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Nutrition - resources for specific groups
This page highlights resources relevant to specific groups and practice areas. You may also find it useful to look at:
- core nutritional care resources
- how to use this resource which links to all the resource lists.
Resources are arranged under the following headings:
Some of the resources on this page are in PDF format - see how to access PDF files.
Lancet (2013) Maternal and child nutrition
Maternal and child undernutrition was the subject of a series of papers in The Lancet in 2008. Five years on maternal and child undernutrition are re-evaluated, and the growing problems of overweight and obesity for women and children, and their consequences in low-income and middle-income countries are re-examined. Many of these countries are said to have the double burden of malnutrition: continued stunting of growth and deficiencies of essential nutrients along with the emerging issue of obesity. National progress in nutrition programmes and international efforts toward previous recommendations are assessed.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Public Health guidance PH11 (2008) Maternal and child nutrition. Guidance for midwives, health visitors, pharmacists and other primary care services to improve the nutrition of pregnant and breastfeeding mothers and children in low income households
This guidance aims to address disparities in the nutrition of low-income and other disadvantaged groups compared with the general population. It is relevant for all women who are pregnant (or planning to become pregnant), mothers of children aged under five and others who care for children aged under five.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2006) Obesity: the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children This guidance includes recommendations on the clinical management of overweight and obesity in the NHS, and advice on the prevention of overweight and obesity that applies in both NHS and non-NHS settings.
NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (2007) Caring for children and young people in the community receiving enteral tube feeding: best practice statement
This statement specifically addresses issues in nasogastric, gastrostomy and jejunal feeding. The importance of communication and sharing of information between local and regional services is key to ensuring best practice for those children and young people and this is reflected throughout the statement. This statement is made available by Healthcare Improvement Scotland.
Royal College of Nursing (2010) Nutrition in children and young people with cancer (PDF 326KB)
This examines the particular problems faced by children with cancer in obtaining good nutrition and recommends ways in which hospitals can improve food provision to offset some of these problems. It looks at the management of nutrition in young cancer patients in detail. This guidance has been developed in conjunction with members of a multidisciplinary team including specialist paediatric dieticians and paediatric oncologists.
Royal College of Nursing (2007) Formula feeds. RCN guidance for nurses caring for infants and mothers (PDF 201KB)
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of a baby's life. However, the 2000 Infant feeding survey (DH, 2002) shows that after six months, breastfeeding figures drop significantly. While nurses should continue to promote breastfeeding, they also need to be able to advise parents and help with formula feeding. This guidance provides basic information to help nurses caring for infants and their mothers, whether in hospital or community settings. It is set out as a question and answer leaflet, covering why some infants are given formula feeds; what the NMC and the Baby Friendly Initiative say about formula feeding; what are the differences between formulas, and how they should be prepared and stored.This publication has been supported by an unrestricted educational grant from SMA Nutrition.
Royal College of Nursing (2006) Malnutrition: What nurses working with children and young people need to know and do. An RCN position statement (PDF 1.22MB)
This position statement, which is aimed at nurses in GP practices, outpatient departments, hospitals, health centres and schools, looks at the possible causes of malnutrition in children, how to recognise major or minor problems that might be related to poor nutrition and what steps should be taken.
Scottish Government (2011) Improving maternal and infant nutrition: a framework for action
The framework is aimed at a variety of organisations with a role in improving maternal and infant nutrition. It includes indicators for short, medium and long term outcomes and provides case studies of some of the good practices already in place across Scotland.
Scottish Government (2006) Nutritional guidance for early years: food choices for children aged 1-5 years in early education and childcare settings
This sets out the nutritional requirements for children aged one to five, providing practical advice on how to ensure that these requirements are met.
Welsh Government (2014) Healthy eating in maintained schools
The Healthy Eating in Schools (Nutritional Standards & Requirements) (Wales) Regulations 2013 states the type of food which can and can't be provided by schools. The legislation (external link) outlines what schools must do ensure they are serving nutritious food to learners.
Learning disabilities
British Dietetic Association (2008) Home enteral tube feeding for adults with a learning disability (PDF 1001.6KB)
This Consensus Statement is intended to inform and support the practice of dietitians who are not undertaking a specialist learning disabilities (LD) role but do care for adults with a LD within their caseload. The statement may also be a useful resource for other professionals. It is based on a systematic review which looked at the evidence supporting the assessment, monitoring, complications and ethical issues specific to adults who have a learning disability and who require enteral tube feeding for nutrition and/or hydration and/or medication.
Hampshire Safeguarding Adults Board. The Group was worried that in Hampshire 5 people with learning disability died from choking.The Group saw that people with learning disability were at greater risk of choking than other people. Reports showed that some services did not give good care to people with learning disability. The Group wanted to make sure that people were safe and not at risk of choking. See the Learning Disability & Choking document for further detail on this project.
Improving Health and Lives: Learning Disabilities Observatory. Health Inequalities & People with Learning Disabilities in the UK: 2010. People with learning disabilities have poorer health than their non-disabled peers, differences in health status that are, to an extent, avoidable.
National Patient Safety Agency (2007) Ensuring safer practice for adults with learning disabilities who have dysphagia
This resource was developed by the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) because of the numbers of reports received on choking-related incidents involving adults with learning disabilities, the majority of which occurred at mealtimes. It provides guidance and other tools to ensure safe practice for adults with learning disabilities who have dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing). The 'Problems swallowing' booklet outlines the issues facing adults with learning difficulties who have dysphagia and aims to share examples of best practice. The resources it describes are also available to download separately such as the mealtime information forms, risk assessment form, eating, drinking and swallowing care plan. A protocol got general practitioners. A version of the booklet is also available for clients and carers.
Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. Adults with learning disabilities (ALD): Position paper (May 2010). This document identifies the role of speech and language therapists (SLTs) in adult learning disability services across the UK. This information should support SLTs, speech and language therapy managers, speech and language therapy educators and other organisations that support people with learning disabilities in their role.
RCN Publishing: Dysphagia in people with learning disabilities. Tom Howseman reviews guidance for carers and professionals on the management of service users who have difficulties swallowing
Older people
Malnutrition Task Force and British Dietetic Association (2013) Prevention and early intervention of malnutrition in later life: best practice principles and implementation guide
These guides identify best practice principles for preventing malnutrition in later life and for early identification and intervention. They provide practical steps for implementation along with examples and shared learning for different contexts.
NHS Dumfries and Galloway (2012) Communication and Mealtimes Toolkit Helping people with dementia to eat, drink & communicate. A guide for carers (PDF 7.8MB)
The toolkit is in two sections, focussing on communication, and then on eating and drinking. Unsuccessful mealtimes often reflect a breakdown in communication and the way food is given and eaten can be a means of communication in its own right. The emphasis throughout the toolkit is on centring care around the person with dementia, which relies on knowing as much about them as possible. Advice is offered on how to prepare a person for mealtimes and how to provide the most suitable environment. A chart of foods which are most likely to cause choking is included with some suggested alternatives. Care plan check lists are provided in each section, with examples, to help carers look at how they can put the advice in to practice with each individual.
Royal College of Nursing (2011) Dementia - supporting physical health
This is a section within an online resource on dementia created as part of the RCN Dementia project. The online resource signposts resources to support people with dementia and their carers and this section includes key resources such as information from the Alzheimer's Society and the Social Care Insititute for Excellence Dementia Gateway. For further information about the RCN dementia project and the online resource see Dementia.
Scottish Government (2009) Older People Living in the Community - Nutritional Needs, Barriers and Interventions: a Literature Review
This report presents the findings of a literature review summarising the nutritional needs, barriers to and possible interventions to improve nutrition of older people living in the community. Further information is provided in the Research Findings.
Palliative and end of life care
Foundation of Nursing Studies (FoNS) (2010) Improving Food and Nutrition for Patients Receiving Hospice Care
A project to enhance palliative care for patients and their carers with nutritional issues was conducted in Pilgrims Hospices in east Kent between 2008 and 2010. The conclusion of this work is a Process Map for the professionals to begin to address assessment of nutritional needs. The work itself is available for other hospices and health care organisations to have some appreciation of the task to be accomplished.
FoNS Enhancing palliative care for patients with nutritional issues and their carers (2010) (PDF 494KB)
Using the benchmarking process, current nutritional practice within hospice care has been explored and by engaging with patients and carers, a deeper understanding of nutritional issues from their perspective has been gained. These approaches have enabled the development of a Programme to inform the provision of person centred nutritional care for patients with specialist palliative care needs across the care spectrum from home to inpatient unit.
National End of Life Care Programme
The NEoLCP's website is designed to support health and social care staff across all sectors who are working with people nearing the end of life. It provides publications, tools, a care pathway and case studies.
Peterborough Palliative Care in Dementia Group (2010) Compromised swallowing: a practical guide to nutrition, hydration and medication in advanced dementia
This guide, which is aimed at both carers and nursing and medical staff, provides a practical approach to maintaining hydration and nutrition in people with advanced dementia and associated swallowing difficulties. It also addresses the medical management of symptoms and acts as a prescribing guide. The guide is made available on the National End of Life Care Programme website.
Royal College of Physicians (2010) Oral feeding difficulties and dilemmas: a guide to practical care, particularly towards the end of life
Provides evidence-based guidance on the mechanisms and techniques of oral and artificial nutrition in health and disease. It also sets out the ethical and legal concerns that inform decision-making with case studies illustrating some of the dilemmas and solutions, for example on deciding whether to withhold or provide artificial nutrition.


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Started programming on an old Atari console in Basic and 6502 assembler, switched to M$ QBasic, then learned C, Java, C++, and Python, roughly in that order.
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Photos: Tech's Seth Doege, TCU's Skye Dawson among local stars to strut their stuff during Texas vs. The Nation All Star Game
Photo: Louis DeLuca/Staff Photographer
A young cheerleader seems thrilled to see Team Texas' Michael Smith as he runs out-of-bounds in the first half during the Texas vs. the Nation all-star college football game at Allen High School Stadium in Allen on Saturday, February 2, 2013.
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Thomas Jefferson and Republicanism
Donald Livingston talked about Thomas Jefferson and the practice of republican government. He spoke about the changes in the American… read more
Donald Livingston talked about Thomas Jefferson and the practice of republican government. He spoke about the changes in the American application of republicanism and the modern status of the republic. He described how Jefferson considered the theory of republicanism and its application in the nascent United States. He also talked about Abraham Lincoln's approach to republican government, and explains how Lincolnian republicanism differed from Jeffersonian republicanism in a nation that continued its expansion in size and population during the 19th century. close
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From a Firefly's Eye at Brooklyn Academy of Music
06/13/14 through 06/14/14 30 Lafayette Ave. Map
718-636-4100 www.bam.org Ages: All Ages
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From a Firefly's Eye embodies haiku by Yuko Otomo, capturing the changing moods of the seasons. Six dancers create a ritual of delicate gestures that recall the mysteries of a rock garden. Explosions of movement contrast with stillness, evoking a nuanced relationship between humans and nature.
Venue Description: A multi-arts center located in Brooklyn, offering theater, dance, music, opera, film, and more from emerging artists and innovative modern masters.


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Butler County spotlight athletes: April 20, 2014
TribLIVE Sports Videos
Wyatt Daugherty
School: Butler
Year: Junior
Sport: Baseball
Claim to fame: Daugherty has been one of Butler's top pitchers this year. He helped the team to wins in its first three section games.
You went 82/3innings in a 1-0 win over Fox Chapel. Have you ever pitched that much in one game?
It was the longest I have ever gone in one game. I was feeling pretty good. I was glad to be able to help the team out.
How happy were you to see the team get a run in the top of the ninth?
It was a huge relief when we scored. That was a big win for us.
You guys were on a roll with three one-run wins in a row. What's been the key?
Our pitchers have been doing a good job of going deep into games. That's really important in our section because there are lots of good teams.
The weather hasn't been the greatest for baseball and it postponed some of your games early last week. Did that mess up the momentum your team built?
Not really. It's Western Pennsylvania, so we are pretty much used to it by now. We just want to keep it going.
Niki Schlegel
School: Mars
Year: Sophomore
Sport: Softball
Claim to fame: Schlegel has taken over pitching duties for Mars. She helped the Planets lead the section at 3-1 after their first four games.
Mars returned a lot of players from a section championship squad. How high are expectations this year?
We have pretty high expectations. We want to go for the section title again. We have been working hard even though the weather has not been cooperating with us. It's been a good start for us.
How depressing is it when bad weather forces you to go back inside for practice?
I like to be out on the field playing games. We were in the gym practicing and everyone was so miserable. It's a pain. You can only do so much in the gym.
You took over as the team's main pitcher. How has that been going?
Obviously, it's a big role to fill. I was pretty nervous at first. I worked hard in the offseason. I pitched three times a week in the offseason. I was excited to start the season and glad it's going well so far.
What's been the key for the team so far?
Our hitting has been really good this year. We've had some really timely hits. When we need someone to step up, someone has done it. We've had a lot of error-free games, which is a big help. They are always in the field supporting me, so I like to help them out as well.
— Joe Sager
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Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Skeletoned Cat .
Nice quality
Yeah I got some pretty wacky character descriptions to draw xD
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Reminds me of me and my boyfriend. He would be the kitty <3
Hahaha cool, fond memories are always good ^__^ even from stuff like this that's a lil...dark lol. Glad you like it tho.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
@concepterman. That would be a strap on
Thx for the answer.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
man, this is pretty macabre! The fact that they were gimps is magnified by not only the fact that one is rotten, but that it happened during Z-Day
Yeah, haha thanks for the comment.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Well drawn but I just don't know what to say.
Haha thanks. I don't know what to tell you sorry :D
I appreciate the comment tho!


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ELLE DECOR's 2014 Modern Life Concept House
What do you think?
17 Round Tables For Your Coziest Dinner Yet
These circular selections bring style and space to the table.
Inside The Home Your Love Of Beer Built
It might be time to get into the brewing industry...
There's One Place That Loves Plaid More Than The Rest Of Us
And it's not where you're thinking.
More From Design + Decorate


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Video List
Sun. - Fri. on FOX 47 News at 9!
Top Health Headlines (foxnews.com)
|FDA approves new Bristol-Myers treatment for multiple myeloma
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration said on Monday it had approved a drug to be sold by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co as a treatment for a form of blood cancer.
|Why you get sick on your vacation days
There's a term for that cold you're going to get when you take a few days off work this holiday season: leisure sickness.
|New treatment could end need for insulin injections among diabetics
A new treatment going through clinical trials could mean the end of daily insulin injections for diabetics—and could even have huge benefits for people suffering from arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity, the Independent reports.
|Facebook network and stress levels may be tied together
A small study suggests that for adolescents, their number of Facebook friends may be related to their stress levels, with more than 300 friends associated with higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol.
|Sugar-free drinks may damage teeth, study says
Sugar-free drinks may be as damaging to your teeth as those that contain the sweet stuff.
Tonight on FOX 47
5:00pm Two and a Half Men
5:30pm Big Bang Theory
6:00pm Modern Family
6:30pm Big Bang Theory
7:00pm Gotham (Fall Finale)
8:00pm Minority Report (Season Finale)
9:00pm FOX 47 News at 9
9:35pm Modern Family
10:05pm Mike & Molly
10:35pm 2 Broke Girls
11:05pm Two and a Half Men
11:35pm The Simpsons
12:05am Mike & Molly


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| Tiger Rant
| Permanent Opponents - Simple Solution - Tiger Phil on 12/26/12 at 4:31 pm
The SEC should come to a compromise solution. Basically, the schools that want permanent opponents can keep them, while the schools that do not want permanent opponents can not have them. If we assume that Alabama/Tennessee and Auburn/Georgia are the ones that want to to keep, then we could sche...View Topic - Replies (11)
| Tiger Rant
| Any Referees? Question about "Forward Progress" - Tiger Phil on 11/24/12 at 9:10 am
I have a genuine question about the application of the principle of "forward progress" yesterday in two cases. I would love for someone who has been trained and works as a referee to offer an opinion. There must be a couple on here. 1) The biggest one is the fumble. Seems that the ball was st...View Topic - Replies (7)
| Tiger Rant
| A&M rout of Miss St bodes well for LSU - Tiger Phil on 11/3/12 at 1:01 pm
So, Alabama's best SEC win was it's domination of Mississippi State at home. Right now, Texas A&M is dominating that same Mississippi State team at MSU. Logically, one can conclude that in dominating MSU, Bama only showed that they are as good as Texas A&M. And we know that Texas A&M is n...View Topic - Replies (13)
| Tiger Rant
| 80s and 90s Series A&M Contract blah blah blah - Tiger Phil on 10/14/12 at 2:16 pm
Can someone refresh me on the details of this contract dispute regarding the series that we played with A&M from 1986 - 1995? I know I read an intelligent article (or post) on it a while back, probably in the lead-up to the Cotton Bowl. It had something to do with a different interpretation of the...View Topic - Replies (3)
| Tiger Rant
| Argument against a rematch - Tiger Phil on 11/7/11 at 9:09 pm
While LSU and Alabama may well be the two best teams in the country, as of right now, there is no doubt whatsoever in which order to place them. LSU first, and Alabama second. If LSU wins out, this order cannot change. We know that LSU is the best team, and Alabama is no better than second best. ...View Topic - Replies (7)
| Conference Expansion
| Texas A&M Conference Schedule 2012 - Tiger Phil on 9/25/11 at 10:56 pm
Just received word from the league office in Birmingham. Here is the Aggie's 2012 SEC Schedule: @ LSU @ Alabama @ Auburn Arkansas - Dallas @ Florida @ Georgia @ Tennessee vs. Vanderbilt The exact dates haven't been determined yet. ...
Posted on Conference ExpansionView Topic - Replies (16)
| Soccer Board
| Referee in Australia - Equatorial Guinea - Tiger Phil on 7/3/11 at 8:04 am
Holy Crap. That has to be the worst missed call in the history of soccer. Yes, even worse than Thierry Henry. Edit: Worst missed handball....
Posted on Soccer BoardView Topic - Replies (2)
| Tiger Rant
| Since SEC Expansion - vs. Arkansas - Tiger Phil on 11/23/10 at 6:44 pm
I was mildy surprised to discover this... Our record against yearly opponents since the SEC expanded in 1992: MSU - 18-1 Arkansas - 11-7 Ole Miss - 11-8 Alabama - 10-9 Auburn - 9-10 Florida - 6-13 Surprised to discover that we have the second most wins against Arkansas. To hear them t...View Topic - Replies (0)
| Tiger Rant
| I'm not getting my hopes up for the Iron Bowl - Tiger Phil on 11/13/10 at 3:27 pm
Every time that LSU has needed a certain result from that game, the other team has won....View Topic - Replies (1)
| Tiger Rant
| LSU Rivalry vs. Alabama - we hold our own... - Tiger Phil on 11/7/10 at 12:00 am
Over the last 11 years, we are 8-3 against Alabama. Over the past 29 years, we are 14-14-1 against Alabama. This stars with the 1982 game where we broke an 11 game losing streak against Alabama and beat Paul Bryant in his last season at Alabama... This is a rivalry, yeah....View Topic - Replies (2)
| Tiger Rant
| Good start for Ole Miss... - Tiger Phil on 10/30/10 at 5:05 pm
7-nil with 14:33 left in 1Q... 90 yard or so rush for a TD...View Topic - Replies (6)
| Tiger Rant
| SEC Championship Game: - Tiger Phil on 10/10/10 at 9:17 am
LSU vs. South Carolina. Yes!...View Topic - Replies (4)
| Tiger Rant
| It's not luck if he does it over and over and over - Tiger Phil on 10/9/10 at 11:50 pm
This is how Les Miles-coached teams win games. It's not how most coaches that win, win. But it works for Les. Stop trying to make him normal - he'll never be....View Topic - Replies (0)
| Tiger Rant
| This is what you get with Les Miles - Tiger Phil on 10/9/10 at 11:42 pm
I think it is clear that Les doesn't coach football like all those other coaches coach football. He does things differently. Like going for it on all those 4th downs against Florida in 2007. Like seemingly forcing every game to be close just to torture the fans. But you know what? IT ...View Topic - Replies (1)
| Coaching Changes
| Why would Jack Del Rio make a good college coach? Really? - Tiger Phil on 1/12/10 at 12:43 pm
Please help me understand the reasons why folks believe that Jack Del Rio would make a good college football coach. And approach it as though if you were the AD responsible for hiring this coach and your job was on the line based on this hire. There is a mountain of evidence to suggest that it's...
Posted on Coaching ChangesView Topic - Replies (6)
| Tiger Rant
| "Third and Chavis" - Stats? - Tiger Phil on 1/7/10 at 11:42 am
One reads over and over on this board how "Third and Chavis" killed us time and again this season. Yet, not once has anyone (that I've seen) produced some stats to verify this. Can someone please produce stats to tell us how the LSU defense ranked in: 3rd down conversions longer than 5 yard...View Topic - Replies (8)
| Tiger Rant
| Kris Brown misses a 49-yarder to win the game - Tiger Phil on 11/23/09 at 11:55 pm
Which is how far the lsu kick would have been after the lafell completion. It was too long a field goal to settle for. The coaches were right to stay agressive at that point in the game. Just not with deep drops and swing passes....View Topic - Replies (14)
| Tiger Rant
| Miles & the LSU Coaches made SEVEN critical end game errors - Tiger Phil on 11/22/09 at 12:00 pm
1) Approximately 4:20 left in the game, and we finally stop Ole Miss and they are going to be forced to take a field goal, which will put them up 8 points. We should have called a timeout in order to not let 35 seconds wind off the clock. We did not. 2) After driving down the field, we score a to...View Topic - Replies (8)
| Tiger Rant
| Can some legal lawyer look at the buyout clauses - Tiger Phil on 11/22/09 at 10:33 am
In Les' current contract and tell us definitively what the buyout is to fire him?...View Topic - Replies (6)
| Tiger Rant
| Ole Miss beat a team in disarray; LSU suffered a Trap Game - Tiger Phil on 11/21/09 at 8:30 am
I think people are reading too much into last week's win for Ole Miss. Tennessee was all out of sorts because of the deal with suspended players. They just weren't ready. Contrarily, LSU was sleepwalking through their game against La Tech and did not have our QB. ...View Topic - Replies (1)
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9/11 Cases: Do Broad Constitutional Rights Apply to Guantnamo Detainees?
Richey, Warren, The Christian Science Monitor
US constitutional rights should be presumed to apply at the historic war crimes tribunal of alleged 9/11 mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, defense lawyers argued on Thursday in a pretrial hearing at Guantnamo.
Lawyers for Mr. Mohammed and his four alleged co-conspirators urged the judge presiding over the military commission to issue a pretrial order proclaiming that the five alleged terrorism suspects on trial are presumed to enjoy the same level of constitutional protection they would receive in a US federal courtroom.
The lawyers told the judge, US Army Col. James Pohl, that if a dispute arose over whether to afford a constitutional protection to the defendants, it should be up to government lawyers to prove that the right doesnt apply at the US Naval Base at Guantnamo Bay, Cuba.
Under the current situation, it will up to defense lawyers to prove that the specific constitutional right at issue does apply at Guantnamo.
We are not asking for a blanket declaration that every constitutional provision imaginable applies at Guantnamo Bay, said James Connell, a lawyer for Ali Abdul Aziz Ali. Instead, he said, defense lawyers are asking the judge to adopt a presumption that the Constitution applies to the proceedings.
Arent you asking me for an advisory opinion? Judge Pohl asked, referring to the practice that judges avoid issuing broad legal pronouncements about hypothetical issues.
No sir. I'm asking for a procedural framework, Mr. Connell replied.
The issue of what rights Mohammed and his codefendants will enjoy while on trial is a controversial question. The Bush administration decided to locate its Al Qaeda detention camp, and the military commissions multimillion-dollar courtroom, at Guantnamo in part because it is beyond the jurisdiction of US courts and their mandatory application of constitutional standards.
Nonetheless, in a series of rulings, the US Supreme Court has established that at least some constitutional rights apply to detainees at Guantnamo. But it is unclear how many rights apply.
At one point, the Obama administration decided that Mohammed and his codefendants should be put on trial in federal court in New York City, complete with full constitutional protections. That decision was later rescinded. The case against Mohammed was returned to Guantnamo.
Now, the question is, which constitutional rights will apply at Mohammeds war crimes tribunal.
Prosecutors argue that Judge Pohl should avoid making any broad pronouncements about what rights may or may not apply in a Guantnamo- based war crimes tribunal. They say Pohl should wait until a specific dispute arises that is tied to a specific defendant.
Our position is that Congress clearly did not intend that every constitutional right would apply to the accused in military commissions at Guantnamo, said Clayton Trivett, a Justice Department lawyer on the prosecution team.
He said the only proper way for the court to address the question was on a case-by-case basis as the issue arises in the context of the ongoing case. …


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Weight Gain Problem For Great Dane; Puppy Privacy; Seeking A Cure For "Cat-Scratch-Fever"
courtesy of Amy Talley
Four and a half year old Great Dane, Ruby, is underweight (about 100 pounds). All the vet tests came back negative, but she's not really gaining weight. She eats between 12-14 cups a day of high quality dog food. Ruby is a little hyperactive. They've talked about putting her on Prozac to calm her down and help her gain weight. Is this a good idea? Meanwhile a three month old Japanese Shinwah, Hemi (like the motor), won't go to the bathroom if he sees another person or dog outside. A three year old short-haired cat named Izzy scratches anything around her open litter box including bath mats, shower curtains and toilet paper
Dr. Gary Weitzman, Executive Director of the Washington Animal Rescue League
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Submited by- Sitagita Team on 17 Jan, 2011 ENTERTAINMENT CELEBRITIES
Amongst all well known Bollywood couples, Dilip Kumar and Sairabanu are arguably the most prominent.... Very few Bollywood couples can match the grace of this star couple. The famed love story of Dilip Kumar... and Sairabanu evolved after a long courtship. Dilip Kumar is considered to be one of the greatest actors... industry. She also gave him the screen name of Dilip Kumar. Dilip Kumar married actress and "beauty... on to act with Dilip Kumar in movies like Gopi, Sagina and Bairaag. All the 3 movies were big hits Read More...
0 Comment(s) Avg Rating 5103 Reads 0 Likes Tweet
Submited by- Sitagita Team on 02 Nov, 2011 PREGNANCY & PARENTING PARENTING
but at present there are many threats posed at your children safety, especially younger ones. Parents should look...Children are your most valuable assets and you can`t even think of happening something bad to them... after their children and take suggestive measures for their child safety. When both parents are working..., children safety is hard to achieve but you have to ensure that your child is safe from any possible threat..., they become easy victims. Some possible ways to safeguard your children against all possible threats Read More...
0 Comment(s) Avg Rating 515 Reads 0 Likes Tweet
Submited by- Sitagita Team on 03 Aug, 2011 RELATIONSHIPS MARRIAGE & FAMILY
one. How are you going to deal with them?"He just doesn`t speak. I`ve tried everything. He is so shy... of these types of kids. Question is how do you deal with them? Maybe this will help.The shy childDon`t try... things with him. He`ll see how his father deals with frustrations, aggressions, etc.Encourage him to talk... about what he learns from watching and listening to other children or adults.Find appropriate outlets... situations.Slow down, sit with her and talk with a lowered voice. This way, you are modelling how to behave Read More...
0 Comment(s) Avg Rating 406 Reads 0 Likes Tweet
Childhood is the beginning of life. And many things that we learn as children remain with us... in our children. As we give importance to teach manners and education to our children, we also need... problems in today's time is convenience food. Many mothers prefer to work outside home, which... at home. Simple home-made meals are any day healthier. Children have to develop a taste for the same... is sure to be tempted to share.While inculcating these habits to children, it is extremely important Read More...
0 Comment(s) Avg Rating 1034 Reads 1 Likes Tweet
Submited by- Sitagita Team on 03 Aug, 2011 RELATIONSHIPS MARRIAGE & FAMILY
How you can recover from a Bollywood style breakup Ever wondered how...?....more >> Victims of sexual abuse Children who have been sexually abused sometimes never... years are a turbulent stage. Adolescents don`t know how much control they have or don`t have... have to perform in order to stay employed. Sometimes our children sense that they must perform... to be loved. more>> How to help your child face Exams Read More...
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Submited by- Sitagita Team on 23 Jan, 2011 ENTERTAINMENT CELEBRITIES
in Abbottabad, Manoj Kumar grew up admiring like Dilip Kumar, another star of the Indian film industry...Manoj Kumar is one of the popular actors of Bollywood from the yesteryears. Born on 24 July, 1937... notice of. Manoj Kumar`s first leading role was in the film Kaanch Ki Gudia (1960) where he starred... opposite Sayeeda Khan. Many roles followed suit and he managed to gain a foothold in the industry. He.... Bharat, meaning India in Sanskrit. Manoj Kumar`s Film Career Having started off his career Read More...
0 Comment(s) Avg Rating 990 Reads 0 Likes Tweet
in our children. In fact it is our responsibility to keep watch on what our children watch and how often... to know how it affects the children. The government should also regulate laws to reduce... our children watch and how much time they spend on internet. With absence of wise use... how it helps children with their education and gaining pure entertainment.We live in information age... in our children. In fact it is our responsibility to keep watch on what our children watch and how often Read More...
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Page 1
Enterocyte-Specific Inactivation of SIRT1 Reduces Tumor
Load in the APC+/minMouse Model
Vid Leko1, Gemma J. Park1, Uyen Lao1, Julian A. Simon1,2, Antonio Bedalov1,3*
1Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 2Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 3Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United
States of America
SIRT1 is a mammalian NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase implicated in metabolism, development, aging and
tumorigenesis. Prior studies that examined the effect of enterocyte-specific overexpression and global deletion of SIRT1
on polyp formation in the intestines of APC+/minmice, a commonly used model for intestinal tumorigenesis, yielded
conflicting results, supporting either tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting roles for SIRT1, respectively. In order to resolve
the controversy emerging from these prior in vivo studies, in the present report we examined the effect of SIRT1 deficiency
confined to the intestines, avoiding the systemic perturbations such as growth retardation seen with global SIRT1 deletion.
We crossed APC+/minmice with mice bearing enterocyte-specific inactivation of SIRT1 and examined polyp development in
the progeny. We found that SIRT1-inactivation reduced total polyp surface (9.3 mm2vs. 23.3 mm2, p=0.01), average polyp
size (0.24 mm2vs. 0.51 mm2, p=0.005) and the number of polyps .0.5 mm in diameter (14 vs. 23, p=0.04), indicating that
SIRT1 affects both the number and size of tumors. Additionally, tumors in SIRT1-deficient mice exhibited markedly increased
numbers of cells undergoing apoptosis, suggesting that SIRT1 contributes to tumor growth by enabling survival of tumor
cells. Our results indicate that SIRT1 acts as a tumor promoter in the APC+/minmouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis.
Citation: Leko V, Park GJ, Lao U, Simon JA, Bedalov A (2013) Enterocyte-Specific Inactivation of SIRT1 Reduces Tumor Load in the APC+/minMouse Model. PLoS
ONE 8(6): e66283. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066283
Editor: Robert W. Sobol, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
Received October 19, 2012; Accepted May 8, 2013; Published June 14, 2013
Copyright: ? 2013 Leko et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), CA 129132, to AB. (http://www.nih.gov/). The funders had no role in study design,
data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
SIRT1 is a mammalian NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase
that plays important roles in ageing, metabolism, development,
neurodegeneration and tumorigenesis (reviewed in [1–6]). Con-
sidering the multitude of cellular pathways it affects, SIRT1
appears to play a rather complex role in the biology of cancer, and
evidence supports both tumor promoting and tumor suppressing
functions [7,8].
SIRT1 was first implicated in tumorigenesis by the finding that
it deacetylates and down-regulates the tumor suppressor p53
under conditions of genotoxic stress, decreasing its pro-apoptotic
activity and promoting survival of cells that have accumulated
DNA damage [9,10]. Acetylation of p53 turned out to be a critical
posttranslational modification, one that controls many functions of
the p53 protein [11,12]. SIRT1 was later found to deacetylate and
regulate several other proteins that share similar roles in cellular
stress responses (e.g. Ku70, p73, FoxO3a, FoxO4 and E2F1[13–
17]), while small-molecule inhibitors of SIRT1 were shown to
exhibit antitumor activity, suggesting that pharmacological inhi-
bition of SIRT1 could be therapeutically beneficial in a subset of
human cancers [18–23]. SIRT1 has also been proposed to
participate in tumorigenesis through epigenetic silencing of tumor
suppressor genes [24]. Coupled with the observation that SIRT1
expression levels are increased in many human tumors (e.g. colon
cancer) and usually associated with poor prognosis in these
patients [25–31], these findings suggest that SIRT1 acts as a tumor
Paradoxically, a growing body of evidence suggests that SIRT1
may suppress tumor development. SIRT1 was found to be
important for maintaining genome stability, loss of which is a
hallmark of cancer [32], and to mediate DNA damage repair
[33,34]. Furthermore, global overexpression of SIRT1 led to
reduced incidence of some age-related tumors and protection from
metabolic-syndrome driven liver cancer [35]. SIRT1+/2p53+/2
mice developed spontaneous tumors at higher rates than their
p53+/2controls [33], while p53+/2mice overexpressing SIRT1
demonstrated decreased incidence of thymic lymphoma and
increased survival following c-radiation [32]. Despite the results
of these animal studies, mutations in SIRT1 gene have never been
documented in human tumors, indicating that SIRT1 may not
behave as a typical tumor suppressor. However, consistent with its
potential anti-oncogenic role, SIRT1 expression was found to be
decreased in a subset of human cancers [33,36].
The APC+/minmouse model mimics the early events of colon
cancer in humans [37] and is widely used to test the effects of
potential oncogenes and tumor suppressors on formation of
intestinal tumors. Heterozygous APC+/minmice inherit a nonsense
mutation in one copy of the tumor suppressor gene APC
(designated as APCmin) and lose the remaining wild-type allele
after birth, resulting in nuclear translocation and constitutive
activation of the crucial Wnt-signaling effector b-catenin and
PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org1 June 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 6 | e66283
Page 2
subsequent formation of numerous tumors (polyps) in the intestines
[38,39]. When a SIRT1 transgene was overexpressed in the
intestinal epithelium, APC+/minmice developed fewer intestinal
polyps, which was attributed to the increased deacetylation and
nuclear exclusion of b-catenin [40] and subsequently decreased
proliferation rates of the tumor cells. However, since the
expression of exogenous SIRT1 in the enterocytes surpassed
physiological levels by several fold and because gene overexpres-
sion can sometimes phenocopy gene loss-of-function through a
dominant interfering effect, it was important to examine the effect
of SIRT1 deficiency on polyp formation in the same model.
Intriguingly, APC+/min
mice exhibiting whole-body SIRT1
deficiency developed a similar number of intestinal polyps as the
APC+/mincontrols, but demonstrated significantly decreased
average polyp size, indicating that SIRT1 could actually promote
tumor growth [41]. However, as it was known that SIRT1-null
mice that survived weaning exhibit severe growth retardation and
decreased circulatory levels of free Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
(IGF-1), a known promoter of tumor growth [33,42–44], concerns
were raised that systemic adaptations to global SIRT1 deficiency
may have masked the true effect of intestinal SIRT1-deficiency
and protected these animals from tumor development.
In order to eliminate potentially confounding influences of
global SIRT1 deletion and resolve the controversy regarding the
exact role of SIRT1 in intestinal tumorigenesis, we crossed APC+/
minmice with mice harboring SIRT1-inactivation restricted to the
intestinal epithelium. Unlike their whole-body deficient counter-
parts, mice with intestine-specific SIRT1 deletion demonstrated
wild-type expression of SIRT1 in extra-intestinal tissues and
exhibited normal survival rates without detectable developmental
defects. We found that these mice exhibited significant reduction
in polyp sizes and developed significantly fewer polyps .0.5 mm
in diameter than their controls. Additionally, tumors from SIRT1-
deficient mice exhibited significantly increased apoptotic rates,
without affecting their proliferation, indicating that SIRT1
promotes survival of tumor cells. Taken together, our findings
indicate that SIRT1 plays a tumor-promoting role in the mouse
intestinal tumor model.
We generated mice in which endogenous SIRT1 has been
specifically inactivated in the intestinal epithelium using the Villin-
Cre system [45] and crossed them with APC+/minmice to generate
SIRT12/2) and APC+/minSirt1+/+(APC+/minSirtco/coVil-
Cre2/2, or SIRT1+/+) mice. APC and Cre genotypes were
confirmed by PCR prior to weaning, while the deletion of SIRT1
was confirmed at the time of sacrifice by a western blot analysis of
intestinal mucosa scrapings. A truncated version of the SIRT1
protein confirmed that exon 4 of SIRT1 gene, which encodes the
catalytic domain of the protein, was successfully deleted in the
enterocytes. Other tissues from APC+/min
exhibited a band of the wild-type size, confirming that the deletion
was intestine-specific (Figure 1A). Importantly, we noted that
APC+/minSIRT12/2mice were born at expected Mendelian
frequencies and did not exhibit increased postnatal mortality or
developmental defects and phenotypic features of mice with
systemic deletion of SIRT1.
At the age of 120 days, SIRT12/2and SIRT1+/+mice were
sacrificed and their entire intestines examined for polyps
(Fig. 1B,C). We found that the average size of the largest polyp
in SIRT12/2cohort was significantly smaller than in the control
group (1.360.6 mm vs. 2.260.9 mm, p,0.05) and that polyps
from SIRT12/2mice exhibited a marked decrease in average
(0.235 vs. 0.510 mm2, Figure 2A) and total surface areas (9.3 vs.
23.3 mm2, Figure 2B) throughout the small intestine (Figure 2C,
D). The majority of tumors were found to reside in the distal
segment of the small intestine, while only a few were detected in
the colon (Figure 2E). Of note, tumors in the colon were excluded
from the analysis because their peduncular appearance made the
assessment of the exact tumor size difficult (although SIRT12/2
mice had qualitatively smaller polyps in the colon as well). When
we compared tumor size distribution between SIRT12/2and
SIRT1+/+mice we found that only 2% of adenomas in SIRT12/2
mice were larger than 1.0 mm in diameter, whereas 12% of
tumors in the control group reached this size (p=0.0076). We
found that the number of polyps in the small intestine that
surpassed 0.5 mm was also significantly lower in SIRT12/2
animals (Figure 2F), while the total polyp number and the number
of very small tumors, measuring 0.4 mm or less in diameter, was
not significantly different between two genotype groups (Figure 2G,
H). These results indicate that SIRT1 deficiency reduces overall
polyp burden in the intestine of APC+/minmice primarily by
curtailing their size.
We next examined expression of proliferative and apoptotic
markers within size-matched tumors from SIRT12/2
SIRT1+/+animals. According to staining for the proliferation
marker Ki-67, we observed no differences in the proliferation rates
between the two genotype groups (Figure 1D). However, polyps
from SIRT12/2animals exhibited an increased number of cells
expressing the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3 (Figure 1E),
indicating that the observed reduction in tumor size is attributable
to increased apoptosis of SIRT12/2cells, which is consistent with
previously published findings in colon cancer cell lines [15].
In order to gain an insight into a mechanism by which SIRT1
promotes intestinal tumorigenesis, we analyzed the effect of SIRT1
inhibition on Wnt and p53 signaling pathways. We first analyzed
b-catenin expression in adenomas of APC+/minmice and observed
increased expression levels and nuclear accumulation of b-catenin
regardless of the intestinal SIRT1 deletion (Figure 3A). Next we
wanted to determine whether loss of SIRT1 affected Wnt signaling
in normal appearing intestinal crypts, where the remaining wild-
type copy of the APC gene keeps overall nuclear b-catenin levels
low and confined to the cell membrane in all the non-basal cells.
We compared the number of nuclear b-catenin -positive cells per
crypt in mice with and without intestinal SIRT1 deletion, and
found that mice with the deletion had significantly fewer cells per
crypt then their wild-type counterparts (Figure 3B,C), suggesting
the SIRT1serves as an activator of Wnt signaling. Furthermore, to
measure the effect of SIRT1 inhibition on b-catenin mediated
transactivation, we analyzed the transcriptional output of T-cell
factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF)-driven luciferase
reporter gene using a TOP-GLOW assay [46] in SW480 colon
cancer cell line, which is known to exhibit a loss-of-function
mutation in the APC gene and constitutive activation of Wnt
pathway [47]. SIRT1 inhibition with both EX527, a selective
small-molecule SIRT1 inhibitor [48], and cambinol, a non-
selective SIRT1 and SIRT2 inhibitor [18], led to reduction in
TCF-mediated transcription (Figure 3D). We also observed
decreased TCF/LEF transcriptional activity in SW480 cells upon
(Figure 3E), further indicating that SIRT1 activates Wnt signaling
and consecutively promotes intestinal tumorigenesis in the APC+/
minmouse model.
Next we assessed the role of p53 acetylation in SIRT1-driven
intestinal tumorigenesis by employing Hct116 colon cancer cell
line with constitutive activation of b-catenin but without mutations
SIRT1 Inactivation Reduces Polyps in APCmin Mice
PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org2June 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 6 | e66283
Page 3
Figure 1. Enterocyte-specific SIRT1 deletion increases the rate of apoptosis in the intestinal tumors of APC+/minmice. (A) A
representative western blot showing expression of the wild-type SIRT1 protein in the intestinal epithelium of APC+/minSIRT1+/+mice (first lane) and a
truncated version in the epithelium of APC+/minSIRT12/2mice (second lane). Liver cells of the APC+/minSIRT12/2mice (third lane), as well as other
tissues (not shown) express the wild-type protein. Pan-actin immunostaining served as a loading control. (B) Representative photographs of unfixed
small intestines (distal segments) showing similar polyp number for APC+/minSIRT1+/+(right) and APC+/minSIRT12/2(left) mice. Scale bar indicates
5 mm length. (C) Representative photomicrographs of typical polyps from the two groups of mice, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Scale bar
indicates 100 mm length. (D) Representative photomicrographs and a bar graph showing Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining of polyp sections from
APC+/minSIRT1+/+(left) and APC+/minSIRT12/2(middle) mice. Scale bar indicates 100 mm length. Proliferation index for polyps from APC+/minSIRT1+/+
and APC+/minSIRT12/2mice (right), expressed as a fraction of Ki-67 positive cells within each polyp. Bars represent means 6 SEM, n=20 polyps per
group. No statistically significant difference was observed. (E) Representative photomicrographs and a bar graph showing activated (cleaved)
caspase-3 immunohistochemical staining of polyp sections from APC+/minSIRT1+/+(left) and APC+/minSIRT12/2(middle) mice. Scale bar indicates
100 mm length. Absolute numbers of apoptotic (caspase-3 positive) cells per high power field (400 x) for polyps from SIRT1+/+and SIRT12/2mice
(right). Bars represent means 6 SEM, n=25 polyps per group. ***p,0.001.
SIRT1 Inactivation Reduces Polyps in APCmin Mice
PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org3 June 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 6 | e66283
Page 4
SIRT1 Inactivation Reduces Polyps in APCmin Mice
PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org4June 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 6 | e66283
Page 5
in p53 gene [49]. As previously shown in other cell culture models
[18], we saw that inhibition of SIRT1 in these colon cancer cells
lead to p53 hyperacetylation (Figure 3F), suggesting that down-
regulation of p53 could be an additional cellular mechanism by
which SIRT1 promotes tumor growth.
Taken together, our results show that enterocyte-specific
inactivation of SIRT1 reduces tumor load in the intestines of
APC+/minmice by decreasing both overall tumor size and the
number of larger tumors, and they suggest that SIRT1 acts as a
tumor promoter by suppressing apoptosis of tumor cells in this
mouse model, through mechanisms that include both activation of
Wnt signaling pathway and inhibition of p53 activity.
In order to bypass systemic effects related to global deletion of
SIRT1, especially those associated with reduced circulatory levels
of IGF-1, and focus instead on its intestine-specific role only, we
generated APC+/minmice harboring enterocyte-specific inactiva-
tion of SIRT1 and examined their susceptibility to forming
intestinal polyps. These APC+/minSIRT12/2mice, which were
born at expected Mendelian frequencies and demonstrated
unperturbed development and growth, exhibited a significant
decrease in the number of tumors .0.5 mm in diameter, a
dramatic reduction in average and total polyp surface areas, and
an increased fraction of apoptotic cells within polyps. We also
found that SIRT12/2mice had similar frequencies of very small
tumors as SIRT1+/+controls and similar total numbers of polyps,
indicating that SIRT1 could play a role in tumor progression and
growth, rather than influencing the formation of early neoplastic
lesions. This phenotype is congruent with one previously reported
for systemic SIRT1 knockout animals [41], which showed that
tumor size is significantly decreased upon SIRT1 inactivation,
whereas the total number of intestinal polyps remained the same.
This surprisingly robust finding shows that SIRT1 inactivation,
regardless of differences in genetic background (C57BL/6 with
some contribution of 129X1/SvJ vs. mixed C57BL/6/129X1/
SvJ/CD1) and age of sacrifice (4 months vs. 12 months) in these
two studies, leads to marked changes in tumor growth rate. Our
results suggest that the tumor attenuation previously observed in
APC+/minmice carrying a systemic deletion of SIRT1 [41] was a
tissue-specific effect of SIRT1-deficiency. However, these findings
are seemingly at odds with the findings of Firestein et al. [40],
which showed that intestine-specific overexpression of SIRT1
reduced the number of polyps in the intestines of APC+/minmice
(tumor size was not analyzed). Thus, SIRT1 overexpression and
SIRT1 loss-of-function resulted in similar phenotypes, a phenom-
enon frequently observed in gene overexpression studies (reviewed
in [50]) that may be explained by changes in the stoichiometry of
protein-protein interactions and disassembly of multi-protein
complexes leading, seemingly paradoxically, to inhibition of the
overexpressed protein. The facts that SIRT1 functions in several
multi-protein complexes and that its expression in the study by
Firestein et al. [40] surpassed physiological levels by several fold
make this explanation highly plausible. However, we noted that
intestine-specific SIRT1 overexpression in the study by Firestein
et al. did not create an exact phenocopy of the enterocyte-specific
deletion, as the total number of polyps was reduced 3–4 fold in the
former study, while our model demonstrated only 2 fold reduction
among tumors .0.5 mm in size, without affecting the total
number of tumors. Furthermore, unlike in the SIRT1-overexpres-
sion study, which did not analyze cell survival and apoptosis, we
found no differences in proliferation rates between SIRT12/2and
SIRT1+/+mice, but rather an increased rate of apoptosis in the
SIRT12/2group. This is consistent with the current paradigm in
which SIRT1 plays a role as a pro-survival and anti-apoptotic
mediator, as discussed in the next section. It is possible that supra-
physiological levels of SIRT1 in the overexpression study engaged
cellular mechanisms outside the classical SIRT1-mediated signal-
ing pathways that are normally not active when SIRT1 is
expressed at physiological levels. Based on cell culture studies,
Firestein et al. attributed the polyp number reduction to reduction
in transcriptional activity of b-catenin, which is a target of Wnt
signaling. In contrast, our results suggest that SIRT1 actually
promotes Wnt signaling, both in vivo and in vitro. Apart from the
use of different cell lines, we cannot account for the discrepancy
between the two in vitro results. However, as indicated by a
growing body of evidence, the role of SIRT1 in Wnt signaling
appears to be complex, as different studies had also associated
SIRT1 with activation of the Wnt pathway, as discussed in greater
detail below. As for the discrepancy in the in vivo results, we do not
believe that the observed differences in proliferation rates between
the two studies are attributable to the age of the animals or
differences in the intestinal sections scored, as in both studies polyp
analysis was carried out throughout the small intestine of the
animals sacrificed at the same age. However, there is a possibility
that the disparity in proliferation rates could be at least partially
due to subtle differences in genetic backgrounds, as the Firestein
study was carried out in C57BL/6 mice, while our study utilized
C57BL/6 animals with a contribution from the 129X1/SvJ
Several previously described activities of SIRT1, particularly
those related to modulation of p53 activity [9,10], c-myc
[51,52,53,54], canonical Wnt signaling [55] and epigenetic control
[24], may account for the reduction in tumor size we observed in
the intestines of APC+/minSIRT12/2mice. SIRT1 has been
shown to promote cell survival during genotoxic stress through
deacetylation and down-regulation of p53 and several other stress-
response proteins (reviewed in [4]). Moreover, SIRT1 was also
implicated in promoting intestinal tumorigenesis through its
interactions with the tumor suppressor HIC1 (Hypermethylated
in Cancer 1), a transcriptional repressor frequently inactivated in
human colon cancer though epigenetic means, namely CpG island
Figure 2. Enterocyte-specific SIRT1 deletion reduces tumor size and number of tumors . .0.5 mm in diameter. (A) Average surface area
of polyps in the small intestine. Total polyps surface area for each mouse was divided by total number of polyps to obtain average polyp surface area.
Each dot represents an individual animal; n=11 per group, p=0.00019. (B) Total surface area of polyps in the small intestine; samples are as in panel
A. Polyp surface was calculated as a square of tumor radius multiplied by p; surface areas of all the polyps in each mouse were then added up to
obtain total polyp surface. Each dot represents an individual animal; n=11 per group, p=0.01. (C) Average surface area of polyps according to the
location in the small intestine. Bars represent means 6 SEMs, n=11 per group. (D) Total surface area of polyps according to the location in the small
intestine. Bars represent means 6 SEMs. (E) Distribution of tumors according to specific intestinal location. No statistically significant differences were
observed. (F) Number of polyps .0.5 mm in diameter for the entire small intestine; the groups are the same as in panel A. Each dot represents an
individual animal; n=11 per group, p=0.044. (G) Total number of the polyps in the intestines of APC+/minSIRT12/2(gray) and APC+/minSIRT1+/+mice
(white). Each dot represents an individual animal; n=11 per group. No statistically significant difference was observed. (H) Number of tumors in the
whole small intestine according to diameter. Bars represent means 6 SEMs; n=11 per group. Significant difference in tumor number in APC+/min
SIRT12/2(gray) and APC+/minSIRT1+/+was observed only for 1.0–1.9 mm polyp size.
SIRT1 Inactivation Reduces Polyps in APCmin Mice
PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org5 June 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 6 | e66283


text: 2 minutes read March 12, 2012 Now Soulja Boy takes on Joseph Kony It has come to this. Musicians, especially rappers, had to wade in. Like everyone else who is now an expert on Uganda, they were quick to declare themselves on board….. Read More 3 minutes read February 14, 2011 True Blood or Sushi S: What does this say about contemporary white Afrikaans speaking music culture? Read More


text:
Goldman Raising $5 billion in Public Stock Offer
Updated: 09/24/2008 - Goldman Sachs will sell $5 billion worth of common stock to the public as part of a capital-raising plan that also includes Warren Buffett's investment of at least $5 billion.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - Goldman Sachs will sell $5 billion worth of common stock to the public as part of a capital-raising plan that also includes Warren Buffett's investment of at least $5 billion.
Posted: 09/24/2008 - A former news anchor is suing her former co-anchor of invading her privacy and leaking information to the media.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - Parents and other people who host parties in parts of Santa Clara County where anyone under the age of 21 is drinking alcohol may be facing fines under new rules passed by county supervisors.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - Two pilots for Hawaii's Go airlines who slept through their flight's landing procedure were suspended for the careless and reckless operation of an aircraft, the Federal Aviation Administration said Tuesday.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - The White House is strongly urging North Korea to reconsider its plans to reactivate its Yongbyon facility.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - The first item on the judge's agenda is whether or not evidence related to Simpson's acquittal in the 1994 slayings of his ex-wife and her friend should be allowed.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - One New Jersey farm has a special attraction to go with the season's hay rides and corn mazes: giant pumpkin catapult.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - Thousands of Galveston residents are returning to their storm-battered island city - many for the first time since fleeing Hurricane Ike nearly two weeks ago.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - Finland's prime minister called for stricter gun laws Wednesday as investigators revealed that the 22-year-old gunman's attack hit women especially hard, killing eight female students and leaving another with a gunshot wound to the head.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - Java Girls advertises "sexpressos" and "hot and steamy" coffee -- and the newest franichise is opening in Carson City.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - Residents of an assisted living center in Fallon have two more weeks to find a new home. No one will be put on the street, but residents, relatives and former employees won't be walking away happy.
Posted: 09/23/2008 - Lake Tahoe regulators will consider a measure forcing the closure of boat ramps when inspectors aren't on duty to check boats for invasive mussels.
Updated: 09/23/2008 - Northern Nevada baseball fans will be cheering for the Reno Aces when the region's first-ever Triple-A baseball team takes the field in its new downtown ballpark for the 2009 season.
Updated: 09/24/2008 - Reno police officers say they've heard about the gang violence happening in the bay area...and are paying close attention to hostility that's building as street vibrations gets closer. Tuesday, a new rumor came into focus...word that the violence may be headed to the Comstock.
Posted: 09/23/2008 - A Reno technology firm has reached a settlement with former designer Dennis Montgomery over software used by the government in the war against terror.
Updated: 09/23/2008
Reno Fire and Police recovered a body from the Truckee River Tuesday afternoon. The body was pulled east of Idlewild Park on Idlewild Dr.
Posted: 09/23/2008 - President Bush is scheduled to be in Reno in early October to address a conference on enhancing hunting opportunities and managing game species and their habitat around the country, a White House official confirmed Tuesday.
Updated: 09/23/2008 - The wreck is on westbound I-80, just west of Lovelock.
Posted: 09/23/2008 - Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke bluntly warned reluctant lawmakers Tuesday they risk a recession with higher unemployment and increased home foreclosures if they fail to pass the Bush administration's $700 billion plan to bail out the financial industry.
Updated: 09/23/2008 - Sparks police are searching for a robber who is said to be armed and on the run.
Posted: 09/23/2008 - Sparks City Attorney Chet Adams warns Sparks residents about a recent mail campaign offering to hire members of the public as "Secret Shoppers."
Updated: 09/23/2008 - Washoe County School District stays true to its word and sends 7th graders home who are not immunized with the T-DAP vaccine.
Updated: 09/23/2008 - Former Reno officials George Charchalis is one of a number of Americans held hostage in the first Gulf War. Their pursuit of damages now faces surprising opposition by their own government.
Updated: 09/22/2008 - Assembly Speaker Barbara Buckley said Monday she'll hold public meetings Sept. 29 in Las Vegas and Oct. 6 in Reno to discuss ways to overhaul state finances to end Nevada's "boom and bust" economic cycle.
Updated: 09/23/2008 - The feud between the Hell's Angels and the Mongols is tense in California, after a murder and several retaliatory threats. But will that violence spill over into Nevada?


text:
Welcome to WebmasterWorld Guest from 22.214.171.124
Forum Moderators: Robert Charlton & aakk9999 & brotherhood of lan & goodroi
Someone registered http://example1-example2.com and copied 100% of my site. I believe this may be hurting my rankings.
In google the site is only listed as supplemental.
-I have emailed the site owner and asked him to remove the illegal content.
-I reported to the domain register service that his phone number is missing a digit and asked for the real contact information.
-I reported the abuse to Google.
What else can I do. It seems that there should be a straight-forward way to "black-list" this kind of site.
Any other suggestions?
[edited by: tedster at 3:03 am (utc) on May 5, 2007]
[edit reason] de-link the URL [/edit]
" For Services that do, Google will, in appropriate circumstances, terminate repeat infringers."
I've done that a couple of times, it mostly works. And send one to their host as well. That works almost every time.
Sorry that happened to you :( Good Luck!
If so, find out his IP and block access to your site. Though one can't catch up with all this scrapers, it might help for the moment with this special one...
Regards and good luck to you.


text:
John Dickson
Position: Center ▪ Shoots: Right
Height: 6-10 ▪ Weight: 240 lbs.
Born: November 18, 1945 in Searcy, Arkansas
High School: Jonesboro in Jonesboro, Arkansas
College: Arkansas State University
Draft: Chicago Bulls, 3rd round (3rd pick, 22nd overall), 1967 NBA Draft
ABA Debut: October 19, 1967
Like this page? Sponsor it for $5. Your message will replace this ad.


text:
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text:
Summer Student Work: Connecticut Post profiles bird-bedecked aquarium intern Geissinger '14
The Connecticut Post describes a day in the life of Emilie Geissinger '14, a summer intern at the Marine Aquarium in Norwalk.
Besides interning at the aquarium and working as a life guard this summer (Geissinger is a varsity Bates swimmer), she's also working on her senior thesis in biology.
With Professor of Biology Will Ambrose as her adviser, Geissinger is investigating the eating habits of an eel-like fish called the wrymouth. To do her fieldwork, she's made a nearly 10-hour drive to Machias, far down the coast of Maine.
Geissinger tells Bates News that she took the aquarium internship to gain hands-on experience in marine biology.
"The skills and knowledge I have picked up here will benefit me as I continue pursuing marine biology," she says. "I knew very little about animal husbandry before working at Maritime, so this is a major new tool for my 'tool kit.'"
Connecticut Post reporter Tim Loh underscores the importance of internships for college students, noting that "nationwide, two out of three college students will at some point in their studies take part in an internship or cooperative education assignment, according to the National Association of Colleges and Employers."
Loh opens his story with Geissinger entering an aviary housing about 50 small, brightly colored parrots known as lorikeets.
Geissinger carries a tray of nectar, and "before long, the 21-year-old had six lorikeets perched on various parts of her upper body," writes Loh.
The sight of a bird-bedecked human attracts a little boy. As he approaches Geissinger, she eases herself down to him.
"I'm a friend to animals too," says the boy.
"I can tell," Geissinger replies as a bird hops over to him. "These birds have a way of knowing."
Tags: Biology Class of 2014 Summer Student Work
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