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The bow of the container ship Rotterdam faces the high-rise towers in downtown Long Beach. The man-made ports at Long Beach and Los Angeles, just across the channel, account for 25 percent of diesel particulate emissions in the Los Angeles Basin, and more particulate-forming nitrogen oxide emissions than all six million cars in the region combined.- Margaret Koval
Containers are unloaded from the Rotterdam to waiting trucks. The port recently banned older, dirtier diesel trucks from making pickups at the port. The combination of trucks, idling ships and trains creates a dangerous cloud of gas and particulate over the area.- Margaret Koval
Like arteries supplying the lifeblood of the consumer economy, this map shows the general distribution of goods entering Long Beach/Los Angeles port, following the routes of train lines and highways to their ultimate destination.- U.S. Department of Transportation
Feeding America's consumer appetite
KAI RYSSDAL: It starts right here -- the consumer economy -- on container ships like this one, the Rotterdam. Hundreds of ships just like it pull into American ports every day, each one crammed with enough consumer goods to fill thousands of tractor-trailers. The products inside are basically steroids for local economies all over the country.
Art Wong: Within about eight days or so, they'll be in the Midwest. So, many days after that, they'll end up on shelves of your department stores. And then the cycle begins all over again, and it goes on and on and on...
But how long can it keep going on? From American Public Media this is Marketplace. Friday, the 9th of November. I'm Kai Ryssdal. Great to have you with us, and welcome to Consumed -- a special series about the consumer economy here on Marketplace and half a dozen other American Public Media programs.
We've spent a year learning how the consumer economy affects us... How it touches more than just our wallets. We'll share our discoveries with you over the next nine days, as we explore how our economy, our culture -- even our selves -- are shaped by our insatiable appetite for stuff.
Shopper voice montage: I wanna get some jeans, a purple shirt... I need the iPhone like I need air... We wanted to be first in line to make sure we got what we wanted... If it doesn't last, it's OK -- it was only $6.
RYSSDAL: The object of that frenzy -- 40 percent of all the imports Americans buy -- comes in on ships like the Rotterdam through the waters off Long Beach, California. It's part of the biggest port complex in the country. More than 10,000 acres of nothing but commerce. You could call it the mouth of the consumer economy -- an economy that has only been getting hungrier and hungrier.
Art Wong's with the port of Long Beach. Art, you started here, as I understand it, 20 years ago. What was this place like back then?
Wong: Some of the shipping terminals, like the one we're going intom were just opening at that time, and we thought they were huge. They're about the size of Disneyland here. Now the trade has grown so much that this is a relatively small facility. We've got plans now to essentially triple it in size.
RYSSDAL: Are there any sign of it slowing down any time soon?
Wong: Not at all. every projection we've had for how fast the port was going to grow has turned out to be too conservative. There's only so much room here, the roads are only so big, the railroads can only handle so much cargo. We're not sure how we're going to deal with this doubling, or tripling, or quadrupling of cargo in the coming years.
RYSSDAL: Is there a way to get some kind of handle on the value of this place? What happens here every day?
Wong: We've had a labor dispute here a few years ago when the cargo stopped moving through here and within a week, the president had to order everybody back to the bargaining table because shelves were starting to empty. Parts weren't getting to the factories. The economy was coming to a standstill and they were starting to lay off workers.
RYSSDAL: Do you ever wonder how long the American consumer can keep it up; can keep just going and going and going?
Wong: You know, we're being stretched, and I turn to my kids every so often and I ask them, how many more pairs of jeans do they need? How many more handbags can they buy? And how much room to they have in their closets? And they keep going, and they keep buying, and the port keeps seeing more and more cargo coming through here.
RYSSDAL: Art Wong at the Port of Long Beach... Thanks so much for your time, Art.
Wong: You're welcome.
Read more stories from the Consumed series:


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Hacked laptops lead banks to warn of data breaches
Recent data breaches at two banks underscore what's becoming a gnarly problem for companies that handle sensitive information: When does a hacked PC become a data breach?
Recent data breaches at two banks underscore what's becoming a gnarly problem for companies that handle sensitive information: When does a hacked PC become a data breach?
South Korea has concluded that Google illegally collected personal data while collecting information for its Street View map service, an official at the country's National Police Agency (NPA) said on Thursday.
We were wrong -- so far -- that Carol Bartz would be ousted as Yahoo CEO by the end of this year, but we were right that Apple's tablet, whose name wasn't known at the end of last year, would be huge. OK, so that second one was probably a given, but ...
If you think your Gawker account has been compromised by this weekend's attack and you want to cancel it, you can't.
Laptops can be stolen. Neoflyer asked the PCWorld.com Answer Line forum for tips on protecting them.
People using a tool to conduct distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) attacks against other websites in support of WikiLeaks can easily be traced, according to computer security researchers.
E-mail addresses and password details for 200,000 registered users of Gawker Media websites are now circulating on peer-to-peer networks after a weekend hack attack. The company warned users to change their passwords -- including on other sites, if t...
The activists behind Operation Payback have come up with a new way to annoy corporations that have severed their ties with WikiLeaks: bombard them with faxes.
As the distributed denial-of-service attacks spawned by this week's WikiLeaks events continue, network operators are discussing what progress, if any, has been made over the past decade to detect and thwart DoS attacks.
Dutch authorities arrested a 16-year-old boy on Wednesday in relation to the cyberattacks against Visa, MasterCard and PayPal, which were aimed at punishing those companies for cutting off services to WikiLeaks.
Hackers broke into the state of Iowa's Amber Alert website and issued a bogus alert over the weekend.
Certain Web sites probe visiting browsers for data that can be used to help criminals craft phishing attacks that compromise the accounts of online banking customers, researchers have found.
That old phrase SNAFU ("Situation Normal, All F---ked Up!") certainly describes our choices for 2010's top 10 security screw-ups.
The cache of more than 250,000 U.S. Department of State cables that WikiLeaks began releasing on Sunday includes a document linking China's Politburo to the December 2009 hack of Google's computer systems.
Attorney-General, Robert McClelland, and Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, Senator Stephen Conroy, have backed a standing committee report on cyber crime.
The latest business news, reviews, features and whitepapers
Visit our shop for the best deals on hot products
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Comprehensive buying guides, features, and step-by-step articles
First impression on unpacking the Q702 test unit was the solid feel and clean, minimalist styling.
For work use, Microsoft Word and Excel programs pre-installed on the device are adequate for preparing short documents.
The Fujitsu LifeBook UH574 allowed for great mobility without being obnoxiously heavy or clunky. Its twelve hours of battery life did not disappoint.
The screen was particularly good. It is bright and visible from most angles, however heat is an issue, particularly around the Windows button on the front, and on the back where the battery housing is located.
My first impression after unboxing the Q702 is that it is a nice looking unit. Styling is somewhat minimalist but very effective. The tablet part, once detached, has a nice weight, and no buttons or switches are located in awkward or intrusive positions.

subset: commoncrawl


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Fujitsu Planetarium Rental Information and Fees
The Fujitsu Planetarium at De Anza College is one of the largest school planetariums in the country. It can provide you with a unique and unusual setting for your private event.
The Planetarium Facility is used mainly as the classroom for the College's Astronomy Department, therefore availability is limited to Friday evenings and Saturday days only. For more information click our "Frequently asked questions regarding renting the Planetarium" link on this page.
For availability call (408) 864–8814 or
contact us via email: email@example.com
Frequently asked questions regarding renting the Planetarium.
Private use of Planetarium Facility for up to 139 people to view one Full Dome Digital Astronomy show of your choice and tour of the night sky (use time of 1 hour allows for group to arrive and view show, no table or chair set up in lobby, no food or beverage allowed). Groups requiring additional use time may reserve in advance at the rate of $100 per hour.
Private use of Planetarium Facility for up to 65 people to view one Full Dome Digital Astronomy show of your choice and tour of the night sky plus lobby use and set up of five tables and 30 chairs - Party host is responsible for food, cake, beverages, decorations, paper goods, etc.. and minimal clean up (Use time is 3 hours and allows for group to arrive, view show, celebrate and clean up. This rental rate is only applicable to birthday party celebrations).
Special General Use
$ 425 for first hour plus $100 each hour thereafter.
Private use of Planetarium Facility for up to 139 people to view one Full Dome Digital Astronomy show of your choice and tour of the night sky or use of Planetarium auditorium for ceremony, meeting or gathering plus use of lobby for food and non-alcoholic beverage service. Renter is responsible for food, beverages, decorations and minimal clean up, event must be catered by a licensed caterer. If using planetarium for meeting or presentation, renter must must provide A/V materials and must meet with Planetarium staff in advance to provide timeline of event. Due to space limitations, table set up in lobby for this option will be limited to two tables for food and non-alcoholic beverages.
(This rate only applies to groups who wish to use the Planetarium for events that require use of the lobby but are not celebrating a birthday. Usage time may vary according to specific event)
Deposits and Fees
A deposit of 50% of the rental fees, listed above, is required to reserve the Planetarium for any event and is applicable towards rental fee. An additional $100.00 refundable cleaning deposit is required and refunded within two weeks after event. Cleaning deposit will not be refunded should facility be left in an unsanitary or damaged condition.
In the event of a cancellation, renter must notify the Planetarium staff 14 business days in advance to receive deposit refund minus a $50 service fee. Notification will be accepted in writing and must be submitted via email, fax or regular U.S. Mail.
Please send to:
fax at 408/864-5643
or mail:
De Anza College Fujitsu Planetarium Attn: Office Manager
21250 Stevens Creek Blvd.,
Cupertino CA 95014
Parking and Rules
The De Anza College Campus Safety and Security department requires that all cars parked on campus display a proper parking permit. You may purchase these permits the day of your event from the yellow parking machines located on all student lots. The cost is $3.00 per permit – machines accept credit cards, coins or dollar bills.
PLEASE NOTE: Due to other events scheduled on campus such as Flea Market Day (which takes place the first Saturday of every month) permit fees will vary and parking spaces may be limited in some parking lots. If you require more parking information please contact Campus Security at 408 864 5555
No Alcohol is allowed during any event held on De Anza College Campus and Planetarium Facility - no exceptions.
Smoking allowed on designated areas only, please refer to map of campus for location.
De Anza College Fujitsu Planetarium
21250 Stevens Creek Blvd. Cupertino CA 95014
Tel: 408 864 8814
Office Hours: Monday to Friday - 9:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m.
Public Show Hours: SATURDAYS 3:30 to 10:00 p.m. (September to March Only)


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Book your room at Hampton Inn East Windsor
Get an overview of this hotelSuburban hotel with free breakfast and indoor pool
Collect 200 points
Simply enter your Nectar card number when prompted. Your points will be credited 30 days after you return from your trip.*Offers may apply
Situated in the suburbs, this hotel is within 12 mi (20 km) of Forsgate Country Club, Princeton University, and Mercer County Park. Charleston Springs Golf Course and University Square Shopping Center are also within 12 mi (20 km).
Hotel Features
An indoor pool, a fitness center, and a 24-hour business center are available at this hotel. Free buffet breakfast is provided, as well as free WiFi in public areas, free self parking, and a free manager's reception. Other amenities include a meeting room, dry cleaning, and laundry facilities.
Room Amenities
All 80 rooms provide conveniences like refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi and LCD TVs with satellite channels. Coffee makers, down comforters, and free weekday newspapers are among the other amenities available to guests.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Hampton Inn East Windsor features an indoor pool and a fitness center. High-speed wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary. This hotel offers access to a 24-hour business center, limo/town car service, and a meeting room. Guests are offered a complimentary breakfast each morning and a complimentary manager's reception is offered on select days. Event facilities measure 625 square feet (58 square meters). This East Windsor hotel also offers multilingual staff, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and laundry facilities. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Hampton Inn East Windsor has designated areas for smoking.
- One meeting room
- Total number of rooms - 80
- ATM/banking
- Number of floors - 3
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free breakfast
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-out
- Fitness facilities
- Designated smoking areas
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Laundry facilities
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Multilingual staff
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- 24-hour business center
- Conference space size (feet) - 625
- Conference space size (meters) - 58
- Free reception
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Indoor pool
- Television in common areas
- Wedding services
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Climate control
- Free weekday newspaper
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Microwave
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Satellite TV service
- Free WiFi
- Down comforter
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary hot/cold buffet breakfast each morning. The hotel offers a complimentary manager's reception on select days.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an indoor pool and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Rafting nearby
- Surfing/boogie boarding nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Golf lessons available nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Braille or raised signage
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Hotel Name
We should mention
Children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. Construction is underway at a neighboring building and there may be noise disturbance from the construction work.


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Dr. J. Michael McGrath Elementary School
Public School | Grades K-6 | Newhall Elementary
Newhall, CA 91321
(661) 291-4090
21501 Deputy Jake Way, Newhall, CA 91321
(661) 291-4090
Elementary Schools Nearby
|School Name distance
|Community Rating
|Town & Country Farm School 0.6 miles
|Newhall Elementary School 1.1 miles
|Our Lady Of Perpetual Help School 1.3 miles
|Peachland Avenue Elementary School 1.7 miles
|Pinecrest-valencia School 2 miles
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Daily Archives: July 31, 2013
Webinar Recording: What's New in ReSharper 8.0
The recording of our July 26th webinar with Hadi Hariri and Dmitri Nesteruk, What's New in ReSharper 8.0, is available on JetBrains YouTube channel. In this webinar, we have a look at the new features and improvements in ReSharper 8.0. This recording … Continue reading
Posted in Events, Screencast Tagged ReSharper, ReSharper 8, webinar Leave a comment


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Does anyone know if it is possible to embed a file open dialog inside your own form?
We have a tabbed dialog and on one of the tabs we want the user to be able to browse for a file with the same functionality as the the standard open dialog e.g. 'Look in' combobox, places bar, shell file list, file name comboedit with name completion etc etc.
I've looked at recreating the dialog with some 3rd party components, namely Jam Shell Browser Components
I can get most of the functionality this way, but I'm missing a couple of things e.g. the places bar and the filename auto completion\suggestion


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Press Release Distribution
Filter NewsShow All Results
News By CountryNone Found
News By TagEPXBody
EPXBody Press Releases+ XML/RSS
By EPXBody
Weight loss is a lot easier now that EPXBody pays people up to $500 to lose weight using natural fat burning supplements.
By GetEPXBody.com
We guarantee you at least P50,000 a month. That's $1000.00 USD a month! ... Guaranteed! GetEPXBody.com Team Direct with CEO/OWNER
By EPXBody.com/OWNER Skype:EPXBodyOWNER
EPXBody Philippines Leaders Can Now Join Before Philippine Launch and Team Direct with EPXBody Owner. EPXBody.com/OWNER
Page updated every 10 minutes


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Barking blondes: a tribute to Doris Day
We spent an entertaining Tuesday evening at The Crazy Coques in Londons' West End watching a tribute show to Doris Day.
As two, fair fading blondes, with no celebratory status, we are always interested in those who decide to ditch it all in favour of dogs.
Doris Day's husband fleeced her, emptied her bank account of over $30 million and left her no option but to stay out there and keep working.
Therefore, who can blame her when she said enough is enough and now dedicates her life to her Animal Foundation. It has been running for over 35 years and both, she and the foundation, are strong.
Perhaps she gains strength from knowing her karma is good and that she is helping those who have helped her. It was a dog named Tiny that gave Doris the inspiration to carry on after a serious accident as a teenager.
A car crash left her with one leg in a compound fracture and unable to walk without crutches for two years, killing all her hopes of becoming a dancer.
Tiny helped her road to recovery with his constant companionship, but for no reason, one day ran out into the middle of the road and was killed instantly; in front of her very eyes.
The irony of Doris's dog suffering the same fate, that she had escaped, led her to dedicate her life to animals.
Many Hollywood stars have set an example and sought emotional strength from animals, often when human beings have let them down.
Bardot and Garbo similarly gave up on people for dogs. Garbo ended her days in New York living with a pack of more than 10 dogs, one of them was the son of Hollywood legend, Rin Tin Tin. She died, a recluse.
Bardot still campaigns tirelessly for animal rights and her once, radiant beauty has faded, to reveal to many, her inner beauty, her love of animals. Withdrawing herself from a vain and judgmental, celluloid world where beauty is often only skin deep.
Some will say as those above discovered, most people have an agenda. Dogs don't.
They may demand time from us but they don't expect a shared bank account. They don't expect dinner to be served at certain times. But they are so grateful when they get all this and return the compliment with genuine thanks and unconditional love – this is the one attribute that the human condition lacks.
So any relationship with a human is quid pro quo, whereas a relationship with a dog – man's best friend, is not. Some people judge people by their love of dogs, and won't trust anyone who doesn't like dogs, simply because what is there not to like? The adage that you can't lie to a dog is perhaps why some are afraid of them – dogs see through the human facade.
They appreciate our attention no matter how meager. They don't care if you're having a bad hair day or whether you are broke, if the car is in the garage, if you can't chauffeur them to their appointment, or whether your trousers clash with your blouse.
No matter how ugly a mutt is the beauty shines out everyday, simply in the truth that is the love of a dog.
So next time you hear jokes about "the old girl at the end of the road who lives with a load of dogs" consider why she does?
And more importantly consider that it could well be one of us.
BARKING AT THE MOON / THURSDAY 3pm BBC LONDON 94.9fmTagged in: barking blondes, bbc, dogs, doris day, RADIO
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The Festival continues to present the world's finest musicians including, among this year's John Lewis Young Stars Ruby Hughes, returning after recent triumphs and Dinara Klinton, a previous winner of our own Sheepdrove Piano Competition, for her debut with the Philharmonia. We also welcome back John Lill as a judge of this year's competition, where Rachmaninov and Scriabin will be the featured composers, as they will also be for Peter Donohoe's recital. Making their Festival debuts are BBC Symphony Orchestra, Classical Opera, Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, and their compatriots, Goldberg Baroque Ensemble. Other distinguished visitors include Mahan Esfahani, Adam Walker, Hyeyoon Park, Daniel Mulhall, CrossHarbour, Endellion String Quartet, Voces8, Tenebrae and Calefax.
At Newbury Corn Exchange jazz greats Julian Joseph, Pasadena Roof Orchestra, and Ronnie Scotts' All Stars contrast with shows which have a strong musical element: Ballet Central and Charles Court Opera present traditional lyric theatre, while Concert Theatre, combining physical theatre with live music and The Imperfect Pearl, a musical play (on a subject similar to Ex Cathedra's programme for Douai Abbey) are radical new hybrids. Kit & McConnel finally lower the tone with their unique brand of musical satire.
Cinema perhaps offers the greatest opportunity for combining music, image and drama and Hitchcock's Psycho and Vertigo are masterpieces of the genre, enhanced by Bernard Herrmann's powerful scores. His widow Norma will introduce a concert including arrangements of her late husband's music by Tippett Quartet before we screen the films. The Hollywood theme develops with Clare Martin's Hollywood Romance, Gary Williams's Sinatra Jukebox, Harry the Piano's A Night at the Movies, Swell Party Company's Till The Clouds Roll By and with Robert Harris's interview From Page to Screen, where we will discuss his career in the movies. Please join us for what promises to be a great 2015 Festival!
Mark Eynon, Festival Director


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See other Crete properties
Pension Mylos - Agios Nikolaos
Real Reviews
Real reviews from fellow travellers
These are trusted reviews from guests who have actually stayed here. We hope you find them helpful.
Note: we only give a property a rating once it has received a minimum of 3 reviews.
- Page:1/1
- " Other places that we have been to can perhaps rival the warm hospitality of Pension Mylos, but it certainly cannot be equaled. A "home away from home," is the thought that comes mind when I think about my experience there. Thank you mama Pela. for creating a warm and welcoming environment for my wife and I. "
- 29 Apr 2013 Mauricio USA


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Underground Bare Knuckle Boxing in the UK
- Uploaded by TopDocumentary on Jul 28, 2014
- Views: 345
Subscribe to VICE here! regarded as something that happens exclusively in Guy Ritchie films and on gypsy sites, bare knuckle boxing is fast becoming a thriving scene in the UK -- the ultimate British Clive Martin embeds with the bare knuckle boxing elite, what he discovers is not dissimilar to Fight Club; IT technicians, builders, lifestyle coaches and even a solicitor, all throwing their unprotected fists into each other's faces. It's a subculture of honour, pride and the UK prepares to play host to the first US vs UK bare knuckle title fight in 150 years -- the biggest event the scene has known since it went underground in the 19th Century -- Clive tries to find out if violence is a cause or effect for these angry young out more "Rule Britannia" here: to VICE here! out our full video catalog: , daily editorial and more: VICE on Facebook: VICE on Twitter: our tumblr:


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Hot ringtones on Audiko.net! It's easy to download a free Airplanes ringtones for your iPhone or mobile. Choose your favorite slice from your favorite masterpiece - BOB, Airplanes (Feat. Hayley Williams of Paramore) [Video], Airplanes Lyrics B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams, or any other track. Then download the prepared Airplanes ringtones to your gadget, and enjoy Rock music by Airplanes every time your phone rings. If you prefer Rock or maybe Pop and Powerpop music, then you will probably like The Format, A Rocket to the Moon, or The Maine as well. For all who want a free Airplanes ringtone, we also recommend listening to Alt-Country, Alternative, and Indie. You are welcome to obtain your track piece both in the MP3 and m4a formats, compatible with both mobile phones and iPhones. Just select a track, and choose free Airplanes ringtones download option.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 5, 2010
|Filing date
|Jun 10, 2004
|Priority date
|Nov 25, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Long L. Duan, Rath Vannithamby, Wanshi Chen, Reza Shahidi, Alpaslan Gence Savas, Joakim Hulten
|Original Assignee
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (6), Classifications (29), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/721,951, which was filed on 25 Nov. 2003, and entitled "Power-Based Rate Adaptation of Wireless Communication Channels." This priority application, which is co-pending and commonly assigned with the instant application, expressly is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present invention generally relates to wireless communication networks, and particularly relates to adaptive rate control of communication channels in such networks.
Evolving wireless communication networks, such as those based on the IS-2000 family of standards, offer a wide range of services including voice, data (web, email, etc.), and streaming media services. Differing applications and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements result in individual data users having differing data rate needs. IS-2000 networks typically serve individual data users on the forward link using forward link fundamental channels (F-FCHs) that support a maximum channel data rate of 9.6 kpbs. If that data rate is insufficient to meet the service requirements of a particular data user, the network assigns a forward supplemental channel (F-SCH) in conjunction with that user's F-FCH. F-SCHs are configured to have data rates expressed as a multiple of the F-FCH data rate, and thus a data user may be assigned a F-SCH rate of 1�, 2�, 4�, etc., depending on the particular service needs of that user.
Typically, the assignment of a F-SCH to a particular data user is triggered by an excess data buffer size, i.e., the queue for incoming data to be transmitted to the user is too large, or is triggered by the rate of the incoming data. Selection of a F-SCH initial data rate may be based on the predicted data throughput to the data user, or may be based on other considerations. Regardless, once the F-SCH is assigned, conventional networks either leave the initially configured rate unchanged for the duration of the assignment, or make relatively infrequent rate changes based on, for example, changes in the incoming forward link traffic (i.e., packet size or rate). In theory, the network could use frame error rate (FER) information fed back from the data user to make rate adjustments, but that would not allow timely rate adjustments because relatively long periods of time, e.g., a hundred or more received frames, are required to develop statistically accurate FER information.
Overall network performance and utilization efficiency suffer because of the inability to intelligently adjust F-SCH data rates and corresponding channel resource allocations. That is, where the data rate of a given F-SCH is too high given the current radio conditions of the data user the channel is assigned to, the effective data rate of the channel is lowered because of the high incidence of reception errors and the transmit power allocated for the inappropriately high data rate is at least partially wasted. Of course, the converse is true, wherein the network misses opportunities to make timely increases in F-SCH data rates responsive to improving radio conditions for particular data users.
Further, communication resources typically are assigned to support a targeted data rate for a given communication channel. If the actual usage of the channel is below the potential throughput possible with the assigned resources, at least a portion of those assigned resources are, in effect, being "wasted." Thus, the utilization efficiency of the network can suffer significantly if communication channel resource allocations are not managed with respect to the actual needs of the channel users.
These circumstances are not limited to IS-2000 networks. Indeed, the potential for such inefficiencies arise in any communication network wherein rate-adjustable channels are assigned to users and managed without benefit of direct rate control feedback from the users.
The present invention comprises a method and apparatus for managing variable data rate communication channels in a wireless communication network. By way of non-limiting example, the communication channels of interest may comprise forward link supplemental channels (F-SCHs) in a cdma20000 network used to transmit packet data from a base station to one or more mobile stations. Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention applies directly to other types of networks as well, such as those based on Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) standards.
Broadly, the present invention combines channel data rate adjustment with channel resource allocation management. For a given channel resource allocation, e.g., given power and spreading code allocations, the channel rate may be set as a function of varying channel conditions within the limits imposed by the resource allocation. Further, to ensure efficient utilization of resources, that channel resource allocation may be changed from time to time, depending on whether the channel is or is not being well utilized, e.g., whether the channel is being over-utilized or underutilized.
Thus, in an exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises, in a wireless communication network, a method of managing a communication channel having a variable data rate based on making short-term data rate adjustments for the communication channel based on monitoring changing channel conditions, and making long-term communication resource allocation adjustments for the communication channel based on monitoring channel utilization. Advantageously, a given channel resource allocation is maintained in the short term to thereby permit data rate adjustments to be made upward or downward within the resource allocation limits as a function of changing channel conditions. For example, the channel data rate may be dropped responsive to momentary fading and then quickly restored to its previous setting once channel conditions improve.
However, the present invention further recognizes that maintaining a given communication channel resource allocation over the long term may lead to resource utilization inefficiency. For example, if the actual average data throughput on the channel is substantially below the throughput achievable with the current resource allocation. In such cases, an exemplary channel management method adjusts the resource allocation, such as by reducing the amount of transmit power and/or spreading code resources set aside for the channel, and makes corresponding adjustments to the channel data rate. The particular processes undertaken to adjust resources and to adjust the data rate may be dependent on the particular channel type. For example, management of a supplemental channel in a cdma2000-based network may entail changing the channel's radio configuration, tearing the channel down and reestablishing it at a different data rate and/or with a different resource allocation, etc.
In an exemplary implementation, the currently allocated resources are maintained at least over a given interval, and the channel data rate is adjusted one or more times over that interval, within the limits of the current resource allocation, as a function of channel condition. Channel conditions may be monitored by evaluating the average actual transmit power being used to transmit the channel of interest relative to a minimum and maximum transmit power allocations as defined by the current communication resource allocation, for example. If the average power is close to the maximum allocation, the current data rate may be considered too high for current channel conditions and thus may be lowered, such as by selecting a lower rate from a defined set of possible data rates. Conversely, if the average power is close to minimum allocation, the current data rate may be considered too low for current channel conditions, and thus may be raised. Additionally, or alternatively, channel conditions may be monitored based on receiving channel quality information from mobile stations receiving data on the communication channel(s) being managed. For example, Channel Quality Indicators, as received from the mobile stations, may be used, and may be particularly helpful with respect to monitoring rapidly changing channel conditions given their typically high feedback rate.
Thus, an exemplary base station for use in a wireless communication network comprises a control circuit including one or more processing circuits configured to initially allocate communication resources to the communication channel in accordance with an initial data rate set for the communication channel, change the data rate responsive to monitoring channel conditions while retaining the allocated communication resources, and re-allocate communication resources to the communication channel responsive to monitoring channel utilization. The control circuit may be configured to return any communication resources freed by the re-allocation to one or more available resource pools for use as needed in supporting other communication channels, and may be configured to monitor channel utilization based on a first time scale, and to monitor channel conditions based on a second, faster time scale.
Of course, the present invention is not limited by the foregoing details. Those skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description, and upon viewing the accompanying drawings.
As illustrated, network 10 comprises a Radio Access Network (RAN) 12 that supports wireless communication between mobile stations 14 and one or more Public Data Networks (PDNs) 16, such as the Internet, based on its Radio-Packet (RP) interface with Packet Switched Core Network (PSCN) 18. RAN 12 also may be configured to carry voice and other circuit-switched communication traffic between the mobile stations 14 and users of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 20 based on its traffic and signaling interfaces with Circuit-Switched Core Network (CSCN) 22, which typically includes a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) 24 to handle voice call setup/teardown, etc.
In any case, an exemplary RAN 12 comprises one or more Base Station Controllers (BSCs) 30, each one associated with one or more Radio Base Stations (RBSs) 32. A Packet Control Function (PCF) 34 is associated (or integrated) with each BSC 30, and provides an interface to a Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) 38 in the PSCN 18. PDSN 38 carries packet data traffic for mobile stations 14, and may be coupled through a local (private) IP network 40 to a gateway router 42 that provides access to the Internet at large, or to one or more other PDNs 16. The PSCN 18 may comprise various other entities 44, such as Home Agents and Foreign Agents to manage packet data mobility functions.
While potentially helpful in terms of understanding exemplary network operations in a broad sense, details of the CSCN 22 and PSCN 18 are not required for understanding the present invention, which generally concerns operations and equipment in RAN 12, and, in particular, concerns RBSs 32 and BSCs 30.
Turning, then, to exemplary details for an RBS 32 configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention,
These various functional elements can be implemented in hardware, software, or both, and the exemplary RBS 32 includes one or more microprocessor circuits, such as Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), and associated supporting circuits, such as memory, etc. As such, in an exemplary embodiment, the present invention, including rate adapator circuit 60, is implemented at least in part as a computer program stored in memory for execution in one or more RBS microprocessor circuits.
RBS 32 supports wireless communication to and from individual ones of the mobile stations 14 by transmitting signals to the mobile stations 14 using one or more forward link channels and receiving signals from the mobile stations 14 using one or more reverse link channels. In an exemplary embodiment, each mobile station 14 is served using one or more dedicated (mobile-specific) forward and reverse link channels.
Power control loops on the forward and reverse links operate to maintain the forward and reverse link channel transmit powers substantially at, but preferably not higher than, the levels needed to achieve a desired received signal level quality at both the RBS 32 and at the mobile stations 14. For example, for a particular mobile station 14, the RBS 32 sends reverse link power control commands at a defined rate to the mobile station 14, and mobile station 14 moves its transmit power up or down according to the commands. Thus, if the RBS 32 is receiving the mobile station's reverse link signals below a targeted signal-to-noise ratio, it sends up commands to the mobile station and, conversely, if it is receiving the mobile station's signal above the targeted signal quality, it sends down commands. According to this scheme, then, the transmit power from the mobile station 14 moves up and down as needed to achieve the desired signal quality at the RBS 32.
Similarly, the mobile station 14 sends forward link power control commands, e.g., Power Control Bits or PCBs, to the RBS 32 that command the RBS 32 to increase or decrease its transmit power to the mobile station 14 according to a desired received signal quality at the mobile station 14. For example, the mobile station 14 may compute a target received signal quality and then send up or down power commands to RBS 32 as needed to maintain the received signal quality at or around that target. Along with this, the mobile station 14 may monitor a Frame Error Rate (FER) for data received from the RBS 32 and may raise or lower the received signal quality target depending on whether the FER is high or low.
Link power control of this nature generally is well understood by those skilled in the art, however, according to the present invention, transmit power information associated with such closed loop power control is used to make channel data rate adaptations. For example, in the context of F-SCHs in cdma2000 networks, the present invention may be used to provide dynamic rate adaptation for a given F-SCH based on the transmit power of that F-SCH. More broadly, the present invention provides a relatively fast, e.g., per transmit frame or better, methodology for performing channel rate adaptation based on transmit power information. According to a broad embodiment, a relatively high transmit power indicates that the channel data rate should be adapted downward and a relatively low transmit power indicates that the channel data rate should be adapted upward. As such, the present invention can be applied to essentially any communication channel that is rate adjustable. Such application may be particularly beneficial where the channel in question lacks an explicit rate control feedback mechanism keyed to received signal quality at the remote receiver.
As an example,
In either case, the monitor/filter circuits 64 may comprise one or more filter circuits 72. In an exemplary embodiment, the raw power data (either values corresponding to the transmit power or to the incoming stream of power control commands) is routed into a first filter 72-1 that is configured with a first filter time constant to effect a desired amount of filtering. Optionally, the data also is routed into a second filter 72-2 that is configured with a second filter time constant to effect a desired amount of smoothing. In one configuration, the first filter time constant is set less than the second filter time constant such that the first filtered values output by filter 72-1 more rapidly track changes in the pre-filtered data, while the second filtered values output by filter 72-2 exhibit a greater degree of smoothing.
It may be desirable, for example, to make downward rate adjustments more quickly than upward rate adjustments. Thus, downward rate adjustment decisions may be made based on monitoring the first filtered values relative to defined thresholds, and upward rate adjustments may be made based on monitoring the second filtered values relative to the same or different thresholds.
If the filtered values used for rate adaptation are derived from the mobile station's power control commands, then the upper and lower limits can be set at percentage or fractional values. For example, if a "0" defines a down power command and a "1" defines an up power command, then the filtered values will range from a minimum of zero (all "0s" received) to a maximum of one (all "1s" received). A value of about 0.5 would represent a more or less even mix of up and down commands. Thus, the lower limit could be set at 0.25 and the upper limit could be set at 0.75. The lower limit would be reached if the larger percentage of power control commands incoming from the mobile station 14 were down commands, and the upper limit would be reached if the larger percentage were up commands. Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize that these are merely example limits that can be changed as needed or desired.
Additionally, those skilled in the art will recognize the opportunity to vary the filtering process as needed or desired. In an exemplary embodiment, the filter characteristics may be configured to achieve a desired averaging response. Filter performance may be adjusted by configuring the number of transmit frames over which the transmit information is developed, i.e., the number of transmit frames over which the average is determined. In an exemplary embodiment, new transmit power information is available per 20 ms frame. Similarly, in embodiments that derive transmit power information from the incoming power control commands, filter performance can be adjusted by changing the number of commands that are averaged. Incoming power control commands are received at up to 800 Hz (every 1.25 ms), and averaging operations can be configured to balance smoothness with responsiveness.
Further, regardless of filter configuration, it may be desirable to "reset" filtering after a rate increase or decrease. Such filter resetting helps prevent false re-triggering of the rate adaptation method immediately after a rate change. As an example, the method may include resetting the transmit power information to half the last filtered power value determined prior to a rate decrease, or to double the last value determined prior to a rate increase. Of course, other reset values can be used and, if separate filters are used for triggering rate increases and decreases, reset operations may be tailored to each individual filter.
Thus, if it is time for rate adaptation for a given channel or channels of interest (Step 102), the rate adaptor 60 compares the first filtered value against the upper limit (Step 104). If the first filtered value is above the upper limit (Step 106), rate adaptor 60 initiates a downward rate adjustment (Step 108). If not, the rate adaptor 60 compares the second filtered value to the lower limit (Step 110). If the second filtered value is below the lower limit (Step 112), the rate adaptor 60 initiates an upward rate adjustment (Step 114). If the first and second values are between the upper and lower limits, no rate adjustments are made. Processing ends with respect to the current rate adjustment interval, but it should be understood that monitoring can continue and that the above process can be repeated at the desired adjustment interval or as needed.
As an exemplary alternative to comparing filtered transmit power values to a lower power bound set relative to a current channel data rate, the rate adaptor 60 generally may compare the filtered value to a threshold derived from the power requirements of a higher data rate. For example, the filtered value may be compared to a threshold set relative to an upper power bound associated with the next higher data rate. By making that comparison, the rate adaptor 60 ensures that a sufficient power margin will exist to maintain the integrity of the call at the contemplated higher rate in consideration of normal power fluctuations. As an example, suppose that the current channel is at a rate 4� and the next higher rate is 8�. In determining whether to move from 4� to 8�, the rate adaptor 60 compares the filtered value to threshold associated with the maximum power defined for the 8� rate to determine whether to initiate the rate increase.
More generally, the rate adaptor 60 can determine whether to increase the data rate by making the comparison to a threshold that will ensure sufficient power adjustment range to maintain radio link quality at the contemplated higher rate. The comparison threshold thus should be set relative to the upper power bound defined for the contemplated data rate to allow for reasonable margin.
In initiating a rate adjustment, the rate adaptor circuit 60 may send a rate adjustment message to the BSC 30, or otherwise signal to the BSC 30 that a rate adjustment is needed. The control/interface circuits 70 of BSC 30 can be configured to respond to such signaling by sending an Extended Supplemental Channel Assignment Message (ESCAM) to the mobile station 14 to cancel the previous rate assignment of the mobile station's F-SCH and to inform the RBS 32 of the rate change so that it can reconfigure the rate accordingly.
Thus, in an exemplary embodiment directed to F-SCH rate adaptation in a cdma2000 network, RBS 32 can be configured to perform rate adaptation on any number of F-SCHs being supported by the RBS 32. For any of these channels, the RBS 32 initiates downward rate adjustments as needed in response to determining that the transmit power information for that channel indicates that a relatively higher power is required to support the current data rate of the channel. Conversely, the RBS 32 initiates upward rate adjustments as needed in response to determining that a relatively lower power is required to support the current data rate of the channel, or that the current average power is such that the next higher data rate could be supported with sufficient power margin. So configured, the RBS 32 uses transmit power information to infer whether a particular mobile station 14 is in relatively good or relatively bad radio conditions, and to make the correspondingly appropriate rate adaptation.
In conjunction with data rate adaptation, the present invention contemplates improvements in overall network utilization efficiency through a cooperative method wherein communication channel resource allocation adjustments are coordinated with communication channel data rate adjustments. With this combined approach to communication channel management, the data rate of a given communication channel can quickly be adjusted downward or upward as needed, within the limits imposed by a current channel resource allocation, to make data rate adjustment responsive to dynamic channel conditions, such as fading. In concert with this, but preferably on a slower basis, the network evaluates whether the allocated channel resources are being efficiently utilized, so that the channel's resource allocation can, if needed, be adjusted. Here, resource allocations can include both backhaul network resources and/or radio access network resources.
To understand at least some of the benefits of this two-pronged approach to communication channel management, it may be helpful to step through a simple example in the context of the F-SCH channel assigned to a given mobile station 14 (i.e., a given "user"). Assume that the initial channel assignment negotiated between the network and the user is for an 8� F-SCH. The supporting base station system (BSC 30 and RBS 32) allocates communication channel resources, e.g., forward link transmit power allocations and spreading code allocations, commensurate with the 8� data rate of the channel. As noted previously herein, the transmit power allocation may be defined by a minimum transmit power allocation and a maximum transmit power allocation, e.g., a two Watt floor and a five Watt ceiling.
If the user is in relatively good channel conditions, the average actual transmit power needed to deliver data to the user at the 8� data rate with an acceptable FER will be relatively low with respect to the allocated power ceiling. Indeed, the average actual transmit power may be at or near the allocated power floor.
However, assume for the moment that the average actual transmit power as monitored suddenly rises to the allocated power ceiling or near it. In accordance with the exemplary data rate adaptation described earlier herein, the data rate of the channel temporarily can be dropped to a lower rate, e.g., a 4� data rate. When the channel conditions improve, which may be a very short time later, e.g., a few transmit frames, the average actual transmit power will drop back to a lower value and the data rate adaptation algorithm preferably will restore the data rate at least to the prior 8� value.
To make quick restoration of the prior data rate possible, i.e., to avoid the delay and signaling overhead associated with allocating new communication resources to move the channel back to the 8� data rate, a preferred embodiment of the data rate adaptation method retains the currently allocated communication channel resources. In other words, the resources that were being used to support the 8� data rate generally are not released when the data rate is dropped to 4�, but rather remain allocated to the channel in expectation that the channel conditions will improve in short order and that the higher rate will be restored.
While the retention of allocated resources over temporary changes in channel quality facilitates the quick adjustment of data rates up or down as needed, within the limits of the current resource allocation, the utilization efficiency of the network can suffer if the resource allocations for each variable data rate channel are not managed in such a way as to ensure that users are, in general, allocated no more resources than actually needed by them. Put simply, the resources needed to support a 16� or other high data rate channel effectively are wasted if the data throughput requirements of the user assigned to that channel could be supported with a lower rate channel that required less communication resources.
Thus, in an exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises making short-term data rate adjustments for a given communication channel based on monitoring changing channel conditions, and making long-term communication resource allocation adjustments for the communication channel based on monitoring channel utilization. In an exemplary implementation, base station processing thus may comprise changing a communication resource allocation for the communication channel responsive to monitoring a channel utilization of the communication channel, and, for a current communication resource allocation, changing a data rate of the communication channel responsive to monitoring channel conditions.
Exemplary channel condition monitoring may be based on relatively fast average transmit power monitoring, such as explained earlier herein. Such monitoring may be configured to provide updated monitoring values at least once per transmit frame, such as every 10 or 20 ms, for example. Alternatively, or additionally, channel condition monitoring may be based on receiving channel quality information from the mobile station 14 to which the communication channel is assigned. In other words, direct feedback from the mobile station 14 regarding the received signal strength and/or quality of the communication channel as its received by the mobile station 14 may be used to monitor channel conditions.
Such information may comprise, for example, the mobile station 14 transmitting Channel Quality Indicators (CQIs), which relate to the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SINR) of the received communication signal at the mobile station. CQI values may be sent by the mobile station at a fairly high rate, such as once every 1.25 ms or better. Thus, even where incoming CQI values are filtered to smooth them for improved data rate adaptation control response, the effective rate at which the prevailing channel conditions can be evaluated for purposes of rate adaptation is quite high.
Because exemplary resource allocation adjustments are made more slowly than the above data rate adaptations, the channel utilization monitoring used as the trigger for allocation adjustments can be based on any number of utilization indicators that may or may not be available at the same rate as channel condition information. For example, the exemplary base station may use a channel condition/usage report. In the context of managing a F-SCH, it may use F-SCH Rate Report Messages (FRRMs), for example, which may be generated for each F-SCH being supported by a given RBS 32. In other exemplary embodiments, one or both the BSC 30 and an associated RBS 32 directly or indirectly monitor the average data throughput for the communication channel of interest, such as by tracking the total data transmitted on the channel over a defined time interval. As a further example, packet queue length monitoring may be used.
If the measured throughput is small compared with a maximum throughput achievable with the currently allocated communication resources, the exemplary base station may adjust the current resource allocation for the channel downward, and may lower the data rate accordingly. Conversely, if the measured throughput is large with respect to the maximum throughput achievable, the exemplary base station may adjust the current resource allocation upward, and may increase the data rate accordingly, provided the channel condition report indicates a good radio environment. Throughput also may be assessed by, for example, comparing actual throughput with rate request feedback received for the communication channel. Regardless, adjusting the currently allocated resources may entail adding or subtracting resources as needed, or may entail releasing the currently allocated resources entirely, and then re-allocating new resources as needed to the channel.
Turning to the next drawing,
It should be understood that all such illustrations may be functional circuit arrangements, rather than physical circuit arrangements, and that the control and processing logic elements illustrated in
For example, it may be advantageous to carry out rate adaptation at the RBS 32, and to carry out resource allocation adjustments at the BSC 30. Of course, RBS 32 could be configured to provide BSC 30 with the information needed to carry out both rate adaptation and resource allocation adjustments at the BSC 30. Supporting information could be provided to BSC 30 by RBS 32 by backhaul signaling, such as where RBS 32 provides BSC 30 with ongoing channel condition information, and, possibly, resource availability information.
Regardless of these implementation details, which may vary according to actual BSC/RBS architecture,
On that point,
As noted, the allocated resources may be reduced if the channel is underutilized and may be increased if the channel is over-utilized, e.g., increased if the channel is highly utilized relative to its current configuration/allocation. For a given current channel resource allocation, one or more utilization thresholds may be defined. For example, the maximum data throughput achievable with the given current resource allocation may be used as a reference for defining an underutilization threshold, say forty-percent of the maximum, and as a reference for defining an over-utilization threshold, say ninety-percent. By allocating more resources to the highly utilized channels, the network increases its efficiency (and throughput) by exploiting the good radio links in the system.
With such details in mind,
Once the channel is granted, the exemplary base station system begins data transmission to the mobile station 14 on the channel as needed (Step 132), and in conjunction with ongoing data transmission, it performs ongoing channel utilization monitoring (Step 134), and ongoing channel condition monitoring (Step 136). Here, the "term" ongoing does not necessarily connote continuous data transmission on the channel.
Channel utilization monitoring may be based on first timing, which may comprise setting an adjustment interval as a function of filtering actual data throughput values for the channel to obtain a smoothed, average data throughput value for control purposes. Depending on the filtering used, an updated average data throughput may be available once per a given number of transmit frames. In support of maintaining an estimate of average data throughput for the channel, the base station system may maintain a timer that has an expiration period that spans a desired number of transmit frames, and that may be used to trigger the process of re-allocating communication resources as needed at a defined, periodic interval.
Similarly, channel condition monitoring may be configured as a regularly timed operation carried out according to second timing, which preferably is faster than the first timing. Again, the filtering process used to obtain filtered power measurements and/or filtered CQI values may define how frequently updated channel condition information is available and, as with resource allocation adjustment timing, a timer process may be configured to trigger data rate adaptation evaluations at regularly timed intervals.
Thus, if updated channel condition information is available and/or if the rate adaptation timer has elapsed (Step 138), exemplary processing continues with an evaluation of whether channel rate adaptation is desirable given the currently prevailing channel conditions (Step 140). Processing continues with a determination of whether updated channel utilization information is available and/or if the resource allocation adjustment timer has elapsed (Step 142), exemplary processing continues with an evaluation of whether channel rate adaptation is desirable given the current level of channel utilization relative to the current resource allocation (Step 144). Note that if a resource re-allocation is performed wherein the resource allocation is reduced, the freed resources preferably are returned to the available resource pool, or pools, for reassignment to other communication channels as needed (Step 146).
As noted, the present invention has particular applicability to F-SCH rate adaptation in cdma2000 networks, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention can be applied to essentially any type of communication channel in any type of network where adaptive rate control is desired. As such, the present invention is not limited by the foregoing discussion, but rather is limited only by the following claims and their reasonable equivalents.
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|Method and apparatus for maintaining a predefined transmission quality in a wireless man network
|Citing Patent
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|Jun 8, 2007
|Jan 17, 2012
|Selex Communications S.P.A.
|Method and system for the automated management of communication services on board a ship
|Sep 22, 2008
|Feb 14, 2012
|Qualcomm Atheros, Inc.
|Communication system with multi-dimensional rate adaptation
|Jan 18, 2012
|May 21, 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Multi-dimensional rate adaptation in a communication system
|Jan 25, 2010
|Sep 24, 2013
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Wireless communication apparatus and transmission control method
|Dec 15, 2008
|Jun 25, 2009
|Fujitsu Limited
|Communications Systems
|Jan 25, 2010
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|U.S. Classification
|370/335, 455/450, 455/452.1, 455/452.2, 370/468, 370/329, 370/319
|International Classification
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|Jun 23, 2005
Owner name: TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL), SWEDEN
Free format text: CORRECTION OF ERRONEOUS PATENT APPLICATION INFORMATION OF THE PREVIOUS RECORDATION FORM COVER SHEETFOUND ON REEL/FRAME: 015847/0842;ASSIGNORS:DUAN, LONG L.;VANNITHAMBY, RATH;CHEN, WANSHI;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040727 TO 20040930;REEL/FRAME:016710/0005
|Aug 16, 2011
|Certificate of correction
|Apr 7, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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Ted finally finishes telling his kids the story of how he met their mother, on the special one-hour series finale of 'How I Met Your Mother,' on March 31, 2014.
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Warning: Contains major spoilers about the final episode of CBS' "How I Met Your Mother."
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For fans of the Green Bay Packers and the Steelers looking for a place to bunk during Super Bowl week, the blitz is on.
Though the National Football League and its corporate benefactors locked up the swankiest suites months ago, Dallas-Fort Worth's supply of about 100,000 hotel rooms means there are still rooms to be had — for a price.
In the past five Super Bowls, hotel rates on average have more than doubled from the same week in the previous year, and generally average more than $300 a night.
Hotel prices here can be expected to see a similar big-game bump.
"With the Super Bowl … wherever you are you're going to get [on average] a 100 percent bump, maybe more," said Bobby Bowers, senior vice president of Smith Travel Research. "I would say you're going to be in that same range."
Several groups and travel agents still have listings for available rooms. That includes the host city of Arlington (www.arlington.org/super-bowl-xlv/hotels) and the North Texas Super Bowl Host Committee (www.northtexassuperbowl.com).
As of Sunday, the host committee website listed 94 hotels in D-FW with available rooms.
Prices ranged from $639 a night at the Embassy Suites Downtown Fort Worth to $140 a night for hotels in Forney, Plano and Denton. The average was $265.
The list did not include any of the major downtown Dallas properties, which typically command higher rates, because those rooms already are spoken for.
The most popular price point on the host committee's list was $255, with 17 hotels in areas such as Richardson, Duncanville and Grapevine offering last-minute rates at that level.
As with most things, proximity pumps up price.
A Super 8 Motel in Arlington a few miles from the stadium was listed online as charging $699 on game night. But booking a stay Thursday through Sunday brought the average down to $242 a night.
"The hotels, they're going to make it while they can," said Jay Smith, president of Hatfield, Mass.-based SportsTravelandTours.com.
"You might get a Holiday Inn trying to get $399 or $499 because they can."
At the Holiday Inn Express Hotel in downtown Fort Worth, the rate listed on the hotel's site was $419 a night.
But officials in Arlington and Irving said rates below $100 can still be found at budget properties. And even an average of $200 a night, they said, is a pretty good catch.
"A $200-a-night rate for being around the Super Bowl, and being close, is an extremely reasonable rate," said Diane Brandon, vice president of marketing for Arlington.
Bowers of Smith Travel Research noted that last-minute, sky-high rates will return to earth once the crowds move on.
"The crunch time is usually Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday night. That's when you're going to see the biggest jump," he said.
"After that you can almost drop it off a cliff," he said of the average rate. "It's going to come down really, really fast."


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Vicenza volleyball brings home gold, silver
May 10, 2013
BAMBERG, Germany -- The final Army Europe Unit Level Volleyball Championships game in Bamberg, Germany, May 5 came down to the two teams representing the Vicenza Military Community and they couldn't have been more different.
"The average age of the player on our team was 39, making us one of the oldest teams competing," said Maj. Steve Williams, U.S. Army Africa Headquarters and Headquarters Company executive officer and USARAF team captain.
The other team, 1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team rear detachment, came to Germany dressed in short shorts, cropped shirts and knee-length neon socks to wear during the competition.
"Every time they got an ace, they did a combat roll," Williams said. According to Williams, his team attempted to do the same but, "it took a while for us to get up again."
Williams began putting together his team last summer during the USARAF Organizational Day, he was scouting talent and started putting together the 12-person team.
The two teams had been competing against each other locally since February, but the USARAF team remained undefeated until going into the local championships in which 1-503rd knocked them off the top.
To go to the championships, USARAF had to adjust the team due to deployments and TDYs with a few players from other USARAF teams and sent eight players. While in Germany, USARAF was ranked number one and 1-503rd second. 1-503rd lost and ended up in the loser's bracket during the double-elimination tourney. USARAF played four games May 3 in which the teams must win the best two out of three. Only one of their games went to three.
The final match boiled down to USARAF and 1-503rd, which went to three games and USARAF squeaked out a win by only a few points.
"Our team had great chemistry. Everyone wanted to play and win and supported each other, even when things went wrong," Williams said. "Everyone was willing to try new positions."


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Microsoft Interoperability Protocols Plugfest | Redmond, WA | June 24th through the 28th
The Windows Server, Office and SQL Interoperability Teams are hosting a free event that will cover the Windows File Sharing protocols, SharePoint protocols, Exchange EWS and RPC protocols, Windows Identity protocols, and the SQL OData protocol. Attendees will have the opportunity to:
This event is an excellent opportunity to test your implementation with our protocol test suites that are available for Windows, SharePoint, and Exchange. To learn more or register for the event, email firstname.lastname@example.com
Microsoft Interoperability Protocols Plugfest | Taipei, Taiwan | April 23rd through the 25th
To learn more or register, please visit http://www.microsoft.com/taiwan/events/lca-plugfest/default.htm


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2007 Corvette Review: Exterior Accessories and Options
The 2007 Corvette by Chevrolet is an excellently made vehicle that sports a number of enticing features and capabilities. Among the most exciting of these are the wide variety of interior and exterior accessories that are available to help enhance this vehicle. The 2007 Corvette is known for its handling, sleek appearance and aesthetic, and […] More »
2006 Corvette Review: Interior Accessories and Options
If you're in the market for a used 2006 Corvette, you'll be best able to select the car that you're interested in if you take the time to familiarize yourself with the various interior accessories and options that can be included with this type of vehicle. The 2006 model of Corvette corresponds with the factory […] More »
2006 Corvette Review: Exterior Accessories and Options
You finally have enough money for that Corvette you've always wanted, but you can't choose between the 2005 and the 2006 Corvette, so exterior accessories will be one factor you use in making your decision. Below you will find a list of some of the more notable exterior accessories and styling points of the 2006 […] More »
2005 Corvette Review — Interior Accessories and Options
When one thinks of interior accessories and options–mats, gauges, seat covers?that sort of thing comes to mind. Let's talk about these first. Mats are always an attractive addition to your 2005 Corvette. They protect your carpet and add style and comfort to your car. A good brand to check into is Lloyd's. These mats are […] More »
2005 Corvette Review — Exterior Accessories and Options
A wide variety of options and accessories are now available to improve the looks and performance of your 2005 Corvette. Let's start from the ground and go up. You have a variety of wheels to boost the beauty of your Corvette. These include chrome wheels, of which there are a stunning array of styles from […] More »


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JDRF Walk Nov 7 2010
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comment by Guest - Oct 27, 2012 - back to the top
Michael there are nights I can't sleep bescuae of the fear that comes with this disease. Our son was diagnosed at age 13 in Feb of this year and there are nights he is afraid to go sleep. Thinking that our best may not be good enough is absolutely terrifying. We are just appreciating every moment we have and trying to make diabetes as small a part of our lives as possible. Thank you for sharing and know that aren't alone feeling that fear.
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DJEIYJ tbaseissreij


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View the gallery page on this site to see examples of my artwork, check for galleries around the country where my artwork can be seen in person, and please feel free to contact me to inquire about pricing of my ceramics, custom work and commissions.
Visits to my studio, at 4001 N. Ravenswood in Chicago, are possible by appointment. Contact me to arrange a time to look at available work, or to discuss the possibility of making vessels, tiles, or wall pieces with your specifications in mind.
June 6
Spring Open House & Studio Sale
4001 N. Ravenswood, #505, Chicago, IL
Artists of the Month
Northern Clay Center, Minneapolis, MN
August 1-31
Wild Things: ceramics by Laurie Shaman
Warm Springs Gallery
Warm Springs, VA
September 19-20 (Saturday - Sunday)
14th Annual RAW Tour of Arts and Industry
Open studio in conjunction with the Ravenswood ArtWalk Tour of Arts & Industry and Chicago Artists Month.
December 4 - 6 (Friday - Sunday)
16th Annual Holiday Open House & Studio Sale
4052 N. Western, Chicago, IL
Our annual festive event featuring ceramics, paintings and photography by Ed Hinkley, Eric Jensen, Diane McKeever, Guy Nicol and myself.
Thanks for visiting this site and please check back from time to time for an updated list of events and new work.
All photos © Peter Kiar.
Tamarack Gallery, Omena, MI
Jura Silverman Gallery, Spring Green, WI
AKAR, Iowa City, IA
Main Street Coffeehouse, Chincoteague Island, VA
Cedar Creek Gallery, Creedmoor, NC
Northern Clay Center, Minneapolis, MN
Illinois Artisans Shop, Chicago, IL
A six-panel ceramic mural "In the Swim," commissioned by the Public Art Program, City of Chicago, was installed in October and is now on view at the Hayes Park Natatorium located at 2936 W. 85th Street in the Ashburn-Wrightwood community. Images of the mural will appear on my website soon!
Map to Hayes Park Natatorium »
I'm pleased to have three pieces selected appearing in the recently published The Best of the 500 Ceramics: Celebrating a Decade in Clay by Lark Books
500 Vases: Contemporary Explorations of a Timeless Form, Written by Ray Hemachandra and Julia Galloway. Published by Lark Books, October 2010
Published October 2010. Order this book on Amazon.com!
Links to some of my pieces which appear in this book of contemporary ceramics:


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NAW 2013 Executive Summit
Thank You for Making the NAW 2013 Executive Summit a Success!
Leaders from diverse wholesale distribution lines of trade came together January 29–31, in Washington, DC, for the NAW 2013 Executive Summit: Unlocking Secrets of Success from the Best. Our attendees told us they left the meeting inspired with innovative ideas, informed opinions, and realistic strategies.
View the Chairman's Address by NAW 2012 Chairman Mark W. Kramer, President and CEO of Laird Plastics.
View PowerPoint slides of presentations made available for posting. Available slides are listed under the main presenters' sessions.
Here are highlights from the NAW Executive Summit. Click on the "Next>" button in the lower right corner below the image to start.
Save These Dates!
The next NAW Executive Summit will be January 28–30, 2014, in Washington, DC.
If you would like to learn more about this event, please contact Stephanie Makowski at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Order Softcover Books or E-Books!
- Becoming a Digital Distributor: Strategies and Tools That Create ValueFind out more »
- INNOVATE! How Successful Distributors Lead Change in Disruptive Times Find out more »
- Facing the Forces of Change®: Reimagining Distribution in a Connected World Find out more »
- Getting the Most Out of CRM: Best Practices for Wholesaler-Distributors Find out more »


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Tara Reid hospitalized
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Actress Tara Reid has been hospitalized in France after falling ill with acute pancreatitis.
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The "American Pie" star was rushed to hospital earlier this week and will remain there until she recovers, according to TMZ.com.
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Reid is said to be enduring symptoms including vomiting, nausea and fever. Her illness is not believed to be life threatening.
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At Vienna Square, we believe the most important consideration in your choice of a Florida home is "the company behind the community."
Vienna Square is developed by CRF Communities. Whether you're looking for a permanent or seasonal residence, a CRF Community is your best investment choice for a fun-filled, secure, active adult lifestyle. For over 30 years CRF Communities has been Florida's premiere developer of affordable, award-winning, active adult and retirement communities… bringing life to thousands of dreams just like yours.
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- Owns and operates apartment complexes, health care and assisted living centers, commercial, properties, and active-adult communities throughout the southeast and midwest.
- Has a variety of purchase and investment programs to conform to your specific needs.


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Updated 03/27/2015
The magnificent Gothic cathedral, a few steps from the Castello Estense, has a three-tier facade of slender arches and beautiful sculptures over the central door. Work began in 1135 and took more than 100 years to complete. The interior was completely remodeled in the 17th century.
Piazza Cattedrale, Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, 44100, Italy
Sight Details:
Updated 03/27/2015
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I might not even own a "new" 3ds by then, but I'll definitely buy this game at launch. I loved the wii version and playing it on the go is amazing.
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Male, 21, United States
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Recent Comments
Personally I wanted an advance wars game but this is still good. Curious to see what new mechanics they add and if all the mechanics from awakening will return.
I really have no idea what they could do that could benenift them. if they make them similar I feel like they'll face the same problems Sony is facing, where people are just going to choose one system over another.
If they choose to merge them then I feel like the handheld portion of it is going to hold the console portion back and vise versa. Nintendo's games come out so well because they tailor fit them for a specific console. Making one hybrid console means its a jack of all trades, master of none.
@yuwarite you're right about one thing, this is clearly a lost cause. I disagree with you. You think that any criticism toward gaming is a personal attack and you and get all defensive about it. You think that people sending threats towards someone just because they disagree with them is okay.
The way you say "mainstream media" is also idiotic. There's no such thing as "mainstream media" that's just a fallacy that people invented whenever the media reports on something that a group of people disagree with. I don't agree with a majority of the things reported on fox news, and they are the most viewed news station in the US. Does that make them the "mainstream media." Open your eyes and try to look at these sorts of debates from a different point of view.
@yuwarite yes because heaven forbid they try to get rid of some of the common stereotypes we see of women in games. And heaven forbid we get more representation of minority characters in games. Even Nintendo realizes how ridiculous it is, hence why a lot of their newer games are relying less on the kidnapped princess schtick and are actually releasing games with female protagonists (like Splatoon and Toadette in Captain Toad).
As for gamergate the only thing that has brought to light is how downright vile and cruel the gaming community can be. It's one of the few movements that makes me embarrassed to associate myself as a gamer. If everyone from conservative fox news to liberal Colbert is calling a hate group, then guess what, its a hate group.
@yuwarite there's some of that cynicism Bramwell was talking about.
I don't get gamers. They say they want games to be considered an art form, and part of being an art form is being able to critique it. But anytime someone criticizes well liked games gamers throw a hissy fit and start dumb movements like gamer gate.
A lot of these categories feel really... strange. Still Nintendo does deserve to win a good chunk of those. Best action game, best racing game and best fighting game should all belong to their games. Maybe even developer of the year although I doubt they'll win that one.
@Chaos_Eevee thank you
How do you unlock the miis? They're the only characters I don't have yet.
While I feel bad for people like chuggaaconroy who actually puts effort into their lets plays, the vast majority of YouTube is filled with crappy playthroughs with no effort on the uploader's part and where instead of focusing on making a good playthrough the main focus is now saying the stupidest things that are going to attract you the most 12 year old viewers. Unfortunately as someone above mentioned the youtubers that make crap videos aren't really going to be affected by this decision.
@MrWalkieTalkie to be fair as far as third parties go they are top dog...that's not saying much though
@aaronsullivan there is no denying that the wii u is a weaker system, so no matter how hard they try they are absolutely going to have to "downgrade" it. Also I wouldn't say putting the Wii U stretch goal last is giving it a chance. It seems more like an afterthought. They could have at least put it before the stretch goal to double the size of the city
@arkady77 its their money. They're free to spend it however they want. I already funded hover but I agree that asking for $100,000 for a downgraded port is ridiculous, especially when you consider that one of the earlier stretch goals for the game is doubling the size of the city.
I'll fund it for now but if I think the wii u stretch goal isn't going to be met then I'll pull out.
You missed Hover: Revolt of gamers
It's a combination of mirror's edge and jet set radio. Unfortunately the wii u stretch goal is kinda high at 100,000 but maybe there's a chance
I feel like with all the delays and lackluster trailers a lot of the hype they had at e3 2012 kinda died down. I'm sure it'll sell well, though not as well as it could have if they'd released this a while back. Also they might as well just cancel the wiiu version.
It blows my mind how people are ok with violence/murder, stealing, opposite sex adultery, and references to other religions in games yet gay marriage is where people lose their minds. Seriously if you're ok with all these other things in games but are against gay marriage in games, you're nothing but a hypocrite.
@RawkHawk013 actually the study was done by a university. I'm not saying msnbc is quality news btw, because I know that channel is awful as well, but Fox news feeds on people's fears and prejudices and will distort news to fit their agenda.
The game looks really nice and I'm glad they are focusing on heavy gamepad integration. So long as it reviews well its a definite buy from me.
Well that's depressing. I was looking forward to some of maestro interactive's other games they had announced but if they can't pull this game off I have little hope for their other games. Here's hoping they prove me wrong.
@element187 I feel like the wii fit craze kind of died though. It was a fad that came and went. If Nintendo wants to enter this market they are gonna have to do something else that no other company is doing, or do it better then any other competitor out there. Here's hoping it works out for them.
@Nomad the problem with that is that theme parks are very expensive to build and maintain and once the novelty wore off and less people went it would just become a money guzzler for them (like so many other theme parks were to other businesses).
So it seems like Nintendo is trying to expand into other markets besides games. I figured they would eventually do this, since the hardware market has such poor returns(Sony and Microsoft lost millions last gen and only survived because of their other markets). I just never guessed a video game company would be entering the fitness market. I just hope they know what they're doing and that this new product doesn't end up being a dud.
Definately getting master reboot
You guys can mock China all you want but we basically have the same thing instilled in the west, only it's the free market blocking these games instead of the government. What was the last game you played that didn't have pro American/European ideals. Military shooters always have you playing as the Americans, the bad guys almost always have a foreign accent, and the "good guys" are always marysues that would never do any wrong.
If only it released on Wii U, then the "drought" would finally be over
@Yosher they didn't blow it out of proportion, everyone else did. All nintendo said was that they were going to reveal info on a previously announced game, they didn't hype it up beyond that. It was the internet that started throwing these crazy ideas that they would somehow show the next zelda or metroid, despite there being no evidence of it.
I can't see nintendo winning GOTY but their games better win the RPG and handheld awards or these things are rigged.
I didn't read the full title. When I read Xenomorphs I thought that was going to be the name of Monolithsoft's new title. That's disappointing.
It's already surpassed the $700,000 mark in a day. There's no doubt this'll reach the console stretch goal.
You guys are ignoring another possibility. The tradmark is named poken, which sounds like a mixture of pokemon and tekken. This might actually be a crossover between the two franchises. It wouldn't be the first time pokemon is crossed over with a completely random franchise and with how close nintendo is to namco who is helping them with smash this is a strong possibility.
If it is coming in 2013 we'll probably find out in the nintendo direct. Not that it matters for me since I'll have to wait until next year anyway.
@DarkCoolEdge and @jrob23 lazy devs are u kidding me?! Ubisoft is the only company out there who is actually trying to release anything for wiiu. Honestly I think people on here are just looking for excuses not to support 3rd party games.
Apparently there is now a ps4 stretch goal so if it reaches that then thats another console exclusive u can mark off the wiiu's list
Had to use a credit card to add funds since i was just 5 cents short for earthbound, all because i downloaded 30 cent donkey kong yesterday. Time to see what all the hype surrounding this game is about.
@rjejr i feel like if they added a second stick they may as well make a new system all together. Besides its not there's been a massive flood of games on the 3ds that would be vastly improved with a second circle pad.
@WhoBeThat Pikmin has it's audience but it's not a system seller. It'll probably do decently but I doubt very many people are gonna buy the console for it.
This is a bad move on capcom's part because if previous experiences have taught us anything, it's that M rated games sell like crap on nintendo systems. With this news and the going digital only I'm kinda wondering if capcom wants this to flop so they have an excuse not to localize anymore AA games.
On the 3ds having a second screen is great since the top screen is so small even putting a map on the bottom screen is useful. On the wiiu though i don't really feel like the second screen has really added anything
@DarkNinja9 you should try spiderman 2 for the gamecube. Best spiderman game to date imo.
Gamestop should really consider doing a retail for download exhcange. We can trade in our physical copy of the game and be given the download code for free or a reduced price. I'd like to trade in Mario kart and maybe 3d land to have them digital instead.
If they're really $2 a piece then I think they're worth it.
@Windy and @Erica_Hartman it's more then just news. They confirmed that a monster hunter game is coming to north America, but they wouldn't say which one. Check nintendo 3ds blog for confirmation (not sure what the rules for posting links are here so I won't).
@OlympicCho agreed. I can understand the resentment for megaman, given the lame excuse they gave, but realistically, does anyone think that an anime styled spin off shooter from a series that isn't very popular is going to sell well in the US or Europe. It's not.
Monster hunter is already confirmed to be coming to the west (which one I don't know but 1 of them), ace attorney is coming, so yes they do still pay attention to the west.
@MrWalkieTalkie I usually just use cases that hold multiple games instead of the boxes. I agree with Teejay I used to love collecting boxes but I have so many that they've started cluttering up my room and I've had to throw away a few. Also since I keep my 3ds in my pocket I don't have space to carry around extra cartridges so I usually end up only taking one game with me (which is annoying when I end up not wanting to play the game and instead want to play a game I don't have with me at the time). Overall retail and digital have their pros and their cons, but I plan on embracing digital.
Looks like a mix between pokemon, pikmin and dragonquest, definately interesting and something I'd be willing to try.
Nintendo just take the dev kits away from these guys they're doing more harm then good. As far as I know UFO hasn't ever released a good game.
@dobeymaster I don't remember hearing about a wiiu version, I don't think that's happening either.
This is really unlikely, especially since it comes from a source that has given false information before. I hope it's true, because I'd like the 3ds to have as much variety in games as possible, just like the ds, but this just screams false.