen in their peers. In many studies the likelihood of discomfort occurring is relatively higher than harm because a variety of factors (cultural, religious, etc.) may be related to the subjective impact of the information on adolescents. Waiver of parental permission could be accepted in those cases where risk of discomfort is low (Figure 1, No. 8). If risks are high, the decision should depend on whether adolescents are solicited in a place where authorization from parents or legal guardians is available (Figure 1, No. 7).
A source of concern is that by asking adolescents sensitive questions regarding drug use, sexual behavior, or violent activities, those behaviors could be perceived as justified and adolescents would be wrongfully influenced. However, some authors argue that there is no literature to support this and there is no reason to think that providing some information to adolescents will change their behavior, especially when well-designed health promotion programs have produced modest changes [14]. We believe that the influence on behavior probably depends on what questions are asked and how they are asked. Another source of concern, especially for parents, is that information could be offensive (risk of discomfort). In these situations the benefits of parental preferences might potentially be offset by adolescents' well-being resulting from the research [12]. This well-being refers both to the respect for their own autonomy and to the benefits that may be obtained by participating in the research.
Finally, it should be taken into account that this debate is not limited exclusively to observational research since there are experimental designs with similarly minimal risks. For example, an experimental study with 1,588 youth (age 16-25 years) assessed a sexual health education programme delivered via a Facebook page [44]. The IRB approved a waiver of parental permission in this study and the authors stated that risks were minimal because minors were already allowed to consent for sexually transmitted infection testing without parental permission. This example illustrates the necessity of determining ethical assessment criteria for research based on its level of risk relative to information, rather than on the type of design (experimental vs. observational).
Alternative mechanisms to protect adolescents
Apart from the assessment of risks, US regulation allows the parental permission requirement to be waived when "the subject population is one where parental or guardian permission is not a reasonable requirement to protect the subjects, provided there is an appropriate substitute mechanism for their protection" (Federal Regulations 45 CFR § 46.408(c)). The interpretation of this rule is not clear but a general conclusion could be that alternative mechanisms should be accepted when there are better ways to respect adolescents and to allow research. A variety of alternatives can be found such as passive parental consent, appointment of a child advocate who is unconnected with the research project, permission from a surrogate parent (such as a social worker, school staff, nurse or physician), guidance by any adult other than parents and consultation with key community members [11,45]. The use of one of these alternatives will depend on the context of the research. A key aspect to determining whether the authorization of a legal guardian is required is where adolescents are solicited to participate in the research (Figure 1, No. 7). We will focus on two main scenarios, school-based and community-based research.
School- based research
In general, schools should take parents into account when dealing with issues related to their children's wellbeing. However, active parental permission is not necessarily the best option in all research taking place in schools. There are a number of cases where there can be better alternatives. Active permission implies that a signed form must be returned to the school to indicate the parents' approval. Several studies have shown that this type of consent is related to a decline in the response rate and that it can also be a potential source of bias [12,46-48]. Other authors have shown that it is possible to achieve a high response rate with active consent in school-based research [40,49]. However, this requires implementing multiple strategies with the participation of school principals, teachers, parents and students [50,51]. The resources and time spent on implementing these strategies should be proportionate to the risk and benefits of the research.
The US Congress introduced the Protection of Pupil Rights Act in 1978 to address the vast number of surveys and psychological tests that were being administered within public elementary and secondary schools. One of the original purposes was to obtain active parental consent. However, several court decisions have shown that this act lacks an enforcement mechanism. A court declared that, once the children arrive at a public school, parents lose their voice in controlling what their children are exposed to [52]. This statement comes from a case relating to a survey among first, third, and fifth grade students in California. Parents received a request for their permission but were not informed that the survey included sexually-explicit questions. Several parents complained but the district court dismissed the suit, and the parents appealed to the Ninth Circuit, which confirmed the lower court's dismissal. This court's final decision left no redress for parents other than removing their children from the public school system, petitioning the legislature, or electing a new school board [53].
With respect to this case, there is a shared authority between parents and the state in public schools [54]. Public school educators were acting in the place of parents (in loco parentis) [14]. This situation is similar in private schools because there is also a shared responsibility among parents and teachers in the education of adolescents. School authorities have a right and shared a responsibility "to determine the sexual awareness of their students so that they can adopt curricula that teaches healthy ways of dealing with sexual language, information, and impulses" [55]. This case cannot be extrapolated to other countries where all research depends on their specific legislation. However, it is likely that in many cases there will be a lack of regulation or at least an ambiguous application of more general rules. Communication and cooperation between parents and the school are key aspects of solving possible conflicts [52].
Any decision about whether to require active parental permission should weigh the parents' perspectives and responsibilities, the children's ability to comprehend and make a free choice without coercion, and the possibility of systematic exclusion of students [12]. The amount of resources and time required should also be taken into account. However, waiving active parental permission should be allowed only when research is considered an activity that it is part of the shared responsibility recognized by the parents and the school. It is critical to determine the risks of discomfort for students. Active permission from parents should be required if these risks are considered high (Figure 1, No. 9).
In low-risk cases, alternative mechanisms could be a better option. A report on research governance and ethics in children's services, commissioned by the Department of Education in England, stated that in some circumstances it may not be appropriate to seek adult permission for research with children [56]. This report also indicated that there are some exceptional circumstances where adult gatekeepers (including parents or professionals charged with caring for children) should not be informed if a child is going to be approached as a potential participant. A group of Danish researchers argued that adolescents 15 or older should have the right to make an independent decision as to whether or not they want to participate in a study dealing with issues that are relevant to them, always assuming that the relevant authorities and school boards have approved the study [17].
In general, the involvement of parents and other community representatives on advisory boards is relevant since these boards can communicate concerns to researchers and advise on the most appropriate and effective strategy [11]. However, "passive consent" from parents is an opt-out procedure which has been frequently used in school surveys as an alternative to active permission. In this case, parents receive information about the study and a non-response is assumed to be an acceptance to participate. The same type of permission is obtained for parents in order to involve their children in extracurricular activities organized by the school. This procedure does not enable us to know whether parents have read the information and if they have really consented. However, a modified protocol requiring an acknowledgment of receipt could be implemented; for example, a confirmation that an email explaining the research has been received or sending the information via certified mail. For this reason, the use of "passive consent" in schools could be considered a good alternative when risks of discomfort are not high (Figure 1, No. 8). Discomfort should be low when questions included in the study are appropriate for the students' development and if they would be acceptable for most of the parents. This could be reviewed with school boards where parents are involved.
Community-based research
Much epidemiological and social science research is community-based. Adolescents are invited to participate in research when they are in a center which offers a social or health services, such as sexual health, when they are in the streets, or through the Internet. Research risks can be considered minimal if the information obtained is appropriate to their age. The key aspect in these situations is to decide whether an alternative mechanism to parental permission is adequate in order to protect adolescents' best interest. An alternative is to obtain permission from a surrogate parent; however, in many cases it will not be possible to clearly identify the adequate person. For this reason a better alternative can be to obtain the approval by adolescents' advocates or key community members.
A good example is the Toronto Teen Survey, research undertaken by Planned Parenthood of Toronto with around 1,200 teenagers (ages 13-17) in a community-based service setting. The goal was to identify access barriers and facilitators to community sexual health resources. The ethics review board allowed parental permission to be waived [28]. The informed consent process was supported by youth advisory committees and their opinion was that youths were more likely to respond honestly to surveys given out and explained by their peers in community settings rather than in school or at home. The waiver of consent was also supported by the youth advisory committees because they considered that mandating parental consent would significantly limit participation.
Third party legal advocates have also been proposed as an alternative to parental permission in cases of abuse and neglect and for other at-risk youth populations [29]. The approach to adolescents in these cases is usually outside their homes or the school. Some studies, mostly qualitative, need to be implemented in places where adolescents are developing risky activities. In other cases young participants are approached on the Internet, for example, to learn about their life-style through their participation in social networking. In these situations it is not possible to know whether adolescents' participation in activities carried out in the streets or on the Internet has parental or legal guardian approval.
The best ethical approach in this case is to allow the waiver of parental permission only when risks of discomfort are not high (Figure 1, No. 8). This can be established if the information obtained in the study is related to activities that adolescents are already undertaking in the context where research is being conducted. In these situations, the best alternative mechanism to protect the best interest of adolescents could be to obtain the guidance and authorization of key community members. Taking into account the difficulties of accessing parents, alternative methods of research should be found if risks of discomfort are estimated to be high (Figure 1, No. 10).
A rigid requirement to always gain parental permission may end up doing more harm than good. The protection of adolescents should take several factors into account such as the research topic, where it is implemented, their age and the extent to which these factors affect their vulnerability. Risks related to observational research are mainly related to the information obtained from and/or given to adolescents. The protection of adolescents' confidentiality and the respect of their autonomy are two relevant factors to weigh when deciding about whether to ask for parental permission. The urgent need to solve health and social problems specific to adolescents could make it unjust to prohibit some research only because of the requirement to obtain parental permission. For all these reasons, in some cases there will be better options to respect adolescents' interest such as passive parental permission, permission from a surrogate parent, and consultation and guidance of key community members. Both researchers and Research Ethics Committees should decide in each case according to the best direct interest of the adolescents and to the indirect benefit that the research results may have for them as a group.
Competing interest
The authors have no conflict of interests to disclose. This study is part of a research project called YOURLIFE, partially funded by the Institute for Culture and Society (University of Navarra).
Authors' contributions
MRC, CB, and JI conceptualized the idea of the study. MRC, AO, and JI performed the literature review and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. AO, CLB, SC, MC and CB reviewed and revised drafts of the manuscript and the figure. All authors approved the final version of the submitted manuscript.
We are very grateful to A. Idoate for his valuable comments and R. Baena, and M. Hanley for the English revision of the manuscript.
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April 18. [http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html webcite]
Convention on the rights of the child. 1989.
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Breinbauer C, Maddaleno HM: Youth: choices and change: promoting healthy behaviors in adolescents. Washington D.C.: Paho; 2005.
Hunfeld JA, Passchier J: Participation in medical research; a systematic review of the understanding and experience of children and adolescents.
Patient Educ Couns 2011, 87:268-276. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bruzzese J, Fisher CB: Assessing and enhancing the research consent capacity of children and youth.
Appl Dev Sci 2003, 7:13-26. Publisher Full Text
Flicker S, Guta A: Ethical approaches to adolescent participation in sexual health research.
J Adolesc Health 2008, 42:3-10. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Stablein T, Jacbos SH: Waiving parental consent when researching at-risk youth. In The Well-Being, Peer Cultures and Rights of Children. Volume 14. Edited by Bass LE, Kinney DA. Bingley: Emerald Group Pub Ltd; 2011:205-226.
Weithorn LA, Campbell SB: The competency of children and adolescents to make informed treatment decisions.
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Dang MT: Let teens provide their own consent for the HPV vaccine.
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Dahl T: Surveys in America's classrooms: how much do parents really know - some further perspectives.
Dahl T: Surveys in America's classrooms: how much do parents really know.
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[https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/DFE-RR072.pdf webcite]PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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text: > View Product Details Please select the size of the product. Please enter valid quantity. Dolce Vita natural leather 'Kenley' caged sandals overview details Retail: $170.00 Reduced: $66.99 40% Off : $40.19 color : We're sorry. This style is currently unavailable. Natural Slip into sandals from Dolce Vita, and you'll be ready for unforgettable summer style! Color: Natural Grained leather upper Round open toe Caged vamp with screw head studs and buckle at side Adjustable buckle ankle strap Leather lined Leather sole 3'' stacked heel All measurements are approximate Leather; Imported; style#319883702

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Dusty Lumber, located in the Pacific Northwest, is a forest-themed clothing brand that showcases the talent of talented up and coming artists while supporting the environment.
With $10 t-shirts featuring designs like "Woodland," (above) they attempt to capture the beauty of the forests of that region. The flora and fauna, together with the animals of the forest are juxtaposed with a saw and axes, reminding us of the woodland's fragility. (Or, maybe thrown in there for the potential Republican customer who knows that the forest is comprised of potential fuel and tasty animals?)
Anyway, check them out at dustylumber.com, and use coupon code: YUMPCT for 20% Off!
*Need to look like chewbacca asap? We also have new coupons for costume express
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Blackest Night Disussion Thread (Spoilers)
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November 9 2009, 09:18 AM
The Lensman
Fleet Captain
Location: Milky Way Galaxy
Re: Blackest Night Disussion Thread (Spoilers)
My feelings haven't changed at all. It's moving too slow, has been predictable in every conceivable way, and I'm just sick of the way the Hal and Barry bromance is being shoved down everyone's throat and then some. Sorry Geoff, I read these guys as kids and you're not going to convince me they're the end all be all of comic characters, especially since their replacements had more character in one year than they did in thirty some odd years of publication. They still do.
And what should have been a relatively contained series is now becoming a big bloated mess. Doom Patrol apparently was still on my pull list from the Byrne days (ugh) and it adds nothing to either story and feels like the forced story that most crossovers do.
As for the "reveal" at the end of issue 4......again, having read the original series that this is basically a remake of......my first thought upon reading the first BN related article was that it was going to be Nekron. Mainly because Geoff Johns went from being an excellent writer who was forward looking, when he was writing Flash and JSA, to an Event Writer who wallows in nostalgic bullshit with a heavy dose of fan wank (see Legion Of Three Worlds) It's getting older and staler by the minute.
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Ed in Action
I love his hair here & indeed in the GQ photo's as well. I just watched 2.25 again and I hated his hair there. Ohmygod, it didn't worked for him. Or his face. He looked kinda big.
is this the look everyone liked for the cw upfront when he gave the speech as chuck bass? I can def see why a lot of people wanted his hair like that for the new season, he looks so sexy!
Though his hair looks sexy in the GQ photos as well
Damn!!! Ed is smoking hot!!! He looks like those back in the days detectives on television. Only Ed can pull that looks of now a days. And again... Damn!!!
He looks so... grr! I can't stop looking at him...
I know I must be crazy, but take like 10 min to see every detail in these pics. Tell me I'm not the only one!!
Sexy, posh, majestic......
Where's Dan and Jenny?
Chuck looks so mature and sexy. Don't forget stylish.
- Photo Credit:
- Fame Pictures
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- Gossip Girl
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- Ed Westwick
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She's like a fucking cat. Like when you try to read something or work on the computer, they climb all over it in front of you.
I came looking for that picture of the chick doing a cartwheel on the beach, and I got this. Close enough.
Jeeze woman! give the guy a little breathing room! She is pathetic.


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Respond to Review of Karyn's Cooked
by jaml730
Review: I recently ate at Karyn's and can't rave enough about the place. I had a lot of trouble deciding what to order because everything on the menu sounded amazing. They even gave me some free samples to help make the decision. I ended up ordering the raw plate and it was great. The postion size was too much for one person but I managed to eat most of it anyway. A word to the wise: some of their raw desserts have honey in them, so be sure to ask!
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It didn't take Neil Heffernan long to realize the old ways of teaching could use an upgrade. A young math teacher fresh out of college in Baltimore in the 1990s, Heffernan became frustrated trying to get his students to catch up with the basics.
It didn't take Neil Heffernan long to realize the old ways of teaching could use an upgrade.
A young math teacher fresh out of college in Baltimore in the 1990s, Heffernan became frustrated trying to get his students to catch up with the basics.
"I was like, 'I have a computer science degree - I think I could do this better,"' Heffernan recalled.
The hundreds of teachers that now use the software program he developed as a result of that revelation - ASSISTments - tend to agree.
"It's something I've been waiting for in 38 years of teaching," said Natick math teacher Jeanne Watts, who has been using the program with her students at Wilson Middle School. "It's really pretty amazing ... and I don't get excited about many things."
The multifaceted software program helps students master their homework in math, science, English and other subjects by giving hints on questions they initially get wrong. The system also aids teachers by keeping track of those trouble questions, so they'll know what to work on the next day in class.
In short, Watts said, it provides an effective way to make sure the entire class is understanding the content at the same pace.
Since debuting in Worcester schools in 2003, ASSISTments has grown to more than 80,000 student users, including Framingham, Hudson, Northborough, Southborough, Wayland and Westborough. In Natick, the program is set to launch next week on all of the laptops that were distributed this year to students in the first phase of the high school's one-to-one computing initiative, Watts said.
"There's been so much technology we've had to acclimate our students to," she said. "ASSISTments is the last and final plank in that endeavor."
"It's taking off all over the place in the MetroWest area," said Heffernan, now a computer science professor at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. "It's really exploded out from underneath of us."
But it almost didn't happen. In 1998, Heffernan was diagnosed with a terminal brain tumor.
"I was told I had two to three years to live," he said.
He decided to give up his shares in the Internet start-up he was working with at the time to pursue his doctoral degree. That company was later sold for $15 million, but Heffernan wound up with something he considers far more valuable - ASSISTments.
After his diagnosis, "I really lost interest in making millions of dollars," he said. But being cancer-free for close to a decade "prompted me to (adjust) my goals."
Using a series of grants from the U.S. Department of Education and the National Science Foundation, Heffernan continued to expand ASSISTments, which he provides free to schools. The system recently reached a milestone of 100,000 unique questions, about three-quarters of which were developed by teachers.
Page 2 of 2 - "I kind of think of myself as a traditionalist," said Heffernan, who taught math at Curtis Middle School in Sudbury from 1998-1999. "I'm not trying to change the world. I see ways practical technology can be put in the hands of teachers so that they can control it."
Watts said the program is a valuable asset in the classroom. If students get below a certain score on a quiz, for example, she can make them retake it at a more remedial pace using ASSISTments until they grasp the material.
Teachers like her typically have to deal with "90 students with 90 different needs," she said. With Heffernan's program, "You can now keep track of all of them."
Heffernan's goal is to continue to expand ASSISTment's reach. He recently received a $500,000 award from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to double the number of students using the program, and his long-term target is 1 million users by 2016.
Despite the personal story behind ASSISTments, Heffernan said the system's lasting legacy is one of uniting educators.
"The real story behind this is the community we've made," he said. "You get people working together."
(Scott O'Connell can be reached at 508-626-4449 or firstname.lastname@example.com.)
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Sponges are using toxins, mucus, shading and smothering to kill and then take over coral colonies in areas that have been over-fished, finds a new study.
The Atlantic Cod could displace valuable Alaskan fish as the natural barrier of the Arctic Ocean warms with climate change.
Three Alaskan fishing boats on Discovery Channel's award-winning program 'Deadliest Catch' ride out a massive Bering Sea storm.
A visualization by NOAA drives home the amount of damage that humans are doing to the world's oceans. Continue reading →
Biologists have concluded that climate change may be shrinking economically important fish species in the North Atlantic. Continue reading →
Russia again objects to a plan to protect Antarctic waters. Continue reading →
A proposed protected area in the Antarctic is suddenly a lot smaller than it used to be. Continue reading →
A pirate vessel wanted for illegal fishing is on the run from INTERPOL. Continue reading →
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Bookstore Tour •
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from "neither Shakespeare nor Mickey Spillane"
young young young, only wanting the Word, going mad in the streets and in the bars, brutal fights, broken glass, crazy women screaming in your cheap room, you a familiar guest at the drunk tank, North Avenue 21, Lincoln Heights
sifting through the madness for the Word, the line the way, hoping for a check from somewhere, dreaming of a letter from a great editor: "Chinaski, you don't know how long we've been waiting for you!"
no chance at all.
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phone: (415) 362-8193 • fax: (415) 362-
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Sober and muted colors including shades of gray, one described in a local paper as 'Battleship,' were prevalent.
The most prevalent cause of crashes now is "loss of control."
This perception bodes ill for changing the generally negative perceptions of the US now prevalent in much of the Arab world.
Some rides cause a lot of injuries because they are prevalent and popular (wooden roller coasters).
The stress level of college-bound seniors is as prevalent in mid-America as it is on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.
It consists in the application of the notions of goblinism as they are prevalent at the time in the group.
Will the good soul be that in which disorder is prevalent, or that in which there is harmony and order?
And another pleasant feature of excitement was added by the prevalent idea that the Prince had seen and heard the row.
The climate is tropical, and malaria, with its fever and ague, is prevalent.
That she was "square-rigged," and generally of the then prevalent style of vessels of her size and class, is altogether probable.
early 15c., "having great power or force," from Latin praevalentem (nominative praevalens) "of superior strength; mighty," present participle of praevalere "to be more able" (see prevail). Meaning "extensively existing, in general use" is from 1650s.


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Baylor Bears
Five things to watch in Saturday's Oklahoma State-Baylor game
Photo: Jerome Miron/US PRESSWIRE
Baylor visits Oklahoma State on Saturday at 7 p.m. Here are five things to watch from the Associated Press.
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Racine County issues emergency declarationUPDATED 8:27 PM CDT Apr 18, 2013
Racine County Executive Jim Ladwig issues a declaration of emergency due to heavy rains and the potential for dangerous flooding.
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PR Newswire/euro adhoc/ EANS-DD: Henkel AG & Co. KGaA / Notification concerning transactions by persons performing managerial responsibilities pursuant to section 15a of the WpHG Notification concerning transactions by persons discharging managerial responsibilities pursuant to section 15a of the WpHG, transmitted by euro adhoc with the aim of a Europe-wide distribution. The issuer is responsible for the content of this announcement. Details of the person subject to the disclosure requirement: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Person, triggering the disclosure: ----------------------------- Name: Dr. h.c. Christoph Henkel (natural person) Reason for the disclosure requirement: ------------------------------ Reason: Person performing managerial responsibilities Position: Member of an administrative or supervisory body Details of the transaction: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Transaction: ------------ Description of financial instrument: Ordinary Share ISIN: DE0006048408 Type of transaction: sales Date: 21.12.2012 Currency: Euro Price: 46.32000 No of items: 100000 Total amount traded: 4,632,000.00000 Place: Off market Explanation: Settlement of call options with regard to 100,000 ord. shares,strike price 46.32 euros per ord. share, via sale of the ord. shares, in total 4,632,000 euros. Description of the derivative: ------------------------ Type of derivative: Underlying ISIN: DE0006048408 Underlying Descr: Ordinary Share Strike price: 46.32000 Expiration date: 21.12.2012 Price multiplier: 1.00000 Further inquiry note: ----------------- Heinz Nicolas Tel.: +49 (0)211 797-4516 E-Mail: email@example.com Issuer subject to the publication requirement: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- issuer: Henkel AG & Co. KGaA Henkelstr. 67 D-40191 Düsseldorf phone: +49 (0)211 797-0 FAX: +49 (0)211 798-4008 WWW: http://www.henkel.com sector: Consumer Goods ISIN: DE0006048432, DE0006048408 indexes: DAX, CDAX, HDAX, Prime All Share stockmarkets: free trade: Hannover, München, Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart, regulated dealing: Berlin, regulated dealing/prime standard: Frankfurt language: English The content and accuracy of news releases published on this site and/or distributed by PR Newswire or its partners are the sole responsibility of the originating company or organisation. Whilst every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of our services, such releases are not actively monitored or reviewed by PR Newswire or its partners and under no circumstances shall PR Newswire or its partners be liable for any loss or damage resulting from the use of such information. All information should be checked prior to publication. -0- Jan/02/2013 12:58 GMT
EANS-DD: Henkel AG & Co. KGaA / Notification concerning transactions by persons performing managerial responsibilities pursuant
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Combo Dosa Recipe Cooking Show
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Combo Dosa is a delicious recipe made with chicken and other ingredients try this out.
Added on Jan 7, 2012 by julietksks
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- Throwback Thursday: Sanu's route to Rutgers
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Daisha Simmons has chosen a landing spot. The former New Jersey high school basketball star and Rutgers University transfer will continue her career at the University of Alabama, according to a source with knowledge of the situation. The combo guard … Continue reading
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NEWPORT, R.I. – When the Big East football media poll is announced early Tuesday morning, it's safe to say that Rutgers won't be the preseason pick to win the conference this fall. In fact, if the poll follows the form … Continue reading
Incoming men's hoops freshman Eli Carter scored 40 points in Tuesday night's Jersey Shore Basketball League. Asbury Park Press reporter Josh Newman has the story and a video interview with Carter: Story: Carter soars as RU contingent grows Video: Eli … Continue reading
Defensive back Joe Lefeged, who went undrafted in last April's NFL Draft, was among several former Rutgers football players who signed rookie contracts today on the first day the NFL opened for business. Lefeged, who reported the news on his … Continue reading
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The street style celebrity reveals his favorite scent.
Get glammed up and win tickets to Europe's largest AIDS fundraising party
A receipe for a bright Lebanese-style salad with kale supergreens, from Ilili Box at City Kitchen in New York
Gabriela's Taqueria, a vendors at New York's new City Food, shares a recipe for a summery, fresh, shrimp pineapple ceviche.
Luke's in New York shares the recipe for the ur-summer seaside street food.
You can win the barbecue season with this burger recipe from Whitman's New York, with a special sauce (with sriracha!)
The celebrity chef wows with a recipe for bacon biscuits with jalapeño scrambled eggs and grilled corn.
Inspiration for a summer brunch, an engagement party, and an intimate dinner with friends
A 3-in-1 vaporizer to celebrate 4/20
West Hollywood's celebrity hairstylist is coming to New York with two pop-up shops at Cutler salons.


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- Filed Under
GHEENS, La. (AP) - The Vacherie-Gheens Community Center will be the site of the annual Bon Mangé Festival.
The festival is set for June 7-9.
The community center is on Louisiana Highway 654 in Gheens.
The three-day festival includes music, food, an auction and a car, truck and bike show.
There is no charge for admission.


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Student Information
Guidelines for Student Inquiries to APTA
APTA's Board of Directors and staff receive numerous requests for information and assistance from members and non-members. A significant number of inquiries come from physical therapist and physical therapist assistant students. APTA is committed to providing the highest quality of member service and strives to respond to student inquiries in a timely manner. Based on a careful assessment of the number, scope, and purpose of past student inquiries, the following guidelines have been established:
- APTA will respond only to students who are seeking clarification regarding APTA policies, positions, standards, or guidelines.
- Student inquiries should include: student's full name, name of academic institution, the due date for any assignment, and membership status.
- As a part of the overall inquiry process, students should consider the following as valuable sources of information and data: program directors, faculty members, students (same program or different program), student special interest groups (SIGs), APTA publications, graduates, or employers. Depending on the inquiry, students should also consider consultation with practicing physical therapists and physical therapist assistants.
- Students should direct inquiries to APTA only after searching for information on APTA's Web site and specific chapter or section Web sites. In most cases, student inquiries will be answered only if the information being sought is NOT available anywhere else.
- Students should not direct inquiries to APTA that represent a substitute for typical student work expectations. A student's education experience should require independent discovery, topic selection for papers, literature searches and reviews, literature recommendations, and discussions with faculty members and practitioners.
- Students should allow at least 5 business days for a response to any inquiry made to APTA Board members or staff.
- Because APTA's highest priority is to serve its members, responses to nonmember student inquiries will be determined by the recipient of the inquiry (BOD member or staff) on the basis of established priorities and timelines. Nonmembers who are eligible for membership will be invited to join the Association, and their names and contact information will be forwarded to the Membership Department for follow-up.
Student News
Education Section Abstract Archive Now Online!
posted: February 26, 2015
The Education Section is proud to bring online an archive of the distinguished Abstracts accepted at CSM and ELC by our organization.
APTA Center for Integrity in Practice Resources
posted: February 15, 2015
Check out these awesome resources and learning tools for educators, students and clinicians!
The Integrity in Practice Campaign includes an intense educational initiative to prevent fraud, abuse, and waste and encourage high standards of practice.
The campaign strives to educate and offers the following resources:
Online CEU course Navigating Compliance through the APTA Learning Center http://www.apta.org/Courses/Online/NavigatingCompliance/
APTA Center for Integrity & Practice Campaign http://integrity.apta.org/Home.aspx
Preventing Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Primer http://integrity.apta.org/Educators/
Choosing Wisely http://integrity.apta.org/ChoosingWisely/
APTA's 2015-2016 Public Policy Priorities
posted: January 26, 2015
APTA establishes its public policy priorities every 2 years in conjunction with each new session of Congress.
Priorities are determined through member input and then review by APTA's Public Policy and Advocacy Committee (PPAC), followed by review and approval by APTA's Board of Directors.
APTA's Public Policy Priorities do not represent the full scope of APTA's ongoing policy initiatives. Instead, the Priorities focus on initiatives that have been identified as requiring the most attention, strategy, and advocacy to help APTA achieve its vision of transforming society by optimizing movement to improve the human experience.
Download APTA's 2015-2016 Public Policy Priorities (.pdf)
This document explains current legislative and regulatory priorities of the association and provides links to critical APTA and external resources. Because APTA is committed to a forward-thinking approach in addressing current member needs and planning for the profession's future, this resource also is designed to show members and others the "interconnectedness" of the association's current policies, how they support ongoing policy initiatives, and how they help strengthen the future of our profession.
Special Interest Group SignUp! Join a Peer Group Now.
posted: September 18, 2014
The various educational interests within the Education Section have produced three areas of intense activity. Each special interest group (SIG) has established its own governance, activities and annual programming. The SIGs are each supported in part by funds from the Education Section, and are complimentary to Education Section members. If you are an Education Section member and would like to join a SIG, visit the individual SIG webpages and click on the Sign Up link.


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wurst parforming ute....reason? pension oblagations
paying to much to retirees.
Sentiment: Strong Sell
up 9% a year avg over last five years (invested div) whats your problem
let the retirees enjoy
Sentiment: Hold
whad are we gonna due with them retirees? Gess we gonna have ta gazz 'em at retire time, ain't no good to nobody no more, jess like that ole dog in 'of mice and men' might as well shoot 'em.


text:
Today was the launch of the new Media Centre PC -- you can
read about it at ZDNet
-- and there was a demo for Microsoft people just after the press release. The
UI looks pretty cool, and I'd probably be interested in buying a system, EXCEPT
that it won't play XBOX games. If I'm going to have one "box" to do
everything, it had better do everything!


text:
I'm new to mysql. Right now, I have this kind of structure in mysql database:
| keyID | Param | Value
| 123 | Location | Canada
| 123 | Cost | 34
| 123 | TransportMethod | Boat
I have probably like 20 params with unique values for each Key ID. I want to be able to search in mysql given the 20 params with each of the values and figure out which keyID.
Firstly, how should I even restructure mysql database? Should I have 20 param columns + keyID? Secondly, (relates to first question), how would I do the query to find the keyID?


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▍Aomdv protocol ns2 Coding
Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector is an extension to the AODV protocol for computing multiple loop –free and link- disjoint paths. The protocol computes multiple loop- free and link disjoint paths. To ensure loop-freedom and node only accepts an alternate path to the destination if it has...Linux programming C++


text:
Open April 1 - October 31
Reserve: 800-562-4081
Info: 845-246-4089
882 Route 212
Saugerties, NY 12477Get Directions
All Sites
Check-in: 2:00 pm, Check-out: 11:00 am
Saugerties / Woodstock KOA has now been branded a Journey KOA. A Journey KOA is a place to unwind while traveling. A rustic campground with a well stocked store and sites that are easy for the tired traveler.
This KOA Campground, tucked comfortably among 40 acres of maple and pine trees, puts you front and center in this thriving vacationland. Our park is divided into sites for motorhomes, fifth wheels, trailers, tent sites, and cabins. Festivals and fairs abound in summer and during brilliant fall foliage days, celebrating everything from jazz and crafts to garlic and classic cars. Spend the day shopping for antiques in Saugerties or crafts in Woodstock, or just take in a delicious meal at the many eating establishments in both villages. Kids of all ages stay busy on weekends with KOAs craft programs, mini golf, disk golf and the bounce house. Our catch and release pond holds catfish, bass and more. KOAs heated pool and game room add to the fun. For the nature lovers we have a nature trail on site or travel a short distance to the many Catskill Mountain hiking trails. These trails are some of the best in the United States. Because Saugerties / Woodstock Journey KOA is a family campground we have strict rules about quiet time, drinking, and campfires. Please be aware of this when making reservations. Our KOA campground is conveniently located only 2.5 miles west of exit 20, New York State Thruway on Route 212.
KOA's highest service award, presented to KOA owners that achieve world class service scores from their camping guests.
Awarded to KOAs that meet exceptional quality standards and are recognized by their guests for outstanding service.
This KOA meets the established criteria to become a greener campground operation and is recognized by the "Kamp Green" icon.
This badge has been earned by this KOA Campground for compassion and support of KOA Care Camps. It is given out following our Big Weekend, and is in effect for one year.
Promotes youth Scouting programs in North America and provides special discounted group rates and free use of pavilions and other facilities.
N.Y.S. Department of Environmental Conservation has made it illegal to ... More News
Having cancer shouldn't mean giving up the joys of childhood. That's why the KOA Campground Owners Association created the Care Camps Trust - to help children who have cancer enjoy care-free time focusing on fun, friends and activities at sleep-away camp instead of on their illness.


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For the second time in three years, the Sacramento Kings will host their regular-season finale with the franchise's future uncertain.
Proposed changes to California environmental protection law unveiled Wednesday could help Sacramento's effort to keep its professional basketball team, according to the leader of the state Senate.
The vote by the NBA Board of Governors has been pushed back beyond Friday, the league said Tuesday.
Fans of the green and gold are turning red in the face after learning it will be several more weeks before a final vote to move the Sacramento Kings franchise.
Brittney Griner left an indelible mark on women's college basketball. Now she's ready to take on the pros.
A minority owner of the NBA's Kings is expected to complete a deal Thursday to buy a 7 percent chunk of the franchise that's tied up in a California bankruptcy court, according to a report, superseding Chris Hansen's offer to get it for $15.1 million.
Former SuperSonic standout Gary Payton has been elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame, says an NBA source.
Sacramento Mayor Kevin Johnson has announced a new investor to help fill the role vacated by billionaire Ron Burkle in the city's bid to keep the Kings from moving to Seattle.
With owners facing a difficult choice between a move to Seattle or the team staying put in Sacramento, NBA Commissioner David Stern said Wednesday the expected vote in two weeks may be delayed.
Seattle Sonics fans have given Chris Hansen a powerful vote of support on the eve of his pitch to the NBA bring allow him to buy the Sacramento Kings and move them to Seattle.
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) - Billionaire Ron Burkle will not be part of Sacramento's bid to keep the Kings after all.
Sacramento Mayor Kevin Johnson said Monday that a conflict of interest forced Burkle to back out.
Sacramento Mayor Kevin Johnson said Monday that a conflict of interest forced Burkle to back out.
The moment will be seared into the minds of long-suffering Sacramento Kings fans forever.
Chris Hansen has released new conceptual photos of what the "Sonic Rings" area would look like in the new proposed arena.
Add another investor to the group Sacramento Mayor Kevin Johnson is assembling to keep the Kings from moving to Seattle.


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This item is currently
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Ashokan Railroad Station
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2011)
Browns Station was moved to new Ashokan site in 1913
|3055 New York 28
Shokan, NY, 12481
|Other information
|Relocated to Woodstock village
The Ashokan Station was a station location located at MP 16.2 on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad in Ulster County, New York. The location was selected as a station site in 1913 a part of the realignment of the Ulster & Delaware as a result of the construction of New York City's Ashokan Reservoir.[1]
The building used as the station was originally located at Brown's Railroad Station located at MP 15.8 on the line before it was relocated for the reservoir. The New York Central Railroad took over the Ulster & Delaware in 1932. After passenger service was discontinued in 1954, the Ashokan station building was again relocated to Tinker Street in Woodstock, after sitting vacant in a lot in Ashokan for a number of years, where a portico and a tower were added, and it now is a retail shop.
The former Ashokan station site will be a future boarding location for the Catskill Mountain Railroad. Currently the site is used as a base for maintenance crews. A retired railroad tool house from Kingston was moved here 30 years ago, and will eventually be converted into a ticket office when passenger trains resume.
- ^ "Railway Vacates Ashokan". The New York Times. June 9, 1913. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 41°58′35″N 74°11′47″W / 41.97639°N 74.19639°W
|This New York train station–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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04.25.06 - 6:45 pm |
Sup. Fiona Ma, who is running for state Assembly, last week decided to skip an endorsement interview that she scheduled with the Guardian - making herself unavailable to answer questions important to Guardian readers - so we've decided to put some of our questions out the publicly.
We encourage voters to press her for answers before the June primary, and if you have any luck, please let us know by e-mailing City Editor Steven T. Jones at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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1And the young Shemu'ĕl was serving יהוה before Ěli. And the word of יהוה was rare in those days – no vision breaking forth.
2And it came to be in that day, that Ěli was lying down in his place. And his eyes had begun to grow so dim that he was unable to see,
3And the lamp of Elohim had not gone out in the Hĕḵal of יהוה where the ark of Elohim was, and Shemu'ĕl was lying down to sleep.
4And יהוה called Shemu'ĕl, and he answered, "Here I am!"
5He then ran to Ěli and said, "Here I am, for you called me." But he said, "I did not call – lie down again." So he went and lay down.
6And יהוה again called, "Shemu'ĕl!" And Shemu'ĕl arose and went to Ěli, and said, "Here I am, for you called me." But he answered, "My son, I did not call – lie down again."
7Now Shemu'ĕl did not yet know יהוה, and the word of יהוה was not yet revealed to him.
8And יהוה called Shemu'ĕl again the third time, and he arose and went to Ěli, and said, "Here I am, for you did call me." Then Ěli understood that יהוה had called the youth.
9So Ěli said to Shemu'ĕl, "Go, lie down. And it shall be, if He calls you, say, 'Speak, יהוה, for Your servant hears.' " And Shemu'ĕl went and lay down in his place.
10And יהוה came and stood and called as at other times, "Shemu'ĕl! Shemu'ĕl!" And Shemu'ĕl answered, "Speak, for Your servant hears."
11And יהוה said to Shemu'ĕl, "See, I am doing a matter in Yisra'ĕl at which both ears of everyone who hears it shall tingle.
12"In that day I shall confirm against Ěli all that I have spoken concerning his house, from beginning to end.
13"For I have declared to him that I am judging his house forever for the crookedness which he knows, because his sons cursed Elohim, and he did not rebuke them.
14"And therefore I have sworn to the house of Ěli that the crookedness of the house of Ěli shall never be atoned for, by slaughtering or grain offering."
15And Shemu'ĕl lay down until morning, and opened the doors of the House of יהוה. And Shemu'ĕl was afraid to report the vision to Ěli.
16Then Ěli called Shemu'ĕl and said, "Shemu'ĕl, my son!" And he answered, "Here I am."
17And he said, "What is the word that He spoke to you? Please do not hide it from me. Elohim do so to you, and more also, if you hide a word from me of all the words that He spoke to you."
18And Shemu'ĕl reported to him all the words, and hid none from him. And he said, "It is יהוה. Let Him do what is good in His eyes."
19And Shemu'ĕl grew up, and יהוה was with him and did not let any of his words fall to the ground.
20And all Yisra'ĕl from Dan to Be'ĕrsheḇa knew that Shemu'ĕl had been established as a prophet of יהוה.
21And יהוה continued to appear in Shiloh, because יהוה revealed Himself to Shemu'ĕl in Shiloh by the word of יהוה.
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text:
- Can I open a password protected office document on my Lumia phone?
- How do I delete an Office document file on my Lumia phone?
- How do I get week numbers to my Lumia calendar?
- How do I synchronize my shared Google calendars ("Other calendars")?
- What kinds of files can my Nokia Lumia open in Microsoft Office Mobile?
User guide
Microsoft Office
Documents and files
- pdfNokia Lumia 920 User Guide (3.43 MB)
Get the user guide in PDF format.


text:
Prayer to Yahweh for Victory over Enemies
A song. A psalm of David.#The Hebrew Bible counts the superscription as the first verse of the psalm; the English verse number is reduced by one
1My heart is steadfast, O God.
I will sing and give praise, even with my glory.
2Awake, harp and lyre.
I will awake the dawn.#Or "I will awake at dawn"
3I will give you thanks among the peoples, O Yahweh;
I will give you praise among the nations,
4because your loyal love is great above the heavens,
and your faithfulness reaches to the clouds.
5Be exalted above the heavens, O God,
and let your glory be above all the earth,
6so that your beloved ones may be rescued.
Save by your right hand and answer me.
7God has spoken in his holiness,
"I will exult, I will divide up Shechem,
and portion out the valley of Succoth.
8Gilead is mine. Manasseh is mine.
And Ephraim is the helmet for#Literally "protection of" my head.
Judah is my scepter;#Or "commander's rod"
9Moab is my washing pot.
Over Edom I will cast my sandal;
Over Philistia I will shout in triumph."
10Who will bring me to the fortified city?
Who will lead me to Edom?
11Have you not rejected us, O God,
and not gone out with our armies, O God?
12Give us help against the enemy,
for the help of humankind is futile.
13Through God we will do valiantly,#Hebrew "do might"
and it is he who will tread down our enemies.
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DH JUST showed me this PIC. I'm still crying
Awww. Isn't it crazy to think our babies grew inside us? Sometimes I look at my LO and think "you were the one causing all that ruckus in there". It's still so magical.
in the interest of full disclosure- i'm hellokello. visiting my mom and can't remember my log in info so now i'm using my original bbc username.
Also, we watched a video of our LO the other night and in it she started crying and her cry...oh that newborn cry...it's so different from how she sounds now. You forget so quickly. Getting weepy over here...
in the interest of full disclosure- i'm hellokello. visiting my mom and can't remember my log in info so now i'm using my original bbc username.
I am baffled everyday when I think wow I grew this little cherub! I did good! It's just amazing something that started as litterally two cells joining together could possible grow into something so amazing. I just can't fathom sometimes that I actually grew this little human being.
E(27)&N(25)- June 20, 2010
Evelyn- July 10, 2012 & Baby #2 Due Jan 22, 2015!
The first picture I have of my July girl and I together is her first nursing experience. You can not tell, but tears were streaming down my cheeks. I cried more with her than my oldest girl. After her cord was cut, it seemed like an eternity passed before I held her again. I was so anxious to look at her and touch each finger and toe. She is more than triple the size now...babies sure don't keep. Now I am all sappy feeling. However, I still vividly remember the 9 months of vomiting, so...no baby fever or anything...YET.