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Utah firefighters have learned lessons after tragic 2013 Arizona wildfire
As wildfire crews battle smoke and flames this summer, they have a recent reminder of what mistakes on the ground and back at headquarters can cost.
The Yarnell Hill fire, which took the lives of 19 firefighters last year in Arizona, has Utah's fire defenders talking about they can learn from the tragedy.
The need for clear communication and always putting people before property were topics during the lead-up this summer's wildfire season, which officially started June 1. Officials also emphasized the danger of falling into complacency.
"[Yarnell Hill is] definitely in the front of our minds," said Jessica Osborne, a six-year firefighter with the U.S. Forest Service.
On June 30, 2013, the Granite Mountain Hotshots were trapped as a fierce thunderstorm changed the direction of the flames they were battling near the small community of Yarnell, Ariz.
A commission that oversees workplace safety blamed state fire officials for knowingly putting protection of property ahead of safety and said the crew should have been pulled out earlier.
Marshall Krotenberg, the safety agency's lead investigator, told commissioners that senior fire managers had already determined that the town was indefensible, and that fire managers should have removed firefighters an hour before the thunderstorm arrived. Everyone knew the storm was anticipated, but "there was no plan to move people out of the way," he said.
The commission's chairman, David Parker, said he believed the fire management team on site did everything in its power to defend the community and provide for the safety of people. "It's not the intention of the people that (is) in question, it's that employees remained exposed after they no longer should be exposed," Parker said.
The commission's findings reverberated throughout the wildfire community, on a nationwide scale. Cheryl Probert, a deputy forest supervisor, mentioned at a press event last month that tragedies like Yarnell Hill serve as a reminder that keeping people safe sometimes means letting property burn.
A new batch of firefighters will soon wrap up their training, and the U.S. Forest Service in Utah has been drilling into them that their lives and the safety of the people around them is not worth a building.
The Forest Service has been hitting that same message hard at every pre-season meeting with fire officials around the state.
"[With tragedy like Yarnell] does come that focus, and we are hypersensitive to that," said Loyal Clark, a Forest Service spokeswoman.
During a week-long training session last month, one of the Yarnell Hill investigators shared the probe's findings with Utah officials and what they can take away from that.
Not falling into complacency was one lesson, said Jason Curry, spokesman for the Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Lands.
The 19 Hotshots were trained, experienced professionals, but even they got into trouble. Not that the Hotshots became complacent, Curry added, but their deaths underscore that no one is immune to danger.
Mike Stoutsenberger, a Forest Service firefighter, echoed that lesson at last month's press event. Standing by his fire truck, Stoutsenberger explained how they understand that risk is part of the job, but it's important that they not to lose focus on their safety even though it gets easier to lose that focus toward the end of the season as fire after fire wears them down.
Another takeaway was clear communication, as well as the importance of making clear decisions and having a solid plan in any case, Curry said.
"These are not new things, but they are things to re-emphasize," he said.
Also in the wake of Yarnell Hill, the National Association of State Foresters asked the National Wildfire Coordinating Group to review what technology is available to track resources in real-time, analyze the "human factors" in fire fighting, and how they use air suppression, according to a BLM report.
The BLM also bumped up their periodic review of their fire shelters to this year instead of 2015. The shelters fire-resistant bags that firefighters can fall on the ground and throw on can provide last-ditch protection for firefighters who can no longer outrun an inferno. The review considers new materials with which to make the shelters, as well as the current shelters' weight and performance, among other factors.
All of those reviews are still ongoing, as far as Curry knows, and he is anxiously awaiting the results.
"Whenever we have a tragedy within the wild land fire arena, we definitely reflect every year on those sorts of accidents and try to analyze what went wrong and/or how we can make sure this doesn't happen again," said Heather O'Hanlon, spokeswoman for the Utah BLM.
Amid all of the lessons that firefighters can takeaway, there has been a push for residents to meet them halfway, such as by clearing vegetation around their homes to create what's called defensible space.
"What we've talked about in the firefighter community as a whole, we're kind of disappointed with homeowners in that urban interface," said Jason Kirks, a BLM fire management specialist in the Moab office. "In the wake of all the tragedy, and all the homes that have burned down, and people are [still] not fixing up their property. We're very disappointed that people are not doing what they need to do."
The Rockport 5 Fire tore through Summit County last August and destroyed eight homes. But resident Pat Pike's was spared, the flames ending right at his driveway apparently thanks to the time he spent removing brush from his property, long before the fire started.
Kirks hope others will learn from that.
"You'll see that over and over again," Kirks said. "A large destructive fire, one or two homes survive, a lot of times the homeowner did something to [make their home safer beforehand]."
Clark pointed homeowners to UtahFireInfo.gov, where they can learn how to preemptively protect their homes.
Experts forecast that this wildfire season will be a "normal" one, with an expected El Nino keeping temperatures down and humidity up. But Curry pointed out that tragedy strikes in the average years, too.
As O'Hanlon said, "Sometimes Mother Nature just gets the better of you."
The Associated Press contributed to this story.
Twitter: @mikeypanda


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Unplanned, split-second decisions and gut instinct really can make all the difference in tournament bass fishing.
Follow Elite Series rookies: Jonathon VanDam (JVD), Brandon Palaniuk and Bradley Roy, as they test their skills during the 2011 Sunshine Showdown.
The 2009 season kicks-off on the Harris Chain of Lakes in Tavares, Florida with the Bassmaster Southern Open.

subset: commoncrawl


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Anthony I Head Start
Preschool | Grades PK
Anthony, NM 88021
(505) 882-3258
About This School
Anthony I Head Start is located in Anthony, NM. It is a preschool that serves children ages 3-5. Anthony I Head Start is Head Start and has a capacity of 90 children.
Anthony I Head Start offers instructional programs in reading and math.
Anthony I Head Start offers instructional programs in reading and math.
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O'Neil, C.E., V.L. Fulgoni, T.A. Nicklas, 2015. Tree Nut consumption is associated with better adiposity measures and cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome health risk factors in U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2010. Nutrition Journal. 14:64. DOI 10.1186/s12937-015-0052-x
Yang, M., F.B. Hu, E.L. Giovannucci, M.J. Stampfer, W.C. Willett, C.S. Fuchs, K. Wu, Y. Bao, 2015. Nut consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.66.
O'Neil, C.E., T.A. Nicklas, V.L. Fulgoni III, 2015. Tree nut consumption is associated with better nutrient adequacy and diet quality in adults: national health and nutrition examination survey 2005–2010. Nutrients. 7(1):595-607.
Zhu, Y., C. Taylor, K. Sommer, K. Wilkinson, M. Wirthensohn, 2015. Influence of deficit irrigation strategies on fatty acid and tocopherol concentration of almond (Prunus dulcis). Food Chem. 173:821-6.
Grundy, M.M.L., T. Grassby, G. Mandalari, K.W. Waldron, P.J. Butterworth, S. E.E. Berry, P.R. Ellis, 2015. Effect of mastication on lipid bioaccessibility of almonds in a randomized human study and its implications for digestion kinetics, metabolizable energy, and postprandial lipemia. Am J Clin Nutr . 101:25–33.
Berryman, C.E., S.G. West, J.A. Fleming, P.L. Bordi, P.M. Kris-Etherton, 2015. Effects of daily almond consumption on cardiometabolic risk and abdominal adiposity in healthy adults with elevated LDL-cholesterol: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Heart Assoc. doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.000993.
Ros, E., M.A. Martínez-González, R. Estruch, J. Salas-Salvadó, M. Fitó, J.A. Martínez, D. Corella, 2014. Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular health: teachings of the PREDIMED study. Adv. Nutr. 5:330S–336S.
Tan, S.Y., J. Dhillon, R.D. Mattes, 2014. A review of the effects of nuts on appetite, food intake, metabolism, and body weight. Am J Clin Nutr. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071456.
Nishi, S., C.W.C. Kendall, A.-M. Gascoyne, R.P. Bazinet, B. Bashyam, K.G. Lapsley, L.S.A. Augustin, J.L. Sievenpiper, D.J.A. Jenkins, 2014. Effect of almond consumption on the serum fatty acid profile: a dose–response study. British Journal of Nutrition. 112:1137–1146.
Hull, S., R. Re, L. Chambers, A. Echaniz, M.S.J. Wickham, 2014. A mid-morning snack of almonds generates satiety and appropriate adjustment of subsequent food intake in healthy women. Eur J Nutr. DOI 10.1007/s00394-014-0759-z


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I wonder if any of us will break this record =)
16 pound baby born in TX!
DD~Leah 6/7/09~8 pounds, 21 in, 40 wks
DS~Michael 2/7/12~9 pounds, 6 ounces, 22 in, 40 wks 4 days
Momma to Sweet Princess 08-2006, Buddy boy 03-2008, Sweet pea 10-2009, the little guy 02-2012 , Itty bitty 6-2013
Ouch!!!!!! Wow!!! I really hope that was a c-section. I would never want a baby that big.
Mother of Irsh twin with baby# 3 on the way. Love my life!! Best DH in the world.
I don't want to be anywhere near that record!!
Kellie- Proud Mama to Benjamin Ryan (09/06/08) and Chelsea Sophia (02/18/12)
That makes my 10 pound 11ozer look small!
It was a csection (hers, not mine).
mom to:
Jacob, Brandon, Ryan, Katelyn, Nathan, Joshua and Emily. Arrived 2-19-12. 8 pounds 11oz.
nuts! I'm glad she did a c for this birth.
Mommy of the A Team - A DS - 11/2009, A DD 3/2012
Definitely was a c-section. I can't imagine anyone possibly delivering that huge of a baby vaginally. God bless her!!! That was my babies at 6 months!
Also, definitely gestational diabetis. Hope she recovers well and he stays healthy!
I am blessed to be the wife of Mr Wonderful and Mama to the two most amazing boys! Missing our baby who is now with Jesus
Eesh, definitely not a record I want to break.
Nicci, Sailor & First-Time-Mama
Wife to DH (2005)
YDS (11/2011) Born @ 28 weeks (pPROM)


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Here's are the cars and trucks in each of 14 major vehicle categories TrueCar.com predicts will be sold at the deepest average discounts below MSRP (the manufacturer's suggested retail price) in the coming weeks as dealers attempt to clear their lots of remaining model-year 2013 inventory.
14 easiest 2013 cars to bargain for
2 / 14
10 new cars with the highest theft rates
Large Car: Chevrolet Impala
MSRP: $25,860–$30,400. Average Discount: 14.9 Percent. This is for the now-discontinued 2013 version of Chevy's largest sedan, which tended to be favored more by fleet buyers and rental car companies in recent years than consumers; TrueCar.com says dealers are still sitting on a budget-busting 192 days' supply of the outgoing model. This remains among the roomiest cars for the money and is the last model on the market to offer an available front-row bench seat for six-passenger seating. It's otherwise eclipsed by the new-for-2014 redesign.


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Dementia Adventure specialise in designing and delivering small group short breaks and holidays for people living with dementia and their carer to enjoy together.
They are an alternative to traditional respite in that they enable people living with dementia to get outdoors, connect with nature, themselves and their community, and retain a sense of adventure in their lives.
All travel, tickets, accommodation and itinerary are arranged for you and each couple is supported by a Dementia Adventure team member—an extra pair of hands for you and your carer to help with as little or as much as you require.
We ask that people living with dementia come with someone who knows them well. It could be your partner or main carer but it could also be a friend or relative. Grown up children taking their parent on holiday often works very well.
We have a selection of 'off-the-peg' breaks that we run throughout the year, with fully designed itinerary, trips, activities and high quality dementia-friendly accommodation. We also design bespoke breaks to suit your individual needs. We cover destinations throughout the UK and Europe.
Please click here to listen to a radio interview where Lucy explains about our holidays and Park Walks.
To see our latest holidays and short breaks click here.
We often get asked about Travel Insurance. Click here to go through to Free Spirit - a specialist travel insurance provider for people with medical conditions and no age limits.
If you would like to join us as a volunteer helper on one of our adventures, then please download the volunteer application form here. You will be CRB (DBS) checked and receive full training. The idea is that you will support a couple living with dementia on their holiday, but will not be expected to provide personal care. You will be provided with bed and board for the time away and your travel expenses to and from the holiday will be covered.
Please register your interest by calling 01245 237548, or email us. We will happily answer any questions you may have about our adventures.
Find out more about our:


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"Are there any specific field in Law that I can choose in law after 12th?"
03 Jun 2010 12:17 PM in Law:Options after Law
"How to get application forms , to join in aAnna University??"
27 May 2011 12:22 AM in Engineering:Engineering Institutes
"How to get application forms , to join in aAnna University??"
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"can you provide a list of the top film making colleges in UK"
"hey can i know the best journalism colleges in UK."
IGlobal University Offers Academic Merit Scholarship - Scholarship Notification : May 30, 2014 - May 31, 2015
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"JIPMER conducts entrance examination on all India basis and only merit in the Entrance Examination is the criterion for selection to 46 seats (including 20 reserved for locals).� Eleven seats are..."
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Exam Date :September 26, 2009 | Result Date :October 19, 2009
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MIT School Of Telecom And Management Studies - Pune
MIT School Of Telecom And Management Studies - Pune
Sri Sai School Of Nursing - Bangalore
"Medicine is all about a person getting or seeking treatment from a physician for certain ailments. Once you have decided you want to go in for medicine, you can pretty much stop calling your life your..."
"Medicine is all about a person getting or seeking treatment from a physician for certain ailments. Once you have decided you want to go in for medicine, you can pretty much stop calling your life your..."
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LONDON: A north London school, Ashmount Primary, has outsourced mathematics teaching to India. And, according...
The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Training...
LONDON: The London School of Economics will collaborate with Reliance Foundation, run by the promoters...
When it comes to naming the best B-schools in India, the first name that strikes the mind is the Indian...
London: A British school is compelled to offer anger management lessons to its pupils as young as five...
© 2014 StudyNation.com | ccentium


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New Music: Freddie Gibbs – 'Where Have You Been?'
By 0 Comments|
Just a few days after leaving Young Jeezy's CTE imprint, Freddie Gibbs has released a record to show that he has no intention of slowing down… The song is called "Where Have You Been?" featuring Sasha Go Hard and Slick Pulla. Take a listen to the record below.happywheels
← Previous Story New Music: Shawn Chrystopher – 'Biscayne.' (Prod. by Timbaland)


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A single flow-chart (state diagram) is used to authorize all requests in the Hitachi ID Identity Manager workflow engine. The Identity Manager workflow engine supports:
Requests may be submitted to the Identity Manager workflow engine using the included request web portal, by business logic monitoring changes in a system of record (SoR), via a batch loader or through the inbound web services API.
Any request may require approval. Business logic selects authorizers and determines how many are required (possibly zero). Multiple authorizers may be selected, with some level of consensus required (e.g., N of M).
Authorizers are selected automatically and may be chosen by their relationship to the requester and/or recipient. For example, the recipient's manager, or a department head, or a regional security officer are common authorizer choices. Authorizers may be based on what was requested, such as the owner of an application or group. Finally, authorizers may be selected via lookup into an external service or database.
Workflow is used in Identity Manager to approve change requests, to implement approved requests, to certify user access and more. A participant in the workflow process is a person invited to complete a task.
The Identity Manager workflow engine has built-in support for automatic reminders, escalation and delegation, so as to elicit reliable responses from individually-unreliable users:
Identity Manager supports both parallel and serial change authorization, but Hitachi ID Systems encourages all of its customers to use parallel authorization.
With either parallel and serial authorization, every authorizer must approve a change before it is implemented. As a result, there is no security implication to choosing one method over the other.
The difference between parallel and serial authorization is that parallel authorization favors efficient SLA, while serial authorization shields subsequent authorizers from the occasional, inappropriate request that an earlier authorizer would deny. In Hitachi ID Systems experience, users are aware that their requests will be highly visible and almost never make requests that are unlikely to be approved. Consequently, the number of inappropriate requests is close to zero in practice and there is no real business advantage to shielding later authorizers from spurious requests. As a consequence, the advantages of parallel authorization -- improved SLA and reduced process complexity -- are the deciding factor.


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:) Good one.
This is a discussion on To all the Harley owners within the Off Topic & Humor Discussion forums, part of the The Back Porch category; A mechanic was removing a cylinder head from the motor of a Harley motorcycle when he spotted a well known cardiologist in his shop. The ...
A mechanic was removing a cylinder head from the motor of a Harley motorcycle when he spotted a well known cardiologist in his shop.
The cardiologist was there waiting for the service manager to come and take a look at his bike, when the mechanic shouted across the garage, "Hey Doc, want to take a look at this?"
The cardiologist, a bit surprised, walked over to where the mechanic was working on the motorcycle. The mechanic straightened up, wiped his hands on a rag and asked, "So Doc, look at this engine. I open its heart, take the valves out, repair any damage, and then put them back in, and when I finish, it works just like new."
So how come I make $39,695. a year and you get the really big bucks ($1,695,759.) when you and I are doing basically the same work?
The cardiologist paused, smiled and leaned over, then whispered to the mechanic......."try doing it with the engine running".
:) Good one.
"For the Lord your God will bless you in all your harvest and in all the work of your hands." Deuteronomy 16:15
Pretty clever...of course, that's why he makes 1.6 mil...
The last Blood Moon Tetrad for this millennium starts in April 2014 and ends in September 2015...according to NASA.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
A Honda owner is riding along with a Harley owner as his passenger when he decides to pull over because he suspects that his turn signal may not be working. He asks the Harley owner if he doesn't mind stepping off of the bike to check the lights while he tests them. The Harley owner steps off and stands in front of the Honda. The Honda rider turns on the turn signal and asks, "Is it working?"
To which the Harley owner responds, "Yes, it's working....No, it's not working....Yes, it's working....No, it's not working...."
The muzzle end of a .45 pretty much says, "Go Away" in every language.
Fast is fine, accuracy is final. Learn to be slow in a hurry.
"I never met a man that had been in a gunfight and wished that he had a smaller gun. Ever."
The other doctor/mechanic joke is about the proctologist making more than the mechanic because he overhauls the engine through the tailpipe.
Last edited by Dynamite Rabbit; October 21st, 2008 at 12:06 AM. Reason: Spelling
good ones...all of them.
" Refuse to be a victim, make sure there is a round chambered ! "
Just call me a pessimistic optimist !
U.S. Navy vet 1981-1992


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The following jobs at IKEA Centennial (Denver) were just posted! IKEA plans to hire 400+ co-workers for the Fall 2011 opening.
Click here to search for the posting on the IKEA job search page and apply NOW!
1. AS IS Department Coworker (112711BR)
2. Warehousing (112334BR)
3. Cashier (112707BR)
4. Childrens Play Area/Greeter (112705BR)
5. Customer Service (112351BR)
6. Self Serve Warehouse (112703BR)
7. Home Furnishing Sales (112348BR)
8. Food Service Co-Workers (112345BR)
9. Certified Kitchen Seller (Planner) (112340BR)
10. Receptionist (Loss Prevention Department) (112701BR)
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Good luck!!!


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STAR: AC Milan to complete deal for Liverpool midfielder Suso in the summer
AC MILAN will sign Liverpool midfielder Suso when he becomes a free agent this summer.
AC MILAN will sign Liverpool midfielder Suso when he becomes a free agent this summer.
AC Milan insist out-of-form striker Fernando Torres will remain at the club in January despite reports linking the Spaniard with a return to the Premier League.
Liverpool are keeping close tabs on AC Milan's Ignazio Abate with a view to a cut-price January move.
The Spaniard looks set to leave Anfield next year.
AC Milan goalkeeper Diego Lopez claims loan signing Fernando Torres is 'more useful' to the Rossoneri's title charge than the outgoing Mario Balotelli.
Milan are looking for a replacement for Balotelli. According to La Gazzetta, Fernando Torres is the prime target for the Italian team, who need a new number 9 after their star striker moved to Liverpool.Leer
AC Milan fans paid a touching tribute to the victims of the Hillsborough disaster by singing a rendition of Liverpool's famous anthem 'You'll Never Walk Alone'.
A news article on 2013-10-21 17:33:00 from: Talksport
Read the full article here.
This news item has been reproduced from today's media. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of Kop That.
The Rossoneri president's son stated that he is a big fan of the English striker, while praising the club's decision to keep Thiago Silva and Zlatan Ibrahimovic at San Siro
Alberto Aquilani is set to return to Liverpool with the Italian midfielder having received no offers from other clubs, according to his agent.


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Updated 08/19/2014
With views overlooking the water, the Stikine Inn's restaurant is easily the prettiest place to dine in Wrangell. Given the town's scarcity of options, the place could just assemble a get-by menu, but the salads, pizzas, burgers, and hearty soups here are seriously tasty. Portions tend to be oversize, especially with the desserts, which are meant to be shared with another person (if not two). The Stikine also has a full bar and serves good coffee drinks. For lighter early-morning or mid-day fare, there's the Stik Cafe, which serves breakfast sandwiches and panini, among other items.
107 Stikine Ave., Wrangell, Alaska, 99929, United States
Website: www.stikineinn.com/dining.html
Restaurant Details:
Updated 08/19/2014
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text:
American Idol Top 7 (Part 2) Cover 'Now & Then' Theme: Who Were Your Favorites?
American Idol Top 7 (Part 2) Cover 'Now & Then' Theme: Who Were Your Favorites?
Whether or not you know what a quartet is — and make no mistake, Randy Jackson is pretty certain you don't — there's no denying that American Idol's Top 7 Redux performance night was packed more tightly than J.Lo's shoe closet. A whopping 14 songs over two hours represented a new Idol record, noted Ryan Seacrest, and while I can't say the evening came close to last week's sensational Top 7 (Part 1) telecast, there were certainly enough enjoyable moments that I never once felt a pang of resentment over having to DVR Don't Trust the B— in Apt. 23. (Well, except maybe when Randy exclaimed "The girl blew the box out of the song!" after Jessica Sanchez's Alicia Keys cover.
American Idol: 10 Dream Theme Nights!
Anyhow, I've got a full recap to crank out — look for it on Thursday at TVLine.com — but before I do, allow me to offer some pithy first impressions on the night's set list:
Now (Songs from 2000-2010)
Hollie Cavanagh: "Rolling in The Deep" by Adele
Why didn't "mentor" Jimmy tell her that short of whipping out her wand (Hollie's a Hufflepuff, right?) and conjuring up Adele herself, there was no way to have a true Idol Moment with this song. Which isn't to say the performance wasn't strong and in tune.
Colton Dixon: "Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga
Yeah, the verse was pitched too low, but that rocky rearrangement fit Colton like a pair of black skinny jeans. Please tell me I'm not the only one who thought this was one of the night's most exciting performances.
Elise Testone: "No One" by Alicia Keys
Not sure which was lovelier: That flowy tangerine dress or the ethereal grittiness of Elise's performance. What the judges need to realize, though, is that Elise just isn't the kind of singer who's going to discuss her terminally ill dog in a 15-second post-performance interview with Seacrest. (Not that there'd be anything wrong if she did, but…)
Phillip Phillips: "U Got It Bad" by Usher
Now we know what would happen if you took Usher's original track, placed it overnight in between two encyclopedias, and compressed it to like two or three notes.
Jessica Sanchez: "Fallin'" by Alicia Keys
Aside from that choppy ending, I had my "I'm feelin' it!" stankface on for the duration of the performance. File under: Get it, Bebe!
Skylar Laine: "Born This Way" by Lady Gaga
I never quite believed Gaga's countrified spin on her fab dance anthem, but little monster Skylar has made me a total convert. La Laine is as tart and genuine as a jar of homemade rhubarb jam.
Joshua Ledet: "I Believe" by Fantasia
Not sure if it was a sense-memory thing taking me back to Fantasia's Season 3 performance-night finale (a three-Kleenex experience for me even eight years after the fact), but I came thisclose to full-on sobbing during Joshua's performance. (And yes, I noticed he botched the ending, even if the judges did not.)
Then ("Classic Soul" Music)
Hollie Cavanagh: "Son of a Preacher Man" by Dusty Springfield
Oh dear. I feel like Hollie interpreted that "teach me" line as if the good reverend's son was an algebra tutor. Not as wrong-minded as DeAndre's "Only the Good Die Young," but close.
Colton Dixon: "September" by Earth Wind & Fire
News anchors J.Lo and Randy are calling it: In the race between Colton and Phillip, they're declaring a victory for Phillip — with only 7% of precincts reporting! Honestly, though, if dude had ended with "Bad Romance," I wouldn't be worried at all, but this dreary emo twist on "September" felt as bleak as mid-January in Winterfell.


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Yevdokiya boasts a big assortment of inventory which gives her an advantage in the competitive marketplace. Her perseverance, hard work, responsibility and integrity together with financial assistance received from "Nadiya Ukraine" have resulted in the success of her small venture.
Yevdokiya would like to get a loan of $1,200 to purchase seasonal shoes and sandals to meet the demand of her customers this spring and summer. She is hoping to increase her sales and receive extra profit as a result.
Yevdokiya has an interesting hobby – she grows strawberries and then sells them at the food market. She believes that healthy, home-grown fruits and veggies are the best way to keep a good vitamin balance and stay strong. Yevdokiya is planning to invest part of her business profits into growing strawberries so she can provide balanced and nutritious meals for many healthy eaters, helping them keep their bodies strong and their minds alert.
Additional Information
About HOPE UkraineHOPE International, a Christian faith-based non-profit organization, has been operating in Ukraine since 1997. HOPE Ukraine was the organization's first international venture. In addition to its core microfinance activities, HOPE also supports an active children's ministry in Ukraine in the form of "Tomorrow Clubs," after-school programs that teach children the gospel through games, skits and songs.
About Ukraine
7View loans »
US Dollars
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 9 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Disbursed:
- Jun 5, 2007
- Listed
- May 18, 2007
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Ended:
- Nov 23, 2007


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Book your room at The Atlantic Terrace Condominium
Please enter your travel dates.
Get an overview of this hotelDelightful beach condo with a spa tub
When you stay at The Atlantic Terrace Condominium in Daytona Beach Shores, you'll be on the beach and minutes from Dahlia Avenue Park and Sunglow Pier.
This beach condo is within close proximity of Pirate's Island Adventure Golf and Fornari Park.
Make yourself at home in one of the air-conditioned rooms featuring kitchens with refrigerators and microwaves. Rooms have private balconies. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available to keep you connected. Conveniences include sofa beds and washers/dryers, as well as phones with free local calls.
Be sure to enjoy recreational amenities including an outdoor pool and a spa tub. Additional features include complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Renovations & Closures
- Guestrooms
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The Atlantic Terrace Condominium features an outdoor pool and a spa tub. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This beach condo also offers tour/ticket assistance and an elevator (lift).
- Elevator/lift
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Pool sun loungers
- Spa tub
- Outdoor pool
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Kitchen
- Separate dining area
- Sofa bed
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Balcony
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Kitchen
- Shower/tub combination
- Television
- Sofa bed
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Separate dining area
- Free WiFi
- Sofa bed size
Nearby Things to Do
An outdoor pool and a spa tub are on site.
- Golfing nearby
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 5 PM
Minimum check-in age is 25
Check-out time is 10 AM
Payment types
Pets allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.


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- IgnatiusReilly
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Member for 3 years, 9 months, and 11 days
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May 5, 2014IgnatiusReilly posted a message on t1>t6 wtfEvidence I've seen for good T6 clears shows it's definitely worth it, (4 legs an hour) if you can clear it fast, which is totally fine. Why should this come as a shock that hard modes require good gear to do efficiently? T6 just isn't the gimme free plz mode people expect it to be. "I killed four elites in T6 and got no legendaries! WTF!!!"Posted in: Diablo III General Discussion
May 5, 2014IgnatiusReilly posted a message on t1>t6 wtfMaking T6 drop rates too high would actually suck. Since the compulsion to run something you can barely survive in or take forever to clear would be too great, which leads to boring game play. (Remember most players don't care about fun, just doing what is most efficient. If T6 gave you the best items even while taking 20 minutes to kill an elite, people would do it.) It's like Act 2 pre nerf Inferno. You didn't like it, but if you wanted items, it was the only choice.Posted in: Diablo III General Discussion
Torment levels are only meant as a reasonable way to continue to challenge yourself while also giving incetive to having the gear in the first place. If all we had was T1, getting better gear wouldn't feel as great. It's similar to the issue D2 had. (Yay, I can kill Baal 3 seconds faster!)
May 4, 2014IgnatiusReilly posted a message on Legendary item chance revealed :(Tyrael's Might: Baal (Q) - baalcrab (H) -- The Worldstone Chamber -- 1:103452 (500% MF)Posted in: Diablo III General Discussion
It's how these games have always worked. I'm not sure D3 even has items on the same rarity level as D2.
Apr 28, 2014IgnatiusReilly posted a message on blizz pls ur gameAre you wearing a Unity ring?Posted in: Diablo III General Discussion
Apr 24, 2014IgnatiusReilly posted a message on SOH bugd/NEW exploit!.....No. This is actually how it's supposed to work, lol. Faster attack speed = more procs. This has always been the case. It's one of the reasons you'd want AS.Posted in: Diablo III General Discussion
Apr 24, 2014IgnatiusReilly posted a message on Interesting Loot HypothesisObviously the drop rates are controlled by aliens. And D3 was made by aliens to control our minds. (Because I know that Aliens are super into mind-control.)Posted in: Diablo III General Discussion
Apr 17, 2014IgnatiusReilly posted a message on Doesn't it bother you that there will be no OP legendaries?It's one item. And a bug fix at that. There still exists a lot of very powerful items in this game, though that isn't to say SoH isn't still a powerful item, just not 4m damage per second to everything in 20 yards powerful. If a weapon were that powerful, it'd have to be a damn sight rarer than it even is now.Posted in: Diablo III General Discussion
SoH should be good, but when used with other pieces of gear, such as several lightning boosting items. This is actually good balance. Because right now there are way more fire enhancing pieces of armor, but no great fire proc weapons, while lightning is a bit behind, but you've got great lightning proc weapons.
Apr 14, 2014IgnatiusReilly posted a message on WTB more density in RiftsI hope they patch this soon. Some rifts are made special by just how few monsters you can find in them. But they're playing the game too, and being human also react by saying, "WTF IS THIS SHIT! WHO MADE THIS GA-- oh."Posted in: Diablo III General Discussion
Apr 11, 2014IgnatiusReilly posted a message on @Travis Day, D2 had drop lations for specific items...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SElba17Q5-0Posted in: Diablo III General Discussion
Video proof of OP's blatant lies.
Apr 10, 2014IgnatiusReilly posted a message on Upcoming Loot Hotfixes soon 25% to 100%I'm not worried about drop rate increases. I would say Blizzard is aware of the problem of people gearing up too quickly, and I imagine they have things planned to mitigate this issue. Such as adding new items to the game. Really, all it comes down to is getting a point where loot is rewarding vs. how often they can add new stuff. I think tiered rifts are going to be where the "real" loot is at, with higher tiers featuring truly godly items, and all the stuff we find now just being introductory gear to get us into the higher rifts. This sort of progression makes me think of gearing in WoW. You'd run normal dungeons until you hit a certain gear level, then you'd do the heroics for the nicer gear, then you'd be ready for raids, where you get the truly godly stuff. Travis having years of experience with this sort of progression, I won't be surprised to see D3 follow a similar model. It works.Posted in: Diablo III General Discussion
Not that any of this will come to pass, I'm just thinking out loud here, based on the information they've revealed. Either way, we know they're adding more items. They've mentioned it dozens of times, so I'm not worried about gearing up too quickly. I'd rather have as much fun as possible finding awesome loot, and not worry about, "Oh no, the game will get boring in 300 hours!"
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via: Bruno Coutinho
With more than 55 million photos shared daily and almost 9,000 likes happening each second, Instagram is among the most engaging social networks and changing the way that brands are engage with their consumers and influencing their purchasing decisions.
While the act of taking and sharing photos is hardly a new one, Instagram has evolved this process significantly by allowing users to share enhanced photos instantaneously with all of their friends and family. The simplicity to both share and view photos and videos is what has made the app so popular, and why it has achieved such astronomical usage rates in its short existence.
Continue reading " 5 Instagram Tips To Maximize Brand Presence "


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By: William Kerns on April 20, 2015 - 5:06pm - Add new comment
"The Life and Legacy of Ellen Richards," a one-woman dramatization performed by longtime educator Joyce Berry Miles, will be staged from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. Thursday, April 23, in room 169 of the Human Sciences building at Texas Tech.
Dressing in Victorian attire and making use of a variety of Victorian-era props, Miles will re-enact portions of Richards' life and also read from her letters to friends, family and colleagues.
Ellen Swallow Richards was a chemist, and the first female graduate and faculty instructor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
By: William Kerns on April 20, 2015 - 4:02pm - Add new comment
Chicago-born poet, children's book author and professor Jacqueline Kolosov will read from her poetry at 7:30 p.m. Thursday, April 23, in English Building room 001 at Texas Tech.
Her reading is open to the general public at no chare.
Her poetry collections include "Modigliani's Muse," published in 2009.
Kolosov's poetry also has been published in literary journals and such magazines as The Southern Review, Shenandoah, Passages North Orion, PRISM International, The Malahat Review, Ecotone and Western Humanities Review.
By: William Kerns on April 20, 2015 - 3:25pm - Add new comment
The general public is being given a rare opportunity to visit internationally recognized sculptor Robert Bruno's "steel house," in Ransom Canyon, only from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. Monday, April 20.
Bruno, who was born in 1945 and passed away in 2008, was a faculty member in Texas Tech's School of Architecture.
The open house is a continuation of Monday's earlier events, in which one of Bruno's 1974 sculptures was dedicated outside the College of Architecture in the new Robert Bruno Plaza at 18th Street and Flint Avenue.
By: William Kerns on April 19, 2015 - 10:12pm - Add new comment
Comedian and actress Luenell Campbell, better known simply as Luenell, will headline two comedy shows at 7 p.m. and 10 p.m. May 23 at the Cactus Theater, 1812 Buddy Holly Ave.
Jaymac and Hannibal Thompson will open the show.
Luenell's live performance is for mature audiences only; those purchasing tickets must be 18 or older.
Showtime subscribers may have seen her on "Snoop Dogg's Bad Girls of Comedy."
By: William Kerns on April 19, 2015 - 8:56pm - Add new comment
Critically acclaimed singer-songwriter Parker Milsap, only 22 and an Oklahoma native, will make his Lubbock headlining debut at 7:30 p.m. on Wednesday, April 29, at the Cactus Theater, 1812 Buddy Holly Ave.
In 2014, Millsap was nominated for the Americana Music Association's Emerging Artist of the Year.
By: William Kerns on April 18, 2015 - 11:34am - Add new comment
The day has come for more musicians to feel the pride that comes with an induction into Cleveland's Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame.
I know the names will bring back a lot of memories.
I assume Ringo Starr already has a plaque as a member of one of history's greatest bands, but tonight (Saturday, April 18) will see him handed a Musical Excellence Award. Regardless, it would not be fair to leave him out.
By: William Kerns on April 17, 2015 - 5:14pm - Add new comment
Longtime Lubbock music fans have a choice to make on Aug. 8:
*Consider this:
The Maines Brother Band will headline a Concert & Panhandle Dance, playing its unique brand of aggressive country music at 7:30 p.m. on Saturday, Aug. 8, at the Lubbock Memorial Civic Center Exhibit Hall, 1501 Mac Davis Lane.
General admission tickets are $45 on the floor and $35 in the bleachers. Both prices include service charges.
Open areas on the sides of the stage can be used for dancing.
By: William Kerns on April 17, 2015 - 4:44pm - Add new comment
Professional mixed martial arts "cage matches," called Hub City Havoc, will take place at 7:30 p.m. April 25 at the Fair Park Coliseum at the Panhandle-South Plains Fairgrounds.
One of the main events finds Brandon Farran, of Abilene, taking on Lubbock's Eric "Big Head" Davila. There is a lot of interest, as well, in the fight matching Ryan Hollis vs. Jonathan Martinez.
For a more detailed and complete look at which fighters are participating, click HERE .
By: William Kerns on April 17, 2015 - 3:33pm - Add new comment
Hub Performing Arts School's Advanced Team will perform "Caged Bird," a musical inspired by the Mara Angelou poem "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" at 7 p.m. April 24, at 2 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. April 25, at 7 p.m. May 1 and at 2 p.m. May 2 at the All Saints School Commons Theater, 3222 103rd St.
The show is about the "cages" that we create in our lives, and those created for us.
By: William Kerns on April 17, 2015 - 12:32pm - Add new comment
Max Brooks, known primarily as the author of such graphic novels as "The Zombie Survival Guide" and "World War Z," has departed from his traditional subject of zombies and written a new book called "Harlem Hellfighters."
He will talk about this new book at 6:30 p.m. Wednesday, April 22, at the Mark and Becky Lanier Auditorium in the Texas Tech School of Law, 1802 Hartford Ave.
The lecture is open to the public at no charge.
Lubbock Avalanche-Journal ©2015. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis
in the Propagation of the Great Depression
DURING 1930–33, THE U.S. FINANCIAL SYSTEM experienced conditions that were among the most difficult and chaotic in its history. Waves of bank failures culminated in the shutdown of the banking system (and of a number of other intermediaries and markets) in March 1933. On the other side of the ledger, exceptionally high rates of default and bankruptcy affected every class of borrower except the federal government.
An interesting aspect of the general financial crises—most clearly, of the bank failures—was their coincidence in timing with adverse developments in the macroeconomy.1 Notably, an apparent attempt at recovery from the 1929–30 recession2 was stalled at the time of the first banking crisis (November–December 1930); the incipient recovery degenerated into a new slump during the mid-1931 panics; and the economy and the financial system both reached their respective low points at the time of the bank "holiday" of March 1933. Only with the New Deal's rehabilitation of the financial system in 1933–35 did the economy begin its slow emergence from the Great Depression.
A possible explanation of these synchronous movements is that the financial system simply responded, without feedback, to the declines in aggregate output. This is contradicted by the facts that problems of the financial system tended to lead output declines, and that sources of financial panics unconnected with the fall in U.S. output have been documented by many writers. (See Section IV below.)
Among explanations that emphasize the opposite direction of causality, the most prominent is the one due to Friedman and Schwartz. Concentrating on the difficulties of the banks, they pointed out two ways in which these worsened the general economic contraction: first, by reducing the
Reprinted with permission from American Economic Review, vol. 73 (June 1983).
I received useful comments from too many people to list here by name, but I am grateful to
each of them. The National Science Foundation provided partial research support.
1 This is documented more carefully in Sections I.C and IV below.
2 This paper does not address the causes of the initial 1929–30 downturn. Milton Friedman
and Anna Schwartz (1963) have stressed the importance of the Federal Reserve's "anti-specula-
tive" monetary tightening. Others, such as Peter Temin (1976), have pointed out autonomous
expenditure effects.


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Book your room at NH Buenos Aires Crillón
Get an overview of this hotel4-star Buenos Aires hotel in Retiro, walk to Plaza San Martin
Collect 200 points
Simply enter your Nectar card number when prompted. Your points will be credited 30 days after you return from your trip.*Offers may apply
Located in Retiro, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Edificio Kavanagh, Plaza San Martin, and Torre de los Ingleses. Teatro Colon and Obelisco are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Hotel Features
A restaurant, a bar/lounge, and a 24-hour business center are available at this smoke-free hotel. WiFi in public areas is free. Other amenities include a conference center, 24-hour room service, and conference rooms.
Room Amenities
All 96 rooms offer free WiFi and free wired Internet, plus pillowtop beds and LCD TVs with cable channels. 24-hour room service, minibars, and hair dryers are among the other amenities available to guests.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. This 4-star property offers access to a 24-hour business center and meeting rooms.
Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wired and wireless Internet access. Event facilities include a conference center and conference space. This business-friendly hotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, multilingual staff, and concierge services. For a surcharge, a roundtrip airport shuttle (available on request) is offered to guests.
NH Buenos Aires Crillón is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour front desk
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 96
- Number of floors - 7
- Babysitting or childcare
- Bar/lounge
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Concierge services
- Conference space
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms 6
- Multilingual staff
- Luggage storage
- Restaurant
- Year Built 2005
- 24-hour business center
- Number of meeting rooms - 6
- Offsite parking discounted rates available
- Offsite parking reservations required
- Conference center
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Television in common areas
- Wedding services
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Offsite parking discounted rates available, Offsite parking reservations required
Room Amenities
- Daily housekeeping
- Free toiletries
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Pillowtop mattress
- Bidet
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Minibar
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Shower only
- Desk
- In-room safe
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Cable TV service
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Room service (24 hours)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning.
Onsite venue - This restaurant serves breakfast and lunch. Open select days.
24-hour room service is available.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- No onsite parking is available.
No pets or service animals allowed
Hotel Name
We should mention
This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.


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It's question that's been asked in New Mexico every since the first wagon plied the Santa Fe Trail, which cut Kansas in half diagonally. About three-quarters across the state, the trail spilt.
Some travelers headed west to Bent's Fort in Colorado and then south across Raton Pass toward Fort Union. Those wishing to avoid the difficult mountain pass took the Cimarron cutoff. It was shorter, but riskier.
As Conestoga trains crossed the grasslands, everyone wanted to know how much farther it was. Then, on the horizon, people spotted a butte standing 800 feet above the prairie. Its crown resembled one of their wagons, so they called it Wagon Mound. This last great landmark on the westward journey was a sight for sore eyes.
When they passed by, everyone knew they were just a day or so from Fort Union, where there was plentiful water, food and civilization.
Now, when someone asks, "Are we there yet?" you can tell them about Wagon Mound, and maybe you'll be there before you're finished this tale.
New Mexico Mile Markers are copyrighted features of Explore! New Mexico aired on public radio around the state, including KRWG at 1:04 and 7:59 p.m. You can hear last week's stories at www.ExploreNewMexico.biz.


text: PoojasugandhiThreads: 18Posts: 66 Nov 8, 2009 #1Hi I am preparing for the toefl ibt. Please help me for the writing section.Thanks.What famous athlete or entertainer from the present would you like to meet?If I could meet a famous entertainer than, it would definitely be Mr. Amitabh Bachachan. He is the superstar of the Indian movies and has performed in more than 300 movies during his career. Meeting with him gives the pleasure to know about the him off screen.Mr. Bachachan has a magnificent personality and the voice. But this qualities does not attract people to watch his movies, it is his acting which gives an appealing attitude to the public of various ages to bond with his movies. He has performed various different roles in the movies such as, in the lead role, as a father, grand father , comedian and so on. But in his each character he has shown the deepness of that character which makes him remembered in everyone's heart. For instance, in one of his movie he has played the character of the father who has four children, but in the later stages of life none of his child gave him support. In this movie he has given a lesson to the public that if someone has the confidence in himself than he would really get out of the troublesome situations. Therefore, meeting such a person would teach a lot .Mr bachachan has been in the entertainment world since 40 years. But he had also face the downside graph in his career in means of finance. But he had never loose hope and tried a lot to overcome the situation. For this purpose he has started a television show, which has changed the manner of Indian television screen. The manner and the respect with which he talks to the general public in his game show makes him lovable to everyone. This is the another reason for me to meet him because this shows his optimistic nature towards the life which makes a person capable of handling the difficult nature. Therefore, it would be very inspiring to meet such a versatile actor.


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Dil Bole Hadippa
Dil Bole Hadippa
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(1 year ago)
Watkins has so much potential and a reputation for great teachers. Unfortunately it has seen a very large teacher turn-over rate in the 13-14 school year with at least 18 teachers exiting in one year alone. There appears to be chaos in the Administration which I hope it not making it's way to the students but gives me pause nonetheless.


text:
My Nonprofit Reviews
Ivonne Gomez
97 profile views
1 reviews
Review for Partnership For Food Safety Education, Arlington, VA, USA
I am a professional advisor for the food industry here in Mexico. In this field of work I have often encouraged people to keep on learning on food safety topics. This is when I refer them to the Partnership for Food Safety Education link. It makes it simple for them to understand because information in also in spanish besides keeping information simple and direct. Thank you for making my job more interesting.
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text: Romney Finally Breaks Silence Church experiences prepared them for election's end: Ann By Matt Cantor, Newser User Posted Mar 1, 2013 2:37 AM CST | Updated Mar 1, 2013 5:45 AM CST STORY COMMENTS (99) (Newser) – Mitt Romney is finally speaking publicly about last year's election, and he likens it to a roller coaster. "Exciting and thrilling, ups and downs. But the ride ends," he told Chris Wallace in a Fox News interview to air Sunday. "And then you get off. And it's not like, oh, can't we be on a roller coaster the rest of our life? ... No, the ride's over." Asked what it was like to shift from a hectic campaign to "nothing," Ann Romney cited the couple's experience in church. "In our church, we're used to serving ... You can be in a very high position, but you recognize you're serving. And now all of a sudden, you're released and you're nobody," she said. "We're used to that." And while the big change was still something of a shock, "fortunately, we like each other." Romney Finally Breaks Silence Back to story » A clip from the interview. (Fox News) Popular Video Stories Fox News (Source Grid ») Politics • US Mitt Romney • Ann Romney • Chris Wallace • Election 2012 • Mitt Romney 2012 CLICK BELOW TO VOTE 49% 7% 3% 22% 2% 18% RETURN TO THE STORY To report an error on this story, notify our editors.


text:
Event Listing
Every Friday Weekly & Every Saturday Weekly from 07/04/2014 to 08/30/2014
Devils Postpile National Monument
Evening Campfire Programs
Come spend the evening with a ranger and learn about the wonders of Devils Postpile National Monument. Program begins at 7:00 pm and lasts 45 minutes, Friday and Saturday evenings. Meet at the Devils Postpile Amphitheater located next to Ranger Station. Program topics will vary. Evenings can be chilly so be sure to bring warm clothes.
Location: Devils Postpile Amphitheater, Devils Postpile National Monument Fee Information: Free


text:
Page 1
© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
full papers
small 2011, 7, No. 16, 2396–2400
Scanning Tunneling Luminescence of Individual CdSe
Theresa Lutz ,* Alexander Kabakchiev , Thomas Dufaux , Christian Wolpert , Zhe
Wang , Marko Burghard , Klaus Kuhnke , and Klaus Kern
1. Introduction
Semiconductor nanostructures exhibit an excellent tun-
ability of their electronic and optical properties by the vari-
ation of their size, shape, composition, and lattice structure.
This property makes them valuable building blocks for elec-
tronic and photonic devices such as lasers or light-emitting
diodes. [ 1 ] The successful implementation of light-emitting
nanostructures requires a detailed understanding of their
charge-transport properties, as well as the electron–hole pair
creation and photon generation processes involved. To this
end, local probing of individual semiconductor nanostruc-
tures, with the aim of identifying the infl uence of impurities,
defects, and different crystal lattice structures, has gained
increasing importance. One useful experimental approach is
scanning tunneling luminescence (STL), which involves the
detection of local photon emission induced by the injection
of charge carriers from the tip of a scanning tunneling micro-
scope (STM). This technique furthermore provides combined
topographic and spectroscopic information on the atomic
scale. [ 2 ]
STL studies have been intensively performed on the lumi-
nescence in III/V semiconductor heterostructures, wherein
quantum wells, [ 3–5 ] quantum wires [ 6 , 7 ] or quantum dots [ 8–10 ]
are embedded in a larger-bandgap material to achieve car-
rier confi nement. In contrast, there are only a few reports
on STM-induced light emission from freestanding semicon-
ductor nanostructures deposited on a metal substrate. [ 11–13 ]
In these studies on CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots, the
light emission couples to plasmons excited by the tunnel
current in the underlying metal substrate. However, since
the existence and the spectral intensity of tip-induced plas-
mons strongly depend on the shape and composition of the
tip and the substrate, it is rather diffi cult to control this type
of emission. [ 14 , 15 ] Herein, we report on the STM-induced
excitation of luminescence in individual CdSe nanowires
(NWs; see Figure 1 a), for which the light emission does
not rely on the simultaneous stimulation of tip-induced
plasmons. Instead, tunneling-induced luminescence is ena-
bled by ensuring an intimate electronic coupling between
the NWs and the gold substrate, such that charge injection
into the wires can easily occur. Laterally resolved lumines-
cence spectra and light-intensity maps in combination with
topographic information allow us to probe the local optical
properties of CdSe NWs, and to identify the origin of the
light emission.
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100434
Dr. T. Lutz , Dr. A. Kabakchiev , T. Dufaux , C. Wolpert , Dr. M. Burghard ,
Dr. K. Kuhnke , Prof. K. Kern
Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research
Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Z. Wang
Institute of Physical Chemistry
University of Hamburg
Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Prof. K. Kern
Institute de Physique de la Matière Condensée
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
The local luminescence properties of individual CdSe nanowires composed
of segments of zinc blende and wurtzite crystal structures are investigated by
low-temperature scanning tunneling luminescence spectroscopy. Light emission from
the wires is achieved by the direct injection of holes and electrons, without the need
for coupling to tip-induced plasmons in the underlying metal substrate. The photon
energy is found to increase with decreasing wire diameter due to exciton confi nement.
The bulk bandgap extrapolated from the energy versus diameter dependence is
consistent with photon emission from the zinc blende-type CdSe sections.
CdSe Nanowires
Page 2
Scanning Tunneling Luminescence of Individual CdSe Nanowires
© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
small 2011, 7, No. 16, 2396–2400
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Local Light Emission and Luminescence Peak Shape
CdSe NWs, grown by the solution–liquid–solid (SLS)
method, were deposited onto a gold substrate under ambient
conditions. According to transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) and X-ray analysis, the obtained single-crystalline
CdSe wires consist of alternating zinc blende (3–6%) and
wurtzite structural units, which lead to a local variation of the
band structure of the NWs. [ 16 ] The NWs are capped with tri-
octylphosphine oxide (TOPO), which renders them soluble
and passivates their surface. The samples were transferred
into an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) chamber. After annealing
at 420 K for 5 min to remove contaminants (e.g., water), the
sample was transferred into a home-built STM equipped
with a liquid He cryostat held at 4.2 K. A photon detection
unit was integrated in the STM to collect photons which orig-
inated from the tunneling junction. [ 17 ] Complementary to the
STM investigations, photoluminescence (PL) measurements
were performed at 12 K.
A typical STM image of an individual CdSe NW is dis-
played in Figure 1 b together with the corresponding height
profi le in Figure 1 c. While the measured height of the wires
is reliable within the limits of surface roughness, the apparent
wire width is strongly increased due to the convolution of
NW and tip shape, as exemplifi ed by the width of ≈ 40 nm
determined for the approximately 12-nm-thick CdSe wire
in Figure 1 b. Atomic resolution of the NWs could not be
achieved, most likely due to residuals of the capping ligands
that could not be removed during sample annealing, as well as
other contaminants originating from the sample preparation
under ambient conditions. STL could be detected from indi-
vidual NWs upon applying tunneling currents between 1 and
3 nA and bias voltages between –2 and –4 V (the tip poten-
tial is defi ned as 0 V). Light emission occurred exclusively in
the negative-bias range, which corresponded to the injection
of holes from the STM tip into the sample.
Although the emission could be reproducibly observed
on some NW sections, others remained completely dark even
for higher applied voltages. This is exemplifi ed in Figure 2 ,
in which an STM image of a NW section (Figure 2 a) is com-
pared with the corresponding photon map (Figure 2 b). Like
in Figure 1 b, the convolution of the NW and the STM tip
causes the NW to appear much broader ( ≈ 100 nm) than its
nominal width ( ≈ 20 nm), such that the NW fi lls the whole
image in Figure 2 . The comparison of the topography with
the photon map shows that some small regions (one is
marked by a rectangle) on the NW show a higher conduc-
tivity (i.e., they appear bright yellow), which might originate
from slight tip modifi cations. However, the appearance of the
more extended luminescent regions (indicated by an ellipse)
is independent of tip modifi cations and is well reproducible
for repeated image scans, thereby revealing that light emis-
sion is a local property of the NW. The reason for this obser-
vation will be discussed below.
Figure 3 a depicts STL spectra recorded on three NWs with
different diameters, which exhibit a prominent peak around
1.8 eV. In each case, no other luminescence features could be
observed (in the detection range of 1.5 to 3.5 eV), including
surface plasmons of the gold substrate which would emerge
as a broad feature from approximately 1.4 to 2.5 eV. [ 18 ] The
absence of plasmon coupling in our experiments is different
from most other STL measurements on freestanding nano-
scale objects. [ 11–13 ] The assignment of the luminescence peaks
to the NWs gains support from their close similarity to the
PL spectrum in Figure 3 b. In particular, comparison of the PL
spectrum with the STL spectrum of the 18 nm wire reveals
almost identical peak shape and width. This characteristic dis-
tinguishes the present STL spectra from electroluminescence
(EL) spectra of single CdSe NWs [ 19 , 20 ] that display much
Figure 2 . a) STM image of a NW and b) the corresponding photon map
(tunneling parameters: 1.5 nA, –3.5 V). The rectangles and the ellipse
are explained in the main text.
Figure 1 . a) Schematic illustration of the experimental setup for STL
detection. b) Constant-current STM image of a CdSe NW. c) Height
profi le along the dashed line in (b).
Page 3
T. Lutz et al.
2398 www.small-journal.com
© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
full papers
small 2011, 7, No. 16, 2396–2400
broader emission peaks associated with surface states intro-
duced during device fabrication. There is no defi nite evidence
that the PL spectrum in Figure 3 b originates from a single
wire, although the position of the laser spot (500 nm in dia-
meter) was carefully chosen. However, the local charge injec-
tion in STL allows the STL spectrum to be attributed to the
local emission from an individual wire.
In Figure 3 a it can be seen that the spectral peak is asym-
metric and that its energy depends sensitively on the wire
diameter. In general, the peak can be well fi tted by a sum of
two Gaussian functions, as demonstrated for the spectrum of
the 18 nm wire in Figure 3 a. Of these two components, the
shoulder on the low-energy side of the main peak can be
attributed to exciton–phonon coupling, mediated by the lon-
gitudinal optical (LO) phonon with an energy of 26 meV. [ 21 ]
Some spectra clearly show the presence of two peaks sepa-
rated by a few tens of meV, as demonstrated for the 9 nm
wire in Figure 3 a. This observation might be explained by
the corrugation of the electronic potential along the NW axis
caused by alternating zinc blende and wurtzite sections, which
leads to a "type II" band alignment. In agreement with our
experimental observations, the energy difference between
the direct transition in the zinc blende-type structure and the
indirect transition at the intersection of zinc blende and wur-
tzite regions is of the order of 50 meV. [ 22 ] It should be men-
tioned that the broad emission linewidths of the STL peaks
( ≈ 50–100 meV) have also been observed in several previous
studies on semiconductor NWs. They were attributed to fl uc-
tuations in the dielectric contrast (caused, e.g., by inhomo-
geneity in the TOPO passivation), the presence of radiative
surface states, or small-diameter variations. [ 22 , 23 ]
2.2. Diameter Dependence of the Emission Peak
Recent studies have revealed that the bandgap of
semiconductor NWs does not scale exactly with the inverse
square-diameter as expected from the simple particle-
in-a-box model. Instead, the bandgap of CdSe NWs follows
a diameter dependence, d − 1.36 . [ 24 , 25 ] This dependence also
accounts very well for the higher-energy peak component in
the present spectra, as demonstrated by the plot in Figure 4
where the red line represents the least-squares linear fi t to the
data, from which an emission peak minimum in the bulk limit
d → ∞ of Ebulk
gap ≈ 1.75 eV is derived. This result is in excellent
agreement with the free exciton energy
reported for CdSe zinc blende crystals at
4 K. [ 21 ] In comparison, the exciton energy
of wurtzite-type CdSe crystals is consid-
erably larger by 80 meV ( ≈ 1.83 eV). [ 21 ]
Accordingly, we attribute the segments that
lack light emission to wurtzite-type CdSe
segments. It should be emphasized that the
photon map in Figure 2 displays the regions
where charge injection leads to radiative
recombination, which can also occur after
diffusion and thermalization of the injected
charge carriers. Hence, even if charge car-
riers are injected into a wurtzite structure,
they can diffuse a few tens of nanometers [ 26 ] and recombine
radiatively if a zinc blende region lies within the diffusion path.
This most likely explains why the light-emitting regions in
Figure 2 b are wider (up to ≈ 50 nm) than the typical length of
zinc blende regions (a few nanometers). The optical inactivity
of the wurtzite-type sections will be rationalized below.
It is furthermore worthwhile comparing the fi tted slope of
the diameter dependence to literature values. [ 24 ] According
to both theory and experiments, the slope refl ects the dimen-
sionality of the system, [ 27 ] and its magnitude decreases with
increasing dimensionality. The present slope of 2.6 eV nm 1.36 is
larger than the value of 1.8 eV nm 1.36 documented in Reference
[24] for CdSe NWs, which suggests that quantum-dot-like zinc
blende segments are responsible for the light emission. This
assertion is in accord with the small length of these segments
of a few nanometers, as observed by TEM. [ 16 ] None theless, in
Figure 4 we have used the exponent of 1.36 established for
NWs, since previous studies on similar systems have revealed
only a small difference between the exponents for the zero-
and the one-dimensional cases. [ 27 ] For the preceding analysis,
we have assumed that the energy shift due to the fi nite length
of the zinc blende regions is less pronounced than the shift due
to the lateral confi nement by the wire diameter. This procedure
is reasonable since the interface to an adjacent wurtzite region
Figure 3 . a) STL spectra for NWs of three different diameters: 18, 12, and 9 nm (orange line:
sum of two Gaussian functions). b) PL spectrum at 4 K. The dotted vertical lines mark the
extrapolated bulk exciton energy of zinc blende-type CdSe (see Figure 4 ).
Figure 4 . Photon energy as a function of the diameter, d − 1.36 . The gray
dotted line shows the energy of the PL peak of Figure 2 b, which can be
related to a NW with larger diameter (approximately 20 nm).
Page 4
Scanning Tunneling Luminescence of Individual CdSe Nanowires
© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
small 2011, 7, No. 16, 2396–2400
imposes less rigorous boundary condi-
tions to the excitons than the NW surface.
However, any scatter of the length of zinc
blende segments in the measured NWs
will contribute to the vertical scatter of
the data in Figure 4 . Another contribution
might arise from possible spatial variations
of the TOPO coverage, which modifi es
the dielectric surroundings and thus the
exciton binding energy. [ 22 ] Consistent with
the latter assumption, we have observed
small variations ( ≈ 20 meV) in the energy of
the emission spectra along the NWs.
2.3. Light Excitation Mechanism
Regarding the mechanism underlying
the STL generation from the NWs, the coupling of metal
plasmon modes to the wires [ 12 , 13 ] can be ruled out, since we
do not observe plasmonic emission on the gold substrate
before and after the luminescence measurements. This fi nding
is in agreement with previous studies, which found reduced
plasmonic emission for tungsten tips as compared to, for
example, Au, Ag, or PtIr tips. [ 28 , 29 ] A further suppression of
the emission may arise from surface contaminants resulting
from the sample preparation under ambient conditions. [ 30 ]
Moreover, even if plasmons could be excited, their coupling
to excitons in the NWs is unlikely, since the electric fi eld of
the plasmon (perpendicular to the substrate) is perpendic-
ular to the transition dipole of the NW (parallel to the wire
axis). [ 31 ] Likewise, impact ionization is unlikely to play a role,
as this process usually sets in at voltages much larger than
2 V, and is furthermore polarity-independent. [ 32 , 33 ] By con-
trast, all the STL characteristics observed in our experiments
can be consistently explained by carrier injection from both
the gold substrate and the STM tip.
Light emission from the NWs occurs only in the neg-
ative-bias range for voltages below approximately –2 V
(see Figure 5 a), that is, for voltages exceeding the photon emis-
sion energy by more than 0.2 eV. In the positive-bias range, no
luminescence could be detected even for voltages as high as
+ 10 V. This asymmetry can be understood by the presence of
n-doped CdSe wires, the Fermi level of which is pinned to the
gold substrate such that hole injection is attainable only from the
tungsten tip (Figure 5 b). The n-type doping of CdSe is well doc-
umented, for example, for thin evaporated fi lms of CdSe [ 34–36 ]
with electron concentrations of up to 10 18 cm − 3 . In addi-
tion, electrical transport measurements on single CdSe NWs
have clearly revealed n-type behavior. [ 20 ] In our experiments,
n-doping may be further promoted by sample annealing under
UHV conditions, whereupon selenium vacancies are likely to
be introduced into the NW. [ 37 ] At the same time, the annealing
is expected to partially remove the TOPO molecules on the
NWs and thus to promote the Fermi-level pinning, which
requires an intimate electronic coupling between wire and
gold substrate. In the scenario of Figure 5 b, electrons would
tunnel from the gold substrate into the conduction band of the
NW, from where they recombine with holes injected from the
tip. Such a mechanism could explain why the light emission is
restricted to the zinc blende sections, as its conduction-band
edge lies approximately 100 meV below that of the wurtzite
phase (Figure 5 c), [ 22 ] and hence electron injection from the
substrate into the latter sections might be suppressed due to
the above-mentioned Fermi-level pinning. This assumption
gains further support from a recent theoretical study of Zhang
et al., [ 38 ] which indicates that for small InP NWs a type II to
type I band alignment transition takes place, thereby leading
to an accumulation of holes as well as electrons in the zinc
blende-type segments. A similar transition might also occur in
the case of the present CdSe NWs. Another contributing factor
could be the strong permanent dipole inherent to the wurtzite
sections, which is aligned along the NW axis. [ 39 − 41 ] This dipole
may induce a spatial separation of the injected charge carriers,
thus preventing their radiative recombination. Additionally,
light emission might be inhibited in both types of lattice struc-
ture by local nonradiative recombination of charge carriers via
defect sites deep in the bandgap. [ 42 ]
3. Conclusion
In summary, we have demonstrated that STL enables
local light generation in freestanding semiconductor NWs
through the direct injection of holes and electrons without
the need for plasmonic coupling. Spectra obtained in this
manner closely resemble the corresponding PL spectra. Even
though no direct correlation between the luminescent areas
and the STM topography could be observed, the light emis-
sion of CdSe NWs was found to be governed by diameter-
dependent quantum size effects in the zinc blende-type wire
sections. Future STL-based studies could enable the combi-
nation of topography imaging with local light emission and
tunneling spectroscopy on semiconductor NWs.
4. Experimental Section
The NWs were grown by the SLS method using Bi nanopar-
ticle catalysts, as detailed in Reference [43]. Subsequently, the
wires were dispersed in chloroform by ultrasonication, and then
Figure 5 . a) Integrated luminescence intensity as a function of sample voltage. b) Schematic
model of the excitation mechanism; E F,Au , E F,W , and E F,CdSe are the Fermi levels of the Au
substrate, the W tip, and the CdSe NW, respectively. The conduction and valence bands of
wurtzite and zinc blende-type CdSe are indicated by the dashed and solid lines, respectively.
c) Schematic of the zinc blende- and wurtzite-type band structure in the direction parallel to
the CdSe NW.
Page 5
T. Lutz et al.
2400 www.small-journal.com
© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
full papers
small 2011, 7, No. 16, 2396–2400
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Received: March 7, 2011
Published online: June 16, 2011


text:
Pirate Treasure
- Uploaded By tripletmom
- 2005-06-05 15:31:28
9 X 13 chocolate cake with chocolate loaf as treasure chest. Iced in buttercream with chocolate coins, candy necklaces, dragees, and fondant accents. Once again found inspiration from the net so thank you to whomever did this first!
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text:
- Jessa Duggar shares a rare photo of her brother Josh Duggar's daughter Meredith - US Weekly
- Michael Lohan's estranged wife Kate Major is detained by cops at an airport - TMZ
- Is there something between Ben Affleck and Halle Berry? - Gossip Cop
- The Hunger Games author Suzanne Collins says goodbye to the popular series after the final movie is released - Just Jared Jr
- What happened backstage with Kylie Jenner at The Ellen Show? - Radar
- Bryan Cranston tears up over a Breaking Bad memory - Huffington Post
- Leonardo DiCaprio's Oscar race heats up - Lainey Gossip
- The Captain America: Civil War movie may be better than the comic book - The Hollywood Reporter
01 February 2014 at 2:17 PM
Robert Downey Jr. & Bryan Cranston: Howard Stern's Birthday Bash Attendees!
About this photo set: Robert Downey Jr. and Bryan Cranston step out at Howard Stern's Birthday Bash held at the Hammerstein Ballroom on Friday night (January 31) in New York City. … Read More Here
Photo #: 3045523


text:
I was thinking about it today ...
I do a lot of travelling these days, but unfortunately most of it is in a motorized vehicle. I would love it if the biggest number in the list below was my cycling total for the week!!
Kms covered by car - 1000 kms
Kms covered by bicycle - 40 kms
Kms covered by walking - 18 kms
That's just SAD!!! Hopefully I'll be able to add a little bit to the cycling total tomorrow, but it won't be another 960 kms.


text:
I know, naturally cute, surgery-free. Too much surgery and botox have ruined her. She looked better before. She can barely move her face now … those cheek implants look painful. And she always has this extremely irksome look on her face like she's the hottest thing to grace mankind. No.
Dude, she's like 15 in that first picture. She still looks fine. Her mouth is the only problem and I've got a good way to shut that up.


text:
Padang Bai
Travel Guide
In a nutshell
Try the seafood — it is both cheap and excellent. Venture across to Blue Lagoon for some snorkelling, or, if you have more time on your hands, try out Pantai Kecil. If you're into bats, Goa Lawah is where the action is.
Padang Bai sits in the heart of East Bali in the regency of Karangasem, surrounded by hills and on the edge of a small but very busy bay. The main purpose of the town is to service the Bali/Lombok ferries, which arrive and depart throughout the day and night. Consequently, a constant stream of traffic transports people and goods to and from the town.
Away from the port lies a small beach which is home to countless fishing boats. From these boats arrive the meals that many restaurants along the beachfront serve each night. Many fish dishes cost around 40,000 rupiah, somewhat more than other meals, but it is well worth the minimal extra to try some of the freshest fish you may well ever eat. Styles vary, but generally involve the grilling of tuna, barracuda, mahi-mahi or snapper.
Aside from the seafood, Padang Bai offers some stunning diving and snorkelling opportunities. Much of the diving is arranged through dive shops along the beachfront whereas snorkelling can be undertaken by simply walking to Blue Lagoon beach and renting the necessary gear from the beach vendor. Another beach to the west of town offers an even better beach experience and is virtually deserted aside from a few vendors who will make sure you don't go hungry or thirsty.
Padnag Bai is located about two thirds of the way from Sanur to Candi Dasa down the end of a spur that runs off the main coastal road. There's plenty of accommodation, but most choose to stay in Candi Dasa.
Internet facilities are available at a variety of shops and hotels around town. The going rate is 200 rupiah per minute and speeds vary dramatically dependent on the time of day, weather and a range of other factors that one cannot foresee — be sure to check the router is actually plugged in — it helps.
An ATM is located just outside of the ferry terminal entrance and the post office is just to the west.
Download your Padang Bai PDF guide
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Text and/or map last updated on 29th September, 2015.
Adam gave up a corporate career in 2009 and left Australia for the hustle and bustle of Southeast Asia. He now lives in Indonesia, where as well as writing for Travelfish.org he plays around with www.pergidulu.com.
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STORM Arashi Silent Square Crankbaits
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Using the Price System to Reduce Airport Congestion
December 10, 2007
Series Editor: Ian Parry
Managing Editor: Felicia Day
Assistant Editors: John Anderson and Adrienne Foerster
Welcome to the RFF Weekly Policy Commentary, which is meant to provide an easy way to learn about important policy issues related to environmental, natural resource, energy, urban, and public health problems.
Flight delays are becoming more and more common as growth in demand for air travel outpaces our ability to expand airport capacity. How should policymakers respond to the problem of airport congestion? Is there a case for policy intervention at all for hub airports, where one carrier operates most of the flights, and therefore should mostly take into account the risk that running one extra flight will cause other flights to be held up? These are some of the important, and intriguing, issues discussed in this week's commentary by Jan Brueckner and Kurt Van Dender, two prominent economists in the field of transportation and urban policy.
Next week Robert Mendelsohn and Nicholas Muller will discuss how economists go about quantifying the damages from local air pollution, and how large these damages are relative to the overall size of the US economy.
Using the Price System to Reduce Airport Congestion
Jan K. Brueckner and Kurt Van Dender
Driven by the growth in demand for air transportation, flight volumes at many major U.S. airports have increased sharply in recent years. Since the flight capacity of airports has hardly changed, the increase in traffic volume has led to more and longer delays, a trend well documented in newspaper stories and the evening news. In 2007, 24 percent of flights arrived late, up from 15 percent in 2003.
What measures are appropriate for handling airport congestion? Building more capacity is one option, and some capacity expansion will surely be needed despite its high cost as traffic expands. Another response is to cut flight volumes through direct government intervention in airline scheduling decisions, as the Federal Aviation Administration did at Chicago's O'Hare Airport. A more systematic approach relies on a "slot" system, where airlines cannot schedule flights as they please but must instead acquire landing or take-off slots, issued by the airport, in order to operate. Such a system of "slot constraints" has been used at four major U.S. airports and is de rigueur in Europe.
In the presence of a competitive fringe, partial internalization of congestion is eliminated. If large carriers restrict their flight volumes to limit self-imposed congestion, the fringe carriers would simply fill the gap, leaving overall congestion unchanged. Therefore, each big carrier's incentive to take account of self-imposed congestion is neutralized, and partial internalization disappears. The FAA observed exactly this kind of "gap-filling" behavior after convincing United and American Airlines to cut their flight volumes at O'Hare airport.
Since internalization of congestion is either partial or nonexistent in these two cases, policy intervention is required. Congestion pricing, which makes airlines pay for the congestion they fail to internalize, is an attractive option. Daniel (1995) calculated congestion charges for the Minneapolis-St. Paul airport, assuming that the competitive-fringe model (and the absence of internalization) is realistic. He found that the congestion charge for each flight should equal about $1,000 (in 2007 dollars) on average during the day. But once the charges have had their intended effect of reducing congestion by shifting flights to off-peak hours, the average charge would fall to approximately $360. With partial internalization, congestion charges would have somewhat smaller magnitudes. But regardless of which case applies, some level of congestion pricing would be required at most large airports.
Unlike pouring concrete for more runways, congestion pricing is virtually costless to implement, and by reducing peak traffic volumes, it will make our airports seem magically larger. While airlines strongly oppose congestion pricing, the industry seems not to recognize that congestion charges can replace the current weight-based system of landing fees. With fees dropping to zero in off-peak hours, reflecting the absence of congestion, the carriers' overall costs need not rise by much. In any case, peak-hour congestion charges are likely to be passed on to passengers, widening the current differential between peak and off-peak fares and generating the traffic shift toward less-congested hours.
Views expressed are those of the author. RFF does not take institutional positions on legislative or policy questions.
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Further Readings:
Jan K. Brueckner and Kurt Van Dender, 2007. "Atomistic Congestion Tolls at Concentrated airports? Seeking a Unified View in the Internalization Debate," CESifo Working Paper No. 2033.


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Gran Turismo 5
Gran Turismo 5 is the fifth installment of the highly acclaimed Gran Turismo racing video game series, it expands on the Prologue version and takes the series to a whole new level. For the first time in the main series, an online mode will be available in the game, with 16 player capability. Both mechanical and external damage have been confirmed.
Platforms: PS3
Online Multiplayer: 16 Players
Gran Turismo 5 Reviews PS3
Showing 5 of 31 reviews View all
destructoid.com review
Even beyond the 1,000 cars, dozens of track variations, countless modes, gorgeous visuals and mountains of options, Gran Turismo 5 has something more that speaks to the world's car lovers and racing fans. The level of care taken by the people at Polyphony Digital shines in every aspect of this title, and this makes for a racing game that truly has no parallel. Gran Turismo 5 is a massive love letter to those that love cars. This is their dream videogame.
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playstationlifestyle.net review
Gran Turismo 5 is the pinnacle of the racing simulation genre. After years of technological progression, hardware is finally powerful enough to provide Polyphony Digital the platform needed to deliver such an unbelievably lifelike experience. Kaz Yamauchi's passion for the racing sphere shines through every aspect of the game. The incredibly-detailed cars, the slick presentation, the spot-on physics. Polyphony Digital brought its A-game. Nothing else on the market can come close to the realism and immersion you feel throughout. Gran Turismo 5 is virtual racing at its very best.
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cheatcc.com review
Gran Turismo 5 sets the bar high for the genre overall, and with its detailed approach to core mechanics and commitment to creating the best simulation in video games, it's easy to see why Gran Turismo is the gold standard in the automotive genre. Though some missteps were made with some of the modes, the game is a tight package that begs not only to be played, but obsessed over.
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vandal.net review
No Synopsis Available
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incgamers.com review
Yes, it's still a game and as a game it has its problems but the series has reaffirmed its status as the most exhaustive, passionate and uncompromising racer available on any console and, if you're a car lover, you�ll admire that about it and thank it for it.
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