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Academic Appointments
Professor, Neurobiology
Member, Bio-X
Member, Stanford Neurosciences Institute
Honors & Awards
Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, Sloan Foundation (2003)
Searle Scholar, Searle Foundation (2003)
Burroughs-Wellcome Career Development Award, Burroughs-Wellcome Foundation (2000)
Fellow, Klingenstein Foundation (2005)
Scholar, McKnight Foundation (2006)
Pioneer Awardee, NIH (2007)
Professional Education
B.Sc., University of Alberta, Genetics (1990)
M.Sc., University of Calgary, Medical Genetics (1992)
Ph.D., Caltech, Biology (1998)
Current Research and Scholarly Interests
My research program is focused on three central questions in neurobiology. How do neuronal circuits assemble during development? How are the functions of these circuits maintained during adult life? How do such circuits mediate the complex computations essential to animal behavior? Our work exploits the interplay between the cells and genes that underpin these processes to define new molecular mechanisms that control neuronal connection specificity, synapse maintenance, and to characterize the computational roles of specific circuits. The long term goal of our program is to understand how the genome programs neural circuits across adult life to implement the computations that underpin innate behavior, using the visual system of the fruit fly as a model.
2015-16 Courses
Independent Studies (10)
- Directed Reading in Neurobiology
NBIO 198 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Directed Reading in Neurobiology
NBIO 299 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Directed Reading in Neurosciences
NEPR 299 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Graduate Research
NBIO 399 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Graduate Research
NEPR 399 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Medical Scholars Research
NBIO 370 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Out-of-Department Advanced Research Laboratory in Experimental Biology
BIO 199X (Aut, Spr, Sum)
- Out-of-Department Directed Reading
BIO 198X (Sum)
- Out-of-Department Graduate Research
BIO 300X (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum)
- Undergraduate Research
NBIO 199 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Directed Reading in Neurobiology
Prior Year Courses
2014-15 Courses
- Foundations in Experimental Biology
BIOS 200 (Aut)
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology
BIO 154 (Spr)
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology
BIO 254 (Spr)
2013-14 Courses
- Foundations in Experimental Biology
BIOS 200 (Aut)
- Genetic Analysis of Behavior
NBIO 216 (Sum)
2012-13 Courses
- Genetic Analysis of Behavior
MCP 216, NBIO 216 (Spr, Sum)
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology
BIO 154 (Aut)
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology
BIO 254, NBIO 254 (Aut)
- The Nucleus
BIOS 200 (Aut)
- Foundations in Experimental Biology
Stanford Advisees
Postdoctoral Faculty Sponsor
Erin Barnhart, Kevin Mann, Irving Wang
Doctoral Dissertation Reader (AC)
Ronald Alfa, Edritz Javelosa, Jana Lim, Lane McIntosh
Doctoral Dissertation Advisor (AC)
Helen Yang
Postdoctoral Research Mentor
Kevin Mann
Graduate and Fellowship Programs
All Publications
Walking Drosophila align with the e-vector of linearly polarized light through directed modulation of angular acceleration
2014; 200 (6): 603-614
Understanding the mechanisms that link sensory stimuli to animal behavior is a central challenge in neuroscience. The quantitative description of behavioral responses to defined stimuli has led to a rich understanding of different behavioral strategies in many species. One important navigational cue perceived by many vertebrates and insects is the e-vector orientation of linearly polarized light. Drosophila manifests an innate orientation response to this cue ('polarotaxis'), aligning its body axis with the e-vector field. We have established a population-based behavioral paradigm for the genetic dissection of neural circuits guiding polarotaxis to both celestial as well as reflected polarized stimuli. However, the behavioral mechanisms by which flies align with a linearly polarized stimulus remain unknown. Here, we present a detailed quantitative description of Drosophila polarotaxis, systematically measuring behavioral parameters that are modulated by the stimulus. We show that angular acceleration is modulated during alignment, and this single parameter may be sufficient for alignment. Furthermore, using monocular deprivation, we show that each eye is necessary for modulating turns in the ipsilateral direction. This analysis lays the foundation for understanding how neural circuits guide these important visual behaviors.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s00359-014-0910-6
View details for Web of Science ID 000336739800016
View details for PubMedID 24810784
Vision: EM-erging motion-detecting circuits.
Current biology
How does the brain compare visual inputs over space and time to extract motion? Electron microscopic (EM) and molecular analyses reveal a new circuit architecture for motion processing in Drosophila. An offset in the weighting of synaptic connections and differential use of fast and slow nicotinic receptors suggests a mechanism that can implement spatiotemporal comparisons.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.067
View details for PubMedID 24845666
Large-scale mapping of transposable element insertion sites using digital encoding of sample identity.
2014; 196 (3): 615-623
Determining the genomic locations of transposable elements is a common experimental goal. When mapping large collections of transposon insertions, individualized amplification and sequencing is both time consuming and costly. We describe an approach in which large numbers of insertion lines can be simultaneously mapped in a single DNA sequencing reaction by using digital error-correcting codes to encode line identity in a unique set of barcoded pools.
View details for DOI 10.1534/genetics.113.159483
View details for PubMedID 24374352
Flies and humans share a motion estimation strategy that exploits natural scene statistics
2014; 17 (2): 296-303
Sighted animals extract motion information from visual scenes by processing spatiotemporal patterns of light falling on the retina. The dominant models for motion estimation exploit intensity correlations only between pairs of points in space and time. Moving natural scenes, however, contain more complex correlations. We found that fly and human visual systems encode the combined direction and contrast polarity of moving edges using triple correlations that enhance motion estimation in natural environments. Both species extracted triple correlations with neural substrates tuned for light or dark edges, and sensitivity to specific triple correlations was retained even as light and dark edge motion signals were combined. Thus, both species separately process light and dark image contrasts to capture motion signatures that can improve estimation accuracy. This convergence argues that statistical structures in natural scenes have greatly affected visual processing, driving a common computational strategy over 500 million years of evolution.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nn.3600
View details for Web of Science ID 000330910000025
A Network of Cadherin-Mediated Interactions Polarizes Growth Cones to Determine Targeting Specificity
2013; 154 (2): 351-364
Neuronal growth cones select synaptic partners through interactions with multiple cell surfaces in their environment. Many of these interactions are adhesive, yet it is unclear how growth cones integrate adhesive cues to direct their movements. Here, we examine the mechanisms that enable photoreceptors in the Drosophila visual system to choose synaptic partners. We demonstrate that the classical cadherin, N-cadherin, and an atypical cadherin, Flamingo, act redundantly to instruct the targeting choices made by every photoreceptor axon. These molecules gradually bias the spatial distribution of growth cone filopodia, polarizing each growth cone toward its future synaptic target before direct contact with the target occurs. We demonstrate that these molecules are localized to distinct subcellular domains and create a network of adhesive interactions distributed across many growth cones. Because this network comprises multiple redundant interactions, a complex wiring diagram can be constructed with extraordinary fidelity, suggesting a general principle.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.011
View details for Web of Science ID 000321950700012
View details for PubMedID 23870124
Modular Use of Peripheral Input Channels Tunes Motion-Detecting Circuitry
2013; 79 (1): 111-127
In the visual system, peripheral processing circuits are often tuned to specific stimulus features. How this selectivity arises and how these circuits are organized to inform specific visual behaviors is incompletely understood. Using forward genetics and quantitative behavioral studies, we uncover an input channel to motion detecting circuitry in Drosophila. The second-order neuron L3 acts combinatorially with two previously known inputs, L1 and L2, to inform circuits specialized to detect moving light and dark edges. In vivo calcium imaging of L3, combined with neuronal silencing experiments, suggests a neural mechanism to achieve selectivity for moving dark edges. We further demonstrate that different innate behaviors, turning and forward movement, can be independently modulated by visual motion. These two behaviors make use of different combinations of input channels. Such modular use of input channels to achieve feature extraction and behavioral specialization likely represents a general principle in sensory systems.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.029
View details for Web of Science ID 000321802000013
View details for PubMedID 23849199
Specific Kinematics and Motor-Related Neurons for Aversive Chemotaxis in Drosophila
2013; 23 (13): 1163-1172
Chemotaxis, the ability to direct movements according to chemical cues in the environment, is important for the survival of most organisms. The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, displays robust olfactory aversion and attraction, but how these behaviors are executed via changes in locomotion remains poorly understood. In particular, it is not clear whether aversion and attraction bidirectionally modulate a shared circuit or recruit distinct circuits for execution.Using a quantitative behavioral assay, we determined that both aversive and attractive odorants modulate the initiation and direction of turns but display distinct kinematics. Using genetic tools to perturb these behaviors, we identified specific populations of neurons required for aversion, but not for attraction. Inactivation of these populations of cells affected the completion of aversive turns, but not their initiation. Optogenetic activation of the same populations of cells triggered a locomotion pattern resembling aversive turns. Perturbations in both the ellipsoid body and the ventral nerve cord, two regions involved in motor control, resulted in defects in aversion.Aversive chemotaxis in vinegar flies triggers ethologically appropriate kinematics distinct from those of attractive chemotaxis and requires specific motor-related neurons.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.008
View details for Web of Science ID 000321605600017
GABAergic Lateral Interactions Tune the Early Stages of Visual Processing in Drosophila
2013; 78 (6): 1075-1089
Early stages of visual processing must capture complex, dynamic inputs. While peripheral neurons often implement efficient encoding by exploiting natural stimulus statistics, downstream neurons are specialized to extract behaviorally relevant features. How do these specializations arise? We use two-photon imaging in Drosophila to characterize a first-order interneuron, L2, that provides input to a pathway specialized for detecting moving dark edges. GABAergic interactions, mediated in part presynaptically, create an antagonistic and anisotropic center-surround receptive field. This receptive field is spatiotemporally coupled, applying differential temporal processing to large and small dark objects, achieving significant specialization. GABAergic circuits also mediate OFF responses and balance these with responses to ON stimuli. Remarkably, the functional properties of L2 are strikingly similar to those of bipolar cells, yet emerge through different molecular and circuit mechanisms. Thus, evolution appears to have converged on a common strategy for processing visual information at the first synapse.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.024
View details for Web of Science ID 000321026900013
View details for PubMedID 23791198
Mapping and cracking sensorimotor circuits in genetic model organisms.
2013; 78 (4): 583-595
One central goal of systems neuroscience is to understand how neural circuits implement the computations that link sensory inputs to behavior. Work combining electrophysiological and imaging-based approaches to measure neural activity with pharmacological and electrophysiological manipulations has provided fundamental insights. More recently, genetic approaches have been used to monitor and manipulate neural activity, opening up new experimental opportunities and challenges. Here, we discuss issues associated with applying genetic approaches to circuit dissection in sensorimotor transformations, outlining important considerations for experimental design and considering how modeling can complement experimental approaches.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.006
View details for PubMedID 23719159
Apical-Basal Polarity Proteins Are Required Cell-Type Specifically to Direct Photoreceptor Morphogenesis
2012; 22 (24): 2319-2324
Insect photoreceptor function is dependent on precise placement of the rhabdomeres, elaborated apical domains specialized for capturing light, within each facet of a compound eye. In Diptera, an asymmetric arrangement of rhabdomeres, combined with a particular pattern of axonal connections, enhances light sensitivity through the principle of neural superposition. To achieve the necessary retinal geometry, different photoreceptors (R cells) have distinct shapes. The Crumbs and Bazooka complexes play critical roles in directing rhabdomere development, but whether they might direct cell-type-specific apical architectures is unknown. We demonstrate that while mutations in Bazooka complex members cause pleiotropic morphogenesis defects in all R cell subtypes, Crumbs (Crb) and Stardust (Sdt) function cell autonomously to direct early stages in rhabdomere assembly in specific subsets of R cells. This requirement is reflected in the cell-type-specific expression of Crb protein and demonstrates that Sdt and Crb can act independently to similar effect. These two genes are also required for zonula adherens (ZA) assembly but display an unusual pattern of cellular redundancy for this function, as each gene is required in only one of two adjoining cells. Our results provide a direct link between fate specification and morphogenetic patterning and suggest a model for ZA assembly.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.027
View details for Web of Science ID 000312760400021
View details for PubMedID 23159598
Loom-Sensitive Neurons Link Computation to Action in the Drosophila Visual System
2012; 22 (5): 353-362
Many animals extract specific cues from rich visual scenes to guide appropriate behaviors. Such cues include visual motion signals produced both by self-movement and by moving objects in the environment. The complexity of these signals requires neural circuits to link particular patterns of motion to specific behavioral responses.Through electrophysiological recordings, we characterize genetically identified neurons in the optic lobe of Drosophila that are specifically tuned to detect motion signals produced by looming objects on a collision course with the fly. Using a genetic manipulation to specifically silence these neurons, we demonstrate that signals from these cells are important for flies to efficiently initiate the loom escape response. Moreover, through targeted expression of channelrhodopsin in these cells, in flies that are blind, we reveal that optogenetic stimulation of these neurons is typically sufficient to elicit escape, even in the absence of any visual stimulus.In this compact nervous system, a small group of neurons that extract a specific visual cue from local motion inputs serve to trigger the ethologically appropriate behavioral response.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.007
View details for Web of Science ID 000301330200015
View details for PubMedID 22305754
Genetic Dissection Reveals Two Separate Retinal Substrates for Polarization Vision in Drosophila
2012; 22 (1): 12-20
Linearly polarized light originates from atmospheric scattering or surface reflections and is perceived by insects, spiders, cephalopods, crustaceans, and some vertebrates. Thus, the neural basis underlying how this fundamental quality of light is detected is of broad interest. Morphologically unique, polarization-sensitive ommatidia exist in the dorsal periphery of many insect retinas, forming the dorsal rim area (DRA). However, much less is known about the retinal substrates of behavioral responses to polarized reflections.Drosophila exhibits polarotactic behavior, spontaneously aligning with the e-vector of linearly polarized light, when stimuli are presented either dorsally or ventrally. By combining behavioral experiments with genetic dissection and ultrastructural analyses, we show that distinct photoreceptors mediate the two behaviors: inner photoreceptors R7+R8 of DRA ommatidia are necessary and sufficient for dorsal polarotaxis, whereas ventral responses are mediated by combinations of outer and inner photoreceptors, both of which manifest previously unknown features that render them polarization sensitive.Drosophila uses separate retinal pathways for the detection of linearly polarized light emanating from the sky or from shiny surfaces. This work establishes a behavioral paradigm that will enable genetic dissection of the circuits underlying polarization vision.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.028
View details for Web of Science ID 000299144200016
View details for PubMedID 22177904
The cytoskeletal regulator Genghis khan is required for columnar target specificity in the Drosophila visual system
2011; 138 (22): 4899-4909
A defining characteristic of neuronal cell type is the growth of axons and dendrites into specific layers and columns of the brain. Although differences in cell surface receptors and adhesion molecules are known to cause differences in synaptic specificity, differences in downstream signaling mechanisms that determine cell type-appropriate targeting patterns are unknown. Using a forward genetic screen in Drosophila, we identify the GTPase effector Genghis khan (Gek) as playing a crucial role in the ability of a subset of photoreceptor (R cell) axons to innervate appropriate target columns. In particular, single-cell mosaic analyses demonstrate that R cell growth cones lacking Gek function grow to the appropriate ganglion, but frequently fail to innervate the correct target column. Further studies reveal that R cell axons lacking the activity of the small GTPase Cdc42 display similar defects, providing evidence that these proteins regulate a common set of processes. Gek is expressed in all R cells, and a detailed structure-function analysis reveals a set of regulatory domains with activities that restrict Gek function to the growth cone. Although Gek does not normally regulate layer-specific targeting, ectopic expression of Gek is sufficient to alter the targeting choices made by another R cell type, the targeting of which is normally Gek independent. Thus, specific regulation of cytoskeletal responses to targeting cues is necessary for cell type-appropriate synaptic specificity.
View details for DOI 10.1242/dev.069930
View details for Web of Science ID 000296576700009
View details for PubMedID 22007130
Symmetries in stimulus statistics shape the form of visual motion estimators
2011; 108 (31): 12909-12914
The estimation of visual motion has long been studied as a paradigmatic neural computation, and multiple models have been advanced to explain behavioral and neural responses to motion signals. A broad class of models, originating with the Reichardt correlator model, proposes that animals estimate motion by computing a temporal cross-correlation of light intensities from two neighboring points in visual space. These models provide a good description of experimental data in specific contexts but cannot explain motion percepts in stimuli lacking pairwise correlations. Here, we develop a theoretical formalism that can accommodate diverse stimuli and behavioral goals. To achieve this, we treat motion estimation as a problem of Bayesian inference. Pairwise models emerge as one component of the generalized strategy for motion estimation. However, correlation functions beyond second order enable more accurate motion estimation. Prior expectations that are asymmetric with respect to bright and dark contrast use correlations of both even and odd orders, and we show that psychophysical experiments using visual stimuli with symmetric probability distributions for contrast cannot reveal whether the subject uses odd-order correlators for motion estimation. This result highlights a gap in previous experiments, which have largely relied on symmetric contrast distributions. Our theoretical treatment provides a natural interpretation of many visual motion percepts, indicates that motion estimation should be revisited using a broader class of stimuli, demonstrates how correlation-based motion estimation is related to stimulus statistics, and provides multiple experimentally testable predictions.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1015680108
View details for Web of Science ID 000293385700073
View details for PubMedID 21768376
Defining the Computational Structure of the Motion Detector in Drosophila
2011; 70 (6): 1165-1177
Many animals rely on visual motion detection for survival. Motion information is extracted from spatiotemporal intensity patterns on the retina, a paradigmatic neural computation. A phenomenological model, the Hassenstein-Reichardt correlator (HRC), relates visual inputs to neural activity and behavioral responses to motion, but the circuits that implement this computation remain unknown. By using cell-type specific genetic silencing, minimal motion stimuli, and in vivo calcium imaging, we examine two critical HRC inputs. These two pathways respond preferentially to light and dark moving edges. We demonstrate that these pathways perform overlapping but complementary subsets of the computations underlying the HRC. A numerical model implementing differential weighting of these operations displays the observed edge preferences. Intriguingly, these pathways are distinguished by their sensitivities to a stimulus correlation that corresponds to an illusory percept, "reverse phi," that affects many species. Thus, this computational architecture may be widely used to achieve edge selectivity in motion detection.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.023
View details for Web of Science ID 000292410700014
View details for PubMedID 21689602
A versatile in vivo system for directed dissection of gene expression patterns
Tissue-specific gene expression using the upstream activating sequence (UAS)–GAL4 binary system has facilitated genetic dissection of many biological processes in Drosophila melanogaster. Refining GAL4 expression patterns or independently manipulating multiple cell populations using additional binary systems are common experimental goals. To simplify these processes, we developed a convertible genetic platform, the integrase swappable in vivo targeting element (InSITE) system. This approach allows GAL4 to be replaced with any other sequence, placing different genetic effectors under the control of the same regulatory elements. Using InSITE, GAL4 can be replaced with LexA or QF, allowing an expression pattern to be repurposed. GAL4 can also be replaced with GAL80 or split-GAL4 hemi-drivers, allowing intersectional approaches to refine expression patterns. The exchanges occur through efficient in vivo manipulations, making it possible to generate many swaps in parallel. This system is modular, allowing future genetic tools to be easily incorporated into the existing framework.
View details for DOI 10.1038/NMETH.1561
View details for Web of Science ID 000287734800014
View details for PubMedID 21473015
Complex interactions amongst N-cadherin, DLAR, and Liprin-alpha regulate Drosophila photoreceptor axon targeting
2009; 336 (1): 10-19
The formation of stable adhesive contacts between pre- and post-synaptic neurons represents the initial step in synapse assembly. The cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin, the receptor tyrosine phosphatase DLAR, and the scaffolding molecule Liprin-alpha play critical, evolutionarily conserved roles in this process. However, how these proteins signal to the growth cone and are themselves regulated remains poorly understood. Using Drosophila photoreceptors (R cells) as a model, we evaluate genetic and physical interactions among these three proteins. We demonstrate that DLAR function in this context is independent of phosphatase activity but requires interactions mediated by its intracellular domain. Genetic studies reveal both positive and, surprisingly, inhibitory interactions amongst all three genes. These observations are corroborated by biochemical studies demonstrating that DLAR physically associates via its phosphatase domain with N-cadherin in Drosophila embryos. Together, these data demonstrate that N-cadherin, DLAR, and Liprin-alpha function in a complex to regulate adhesive interactions between pre- and post-synaptic cells and provide a novel mechanism for controlling the activity of Liprin-alpha in the developing growth cone.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.09.016
View details for Web of Science ID 000271849000002
View details for PubMedID 19766621
Making a visual map: mechanisms and molecules
2009; 19 (2): 174-180
Visual system development utilizes global and local cues to assemble a topographic map of the visual world, arranging synaptic connections into columns and layers. Recent genetic studies have provided new insights into the mechanisms that underlie these processes. In flies, a precise temporal sequence of neural differentiation provides a global organizing cue; in vertebrates, gradients of ephrin-mediated signals, acting with neurotrophin co-receptors and neural activity, play crucial roles. In flies and mice, neural processes tile into precise arrays through homotypic, repulsive interactions, autocrine signals, and cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Laminar targeting specificity is achieved through temporally regulated cell-cell adhesion, as well as combinatorial expression of specific adhesion molecules. Future studies will define the interactions between these global and local cues.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.conb.2009.04.011
View details for Web of Science ID 000269108900011
View details for PubMedID 19481440
More than just glue The diverse roles of cell adhesion molecules in the Drosophila nervous system
2009; 3 (1): 36-42
Cell adhesion is the fundamental driving force that establishes complex cellular architectures, with the nervous system offering a striking, sophisticated case study. Developing neurons adhere to neighboring neurons, their synaptic partners, and to glial cells. These adhesive interactions are required in a diverse array of contexts, including cell migration, axon guidance and targeting, as well as synapse formation and physiology. Forward and reverse genetic screens in the fruit fly Drosophila have uncovered several adhesion molecules that are required for neural development, and detailed cell biological analyses are beginning to unravel how these factors shape nervous system connectivity. Here we review our current understanding of the most prominent of these adhesion factors and their modes of action.
View details for DOI 10.4161/cam.3.1.6918
View details for Web of Science ID 000208234200010
View details for PubMedID 19372748
Reactive oxygen species act remotely to cause synapse loss in a Drosophila model of developmental mitochondrial encephalopathy
2008; 135 (15): 2669-2679
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, yet its precise role in disease pathology remains unclear. To examine this link directly, we subtly perturbed electron transport chain function in the Drosophila retina, creating a model of Leigh Syndrome, an early-onset neurodegenerative disorder. Using mutations that affect mitochondrial complex II, we demonstrate that mild disruptions of mitochondrial function have no effect on the initial stages of photoreceptor development, but cause degeneration of their synapses and cell bodies in late pupal and adult animals. In this model, synapse loss is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, not energy depletion, as ATP levels are normal in mutant photoreceptors, and both pharmacological and targeted genetic manipulations that reduce ROS levels prevent synapse degeneration. Intriguingly, these manipulations of ROS uncouple synaptic effects from degenerative changes in the cell body, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction activates two genetically separable processes, one that induces morphological changes in the cell body, and another that causes synapse loss. Finally, by blocking mitochondrial trafficking into the axon using a mutation affecting a mitochondrial transport complex, we find that ROS action restricted to the cell body is sufficient to cause synaptic degeneration, demonstrating that ROS need not act locally at the synapse. Thus, alterations in electron transport chain function explain many of the neurodegenerative changes seen in both early- and late-onset disorders.
View details for DOI 10.1242/dev.020644
View details for Web of Science ID 000257557200018
View details for PubMedID 18599508
Motion processing streams in Drosophila are behaviorally specialized
2008; 59 (2): 322-335
Motion vision is an ancient faculty, critical to many animals in a range of ethological contexts, the underlying algorithms of which provide central insights into neural computation. However, how motion cues guide behavior is poorly understood, as the neural circuits that implement these computations are largely unknown in any organism. We develop a systematic, forward genetic approach using high-throughput, quantitative behavioral analyses to identify the neural substrates of motion vision in Drosophila in an unbiased fashion. We then delimit the behavioral contributions of both known and novel circuit elements. Contrary to expectation from previous studies, we find that orienting responses to motion are shaped by at least two neural pathways. These pathways are sensitive to different visual features, diverge immediately postsynaptic to photoreceptors, and are coupled to distinct behavioral outputs. Thus, behavioral responses to complex stimuli can rely on surprising neural specialization from even the earliest sensory processing stages.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.022
View details for Web of Science ID 000258252700016
View details for PubMedID 18667159
Neural circuitry: Seeing the parts that make the picture
What are the neural correlates of vision? A recent study on Drosophila has described the incredible neuronal diversity in the fly visual system, and traced the circuits that underlie color vision.
View details for Web of Science ID 000255668400014
View details for PubMedID 18460316
The cadherin flamingo mediates level-dependent interactions that guide photoreceptor target choice in Drosophila
2008; 58 (1): 26-33
Quantitative differences in cadherin activity have been proposed to play important roles in patterning connections between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. However, no examples of such a function have yet been described, and the mechanisms that would allow such differences to direct growth cones to specific synaptic targets are unknown. In the Drosophila visual system, photoreceptors are genetically programmed to make a complex, stereotypic set of synaptic connections. Here we show that the atypical cadherin Flamingo functions as a short-range, homophilic signal, passing between specific R cell growth cones to influence their choice of postsynaptic partners. We find that individual growth cones are sensitive to differences in Flamingo activity through opposing interactions between neighboring cells and require these interactions to be balanced in order to extend along the appropriate trajectory.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.007
View details for Web of Science ID 000254946200007
View details for PubMedID 18400160
The agrin/perlecan-related protein eyes shut is essential for epithelial lumen formation in the Drosophila retina
2006; 11 (4): 483-493
The formation of epithelial lumina is a fundamental process in animal development. Each ommatidium of the Drosophila retina forms an epithelial lumen, the interrhabdomeral space, which has a critical function in vision as it optically isolates individual photoreceptor cells. Ommatidia containing an interrhabdomeral space have evolved from ancestral insect eyes that lack this lumen, as seen, for example, in bees. In a genetic screen, we identified eyes shut (eys) as a gene that is essential for the formation of matrix-filled interrhabdomeral space. Eys is closely related to the proteoglycans agrin and perlecan and secreted by photoreceptor cells into the interrhabdomeral space. The honeybee ortholog of eys is not expressed in photoreceptors, raising the possibility that recruitment of eys expression has made an important contribution to insect eye evolution. Our findings show that the secretion of a proteoglycan into the apical matrix is critical for the formation of epithelial lumina in the fly retina.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.08.012
View details for Web of Science ID 000241123300010
View details for PubMedID 17011488
Activity-independent prespecification of synaptic partners in the visual map of Drosophila
2006; 16 (18): 1835-1843
Specifying synaptic partners and regulating synaptic numbers are at least partly activity-dependent processes during visual map formation in all systems investigated to date . In Drosophila, six photoreceptors that view the same point in visual space have to be sorted into synaptic modules called cartridges in order to form a visuotopically correct map . Synapse numbers per photoreceptor terminal and cartridge are both precisely regulated . However, it is unknown whether an activity-dependent mechanism or a genetically encoded developmental program regulates synapse numbers. We performed a large-scale quantitative ultrastructural analysis of photoreceptor synapses in mutants affecting the generation of electrical potentials (norpA, trp;trpl), neurotransmitter release (hdc, syt), vesicle endocytosis (synj), the trafficking of specific guidance molecules during photoreceptor targeting (sec15), a specific guidance receptor required for visual map formation (Dlar), and 57 other novel synaptic mutants affecting 43 genes. Remarkably, in all these mutants, individual photoreceptors form the correct number of synapses per presynaptic terminal independently of cartridge composition. Hence, our data show that each photoreceptor forms a precise and constant number of afferent synapses independently of neuronal activity and partner accuracy. Our data suggest cell-autonomous control of synapse numbers as part of a developmental program of activity-independent steps that lead to a "hard-wired" visual map in the fly brain.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.047
View details for Web of Science ID 000240719800029
View details for PubMedID 16979562
Liprin-alpha is required for photoreceptor target selection in Drosophila
2006; 103 (31): 11601-11606
Classical cadherin-mediated interactions between axons and dendrites are critical to target selection and synapse assembly. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these interactions are controlled are incompletely understood. In the Drosophila visual system, N-cadherin is required in both photoreceptor (R cell) axons and their targets to mediate stabilizing interactions required for R cell target selection. Here we identify the scaffolding protein Liprin-alpha as a critical component in this process. We isolated mutations in Liprin-alpha in a genetic screen for mutations affecting the pattern of synaptic connections made by R1-R6 photoreceptors. Using eye-specific mosaics, we demonstrate a previously undescribed, axonal function for Liprin-alpha in target selection: Liprin-alpha is required to be cell-autonomous in all subtypes of R1-R6 cells for their axons to reach their targets. Because Liprin-alpha, the receptor tyrosine phosphatase LAR, and N-cadherin share qualitatively similar mutant phenotypes in R1-R6 cells and are coexpressed in R cells and their synaptic targets, we infer that these three genes act at the same step in the targeting process. However, unlike N-cadherin, neither Liprin-alpha nor LAR is required postsynaptically for R cells to project to their correct targets. Thus, these two proteins, unlike N-cadherin, are functionally asymmetric between axons and dendrites. We propose that the adhesive mechanisms that link pre- and postsynaptic cells before synapse formation may be differentially regulated in these two compartments.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0601185103
View details for Web of Science ID 000239616400033
View details for PubMedID 16864799
Insect vision: Remembering the shape of things
How does the nervous system store a newly experienced visual pattern, and how is that pattern subsequently made available for recognition? Recent work in Drosophila suggests that specific pattern features are stored separately in the nervous system.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2006.04.006
View details for Web of Science ID 000237874500016
View details for PubMedID 16713946
The mechanisms and molecules that connect photoreceptor axons to their targets in Drosophila
2006; 17 (1): 42-49
The development of the Drosophila visual system provides a framework for investigating how circuits assemble. A sequence of reciprocal interactions amongst photoreceptors, target neurons and glia creates a precise pattern of connections while reducing the complexity of the targeting process. Both afferent-afferent and afferent-target interactions are required for photoreceptor (R cell) axons to select appropriate synaptic partners. With the identification of some critical cell adhesion and signaling molecules, the logic by which axons make choices amongst alternate synaptic partners is becoming clear. These studies also provide an opportunity to examine the molecular basis of neural circuit evolution.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.11.004
View details for Web of Science ID 000236492800006
View details for PubMedID 16337412
An isoform-specific allele of Drosophila N-cadherin disrupts a late step of R7 targeting
2005; 102 (36): 12944-12949
Drosophila N-cadherin is required for the formation of precise patterns of connections in the fly brain. Alternative splicing is predicted to give rise to 12 N-cadherin isoforms. We identified an N-cadherin allele, N-cad(18Astop), that eliminates the six isoforms containing alternative exon 18A and demonstrate that it strongly disrupts the connections of R7 photoreceptor neurons. During the first half of pupal development, N-cadherin is required for R7 growth cones to terminate within a temporary target layer in the medulla. N-cadherin isoforms containing exon 18B are sufficient for this initial targeting. By contrast, 18A isoforms are preferentially expressed in R7 during the second half of pupal development and are necessary for R7 to terminate in the appropriate synaptic layer in the medulla neuropil. Transgene rescue experiments suggest that differences in isoform expression, rather than biochemical differences between isoforms, underlie the 18A isoform requirement in R7 neurons.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0502888102
View details for Web of Science ID 000231716700054
View details for PubMedID 16123134
Surprising twists to exocyst function
2005; 46 (2): 164-166
What do neurons use the exocyst complex for? In this issue of Neuron, using mutations in one exocyst component, Mehta et al. reach the surprising conclusion that exocyst function is divisible: different components play distinct roles. These studies also suggest that the exocyst may regulate membrane insertion of cell adhesion molecules required for synaptic partner choice.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.003
View details for Web of Science ID 000228674800002
View details for PubMedID 15848794
Drosophila N-cadherin mediates an attractive interaction between photoreceptor axons and their targets
2005; 8 (4): 443-450
Classical cadherins have been proposed to mediate interactions between pre- and postsynaptic cells that are necessary for synapse formation. We provide the first direct, genetic evidence in favor of this model by examining the role of N-cadherin in controlling the pattern of synaptic connections made by photoreceptor axons in Drosophila. N-cadherin is required in both individual photoreceptors and their target neurons for photoreceptor axon extension. Cell-by-cell reconstruction of wild-type photoreceptor axons extending within mosaic patches of mutant target cells shows that N-cadherin mediates attractive interactions between photoreceptors and their targets. This interaction is not limited to those cells that will become the synaptic partners of photoreceptors. Multiple N-cadherin isoforms are produced, but single isoforms can substitute for endogenous N-cadherin activity. We propose that N-cadherin mediates a homophilic, attractive interaction between photoreceptor growth cones and their targets that precedes synaptic partner choice.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nn1415
View details for Web of Science ID 000228040400014
View details for PubMedID 15735641
Thinking about visual behavior; Learning about photoreceptor function
2005; 69: 187-?
Visual behavioral assays in Drosophila melanogaster were initially developed to explore the genetic control of behavior, but have a rich history of providing conceptual openings into diverse questions in cell and developmental biology. Here, we briefly summarize the early efforts to employ three of these behaviors: phototaxis, the UV-visible light choice, and the optomotor response. We then discuss how each of these assays has expanded our understanding of neuronal connection specificity and synaptic function. All of these studies have contributed to the development of sophisticated tools for manipulating gene expression, assessing cell fate specification, and visualizing neuronal development. With these tools in hand, the field is now poised to return to the original goal of understanding visual behavior using genetic approaches.
View details for DOI 10.1016/S0070-2153(05)69007-2
View details for Web of Science ID 000233986700007
View details for PubMedID 16243600
The protocadherin Flamingo is required for axon target selection in the Drosophila visual system
2003; 6 (6): 557-563
Photoreceptor neurons (R cells) in the Drosophila visual system elaborate a precise map of visual space in the brain. The eye contains some 750 identical modules called ommatidia, each containing eight photoreceptor cells (R1-R8). Cells R1-R6 synapse in the lamina; R7 and R8 extend through the lamina and terminate in the underlying medulla. In a screen for visual behavior mutants, we identified alleles of flamingo (fmi) that disrupt the precise maps elaborated by these neurons. These mutant R1-R6 neurons select spatially inappropriate targets in the lamina. During target selection, Flamingo protein is dynamically expressed in R1-R6 growth cones. Loss of fmi function in R cells also disrupts the local pattern of synaptic terminals in the medulla, and Flamingo is transiently expressed in R8 axons as they enter the target region. We propose that Flamingo-mediated interactions between R-cell growth cones within the target field regulate target selection.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nn1063
View details for Web of Science ID 000183140400011
View details for PubMedID 12754514
Making connections in the fly visual system
2002; 35 (5): 827-841
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate formation of precise patterns of neuronal connections within the central nervous system remains a challenging problem in neurobiology. Genetic studies in worms and flies and molecular studies in vertebrate systems have led to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of how growth cones navigate toward their targets and form topographic maps. Considerably less is known about how growth cones recognize their cellular targets and form synapses with them. Here, we review connection formation in the fly visual system, the methodological approaches used to study it, and recent progress in uncovering the molecular basis of connection specificity.
View details for Web of Science ID 000177779800007
View details for PubMedID 12372279
Drosophila LAR regulates R1-R6 and R7 target specificity in the visual system
2001; 32 (2): 237-248
Different classes of photoreceptor neurons (R cells) in the Drosophila compound eye connect to specific targets in the optic lobe. Using a behavioral screen, we identified LAR, a receptor tyrosine phosphatase, as being required for R cell target specificity. In LAR mutant mosaic eyes, R1-R6 cells target to the lamina correctly, but fail to choose the correct pattern of target neurons. Although mutant R7 axons initially project to the correct layer of the medulla, they retract into inappropriate layers. Using single cell mosaics, we demonstrate that LAR controls targeting of R1-R6 and R7 in a cell-autonomous fashion. The phenotypes of LAR mutant R cells are strikingly similar to those seen in N-cadherin mutants.
View details for Web of Science ID 000171893700009
View details for PubMedID 11683994
N-cadherin regulates target specificity in the Drosophila visual system
2001; 30 (2): 437-450
Using visual behavioral screens in Drosophila, we identified multiple alleles of N-cadherin. Removal of N-cadherin selectively from photoreceptor neurons (R cells) causes deficits in specific visual behaviors that correlate with disruptions in R cell connectivity. These defects include disruptions in the pattern of neuronal connections made by all three classes of R cells (R1-R6, R7, and R8). N-cadherin is expressed in both R cell axons and their targets. By inducing mitotic recombination in a subclass of eye progenitors, we generated mutant R7 axons surrounded by largely wild-type R cell axons and a wild-type target. R7 axons lacking N-cadherin mistarget to the R8 recipient layer. We consider the implications of these findings in the context of the proposed role for cadherins in target specificity.
View details for Web of Science ID 000168962000016
View details for PubMedID 11395005
Afferent growth cone interactions control synaptic specificity in the Drosophila visual system
2000; 28 (2): 427-436
In the Drosophila compound eye, photoreceptors (R cells) that respond to light from the same point in space are distributed across the retina and connect to the same target neurons. This complex connectivity pattern reconstructs visual space in the first optic ganglion, the lamina. We have used mutations that delete specific R cell subtypes or alter their retinal organization to define the cellular mechanisms that generate this pattern. R cell axons are programmed to search for targets within a local region in the lamina but their selection of appropriate postsynaptic targets requires specific interactions among R cell growth cones. The orientation of the projections is controlled both by the spatial arrangement of R cells in the retina and by cues in the target.
View details for Web of Science ID 000165493700018
View details for PubMedID 11144353
Hedgehog and spitz: Making a match between photoreceptor axons and their targets
1998; 95 (5): 587-590
View details for Web of Science ID 000077253700004
View details for PubMedID 9845360


text:
Although what you'll find inside isn't the official teaser poster for New Line Cinema's upcoming Meg, Erik Hollander (who does the covers for Steve Alten's MEG books) sent us in his own version of the poster to get us pumped before the film begins production. Read on for a looksie. The story features a 80-foot-long prehistoric shark — scientifically known as Carcharodon megalodon and believed by some to be an ancestor of the great white shark — which terrorizes the California coast. Two men from opposite points of view are forced to come together to neutralize the threat.Sigh…. we were asked to remove the image, but look hard enough and you'll find it.
-Mr. D (maybe I should promote myself to Dr. D?)

subset: commoncrawl


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Alberta .. at that time Balay was considered big.. but the packages these guys have are now golden.. it was just a matter of time until they hit and stakes in them are solid. Balay alone was a great cash generator..
Plenty of uptrend on the share price... Merry Christmas to us all
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Stars Photos
Photos: Jamie Benn lays the wood; Ryan Garbutt throws punches; Stars collapse in opening loss to Panthers
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Dallas Stars head coach Lindy Ruff on the bench in the first period of NHL Hockey action against the Florida Panthers at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas.
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I write this at 5am. The 2nd floor permanent tenants have the television blaring as their daughter is screaming in the background. All of this done with there door wide open. I rolled out of bed to request them to close the door, received smiles and nothing happened. The beds were uncomfortable on top of that! Stay away if you... More
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Un travail incroyable et un univers bien singulier. Je suis en admiration !
Wow, you have an amazing talent! I don't know what else to say. I am stunned and speechless.
very beautifull gallery! congrats!
great gallery great art
Umm marry me I would love to see your work everyday and be there for ya
Your work is really really B E A U T I F U L
what a wonderful gallery , love ur style
Gorgeous work. Something very classical about your style, really beautiful
Uurrgh it's 1:30 AM and I can't go to sleep because I still have more pages in your gallery to browse through... you are an amazing, amazing artist!!!


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The Temecula Valley has over 35 world class wineries and will have over 100 wineries within the next four years. Temecula is on the way to becoming the next Napa Valley! Come let us show you what the Temecula Wineries have to offer on one of our exclusive, award winning wine tasting tours! Yelp and Trip Advisor ranks Rockin' Wine Tours as one of the top wine tour providers in all of Southern California. Come experience it for yourself!
Rockin' Wine Tours is Temecula Valley's most fun private wine tasting tour provider. Located just minutes from San Diego, Orange, and Los Angeles Counties, we provide a one of a kind, behind the scenes, exclusive, and interactive Temecula wine tour experience for private groups of 8 or more. Our interactive tour guides are here to show your group a great time on our party buses while sipping on the best wines in the Temecula Valley! Grab your crew and experience Temecula wine tasting at its finest!
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Definitions for discussing
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|USA: Judge orders Mohammed Jawad's release from Guantánamo; administration still mulling trial
|Amnesty International
|Publication Date
|31 July 2009
|Afghanistan | United States of America
|Arbitrary arrest and detention | Children's rights | Criminal justice | Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | Pre-trial detention | Prison or detention conditions | Standard of proof | Terrorism
|Cite as
|Amnesty International, USA: Judge orders Mohammed Jawad's release from Guantánamo; administration still mulling trial, 31 July 2009, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4a7947d22.html [accessed 1 December 2015]
|This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.


text: Man Honors Protester by Setting Fire to Himself Czech man commemorates one immolation with another By Neal Colgrass, Newser Staff Posted Jan 20, 2013 2:02 PM CST STORY COMMENTS (9) (Newser) – A man set himself on fire in Prague today, apparently to commemorate a student who died by self-immolation there some 44 years ago, Reuters reports. Today's incident occurred in front of the National Museum in Wenceslas Square, where a Czech 36-year-old set fire to his jacket and had it quickly doused with snow by police officers. Student Jan Palach immolated himself nearby with flammable liquid on January 16, 1969, to protest the Soviet invasion of former Czechoslovakia. Palach died three days later, but today's activist suffered only finger burns. "In all likelihood the man did not want to commit suicide," said a police spokeswoman. "He said it was only a remembrance to Jan Palach." A man sets himself ablaze in Wenceslas Square in the centre of Prague, Czech Republic, Sunday afternoon, Jan. 20, 2013. (AP Photo/CTK, Marion Collinson) ADVERTISEMENT(Click Prev or Next to continue viewing images.) « Prev« Prev | Next »Next » Slideshow Reuters (Source Grid ») World Soviet Union • Czech Republic • Prague • self-immolation CLICK BELOW TO VOTE 10% 15% 9% 7% 8% 51% RETURN TO THE STORY To report an error on this story, notify our editors.


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March 5, 2013
Chicago (Ill.) St. Rita junior offensive guard prospect Matt Byrne (6-foot-4, 275 pounds) has a long family history at St. Rita and Byrne is also a name to watch this spring and summer. Get to know yet another 2014 prospect to watch here. ...More... To continue reading this article you must be a member. Sign Up Now!
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May 9, 2014: WTAE President & General Manager Charles W. Wolfertz III speaks on behalf of the editorial board in regards to preparing your family for severe weather such as tornado, severe thunderstorms, and flooding as the season begins in May.
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The new goal for this teacher grant program comes after the much quicker-than-
"The Trust Board set a long-term goal of reaching 1 million kids by providing 30,000 Pets in the Classroom grants," said Pet Care Trust executive director Steve King. "We have reached the half-way point to this goal far sooner than any of us thought possible. It really is a remarkable achievement thanks to the Board's foresight and the support of so many pet retailers and suppliers."
While the growth of the program began slowly, providing 3,200 grants in the 2010-2011 school year, the addition of Pets in the Classroom grants through Petsmart and Petco, along with rebate grants supported by independent pet stores, resulted in an increase to over 6,000 grants for the 2011-12 school year. Also, in the beginning of 2012, the program expanded to include 7th and 8th grade classrooms, while in previous years the grants had only been available to pre-k - 6th grade teachers. This expansion to include middle school classrooms increased the number of students impacted by the grants, making the overall average of students impacted over 50 students per classroom. Then, in preparation for the 2012-13 school year, the Trust added additional programs through Pet Supermarket and Carolina Biological Supply. The response from teachers in the first two months of this new school year has been overwhelming. More than 6,800 grants have been issued since August 1, bringing the total to 15,500 grants since the program's inception.
The Pets in the Classroom program benefits students by teaching them responsible, long-term pet care at an early age and providing the psychological and developmental benefits associated with the human-animal bond. Studies have shown that caring for pets has a positive effect on children, improving school attendance and teaching children responsibility, as well as encouraging nurturing and building self esteem. To learn more about the benefits of classroom pets as well as more about the Pets in the Classroom grant program, visit www.petsintheclassroom.org.


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"Ambitious" is a word that gets used a lot in describing the Hidden Room's production of Rose Rage. We get it. It is ambitious, no doubt, and also it was kind of inevitable.
Rose Rage is Edward Hall and Roger Warren's adaptation of Shakespeare's earliest history plays, the Henry VI trilogy, originally done by for and by the brilliant Propeller Theatre Company. While Propeller's production took place in a bloody butcher shop, the Hidden Room's performances are presented in Original Practices with an all-male cast, live musicians, universal lighting, and period costumes made using appropriate materials and methods (compliments to the Baron's Men.) The whole show takes about four and a half hours to perform by our cast of actors who rehearsed together via Skype before coming together from London, Austin, and Staunton. And we're livestreaming it through our friends at HowlRound and their NewPlayTV channel here to the Huffington Post. For free.
It is ambitious, but also perfect for us, and it's been an incredibly joyful process. Our curiosity about where the intersection of technology could meet Original Practices Shakespeare drew us toward making Rose Rage the innaugural effort of our Foreign Actor Exchange Program. It was this same affection for long-distance collaboration that positioned us to be the first company not directly associated with Propeller to be granted the rights to the show. And our commitment to accessibility to art for everyone leads us to our free livestream with an interactive Twitter component so that an international audience can connect not only with us, but with each other through this event.
What better show to test the waters of international partnership and trust than an epic tale of factious peers and class warfare? What better show to test ambition's mettle than one in which ambition is its core accelerant? Rose Rage was inevitable.
Please join us, and send your questions, thoughts, and general Tweetings using the hashtag #RoseRage. We'll have backstage updates and be ready to help guide our online audience through the story and the process as we go along. Heck, tweet us now. We'd love to hear from you, and welcome you inside the Hidden Room.
The gentle King Henry VI (Ryan Crowder) sits uneasy in the throne. Photo by Kristen Wrzesniewski
Queen Margaret (Brock England) and her lover Lord Suffolk (Nathan Jerkins) steal a moment. Photo by Kristen Wrzesniewski
Jack Cade (Laurence Pears) leader of the rebellion, prepares to behead all Lords and gentlemen ten times. Photo by Kristen Wrzesniewski
The wooing of Lady Grey (James Callas Ball) by Edward of York (Laurence Pears.) Photo by Kristen Wrzesniewski
Lord Talbot (Robert Deike) holds his dying son John (Joseph Garlock) on the fields of France. Photo by Kristen Wrzesniewski
Lord Protector Duke Humphrey (Robert Matney) battles unrest betwixt the peers. Photo by Kristen Wrzesniewski
King Henry (Ryan Crowder) and Queen Margaret (Brock England) inside the bloody parliament. Photo by Kristen Wrzesniewski
Richard Duke of York (Matt Radford) conspires with the Earl of Warwick (Rommel Sulit) on how to snatch the crown. Photo by Kristen Wrzesniewski
Follow Beth Burns on Twitter: www.twitter.com/thehiddenroom


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Sun., June 19, 2011 8:01pm
New Bike Law: Move Over
A new law going into effect July first gives Georgia bicyclists more protection. Lawmakers this year passed the Better Bicycling Bill. Savannah bike campaigner Drew Wade says, the law means motorists might have to move at least partly into another lane when passing cyclists on the road.
Full Story
Thu., August 6, 2009 6:40am
Bicycle Advocates Seek Stimulus Funds
Counties along the Georgia coast are asking the U.S. Transportation Departm
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text:
Apparently I should move to Austin to be with my own kind. I get along better with women than men, once it's understood I'm not chasing anything, so this site seems like a good place to find new friends.
I have an unusual opinion about religion, or what passes for it now days. I prefer science and hope quantum mechanics will eventually explain why positive thought works miracles and good triumphs over evil (for lack of better terms).
I am progressive, philosophical, and pragmatic


text: Family Guy Hints at Big Changes Future episodes suggest Brian's resurrection By Matt Cantor, Newser User Posted Dec 6, 2013 3:48 PM CST STORY COMMENTS (11) (Newser) – Spoiler ahead: The apparent death of a favorite Family Guy character may not have marked his end. Brian the dog is set to appear in future episodes, Entertainment Weekly reports, including one Dec. 15 in which "Stewie devises a master plan to get the one and only thing he wants for Christmas." Then there's an episode due next season in which Brian develops a crush on a character played by Maya Rudolph. But the details of Brian's likely return—which follows a fan petition begging for his life—remain hazy for now. This photo provided by Fox shows Lois Griffin, left, with hapless husband Peter, in a scene from "Family Guy." (AP Photo/Fox) ADVERTISEMENT(Click Prev or Next to continue viewing images.) « Prev« Prev | Next »Next » Slideshow Entertainment Weekly (Source Grid ») Entertainment television • spoilers • Seth MacFarlane • Family Guy • SPOILER ALERT CLICK BELOW TO VOTE 8% 6% 8% 28% 5% 45% RETURN TO THE STORY To report an error on this story, notify our editors.


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Good Tool
By JKen
from Washington, D.C., DC, United States
Comments about Bosch Tools Bosch 5" Variable-Speed Angle Grinder:
The best feature of this tool is the variable speed settings. I'm working indoors using 2 different diamond cup grinder attachments and a tuck pointing blade. Using other grinders at 10,000 or 12,000 rpm created a massive amount of dust in the air - fast!. Dial it down to it's slowest setting and this tool is a pleasure to use and easy to control. The dust collection attachment works well with the cup grinders but I can't find an appropriate size one for the tuck pointing blade. My biggest issue with the tool is that it gets very hot after about 15 minutes and takes a while to cool down. A minor criticism, the off switch is too easy to hit while working. It is superior to any other grinder I have used and I'd buy it again.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Got this tool for work ...
By Chris7446
from Chicago, IL, United States
Got this tool for work and stands up to all the jobs I put it through. From sanding to grinding hard steel to soft metals. Just wish the price was less.
Fill out the form below to request Better Price for this product.
Sign up for the latest information on new products, special offers, and savings opportunities at Abt and receive $25 off your next order of $250 or more.


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324 Views 2 Replies Latest reply: Apr 1, 2013 2:18 AM by Alancito
Chamar Mar 31, 2013 10:36 PM
Re: Software update? in response to nitapp
Apple Software Update.
Alancito Apr 1, 2013 2:18 AM
Re: Software update? in response to nitapp
Welcome to the Support Communities. You can often find answers by searching Apple's Knowledge Base here:
...For example, this article was found there:
Software update, upgrade--what's the difference?


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Moral Discernment in the Christian Life: Essays in Theological Ethics
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James M. Gustafson's many outstanding contributions have been recognized as some of the most significant developments in the study of Christian ethics. Among his classic works are Christ and the Moral Life, Can Ethics Be Christian? and his two-volume Ethics from a Theocentric Perspective.
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|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 261
Vendor: Westminster John Knox Press
Publication Date: 2007
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Series: Library of Theological Ethics
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James M. Gustafson has been a leading and formative figure in the field of Christian ethics over the past fifty years. His many contributions to theological ethics have helped to define and shape ethical thinking by Christians who reflect on great moral issues. Gustafson's work must be dealt with by all students in this discipline, and his perceptive insights have given clarity and guidance to the process of moral discernment. The essays collected here are ones that have had a significant impact on discussions and debates over recent decades.
The Library of Theological Ethics series focuses on what it means to think theologically and ethically. It presents a selection of important and otherwise unavailable texts in easily accessible form. Volumes in this series will enable sustained dialogue with predecessors though reflection on classic works in the field.
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Defensive End
Height: 6-foot-3
Weight: 255 pounds
Class Year: SO
Hometown: Port Reading, NJ
High School: Woodbridge
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Rutgers Roll Call series shifts over to the defensive end position with a look at the players who will be jockeying for a place on the two-deep when spring practice begins. [details]
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text:
Has anybody done a complete re-wiring of thier classics?
When I was installing my air horns, I found a whole slew of jumbled up wiring under the dash. Even found 2 switches that did nothing but is still up there tucked up. I will take a picture of that when I get back from my trip.
I really want to clean it up and sorta keep it simple.
Ive looked into using a kit by EZ wiring and Painless wiring but not sure what kit to use.
Any help or advice?


text:
Robert (Bob) W. Harris - Director of Computer Operation
JBHT-CAST room 313
Phone: (479) 575-7918
Fax: (479) 575-5218
Primary Email: Turn on JavaScript!
Secondary Email: Turn on JavaScript!
BS University of Arkansas Geology (1985)
BS University of Arkansas Computer Science (1987)
Bob Harris has 20 years of experience in System Administration and as a System Administration Team Leader. He has 20 years of experience in database administration with various enterprise level database software such as Informix and Oracle and desktop database development experience with Microsoft FoxPro and Microsoft Access. He has managed the CAST corporate and research databases which included Informix Software platforms and, for the last 10 years, Oracle Software. He managed several major research projects, with selected projects listed below.
AARMS II - Arkansas Automated Reporting and Mapping System II 2007 - 2008: Expands the information and functionality of the Arkansas Watershed Information System with Online web mapping, LIDAR data distribution and the 1 - 24,000 National Hydrological dataset.
AARMS I - Arkansas Automated Reporting and Mapping System I 2005 - 2007: The Arkansas Watershed Information System provides a comprehensive statewide electronic watershed atlas consisting of a series of practical maps and reports for the 308 watershed units across the state.
MesoStor - An Enterprise Geospatial Architecture and Development of Automated Analysis Methodologies for Central American Carbon Sequestration Analysis 2002 - 2004: CAST Assisted in the development of advanced decision support system for Mesoamerica named SERVIR, as part of the Mesoamerican Environmental Information System (SIAM). Harris was team leader in the develop and installation of a computational architecture that can ingest and process the satellite image data and other ancillary geospatial data sets. This architecture was based on the GeoStor/University of Arkansas Spatial Library and became known as MesoStor.
GeoStor/University of Arkansas Spatial Library (UASL) 1998 - 2005 GeoStor was/is an enterprise data management system and spatial data distribution system. Harris was the development team leader and database architecture design and implementation specialist.
Nation Archeological Database (NADB) 1991 - 2008: Harris developed and currently maintains the Nation Archeological Database. This database is an open access, web enabled, archeological management system, funded by the National Park Service.


text:
Who's Online:
oh no poor balian
go legolas lol
Author's Response: Yes. Poor Balian. I'm so nasty to him. However, I will give him the reprieve he wants.
I like, keep writing.
Author's Response: Rescue should occur soon. I can't keep hurting the poor man for that long.
It keeps on getting better and better. Please write more soon! I like it!
I like it! Write more.
I like it so far! Please write more!
Author's Response: Thank you. The next chapter should be up by next week. Keep a weather eye on the horizon.;)
Okay, so I'm not isolating your story, but seriously everyone needs to back off the Boromir hostility. Seriously. Have some deeper insight, and use your creative little brains people. He's not evil. He's not corrupt. He's trying to protect his country and do what his father asked of him. He is a product of his education. And actually, Aragorn is almost as affected by the ring as Boromir, so lay off that one too. *deep sigh*
sorry for that. *steps down off the soap box*
good story tho. was a little apprehensive when I started reading, but you're portraying them very well. keep it up.
Author's Response: I know Boromir is not supposed to be such a jerk but this is a rather AU story. After all, he is the only member of the fellowship that I can afford to portray as corrupted because the poor guy dies pretty early on in the story. Anyway, I'm just saying that he doesn't like Balian, not that he's totally evil. But thanks for reviewing and telling me what you think. I appreciate you taking the time to do that. ;)
I like it. Not bad, please write more.
Author's Response: Glad you enjoy it. Thanks for letting me know. Anyway, next chapter should be up soon.
really good, will legolas and balian become friends *please* good chapter keep it up
Author's Response: Yes, Legolas and Balian will become friends. I can't bear for them not to. Thanks for reviewing.
I really like the beginning. Your characterization of the Fellowship is clear and entertaining. I hope you put in some more paragraph breaks in the last chunk of the story, though.
Author's Response: I definitely will try to improve my formatting. I haven't gotten the hang of html yet. I'm glad you enjoyed it and thanks for reviewing.
Hey, that's pretty good for your first try. Nice job. Can't wait to hear more. ^-^ Just one nitpick- try adding paragraphs in the bottom part of the story. It makes it easier to read, and it looks nicer too.
Author's Response: Thanks for the compliment. I'm not very good with html formatting yet so I'll try to make the layout better for the next chapter.
love it
can't wait for balian to wake up
great idea update soon
Author's Response: Hey, I'm glad you like it. He'll wake up next chapter, which I should be putting up soon.


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Heat-Flo 316 Stainless Steel Hydronic Buffer Tank - 22.8 Gallons with 1-1/4 inch Connections - HF-22BT-1.25
Product ID • HF22BT125000
The primary application of a buffer tank is to reduce heat pump, chiller, or boiler short cycling. Hydronic buffer tanks are used in systems operating below the design load condition, which is most of the time, or in systems having several low BTU cooling or heating loads calling at different times. This can cause the heat pump or the boiler to short cycle, resulting in reduced operating efficiency and shorter equipment life.
The primary application for the HF-22 BT is to reduce low-mass modulating, condensing boiler short cycling. The supply side of the boiler is piped through your closely spaced tees and then to the top of the tank. The lower side port is then piped to the return port on the boiler.
Manuals & Docs
Technical Specs
Heat-Flo 316 Stainless Steel Hydronic Buffer Tank HF-22BT-1.25 Techs and Specs
- Capacity Gallons
- 22.8
- Max Working Pressure (psi feet)
- Connection Boiler NPT
- 1 1/4 Inches
- Diamter Size
- 22 1/2 Inch
- Height
- 27 Inches
- Manafactured
- Shipping Weight
- 35 pounds
Info & Links


text: Marketplace from APM Mon-Fri 6:30PM – 7PM Hosted by Kai Ryssdal American Public Media's Marketplace presents news on business, economics, and money for the rest of us. More info on Marketplace Viewmaster goes VR By Molly Wood • Nov 27, 2015 Molly Wood This Black Friday, everything old is new again. Remember the Mattel Viewmaster from your childhood? You'd put those round little picture reels in it, and click through to see 3-D images of animals and the pyramids in Egypt and all sorts of cool places and things. It debuted in 1939, at the World's Fair, and you could argue it was kind of a very early virtual reality viewer. Weekly Wrap: Black Friday as an economic indicator By Molly Wood • Nov 27, 2015 Molly Wood Joining us to talk about the week's business and economic news are Catherine Rampell from the Washington Post and Felix Salmon from Fusion. The big topic this week: what's the state of Black Friday in 2015, and should retailers be concerned? Plus, we look at Pfizer's latest attempt at a corporate inversion. Sunday nights aren't what they used to be By Beth Teitell • Nov 27, 2015 Beth Teitell Until now, Sunday had held its own in our shifting world. Never mind that Thursday has been declared the new Friday, and Cyber Monday is the new Black Friday, and Christmas starts in October, and TV shows premiere in summer and schools begin in August. Sunday night was Sunday night. Only the doctors and drug dealers were on call. But now we're all on duty all the time, and that includes Sunday night—which has turned into the new Monday morning. Diabetes prevention becomes lucrative growth industry By D Gorenstein • Nov 27, 2015 D Gorenstein The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report 86 million American adults have prediabetes, and of those, as many as a third will become diabetics within five years. Beginning January 1, 2015, virtually all private insurers must cover services — with no copay — that help people with elevated blood sugar levels change their diets and increase their physical activity. Health officials hope the change in coverage will drive down diabetes rates. New law updates guidelines for space industry By Molly Wood and Kim Adams • Nov 27, 2015 Molly Wood and Kim Adams Before heading off for Europe this week for climate change talks, President Obama signed a several bills into law. Marketplace for Friday, November 27, 2015 By Marketplace • Nov 27, 2015 Marketplace The month or so between Thanksgiving and New Year's Day is huge for charities. But when you make a year-end donations, you could be contributing personal information to marketers too. Plus, new guidelines for the commercial space industry and LAX's new terminal for the rich and famous. Data sharing generates revenue for some charities By Annie Baxter • Nov 27, 2015 Annie Baxter Americans making their year-end contributions to charities might be surprised to learn their information might be shared, especially if they're small-time contributors. "It's going to cost a lot of money to kind of move you through the funnel to be a more high-end, committed donor," said Sandra Miniutti with the watchdog group Charity Navigator. "So a quick way for them to generate some additional revenue off of you is to sell your personal information." LAX is building a terminal for the rich and famous By Noel King • Nov 27, 2015 Noel King The Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) will soon have a new terminal, but it's not for regular folks. It's for celebrities, diplomats and wealthy travelers who are willing to spend bucks for their own lounge, security lines and the ability to avoid the rest of the flying public. We thought travelers might find this unfair, but a quick trip out to LAX proved us wrong. Most people said they were fine with it, as long as it wasn't being built with their tax dollars. Millennials don't take a gamble By Noel King • Nov 27, 2015 Noel King On today's show, retailers attempt to keep up with our online ordering habits; why millennials don't like to gamble; and we have a profile of a Congolese surgeon who had to wait six years to receive asylum in the U.S. Fear Fast Fashion By Sabri Ben-Achour and Tim Fernholz • Nov 27, 2015 Sabri Ben-Achour and Tim Fernholz This week, Actuality slips into some fast fashion and learns how it pushes your brain's buttons to make you buy. But the trick means hiding the true cost of the clothes — including some surprisingly bad news for the environment. Plus, bitter cats. Pages1 2 3 4 … next › last »


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Dec 23
Join us and be merry and bright at this Night-Before-Christmas Eve Holiday Sing-A-Long! With co-host Dan Miraldi. Featuring members of The Hearts, Dave Hammer's Power Supply, Rob Duskey and the Rounders, Lions from Ohio, Matt Hectorne & The Family Tree, Tinamou & more! The Tavern will be decked for the holidays. Wear your favorite UGLY HOLIDAY SWEATER to enter the sweater contest, sip a delicious holiday beverage in the company of good friends and enjoy the festivities at this yuletide event! *Look for a possible special guest appearance by the man in Red! Doors are 7pm, Show is at 8pm Tickets are $7 OR $5 with a donation of new or gently used outwear to be donated to The City Mission to help the homeless and those in need this winter season. *PLUS! Outerwear donation enters you into a raffle to win FREE tickets at the Beachland.
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Label: unsigned, synergyistheidea.com
Bio: Tinamou, a band founded upon friendship, passion, and a love for music, formed in 2007 when childhood friends Morgan Mecaskey (guitar, vocals) and Cameron Schenk (violin) began performing original music at local coffee shops in Cleveland, Ohio. The two had grown up together studying piano and vio...See Full Bio
""The Bird Runs" grows with repeated listens, as underneath the skin are songs who are illusively winding and turning down unexpected paths. Altogether, this is an impressive debut which shows great promise for four musicians, individually and collectively."


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Good NeWs of the Month:
JCFA-East is pleased to have hosted Congressman Scalise during National School Choice Week.
JCFA's greatest assets are our students. Watch what they have to say about JCFA:
Jefferson Chamber Foundation Academy is excited about the 2015/16 school. Students interested in applying should visit JCFA, Monday -Friday, 9:00 AM-2:30 PM to pick up an application packet and tour the campus.
JCFA's West Bank campus is located on Delgado's Technical Division Campus, at 475 Manhattan Blvd., in Harvey and the East Bank campus is located on the 4th floor of UNO's Jefferson Center at 3330 N. Causeway Blvd. Both campuses are focused on providing youth in Jefferson Parish with an innovative way to earn a traditional high school diploma. Jefferson Chamber Foundation Academy provides students with a self-paced, computer based curriculum, in a warm, friendly environment. Students are provided with the opportunity to work at their own pace on Carnegie credit courses to earn their diploma while having access to dual enrollment career skills courses.
JCFA's West Bank campus is limited to Jefferson Parish residents, while JCFA's East Bank campus is open to all Louisiana residents. Students meeting the admissions requirements are encouraged to apply.
In accordance with Act No. 693 enacted La. R.S. 24:523.1
Report Fraud Now!
Protecting Student Privacy
Click Here: http://www.louisianabelieves.com/resources/library/data-center/protecting-student-privacy


text:
1998 Chevrolet Blazer • 6 cylinder 2WD Automatic • 95,003 miles
1998 Chevy S-10 Blazer mileage: 95,000. My 1993 Blazer began running rough and sometimes stalls. It appears there is a lot of fuel being used as I can see it coming out the tailpipe and the smell of fuel is also present. My fuel consumption is way up as well. I was able to check the engine codes and received a 12, 32, 33, 45. Would replacing the EGR Valve correct most of this problem?
November 9, 2010.
November 9, 2010.
You may want to check the fuel pressure; the regulator may be hanging up. Also, check the injector spray as the injectors may be worn and spraying too much fuel. Replacing the EGR valve will not correct the problems you describe even though it may be faulty and need replacing.
Nov 9, 2010.
Nov 9, 2010.
I have a 1997 Dodge Ram van that intermittently stalls. It is fine when I start out in the morning. It is only after I have been driving, park, then drive again during the course of ...
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When the car comes to a stop and then the gas peddle is depressed to continue but an immediate stop is necessary, the car, in most cases stalls. During this process, the gas peddle is ...
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