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Crazy 8s Tour!
It's a slightly nutty notion, so I thought, "What the hell."
Promoter George Wright has created the "Crazy 8 Author Tour," featuring eight award-winning Oregon authors who will each speak for eight minutes at eight venues around the state.
First up: 7 p.m. Thursday, Sept. 24, in Loucks Auditorium at the Salem Public Library, 585 Liberty St. SE. I'll be there with authors Ruth Tenzer Feldman, Lindsay Hill, Susan Hill Long, Ismet (Izzy) Prcic, Jody Seay, Alexis Smith and Christina Struyk-Bonn.
The idea: Each one of us introduces the next, then talks for, you guessed it, eight minutes regarding why we write. Books for all the authors will be on sale courtesy of The Book Bin, a really cool indie bookstore in Salem.
I've spoken at both the Salem Public Library and at the Book Bin in the past. Two great venues with great audiences.
This is going to be a blast!
A Picture Tells a Thousand Words — But Which Words?
What can a mystery writer learn from these photos?
Both were shot side-by-side and simultaneously. The color photo is by David Maung, Bloomberg News (front page of Wall Street Journal, Feb. 28). The B&W is by Pavel Golovkin, Associated Press (New York Times, page A9, Feb. 28).
Both show a crime scene: the murder of Russian activist Boris Nemtsov. Both are great photos.
The difference is in the cropping.
At the WSJ, the page designer went wide, taking in more of the street scene: the police, the media, the onlookers to the right; the grandeur of the onion-domed St. Basil's Cathedral resplendent to the left. And the body of Boris Nemtsov front and center, well-lit but not spotlighted, the investigators and criminalists looking calm and maybe a little bored as they go about their routine.
The NYT page designer tightened up the shot. Nemtsov's body is much more prominent; almost the first thing we see. The photo is about him, not about the scene. St. Basil's looms behind him, along with a perfectly bland car park. The juxtaposition of pomp and prosaic are superimposed over the horror of death; a nice metaphor for modern Russia.
It's the same set of decisions mystery writers use in setting a scene. What elements are essential? How much detail is too much? Is this a crime or a crime scene?
As a page designer, I would have opted for the NYT crop: tight and horizontal (same decision I would use as a reporter). As a novelist, I like the WSJ's crop; the essential Moscow-ness of it. It looks like a scene shot by William Friedkin or Michael Mann.
(Please note, I do not take lightly the death of a political activist in Moscow, and I apologize for anyone who interprets this as cold-hearted. I react as a human being differently than I do as a scene-setter; distancing myself from the horror.)
When crafting a scene: What do you put in, and what do you take out? Some days, that's about 90 percent of what we do.
Great Writing Tips from Pixar
Have you seen these 22 writing rules, apparently culled from the terrific Pixar animation studio?
As I understand it, these rules originally were tweeted by Emma Coats, a freelance director and Pixar's story artist. I have not met Ms. Coats and hereby congratulate her on an elegant list. Proof positive that those who can, teach.
Not only do I believe in most of these to be valid, I've taught variations of them in my writing classes. So don't think of these as "animation-centric." They're not. In fact, last month I ran a list of 10 writing rules by famed Hollywood director Billy Wilder. If you go back and cross-check them, you'll see a lot of similarities.
Check these out and let me know which ones you think are gems. I've added notes in parentheses.
- You admire a character for trying more than for their successes.
- You gotta keep in mind what's interesting to you as an audience, not what's fun to do as a writer. They can be very different. (I'm not good at this, but I see the wisdom in it. Dana)
- Trying for theme is important, but you won't see what the story is actually about until you're at the end of it. Now rewrite. (I understand her point. But I knew the theme of the NTSB thrillers and Daria Gibron thrillers from jump. Just sayin.' D)
- Once upon a time there was _____. Every day, _____. One day _____. Because of that, _____. Because of that, _____. Finally, _____. (love this! D)
- Simplify. Focus. Combine characters. Hop over detours. You'll feel like you're losing valuable stuff but it sets you free.
- What is your character good at, comfortable with? Throw the polar opposite at them. Challenge them. How do they deal?
- Come up with your ending before you figure out your middle. Seriously. Endings are hard, get yours working up front. (I'm not good at this. D)
- Finish your story, let go even if it's not perfect. In an ideal world you have both, but move on. Do better next time.
- When you're stuck, make a list of what WOULDN'T happen next. Lots of times the material to get you unstuck will show up.
- Pull apart the stories you like. What you like in them is a part of you; you've got to recognize it before you can use it. (This is in my writing workshop. D)
- Putting it on paper lets you start fixing it. If it stays in your head, a perfect idea, you'll never share it with anyone. (As is this. D)
- Discount the first thing that comes to mind. And the second, third, fourth, fifth … get the obvious out of the way. Surprise yourself.
- Give your characters opinions. Passive and malleable might seem likeable to you as you write, but they are poison to the audience.
- Why must you tell THIS story? What's the belief burning within you that feeds your story? That's the heart of it.
- If you were your character, in this situation, how would you feel? Honesty lends credibility to unbelievable situations.
- What are the stakes? Give us reason to root for the characters. What happens if they don't succeed? Stack the odds against them.
- No work is every wasted. If it's not working, let go and move on. It'll come back around to be useful later. (yes! D)
- You have to know yourself: the difference between doing your best and fussing. Story is testing, not refining.
- Coincidences to get characters into trouble are great; coincidences to get them out of trouble are cheating. (I teach this but never in such an elegant, simple structure. Lovely. D)
- Exercise: take the building blocks of a movie you dislike. How do you rearrange them into what you DO like? (Remove "movie" and insert "novel" – it still works. D)
- You gotta identify with your situation and characters; you can't just write "cool." What would make YOU act that way?
- What's the essence of your story? Most economical telling of it? If you know that, you can build out from there.


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Raw papers are an all-natural, hemp rolling paper that is extremely popular with the roll your own community for a variety of reasons. Raws are unlike anything that you have ever smoked. The papers are a natural light-brown color because they contain a hybrid blend of unbleached hemp fibers. These chlorine-free papers are semi-translucent; they are so thin you can see through each leaf. Each paper has a watermark with Raw's patented CrissCross watermark that helps to prevent runs and maintains an even-burning cigarette. These rolling papers are some of the best in the industry and have developed quite a following. Raw is dedicated to giving back and has created the Raw Foundation to help those in need. We always stock these amazing papers; try them today and find out why they are so popular!
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subset: commoncrawl


text: The first time I entered the place one of the cats ranway and I got scolded by the old lady at the reception. The place was full with cats and quite smelly. The room was not very clean, not spacious and bad toilet design. Stayed for one night and spent my night at Teluk Cempedak for the next day.


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Source: Phillies sign Contreras
Updated: January 24, 2010, 11:53 AM ETESPN.com news services
Jose Contreras has signed a one-year contract with the Philadelphia Phillies, a source confirmed for ESPNDeportes.com's Enrique Rojas.
The Chicago Cubs expressed interest in Contreras and the pitcher was expected to sign with either the Cubs or the St. Louis Cardinals before striking a deal with Philadelphia.
Contreras was 5-13 with a 5.42 ERA last year for the Chicago White Sox before getting traded to the Colorado Rockies in late August. Contreras, 38, was 1-0 with a 1.59 ...
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Forteith Foodservice (3663 Alba Ltd) is a Regional Wholesaler and a subsidiary of BFS Group. Now offering an unparalleled range of Frozen, Butchery, Chilled and Ambient foodstuffs and a comprehensive range of Wines, Beers, Spirits and Tobacco. Forteith's also supply both the catering and retail trade with catering equipment.
Originally established in 1955, by the late Jack Forteith, the firm has to this day continued to expand both its distribution area and its portfolio of products and services.
Aided by efficient and friendly telesales and delivery personnel, and the latest technology, the firm is accustomed to dealing in a highly seasonal environment and challenging road infrastructure and is ideally placed to meet the requirements of the most discerning of professional caterers or retailers.


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Food & Climate: Connecting the Dots, Choosing the Way Forward
Food & Climate: Connecting the Dots, Choosing the Way Forward, outlines the climate requirements for successful food production, and examines two competing food production methods – industrial and organic – to reveal how they contribute to climate change, how resilient they are in the face of escalating climate shocks, and how organic and related agricultural systems can actually contribute to solving the climate crisis. In this report, Center for Food Safety examines how industrial agriculture – the dominant method of food production in the U.S. – externalizes many social and environmental costs while relying heavily on fossil fuels. Organic farming, by comparison, requires half as much energy, contributes far fewer greenhouse gasses, and, perhaps most surprisingly, is more resilient in the face of climate disruption. Food & Climate: Connecting the Dots, Choosing the Way Forward also recommends that government agricultural policies and regulations be designed to reduce our reliance
FOOD & CLIMATE CONNECTING THE DOTS, CHOOSING THE WAY FORWARD MAR C H 2 014 ABOUT CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY (CFS) is a non-profit public interest and environmental advocacy membership organization established in 1997 for the purpose of challenging harmful food production technologies and promoting sustainable alternatives. CFS combines multiple tools and strategies in pursuing its goals, including litigation and legal petitions for rulemaking, legal support for various sustainable agriculture and food safety constituencies, as well as public education, grassroots organizing and media outreach. ABOUT CFS'S COOL FOODS CAMPAIGN Addressing climate problems with food solutions, CFS's Cool Foods Campaign is harnessing the energy of the Food Movement to build a new constituency for climate action. Grounded in a set of climate-friendly principles, the Cool Foods Campaign empowers the public to engage in a positive, proactive way with an issue that can be overwhelming. Active on social media, Cool Foods meets and motivates consumers where they congregate to consider the climate impacts of everyday food choices. In the process, the Campaign brings parents and young people to the table at the nexus of food and climate. Cool Foods also works to promote organic practices that build soil health while creating vital reservoirs to store excess carbon. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Written by: DIANA DONLON Contributing Writer and Researcher: PATRICK RIGGS Editing: CAMERON HARSH, AURORA PAULSEN, ABIGAIL SEILER, HEATHER WHITEHEAD Legal Advisor: GEORGE KIMBRELL Organic Policy Advisor: LISA J. BUNIN, Ph.D. Science Consultant: MARTHA CROUCH, Ph.D. Infographics: PATRICK RIGGS with additional thanks for the use of his photos on the cover and on page 4. Design: DANIELA SKLAN | HUMMINGBIRD DESIGN STUDIO C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LIMATE TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 PART I: CONNECTING THE DOTS 4 Climate Change: Exceeding Limits 4 Requirements for Food Production 5 Climate Change Manifestations 5 Extreme Weather Shifting Weather Patterns Deluge and Drought Rising Temperatures Vulnerability and Complacency PART II: CHOOSING THE WAY FORWARD 11 The Industrial Food System 11 Undermining Ecosystems and Climate Resiliency Factory Farms and Nitrogen Fertilizers Biotechnology and Pesticides Addressing Population Growth 14 Food Waste 15 Organic and Agroecological Systems 17 Ecosystem Health and Climate Resiliency The Soil Health Solution CONCLUSION 20 WHAT YOU CAN DO THREE TIMES A DAY 21 REFERENCES 23 CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CL IMATE | 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Irreversible damage to agriculture—and hence food production—could create widespread scarcity, economic disruption, and social unrest, with grave consequences for global food security. LIMATE CHANGE THREATENS the inherent relationship between food and climate and "has the potential to damage irreversibly the natural resource base on which agriculture depends."1 Irreversible damage to agriculture— and hence food production—could create widespread scarcity, economic disruption, and social unrest, with grave consequences for global food security.*2 C This report strives to communicate the urgency to address climate change by reviewing basic parameters and thresholds necessary for food production. It lays out a range of climate change impacts such as drought and temperature increases and examines their actual and potential impacts on various crops. It then examines two competing systems of food production—industrial and organic—each with varying degrees of impact * Food security is defined as "a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life." Note that the ability to grow and produce food is assumed. 2 | C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LIMATE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY on climate change as well as varying capacity for resilience in the face of escalating climaterelated shocks. Working in concert The public needs to recognize that the industrial food system externalizes many of its social and environmental costs and relies heavily on fossil fuel inputs for food production.This dominant system emits greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the processing, packaging, transport, refrigeration, and retail stages while also contributing to deforestation, landuse changes, water contamination, and waste. While standard estimates attribute 15 percent of GHGs to agriculture, taken in the aggregate, the global food system is, in fact, "responsible for around half of all global GHGs."3 organic and agroeco- Meanwhile, not only does organic agriculture use 30-50 percent less energy than comparable industrial systems,4 the benefits of an organic food system extend well beyond issues related to food production. Working in concert with powerful natural systems, regenerative, organic and agroecological agriculture has tremendous, untapped potential to strengthen food security while adapting to climate uncertainties and mitigating agriculture's disturbances to the earth's climate system. earth's climate system. with powerful natural systems, regenerative, logical agriculture has tremendous, untapped potential to strengthen food security while adapting to climate uncertainties and mitigating agriculture's disturbances to the While our current climate trajectory is daunting, a future defined by food insecurity and climate chaos is not inevitable. We can still alter our course by, among other things, focusing on rebuilding soil organic matter which presents a large-scale, lowcost opportunity to take carbon out of the atmosphere. For too long, climate change has been an abstract concept. It is time to make the climate story concrete, and ensuring global food security is both an opportunity and a mandate to act on behalf of climate stability. Acting on climate change requires that government policymakers, farmers, businesses, researchers, and the public understand the inherent connections between differing food production systems and the exacerbation or mitigation of climate instability. It also necessitates that we transition away from our toxic, chemical-dependent industrial food system, and that we create the political will to bring to scale practices that enhance natural systems.The choices society makes now will create the conditions for future agricultural resiliency (or not) and food security for successive generations. CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CL IMATE | 3 PART ONE: CONNECTING THE DOTS Whether or not we choose to acknowledge it, the economies that we create are embedded in the natural economy. CLIMATE CHANGE: EXCEEDING LIMITS industrial economies have disregarded the earth's biological limits and operated under the assumption that the basis for wealth lies outside of nature's life-supporting structures. Yet, "whether or not we choose to acknowledge it, the economies that we create are embedded in the natural economy."5 As Wes Jackson, founder of The Land Institute, explains, "The only true economies are nature's ecosystems."6 Our collective disregard for the environment as a finite, interconnected system with non-negotiable limits has allowed us to disrupt the very balance of the climate cycle that governs our planet. This phenomenon, referred to interchangeably as global warming, climate change, and increasingly as the climate crisis, is caused by the buildup of heat-trapping gases in the earth's atmosphere. These "greenhouse gases," which include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), result from a variety of human or anthropogenic activities, including agriculture. F 4 | OR DECADES C ENTER FOR FOO D SAF ETY FO OD & C L I MATE PA R T O N E : CO N N E C T I N G T H E D OT S In 2013, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 surpassed 400 parts per million (ppm), a level not seen in 2 to 3 million years.7 This grim milestone exceeds by 50 ppm the 350 ppm level that scientists have identified as the safe upper limit of CO2 in the earth's atmosphere.8 In practical terms, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are causing global temperatures to rise. The evidence is unequivocal: 97 percent of the world's climate scientists agree that climate change is very likely driven by anthropogenic causes.9 As more heat is trapped in the atmosphere, the energy from that heat powers extreme weather in all directions—more extreme heat and more extreme cold; prolonged droughts and more intense rain; and more forceful storms, all of which contribute to climate instability. As more heat is trapped in the atmosphere, the energy from that heat powers extreme weather in all directions—more extreme heat and more extreme cold; prolonged droughts and more intense rain; and more forceful storms, all of which REQUIREMENTS FOR FOOD PRODUCTION contribute to Growing food depends on a stable climate, and for the past 10,000 years humans have relied upon relative climate stability for successful food production. Crops have specific climatic and environmental requirements that may include temperature, chill hours, rainfall, humidity, and soil types. These parameters dictate the range in which a specific crop has the potential to grow. For example, maple trees require oscillating temperatures, including freezing nights to produce the sap that is harvested as maple syrup. A necessity for some crops, cold is a limiting factor for others like citrus and avocados, which favor warmer climates.While wheat grows best in a dry, mild climate, cocoa beans, used to make chocolate, thrive in tropical areas. As climate change shifts these climatic ranges, both gradually and suddenly, over time, farmers will be challenged to maintain the level and quality of food production necessary to feed a burgeoning global population. climate instability. CLIMATE CHANGE MANIFESTATIONS Humans have altered the earth's ecosystems, including the planet's chemistry, to such an extent that many believe we've entered a new geological epoch. Called the Anthropocene (anthropo for human, cene for era), this new era reflects a planet (and its climate) transformed by humanity.10 Nowhere is this profound change more evident than in extreme weather events.These weather extremes often exceed the natural limits crops are able to tolerate and still produce food, jeopardizing livelihoods, food production, and ultimately global food security. Lester Brown, who has forecast global trends for decades, warns that we must be mindful of global food reserves, particularly grains: Ever since agriculture began, carryover stocks of grain have been the most basic indicator of food security. The goal of farmers everywhere is to produce enough grain not just to make it to the next harvest but to do so with CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CL IMATE | 5 PA R T O N E : CO N N E C T I N G T H E D OT S a comfortable margin…The world is now living from one year to the next, hoping always to produce enough to cover the growth in demand.11 While scientists are reluctant to link climate change to specific extreme weather events, climate change is indeed shifting the conditions, most notably temperature and moisture, under Further warnings are forthcoming: According to the 5th Assessment Report (known as "AR5"), the United Nation's International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expects climate change to cause global food production to fall by two percent per decade for the rest of the century.12 which storms are created, and in many cases this increases the frequency and intensity of climate phenomena. Extreme Weather Drought, floods, tropical cyclones, hurricanes, heat waves, and unseasonable frosts are some examples of extreme weather, driven by climate change, that damage or destroy food production. The 2013 U.S. National Climate Assessment warns that "the rising incidence of weather extremes will have increasingly negative impacts on crop and livestock productivity because critical thresholds are already being exceeded."13 Topography, regional weather systems, proximity to large bodies of water, and local land-use changes are among the factors that influence a region's response to climate disruption.14 While scientists are reluctant to link climate change to specific extreme weather events, climate change is indeed shifting the conditions, most notably temperature and moisture, under which storms are created, and in many cases this increases the frequency and intensity of climate phenomena.15 Droughts and heat waves in 2012 in the U.S. alone affected approximately 80 percent of agricultural land,16 creating an estimated $30 billion in damages.17 The last few years have brought, among other billion-dollar climate-related disasters: historic flash flooding in Colorado (September 2013), Hurricane Sandy in the Northeast (October 2012), unprecedented wildfires in the West (June 2012, May 2011), and widespread flooding along the Mississippi River (May 2011). Most recently, California, which produces nearly half of the nation's fruits and vegetables, is experiencing the worst drought in its 153 history. (2013-2014) Shifting Weather Patterns Meanwhile, climate change is causing earlier springs and warmer winters, facilitating the proliferation and higher survival rates of pathogens and parasites. Warming temperatures are also leading to a northern migration of invasive species and will likely increase the incidence and severity of diseases on crops and domestic animals. Shifting variations in warming and rainfall will also affect the spatial and temporal distribution of agricultural diseases, exposing crops to new pathogens.18 6 | C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LIMATE PA R T O N E : CO N N E C T I N G T H E D OT S FIGURE 1: CURRENT & PROJECTED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FOOD PRODUCTION In 2013, 20,000 cattle froze to death in an unseasonable October blizzard. In 2013-2014, California experiences its worst drought in recorded history. The 2012 drought caused $35 billion in agricultural losses.1 In 2011, Vermont farmers were forced to destroy $2 million worth of vegetables contaminated by Hurricane Irene floodwaters.6 In 2008, the Mississippi river flooded before harvest, causing $8 billion in damage.4 The 2014 New England shrimp season was cancelled due to low shrimp populations from warming waters and overfishing. 50% of California's grape-growing areas could become too hot by 2039.2 Heavy rains destroyed 20% of the 2013 pecan harvest.7 In Texas, the 2011 drought caused $7.62 billion in agricultural losses.5 Alaska's red king crab fishery could collapse within decades due to ocean acidity caused by carbon pollution.3 ACTUAL PROJECTED Deluge and Drought The planet's delicate water cycle is highly dependent on relative temperature stability. Under increased temperatures, the rate of evaporation and evapotranspiration*19 of water is accelerated, removing valuable moisture from surface waters and plants and allocating the water elsewhere through rainfall. Under projected climate change scenarios, rainfall is expected to increase in areas with already high annual precipitation, while arid areas are expected to receive even less rainfall.20 In many regions, precipitation events will become more intense by early 21st century,21 while periods of prolonged, acute drought are expected to increase by late 21st century.22 The implications of water scarcity for agriculture (crops and livestock) are immediate, and can result in price hikes and food shortages. * "Evapotranspiration" is the process of transferring moisture from the earth to the atmosphere by evaporation of water and transpiration from plants. CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CL IMATE | 7 PA R T O N E : CO N N E C T I N G T H E D OT S The implications of water scarcity for agriculture (crops and livestock) are immediate, and can result in price hikes and food shortages. Rising Temperatures According to the IPCC's AR5, "1982-2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1,400 years,"23 and global average temperatures will continue to increase through 2100.24 In addition to overall average temperature increase, heat waves are very likely to increase in both frequency and duration.25 Pollinators, including bees and butterflies, are sensitive to temperature extremes. Insect pollinators pollinate one-third of the total food produced in the United States.26 Preliminary research suggests that increased temperatures can alter pollinator activity levels at important times of the growing season.27 It is very likely that globally the number of cold days and nights has decreased and the number of warm days and nights has increased.28 Crops exposed to high nighttime temperatures are vulnerable to greatly reduced yields, reduced quality, and an increased risk of total crop failure. Those effects have already been observed across the American Corn Belt when "corn yields were affected by high nighttime temperatures in 2010 and 2012."29 Increased nighttime temperatures may have even more significant impacts on crops requiring a certain number of chill hours (i.e., temperatures below 45° Fahrenheit or 7° Celsius). Many nuts and fruits, including stone fruits like peaches and plums, require anywhere from 200 to 1200 winter chill hours for proper setting of fruit.30 In areas like the Central Valley of California, the most important 8 | C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LIMATE PA R T O N E : CO N N E C T I N G T H E D OT S fruit and nut producing region of the U.S., climate models predict that up to two-thirds of chill hours will be lost by 2100.31 Pollinators, including bees and butterflies, are sensitive to While earlier climate studies suggested that climate change brings potential net benefits for food production due to increased amounts of carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures, scientists now challenge those assumptions. The IPCC AR5 report, for example, cites a large body of new research that demonstrates how sensitive plants are to heat waves.32 temperature extremes. Insect pollinators pollinate one-third of the total food produced in the United States. Preliminary research suggests that All plants, and subsequently human life, depend on the process of photosynthesis. Humans and other animals cannot use sunlight directly as a source of energy, and obtain energy by eating plants or by eating other animals that have eaten plants. Creating energy from carbon dioxide and sunlight, photosynthesis is optimal between 68° and 95° Fahrenheit (20–35° C).33 Past the 95-degree threshold, plants lose some of their ability to photosynthesize and at 104° F, (40° C) photosynthesis may cease entirely.34 "At such elevated temperatures, plants go into thermal shock."35 Not only do we depend on plant photosynthesis for food, but photosynthesis is one of the planet's primary mechanisms for removing CO2 from the atmosphere. increased temperatures can alter pollinator activity levels at important times of the growing season. Vulnerability and Complacency Crops and livestock provide 90 percent of the world's total caloric intake, with world fisheries (including marine, inland, and aquaculture) providing the remaining 10 percent.36 While there are more than 50,000 edible plant species in the world, only a few hundred contribute significantly to current food supplies. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), just fifteen crop plants provide most of the world's food energy intake, with rice, corn (or maize), and wheat making up two-thirds of this total.37 Feeding almost half of humanity and supplying more than 20 percent of human calories, rice is arguably the world's most important staple food. Grown predominantly by smallholder farmers, the majority of rice farms are smaller than two hectares. To buffer against the effects of climate change, farmers in more than fifty countries, including the Philippines, are turning to a system of rice intensification (SRI). This crop management approach can reduce water requirements, increase yields, and reduce agrochemical inputs.38 Nevertheless, despite mitigation efforts, millions of farmers who depend on subsistence agriculture remain defenseless in the face of extreme weather. "Super Typhoon" CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CL IMATE | 9 PA R T O N E : CO N N E C T I N G T H E D OT S Feeding almost half of humanity and supplying more than 20 percent of human calories, rice is arguably the world's most important staple food. Grown predominantly by smallholder farmers, the majority of rice farms are smaller than two hectares. Haiyan/Yolanda that devastated the Philippines in November 2013 provides a sobering example of smallholder vulnerability. The Category-5 typhoon killed over 6,000 people, displaced 4.1 million, and damaged more than 63,200 hectares (156,170 acres) of rice crops. Recognizing that hunger would be widespread in future months if the December/January planting seasons were missed, the FAO and partners quickly mobilized to provide rice seeds for an estimated 35,000 farmers.39 While millions of people struggle with subsistence, millions of others are divorced from the origins of food they eat every day and may give little to no consideration to the fact that climate change has the potential to disrupt their food supplies. Centralized production, processing, and distribution channels have packaged convenience, but have separated people from food production, resulting in a loss of place-based knowledge and complacency toward food security. 10 | C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LIMATE PART TWO: CHOOSING THE WAY FORWARD The industrial food system externalizes much of its true costs by passing them on to society and the environment. These costs stem from the system's reliance on temporary chemical DR. VANDANA SHIVA has noted, "the beauty of being human is we can choose our paths."40 The choices we make going forward will be critical and ultimately could mean the difference between food security and food insecurity. A S "fixes," and include adverse public health impacts, contamination of ground and surface water, soil degradation THE INDUSTRIAL FOOD SYSTEM and erosion, and Undermining Ecosystems and Climate Resiliency biodiversity loss. The industrial food system externalizes much of its true costs by passing them on to society and the environment.These costs stem from the system's reliance on chemicals and include adverse public health impacts, contamination of ground and surface water, soil degradation and erosion, and biodiversity loss. In a 2008 letter to then President-Elect Obama, author Michael Pollan highlighted the inefficiency of the 20th century's industrialization of agriculture and how it has: CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CLIMATE | 11 PA R T T W O : C H O O S I N G T H E WAY F O R WA R D increased the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by the food system by an order of magnitude; chemical fertilizers (made from natural gas), pesticides (made from petroleum), farm machinery, modern food processing and packaging and transportation have together transformed a system that in 1940 produced 2.3 calories of food energy for every calorie of fossil-fuel energy it used into one that now takes 10 calories of fossil-fuel energy to produce a single calorie of modern supermarket food.41 The expansion of industrial monoculture plantations for commodity food crops like soy, sugarcane, and palm oil is driving deforestation as well as the destruction of savannas and wet- As climate activist Bill McKibben has observed, "The entire industrial food system essentially ensures that your food is marinated in crude oil before you eat it."42 lands. Taken together, deforestation and landuse changes account for 15 to 18 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture's overall greenhouse gas emissions are generally recognized to comprise 11 to 15 percent of global emissions. But this figure is comprised primarily of emissions from fertilizers and pesticides, and does not account for the many off-farm sources of greenhouse gases generated by the food system as a whole. To get a more accurate picture, the organization GRAIN has done a full assessment that includes off-farm contributors, finding that: ● The expansion of industrial monoculture plantations for commodity food crops like soy, sugarcane, and palm oil is driving deforestation as well as the destruction of savannas and wetlands. Taken together, deforestation and land-use changes account for 15 to 18 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. ● Processing, packaging, transportation, refrigeration, and retail energy use contribute an additional 15 to 20 percent of global emissions. ● Vast amounts of food waste produce another 2 to 4 percent, much of it in the form of methane gas oozing from landfills. GRAIN concludes that, in the aggregate, the industrial food system is responsible for "between a low of 44 percent and a high of 57 percent" of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.43 Ironically, these unbridled emissions contribute to conditions that directly undermine society's ability to meet future food security needs. Factory Farms and Nitrogen Fertilizers Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs, or factory farms) and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers stand out for their especially egregious contributions to climate change. In recent years industrial livestock production has expanded at twice the rate of traditional mixed farming systems and at six times the rate of grazing systems.44 Worldwide, billions of animals—including poultry, hogs, and cattle—are raised on factory farms.45 Whereas manure from grazing livestock can enhance soil fertility, manure from CAFOs is stored in "lagoons" where it releases methane (CH4), a GHG 21 times more potent than CO2, into the atmosphere. Additionally, while all ruminant 12 | C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LIMATE PA R T T W O : C H O O S I N G T H E WAY F O R WA R D GRAIN concludes that, FIGURE 2: CONTRIBUTION OF THE GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM TO TOTAL GHG EMISSIONS in the aggregate, the industrial food system is responsible for Other – Non-food related emissions: 43-56% "between a low of Land use change and deforestation: 15-18% 44 percent and a high of 57 percent" of Agricultural production: 11-15% anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Ironically, these unbridled emissions contribute to conditions that directly Waste: 2-4% undermine society's ability to meet future Processing, transport, packaging, and retail: 15-20% food security needs. Source: GRAIN animals generate methane through digestion, EPA studies show that corn and soybeanfed livestock raised in CAFOs produce more methane than grazing livestock.46 Currently 35 percent of global cereal production (including corn and soy) is used for animal feed.47 This is grown using synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, over half of which is lost through groundwater leaching or released as nitrous oxide (N2O) into the atmosphere.48 This is significant because N2O is a greenhouse gas 310 times more potent than CO2, and in the U.S. 69 percent of it comes from agriculture.49 Biotechnology and Pesticides Meanwhile, a pillar of the industrial system, the pesticide and biotechnology industry alleges that new advancements in agricultural technology, including genetic engineering, are the solution to both global food security and resiliency. New genetically engineered (GE) crops like drought-tolerant corn50 and others under development, such as salt-tolerant rice,51 "biofortified" sorghum,52 and bacteria-resistant bananas,53 are being hailed as the innovations necessary to achieve food security. And, while highly sophisticated marketers tout the supposed benefits of future GE products, they omit the true costs already associated with the available GE crops. CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CL IMATE | 13 PA R T T W O : C H O O S I N G T H E WAY F O R WA R D Biotechnology firms have developed a handful of GE commodity crops that produce pesticides and/or withstand direct application of herbicides. These two traits account for virtually 100 percent of global biotech In fact, despite a quarter century of promises and over 15 years of commercialization, the agricultural biotechnology industry has failed to provide any concrete advancement in regards to increasing crop yields,54 reducing world hunger, ameliorating global malnutrition, or combating climate change. crop acreage. Instead, biotechnology firms have developed a handful of GE commodity crops that produce pesticides and/or withstand direct application of herbicides.These two traits account for virtually 100 percent of global biotech crop acreage.55 In the U.S., the vast majority of these are resistant to a single herbicide, glyphosate, which is the active ingredient in Monsanto's herbicide Roundup. Altogether, GE crops, made by chemical companies, were responsible for the 527 million pound increase in herbicide use in the U.S. from 1996-2011.56 In summary, far from offering any climate solutions, the industrial and biotechnology models consistently underestimate the complexity of ecosystems by employing quick chemical fixes. In so doing, plant biotechnology increases crop vulnerability by weakening ecosystems' natural ability to adapt to extreme weather. ADDRESSING POPULATION GROWTH The United Nations projects that, by 2050, global population will increase from its current 7.2 billion to over 9.5 billion.57 Given this figure it seems logical to conclude that only increasing yields will avert catastrophe. Agribusiness exploits this line of thinking and incessantly uses the "feed the world" argument to promote its suite of biotech products. 14 | C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LIMATE Claims that GE crops can solve world hunger are, however, based on two fallacies. First, as explained, GE crops are pesticidepromoting technologies that do not increase yields or help fight hunger.The second fallacy is that the root of the problem is a global shortage of food. In reality, the world today produces more food per capita than ever before. In fact, enough food is produced to provide 4.3 pounds to every person,58 every day; and yet hunger is widespread. The problem of world hunger today is "most attributable not to stocks that are too low or global supplies unable to meet demand, but to poverty."59 The problem of world hunger today is "most attributable not to stocks that are too low or global supplies unable to meet demand, but to poverty." Widespread adoption of genetically engineered crops in some parts of the world could actually exacerbate rather than alleviate poverty, leading to an increase in hunger. Concern about food security is supported by recent experiences with GE crops in South America. In Argentina, massive plantations of Roundup Ready soybeans for export have replaced land that used to be farmed by many families and other workers growing food for local consumption.60 Very few workers are needed to manage these herbicide-resistant crops, so people are displaced from their land and livelihoods. Similarly, in Paraguay, the area planted with soybeans (95% now GE) has nearly tripled since 1997, while per capita food production has declined.61 Forty-five percent of the rural population is in poverty, and 90,000 rural people move to urban slums each year.62 Thus, overall increases in production of genetically engineered commodity crops can indeed translate into more, not fewer, hungry people. FOOD WASTE Meanwhile, about one third (1.3 billion tons) of the food produced in the world goes to waste every year.63 In developed countries, 40 percent of the waste occurs at the retail and consumer end, whereas in developing countries more than 40 percent of food losses occur due to inadequacies in processing, storage, and transport.64 Clearly, there are many opportunities for structural improvement that would significantly reduce waste and its associated resource, labor, and climate costs. The crux of our food security challenge lies in intelligently managing what we already produce while simultaneously designing food systems that are resilient to the mounting pressures of climate change. To that end, at the 2014 Global Forum on Food and Agriculture, the head of the United Nations Environment Programme called on producers to "shift to more sustainable patterns including greater respect for ecosystem services and less waste—in order to feed the world's rapidly increasing population by 2050."65 CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CLIMATE | 15 THE UNITED STATES: FAILED LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE ON CLIMATE system is categorically ignoring what could be the single largest driver of global climate change. We need government regulations and policies designed to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and toxic chemicals, protect farm land, build soil health, and conserve fresh water while promoting on-farm resilience to weather extremes, protecting pollinators, and ensuring food security. To this end, we need the public to pressure elected officials to act on climate change. is obviously a global issue, the contribution to both global food production and greenhouse gas emissions from the United States cannot be ignored, and deserves special attention here. W HILE FOOD PRODUCTION Despite years of presidential and Congressional debate and proclamations about the seriousness of climate change, the federal government has failed to take sufficient action to address the climate crisis. In fact, it took a U.S. Supreme Court case, Massachusetts v. EPA,1 to finally force federal policymakers to acknowledge the need for mandatory regulation of greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, Congress has not succeeded in passing laws to mitigate climate impacts and no federal climate legislation currently exists. In his 2014 State of the Union Address, President Obama declared that the debate about climate change "is settled. Climate change is a fact.And when our children's children look us in the eye and ask if we did all we could to leave them a safer, more stable world, with new sources of energy, I want us to be able to say yes, we did."2 But just days later the 2014 Farm Bill passed by the U.S. Senate granted massive, multi-million dollar subsidies to industrial producers, thus exacerbating climate change and undermining resilience. CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY'S CLIMATE LITIGATION Center for Food Safety (CFS) has been a pioneer in addressing the impacts of climate change; the seminal U.S. Supreme Court climate change case, Massachusetts v. EPA, was based on a groundbreaking 1999 rulemaking petition authored and spearheaded by the International Center for Technology Assessment, a project of CFS. In that case, the Court ruled that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the authority under the Clean Air Act to regulate carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases as pollutants. The EPA has subsequently undertaken some rulemaking. Building on the Massachusetts v. EPA victory, in 2008 Center for Food Safety filed a legal petition requesting that the Council of Environmental Quality (CEQ) require federal agencies to consider and analyze climate change impacts in the environmental compliance documents they must write pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act. CEQ has yet to respond to the petition. 1 2 Any plan that doesn't address the multiple sources of greenhouse gases attendant with the industrial food 16 | C ENTER FOR FOO D SAF ETY FOO D & C L IMATE 549 U.S. 497 (2007). "FULL TRANSCRIPT: Obama's 2014 State of the Union Address." The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 28 Jan. 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/full-text-of-obamas2014-state-of-the-union-address/2014/01/28/e0c93358-887f-11e3-a5b d-844629433ba3_story.html>. PA R T T W O : C H O O S I N G T H E WAY F O R WA R D By fostering a set ORGANIC AND AGROECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS of conditions that Ecosystem Health and Climate Resiliency tend to increase resiliency, organic From a climate point of view organic and agroecological*66 farming systems have several distinct advantages over industrial systems. First of all, due to the fact that synthetic pesticides and fertilizers are prohibited in organic and agroecological systems, they use as much as 50 percent less fossil fuel energy as industrial farms.67 farms are better equipped to endure ongoing climaterelated stresses. Secondly, because organic and agroecological systems work within biological constraints and with natural cycles, they don't degrade natural capital, i.e. biodiversity, water, and soil. Effective biological management practices, including maintaining perennial shrubs and trees on farms, rotating crops, growing crops that support beneficial insects, and applying mulch to fallow fields, create conditions that make these farms attractive to a variety of life below and above ground. On average organic farms have 30 percent higher biodiversity, including birds, pollinators, and plants, than their mono-cropped industrial counterparts.68 Additionally, the diversity of crop varieties grown on organic and agroecological holdings is typically in stark contrast to the vast monocultures that characterize industrial systems. Moreover, by fostering a set of conditions that tend to increase resiliency, organic farms are better equipped to endure ongoing climate-related stresses. Research supports this claim. Comparative field trials of conventional and organic systems at the Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania found that organic yields were 31 percent higher during drought when compared to conventional.69 Because these systems are better for human health, ecosystem health, and climate health, a wide range of global experts within the scientific and human rights communities increasingly herald organic, agroecological systems as the only path for ensuring agricultural resilience.The International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) report calls for placing an "increased importance to the multifunctionality of agriculture, accounting for the complexity of agricultural systems within diverse social and ecological contexts." This shift would "recognize farming communities, farm households, and farmers as producers and managers of ecosystems."70 * "Agroecology" the convergence of agronomy and ecology is defined as the "application of ecological science to the study, design and management of sustainable agroecosystems." CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CL IMATE | 17 PA R T T W O : C H O O S I N G T H E WAY F O R WA R D There is a growing amount of research that organic and agroecological methods can match and at times significantly increase yields over conventional, industrial agriculture. Organic agriculture is often dismissed as a viable solution for global food production due to the erroneous assumption that yields are greatly reduced in organic systems. On the contrary, there is a growing amount of research that organic and agroecological methods can match and at times significantly increase yields over conventional, industrial agriculture.The UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food cites a 2006 study, conducted in 56 developing countries, measuring the increased productivity of 12.6 million farms employing sustainable agriculture projects.The study found an average yield increase of 79 percent and an even more significant yield boost (116 per cent) for African farms.71 Meanwhile, in industrialized countries, organic agriculture has been shown to equal the yields of conventionally grown crops.72 Agroecological farms in developing countries also benefited substantially from organic methods as they do not require the expensive chemical and technical inputs relied upon in conventional agriculture. The Soil Health Solution The case for a global shift to organic and agroecological food production systems becomes even clearer when the role of soil in mitigating climate change is examined. While improving soil fertility is one of the underlying tenets of organic farming systems, soil is often underappreciated and regularly degraded by the chemicals associated with industrial practices. Yet, healthy soils provide numerous, invaluable services including processing waste, storing and filtering water, and even preventing disease. Most importantly, healthy, living soils have an enormous capacity to store carbon. In fact, the amount of carbon stored in soil is roughly three times more than that stored in the atmosphere.73 Because soil has been mismanaged, more than a third of the excess CO2 that has been added to the atmosphere has come from the destruction of soils.74 Squandering this precious, shared resource contributes to climate change, floods, and droughts while directly undermining our ability to grow nutritious food and be resilient in the face of this disruption. Record flooding in the U.K. underscores soil's inability to withstand punishing floods when soil organic matter has been compromised.75 Humans are altering the chemistry of where carbon is stored, and climate change is a manifestation of that alteration. Burning fossil fuels and clearing land converts stored carbon into CO2. Releasing more CO2 into the atmosphere than it can effectively absorb is causing the oceans to acidify and is contributing to the destruction of coral reefs and other marine ecosystems. Unlike the atmosphere and the ocean, however, soils benefit from increased levels of carbon. 18 | C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LIMATE PA R T T W O : C H O O S I N G T H E WAY F O R WA R D Adopting methods that build soil organic matter, and thus soil carbon, provide remarkable advantages for food production and climate resilience because soil carbon: Making soil health a central goal of ● Holds plant nutrients in place and provides food for beneficial microbes; agricultural policies ● Aids in water filtration and storage and regulates soil temperature; worldwide will be ● Binds heavy metals and pesticides (reducing toxic runoff); and essential for achieving ● 76 Improves soil structure, preventing compaction and erosion. global food and water security and mitigating Because ecosystem components are interdependent, by degrading or improving one aspect of ecosystem health, the entire system can likewise be degraded or improved. Rebuilding soil organic matter pumps carbon dioxide into the soil in the form of soil carbon and creates an upward spiral of ecosystem health.77 Making soil health a central goal of agricultural policies worldwide will be essential for achieving global food and water security and mitigating climate change.To this end, promising research by GRAIN has shown that if the right policies and incentives were in place worldwide, soil organic matter contents could be restored to pre-industrial agricultural levels within a period of fifty years.The continuing use of these practices would allow the offset of 24 to 30 percent of global annual greenhouse gas emissions.78 climate change. FIGURE 3: THE SOIL - CLIMATE CONNECTION Food Climate Reduced GHG Emissions Greater Availability of Nutrients Improved Yields More Soil Carbon Stored Water Increased Water Retention & Supply Less Severe Droughts & Floods Healthy Soil CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CL IMATE | 19 CONCLUSION Our path to ongoing food diversity, quality, and security must begin with widespread adoption of organic and agroecological agriculture methods as the foundation of food and agricultural production systems. FUTURE OF food insecurity and climate chaos is not inevitable. We have choices and can employ agricultural methods that will ensure an abundant and resilient food supply. But, we must act quickly before this narrow window of opportunity closes. A Our path to ongoing food diversity, quality, and security must begin with widespread adoption of organic and agroecological agriculture methods as the foundation of food and agricultural production systems. Not only are these best suited to rebuilding soil carbon by enhancing biological processes, but they also enhance the underlying conditions that allow ecosystem health to flourish. In the end, it comes down to making a fundamental decision: do we, as consumers and producers, continue investing in an industrial system that contributes egregiously to climate change and degrades the natural ecosystems upon which our societies and economies are based? Or, do we instead choose to make the necessary investments in organic and related regenerative systems that will address many of the underlying causes of climate change while strengthening our ability to survive and prosper in a warming and volatile world? The choice is ours to make. 20 | C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LI MATE WHAT YOU CAN DO THREE TIMES A DAY W There are choices that HILE GLOBAL AND NATIONAL action is needed to address agriculture's significant role in the climate crisis, there are choices that each of us make daily, that can collectively help to address climate change now. In fact, every time you eat, you have an opportunity to connect the dots and choose the way forward: each of us make daily that can help to address climate change now. In fact, every time you choose what to eat, you have an opportunity to connect the dots and choose 1. Eat fresh, unprocessed foods Processed foods often contain genetically modified crops which, as we've seen, are designed to produce pesticides and / or withstand direct application of herbicides, taking an enormous toll on the climate.The "processing" that follows happens in large energy-intensive factories. In fact, processed food typically requires more energy to make than what we get back when we eat it! Additionally, processing and packaging go hand-in-hand, and although we've seen some important improvements, a lot of packaging remains unfriendly to the environment. the way forward. 2. Buy local and in-season The average conventional food product travels about 1,500 miles to get to your grocery store.79 Buying local food at a farmers' market or farmstand gives you an opportunity to get to know your local farmers, learn how your food was grown and, unless you grow it yourself, it's the freshest food. By eating what's in season we put less stress on the earth to produce food at an unnatural time. 3. Choose organic foods Not only are organic systems healthier for you and for the climate, they help build fertile soil—one of the most important components of farming and a vital ally in our race to stabilize the climate. Organic agriculture doesn't rely on synthetic fertilizers or toxic pesticides, which, as we know, are large contributors to climate change; are energy-intensive to manufacture; and release two of the most potent greenhouse gases—methane and nitrous oxide. CENTER FO R FO O D SAFETY FO O D & CLIMATE | 21 W H AT Y O U C A N D O T H R E E T I M E S A D AY Not only are organic systems healthier for you and for the climate, they help build fertile soil—one of the most important components of farming and a vital ally in our race to stabilize the climate. 4. Eliminate industrial meat and dairy consumption; opt instead for pasture-raised products Remember, animals raised in CAFOs are fed grain—mostly corn and soy—that is grown using a fossil-fuel intensive blend of fertilizers and herbicides. One hundred percent grass-fed, pasture-raised, and organic meat and dairy are more humane, better for our health, and, if properly managed, restorative for the environment. Grasslands, an important feed source for livestock, wildlife habitat, and storage of carbon and water, cover 70 percent of the earth's agricultural land.80 They "hold significant potential for employing soil carbon sequestration strategies to help mitigate climate change."81 5. Reduce food waste and compost at home, at school, and at work Food is the single largest component of municipal solid waste reaching America's landfills and incinerators. In a compost pile, food scraps decompose with the help of microorganisms, and the food eventually becomes healthy, carbon-rich soil. Unlike a compost pile, landfills are compacted so tightly that food waste decomposes without oxygen (anaerobically) and creates methane gas. Be climate-smart, start a compost pile today! To learn more visit www.centerforfoodsafety.org 22 | C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LIMATE REFERENCES 1 McIntyre, Beverly D., Hans R. Herren, Judi Wakhungu, and Robert T. Watson, eds. Agriculture at a Crossroads. Rep. Washington D.C.: Island Press, 2009: 8. Print. 20 IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers, op. cit., pp. 18. 21 Ibid. 21. 22 Ibid. 5. 23 IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers, op. cit., pp. 3. 24 Ibid. 18. 25 Ibid. 2 Hoffman, Ulrich, ed. Trade and Environment Review 2013:Wake Up Before It Is Too Late. Rep. United Nations, 18 Sept. 2013: 19-20.Web. 10 Dec. 2013. <http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditcted2012d3_en.pdf>. 3 Ziesemer, Jodi. Energy Use in Organic Food Systems. FAO. Rome, 2007: 23. Web. 7 Feb. 2014. <http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/233069/energy-use-oa.pdf>. 4 McIntyre, op. cit., pp. 27. 5 Schwartz, Judith. Cows Save the Planet: And Other Improbable Ways of Restoring Soil to Heal the Earth. White River Junction,VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2013: 199. Print. 6 26 Abramovitz, Janet N. "Putting a Value on Nature's "Free" Services." World Watch 1 Jan. 1998: F0-F9. Print. 27 Kjøhl, Mariken, Anders Nielsen, and Nils Christian Stenseth. 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By Adam Smith, Neal Lott, Tamara Houston, Karsten Shein, and Jake Crouc. NOAA, n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events.pdf>. 18 19 United States. U.S. Global Change Research Program, op. cit., pp. 238. "Evapotranspiration." Def. 1. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 2014. Web. 12 Feb. 2014 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/evapotranspiration?s=t . 36 UNEP. Avoiding Future Famines: Strengthening the Ecological Foundation of Food Security through Sustainable Food Systems. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya, 2013: vii. 37 "Staple Foods: What Do People Eat?" Dimensions of Need: An Atlas of Food and Agriculture. Ed. Tony Laftas. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1995. N. pag. FAO Corporate Document Repository. FAO. Web. 7 Feb. 2014. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/u8480e/U8480E07.htm>. 38 Read, P.K. "An Agricultural Revolution in the Making? – The System for Rice Intensification (SRI) Gains Support." Foodtank.com. 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Environmental Health Perspectives 116.5 (2008): 578-82. Environmental Health Perspectives. National Institutes of Health, 31 Jan. 2008. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. 45 FAO. The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by Barbara Rischkowsky & Dafydd Pilling. Rome, 2007: 156. CENTER FO R FO O D SAFETY FO O D & CLIMATE | 23 REFERENCES 46 U.S. EPA. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1998, referenced in Koneswaran, Gowri, and Danielle Nierenberg. "Global Farm Animal Production and Global Warming: Impacting and Mitigating Climate Change." Environmental Health Perspectives 116.5 (2008): 578-82. Environmental Health Perspectives. National Institutes of Health, 31 Jan. 2008. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. <http://reporterbrasil.org.br/documentos/PARAGUAY_2010ENG.pdf>. 47 65 World Agriculture:Towards 2030/2050. Interim Report. Rep. FAO, June 2006: 51. 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Web. 10 Dec. 2013. <http://www.pioneer.com/CMRoot/Pioneer/About_Global/news_me dia/pannar/Pioneer_ABSFactSheet.pdf>. 53 African Agricultural Technology Foundation. Bacterial Wilt Resistant Banana Project. N.p.: African Agricultural Technology Foundation, n.d. African Agricultural Technology 54 Gurian-Sherman, Doug. Failure to Yield. Rep. Cambridge: UCS Publications, 2009. Failure to Yield. Union of Concerned Scientists. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. 55 James, Clive. 2007. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2007. ISAAA Brief No. 37. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY: 100. 56 Benbrook, Charles M. "Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use in the U.S. — the First Sixteen Years." Environmental Sciences Europe 24.1 (2012): 24. Print. 63 Gustavsson, Jenny, Christel Cederberg, Ulf Sonesson, Robert Van Otterdijk, and Alexandre Meybeck. Global Food Losses and Food Waste. Publication. Rome: FAO, 2011: v. Fao.org. FAO. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/mb060e/mb060e00.pdf>. 64 Ibid. 5. UNEP. Shifts Towards Sustainable Agriculture Needed to Meet Demands of 9 Billion by 2050. Unep.org. United Nations, 21 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 Jan. 2014. http://unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2758&ArticleID=10694&l=en 66 Altieri, Miguel. Agroecology:The Science of Sustainable Agriculture, 2nd ed., Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1995; S. Gliessman, Agroecology: the ecology of sustainable food systems, Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, 2007, quoted in De Schutter, Olivier. Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food. Issue brief. United Nations, 17 Dec. 2010: 6. Web. 8 Jan. 2014. <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/A-HRC16-49.pdf>. 67 Ziesemer, op. cit., pp. 23. 68 Worldwatch Institute. Achieving a Sustainable Food System with Organic Farming. Worldwatch.org. Worldwatch Institute, 15 Jan. 2013. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. <http://www.worldwatch.org/achieving-sustainable-food-systemorganic-farming>. 69 The Farming Systems Trial: Celebrating 30 Years. Rep. Rodale Institute, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://184.108.40.206/~rodalein/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/FSTbookletFINAL.pdf>. 70 McIntyre, op. cit., pp. 4. 71 Jules Pretty et al., "Resource-conserving agriculture increases yields in developing countries," Environmental Science and Technology, 40:4, 2006, pp. 1114−1119, referenced in De Schutter, Olivier. Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food. Issue brief. United Nations, 17 Dec. 2010. Web. 8 Jan. 2014. <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/A-HRC-16-49.pdf>. 72 The Farming Systems Trial: Celebrating 30 Years, op. cit., 9. 73 Hoffman, op. cit., pp. 23. 74 Ibid. 21. 75 57 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects:The 2012 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.227. New York: United Nations, 2013: 1. Juniper, Tony. "How to Really Stop Flooding." Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 05 Feb. 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/05/how-tostop-flooding-soil-water-farming-dredging>. 58 Lappé, Frances M., Joseph Collins, and Peter Rosset. "12 Myths About Hunger." Backgrounder 12 (Summer 2006): 2. FoodFirst.org. Food First, 8 Feb. 2005. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://www.foodfirst.org/sites/www.foodfirst.org/files/pdf/BG%20SU 06%2012%20Myths%20About%20Hunger.pdf>. 76 The Farming Systems Trial: Celebrating 30 Years, op. cit. 77 Creque, Jeff. "Soils in a Systems Context." CalCAN Summit, UC Davis, Davis. N.p., 21 Feb. 2013. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/%2047968538/Jeff%20Creque.pdf>. 78 Hoffman, op. cit., pp. 21. 59 De Schutter, Olivier. Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food. Issue brief. United Nations, 17 Dec. 2010: 5. Web. 8 Jan. 2014. <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/A-HRC-16-49.pdf>. 60 Benbrook, Charles M. Rust, Resistance, Run Down Soils, and Rising Costs: Problems Facing Soybean Producers in Argentina. Tech. no. 8. Benbrook Consulting Services, Jan. 2005. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. 61 Guerena, Arantxa. The Soy Mirage. Rep. Oxford: Oxfam GB, 2013. The Soy Mirage. Oxfam, Aug. 2013. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. <http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/rr-soy-miragecorporate-social-responsibility-paraguay-290813-en.pdf>. 62 Reporter Brasil. Rep. Base Investigaciones Sociales, Aug. 2010. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. 24 | C ENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & C LIMATE 79 Pirog, Rich, et. al. Food, Fuel, and Freeways. Tech. Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, June 2001. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <https://www.leopold.iastate.edu/sites/default/files/pubs-andpapers/2011-06-food-fuel-and-freeways-iowa-perspective-how-far-foodtravels-fuel-usage-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions.pdf>. 80 "Grasslands, Rangelands and Forage Crops." FAO.org. FAO, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematicsitemap/theme/spi/grasslands-rangelands-and-forage-crops/en/>. 81 "Carbon Sequestration in California Grasslands." Silver Lab. University of California, Berkeley, n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://nature.berkeley.edu/silverlab/?page_id=206> REFERENCES IMAGE & GRAPHIC ATTRIBUTIONS PHOTOS: Cover and page 4: Patrick Riggs page 1: Diana Donlon page 15: Minden Pictures page 18: Bryce Yukoi Adolphson for Mama Hope FIGURE 1: Current and projected impacts of climate change on food production" is a derivative of: "Drought" by Tomas Castelazo used under CC BY 3.0 "Northern shrimp on shrimp boat" by NOAA used under public domain "Northwest Crown Fire Experiment" by USDA Forest Service used under CC BY 2.5 "Flooded corn field in Illinois" by Robert Kaufmann used under public domain "Malbec grapes" by Ian L used under CC BY 2.0 "Pecans" by Corey Leopold used under CC BY 2.0 U.S. MAP REFERENCES "Atlas Blizzard Livestock Loss" by Lee Erickson used under CC BY-SA 2.0 "Hurricane Irene Aug 27 2011" by NOAA under public domain "Yummy Peach" by skyseeker used under CC BY 2.0 "Alaskan King Crab" by Frank Mayne used under CC BY-SA 2.0 "California Drought Dry Riverbed" by NOAA used under public domain FIGURE 2: "Contribution of the global food system to total GHG emissions" is a derivative of: "Coal power plant Datteln 2 Crop1" by Arnold Paul used under CC BY-SA 3.0 "Holzstaemme" by H.-J. Sydow used under CC BY-SA 3.0 "Fredmeyer edit 1" by Diliff derivative of lyzadanger used under CC BYSA 2.0 "GI Market food waste" by Taz used under CC BY 2.0 "Tractors in Potato Field" by NightThree used under CC BY 2.0 1 Annual Global Climate and Disaster Report: Impact Forecasting 2012. Rep. Aon Benfield, Jan. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com/Documents/20130124_if_a nnual_global_climate_catastrophe_report.pdf>. 2 Weise, Elizabeth. "Study: Climate Change to Impact Where Wine Grapes Can Grow." USATODAY.COM. USA TODAY, 07 Oct. 2011. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/climate/story/2011-1006/climate-change-could-impact-wine-growing-regions/50682188/1>. 3 Welch, Craig. "Lucrative Crab Industry in Danger." Seattletimes.com. The Seattle Times, 12 Sept. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/alaskacrab-industry/>. 4 Gleason, Karin; "2008 Midwestern U.S. Floods"; July 2008; NOAA's National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC 5 FIGURE 3: "The Soil – Climate Link" is a derivative of: "Water Ripple – Stock Image" by jeuxsansfrontieres used under CC BY 3.0 "Air Atmosphere Blue Clear Climate Cloud Clouds" by Petr Kratochvil used under public domain Photo by wisemandarine used under CC BY-SA 2.0 "GntVegCart" by Gpics used under CC BY-SA 3.0 "Figure 1: Current and projected impacts of climate change on food production," "Figure 3: Contribution of the global food system to total GHG emissions", and "Figure 4: The Soil – Climate Link" are licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 by Patrick Riggs. Fannin, Blair. "Updated 2011 Texas Agricultural Drought Losses Total $7.62 Billion." AgriLife Today. Texas A&M AgriLife, 21 Mar. 2012. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <http://today.agrilife.org/2012/03/21/updated-2011-texasagricultural-drought-losses-total-7-62-billion/>. 6 Grubinger,Vern, comp. Impact of Irene on Vermont Agriculture. Issue brief. University of Vermont Extension, 5 Jan. 2012. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/Pubs/ImpactIreneVermontAgric ulture.pdf>. 7 Schafer, Susanne M. "SC Pecan Crop Hit by Rains; Harvest Poor." Times-herald.com. The Newnan Times-Herald, 03 Dec. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <http://www.times-herald.com/local/BC-SC—Pecan-Problems1st-Ld-Writethru2013-11-26T12-11-23>. CENTER FO R FO OD SAFETY FO O D & CL IMATE | 25 NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS 660 Pennsylvania Avenue S.E., Suite 302 Washington, D.C. 20003 Phone: 202-547-9359 | Fax: 202-547-9429 CALIFORNIA OFFICE 303 Sacramento Street, 2nd Floor San Francisco, CA 94111 Phone: 415-826-2770 | Fax: 415-826-0507 PACIFIC NORTHWEST OFFICE 917 S.W. Oak Street, Suite 300 Portland, OR 97205 Phone: 971-271-7372 | Fax: 971-271-7374 HAWAI`I OFFICE 677 Ala Moana Blvd., Suite 1100 Honolulu, HI 96813 email: firstname.lastname@example.com www.centerforfoodsafety.org


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This attractive hardback giftbook brings together text and illustrations from the Wedding minibook series, including To My Love, You're Engaged, On Your Wedding, and Happy Anniversary. This single-volume edition contains prose quotations and poetry on the theme of love and marriage, from before the time of engagement to the wedding itself and beyond.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
SARAH HALL is an editor and compiler. DAVID HOLMES, an experienced book and greetings card illustrator, provides delicate brush watercolour artwork.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
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Book Description Lion Hudson, 2003. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. book. Bookseller Inventory # 074594681X
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Book Description Lion UK, 2003. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX074594681X
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Definitions (4)
1.General: (1) Costing nothing in terms of money, such as a free service. (2) Having legal and political rights that confer civil and political liberties, such as a free citizen. (3) Independent, not subject to the commands, constraints, or domination of another, such as a free country.
2. Purchasing: Pricing inclusive of delivery charges up to a named point, such as in 'free on board.'
3.Economics: Characterized by choice and not by constraint or external control, such as a free market.
4.Law: Unencumbered or unburdened, such as a free property.
Use free in a sentence
Someone was offering free baby clothes in an attempt to give them to someone in need as their baby had already outgrown them and they no longer needed them.
There is no such thing as a free lunch was the first lesson I learned in economics class in business school
The cereal I like is "buy one get one free" at the other supermarket, so I think I will go there too.
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Quick and Easy weeknight dinner idea, Salmon Penne made in the Thermomix, includes a regular recipe as well.
Every time I read a Thermomix recipe it always looks so quick to make – a perfect midweek meal for the whole family.
Perfect timing Kat! I was just about to write out my shopping list for this afternoon! I'll definitely be making this during the week. Oh and then i scrolled down and saw your Crunchy Tuna Mornay – holy moly yum!!!


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Feeding a Growing World
2014 Annual Report
2014 Sustainability Performance Update
Feeding a Growing World
What We Do
2014 Annual Report
2014 Sustainability Performance Update
What We Provide
Top Employer
November 19, 2015
The Ripple Effect Challenge
November 5, 2015
Lucky Seven! Agrium Named one of Canada's Top 100 Employers
October 27, 2015
Agrium Wins Global Environmental Education Award
November 4, 2015
October 14, 2015
Without fertilizer increasing the productivity of soil, we would need at least 50 percent more farmland – the equivalent of converting almost a quarter of global forest reserves.
©2015 Agrium Inc.
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by EVENTFAQS Bureau | Corporate/Brand Marketing | April 5, 2012 | 1 | News
The Indigo Summer collection was launched at the Lakme Fashion Week.
A motorised hoarding, along with a ramp, was placed 15 ft. above ground level. Models walked the ramp showcasing the Godrej Interio's sofas placed there. Designer Anita Dongre designed the skins of the sofas on display, while the setup was designed by Law and Kenneth.
Speaking about the event, Bedraj Tripathy, Senior General Manager - Marketing, Godrej Interio said: "Since the product is extremely unique, as you can style it in the shape you want to, we wanted to promote the product in an exclusive way. There have not been many innovations in the technique of promotions for a long time and hence, we thought of combining OOH and BTL, which would help us reach out to a wider audience."
Godrej Interio was reportedly open to a variety of innovations as their core target audience are in the younger age group. The activity was expected to reach out to more than one lakh people, given the amount of traffic in and around the area of the activity.
Commenting on the association, Dheeraj Kapoor, Project Manager, White Leaf Entertainment said: "The brief given to us was to execute an event that was eye-catching and would attract people in a way that is unlike the generic promotions. We had executed the launch of their collection at Lakme Fashion Week too."
Godrej Interio plans to extend the promotional activity to Delhi, Kolkata, Chandigarh and Hyderabad.
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I'm fairly new to the AJAX methodologies (I only recently discovered jQuery a short time ago). I am interested to know if there is anyway to authenticate a user on a PHP setup; securely.
Does jQuery have any special options to allow use of HTTPS (or any other way to encrypt my ajax call)?
Yes, I could very well just post data back to the server, but that ruins the fun. :)


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Heritage at Hooper Hill
901 Wilson Road, Conroe, TX
Are you the manager of this property?Click here to claim this listing Check Your Credit Now
About Heritage at Hooper Hill
Luxurious crown molding, 9 ft. ceilings and arched entryways await you when you lease a 1, 2 or 3 bedroom home from The Heritage at Hooper Hill. You will be enchanted with our stylish amenities like a resort-style pool, state-of-the-art fitness center, game room and club room with kitchen. Conveniently located near downtown Conroe, shopping, dining and entertainment. Just minutes away from beautiful Lake Conroe and many recreational areas. Our versatile floorplans, spacious design and lushly landscaped gardens and courtyards will make you feel right at home. The Heritage at Hooper Hill continues the history and heritage of the Hooper Hill legacy by providing residents with a first class living experience which provides the utmost in modern coveniences while preserving a reverence for the property's historic past.
As you search for your perfect apartment, please keep in mind that rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability are very fluid in the apartment industry. Based on many factors, the rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability can actually change not just daily, but hourly, if not even more quickly. While our advertisers do take steps to keep their information current, the rental rates or availability you may find here now at ForRent.com may not be the same as when you contact the communities.
Here are some similar properties you might be interested in
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Conroe, TX
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Landmark of Conroe
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January 1, 2013
The Costs of Animal Hoarding
Taking on a major hoarding case can stretch a shelter's staff and its budget. We offer tips about how to plan for the costs of such cases, and present them to supporters so they can help you defray the expenses.
January 1, 2013
Ellen and Robbie
Meet Ellen and Robbie, two dogs who survived a hoarding situation and went on to become a source of comfort and inspiration to students at a residential school for troubled youth.
January 1, 2013
Yes, In Our Backyard
Not too long ago, many shelters regarded TNR programs with suspicion, worrying that the cats wouldn't fare well. Now the practice is widely accepted, and some shelters even host feral colonies on their own property.
January 1, 2013
What Happened at Spindletop?
In 2012, a reputedly safe place for pit bulls turned out to be anything but. While the events that took Spindletop from haven to hellhole are unclear, rescuers can benefit from some tips that will help avoid such awful surprises in the future.
November 1, 2012
News from the HSUS
The HSUS recognizes animal welfare and law enforcement agencies from across the country that recently assisted with various rescue operations. A summary of new resources from The HSUS is also provided.
July 1, 2012
Roadside Extraction
A cooperative effort rehomes neglected exotics kept in an unaccredited roadside zoo to sanctuaries equipped to care for them.
July 1, 2012
Bringing Sexing Back
Here's an overview of the impressive reproductive capacity of guinea pigs and some tips for telling the guinea girls from the guinea boys.
July 1, 2012
Helping Hounds
In some areas of the country, animal shelters take in more stray hunting hounds than pit bulls. Often undernourished and unsocialized, hunting dogs pose unique challenges for shelters. Here are some tips for meeting their needs and getting them into happy homes.
July 1, 2012
The Neighs Have It
After helping local animal control with a heartbreaking horse case, veterinarian Grant Miller was inspired to found CHANGE. The group started small—collecting spare change in water bottle jugs—but now has attracted more than 200 volunteers and rescued more than 75 horses.
July 1, 2012
Success in Santa Clara County
Read about the unique and myriad challenges the Santa Clara County animal shelter in California faces every day. Then take heart and find inspiration in how the shelter has found a way to thrive with the help of innovative programs and local volunteers and rescue groups.


text:
K-12 schools across the region are moving quickly to integrate exciting...
Program of Study
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Program of Study
Apply your learning directly to your classroom — finish in less than two years
Challenge yourself. Aim high. Make an impact on your career, your community and your classroom. Produce results for every learner.
The MAED: Curriculum and Instruction is the online master's degree for teachers who have a passion for improving student learning outcomes. In each course, you'll gain leading-edge, advanced learning you can apply immediately to your own classroom (any grade level, any content area).
In your final action research project, you'll dig deep into a topic of your choosing that will push you to become a more effective, ethical teacher-leader.
Flexible online learning — with a personal touch
You'll study when and where you choose through online learning, and graduate in just 19-21 months. Learning is largely "asynchronous," meaning you can complete coursework at times of your own choosing..
But you won't be alone — a close-knit community of fellow teachers and faculty mentors will see you through to completion of your master's. Our emphasis on collaboration and support is one reason 97% of our students graduate on time. Each week, in each course, you'll interact with your instructors and other students on your learning team through e-mail and the web-based D2L learning platform.
Getting started: On-campus kickoff
At the beginning of your first term, you'll come to our St. Paul, Minnesota campus for a one-day, face-to-face experience. You'll get an in-depth orientation to the program, get to know faculty members, and connect with colleagues in your student cohort. You'll form relationships that will last throughout your online learning experience.
Your degree plan
See below for a sample listing of courses, 31 graduate credits in total, required for the MAED: Curriculum and Instruction. This information is an introductory description intended only for prospective students, and is subject to change. The university's official curriculum, including full descriptions of courses, is listed in the online graduate catalog.
You'll study year-round through three academic terms: Fall, Spring and Summer. You may start in any academic term. Depending on when you start, you'll complete the program in 19-21 months.
Term I
- The Teacher in the Classroom
- Integrating Technology into the Classroom
Term II
- Teaching and Learning in an Academically Diverse Classroom
Term III
- Alternative Assessment Models
Term IV
- Introduction to Action Research
- Classrooms by Design
Term V
- Integration Seminar
- Action Research Project
- Teacher as Educational Leaders


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text: Solar Power Solarize CNY will host public workshops on solar energy installations across the region By Tom Magnarelli • Jul 20, 2015 Tom Magnarelli / WRVO News Solarize CNY is helping people across the region add solar energy installations to their homes and businesses. The volunteer initiative will be hosting public workshops and free site assessments throughout central New York during the summer and fall. Chris Carrick is the energy program manager for the Central New York Regional Planning and Development Board which is organizing Solarize CNY with the Alliance for a Green Economy. Solarize Tompkins finds success in solar power, shifting focus to alternative heating options By Ellen Abbott • Nov 28, 2014 Solarize Tompkins Listen Listening... / Hundreds of central New Yorkers have jumped on the solar power bandwagon. Now Solarize Tompkins, the most successful program getting property owners to go solar, is looking ahead to other alternative energy sources for homeowners looking to break from fossil fuels. New York hopes to quadruple solar power usage By Ellen Abbott • Jan 16, 2012 Governor Andrew Cuomo is proposing that New York State quadruple the amount of solar energy it uses for power in the next year.


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Appalachian author Billy C. Clark buried
Posted: 03/20/2009 - CATLETTSBURG, Ky. (AP) - Appalachian author Billy C. Clark, who wrote about Kentucky's Big Sandy River region, has been buried in his hometown of Catlettsburg.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - CATLETTSBURG, Ky. (AP) - Appalachian author Billy C. Clark, who wrote about Kentucky's Big Sandy River region, has been buried in his hometown of Catlettsburg.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - INEZ, Ky. (AP) - Two inmates have been indicted on charges that they attacked and killed a third inmate in their cell at an eastern Kentucky federal prison.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - Seven of the eight people arrested in Clay County in an alleged vote buying scheme are out of jail. But former circuit judge Cletus Maricle will stay behind bars until at least Monday, when another hearing is scheduled.
Updated: 03/21/2009 - Elliott County defeated Shelby Valley and ended their season in the quarterfinals of the Boys Sweet 16. Shelby Valley had a great season, winning 24 straight games including the All A championship.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - The EPA is cleaning up a crude oil spill in a Magoffin County community.
Updated: 02/05/2010 - Middlesboro Police and the Bell County Sheriff's Department were both out early Friday morning making arrests.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - For deaf workers, a video relay service is making a difference at the workplace.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - An eastern Kentucky doctor, arrested on drug charges, will go to trial after a plea deal is rejected.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - An eastern Kentucky man is sentenced to 30 years in prison after a crash kills a pregnant woman and her unborn child.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - WASHINGTON (AP) - Battered by the economy, the post office is offering early retirement to 150,000 workers, cutting management and closing offices, the agency said Friday.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - Imagine driving across the country and never having to fill up on gas.
Updated: 03/20/2009 - An eastern Kentucky school superintendent and county clerk have entered not guilty pleas in federal court a day after being indicted in an alleged election rigging scheme. Attorneys for Clay County school superintendent Douglas C. Adams and Clay County Clerk Freddy Thompson entered not guilty pleas Friday in U.S. District Court.
Updated: 03/20/2009 - A Nicholas County High School teacher speaks out, the day after her home was destroyed. Police say a prank by students went horribly wrong, catching her home on fire.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - A central Kentucky man stands charged with manslaughter after a crash that killed a Kentucky National Guardsman.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - Courtney Bishop will stand trial in August for the death of her nine-month-old son, Caleb.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - Lexington firefighters were busy fighting fires and hungry stomachs inside the station on Friday during the first annual Fire Chief's Lunch.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - Funeral services are scheduled for Friday evening for a central Kentucky high school student, killed in a violent crash.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - A team that has dedicated its postseason performance to the memory of a classmate has advanced in the Sweet 16 tournament.
Updated: 03/20/2009 - Shannon Houser receives the maximum sentence for the crime under Kentucky law, and the judge calls him a lucky man.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - An eastern Kentucky man has been sentenced to 30 years in prison in a highway crash that killed a pregnant woman and her unborn child.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - It happened late Thursday night in Hardin County.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - Prosecutors and defense attorneys in the case of a high school football coach charged with reckless homicide have agreed on a trial date.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - The former head of insurance giant AIG is asserting that the company under his leadership did not have the type of executive bonus system that has come under harsh criticism across the country.
Posted: 03/20/2009 - An early Friday morning crash in Lexington sent a woman to the hospital with serious injuries.
Updated: 03/20/2009 - Interstate 64 in Rowan County reopened around 7:30 a.m. Friday after a serious crash.