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On the front lines of the African climate change battle
'99.99% of antiques in the market are fake'
01 Oct 2010 15:31 GMT | Politics, Africa, Latin America, Chad, Congo
The UN has reportedly toned down a document detailing 10 years of gruesome attacks by Rwandan and Ugandan troops against civilians in the Democractic Republic of Congo (DRC) after both countries angrily protested a draft version describing the slaughter of tens of thousands of ethnic Hutus during the 1990s.
But according to the Associated Press, the report continues to suggest that Rwandan troops and others may have engaged in genocide and crimes against humanity.
However, Navi Pillay, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights told reporters in Geneva that "the substance [of the report] remains the same".
The final report shows that Pillay's office rewrote sensitive sections of the 545-page document to couch them in less inflammatory language.
For instance, an earlier reference to "damning elements" that could be used by a court to conclude that genocide took place has been changed to "inculpatory elements".
Another section elaborates at length - compared with the earlier draft - on a number of "countervailing factors" that could be used to argue that such a crime did not take place.
A draft section that dismissed mitigating arguments was dropped entirely.
'Flawed and dangerous'
Despite the changes, Louise Mushikiwabo, a Rwandan government spokeswoman said on Thursday that the document was "flawed and dangerous from start to finish".
Mushikiwabo claimed the report had been manipulated by "organisations and individuals" seeking to rewrite Rwanda's history.
Rwandan president Paul Kagame has long claimed the moral high ground for ending the 1994 genocide in his country, during which more than half a million people, mostly Tutsis but also some moderate Hutus, were killed.
But the UN report casts doubt on Rwanda's claim that it was only pursuing those responsible for the Rwandan genocide when it sent troops across the border into eastern Congo in 1996.
Mushikiwabo said the $3 million report, which details more than 600 incidents between 1993 and 2003 in which tens of thousands of people - mostly women and children - were killed, ignored the historical situation and relied overly on questionable sources.
Ugandan officials also dismissed the report.
A spokesman for Uganda's army, which was involved in several conflicts in the area of eastern DRC inthe 1990s called the report "rubbish".
"We have not taken it kindly," said Lt. Col. Felix Kulayigye.
"They have not asked us about the allegations. They did not get our side of the story."
Threats of withdrawal
Ugandan foreign affairs minister Sam Kutesa warned in a letter to the UN human rights office that the report undermined efforts made by countries in the region toward regional peace and security.
"Such sinister tactics undermine Uganda's resolve to continue contributing to, and participating in, various regional and international peacekeeping operations," he said.
Rwanda and Uganda have threatened to withdraw their troops from peackeeping operations.
If both countries make good on their threat it could create a headache for the United Nations.
Rwanda contributes thousands of soldiers to UN peacekeeping operations in Chad, Haiti, Liberia and mainly Sudan. Uganda is also a significant contributor to the African Union force in Somalia.
Pillay had delayed publication for several weeks to give affected governments time to publishtheir comments alongside the final version.
The report, which includes interviews with over 1,280 witnesses, concludes by suggesting ways in which the DRC government, together with the international community, could prosecute the perpetrators of crimes and assist survivors.
Amnesty International described the report as "a very thorough investigation'' and called for pressure by donor countries to make the DRC prosecute alleged perpetrators.
"What we want now is for action to be taken,'' said Veronique Aubert, deputy director of the group's Africa programme.
"The cycle of violence in the region will only stop if those responsible for these horrific crimes are heldto account."
Source: Agencies
Prosecutor says Tutsi troops butchered Hutus in central African nation in 1996-1997.
Sami reindeer herders in Norway fear climate change could force the abandonment of a thousand-year way of life.
Climate SOS, Climate Change, Norway
As climate change talks gear up in Paris, police are cracking down on dissent.
Climate Change, Climate SOS, France
Over-fishing threatens not only the survival of shark species, but also impoverished fishing communities in Madagascar.
Poverty & Development, Environment, Africa
Meet the man reporting on the stories some of Lebanon's most powerful people would rather you didn't know about.
Journalism under fire, Human Rights, Middle East
Climate change meeting shows international community's resolve to save planet in wake of attacks, US leader says.
Politics, Climate Change, Europe, France
New data reveals a surge in HIV infections among young people in the Asia Pacific region.
Science & Technology, Health, Aids, Asia Pacific
We explore the hip side of Congo-Brazzaville with a style icon, a rap artist, a wrestler, and a radio talk show host.
Arts & Culture, Congo, France
Why have we waited so long to acknowledge the real threat of global warming?
Politics, Science & Technology, Environment
Peru's chief drug prosecutor is profiled as she takes on an inventive and ruthless enemy, the cocaine trade.
War & Conflict, Drugs, Latin America
The insatiable appetite for antiques by China's growing nouveau riche is feeding a counterfeit industry.
Asia, China, Business & Economy


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Katy Perry's pop anthem Roar is justifying its name and storming the Billboard chart. The motivational tune, which features lines like: I got the eye of the tiger, a fighter, dancing through the fire/Cause I am a champion and you're gonna hear me ROAR" really couldn't have been anything less than a chart topper. Roar has finally dethroned Robin Thicke's Blurred Lines in the Billboard chart and that's even before the official video for the single has come out, though Perry has already released a trailer. The song is Perry's eighth number 1 on the Hot 100 list and it concludes Thicke's record breaking 12-week reign.
Check out Perry's wild teaser for the Roar video below.
This might not be all that surprising, but this week's chart is slightly more interesting, with two newcomers – Eminem takes the third spot with his first single in a couple of years, Berzerk (362, 000 downloads also mean that Eminem takes second place in Digital Sales).
Eminem is back and in tip top shape.
And of course, the biggest newcomer to the chart has to be 16-year-old New Zealander Lorde. The singer's lyrical talent, as well as her poignant lyrics, which seem to have an almost universal appeal, landed her a recording contract with Universal at the tender age of 13 and she began writing songs and working with songwriters at 14. Just two years later, her single Royals is doing well enough in digital sales to enter the top 10 at number 8. With such an impressive rise to fame so far, Lorde is definitely a name to look out for in the future.
Check out the chilled out video for Royals below.

subset: commoncrawl


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Charges likely for UK football players in campus shots fired case
Updated: 10/01/2014 - WKYT is learning more about the investigation into some shots being fired on UK's campus.
Updated: 10/01/2014 - WKYT is learning more about the investigation into some shots being fired on UK's campus.
Updated: 09/30/2014 - It's been nearly three months since a southern Kentucky man was killed while he was walking down his street.
Updated: 10/01/2014 - Prestonsburg Police are searching for an inmate who escaped while being transported from the Floyd County Detention Center to the Pike County Detention Center.
Updated: 09/30/2014 - Police tell WKYT that an innocent bystander has been injured in a shooting.
Updated: 09/29/2014 - A woman claimed that she had an emergency, but police claim that she wasted a 911 dispatchers time.
Posted: 09/29/2014 - A Kentucky county that has one of the nation's few unsolved police killings has been designated a High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area, meaning it can receive federal money to pay for things like overtime for law enforcement officers working on drug cases.
Posted: 09/29/2014 - A man faces charges four months after a Pike County woman's murder.
Updated: 09/29/2014 - A suspect, from Detroit, was arrested for a 2012 shooting that injured one woman.
Updated: 10/01/2014 - UK Athletics officials say freshmen Dorian Baker, Drew Barker, Tymere Dubose, and Stanley Williams have been suspended for the South Carolina game.
Updated: 09/28/2014 - Lexington police say a woman was wounded and four vehicles were sprayed with bullets when gunmen opened fire on a party early Sunday morning.
Updated: 09/27/2014 - Lexington police are investigating a string of shootings that injured three men.
Updated: 09/27/2014 - Lexington Police are investigating a shooting that happened on Charles Avenue Friday evening.
Updated: 09/27/2014 - Police in Lexington say one person was taken to UK hospital after a shooting Friday evening.
Posted: 09/26/2014 - A former Corbin doctor is sitting in a Laurel County jail on Friday night.
Updated: 09/26/2014 - The shoplifting case against former University of Kentucky basketball star, Rex Chapman, is moving forward.
Posted: 09/26/2014 - A Richmond man charged of threatening U.S. Rep. Andy Barr is scheduled for arraignment in federal court in Lexington.
Posted: 09/26/2014 - Police from southern Kentucky and Pennsylvania have been searching for a man sought for questioning in a homicide after the car he was driving crashed during a police pursuit.
Posted: 09/26/2014 - Officials in southeastern Kentucky say vandals broke into a closed school and painted marijuana leaves, references to smoking pot and obscene words on the walls.
Updated: 09/26/2014 - Troopers are asking for help searching for suspects after an elderly couple was restrained during a home invasion.
Updated: 09/26/2014 - Police responded to a report of shots fired at an apartment complex on Jennifer Road on Thursday night.
Posted: 09/25/2014 - We're tracking the search for vandals who police say damaged a former school building in Letcher County.
Updated: 09/26/2014 - An investigation that lasted two months ended in Irvine, Ravenna and Estill County on Thursday with nearly 30 people behind bars. And police say they still have more arrests to make after cracking down on drug trafficking in the area.
Updated: 09/25/2014 - A manhunt is underway in Bowling Green for a fugitive considered armed and dangerous.
Posted: 09/25/2014 - A 74-year-old man has been sentenced to three consecutive terms of life in prison without chance of parole in the murders of three Los Angeles women.
Updated: 09/25/2014 - A hit-and-run driver damages several cars parked in a Lexington neighborhood.


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Nightwish - Page 2
Anthrax, Nightwish, Arch Enemy + More Confirmed for Wacken Open Air 2013
As the 2012 Wacken Open Air festival winds down in Germany, the 2013 lineup is already being announced band by band.
Nightwish's Anette Olzon Talks 'Imaginaerum' in 'Nightmail' Session
Symphonic metal group Nightwish are getting ready to hit North America later this year on a headlining tour that kicks off in September and runs through mid-October. To get fans pumped for the release, the Finnish and Swedish band have posted a new "Nightmail" session featuring fan questions answered by vocalist Anette Olzon and the gang.
Nightwish Announce 2012 North American Tour
If you missed Nightwish when they played their one lone show Los Angeles in January – good news! The band will be returning to North America later this year, kicking off a full tour run that starts in September and runs through mid-October, taking them throughout the United States and Canada.
Nightwish, 'Imaginaerum' – Top 2012 Rock Albums
'Imaginaerum' is the latest disc by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish. The new album is dark but filled with twists and turns and takes you on a wild roller-coaster ride with a fusion of sounds and melodies...
Nightwish's Tuomas Holopainen Discusses New Single 'The Crow, The Owl and The Dove'
Nightwish have been busy lately on their world tour in support of their new album 'Imaginaerum.' They released the disc's first single 'Storytime' last year and now they have released a brand new single 'The Crow, The Owl and The Dove.'
Nightwish's Tuomas Holopainen Discusses New Album, Feature Film + More
Nightwish's Tuomas Holopainen Discusses New Album
70,000 Tons of Metal Cruise Video Recap Featuring Nightwish, Cannibal Corpse + More
For those of you who aren't familiar with the 70,000 Tons of Metal cruise, let us break it down for you: Two-thousand metalheads journey from all across the globe to set sail for four days of crushing music on a luxury cruise ship.
Nightwish Rock Los Angeles With Kickoff of 'Imaginaerum' World Tour
Nightwish, 'Imaginaerum' – Album Review
The Finnish symphonic metalers of Nightwish are back after a five year absence with their new album 'Imaginaerum.' To say the least, if visual movie directors Tim Burton and Peter Jackson ever needed a score for a joint film, it just might be this album. Nightwish are also set to release a movie called 'Imaginaerum' in 2012, and the band is said to have a small role in the film, as well.


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|Entry Fee
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NFL Network reacts to Ravens' thrilling ending
NFL Network reacts to Ravens' thrilling ending
Ravens postgame press conference
Unlock your personal NFL Now stream by signing in to NFL.com
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NFL Network reacts to Ravens' thrilling ending
The "NFL Total Acess" crew reacts to the Ravens blocked field goal that was returned for the game-winning touchdown against the Browns in Week 12 of the 2015 NFL season.
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Ravens postgame press conference
The Baltimore Ravens react to their 33-27 victory over the Cleveland Browns in Week 12.
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Browns Josh McCown fires to Gary Barnidge for 30 yards
Browns Josh McCown fires to Gary Barnidge for 30 yards
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Cleveland Browns head coach Mike Pettine and quarterback Austin Davis react to the team's heartbreaking last-second loss to the Baltimore Ravens in Week 12.
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Week 12: Castrol EDGE Clutch Performer nominees
Check out the Clutch Performer of the Week nominees for Week 12.
Manning lent Osweiler a helping hand on big win
This is Brock Osweiler's team - for now, at least. The five-time MVP hobbled by an injured left foot met with Osweiler at halftime Sunday night to go over things he'd seen on TV while watching the Patriots-Broncos game from an auxiliary area outside the team's locker room. Osweiler did the rest,…The Associated Press
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Warriors' perfect start being put to the test
(Reuters) - Golden State extended their NBA record start to 19-0 with a narrow win over the Utah Jazz on Monday but that inevitable first defeat of the season may come sooner rather than later as they negotiate a tough road stretch and injuries start to bite. Playing without forward Harrison…Reuters
Fury calls Klitschko camp 'cheats,' feared he'd be drugged
Tyson Fury accused Wladimir Klitschko's camp of being ''cheats,'' saying Monday that he refused to accept any water after beating the Ukrainian in their world heavyweight title fight for fear of being drugged. ''I had good information off good resources not to touch anything in the changing rooms…The Associated Press
David Johnson could have bigger role with RB injuries, should be plucked off fantasy waiver wires
The Cardinals suddenly find themselves thin at running back after Andre Ellington and Chris Johnson suffered injuries. Arizona Cardinals running back David Johnson is in line to start on Sunday since an injured group of running backs sit ahead of him on the depth chart. General manager Steve…SB Nation
West says it's 'painful' to watch retiring NBA star Bryant play
Basketball Hall of Famer Jerry West, who engineered the trade two decades ago that brought Kobe Bryant to the Los Angeles Lakers, said on Monday it has been painful to watch the struggling 17-time NBA All-Star play this season. Bryant, enduring by far his worst season since entering the National…ReutersTue, Dec 14:00 PM PSTLA Lakers at PhiladelphiaPreview Game
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Brady seething after NFL Patriots loss
Tom Brady urged the New England Patriots on Monday to use their first loss of the season as motivation, describing the upset defeat to the Denver Broncos as one of the lowest points of his career. The Patriots' chances of going through the season unbeaten ended in snowy Denver on Sunday night, when…AFPSun, Nov 29New England24 - 30DenverGame Recap
Kobe Bryant went to Michael Jordan for advice about retiring
Kobe Bryant has long looked up to Michael Jordan and emulated his game. They've been compared for...Business Insider
Wife of exiled Valdes slams United
Victor Valdes's wife has slammed Manchester United for failing to invite the Spanish goalkeeper to a high-profile charity event at Old Trafford. The Premier League club held its annual dinner for Unicef on Sunday and many United players were in attendance, but Valdes, who is out of favour with boss…AFP
Georgia's Richt not done, interested in another coaching job
Mark Richt remains interested in another coaching job and said Monday he will listen ''to anybody who has interest in me'' as he prepares for his final game as Georgia's coach. Georgia announced Sunday Richt will not return as coach in 2016. Athletic director Greg McGarity and University of Georgia…The Associated Press
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Russell Wilson headlines perfect fantasy lineup for Week 12 (9 photos)
Ben Leibowitz is a writer for PointAfter , a sports data aggregation and visualization website that's part of the Graphiq network. In an ongoing series for Yahoo Sports, the team at PointAfter will break down the highest-scoring fantasy football lineup each week. If you started the perfect lineup…Yahoo SportsSun, Nov 29Pittsburgh30 - 39SeattleGame Recap
Royals players get $370,000 bonus for World Series win
The Royals, who won their first World Series crown in 30 years, also awarded 8.37 partial shares and 50 cash awards in spreading the bounty to coaches, players who spent part of the season with them and club employees. The runner-up New York Mets issued 44 full shares at just over $300,000 each, a…Reuters
Jameis Winston is more than the Bucs could hope for
NFL Media's Michael Silver traveled with Tampa Bay Buccaneers quarterback Jameis Winston on a visit to a Tampa high school and found a young man looking to make a difference off the field.NFL HighlightsSun, Nov 29Tampa Bay12 - 25IndianapolisGame Recap
Eagles' Chip Kelly reportedly met with Southern California about coaching opening, which Kelly denies
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No. 12 Baylor could have sweet reward without Big 12 title
Baylor's bid for a third consecutive Big 12 title is over. The No. 12 Bears are still in line for a pretty sweet reward if they get to 10 wins again. Already assured of a bowl game for the sixth consecutive season, the Bears could play on New Year's Day for the third year in a row.The Associated Press
Report: Team plane incident was final straw for Quinton Coples with Jets
A first-round pick four years ago, Coples was abruptly released this week.Shutdown CornerSun, Nov 29Miami20 - 38NY JetsGame Recap
Mad Dash: Hoverboards have been banned from Cleveland's locker room
In today's Mad Dash: J.R. Smith is having a little less fun, Josh Dobbs is supremely talented, and a Tom Brady Facebook post backfires.NBC on Yahoo SportsTue, Dec 14:00 PM PSTWashington at ClevelandPreview Game
How Holly Holm's upset win over Ronda Rousey has affected her teammates
Holm's JacksonWink teammates are feeding off the new women's bantanweight champ, even if they haven't seen her since the big win.Yahoo Sports
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Lewandowski's five-goal haul recognised for four records
Bayern Munich striker Robert Lewandowski's five goals against Wolfsburg saw him set four world records that have now been recognised.Omnisport
North Korea seeks to host first global sports event for decades
North Korea is reportedly close to securing its first significant global sports event for almost 40 years, in line with leader Kim Jong-Un's plans to turn the reclusive country into a sporting powerhouse. According to the website, a "senior member of North Korea's sporting set-up" who was attending…AFP
Dwight Howard posterizes Kristaps Porzingis: 'I saw [him] jump. The rest is history'
It was only a matter of time until someone turned the tables and put Kristaps Porzingis on the short end of a big finish.Ball Don't Lie


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Press releases
Portobello's Christmas shopping passport27 November 2015
Sing to live with free V&A Christmas concert27 November 2015
Disabled Persons Freedom Pass25 November 2015
Action by council planners leads to spruced up Royal Crescent25 November 2015
Gardening lessons a hit with schools20 November 2015
Want to find out more about becoming a teacher?20 November 2015
Miki switches on market's Christmas cheer20 November 2015
Capital projects
Royal Borough newspaper
For the latest news and events read the Royal Borough, the Council's quarterly newspaper.
Also search the archive for back issues.
Contact Us
Tel: 020 73612826
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Assad removal will lead to civil war in Syria: Putin
I believe that the future of the country should be decided not on the basis of a military victory or defeat of one of the sides but on the basis of negotiations and compromise." Russian President Vladimir PutinRussian President Vladimir Putin says removing Syrian President Bashar al-Assad from power would cause a civil war in the violence-hit country. Putin said on Monday that Assad's ouster would be unconstitutional and "a civil war will stretch on for who knows how long." The Russian president also urged the Syrian government and the opposition to sit down for talks that could help end the unrest. "The Syrian leadership as well as the conflicting side, the so-called 'armed opposition,' … should organize a negotiating process… to achieve a mutually acceptable compromise for the country's future," he said. He made the comments after a meeting with Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti in the Black Sea resort of Sochi. Putin stressed that Syria's political future should not be decided on the battleground. "I believe that the future of the country should be decided not on the basis of a military victory or defeat of one of the sides but on the basis of negotiations and compromise," he noted.
Last week, Russia and China vetoed a Western-backed UN Security Council draft resolution against Syria, which called for new sanctions against the Syrian government under Chapter VII of the UN Charter.It is the third time that the two world powers block an anti-Damascus resolution since the beginning of unrest in Syria. Syria has been experiencing unrest since March 2011, with demonstrations being held both against and in support of President Bashar al-Assad's government. The Syrian government says outlaws, saboteurs, and armed terrorists are the driving factor behind the unrest and deadly violence while the opposition accuses the security forces of being behind the killings. Damascus also says that the chaos is being orchestrated from outside the country and the security forces have been given clear instructions not to harm civilians. AGB/AS


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A new study of attitudes about health care costs reveals that an overwhelming majority of U.S. physicians feel a responsibility to address costs, but prioritize their obligations to patients' best interests over cost concerns. Results of the random survey of 2,500 U.S. physicians are published in this week's Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
Journalists: For multimedia resources and membership, visit the Mayo Clinic News Network.
"Physicians feel stuck in a difficult position," says lead author Jon Tilburt, M.D., Mayo Clinic's Biomedical Ethics Program and Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery. "Despite their sense of responsibility to address health care costs, physicians consistently express a commitment to the best interests of patients even when it is expensive. Given this finding, we recommend that cost-containment strategies aimed at physician behavior should focus on innovations that not only promote savings but also preserve physicians' commitment to individual patients."
Survey highlights include:
Researchers also assessed physicians' attitudes about strategies to constrain health care spending. Major findings include:
"We found that physicians' degree of enthusiasm for various cost-containment strategies was associated with practice setting and compensation structure," says Dr. Tilburt. "Salaried physicians and those in larger institutional practice settings reported a significantly higher degree of cost-consciousness compared to physicians whose compensation is based on billing and those in small or solo practices."
The study was funded by the Greenwall Foundation and the Mayo Clinic Program in Professionalism and Ethics. Co-authors include Matthew Wynia, M.D.; Robert Sheeler, M.D.; Bjorg Thorsteinsdottir, M.D.; Katherine M. James; Jason S. Egginton; Mark Liebow, M.D.; Samia Hurst, M.D.; Marion Danis, M.D.; and Susan Dorr Goold, M.D.


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At Gemvara, we believe that the jewelry you wear should be one of a kind, like you. That's why we make each piece to order, one at a time, just the way you want it. Choose green amethyst and palladium or alexandrite and rose gold: it's your choice. Mix and match gems and precious metals for a look that's exactly you. It's jewelry for all life's occasions, from an anniversary or engagement to your own personal milestones and celebrations. Gemvara uses only the highest quality materials to craft your two stone tanzanite flower jewelry design with meticulous attention to detail. Our precious metals are recycled or responsibly mined. Tanzanite is mined in only one place: near Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Gemvara's tanzanite is a velvety blue with a hint of purple. Tanzanite is a December birthstone and the 24th anniversary gem. Our wide selection of two stone tanzanite flower jewelry by Carl Ansley, Tony Rodrigues, Just Like You Designs, and other talented designers means you can find jewelry that's exactly your style. You can also shop by style, choosing our Commitment, New Arrivals, or Romantic Collections. Two stone jewelry styles are often symbolic, with birthstones representing two children or two people in love. Gemvara's lovely flower designs come in every color of the rainbow, with all the beauty of eternal summer. Gemvara's fine quality two stone tanzanite flower jewelry is designed to be passed down for generations to come, crafted by hand in the United States.
We can help right away. Chat with a jewelry expert now!


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Regency Arms Apartments2898 Parlin Dr., Grove City, OH 43123
- $580 - $770
- 1 - 2 Beds
Note : Prices & Availability Subject To Change
Nestled in the heart of historical Grove City. Our friendly staff welcomes you to Regency Arms. Enjoy our swimming pool, playground, & convenient access to 270 and and downtown Columbus.
Regency Arms is an exceptional apartment community in beautiful Grove City, within walking distance to Southwestern schools & convenient to I-270, I-71 & Downtown. Our convenient location, unique floorplans and attentive customer service makes us a great choice in apartment living. Give us a call today and one of our trained leasing associates would be happy to share all that we have to offer!
Regency Arms is located in the Columbus Area in the 43123 zip code. View this apartment on a map.
Professionally Managed By: Banner
Community Features
- Newly Remodeled Homes Available
- Finished Basements in Select Styles
- Central Air/ Gas Heat
- 24-Hour Emergency Maintenance
- Friendly, Professional Management
- Swimming Pool and Kiddie Pool
- Playground
- Easy Access to I-270, I-71, Downtown & OSU
- On COTA Busline
- Laundry Facility
Floor Plan Amenities
- Washer/Dryer Connections In Townhomes
- Large Spacious Closets
- Dishwasher
- Courtyard
*Note: In Select Units


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The Naked Tiger Hostel is set in the lush hilltops of San Juan Del Sur. We are a true backpackers hostel that caters... More Info »
Welcome to Hotel Azul Pitahaya Located in the heart of San Juan del Sur in Nicaragua,our hotel offers co More Info »
Hola Ola is not just a hostel, it is an experience. Managed by a fellow traveler, Hola Ola has the simple yet... More Info »
Irish House Hotel is located in the heart of San Juan del Sur, in a very central area of the city, with many shops,... More Info »
If you're looking for a place to feel at home when you're far from home, Casa Ariki is it! This cozy and comfortable... More Info »
Hostel los March is the first and the only hostel in San Juan del Sur beach offering an amazing panoramic view of the... More Info »
CASA MADERAS welcomes you in its authentic Nicaraguan finca style hotel in the countryside. Casa Maderas is an... More Info »
Hostal Brisas y Olas is a two floors building.Ideal for couples, groups of friends or families. Hostal Brisas y... More Info »
The Surfing Donkey is a lively new hostel near the heart of San Juan Del Sur, with the largest hostel pool in town!... More Info »
Javier's House 2 contains 6 rooms in total. First Floor contain 3 rooms using Queen bed, night lamp, Cabinet for... More Info »
Hostal Javier's House sjs is a nice house with two floors, terrace, garden. For your convenience we have a living... More Info »
Hostal Sueños del Mar is located in the center of the port of San Juan del Sur, known for being a place that... More Info »
The Surf Ranch is Nicaragua`s first and only action sports resort, featuring Nicaragua`s largest skateboard park,... More Info »
The Hostel Tadeo San Juan del Sur, offers: Hosting and Mexican food, pool, rancho, music, national and foreigners... More Info »
Our property has 9 villas, and 2 pools.1 pool for adults, and 1 children's pool. Each villa is made up of 2... More Info »
Hotel Maracuya is located just steps from the beautiful beach of San Juan del Sur Nicaragua, If you are looking for... More Info »
Hostel Esperanza is safe, cheap, fun and relaxing -- a true backpacker's paradise. There's nothing more you could... More Info »
Video guides, travel podcasts, city maps & free city guides. What to eat, where to stay and things to do and see - our travel guides have it all.Find a guide »
The epitome of culinary richness, Marrakesh -the heart of the red city, is a foodies wonderlandRead more »
We offer the most comprehensive selection of hostels on the internet with over 33,000 great places to stay in 170 countries. The ultimate online resource for hostels everywhere.Find great value hostels »


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Kirtland's snake can be found in the southeastern most parts of Michigan, most of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and north central Kentucky.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Range Description
endemic to a single nation
National Distribution
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
Global Range: (20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)) Range is restricted to the north-central Midwest of the United States. The present range includes disjunct populations in Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and perhaps Missouri. Most recent records for the Great Lakes region are clustered near the southern end of Lake Michigan (Cook County, Illinois; northwestern Indiana; and southwestern Michigan) and in Lucas County, Ohio (Toledo area) (Harding 1997). The Kentucky distribution is along the Ohio River valley (Barbour 1971).
Historically, the range included northeastern and central Illinois, most of Indiana and Ohio, north-central Kentucky, southern Michigan, western Pennsylvania, and extreme northeastern Missouri. Records from Alabama, and West Virginia are clearly erroneous (Conant 1943). Records from the Delaware Valley of eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey are supported by correctly identified specimens collected in the 1800s, but no other records exist for the region; Conant (1943) found these records "difficult to explain" and stated that they might not represent natural occurrences, but he conceded that they could be valid and that the species may be extirpated in the region. A nonspecific record of the species in Ontario, Canada (Wright and Wrtight 1952), is unsubstantiated. The species is known in Wisconsin from two unsubstantiated records published in the late 1880s (Hoy 1883, Conant 1943, Vogt 1981). Kirtland's snake was last recorded in Pennsylvania in 1965 (Hulse et al. 2001). The species is known in Missouri from a single record in 1964 (Jones 1967, Johnson 2000).
Geographic Range
Kirtland's Snakes can be found in southeastern Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and north central Kentucky.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Distribution: USA (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, S Michigan, CN Kentucky, W Pennsylvania)
Physical Description
Kirtland's snakes can grow to roughly around two feet long. They have keeled scales on the upper body that are grayish in color, with two rows of small dark blotches and a row of larger dark blotches along the midline of the snake. They also have an under belly that is reddish with a row of black spots on each margin. The head is dark with a white chin and throat (Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission 1999).
Physical Description
Kirtland's Snakes can grow to 36 to 62 cm in length. They have keeled scales (scales with a raised ridge along their length) on the upper body that are grayish in color, with two rows of small dark blotches and a row of larger dark blotches along the midline of the snake. These blotches can be faded and difficult to see in both young and older individuals. This coloration on their backs makes them difficult to see. The belly is reddish with a row of black spots on each side. The head is dark with a white chin and throat. Males tend to be somewhat shorter than females. Newborn Kirtland's Snakes are from 11 to 17 cm long and are darker than adults, with a deep red belly.
Range length: 36.0 to 62.0 cm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
Length: 46 cm
Diagnostic Description
Kirtland's snake differs from the red-bellied snake (Storeria occipitomaculata) in having conspicuous dark spots on the belly (and on the dorsum). Brown snakes (Storeria dekayi) lack the rich reddish belly color and conspicuous dark spots on the belly scales found on Kirtland's snake. Queen snakes (Regina septemvittata) have a uniformly brown dorsum, with a light stripe along each side of the body. Copper-bellied watersnakes (Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta) lack large dark spots on the dorsum and also lack the single row of round black spots that border the belly scales of Kirtland's snake. Gartesnakes (Thamnophis species) generally have pale lateral stripes and lack a reddish belly.
Ernst and Ernst (2003) includes an identification key.
Type Information
Catalog Number: USNM 115116
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Locality: West Northfield, Cook, Illinois, United States, North America
- Paratype: Kennicott, R. 1856. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 8: 95.; Conant, R. 1943. Studies on North American water snakes--I. Natrix kirtlandii (Kennicott). The American Midland Naturalist. 29 (2): 313-341.
Catalog Number: USNM 115115
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Locality: West Northfield, Cook, Illinois, United States, North America
- Paratype: Kennicott, R. 1856. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 8: 95.; Conant, R. 1943. Studies on North American water snakes--I. Natrix kirtlandii (Kennicott). The American Midland Naturalist. 29 (2): 313-341.
Catalog Number: USNM 1514
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Locality: West Northfield, Cook, Illinois, United States, North America
- Holotype: Kennicott, R. 1856. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 8: 95.; Conant, R. 1943. Studies on North American water snakes--I. Natrix kirtlandii (Kennicott). The American Midland Naturalist. 29 (2): 313-341.
This snake prefers open damp areas like marsh edges and wet fields. This species also has been known to find its way near the outskirts of large cities (Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commision 1999).
Habitat and Ecology
The current distribution of this snake is centered in metropolitan areas, often in vacant lots associated with streams or wetlands; these are remnants of much larger populations that have been reduced by urbanization and may now be rapidly dying out (Minton et al. 1983). However, this species can be locally abundant in inner city situations (Minton 2001). There are few records of this species from relatively undisturbed habitats (Minton 2001). This species is most readily found in habitats with abundant debris on the ground surface; open grassy habitats may harbour populations that are relatively difficult to detect and document. Individuals are secretive and usually are found under debris, but in general these snakes are likely most often below ground (Harding 1993, pers. comm.). They commonly use Chimney Crayfish (Cambarus diogenes) burrows as cover and underground passageways; the burrows provide moisture, less severe temperature extremes, and food resources (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988). Fossorial habits allow survival of grassland fire. Hibernation occurs apparently underground, possibly in crayfish burrows, in or near the wetlands that are inhabited the remainder of the year.
Mating has only been observed on the ground surface under cover in the spring (Sellers pers. comm. 1993).
- Terrestrial
- Freshwater
Comments: Kirtland's snake occurs in relict Prairie Peninsula habitats: prairie fens, wet meadows, lakeplain wet prairies and associated open and wooded wetlands, seasonal marshes, open swamps, sparsely wooded hillsides, and the vicinity of ponds and sluggish creeks.
In the more recently glaciated parts of the range, occurrences are on gently sloping pitted outwash, till plains, and former glacial lake plains; in the more highly dissected, recently unglaciated areas, the species occupied larger river valley drainages (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988). In Illinois and west-central Indiana, it is most often found on mollisols, soils that develop under grasslands and have excellent water retaining abilities (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988).
The current distribution of this snake is centered in metropolitan areas, often in vacant lots associated with streams or wetlands; these are remnants of much larger populations that have been reduced by urbanization and may now be rapidly dying out (Minton et al. 1983). However, this species can be locally abundant in inner city situations (Minton 2001). There are few records of this species from relatively undisturbed habitats (Minton 2001).
This species is most readily found in habitats with abundant debris on the ground surface; open grassy habitats may harbor populations that are relatively difficult to detect and document.
Individuals are secretive and usually are found under debris, but in general these snakes are likely most often below ground (Harding 1993, pers. comm.). Kirtland's snake commonly uses crayfish burrows as cover and underground passageways (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988, Bavetz 1994, Anton et al. 2003); the burrows provide moisture, less severe temperature extremes, and food resources (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988). Fossorial habits allow survival of grassland fire. Hibernation occurs apparently underground, possibly in crayfish burrows, in or near the wetlands that are inhabited the remainder of the year.
Mating has only been observed on the ground surface under cover in the spring (Sellers, pers. comm., 1993).
These snakes prefer open damp areas like marsh edges, wet prairies, fens, and pastures. They are not aquatic but are usually found in the vicinity of streams, marshes, or ponds. Kirtland's Snakes are also sometimes found in suburban areas and abandoned urban lots.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial
Wetlands: marsh ; swamp
Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
This snake does not exhibit significant migrations. Home range size and other movement characteristics are poorly known, but most evidence suggests that movements are not very extensive.
Trophic Strategy
This snake's preferred diet consists mainly of earthworms and slugs (Rigg 1998).
Comments: The diet includes mostly earthworms; also slugs and leeches (Conant 1943, Tucker 1977, Minton 2001, Wilsmann and Sellers 1988); sometimes insects (Thurow 1993) and crayfish (Bavetz 1993). Reports of amphibians and minnows in the diet (Minton 1972, Barbour 1971) have been discounted by other authors. Tucker (1977) stated that Kirtland's snake eats native slugs but not the introduced European slug (Limax maximus).
Food Habits
The diet of Kirtland's snakes consists mainly of Oligochaeta and Gastropoda. They may also eat terrestrial Hirudinea.
Ecosystem Roles
Kirtland's Snakes control populations of their prey, earthworm, leeches, and slugs. They also act as prey items for larger snakes and other medium-sized predators.
Kirtland's snakes spend much of their time under cover so are less vulnerable to predation than many other kinds of snakes Squamata. They are most vulnerable to burrowing predators such as Lampropeltis triangulum, Soricidae, and Mustela. They may be preyed on by Accipitridae, Strigiformes, Vulpes vulpes, Procyon lotor, Mustela, Mephitis mephitis, and Felis silvestris when they are aboveground. When they are threatened by a predator, Kirtland's snakes flatten their body and remain stiff. If touched they will writhe violently and attempt to dart into cover. They may even try to strike and bite, but they are relatively small and harmless.
Known Predators:
- Lampropeltis triangulum
- Mustela
- Soricidae
- Vulpes vulpes
- Procyon lotor
- Accipitridae
- Strigiformes
- Mephitis mephitis
- Felis silvestris
Population Biology
Number of Occurrences
Note: For many non-migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations.
Estimated Number of Occurrences: 21 - 300
Comments: Between 1980 and 1987, 48 extant occurrences were documented in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Michigan (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988). In Illinois, the species is "known from only a few isolated populations" (Phillips et al. 1999). This snake is difficult to detect and all occurrences probably have not been documented. Failure to locate this snake at historical sites does not mean that the populations are extirpated. The uncertainty of site survey results and the ability of this species to survive in small urban and agricultural sites makes it difficult to determine extirpation, except where habitat destruction or other disturbances are obvious (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988). Accordingly, there may be as many as 100 total occurrences in the range.
Global Abundance
1000 - 100,000 individuals
Comments: Total adult population size is unknown but likely is at least a few thousand. Fairly dense local populations exist in scattered locations (Harding 1997). Minton (1972) mentioned that some colonies near suburbs might be quite dense. Minton (2001) reported that 44 individuals were removed from a threatened inner-city site in two days, yet the snakes subsequently remained common there. The species was easiest to find during 1980s rangewide surveys in suburban areas with much litter. The largest number reported recently at a site was 24 found along 20 feet of a state road in Washington County, Indiana (Sellers, pers. comm., 1993). This suggests that some sites may have fairly large populations. In general, population size at a site is difficult to determine, even with a mark-and-recapture study, because these snakes are so secretive. In Kentucky, Barbour (1971) stated that this species "now seems nowhere common."
General Ecology
Potential predators include other snakes, birds, carnivorous mammals, and fish (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988).
Kirtland's snake occurs in association with many wetland, grassland, and forest edge reptiles including Butler's garter snake, brown snakes, eastern massassauga, water snakes, queen snakes, eastern fox snakes, spotted turtles, and the five-lined skinks. Too little is known of the ecology of most of these species to conclude that resource competition is occurring, except perhaps with Butler's garter snakes in Michigan and Indiana (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988).
Life History and Behavior
Communication and Perception
Little is known about communication among Kirtland's Snakes. Like most snakes, Kirtland's Snakes rely heavily on their sense of smell. They use their forked tongues to collect chemicals from the air and insert these forks into a special organ in the roof of their mouth, which interprets these chemical signals. Snakes are also sensitive to vibrations and have reasonably good vision.
Comments: This snake is inactive during cold periods, but live individuals have been found on the surface in every month (Sellers, pers. comm., 1993; see also Gibson and Kingsbury 2004), with basking occurring on warm winter days. Annual emergence from hibernation is usually in early spring; activity peaks in April-May and October (Conant 1943, Minton 1972);
Life Expectancy
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 8.4 years.
Little is known about lifespan of Kirtland's Snakes in the wild. They are shy and secretive and have become rare in many areas. They are coveted as pets by snake enthusiasts but rarely live longer than a year in captivity. They almost certainly live for 5 years or more in the wild, once they have survived their first year.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 1.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 8.4 years.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Mating occurs in May and the female will give birth to her live young in late summer. The size of the litters usually ranges from 4 to 15 babies. The young snakes will grow rapidly in the first year and reach sexual maturity at the age of two (Harding 1997).
Courtship or mating have been noted in the field in February, March, May, August, and September (Minton 1972, 2001; Martin 1986; Brown 1987; Anton et al. 2003). Multiple males may attend one female (Anton et al. 2003). Gravid females can be found as early as May (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988). In Indiana, Minton (2001) found 6 gravid females in mid-June. The life cycle does not include a shelled egg stage; females give birth in summer or early autumn. Gravid females often share favorable gestation sites. Individuals reach maturity probably in their second year of growth (Ernst and Ernst 2003). Typical longevity is unknown.
The following information is from captive studies by Conant (1943), Minton (1972), Tucker (1976), Mierzwa (1985), Martin (1986) Brown (1987), and Anton and Mauger (2004). Parturition generally occurs in summer, recorded dates range from late July (Minton 2001) through late September (Conant 1943). Brood sizes range from 4 to 15 (Conant 1943, Tucker 1976; record of 22 young apparently is erroneous, Wilsman and Sellers 1988).
Mating occurs in May and females give birth to live young in late summer or early fall. Litter size ranges from 4 to 15 babies. The young snakes will grow rapidly in the first year, almost doubling their size, and reach sexual maturity in the second spring after their birth.
Breeding interval: Kirtland's Snakes breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Breeding occurs in May and young are born in late summer or early autumn (August and September).
Range number of offspring: 4.0 to 15.0.
Average gestation period: 3.0 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2.0 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2.0 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); ovoviviparous
The young are carried in the mother's reproductive tract for several months while they develop. Once they are born, the young are immediately independent from their mother.
Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Clonophis kirtlandii
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
The species is considered rare throughout its range. In Michigan it is considered "endangered" and in Indiana it is considered "threatened" (Harding 1997). Because this species likes to make its home around big cities it encounters development and pollution (Rigg 1998).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: endangered
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
National NatureServe Conservation Status
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N2 - Imperiled
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G2 - Imperiled
Reasons: Confined to the Midwestern United States, with the range centered in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio; distribution and abundance have declined due to loss of prairie wetland habitat; rare and local throughout range; little suitable habitat remains, and most of this is subject to human alteration.
Intrinsic Vulnerability: Moderately vulnerable
Environmental Specificity: Narrow. Specialist or community with key requirements common.
Kirtland's Snakes are considered rare throughout their range. In Michigan they are considered endangered and in Indiana they are considered threatened. Because Kirtland's Snakes are sometimes found around big cities they encounter development and pollution, and populations are continually being lost this way. Kirtland's Snakes occupied the wet prairie regions of the Midwest, which have been virtually eliminated throughout this region, so they have lost almost all of their native habitat.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened
Population Trend
Global Short Term Trend: Decline of 10-30%
Comments: Trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain, but probably the species can be regarded as rare and declining across its entire historical range, despite fairly dense local populations (Harding 1997, Gibson and Kingsbury 2003).
Global Long Term Trend: Decline of 50-90%
Comments: Kirtland's snake is known from more than 100 counties in eight states. Since 1980, it has been observed in only 58 counties in five states; since 1990, it has been found in 39 counties (mapped by Gibson and Kingsbury 2004). Many urban populations have disappeared in recent years (Harding 1997). Once common in northern Illinois, Kirtland's snake declined before the turn of the century and is now rare in Illinois and most of its present range (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988, Edgren 2000). Most records for Ilinois are pre-1980 (Phillips et al. 1999).
Degree of Threat: High
Comments: Human activities, especially housing development and habitat alteration, are the major threats. Most of the former habitat has been lost to agriculture (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988). Grassy habitats are subject to succession when surrounding land use patterns change. Conversion of native prairie to agricultural uses is a threat. Many remnant populations inhabit small areas in urban or suburban areas where they are highly vulnerable to extirpation by development; colonies near housing developments may thrive for a time but eventually decline, according to Minton. Activities that negatively impact crayfishes and their burrows are detrimental. Other potential threats to this species include pesticide use, road kills (reviewed by Gibson and Kingsbury 2004), mowing operations, long-term climatic changes, and collecting for the pet trade. Collecting for the pet trade is a threat particularly in urban populations (Harding 1997) where large amounts of litter and debris increase the chances of finding these snakes (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988). Disease has not been identified as a significant threat (Gibson and Kingbury 2004).
Conservation Actions
Restoration Potential: Restoration potential depends upon the degree of habitat alteration. Permanent alterations such as pavement prevent restoration. Remaining wet prairie habitats that have not been altered can be used for restoration.
Preserve Selection and Design Considerations: Preserves that will benefit this species should include natural open areas, streams or ditchs, and upland hillsides with underground refuges. Adjacent managed open areas such as yards or parks need to be considered in overall management of the preserve, as the snakes may frequent these areas (Sellers, pers. comm., 1993).
Management Requirements: Effective management requires consideration of mowing schedules, foot and car traffic, potential environmental contaminants, hydrology, and ground cover (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988). One management concern is the modification of wetlands by flooding or draining. These practices may enhance habitat for other species but can make unsuitable habitat for this snake (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988), which requires unsaturated soil with a high subsurface water table (Sellers, pers. comm., 1993).
At many managed sites, controlled burns are used for maintenance of prairie species. The fossorial habits of Kirtland's snake and the typical cool burn near the ground in wetlands allows the snake to survive grassland fires.
A study of Killdeer Plains Wildlife Area in Ohio, which is a state-owned remnant of prairie managed for Canada geese, reported snake mortality from mowing and vehicle traffic. During the fall hunting season when both factors were heavy, snake mortality was high. The study recommended rescheduling mowing operations to coincide with the snakes' periods of inactivity, and rerouting traffic, placing speed bumps and signs to caution motorists to avoid hitting snakes. See Gibson and Kingsbury (2004) for further discussion of mortality from mowing and vehicle traffic.
If urban litter must be removed it should be replaced with litter from natural materials such as tree bark and limbs, leaves, cut brush, or hay and straw (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988).
Management Research Needs: Information on response to fire and other management techniques is needed. Effective survey/monitoring techniques need to be developed.
Biological Research Needs: Studies of basic life history and population ecology are needed.
Global Protection: Few to several (1-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed
Comments: During the 1985 rangewide survey, two populations were found on dedicated natural areas, while two were in wildlife sanctuaries. The species is nominally protected rangewide under state wildlife regulations, but these regulations do not necessarily protect the habitat or extant occurrences.
Kirtland's snake is designated as a Regional Forester Sensitive Species (RFSS) on the Hoosier National Forest in Indiana and on the Huron-Manistee National Forest in Michigan, but poor knowledge of the effects of various management practices on this species reduces the effectiveness of this designation (Gibson and Kingsbury 2004).
Needs: Adequate conservation probably will require the identification and protection of a large number (perhaps at least 20) suitable sites throughout the range. Efforts to curtail pet trade exploitation are needed; this should include development of state wildlife regulations where those are not currently in place). The public should be informed about the species' conservation needs.
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Economic Uses
Comments: Kirtland's snake has been collected for the pet trade in some areas (Wilsmann and Sellers 1988).
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Kirtland's Snakes will help to control populations of slugs in areas where they are abundant.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
Stewardship Overview: Kirtland's snake inhabits open damp grassy areas, wet meadows, wet prairie remnants, floodplains, fens, and the vicinity of ponds and swamps. In urban areas it can still be found in a few vacant lots associated with streams or wetlands. It now exists in 33 populations found in Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky (Sellers, pers. comm., 1993). This snake has declined in abundance over its entire range. The major threat to this species is habitat loss; much of its habitat has already been lost to development. It is vulnerable to extirpation by development. The existing populations and their habitats need to be protected. Surveys can be used to detect undiscovered populations, although this species is secretive and surveying may be difficult. Drift fences might be a useful surveying technique in spring and fall.
Species Impact: Kirtland's snake is not known to significantly impact other species that may be of conservation concern.
Kirtland's snake
Kirtland's snake (Clonophis kirtlandii) is an endangered North American species of nonvenomous snake of the subfamily Natricinae, of the family Colubridae.[1] It is the only species in the genus Clonophis.[2]
The specific name, kirtlandii, is in honor of Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland, an American naturalist of the Nineteenth Century.[3][4] The snake was first identified by Robert Kennicott in 1855. Kennicott sent a specimen to Spencer Fullerton Baird, the assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, who offered to publish a description of the animal in Kennicott's name. Baird suggested Regina kirtlandii as a scientific name, as Kirtland had been a mentor to Kennicott.[5]
Common names[edit]
Common names for this species include: Cora Kennicott's snake, Kirtland's red snake, Kirtland's water snake, little red snake, Ohio Valley water snake, and spread head.[6]
Kirtland's snake is small and slender. Adults reach a total length (body + tail) of 12-18 inches (30–46 cm). They are grayish brown with a series of large black spots and alternating smaller spots running down each side of the back.[7] The ventral scales are brick red with a prominent round black spot at each outer end.[8] It has 19 rows of keeled dorsal scales at midbody, and the anal plate is divided.[9]
Geographic range[edit]
This species is found in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, southern Michigan, northern Kentucky, and western Pennsylvania.[8]
Clonophis kirtlandii inhabits prairie or prairie-like areas. It is usually found not far from a water source, even though it is less aquatic than water snakes of the genus Nerodia which share its geographic range.[6]
Conservation status[edit]
The species is listed as endangered in Indiana,[10] Michigan, and Pennsylvania;[11] it is listed as threatened in Illinois and Ohio.
Kirtland's snake feeds on earthworms, slugs, minnows, salamanders, frogs and toads.[6]
Defensive behavior[edit]
When alarmed this snake flattens its entire body to a remarkable thinness, and becomes rigid.[12]
Kirtland's snake is ovoviviparous. Females give birth in August and September. Brood size varies from 4 to 22. Each newborn is 13–17 cm (5-6¾ in.) in total length and averages 1.4 gm in weight.[6]
Further reading[edit]
- Behler, J.L., and F.W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp.
ISBN 0-394-50824-6. ("Clonophis kirtlandi [sic]", p. 596 + Plate 551).
- Kennicott, R. 1856. Description of a new Snake from Illinois. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8: 95-96. (Regina kirtlandii).
- ^ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov.
- ^ Beltz, Ellin. 2006. Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained. ebeltz.net/herps/biogappx.html#K.
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins; Michael Grayson. 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 312 pp.
ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Clonophis kirtlandi, p. 142).
- ^ Vasile, Ronald S. (Autumn 1994). "The Early Career of Robert Kennicott, Illinois' Pioneering Naturalist". Illinois Historical Journal 87 (3): 165 – via JSTOR. (subscription required (help)).
- ^ a b c d Wright, A.H., and A.A. Wright. 1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Natrix kirtlandi, pp. 496-499, Figure 146 + Map 40 on p. 491).
- ^ Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Colubridæ Aglyphæ, part. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I.- XXVIII. (Ischnognathus kirtlandii, p. 286).
- ^ a b Conant, R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp.
ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Natrix kirtlandi, p. 151 + Plate 22 + Map 106).
- ^ Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie, Jr. 1982. Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3.
(Clonophis kirtlandi, pp. 156-157).
- ^ Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011), "312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians", Indiana Administrative Code, retrieved 28 Apr 2012.
- ^ Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission.
- ^ Schmidt, K.P., and D.D. Davis. 1941. Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Natrix kirtlandii, pp. 209-210 + Plate 22, Center, on p. 342).
Names and Taxonomy
Comments: This snake was referred to as Natrix kirtlandi in older literature.


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-Choose your main frame and extremity colors. Black, White and Cobalt blue are available for no extra charge. 10 other color choices are available. -Choose your Handlebar type: The M Type handlebar has been on Brompton bikes since their beginning. The H type features Brompton's highest and most… [more]
Bicycle Habitat Gift Card
$10.00 - $1,000.00
Looking for the perfect gift? That's exactly why we offer gift cards. Look what a great gift giver you are! (Notes: We can mail the card to you, or the intended recipient. We're happy to fill out a gift message for you. Cards are available in any denomination; if you don't see the amount you'd… [more]
Manhattan Portage Habitat Trunk Bag
Manhattan Portage and Bicycle Habitat have joined forces to create an exclusive collection for the cycling community. The MPxBH Harbor Trunk Bag is the perfect accessory for those cycling excursions. The Harbor Trunk Bag has twin front and back pockets for organization and symmetrical style. The… [more]
Origin-8 USB Light Bar
Origin-8's Light Bars boast a whopping 100 lumens of LED-driven brilliance for great visibility. You'll get 6 modes (3 steady, 3 flashing) and a 2-6 hour run time. Charge up the LiPo rechargeable battery with a USB hookup and you'll be set to roll. Lights can mount vertically or horizontally. [more]
Manhattan Portage Habitat Backpack
Manhattan Portage and Bicycle Habitat have joined forces to create an exclusive collection for the cycling community. The MPxBH Backpack is the perfect accessory for those cycling excursions. Abrasion resistant nylon fabric coated with a TPU membrane makes it completely waterproof. Seams are not… [more]


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The Pittsburg State Gorillas look to snap their six-game losing streak and the Emporia State Hornets stand in the way today.
Four of the six losses came at the PSU Softball Complex by two runs or less. The Gorillas own a 4-8 home record with all eight losses by two runs or less.
Emporia State (22-9, 9-3 Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association) and Pitt State (17-15, 5-7) begin their doubleheader at 3 p.m. from the Trusler Sports Complex. The Hornets own a 2-2 home record with 10-5 away and 10-2 neutral marks on the season.
Both teams can be dangerous offensively with several power hitters.
Despite the adversities of recent games, the Gorillas outscored their first 32 opponents 156-110. Emporia State outscored its first 31 opponents 186-85.
Playing some of the best softball of her career, Pitt State senior first baseman Kreslee Ketcham stands at .364 (36-99) with nine homers and 25 RBI. Tiffany Brown adds eight homers and 25 RBI with a .351 average. Both players rank near the top of the MIAA in power numbers.
Katelyn Birchfield and Jordan Bradshaw combine for 11 home runs and 43 RBI from the left side of the infield.
Kyndel Shelburn leads the Gorillas with a 6-5 record, 2.40 ERA and 101 strikeouts in 87.1 innings.
Cacy Williams (32), Stephanie Goodwin (32) and Tricia Vogel (30) all have at least 30 RBI for the Hornets. Goodwin (10) and Williams (eight) have combined for 18 of Emporia State's 33 home runs. Amanda Piezuch does not have a home run but her team-high 13 doubles have contributed to 25 RBI.
Williams leads with a .828 slugging percentage due to 20 extra-base hits (11 doubles, one triple and eight homers) in 35 total hits, along with her team-high .402 batting average (35-87).
Karley Schmelzer highlights the two-deep Emporia State pitching staff, compiling a 15-4 record, 2.16 ERA, six shutouts and 100 Ks in 110.1 innings. Schmelzer and Lauren Sharp have combined for 27 complete games and eight shutouts.
Pitt State plays Washburn (7-19, 3-7) on Saturday.
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Location, ST | website.com


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With 1.7 million freelancers, we'll match you with the perfect talent.
The client has made the following changes to the job.
Job awarded.
Client prefers freelancers from:
You are still able to submit a proposal for this job.
The client prefers freelancers from
a different location.
We previously had a 3D designer who were producing us several simple 3D environments + products:
They are:
- Curtains infront of a window with a pair of pillow sitting on the window sill (4 different styles of curtains) - 4 images
- Pillow on the window sill. (zoomed in version of the curtains images above).
- Bed setting with side tables, quilt cover and pillows.
These are have several 3D images that we need to finalise.
The end results of these 3d objects are to be tiled by a different fabric images.
Further details will be given along with brief on few other environments..
Please provide proposal with prices, timeline and links to previous 3D works.
3D images are to be utilised similar to this page below:
[obscured] /rh/catalog/product/product.jsp?productId=prod1622012&navCount=14
Proposal without relevant previous works is not acceptable as we also need a few more 3D environments to be produced.
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This handsome square wreath decorates its pleasing geometry with a subtle combination of deep blue dried Lavender sprigs interspersed with smooth green Eucalyptus leaves on a twig base. Its clean lines and harmonious color scheme make an enduring gift for someone special -- or for yourself. We love it hanging on a white wall. Approximately 14" square.
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Release Date: 1983 |
Album Rating: 3.5Glad to see Raven on the front page. I've listened only to Rock Until You Drop which was great but not this one yet.
Review is solid, pos.
Digging: Weeping Silence - Opus IV Oblivion
Album Rating: 5.0Thanks, I plan to do all three of the 'glory days' albums. They're all great albums in their own way, just that All for One is the most focused and complete of the three - equal parts method and madness.
yay Raven
always loved that song they did called lambs to the slaughter
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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Sure, you probably waited longer than you should have to get the elusive white iPhone 4. But, you know what's better than a boring regular model? One with diamonds, crystals and pearls... of course! Known for its ridiculous custom mobile devices, Gresso may force you to refinance your house and hock a kidney to afford its latest creation, the Lady Blanche. A solid diamond-coated mineral glass backing, three independent Swiss clocks and pearl dials replace the usual body on this iced-out iPhone. If the $30k diamond model is a bit out of your price range, the much more affordable Swarovski crystal version will only set you back 7,000 bones. Release details are unclear at this point, but when they drop you better act fast -- only 150 of these gems will be available. Heck, if you have that kind of cash lying around, just get the salesman to throw in one of these for your iPad, too.
- Key specs
- Prices
- Discussions
- Type Smartphone
- Operating system iOS (5)
- Screen size 3.5 inches
- Internal memory 8 GB
- Camera 5 megapixels
- Carriers (US) AT&T
- Dimensions 4.5 x 2.31 x 0.37 in
- Weight 4.8 oz
Apple iPhone 6s


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Simbi Khali
Birth Name: Simbi Khali
Born: 04/28/1971
Birth Place: Jackson, Mississippi, USA
Born: 04/28/1971
Birth Place: Jackson, Mississippi, USA
"SHE TV" was a well-received but short-lived series, and the following year Khali made her break into feature films with a role in Wes Craven's horror comedy "A Vampire in Brooklyn", starring Eddie Murphy. In 1996 she was reunited with Martin Lawrence in the comedian's romantic comedy "A Thin Line Between Love and Hate". That same year Khali debuted on "3rd Rock From the Sun" playing Nina Campbell, the efficient and intelligent assistant for professors Mary Albright (Jane Curtin) and Dick Solomon (John Lithgow) on the NBC comedy. Above her sanctioned responsibilities, her character also had other duties including serving as referee and translator for her employers, two stubborn and exception... Continue Bio >>
Popular Movies:
More Credits >>


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A pair of pitching performances caught my eye Thursday.
First, Kyle Davies -- a guy I chronicled all spring only to shy away from him in the end -- pitched his best yet in a start against the White Sox, allowing only five baserunners and recording eight strikeouts in seven shutout innings. I don't know that you can expect him to strike out so many batters going forward, but his other numbers continue a trend he started last September, when he went 4-1 with a 2.27 ERA.
So would I pick him up in a mixed league? If I already had a scrub pitcher on my bench, I wouldn't mind making an exchange. Ian Snell for Davies is already all-systems-go in one league. When trying to find an out-of-nowhere breakout, you want to keep shuffling the hottest pitchers on and off the waiver until one sticks by staying hot. Nobody will pick up someone like Snell, coming off a miserable start, if you drop him, but someone else might look at Davies if you don't grab him first.
Of course, the pitching performance that won't go unnoticed is Chris Carpenter's seven innings of one-hit baseball against the Pirates. He had a 1.52 ERA in 23 2/3 innings this spring, and now this. I feel confident and not the least bit premature declaring what 71 percent of Fantasy owners had already come to realize: He's baaaa-aaaack.
Speaking of back, Andruw Jones not only started for the first time this season, but he hit cleanup for the Rangers . Oh, he also went 3-for-5 with a double.
How long before he replaces David Murphy in the lineup?


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XXL Announces Shuttering Of Giant - Posted April 8, 2009
We all know there are some major beefs between prominent hip-hop artists. No one is very eager to see Sug Knight and P. Diddy in the same room and we're pretty sure we're never going to see ... [MediaJobsDaily]


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- Our Sites
- The News-Gazette
- IlliniHQ
- NewsTalk 1400 WDWS-AM
- Lite Rock 97.5 WHMS
- Community News
- Magazines
In case you missed some of the things I talked about today! :
Here are just a few things we talked about this Thursday:
Thanks again to everyone who sent us their songs for the Top 97 Songs on Lite Rock 97.5! Just wanted to say congrats to our $1,000 Shopping Spree Winners:
In case you missed it-today we talked about
It's finally here! The trailer for Hunger Games: Mockingjay Park 2! Sooo good! Have to wait a white though, the movie doesn't come out until November 20th! Watch the trailer Here!
Kelly Clarkson & cover songs. They go together like PB & J! Kelly is famous for doing amazing cover tunes. She recently performed the Rihanna tune 'Better Have My Money' and put a jazzy spin on it. Love! Watch It Here!
We had so much fun with the Top 97 Songs on Lite Rock 97.5! From compiling all of the awesome songs you sent us, to being able to play them back for you 97-1! You can know see the list for yourself! Click the logo below to see your Top 97 Songs! The list starts at #97-last centry and goes all the way to #1 this Century! Click the logo below to see the list!
With getting older, each year I find myself with more and more wrinkles and areas I don't like. Yuck! Seriously, why are ani-wrinkle creams and serums so so expensive?! I came across this article this morning that have some more 'at home' tips for healthier skin. Most of the items you may already have in your kitchen. I'm pretty sure I'm just going to end up eating the fruit!
Super excited for Red Velvet Oreos to be out in a few weeks!! Until then you can always make your own!! I've used this recipe! Super easy!!
Here is the recipe:
For their 'Sugar' video, Maroon 5 crashed strangers weddings in LA. It's super cute! Watch it HERE


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Decorate your living room using ideas from our favorite spaces. Browse photos of living rooms to discover new decor ideas, fresh color schemes, and smart furniture arrangements. Then start creating a living room that suits your needs, whether you want a calming space to relax, a room to have fun with family, a well-appointed space for entertaining, or a space that serves a combination of activities. From the grandest living rooms to the most intimate family rooms, you'll find looks in every decorating style: traditional and classic, modern and fun, cottage and sweet, plus ideas for Tuscan, country French, and eclectic living rooms. Discover ways to bring color into your living room, and find rooms and color schemes starring your favorite colors, including green, blue, red, and beyond. Plus, get ideas on how to pull a room together and how to choose furniture, colors, accessories, window treatments, and flooring that will come together to create a beautiful room that you'll love to spend time in. Living room decorating is easy when you draw inspiration from our favorite spaces.See More
From Better Homes and Gardens, ideas and improvement projects for your home and garden plus recipes and entertaining ideas.See More
You voted. We listened. We've gathered your most-loved kitchen and bath makeovers from Facebook and Pinterest for some serious before-and-after inspiration.View Slideshow
It's time to embrace your small spaces. You'll be surprised by how much style and function you can pack in with these dos and don'ts.View Slideshow
Whether inspired by a 1940s diner or an old-world scullery, vintage kitchens offer charm and contemporary convenience. See how these designs reference the past while beautifully accommodating modern needs.View Slideshow
When your kitchen, dining room, and living space are all in one open floor plan, arranging the furniture can be tricky. These tips make it easy.View Video
Give your bedroom a decorating boost this weekend with one (or all!) of these five do-it-yourself projects.View Video
Make your kids want to hit the books by giving them a cool space to study. It's as simple as adding ample work and storage space.
Turn a closet into a functional workstation. Create a desk by installing a low shelf and adding filing cabinets underneath. Paint the shelf to make it more inviting. On the top shelf, fill boxes and baskets with school supplies. Add bins and messages boards to the wall between the two shelves for extra storage and display space.
A small niche makes the perfect study station for little children. Install a reading light at the top and shelves below to create a work space. For extra storage, add a top shelf to hold plastic bins and place drawer units below the lower shelf. Use a rod and curtain to hide the computer and other items when not in use.
For a simple study area, place a desk on wheels in the corner. Now the desk can move wherever it's needed throughout the room. Add a corkboard and chalkboard to the wall for a place to write reminders or display work.
Turn a wide hallway into a work center by placing desks against the wall. Add wall cabinets above the desk to hold supplies.
Use a short wall, such as in an attic or below a staircase, for a built-in desk. Fill the wall with shelves of various sizes for book and supply storage. Use doors for areas where you want more privacy. Add a tabletop for a computer and work area.
Visitors will hardly realize there's a desk in the room with this option. Blend the hutch into the walls by painting it the same pattern as the walls. Use a contrasting pattern for the desk. Give the desk the illusion of being mobile by cutting off part of the desk's legs and installing bun feet.
Just because kids share a room, that doesn't mean they have to share a desk. Add a desk to the end of the bunk beds by installing a countertop to the top rail of the bottom bunk. Add a cork board to the end of the top bunk for display space. For the second desk, do the same on the other side of the beds, or use a traditional desk elsewhere in the room.
Need a lot of workspace for school projects? Increase the surface area by creating an L-shape desk. Add a traditional table to the end of a standard computer desk. Angle the table as desired to create a personalized workspace.
Create a bar-height desk for older students by installing a tabletop with brackets to the wall. Use bar stools for seating. Add a shelf unit above the desk or on an adjacent wall for storage.
Find an old secretary's desk at a garage sale or an antique store. Remove the doors, and paint the desk a fun color or pattern. If the drop-down table doesn't provide enough workspace, paint a table in a similar pattern and place nearby for extra workspace.
Give your kid plenty of room to hold books and display items with a custom-made hutch. First decide where to place the desk. On the wall above the desk, add a bulletin board and a cabinet. Remove the doors to the cabinet for open shelving. Paint the three pieces as desired.
Tip: Instead of removing the doors to the cabinet, leave them attached and paint them with chalkboard paint. Now your student has a place to leave messages or doodles.
Is your daughter more into looks than her studies? With this double-duty space, she can spend time on both. Use a worktable to connect two chests of drawers. Add a mirror to the wall space above the table. Now the space can work as a vanity before school and a desk after school.
Give the desk a modern twist by installing uniquely shaped shadow boxes above the desk. Add other organizational items, such as a corkboard, to increase the area's storage capacity.
Add open shelves on the wall above a traditional desk for storage. Wire shelves, like the ones shown, are inexpensive at home stores. Find one with a rod and hang items, such as a pencil box (shown), to free up the work space.


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Freelancer 4 Ever!218 members Hobbies & Interests
For those who still play and will continue playing Freelancer. You can post anything related to Freelancer or Freelancer modding.
After my first experience with online games in 2000 I've build up and successfully ran several large online clans. In 2001 climbed up the ladder in Starlancer and managed to become one of the most successful players worldwide in that game aswell as leader of the largest clan. Since that I stuck to the Sci-fi game genre. In 2002 the SWAT Portal was founded and since that I am leading this Sci-fi Game Portal that supports a large range of games. One of these games is Freelancer. Not long after its release in 2003 I've started modding the game (my modding experiences with other games reach back to 1993 where I've created my first work). Until now I've created 4 Freelancer mods and assisted countless of other Mod projects. The Crossfire Mod which is currently my main project keeps holding the Top position of the Freelancer mods for several years. Most important for me is the success of the SWAT Community and its members aswell as professional work.
For those who still play and will continue playing Freelancer. You can post anything related to Freelancer or Freelancer modding.
The SWAT Development team is a group of coders and designers creating various Scifi mods and games. This team is part of a big international gaming portal...
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Доброго времени суток swat. Хотелось бы узнать каким образом попасть в ancient system нормальным образом. В первое прохождение мне пришлось вытягивать прыжковое окно из планетарного массива программным образом изменяя координаты. Жду ответа email@example.com
Good day swat. I would like to know how to get in ancient system normally. In the first passage I had to pull hopping window of planetary array programmatically changing the coordinates. Waiting for a reply
hi to all. i reinstalled freelancer and mod. it worked again
to longbow1
hey mate. no offence, because i play freelancer also from the very beginning. those nomad bombers are pretty killable. just avoid the first concentrate torpedo salvo from them, and try to not to fly in straight line. use missiles and torpedos.
that´s should be all:)
best regards.
to Grebzy89
i had same problem, but only with "small" NPC, till lvl 5. howewer, it persisted till now with aliens in The Core. same erratical mouvements. i tryed to switch off all graphical alterations, also high resolution in nebulaes. it helped a bit. it seems, that this problem has nothing to do with AI, but more with paket losses:)they LAG! high speed DSL should be the issue.
to Rakayz_18
generally, crossfire and discovery mod requires different versions of FLMM. for crossfire is good ONLY 1.31. disco wants later versions, 1.4. so, if disco works on your mashine, no wonder, that crossfire wan ´t activate. hope it helps. interested, if it will by OK with a launcher after you you activated it in FLMM. regards. Yehuda
Hey SWAT! thank you very much for all the time I explored and pvp-ed on The Server. however, in the last time me and some my friends, we encounter the big problem with mod launcher. it don´t works anymore. at all. every thing was ok, until i reinstalled freelancer, and played some days vanilla, and then tryed to install crossfire again. yesterday i was online, checked my chars. but at the evenyng, when i tryed to go online, it was out. i write here, because i know, it´s not only my problem. and i don´t think, i am banned. perhaps, i can not login to SWAT-portal too. 404 error+server internal error. shell i whait until 2.0 release? but what with my chars? thank you very much again. best regards. Yehuda
Just stumbled over the Crossfire Mod a few days ago - thx a lot for all the time and effort you and your fellow coder put into this, it's mindblowing! In the course of infoming myself about Star Citizen i thought about digging the old Freelancer out, if i knew what awaits me i'd do that a lot earlier :-)
Looking forward to 2.0 and whatever you do next!


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United States Senate elections, 1874
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The United States Senate election of 1874 was an election which had the Democratic Party gain nine seats in the United States Senate. However, most of the gains were made by the Democrats taking seats from the Liberal Republicans, while the core Republican Party (the party of incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant) lost only one seat. Thus, this was the smallest loss by a President's party in the Senate as a result of the Six-year itch.
As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.
Senate Party Division, 44th Congress (1875–1877)
- Majority Party: Republican (46)
- Minority Party: Democratic (28)
- Other Parties: Independent Republican (1)
- Vacant: (1)
- Total Seats: 76
Senate composition before and after elections[edit]
|43rd Congress Senate composition
|44th Congress Senate composition
See also[edit]
- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
|This American elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Book Discussion on Walter Nixon, Jr. v. U.S.
The College of William and Mary School of Law held a moot court trial for the case Nixon v. U.S., which is due to come before the U.S.… read more
The College of William and Mary School of Law held a moot court trial for the case Nixon v. U.S., which is due to come before the U.S. Supreme Court later in the year. The case involved the Senate's impeachment process for a federal judge in Mississippi. The moot court trial was preceded by an interview with an administrator involved in the Senate's impeachment of Judge Nixon and brief comments on the case from Solicitor General Kenneth Starr. close
People in this video
- Walter E. Dellinger III Assistant Attorney General Department of Justice
- Aaron Epstein Correspondent Knight-Ridder Newspapers
- Michael J. Gerhardt Professor College of William and Mary->Law School
- Tony Harvey Administrator (Former) Senate Nixon Impeachment Committee
- Judith Ledbetter Professor College of William and Mary->Law School
- Tracey Maclin Professor Boston University->Law
- David G. Savage Correspondent Los Angeles Times->Supreme Court
- Kenneth W. Starr Solicitor General Department of Justice
- Stephen J. Wermiel Correspondent (Former) Wall Street Journal->Supreme Court
Hosting Organization
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text: Forests Category page Revision as of 08:59, May 20, 2012 by Opark 77 (Talk | contribs) (diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) 3,069pages on this wiki Edit Classic editor History Talk0 Sorting type: Most visited Most visited Alphabetical | A category for articles about forests. Pages in category "Forests" Wolfswood Haunted Forest " The Kingswood is a forest in central Westeros. It begins in the Crownlands immediately south of... Kingswood The Footprint Whispering Wood Forest of Qohor Rainwood Retrieved from "http://gameofthrones.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Forests?oldid=38799"


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November 27, 2015
Washington (AP) -- Senator Barack Obama's presidential campaign says it's raised more than $32 million from April through June.
That's a record for a Democrat running for the White House.
It's also more than what Obama's main Democratic rival says she'd raise. Aides to Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton have said she would raise "in the range" of $27 million in the April-through-June period. They also predicted that Obama would do better.
Only Republican George W. Bush, in each presidential campaign, has raised comparable amounts in the second quarter of the year before the general election.
Among other Democrats, John Edwards was a distant third, raising more than $9 million in the same period. New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson was next, with $7 million raised.
(Copyright 2007 by the Associated Press. All rights reserved.)
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