text:
Patent application title: ACCESS CONTROL LIST CHECKING
Marc Graveline (Ottawa, CA)
Ulf Viney (Ottawa, CA)
Matt Masson (Ottawa, CA)
Cognos Incorporated
IPC8 Class: AH04L932FI
USPC Class:
726 4
Class name: Access control or authentication network authorization
Publication date: 2009-02-26
Patent application number: 20090055905
Sign up to receive free email alerts when patent applications with chosen keywords are published SIGN UP
Method and system for dynamically checking an access control list during
the data transfers between a client web browser and a web server. The
method and system allow checking of access control list by an application
firewall, independent from the web application. The rules, upon which the
checking is based, can be easily updated without affecting the web
1-11. (canceled)
12. A computer software product stored on a medium for checking an access control list for a web application comprising:a memory having microcontroller-readable code embedded therein for checking an access control list for a web application, said code comprising:code means for receiving a request from a web client;code means for parsing the request to an application firewall, said application firewall having a rule and residing independently of the web application, said rule having syntax to identify a parameter in the request;code means for checking the received request based on said rule;code means for allowing the received request passing through the application firewall upon matching the rules; andcode means for checking the access control list with an authentication provider.
13. The computer software product as claimed in claim 12, wherein the access control list is provided by an independent authentication provider.
14. The computer software product as claimed in claim 12, wherein the authentication provider is a remote software module.
15. The computer software product as claimed in claim 12, wherein the authentication provider is a remote system.
16. The computer software product as claimed in claim 12, wherein the application firewall is operatively responsible for a plurality of web applications.
17. The computer software product as claimed in claim 12, wherein the syntax is selected from a group consisting of name, operand type; context, method, content, and combination thereof.
18. The computer software product as claimed in claim 12, wherein the access control list is checked for a user's permission to access an object within a system.
19. The computer software product as claimed in claim 12, wherein the access control list is checked for a user's capability to access a service provided by a system.
20. A system for checking an access control list for a web application, comprising:means for receiving a request from a web client;means for parsing the request to an application firewall, said application firewall having a rule and residing independently of the web application, said rule having syntax to identify a parameter in the request;means for checking the received request based on said rule;means for allowing the received request passing through the application firewall upon matching the rules; andmeans for checking the access control list with an authentication provider.
21. The system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the access control list is provided by an independent authentication provider.
22. The system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the authentication provider is a remote software module.
23. The system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the authentication provider is a remote system.
24. The system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the application firewall is operatively responsible for a plurality of web applications.
25. The system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the syntax is selected from a group consisting of name, operand type; context, method, content, and combination thereof.
26. The system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the access control list is checked for a user's permission to access an object within a system.
27. The system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the access control list is checked for a user's capability to access a service provided by a system.
[0001]The present invention relates to web application. More specifically, the present invention relates to web application security.
[0002]The Internet is by far the largest, most extensive publicly available network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP) and many other protocols. The Internet has become an extremely popular source of virtually all kinds of information. Increasingly sophisticated computers, software, and networking technology have made Internet access relatively straightforward for end users. Applications such as electronic mail, online chat and web browser allow the users to access and exchange information almost instantaneously.
[0003]The World Wide Web (WWW) is one of the most popular means used for retrieving information over the Internet. WWW can cope with many types of data which may be stored on computers, and is used with an Internet connection and a web browser. The WWW is made up of millions of interconnected pages or documents which can be displayed on a computer or other interface. Each page may have connections to other pages which may be stored on any computer connected to the Internet. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) is an identifying system in WWW, and typically consists of three parts: the transfer format (also known as the protocol type), the host name of the machine which holds the file (may also be referred to as the web server name) and the path name to the file. The transfer format for standard web pages is Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a method of encoding the information so it can be displayed on a variety of devices.
[0004]HTTP is the underlying transactional protocol for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) between clients and servers. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. A web browser as an HTTP client, typically initiates a request by establishing a TCP/IP connection to a particular port on a remote host. An HTTP server monitoring that port waits for the client to send a request string. Upon receiving the request string (and message, if any), the server may complete the protocol by sending back a response string, and a message of its own, in the form of the requested file, an error message, or any other information. Web pages regularly reference to pages on other servers, whose selection will elicit additional transfer requests. When the browser user enters file requests by either "opening" a web file by typing in a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), or clicking on a hypertext link, the browser builds an HTTP request. In actual applications, web clients may need to be distinguished and authenticated, or a session which holds a state across a plurality of HTTP protocols may need to be maintained by using "state" called cookie.
[0005]An HTTP request may have following syntax: http://hostname/path?query
[0006]The hostname may be the name or IP address of a server, optionally followed by a colon and a port number. It may further include information on usemame and password for authenticating to the server. The path is a specification of a location in some hierarchical structure, using a slash ("/") as delimiter between components, for example, "/directory/subdirectory/file". The query part is typically intended to express parameters of a dynamic query to some database residing on the server, for example "?search=business".
[0007]To respond to the request from a web browser, Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs may be run on the web server. CGI is a specification for transferring information between a web server and a web browser. Other interface may include ISAPI (Internet Service Application Programming Interface), an application programming interface (API) for Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS), The request from the web server may also pass-through a web server and reach the web application directly
[0009]To determine the appropriate capability or permissions a web user can read from, write to or execute a given object in a web application, an Access Control List (ACL) can be implemented. An access control list may be in the form of a table, containing entries that specify individual user or group rights to specific objects, such as a program, a file directory, or a file.
[0010]An elevation of privilege is a term for a type of security vulnerability that allows a user to get more permissions than normally assigned, sometimes by using malicious means. For example, in a successful elevation of privilege attack, a malicious user manages to get administrative privileges to the web application, enabling the attacker to take control over web application. Elevation of privilege vulnerabilities may also include inadvertent security violations, e.g. the client application is able to access a service for which they are not authorized because the web application fails to implement the properly security checks.
[0011]Implementations of access control list may be complex as access control list applies to objects, directories, and for the objects and the sub directories within the directories. When an elevation of privilege is found, web application security may be compromised. To ensure the security of the web application, either the entire request may need to be blocked, or fixed through the change of the web application's architecture, which tend to be time consuming and complex.
[0012]US Application 20050015674 describes a portable access control list (PACL) model. The PACL is a global representation of the access control list including a tuple of identifiers, permissions and/or actions, and application rules. The portable ACL model is a superset of all existing identifiers, permissions, and actions. However, the PCAL does not provide a solution to provide security for release of web applications on a web server, nor does it check with a remote system.
[0013]US Application 20040193906 describes a system for use in a network implementing service applications. The system has an access control list with sets of associated client identification and destination service identification. The system analyzes an incoming service-access request, for source identification associated with a source of the service-access request; and destination service identification associated with an intended destination of the server-access request; the identification is based on service address and port number. The system then determines whether indicia of the source identification and of the destination service identification from the service-access request is included in the access control list in a manner that indicates that the source of the service-access request is authorized for access to a service associated with the destination service identification. While elevation of privilege violations, either inadvertent or malicious, may be avoided. This system is based on pairings of client-application combinations and services.
[0014]Similarly, US Application 20040064721 describes a namespace management module utilizing a persistent reservation store that associates URI namespaces with one or more permissions. The reservation store can contain a number of reservation entries that each include a URI identifying a URI namespace and a corresponding access control list that includes permissions for the identified URI namespace. When a request to register a URI namespace is received, the permissions of an appropriate access control list can be checked to determine if the registration is approved. When a resource request is received, permissions of the access control lists can also be checked to determine if the resource request should be routed to a registered process. The disclosed method only look at different web applications in different locations, it does not check the permission inside an application. This method also does not utilize rule based syntax, relying on an external system to register URI namespaces with the application.
[0015]Therefore, there is a need for an improved method and system to provide security to web applications. More specifically, there is a need to provide a method and system to dynamically check the permission and capability in an access control list (ACL) independently of the web application.
[0016]According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of checking an access control list for a web application comprising the steps of: receiving a request from a web client; parsing the request to an application firewall; said application firewall having a rule and residing independently of the web application, said rule having syntax to identify a parameter in the request; checking the received request based on said rule; allowing the received request passing through the application firewall upon matching the rules; and checking the access control list with an authentication provider.
[0017]According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a computer software product for checking an access control list for a web application comprising: a memory having microcontroller-readable code embedded therein for checking an access control list for a web application, said code comprising: code means for receiving a request from a web client; code means for parsing the request to an application firewall, said application firewall having a rule and residing independently of the web application, said rule having syntax to identify a parameter in the request; code means for checking the received request based on said rule; code means for allowing the received request passing through the application firewall upon matching the rules; and code means for checking the access control list with an authentication provider.
[0018]According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for checking an access control list for a web application, comprising: means for receiving a request from a web client; means for parsing the request to an application firewall, said application firewall having a rule and residing independently of the web application, said rule having syntax to identify a parameter in the request; means for checking the received request based on said rule; means for allowing the received request passing through the application firewall upon matching the rules; and means for checking the access control list with an authentication provider.
[0019]These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein:
[0020]FIG. 1 shows a generic computing environment in which the present invention may be implemented;
[0021]FIG. 2 shows a generic overview of a web application environment;
[0022]FIG. 3 shows examples of firewalls in relation to the OSI model;
[0023]FIG. 4 shows examples of relationships between web clients and web applications;
[0024]FIG. 5a shows example a web browser with a fill-out form;
[0025]FIG. 5b shows a query originated from the fill-out form;
[0026]FIG. 5c shows an example of a query URL;
[0027]FIG. 6 illustrates client web browsers with different privileges, and an example of elevation of privilege;
[0028]FIG. 7 depicts an embodiment of an application firewall in collaboration with an access control list checking;
[0029]FIG. 8a illustrates the steps of checking access control list;
[0030]FIG. 8b shows an example of a check performed at step 828 in FIG. 8a;
[0031]FIG. 9 is an example of capability checking; and
[0032]FIG. 10 is an example of permission checking.
[0033]Reference will now be made in detail to some specific embodiments of the invention including the best modes contemplated by the inventors for carrying out the invention. Examples of these specific embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention is described in conjunction with these specific embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to the described embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. The present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process operations have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.
[0034]In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0035]FIG. 1 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief general description FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a suitable computing environment in which a preferred embodiment of the present invention may be implemented.
[0036]Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with many computer system configurations, including personal computers, hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
[0037]Although not required, the invention will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a personal computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures and the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
[0038]With reference to FIG. 1 an exemplary system 100 for implementing the invention may be, for example, one of the general purpose computers. The system 100 includes processor 102, which in the exemplary embodiment are each connected to cache memory 104, the cache 104 is connected in turn to a system bus 106 that couples various system components.
[0039]Also connected to system bus 106 are a system memory 108 and a host bridge 110. Host bridge 110 connects I/O bus 112 to system bus 106, relaying and/or transforming data transactions from one bus to the other. The system bus 106 and the I/O bus 112 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory includes read-only memory (ROM) 114 and random access memory (RAM) 116. A basic input/output system 118 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the personal computer 100, such as during start-up, is stored in ROM 114.
[0040]In the exemplary embodiment, the system 100 may further include a graphics adapter 120 connected to I/O bus 112, receiving user interface information for display device 122. A user may enter commands and information into the system 100 through input devices 130 such as a conventional mouse, a key board 130, or the like. Other input devices 134 may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner or the like. The devices may be connected via an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bridge 126, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) bridge 132 to I/O bus 112, respectively. PCI device such as a modem 138 may be connected to the I/O bus 112 via PCI bridge 136.
[0041]The exemplary system 100 may further include a hard disk drive 124 for reading from and writing to a hard disk, connected to the I/O bus via a hard disk interface 140, and an optical disk drive 142 for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk 144 such as a CD-ROM or other optical media. The hard disk drive 124, magnetic disk drive 28, and optical disk drive 142 may be connected to the I/O bus 112 by a hard disk drive interface 140, and an optical drive interface 146, respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide non-volatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the system 100. Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk 124 and a removable optical disk 144, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read-only memories (ROMs) and the like may also be used in the exemplary operating environment.
[0042]A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk 124, optical disk 144, ROM 118 or RAM 116, including an operating system 148, one or more application programs 150, other program modules 152 and program data 154.
[0043]The exemplary system 100 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 156. The remote computer 156 may be another personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the exemplary system 100. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 1 include a network 158, for example, a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN). Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, Intranets and the Internet.
[0044]When used in a networking environment, the exemplary system 100 is connected to the local network 158 through a network interface or adapter 160. The exemplary system 100 may use the modem 138 or other means for establishing communications 162 over a wide area network such as the Internet. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the exemplary system 100, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.
[0045]The exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is provided solely for the purposes of explaining the invention and those skilled in the art will recognize that numerous variations are possible, both in form and function. For instance, the exemplary system 100 may also include a magnetic disc drive, and numerous other optional components. All such variations are believed to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. The exemplary system 100 and the exemplary figures below are provided solely as examples for the purposes of explanation and are not intended to imply architectural limitations. In fact, this method and system can be easily adapted for use on any programmable computer system, or network of systems, on which software applications can be executed.
[0046]FIG. 2 provides an overview of a network 210 with a firewall 216 separating the web application 218 with the client browser 240 on a computer 212 over a public network 214 such as Internet. The web server 217 generally monitors the requests 220 from a web browser 240 to a web application 218. The web server 217 may include a firewall 216. The web application 218 may be a business reporting engine.
[0047]Referring to FIG. 3, one type of firewalls 216 is the network layer firewall 324 operating at the TCP/IP protocol stack as IP-packet filters, allowing packets to pass through the firewall only when they match the rules. The rules could be defined by the user; or by default. Network firewalls exist in most computer operating system and network appliances. Network firewalls deal with the numerous possible combinations that are to be allowed and forbidden at the transmission control protocol (TCP) and Internet protocol (IP) level.
[0048]Another type of firewall is an application layer firewall operating at the application layer of a protocol stack. It may be a host using a proxy server or gateway, or a module embedded within an application. The purpose of an application firewall is to proxy traffic instead of routing it. As it works at the application layer, it may be configured to inspect the contents of the traffic, blocking what the firewall administrator views as inappropriate content, such as invalid request or attempts to exploit logical flaws in the application. The application firewall may be configured by a set of predetermined rules that are read at the time of startup.
[0049]In business intelligence applications, a report engine (RE) may need to communicate with remote users or services. To increase security, it may use an application firewall 326 to monitor and filter traffic to protect itself against attacks from malicious users.
[0050]Different examples of authentication are presented in a logical schematic in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4(a), the client 240 is sending a request 220 to the web application 218 directly.
[0051]In FIG. 4(b), a gateway 217 is used between the client 240 and the web application 218. A gateway is a custom web server module or plug-in created to process requests, and it generally the first point of contact for a web application. The term "gateway" is intended to include any gateways known to a person skilled in the art, for example, CGI; ISAPI for the Microsoft Intemet Information Services (IIS) web server; Apache web server module; a servlet gateway; or the like.
[0052]In FIG. 4(c), network firewalls 216 are placed in front of the gateway 217 and web application 218 to provide additional network security.
[0053]As illustrated in FIG. 4(d) an application firewall 790 is layered on top of an application 218, and performs an analysis of the request 220. If the application 218 is required to authenticate users or needs to check user access control lists, it may use a separate authentication provider 410. The authentication provider 410 may be on a remote system. If an application 218 does not perform the authentication properly, for example, fails to properly check the permission and the capability of the client 240, the application may need to be re-deployed through time-consuming new-releases.
[0054]In FIG. 4(e), in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an application firewall 790 may be configured to authenticate client requests with an authentication provider 410 independently of the application 218 in cases where the application fails to make the proper checks. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, an application firewall 790 may be required to enhance security for multiple applications.
[0055]Referring to FIGS. 2 and 5, an exemplary web browser 240 with a fill-out form with three text input fields 542, 544, 546 is shown in FIG. 5a. FIG. 5b is the corresponding implementation in HTML. From the web application's 218 point of view, the path (e.g. http:/www.example.com/cgi-bin/file-query) is defined to be served by a CGI program. Whenever a request 220 to the matching URL is received, the corresponding program (e.g. file-query) is called, with any data that the client sent as input 220C. Output from the program is collected by the web server, augmented with appropriate headers, and sent back 222 to the client.
[0056]Referring to FIG. 5b, the FORM tag specifies a fill-out form within an HTML document. The attributes inside the FORM tags may be one, or more than one of ACTION, METHOD. ACTION refers to URL to a query server to which the contents of the form are submitted. METHOD is the method used to submit the fill-out form to a query server, and is either GET or POST.
[0057]GET is the method wherein the fill-out form contents are sent as part to the URL. When the "SUBMIT" button is pressed, the contents of the form will be assembled into a query URL as shown in FIG. 5C. With the exception of "=" that separate names and values, and "&" that separate name/value pairs, characters such as "=" and "&" inside any of the "name" or "value" pairs will be escaped, and spaces are changed into "+" and some other characters are encoded into hexadecimal.
[0058]POST is the method that causes the fill-out form contents to be sent to the server in a separate data block. The contents of the form are encoded exactly as with GET, but rather than appending them to the URL specified by the form's ACTION attribute as a query, the contents are sent in a data block as part of the POST operation.
[0059]Other tags may be nested inside the FORM tag. For example, the INPUT tag is used to specify input elements inside a FORM. It is a standalone tag; it does not surround anything and there is no terminating tag </INPUT>. Different TYPES of INPUT tags are defined as widget elements, and used as attributes to INPUT tag, for example, "text" is used as default for text entry field; "submit" as a push button causing the current form to be packaged up into a query URL and sent to a remote server; "reset" as a push button causing the input elements in the form to be reset to the default values. Other TYPES include: "password" for entering characters displayed as asterisks; "checkbox" for a single toggle button; and "radio" a single toggle button in "one of many" behavior.
[0060]NAME is the symbolic name, for example "a", "b" and "c" in FIG. 5B, for the input fields. When the user places data in these items in the form, that information is encoded into the form data. The value each of the input items is given by the user. The NAME attribute is used for assembling query string sent to the remote server when the filled-out form is submitted. Form data is a stream of name=value pairs separated by the character "&". Each name=value pair is URL encoded, i.e. spaces are changed into "+" and some characters are encoded into hexadecimal.
[0061]Other attributes for the INPUT tag include VALUE, which is used differently for different types, for example, VALUE may be used to specify the label for the push button types. For a text or password entry field, VALUE may be used to specify the default contents of the field. For a checkbox or a radio button, VALUE may specify the value of the button when it is checked. SIZE; and MAXLENGTH may be used for the physical size and the maximum number of characters for the input fields.
[0062]Referring to FIGS. 2 and 5, if "888" is typed into the first field, "Main" into the second, and "Admin" into the third, the query that results from this form, after passing the web server 217 may be shown in FIG. 5c:
[0064]Here, each text entry field is given a distinct Name attribute, e.g. "a", "b", and "c". If nothing is typed into any of the fields, the corresponding "name=value" pairs will still be present in the query with the value absent. For example, if "888" is entered into the first field and "admin" into the third, and nothing into the second, the query may look similar to:
[0066]Requests to a web application may also originate from a software development kit, or SDK client, which is a set of development tools that provide an interface to a software application. Using this interface, a software engineer is able to create custom applications. Modem SDKs commonly make use of a set of XML or SOAP messages. Requests to a web application may also originate from an SDK client.
[0067]Referring to FIG. 6, when user admin 650 log in at a web browser 652, a query 654 is usually sent to the web application, and resulting a display page 656 which is privileged to the user admin. When user John 658 is log in at a web browser 660, he usually receives a different display page 662 after sending a different query 664. However, if John send a query 666 similar to the user administrator's query, maliciously or inadvertently, and the web application does not have the proper access control list, an elevation of privilege takes place, and John may receive the privileged information on the web page 656. An elevation of privilege is the process to get more permission than normally assigned.
[0068]Once the elevation of privilege is successful, an application firewall may have to block the entire request, until a change can be made at the web application. For large web application, such as a business report engine, the changes can be complex and time consuming.
[0069]Referring now to FIG. 7, in accordance to one embodiment of the present invention, an application firewall 790 dynamically identifying the permission and capability by checking the rules 718. The rules are independent of the web application and can be updated easily. The application firewall 790 reads the rules to determine whether or not to make an ACL check. The ACL table information may be stored in an authentication provider 410, one example of an authentication provider is a content manager. If the application firewall 790 determines that a check needs to be made, it makes a request 714 to the authentication provider 410. The authentication provider 410 will return 716 whether or not the user has permission to the resource, or the requested capability. The request 710 and response 712 may pass through a web server 710a, 712a or directly 710b, 712b.
[0070]As shown in FIG. 7, the "rules based" method and system for checking application access list for rejecting a request now resides in the application firewall. If the web application 218 fails to enforce the permission or capability checks, the rules 718 in the application firewall can easily be updated 720 independently of the web application, for example, by adding new checks without adding code to the web application. The elevation of privilege can therefore be prevented. Similarly, if an application 218 originally interacts with the authentication provider 410 directly, but fails to check the permission or capability properly, based on the analysis of the traffic, the application firewall 790 of the present invention can enforce a rule on the request, check with the authentication provider 410 and provider proper authentication.
[0071]The term "permission" is intended to include the authorization to use, access, write, read, modify, change, execute, or manipulate an object in the web application. An object may include a file, a directory, a program, a web page, a report or any other means residing in the web application. The term "capability" is intended to include the allowed state of the user to use a feature or access a service provided by the web application.
[0072]Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the steps of a method to check the permission or capability of a request are described. At step 720, the rules 718 in the application firewall 790 are parsed into a logical format for use in the checking process. The user request is then parsed 822 and validated 824. Each ACL check condition is checked (826) against the current request. Each condition may use a regular expression pattern to define a matching value. A regular expression is generally a string describing or matching a set of strings, according to certain syntax rules. Regular expressions are used to search and manipulate bodies of text based on certain patterns. If there is a match 827, a check is made with the authentication provider on whether the user has permission to execute the request 828. For example, whether the user has the permission to execute a file "a" within the context of the web application. If the check is successful, the next ACL check condition in the list is checked 830.
[0073]Referring to FIGS. 7 and 9, an example of checking capability in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention is given. This figure provides an example of an access control rule that checks whether a user accessing the system has administration rights. The access control list checking is started by checking the HTTP request METHOD header. The METHOD may be either GET or POST 940. The context being checked at 942 is product specific. At 944 the content is checked. The CONTENT may be an HTTP form or an XML SDK request. Various conditions may be part of the rules 718 in the application firewall 790, for example, whether a "name" parameter is equal to "admin" or "administrator", and parameter "path" is equal to "portal/admin.html". The conditions are further specified by an operand for the various variables in the conditions. The operand may be "AND", "OR", or "NOT". The conditions are checked 946. If the parameters in a request match the rules set forth 948, it will then be determined whether the user has the capability, e.g. "canUseAdministrationPortal" 950. The checking the capability step 950 may be performed on a remote system, or using the remote system's ACL.
[0074]An example for capability check as described above is summarized below:
TABLE-US-00001 [0075]<acl name="administrationPortal" method="any" context="any" content="form"> <condition> <operand type="and"> <variable name="name"> <pattern value="{circumflex over ( )}(admin|administrator)$"/> </variable> <variable name="path"> <pattern value="{circumflex over ( )}portal/admin.html$"/> </variable> </operand> </condition> <checks> <check> <capability value="canUseAdministrationPortal"/> </check> </checks> </acl>
[0076]Referring to FIG. 10, the permission to access an object is illustrated. Similar to the capability check, access control list checking is started by checking the METHOD attribute. The METHOD may be either GET or POST 1060. The context being checked at 1062 is product specific. At 1064 the content is checked. The CONTENT may be an HTTP form or an XML SDK request. Various conditions may be part of the rules 718 in the application firewall 790, for example, whether an "action" parameter is equal to "view" The value (e.g. "reportName" parameter) that will become the target of the check may be captured, and stored internally (e.g. as "report"). This value may then be used in the check with the remote system. The conditions are further specified by an operand for the various variables in the conditions. The operand may be "AND", "OR", or "NOT". The conditions are checked 1066. If the parameters in a request match the rules set forth 1068, it will then attempt to determine whether the user has the "read" permission, on the value, e.g. "reportName" that was captured 1070. The checking the capability step 1070 may be performed on a remote system, or using the remote system's ACL.
[0077]An example for permission check as described above is summarized below:
TABLE-US-00002 <acl name="viewReport" method="any" contect="any" content="form"> <condition> <operand type="and"> <variable name="action"> <pattern value="{circumflex over ( )}view$"/> </variable> <variable name="reportName" captureAs="report"> <pattern value="{circumflex over ( )}[A-Z]{1, 1024)$"/> </variable> </operand> </condition> <checks> <check> <permission value="view" object="report"/> </check> </checks> </acl>
[0079]The invention can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations thereof. Apparatus of the invention can be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and method actions can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output. The invention can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. Each computer program can be implemented in a high-level procedural or object oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language can be a compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory and/or a random access memory. Generally, a computer will include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits). Further, a computer data signal representing the software code which may be embedded in a carrier wave may be transmitted via a communication network. Such a computer readable memory and a computer data signal are also within the scope of the present invention, as well as the hardware, software and the combination thereof.
[0080]The present invention has been described with regard to one or more embodiments. However, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that a number of variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.
Patent applications by Marc Graveline, Ottawa CA
Patent applications by Matt Masson, Ottawa CA
Patent applications by Ulf Viney, Ottawa CA
Patent applications by Cognos Incorporated
Patent applications in class Authorization
Patent applications in all subclasses Authorization
User Contributions:
Comment about this patent or add new information about this topic:


text:
>Sonora / Tuolumne News, Sports, & Weather, Angels Camp, Twain Harte, Jamestown | Union Democrat
TUD observations
To the Editor:
When I spoke at the TUD public forum against the rate increase I brought up our concern about a 50 percent increase in the base rate. Then I questioned the union pay increase, but forgot to bring up the fact that TUD policy raises pay for non-union employees when a union increase occurs. So where is the incentive to re-negotiate the contract? People have recognized the outspoken Dr. Retherford as a ratepayer advocate, but not the soft spoken Barbara Balen who is also a ratepayer advocate.
But the story gets better. It's been over a decade since my wife and I, with others, including Ralph and Barbara, started walking and championing the ditch system. After a while we unofficially started calling ourselves "The Ditch Guardians" and offered TUD to be voluntary ditch monitors. The potential savings in being TUD's eyes was clear to us. While walking the ditches we saw the true cost of aggressive guniting, brown zones of dead and wind fallen trees that died from gunite the year before. TUD needs to find the most cost effective ways to fix leaks without causing more work (and overtime) to clear ditch canals and causing fire hazards which raise neighborhood fire insurance rates. Another cost cutting measure Barbara strongly advocated for was the use of baseline crews to clean the ditches. This is now finally being implemented, however, short sighted, narrow minded NIMBY's are trying to end this cost saving effort like they did with The Ditch Guardians. With over a decade of monitoring TUD, making friends and respecting TUD's quality of work, my wife and I expect/hope their next rate plan will be much more realistic.
Ed Ellefsen
The Union Democrat is now online in a Replica E-edition form and publishes Tuesday through Saturday. E-Edition or Print Plus subscribers have full access.
If you are not a current subscriber, subscribe today for immediate access. Circulation: 209-533-3614
Weekly Arts and entertainment guide for Calaveras and Tuolumne counties
Available online every Friday or get it early in Thursday's print edition.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
2005 Ford F-150
Replaced fuses multiple times, replaced fuel relay switch, fuses keep popping
Recently replaced fuel pump, works well till now, help, please, thanks
Recently replaced fuel pump, works well till now, help, please, thanks
April 20, 2013.
April 20, 2013.
Fuses blow for a reason. The circuit must be traced down to find the issue
Apr 20, 2013.
Apr 20, 2013.
I drive a mazda soho 121 1998 model and my flickers and fan on the inside does not work, however in the fuse box just below the steering wheel the ports where the fuses plug in are ...
1 answer • 1998 Mazda 121 • 108,000 miles
I have a Saab 9-3 convertible (1998). The Maxi fuse (number 5), has blown. I fitted a new fuse, started the car for a few seconds, and checked the fuse to find it was again blown. I ...
1 answer • 1998 SAAB 9-3 • 112 miles
I have a 1999 Pontiac Montana, and had to replace a blown Maxi fuse for the ignition, it started up after replacing it but upon starting agin it blows the fuse again....why?
8 answers • 1999 Pontiac Montana
My fuse blown on my headlights but i don't know which fuse it is because the fuse cover is missing with the numbers of different parts. i drive a 93' Chrysler New Yorker 3.3 engine
1 answer • 1993 Chrysler New Yorker • 196,500 miles


text:
Corporate Liability under Customary International Law
Dodge, William S., Georgetown Journal of International Law
The Alien Tort Statute (ATS) grants U.S. district courts jurisdiction over "any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States." (1) In Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, (2) the Supreme Court held that the ATS allows U.S. courts to recognize federal common law causes of actions "based on the present-day law of nations [that] rest on a norm of international character accepted by the civilized world and defined with a specificity comparable to the features of the 18th-century paradigms we have recognized," specifically, infringement of the rights of ambassadors, violations of safe-conducts, and piracy. (3) Sosa involved claims against a natural person. Now, eight years later, in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., (4) the Court has taken up the question of whether a corporation can be held liable under the ATS.
In the decision below, the Second Circuit answered "no" to that question. "Because corporate liability is not recognized as a 'specific, universal, and obligatory' norm," the majority concluded, "it is not a rule of customary international law that we may apply under the ATS." (5) In an amicus brief on corporate liability filed with the Supreme Court, the United States argued to the contrary that a corporation can be held liable in a suit under the ATS for violating the law of nations. According to the United States, the Second Circuit approached the international law question in the wrong way. That court should not have "examined the question of corporate liability in the abstract," but should have looked instead to see "whether any of the particular international-law norms [at issue] ... exclude corporations from their scope." (6) It is these fundamentally different ways of looking at corporate liability under customary international law that are the subject of this piece.
From the outset, the Second Circuit majority framed the question of corporate liability under the ATS as turning on "the existence of a norm of corporate liability under customary international law." (7) In concluding that no such norm exists, the court found it "particularly significant ... that no international tribunal of which we are aware has ever held a corporation liable for a violation of the law of nations." (8) The court also observed "that the relatively few international law treaties that impose particular obligations on corporations do not establish corporate liability as a 'specific, universal, and obligatory' norm of customary international law." (9) After noting that the works of publicists are relevant "not for the speculations of their authors concerning what the law ought to be, but for trustworthy evidence of what the law really is," (10) the court concluded that "corporate liability is not recognized as a 'specific, universal, and obligatory' norm." (11) As these passages make clear, the Second Circuit majority was searching for a general norm of corporate liability: a trans-substantive rule that would apply regardless of the particular international law violation alleged.
International law does not work that way. It does not contain general norms of liability or non-liability applicable to categories of actors. International law does, of course, include doctrines of immunity. For example, states are generally immune from suit in the courts of other states unless an exception applies, as are certain high-ranking officials (like heads of state) during their tenure in office. However, as the International Court of Justice has reaffirmed only recently in the Jurisdictional Immunities case, "rules of State immunity are procedural" and "do not bear upon the question whether or not the conduct in respect of which the proceedings are brought was lawful or unlawful." (12) Thus, "immunity can have no effect on whatever responsibility [a state] may have." (13) In other words, a state that is immune from suit is still capable of violating international law and, despite its immunity, remains responsible for such violations. …


text:
Email AddressVerified
Phone Number▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ 79
Reviewed4 Reviews
Offline IDPassport
- Languages
- Bahasa Indonesia, English
- Simeon's Airbnb Symbol
Hey, I'm Simeon!
My name is Simeon, I am from Jamaica and I am an engineer.
As a traveler I would describe my self as quiet, tidy and generally one who does not wish to inconvenience the host. I am almost always on my laptop and smart phone, but can also be a chatterbox during breaks.
Essential for me in hot climates are air-conditioning and running hot water; And for those arctic conditions, a window that can open and... hot water :-)
WiFi is a plus, but I also carry a USB modem.
As a host, I may tend to be picky when it comes to morning beverages - I will not tolerate tea bags (unless for medicinal purposes) or instant coffee (unless for staining purposes) - I may be joking now, but please do not interpret my insistence on sharing some good stuff as obnoxious. I just like a great start to the mornings.
I currently live in Indonesia, but travel frequently.


text:
Search: Dexter's LaboratorySearch profiles »
rickysleepsMatch % Unknown Join to find out!
In Dexter's LaboratoryLives the smartest boy you've ever seenBut Dee Dee blows his experimentsTo Smithereens!There's Gloom and DoomWhen Things go BoomIn Dexter's LabRead more: Dexter's Laboratory ending theme lyrics - Sitcoms Online Message Boards - Forums http://www.
MarculusMatch % Unknown Join to find out!
It's phase 2 of my training to become a medical laboratory technician. (Does anyone else find it easier to spell laboratory if they imagine Dexter from Dexter's Laboratory saying the word?
xdollmarieMatch % Unknown Join to find out!
Books: Batman of the Future / Batman Beyond Batman: The Animated Series Alice's Adventures In WonderLand/Lewis-Carroll Antique/Vintage Books Manga:11th Cat Yugioh Pandora Hearts Maria Holic Yugioh R Antique Gift Shop Yugioh 5Ds Yugioh GX Honey Hunt Captive Hearts Galaxy...
- See More Profiles »
The 90's Cartoons Test
Due to the overwhelming popularity of my 80's cartoons test, I'm back with a 90's cartoons test! We're going to cover the early greats to the later fl...
The Aqua Teen Hunger Force Test
The Cartoon Network Test
I've lived in Korea for a while now, and one of the only English langauge channels available is Cartoon Network. In fact, I'm watching "Mike, Lu, and...
The TV Compatibility Test
This test is simple, I name a tv show, you tell me whether you watched it and whether you are a fan. There will be three parts: childhood nostalgia, p...
The Cartoon Cartoon test Test
This test is made for all the cartoon lovers out there. Dont you remember how you would use to wake up Saturday mornings with your bowl of Capt. Crun...
- See More Tests »
- Filter results
- All Results (6)
- Tests (6)
Connect your existing OkCupid account
Sign in
Welcome Back!
Restore your account to continue
meeting new people.
Reset your password
We'll email you a link to reset it.
Email sent!
An email is on its way to .
If you don't see it, try checking
your Spam folder.


text:
To make reservations by phone, dial freephone 0800 221 222 in the UK, 1 800 409 929 in Ireland, or view our regional telephone reservation numbers.
Front Desk
Welcome to our 83-room Fairfield Inn and Suites Columbus Reynoldsburg, where our friendly and knowledgeable staff will make you feel at home.
King Guest Room
Our spacious and comfortable king guest room features luxury bedding, a flat screen TV, coffee maker, iron/ironing board, hairdryer, complimentary high-speed Internet and a well-lit work desk.
King Suite Bedroom
Our King Suite offers a spacious king bed with a living room and a pull out sofa, microwave, mini-refrigerator and flat screen TV.


text:
Tags: hot, blonde, whore, opens, mouth, &, asshole, wide, fof, cock, deepthroat
Submited: 3 years old
Views: 1329
Copyright © 2006 - 2015 DeviantClip.com - All Rights Reserved.
Support / Contact
Webmasters Area
Site Map
All actors and models appearing on this website are 18 years or older.
Section 2257
Hot blonde whore opens mouth & asshole wide fof cock


text:
Canadian Stocks Decline as Investors Sell Gold to Raise Cash
Canadian stocks fell for a second day, led by precious-metal producers, as some investors sold metals to raise cash following declines in world equity markets.
Barrick Gold Corp., the world's largest producer, dropped 2.4 percent as the metal dropped the most since Jan. 4. Teck Resources Ltd., Canada's biggest base-metal and coal producer, rose 4.3 percent after the U.S. Federal Reserve said the recovery is gaining strength. Manulife Financial Corp., which had 120 life insurance sales offices in Japan on Dec. 31, lost 4.2 percent as the costs of the country's earthquake mounted.
The Standard & Poor's/TSX Composite Index declined 72.23 points, or 0.5 percent, to 13,546.96, the lowest level since Jan 31. The S&P/TSX has retreated 4.2 percent this month after eight months of gains.
"People are uncertain about what's going to happen in Japan," said David Baskin, president of Toronto-based money manager Baskin Financial Services Inc., which manages about C$400 million ($406 million). "They're worried, so they're fleeing to safety. They're buying U.S. dollars, U.S. Treasury bills and selling pretty much everything else."
The Canadian stock benchmark fell 4.1 percent last week as the U.S. reported an increase in initial jobless claims and oil dropped from a post-2008 high. The index sank as much as 2.8 percent in the first five minutes of trading today on concern the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear emergency in Japan will cripple Canada's fourth-biggest export market.
Crisis Continues
Shoppers grabbed water, food and batteries from store shelves in Tokyo as the death count from last week's events climbed to 2,734. A third explosion occurred at the nuclear power plant north of the city where the cooling system failed after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami.
The Thomson Reuters/Jefferies CRB Commodity Price Index declined the most in four months. Gold dropped 2.3 percent to $1,392.80 an ounce in New York.
Barrick slipped 2.4 percent to C$48.45. Semafo Inc., which mines gold in Africa, declined 5.4 percent to C$8.08 a day before it is to release fourth-quarter financial results. Silver reseller Silver Wheaton Corp. lost 3.7 percent to C$39.06 as that metal decreased 4.8 percent.
Alamos Gold Inc., which mines in Mexico, retreated 6.3 percent to C$15.86 after saying it crushed less ore in January and February than it had planned. This should lead to a smaller profit than previously forecast for the first quarter, Anita Soni, an analyst at Credit Suisse Group AG, wrote in a note to clients.
Renaissance Jeopardized
Uranium One Inc., a mining company controlled by Moscow-based ARMZ Uranium Holding, fell 14 percent to C$3.72 as the Japanese crisis jeopardized a renaissance in nuclear power. The shares have plunged 37 percent this week.
Producers of other raw materials rebounded after the Fed's Open Market Committee, for the first time since September, issued a statement that did not call the recovery "disappointingly slow."
Teck gained 4.3 percent from a three-month low to C$51.71. First Quantum Minerals Ltd., Canada's second-largest publicly traded copper producer, advanced 2.3 percent to C$113.71 before the scheduled release of its fourth-quarter financial results.
Potash Corp. of Saskatchewan Inc., the world's biggest fertilizer producer by market value, climbed 2.7 percent to C$53.14 after touching a 2011 intraday low.
"The market's saying the selloff has been overdone; agricultural fundamentals remain strong," Edlain Rodriguez, a New York-based analyst with Gleacher & Co., said today in a telephone interview. "We've seen sell-offs like this before, and then the rebound as people come to their senses."
Thirty-five of 43 stocks in the S&P/TSX Financials Index declined. The Bank of Japan has injected 23 trillion yen ($284 billion) into money markets this week to try to contain investors' panic.
Manulife, North America's fourth-largest insurer, lost 4.2 percent to C$16.04 even after saying it doesn't expect property and casualty reinsurance claims related to the earthquake and tsunami to be material to full-year results.
Royal Bank of Canada, the country's largest lender by assets, decreased 0.8 percent to C$59.58. Thomson Reuters Corp., the financial news and information provider, retreated 2.6 percent to C$37.86.
Aerospace and defense contractor MacDonald, Dettwiler & Associates Ltd. surged 7.5 percent, the most since Oct. 28, to C$52.63 after winning an agreement the parties valued at more than $280 million to service Intelsat SA satellites.


text:
not true
of adventure, connection, and change making.
"Whatever you are, be a good one."
— Abraham Lincoln
I am good at giving a damn.
anissaevette thinks this is good
anissaevette replied to a comment by Brian Jacobs
not true
anissaevette thinks this is good
anissaevette commented on a link
I can't wait to watch this documentary with my kids. As toddlers they were CRAZY about Elmo. As teenagers, just a glimpse of him makes them (and me) warm and fuzzy.
anissaevette is now following…
Staff picks of what's best from across the GOOD community


text:
Luxury Cars Go on a Diet
(See Correction & Amplification below .)
The luxury car market is moving toward the light—as in, light weight.
Auto makers are showcasing some svelte creations at the Paris auto show, a biennial festival where new models are unveiled to try to win over dealers.
Consider the Lamborghini Sesto Elemento, a prototype supercar in menacing dark gray with red trim. If Mephistopheles needed a car, this would be it.
The most extraordinary thing about this Lambo isn't the 570 horsepower, V10 engine—that beast is already available in other Lamborghinis. What makes the Sesto Elemento remarkable is its lightness. The car weighs just 2,202 pounds, or 999 kilograms. The current production Lamborghini Gallardo is comparatively portly at 2,948 pounds.
Deftly trimming the weight from cars—reversing a two-decade trend of larding vehicles with ever more safety and comfort features—will be vital to the competitiveness of every auto maker in the years ahead.
From Beijing to Brussels to Washington, D.C., governments are demanding that cars burn less petroleum or ideally none at all. Consumers, however, don't want to sacrifice comfort or performance the way they had to in the early 1980s, the last time car makers were compelled to dramatically downsize their cars. Especially for producers of luxury vehicles, making cars light and efficient by making them ugly and uncomfortable is not an option. The cars have to be gorgeous and fast and still efficient.
To accomplish its slim-down, Lamborghini fashioned the Sesto Elemento's front frame, exterior panels and the crash box surrounding the driver from carbon fiber-reinforced plastic. Much of the suspension and wheel rims are made of carbon fiber compounds. Not even the tailpipe is made of steel. It's a lightweight material called Pyrosic that Lamborghini describes as a glass-ceramic composite able to withstand temperatures of more than 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit.
The result is a car that asks each of its 570 horses to pull just 3.8 pounds. By comparison, each of the 500 horses available in the V10 engine of a BMW M5 has to haul about 10 pounds of body weight. The lopsided power-to-weight ratio means the Sesto Elemento can roar from a standstill to 60 miles per hour in just 2.5 seconds, Lamborghini says. Go much quicker than that, and you'd be on the brink of time travel, or of doing time.
"We see the future as not so focused on increasing power, as there is a limit to power increase due to emission regulations, but in reducing weight," says Lamborghini Chief Executive Stephan Winkelmann in an email. Carbon fiber technology will be central to this strategy, he writes.
The Lamborghini takes the high-tech pursuit of light weight toward fantasy. At the more practical end of the spectrum is the Range Rover Evoque, scheduled to go on sale next summer.
Land Rover is best known for its imposing, gas-guzzling sport utility vehicles. The 2010 Range Rover HSE Lux model, which starts at $84,285, has a curb weight of 5,697 pounds, and has combined city/highway fuel efficiency rating of 14 miles per gallon.
The Evoque weighs more than a ton less, tipping the scales at just over 3,500 pounds. Some of the difference from the big Range Rover is simply that the Evoque is smaller. But the Evoque also has an aluminum hood and roof panels, aluminum suspension parts, plastic front fenders and tailgate—even a thinner windshield and lighter weight sound-deadening materials.
The payoff for all this effort to sweat the flab out of the Range Rover concept is that the Evoque can manage with a four-cylinder engine. In the U.S., the Evoque will be equipped with a 240 horsepower, 2.0 liter four-cylinder, aluminum engine that's 88 pounds lighter and about 20% more fuel efficient than Land Rover's current 230 horsepower, 3.2 liter six-cylinder.
In Europe, Range Rover plans to offer the Evoque with a 2.2 liter turbodiesel expected to deliver nearly 43 miles per gallon.
Other auto makers had lightweight show cars on display in Paris. Audi unveiled a 3,197-lb. diesel-electric hybrid sports car called the e-tron Spyder.
Jaguar unveiled an aluminum-body, hybrid show car called the C-X75 that offers an innovative take on the idea of a hybrid. The C-X75's electric motors are powered by lithium-ion batteries charged by two small gasoline turbines, each weighing just 35kg each. It's like having two very tiny jet engines under the hood. The C-X75 weighs just 2,970 pounds, even though it's carrying a 500 pound battery pack. Battery weight is a major concern behind efforts to make cars lighter, says Mark White, Jaguar's chief technical specialist for body engineering.
"If you just put a lot of battery technology and motors into a conventional car, you end up making the car heavier than a conventional high-efficiency petrol or diesel engine," he says. That could result in putting out more carbon dioxide per mile.
To skinny down the body weight of the C-X75, Mr. White says Jaguar engineers and designers made the car's shiny skin from aluminum with a thickness of just 0.88 millimeters, or just over .03 of an inch, compared with the average gauge of aluminum skin panels in current European production cars of about 1 to 1.2 mm thick. That saves about 20 pounds.
Not all efforts at cutting weight are visible or as large-scale. BMW AG, BMW -1.72 % for example, announced a new eight-speed automatic transmission for its X3 sport utility vehicle that has two more gears than the previous transmission (for better fuel efficiency) but doesn't add any weight.
Lightweight designs and exotic materials aren't necessarily cheap. But for luxury-car brands the risk of not pushing the boundaries of technology are greater. Governments in the world's major luxury car markets are stepping up pressure. The U.S. government just proposed that car makers field fleets by 2025 that average 62 miles per gallon, and China is intent on becoming the world's leading market for electric vehicles.
Decades ago, luxury car makers could sell a simple equation of Size+Power = Prestige. Soon, a luxury car made only of steel and plastic could be as déclassé as a cinder-block sized cellphone.
Write to Joseph B. White at email@example.com
Correction & Amplification
The Jaguar C-X75 hybrid show car has a skin made from aluminum with a thickness of 0.88 of a millimeter, or just over .03 of an inch. A previous version of this column said the thickness came to just over a third of an inch.


text:
Mozilla Thunderbird
Mozilla Thunderbird: Wide View The Wide view extends the preview pane to the length of the screen.
2 / 13
Bottom Line
Thunderbird is a feature-rich e-mail client with a very clean interface. You can customize it by changing the look with themes and adding functionality with extensions. Available as a free download, it's worth a try if you use POP3 or IMAP4 for e-mail.


text:
Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
What's Your Makeup Vibe?
Getting ready for school shouldn't mean stressing about how to do your makeup that day—it should be about getting pumped to see your crush! To save you time, take this quiz to find your perfect, personalized daily beauty look.
The Life-Changing Trick Kylie Jenner Uses to Get Flawless Brows
It helps make your brow color PERFECT.
19 Celebs With and Without Bangs
Your fave celebs look SO different with some fringe! Check out their major hair transformations.
More From Beauty


text:
Wisconsin-Milwaukee beats Detroit 68-63
Preview | Box Score | Recap
DETROIT (AP)—Tony Meier had a game-high 18 points and Wisconsin-Milwaukee shot 45.5 percent from the field to beat Detroit 68-63 on Saturday afternoon.
Jason Averkamp and Ricky Franklin added 13 apiece for the Panthers (16-13, 11-7 Horizon League). Wisconsin-Milwaukee made 70 percent (7 of 10) of their 3-pointers in the first half and 50 percent for the game (10 of 20).
Woody Payne led Detroit (7-22, 2-17) with 10 points and was the only Titan in double figures. Michael Harrington and Eulis Stephens had 9 each.
The Titan bench outscored the Panthers 30-16.
Wisconsin-Milwaukee led 32-27 at halftime and pulled ahead by as many as 13 with 4:27 remaining in the game, which included seven ties and six lead changes.
Updated Saturday, Feb 28, 2009


text:
Everyday Mathematics Minute Math : Student Materials Set, Journals 1 and 2 and Reference Book, Grade 3
AUTHOR: WrightGroup/McGraw-Hill Staff
EDITION: Pck
PUBLISHER: McGraw-Hill Education
Also available at Amazon.com
This book is not guaranteed to come with supple-
mental materials (access codes, CD's, DVDs, etc.)
mental materials (access codes, CD's, DVDs, etc.)
21 Day Unconditional Guarantee
any book, any reason


text:
Definitions for glamourˈglæm ər
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word glamour
Princeton's WordNet
glamor, glamour(verb)
alluring beauty or charm (often with sex-appeal)
hex, bewitch, glamour, witch, enchant, jinx(verb)
cast a spell over someone or something; put a hex on someone or something
an item, motif, person, image that by association improves appearance
Witchcraft; magic charm; a spell affecting the eye, making objects appear different from what they really are.
A kind of haze in the air, causing things to appear different from what they really are.
Any artificial interest in, or association with, an object, or person, through which it or they appear delusively magnified or glorified.
Alluring beauty or charm (often with sex-appeal)
Origin: From gramarye.
Webster Dictionary
a charm affecting the eye, making objects appear different from what they really are
witchcraft; magic; a spell
a kind of haze in the air, causing things to appear different from what they really are
any artificial interest in, or association with, an object, through which it appears delusively magnified or glorified
Origin: [Scot. glamour, glamer; cf. Icel. glmeggdr one who is troubled with the glaucoma (?); or Icel. glm-sni weakness of sight, glamour; glmr name of the moon, also of a ghost + sni sight, akin to E. see. Perh., however, a corruption of E. gramarye.]
Glamour is a women's magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. Founded in 1939 in the United States, it was originally called Glamour of Hollywood. Local editions are now published in numerous countries including the United Kingdom, United States, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Russia, Greece, Poland, South Africa, Brazil, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Netherlands, Mexico. In most cases it is a monthly publication. The magazine became a global hit.
Images & Illustrations of glamour
Translations for glamour
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for glamour »
Find a translation for the glamour definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these glamour definitions with the community:
Word of the Day
Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily?
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"glamour." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/glamour>.


text:
Remove or not to remove
Doing some rust removal and reconditioning of the undercarriage of a 99 1500 ext. cab short bed. The bed has been removed and in the process of cleaning up I will be coating everything with Rust Bullet (alternative rust coating product ideas welcome) Because of the difficulty in getting all the loose scale off I want to grind off the rivets and remove the cross members to do a through job. Is this a good Idea and is it sufficient to replace the rivets with grade 8 hardware when reassembling? If this is going to hamper the integrity of the frame I'd rather not.
Got some pictures? That'd help those of us not able to see what you are thinking about help you.
Pics so you can see what I'm doing
2 Attachment(s)
Here are a couple of pics so you can see what I'm into. The rivets I'm most concerned with hold the rear stub on and also attach the front spring shackle bracket to the frame on both sides. My main concern is the integrity of the frame where the rear stub attaches to the front frame. I would be removing the rear(spare tire) cross member and the cross member at the front spring shackle as pictured. Again at assembly would grade 8 hardware be a suitable substitute for the factory rivets?
thanks, Dennis
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 10:22 PM.
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.9
Copyright ©2000 - 2015, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
= Copyright RamForumZ.com a Gigathreads.com Network Site =Ad Management by RedTyger


text:
Oct. 22, 2004
Business Students Attend National Conference
By Kari Johnson
UW-RF New Bureau
Two UW-River Falls students in Sigma Beta Delta, an international academic
business honor society, accompanied College of Business and Economics Dean Barbara
Nemecek and SBD advisor, Mary Ticich, to the 2004 Triennial Convention held
in Fort Worth, Texas Oct. 15-17.
Students Matt Schuelke, a business administration major from Glidden, Wis., and Steve Schurhamer, an accounting major from Stillwater, Minn., were selected by the UW-River Falls College of Business and Economics faculty and Ticich to attend the prestigious conference.
"It is an honor for our students to be selected to go to this international conference," says Nemecek. The conference also exposed the students to new issues of student leadership, says Nemecek.
Conference participants listened to distinguished speakers in a range of business fields including Tim Sear, the current chairman and chief executive officer of Alcon Labs to Holly Gathright, senior director of recruitment and employment at RadioShack, Inc.
Students are selected and invited to join Sigma Beta Delta by CBE faculty. To be eligible, students must rank in the upper 10% of their junior, senior or graduate class.
The purpose of SBD is to encourage and recognize scholarship and accomplishment among students of business management and administration, encourage and promote aspirations toward personal and professional improvement, and recognize honorable service to society.
Public Affairs
Home Page


text:
If you find there are broken links, misssing pages, wrong chapters or any other problems in a manga/manhwa, please comment here. We will try to solve them the first time.
Please enter the email.
RRR 85 released in mangahere fastest, recommend your friends to read RRR 85 now!
Tags: read RRR 85 english, RRR 85 raw manga, RRR 85 online, RRR 85 chap, RRR 85 chapter, RRR 85 high quality, RRR 85 manga scan
Next Chapter: RRR 86
Previous Chapter: RRR 84


text:
This offer for free shipping and handling applies to ground ship orders over $100 and is valid for orders placed online at www.etundra.com from 11/26/2015 12:01 AM MST thru 11/30/2015 11:59 PM MST. This offer applies to standard ground shipping and handling within the U.S., excluding Hawaii, Alaska and U.S. Territories (other than Washington, D.C.). LTL shipments are not eligible for this offer and may be subject to additional shipping and handling charges. Customers are responsible for all taxes and for all Rush Delivery upgrade fees for 3-Day Express, 2-Day Express and Next Day Delivery. Tundra Restaurant Supply reserves the right to modify or discontinue this offer at any time. Void where prohibited by law. Does not apply to previous purchases and cannot be combined with other offers. Above code will need to be added to the shopping cart before checking out. Click on "Do you have a coupon" link and add code to redeem.
Shop our selection of Asian cutlery featuring Japanese sushi knives, carving knifes, sashimi knives and more. These unique knives typically feature a lighter, stronger blade versus traditional Western Chef knives. These Asian-style knives are ideal for cutting everything from delicate sushi roles to breaking down fish, poultry and more.
Enter your email address to receive exclusive discounts, promotions and advice!
Sign up now to receive $15 OFF your next order!


text:
I like to hear good and bad things about this meter. I am planning to use this for street or landscape photography.
If you have any other suggestions other than this meter, I will be happy to know.
Printable View
I like to hear good and bad things about this meter. I am planning to use this for street or landscape photography.
If you have any other suggestions other than this meter, I will be happy to know.
I've had one of these for years, my favorite meter.
Proven design
Cheap used
DIY recalibration
So-so to poor low light accuracy/sensitivity
Must use high slide for full sun metering(easy to loose, too)
Mechanical, not shock-proof
Incident/reflected only
I got one 10 years ago and rarely used it. Got the small Sekonic 308(a very sweet little meter)and a Sekonic 558 a couple of years ago mainly for spot metering. Probably use the 308 the most due to its size(think deck of cards dimensions, perfect for street shooting). My 398 just doesn't see any action.
It has very poor low-light ability and is really only usable as an incident light meter. The reflected light attachment for it gives an extremely large angle of view. For the money, you can get a used Sekonic L-508, which gives you incident and spotmetering, a lot more low light sensitivity, flash metering if you ever want to do studio strobe work, and a lot more accuracy. The L-398 was made for studio work in the days before strobes.
The 398 is an excellent meter ! I wish I had two of them !!
But, not very useful in low light situations, you will definitely need another
meter for night work or dim interiors. I use an olde Gossen Luna Pro also.
I paid $8.00 for the Luna Pro, and keep a supply of Z/A batteries for it.
Incident metering is great and by far gives me the most reliable results but all metering takes thought and a good dose of experience, none are magic bullets.
Most any meter can be used well once you understand what the meter in question is telling you.
I have the L358 which is my favorite.
I have a selenium 398 (non-A) and it's really an incident meter above all. The reflected readings are one to two stops off, but the incident readings are spot on. I think it may be because the meter is keyed for highlights. Perhaps one day I'll ask Quality Light Metrics to calibrate it properly, but I love it for shooting slides and Ektar 100 outdoors. It's light, quick, and accurate.
I just hate the easy-to-loose high slide, and wish it wasn't so damn magnetic.
I got myself a Weston III (calibrated by QLM) for quick reflected metering, and I have a Sekonic Spot/Flash meter when I want more precision. I wish the 398 would be more precise in reflected readings, because it's really a nice tool. But so is the Weston.
How much compensation you will set to the camera when meter reads
Under Sunlight: F8.0 1/500s.
Under Shadow: F8.0 1/30s or 1/60s.
so to keep the shadow detail?


text:
Book online or call 64-9915-1135 (From abroad) 24 hours a day; 7 days a week.0800-456-081 (New Zealand Toll Free)This call is free. 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Pay now or later on most rooms
Free cancellation on most rooms
Best Price Guarantee
See Chita hotels on a map
Collect 10 nights get 1 free*
And look out for secret prices on selected hotels
No Guest Reviews yetHotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*!
Star rating not availableNo Guest Reviews yet
© 2002-2015 Hotels.com L.P. All rights reserved. – An Expedia Inc. brand
Hotels.com, Hotels.com logo and 'Hotels.com wake up happy' are trademarks and/or service marks of Hotels.com L.P. – An Expedia Inc. brand
* Learn more about Hotels.com™ Rewards


text:
- Age / Gender:
- 20, Male
- Location:
- Salo,Finland
- Joined:
- 7/14/06
- All Stats >
I'm an idiotic little kid from finland, I love zombiecomics and GOOD music
User Statshot
- Community Stats
Level 6 Blank Slate
Normal Whistle
Ranked as Civilian
Contact Info / Websites
Recent Game Medals
Shortfin Mako Shark 10 Points Lift a Shortfin Mako Shark! Medal Stats.
Getting Famous 10 Points You got on the cover of Sharks Illustrated! Medal Stats.
Silvertip Shark 10 Points Lift a Silvertip Shark! Medal Stats.
Bignose Shark 10 Points Lift a Bignose Shark Medal Stats.
First Ride 5 Points Your very first ride! Medal Stats.
Nurse Shark 5 Points Lift a Nurse Shark! Medal Stats.
Porbeagle Shark 5 Points Lift a Porbeagle Shark! Medal Stats.
Perfect Crab Quiz 50 Points Uncover 6 Crabs in a row! Medal Stats.
Sandbar Shark 5 Points Lift a Sandbar Shark! Medal Stats.
Caribbean Reef Shark 5 Points Lift a Caribbean Reef Shark! Medal Stats.
Total Medals Earned: 800 (From 156 different games.)
Favorite Movies
The Good and The Evil Rated 4.1277 Stars On the path of life one encounters good and evil situations, we need to recognize both. Experimental Resident Evil Rated 3.6666 Stars A parody to the exciting thriller Resident Evil Comedy - Parody Sound of Silence Rated 4.4108 Stars A dying artist paints his final masterpiece as he recalls when the world became silent. Music Video Numa Numa Kat Rated 3.9703 Stars well this is my own little take on Numa Numa <3 Music Video
Favorite Games
Crazy Shuttle Rated 3.9849 Stars Pick up students and deliver them to their destinations - dead or alive! Sports - Racing Grammar Ninja Rated 3.9659 Stars Blow up words with ninja stars. It's awesome. Puzzles - Other Boxhead :The Rooms Rated 4.2790 Stars Use an array of awesome weapons and explosives to survive the zombie onslaught! Action - Shooter - Multidirectional F2Jam The Music Game v1.0 Rated 4.1117 Stars The first full release of F2Jam, The Music Game. Rhythm


text:
Talk:Lower Paleolithic
|This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Lower Paleolithic article.
Article policies
|Lower Paleolithic has been listed as a level-4 vital article in History. If you can improve it, please do. This article has been rated as Start-Class.
|WikiProject Archaeology
|(Rated Start-class)
Who do I need to talk to about having a to this article?
This article pre-supposes the validity of an "evolutionary" timetable with dating methods that are in doubt.
Evolution is an unproven conjecture so having timelines should have a disclaimer. Neutrality of article is suspect in my opinion.
This piece is annoying: Such an association should not imply that they necessarily evolved in Europe.
afaik there is hardly any indication such could even remotely be the case, you may as well see advanced homo erecti as what they are, advanced pre ice age or so. I actually see collateral evidence for the close connection between all succesive species of homo erectus.
Yeah, someone from that era might decide to sue you...
1,000,000 BC article should be merged here[edit]
I feel that 1,000,000 BC should be merged here. We can't have information about the exact year of 1,000,000 BC, so the info should be worked into here. This article has the potential to be a lot more encompassing. --Czj 19:41, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
Refs...H. hungary....3 million years...modified stones[edit]
As one who is a very fairly well versed non specialist of paleoanthropology, I'm curious about some of the non-cited references here:
What/which Homo species are older than 3 million years? I've never heard of anything beyond 2.5 or 2.6 million years being attributed to Homo (the dawn of stone tool making). In this case, the species would be H. habilis.
I think this article should specify and be clear that stone tool industries refer to modified stone tools. Stone tool use exists among many several species, esp. the great apes; the difference with the beginning of the paleolithic is the beggining of specially crafted stone tools. The article may be too vague to the novice reader to fully grasp this fact.
Finally, of all the references to early human species, what or who the heck is H. paleohungaricus?!? I've never heard of him, and even if he has some support, this particular species is not at all regarded seperately by the overall establishment.Neanderskull 20:12, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
Early species[edit]
I find this sentence unclear: "Homo habilis remains, such as those from Olduvai Gorge, are much more recognizable as humans." Much more recognizable than what? --Smoggyrob | Talk 04:46, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
Paleodiet ref removed[edit]
I removed the Paleo-diet external link.
Its connection to history has not been established, and thus doesn't have a demonstratable applicability here.
Zackzing (talk) 21:43, 12 December 2010 (UTC)
Contradiction about hunter-gathering[edit]
In the Calabrian section, it says hunter-gatherer activities started in that stage (1.8m - 780,000 yrs ago), then in the transition to Middle Paleolithic section, it says the first instances of hunter-gatherer activities occurred in this period (~300,000 yrs ago). — Preceding unsigned comment added by DoItAgain (talk • contribs) 14:29, 8 May 2013 (UTC)


text:
(UEFA) Football Thread - Football not Soccer
View Single Post
November 18 2009, 01:00 AM
Rear Admiral
Location: Ortigas, Philippines
Re: (UEFA) Football Thread - Football not Soccer
Ugh, Gibbs has followed Van Persie into the injury room. It's been a while since I've seen Traore at left back, hope he can fill in well enough. Rumor is that Gibbs fractured his metatarsal, if so that, like Clichy's back fracture, is a long term layoff.
I suppose Sagna could be shifted to left back though, and keep Eboue on the right.
Ramsey had a cracking game against Scotland, I'd love to see him play in Diaby's position more often.
I wonder if Wenger will switch to 4-4-2 and put Arshavin behind Eduardo, or if he'll keep the 4-3-3 and hope Eduardo can play as a target man.
I'm making awesome African SciFi comics with my brother. Check 'em Out!
Outcasts of Jupiter
Under a Jovian Sun
View Public Profile
Send a private message to dragunzng
Visit dragunzng's homepage!
Find More Posts by dragunzng


text:
Nikon Fieldscope Spotting Scope 20-60x 60mm Straight Body Armored Green
Product #: 187156 Nikon #: 8330 UPC #: 018208083305
- Information
Nikon's Fieldscope 3 is a waterproof, fogproof and shockproof spotter that delivers optical performance and flexibility. This Fieldscope is the straight body version, complete with sliding sunshade. All Nikon products include Nikon USA's full or limited warranty. 25 year limited factory warranty.
Technical Information
100% waterproof and fogproof
Straight and angled eyepieces available, and accepts all Nikon eyepieces
All-metal construction with slide-out lens shade
Multicoated lenses
25 Year Full Warranty against manufacturing or material defects.
Nikon No-Fault Policy - Lifetime Coverage. If product damage is not covered by 25 Year Full Warranty, Nikon will repair or replace damaged product for $10. Even if the damage is your fault. You pay shipping charges.
Technical Information
Delivery Information
- The total weight of the product, including the product's packaging as it sits on our shelf. Since some products ship directly from the Manufacturer, their weight may be unavailable. Because of variations in the manufacturing process, similar products may have differing weights. Unless the product is designated as "Ships Alone", Shipping Weight does not include the shipping box or packing materials associated with your order. Shipping Weight: 3.800 Pounds
- Product ships from MidwayUSA, separate from any other products on your order due to its size. Products that are Shipped Alone incur separate "Per Order" and "Per Pound" shipping charges. Ships Alone: No
- Product is regulated by the US Department of Transportation (DOT) and cannot be shipped via USPS or air shipping methods. DOT-Regulated products must ship UPS Ground. DOT-Regulated: No
- Product is restricted by shipping carriers and cannot be shipped to certain locations or via certain shipping methods. Carrier Restrictions: No
- Additional shipping charge for HazMat products. Carriers charge extra to ship packages with products they consider hazardous, such as reloading powder and primers. HazMat Product: No
Was this information helpful? Yes No
Thank you! Your valuable feedback helps improve our product information and offering.
Know someone who may like this? Email this Page to a Friend
Customer Reviews
The statements and opinions expressed within Customer Reviews reflect each author's personal perspective and do not imply endorsement by MidwayUSA, its Employees or any other organization. Customers should in no way infer that MidwayUSA has validated review information as safe, accurate or appropriate.
Suggested Products
MidwayUSA Spudz Lens Cleaning Cloth 6" x 6" Black
$4.99List Price: $6.99 Save $2.00 (29%)


text:
ZAATARI, Jordan — Her eyes welling up with tears, actress Angelina Jolie said Tuesday she heard "horrific" and "heartbreaking" accounts from Syrian refugees who fled the civil war in their country to find shelter in a camp just across the border in Jordan.
The Hollywood star and U.N. refugee agency's special envoy spoke as she visited the Zaatari camp, which hosts about 30,000 Syrians displaced by the 18-month conflict that has so far claimed at least 23,000 lives, according to activists.
"I am very concerned, the world is very concerned," Jolie said during her high-profile visit aimed at focusing international attention on the plight of Syrian refugees and attracting more funding to help them. "What is very heartbreaking is when Syrian people ask you why you think no one is able to find a solution for them."
Jolie met separately with Syrian refugee women and toured the sprawling tent city in the company of U.N. refugee chief Antonio Guterres and Jordanian Foreign Minister Nasser Judeh.
The UNHCR in April promoted Jolie from serving as its goodwill ambassador to special envoy due to her exceptional work for the agency.
More like this story
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.


text:
Each fall, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine and Graduate School of Nursing conduct a full-scale medical field exercise, nicknamed "Operation Bushmaster," at an Army National Guard training base in central Pennsylvania. Military health care providers fly in from around the country to teach and grade participants as part of the Military Contingency Medicine course. There is nothing like it in American medical education.
The Uniformed Services at USU
Featured Events
The role of women in the military continues to grow as more and more females enter and make a career out of the military. Along with women's increasing role within the Department of Defense comes a need for addressing their specific needs. The Uniformed Services University's (USU) Graduate School of Nursing (GSN) has developed a Women's Health Nurse Practitioner Program (WHNP) that meets the specific health needs of women.
A University Board of Regents subcommittee has begun its search for a successor to Charles L. Rice, MD, president of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU). Rice recently announced that he would be stepping down after leading the University for more than a decade. The subcommittee is comprised of 17 constituent members and is chaired by retired Lt. Gen. (Dr.) Ronald Blanck, former Army Surgeon General and chair of USU's Board of Regents. More information can be found here.
Bethesda, MD – J. Stephen Dumler, MD, has been selected to chair the Department of Pathology at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences' (USU) F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, "America's Medical School," effective in January 2016.
Bethesda, MD – Rear Adm. (Dr.) David Lane, a 1991 graduate of the F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, has been named as the next director of the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus and Adm. John Richardson, Chief of Naval Operations, made the announcement on Monday.
Dr. David Riggs, one of the nation's foremost psychologists and an expert on the effects of military service and deployments, will become chair of the Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology (MPS) at the F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU). He will assume this new role in November 2015.


text:
The difference between a successful camping trip and an unsuccessful one is often a matter of comfort. A sure fire way to stay comfortable is to have a quality tent that will keep you warm and dry even in the harshest conditions. Here you will find a complete line of all different sizes and styles of tent.
Sleeping well makes every camping trip better. See our Sleeping Bags & Pads or go back to see all categories in our Outdoor Gear category.
Big Agnes Jack Rabbit SL 4 Person
Item #: TJRSL413
Price: $499.95
Springbar Highline 6 Person Canvas Tent - 10' x 10'
Item #: HL10X
List Price: $811.00
Price: $599.99
You Save: $211.01 (26%)
Springbar Highline 8 Person Canvas Tent - 10' x 14'
Item #: HL14X
List Price: $1,015.00
Price: $749.99
You Save: $265.01 (26%)
Big Agnes Tensleep Station 6 Person Tent
Item #: TTSS613
List Price: $469.95
Price: $469.95
Big Agnes Copper Spur UL 3 Person
Item #: TCS314
List Price: $499.95
Price: $499.95


text:
File APIs for Java Developers
Manipulate DOC, XLS, PPT, PDF and many others from your application.
A friendly place for programming greenhorns!
Big Moose Saloon
Java FAQ
Recent Topics
Flagged Topics
Hot Topics
Zero Replies
Register / Login
Java Forums
Developer Certification (SCJD/OCMJD)
Problem with sample multi-threaded network test
Mark O' Sullivan
Ranch Hand
Joined: Aug 17, 2009
Posts: 160
Oct 29, 2009 12:07:14
import java.rmi.RemoteException; public class MiddleWareTestingClass { /** * @param args */ private static NetworkConnector controller; public static void main(String[] args) { try { controller = new NetworkConnector(ApplicationMode.STANDALONE_CLIENT, "C://JavaAssignment//db-1x2.db", null); for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { MiddleWareTestingClass booking = new MiddleWareTestingClass(); booking.new BookingRandomThread().start(); } } catch (RemoteException e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); } finally{ } } private class BookingRandomThread extends Thread{ BookingRandomThread(){} public void run(){ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getId() + " trying to book record 12 on ReadingRandomThread."); String[] data = {"CD","X","GFFF","F","GFFFFFFF","YFFFFFFFFF","12345678"}; try { //final int recNo = (int) (Math.random() * 50); controller.makeReservation(28,data); }catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("\nThe exception is " + e.getMessage()); return; } } } }
Hi, I am using the above code to
my network functionality. When I run the program I notice though if the method makeReservation throws an exception, like, for example, the user has booked the room already, the test does not complete. Is this generally the case with threading, ie. that if 1 thread throws an exception, the whole testing application does not complete correctly and is just suspended? I've very new to threading, but I thought if multiple threads were running and 1 became suspended, the other threads could continue running, or is this an incorrect assumption? In my case, for example, one of the threads, throws an exception in the makeReservation method "User Booked already", but the test is suspended after this. I ran the same type of test for the data layer and got the same error. As I am new to multi-threading, any ideas are welcome. Damn, multi-threading, so fast, but slowing me down.
Nicolas Kal
Ranch Hand
Joined: Sep 09, 2009
Posts: 69
Oct 29, 2009 12:35:40
If the following method is synchronized
then when the exception is thrown the thread is suspended inside that synchronized method and the lock is not relaesed, as a result all waiting threads are blocked.
SCJP 6.0 , SBCD (Preparing..),
MSc Enterprise Systems Development, BSc Computer Science
Mark O' Sullivan
Ranch Hand
Joined: Aug 17, 2009
Posts: 160
Oct 29, 2009 13:01:26
Thanks for all your reply Nioclas, actually solved the issue, when the user checked if room booked already, I set a flag to try and avoid unlocking, which I shouldn't have. Using the flag for some business implementation exceptions to avoid calling the unlock mechanism in the finally block. Thanks for your time and effort, much appreciated.
I agree. Here's the link:
subject: Problem with sample multi-threaded network test
Similar Threads
Test your business service
Can somebody please explain me the output
testing concurrency and sleeping threads
About:My URLyBird1.3.2 Locking
Take this Testing Tool for Data Class
All times are in JavaRanch time: GMT-6 in summer, GMT-7 in winter
Contact Us
| Powered by
Copyright © 1998-2015
Paul Wheaton