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Detterbeck, Frank C. MD*; Asamura, Hisao MD†; Crowley, John PhD‡; Falkson, Conrad MBChB§; Giaccone, Giuseppe MD‖; Giroux, Dori MS‡; Huang, James MD¶; Kim, Jhingook MD#; Kondo, Kazuya MD**; Lucchi, Marco MD††; Marino, Mirella MD‡‡; Marom, Edith M. MD§§; Nicholson, Andrew MD‖‖; Okumura, Meinoshin MD¶¶; Ruffini, Enrico MD##; van Schil, Paul MD***; Stratton, Kelly MS‡; on behalf of the Staging and Prognostic Factors Committee; Members of the Advisory Boards; Participating Institutions of the Thymic Domain
*Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; †Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; ‡Biostatistics, Cancer Research And Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington; §Radiation Oncology, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada; ‖Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; ¶Thoracic Surgery, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; #Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; **Thoracic Surgery, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan; ††Thoracic Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; ‡‡Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; §§Radiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; ‖‖Pathology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; ¶¶Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; ##Thoracic Surgery, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; ***Thoracic Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; ††† Members of the Staging and Prognostic Factors Committee are listed in the Appendix 1; ‡‡‡ Members of the Advisory Boards are listed in the Appendices 2, 3, and 4; and §§§ Members of the Participating Institutions of the Thymic Domain are listed in the Appendix 5.
Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Address for correspondence: Frank C. Detterbeck, MD, Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, BB2 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
The lack of an official-stage classification system for thymic malignancies is an issue that hampers progress in this rare disease. A collaborative effort by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer and the International Thymic Malignancies Interest Group is underway to develop proposals for such a system. A database of more than 10,000 cases worldwide has been assembled to provide a solid basis for analysis. This report outlines the structure of the effort and the process that has been designed.
Thymic malignancies are relatively rare and are therefore classified as an orphan disease. Among many issues hampering the ability to make robust scientific progress is the fact that there is no official American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) stage classification for these tumors. The ability to describe the extent of disease through a consistent universal nomenclature is a fundamental requirement for comparison of clinical results between centers and for multi-institutional collaborative work.
At least 15 different stage classification systems have been proposed, beginning as far back as 1978. A review of the various classification systems and their differences is the subject of a recent article.1 The most widely known system, the Masaoka system, was proposed in 1981 on the basis of an experience with 91 patients.2 All of the other proposed systems have involved roughly similar, relatively small cohorts of patients.1,3–5
Although the Masaoka system and variations thereof like Masaoka-Koga6 have been what has been used most widely, in fact there are significant discrepancies between centers regarding how the relatively vague wording describing the stages is interpreted. Thus, not only is the lack of an official system a problem but also the lack of clear definitions and consistent application even when using the same system.
To at least address the issue of vague wording and inconsistent interpretation, the International Thymic Malignancies Interest Group (ITMIG) assembled an international team that proposed clarifications of the definitions of the Masaoka-Koga classification.7 This was endorsed by the vast majority of clinicians active in this disease as a standard to use going forward. Nevertheless, this represents merely a consensus regarding a clarification of heretofore vague wording of an existing stage classification system. In fact, the explicit task of the ITMIG effort was to not make any changes to the Masaoka-Koga system, and not to address whether the system is appropriate, but only to achieve greater consistency by applying a uniform consensus interpretation.
The need for a consistent, validated stage classification system for thymic malignancies is clear. ITMIG and International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) more or less independently and simultaneously set out to accomplish this, and then joined forces in 2010, with ITMIG providing the engagement of the vast majority of clinicians active in this disease and IASLC providing infrastructure and experience gained during the development of the seventh edition of the lung cancer stage classification.
The current lung cancer stage classification was led by a massive IASLC initiative that assembled an international database of more than 100,000 patients with lung cancer diagnosed in a defined 10-year span.8 In contrast, the previous classification system was based on approximately 5000 patients diagnosed over more than a 30-year span. IASLC led an extensive internal and external validation of the stage proposals, which was carried out by the Cancer Research And Biostatistics (CRAB) organization.9 The IASLC proposals formed the basis of the AJCC/UICC seventh edition lung cancer stage classification system. IASLC and CRAB are now providing their expertise to the development of a thymic stage classification system.
IASLC and ITMIG partnered to create a Thymic Malignancies Domain of the Staging and Prognostic Factors Committee (SPFC-TD), which is charged with the development of proposals for change to AJCC/UICC for the eighth edition of the stage classification system. Individuals were invited to participate in the SPFC-TD, based on expertise and interest. The members of the SPFC-TD are shown in Table 1.
To allow global collaboration in clinical science regarding thymic malignancies, ITMIG created a retrospective and a prospective database. Institutions were invited to participate; the overwhelming response is a testament to the worldwide engagement and culture of collaboration that ITMIG has achieved.
Among the initial uses of this database is the stage classification initiative. ITMIG assembled a retrospective global database of 6097 cases. The Japanese Association for Research in the Thymus also assembled a database of 2897 cases, and made this available to ITMIG for the stage classification project. Together this represents a retrospective database of 8994 cases from 77 centers in 16 countries. This retrospective database was cleaned and provided to CRAB; an additional 1814 cases were contributed by the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons thymic group directly to CRAB. Thus, the total sample size available for analysis by CRAB includes 10,808 patients with thymic malignancies from 105 sites worldwide. A map of participating centers is shown in Figure 1.
The retrospective database has some limitations, which include the amount of detail that is available, varying interpretations of how a particular dataelement is defined by different institutions, changing definitions and policies over the course of the data collection, and questions about the comparability of data from different centers despite bearing the same data labels. ITMIG has also launched a prospective database, which is based on clear definitions developed by an international consensus, and contains many details that should provide another quantum leap forward over the already impressive retrospective database. The timing of the AJCC/UICC, however, limits the availability of sufficient prospective data to substantially contribute to the eighth edition of the stage classification.
The SPFC-TD thought that a thymic stage classification should ideally have several characteristics (Table 2). First of all, the stage classification should be a nomenclature that describes the anatomic extent of disease only. Other factors that contribute to prognosis will be included in a prognostic prediction model but will not be a part of the stage classification (see later discussion of prognostic factors). This is consistent with the primary purpose of stage classification. This also recognizes the inherent complexity of prediction of prognosis and the inherent fundamental differences between an anatomic extent of disease classification and prognostication.10 Classification of the anatomic disease is concrete, grounded in actual findings that can be applied to an individual patient. Prediction of prognosis is inherently speculative, multifactorial (including factors that cannot be assessed at the time), dynamic and fluid, and applies to a patient population. Prognostication is inherently associated with uncertainty, which becomes greater and greater as one moves closer to predicting prognosis for an individual.
The thymic stage classification system should ideally apply to all types of thymic malignancies, e.g., thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic carcinoid tumors. A strong argument for this position is the simplicity of having only one system, which is particularly important in a rare disease that is encountered by many clinicians only sporadically. Furthermore, there are grey areas in the distinction between some histologic types,11 and this is especially true when only limited biopsy material is available such as in the clinical (pretreatment) phase of stage classification. It can be argued that the behavior of different types of thymic tumors is disparate, but there is precedent for a stage classification system to nevertheless be applicable (e.g., consider that the lung stage classification system is validated for small-cell lung cancer, non–small-cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumors).12,13
The SPFC-TD thinks that it would be best to conform to a T (tumor), N (node), and M (metastasis) structure, which is used for the vast majority of malignancies (although there are exceptions). A tumor, node, metastasis–based system is more likely to be applicable to all thymic malignancies. Furthermore, node involvement may be more relevant, even for thymoma, than has been appreciated. A recent report involving node dissection found nodal metastases in 29% of stage III thymomas (thymic carcinoma was excluded).14 Although node involvement is traditionally thought to be rare with thymoma, a careful node assessment has generally not been carried out.
What criteria should be used to establish a particular point as a good boundary between T, N, and M classes or between stage groupings? It is possible to consider many different arguments, and how much weight is given to a particular argument is influenced by the nature of the tumor, characteristics of the data available, and the primary purpose of the stage classification system. The SPFC-TD decided on a series of guiding principles, which are summarized in Table 2.
A fundamental goal of a classification system is to be able to consistently classify patients at many centers. If the classification system cannot be applied consistently, none of the other considerations will make up for this fundamental deficiency. ITMIG is launching studies of intra- and interobserver variability of particular boundaries to guide the SPFC-TD process.
Pathologic stage is generally viewed as more accurate, incorporating both any information available from clinical (pretreatment) staging and from the results of a surgical resection and pathologic examination of the tissues. Nevertheless, clinical staging is of more practical value, because this is when major decisions regarding treatment strategy must be made. Therefore, a high priority must be the ability to apply stage classification clinically and pathologically. Few articles have addressed clinical staging in thymoma15,16; ITMIG is developing a prospective imaging repository that can provide a basis for future validation of clinical staging proposals.
The stage classification should be applicable to all types of thymic malignancies. It seems likely that this will not be a major stumbling block. Compatibility with an existing system is desirable but of lower priority because of the lack of a widespread, consistently applied system. The number of different systems and the variability in how the wording in these systems has been interpreted inherently limit backwards compatibility.
Prognosis has been widely used as a tool to separate T, N, and M classes and stage groups, and there is no question that this should be considered in the development of a thymic stage classification system. Nevertheless, some aspects of prognosis need to be taken into account—both fundamental issues with the use of prognosis for classification and specific issues for thymic malignancies. First of all, prognosis is complex and multifactorial, reflecting many confounding factors and not just the impact of tumor characteristics per se (e.g., comorbidities, treatment received). This confounding cannot be easily disentangled, even with multivariate analysis; only natural history data (no active treatment) in patients without comorbidities can provide information about the impact of the tumor characteristics themselves. In the IASLC lung cancer database, this confounding was apparent in the marked variability of overall survival outcomes among different geographic regions, data sources, and other subgroups. This was indirectly accounted for during development of the seventh edition of the lung cancer stage classification by requiring that a valid boundary between T, N, and M classes or stage groupings had to show differences in prognosis (not prognosis per se) that were consistent in terms of magnitude and direction within multiple subgroup analyses. Nevertheless, such subgroup analyses are more difficult to carry out in thymic malignancies because of the much more limited number of patients. A requirement of statistically significant differences within subgroups is unlikely to be able to be met.
Prognosis in thymic malignancies is also more difficult to assess because of the poor correlation between recurrence and death, in contrast to many other malignancies. Thus the influence of other factors, unrelated to the thymic malignancy, on overall survival is large. A better measure of the effect of anatomic extent of disease may be the recurrence rate,17 but data on this outcome and how it was assessed are more limited. In addition, longer-term outcomes is likely influenced by treatment received; little data are available on how much variability there has been among centers.18
The planned process for the SPFC-TD is to gather data that inform the stage classification from whatever sources are available. This includes assessment of prognosis in the SPFC-TD retrospective database, studies of intra- and interobserver variability, and suggested factors in the publications of institutions or other organizations. These will be evaluated and synthesized according to the priorities stated above.
One analysis will be an assessment of how well the Masaoka stage classification performs in separating prognostically distinct groups. The fact that prognosis is confounded by nonanatomic disease-extent characteristics will be addressed by subgroup analysis, similar to what was done in the development of the seventh edition of the lung cancer stage classification system. The two most important confounding factors are likely to be competing causes of death (e.g., comorbidities) and treatment given. To account for this, the analysis will include a specific focus on recurrence and on patients who underwent resection. Because the ability to differentiate between an R0 and R1 resection in the past is in question, this aspect will also be investigated.
Size is an appealing parameter to explore, because (at least one dimension) is usually available, there is some precedent for prognostic significance, and it can be applied clinically and pathologically. Nevertheless, larger thymic malignancies are not round, raising issues about how size was and should be measured and how well pathologic measurements (assessed in planes dictated by the tumor shape) correlate with clinical measurements (typically based on the greatest dimension on a transverse computed tomography image).
Finally, as many factors as possible will be investigated that can serve as T, N, and M descriptors (e.g., invasion into specific mediastinal structures, pleural, or pericardial implants). To address the issue of prognostic confounding by nonanatomic disease-extent factors, a focus on recurrence and resected patients is needed as described above.
Because thymic malignancies are a rare disease, the available data have some limitations. It is anticipated that enough data will be available to provide a basis for a thoughtful proposal. Nevertheless, it is also recognized that some aspects will be more empiric and will require further study. The initiation of the ITMIG prospective database, which contains much more detail, will provide a solid basis for this. The development of a thymic stage classification system for the eighth edition of the stage classification represents only the beginning of an ongoing process.
Although the eighth edition is not scheduled for publication until 2016, the AJCC/UICC mandates that ITMIG/IASLC completes its work in developing proposals in 2014. Assessment of outcomes for many thymic malignancies takes time with respect to overall survival; nevertheless, the median time to recurrence for stage ≥III is 3 to 4 years. This may allow some preliminary validation of a classification developed from the retrospective database against recurrence data in the prospective database before the stage classification takes effect.
The initial focus of the SPFC-TD is clearly on developing proposals for classification of the anatomic extent of disease. Nevertheless, there is a need for a prognostic model for thymic malignancies, as is true for cancers in general. In some ways, this is more difficult in thymic malignancies because much less data are available, but in other ways, this facilitates development of a structure to build upon. Several ITMIG initiatives will help the development of a prognostic model, including the prospective database, the use of Bayesian analysis, and development of adaptive models to guide treatment. This work will take some time, and therefore a prognostic model is not a planned deliverable together with the eighth edition of the stage classification.
Thymic malignancies are an orphan disease; one of the many things that hampers progress is the lack of a well-defined stage classification system. ITMIG and IASLC have partnered in a formal, structured process to develop this for the next (eighth) edition of the stage classification. This involves an international committee of experts, creation of a large (by thymic standards) database, and careful analysis of data regarding multiple aspects that influence the definition of stage descriptors and grouping. This article outlines the status of this project and the process that is planned.
Peter Goldstraw, Past Chair, Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Ramón Rami-Porta, Chair, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain; Hisao Asamura, Chair Elect, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; David Ball, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Australia; David Beer, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Ricardo Beyruti, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Vanessa Bolejack, Cancer Research And Biostatistics, Seattle, WA; Kari Chansky, Cancer Research And Biostatistics, Seattle, WA; John Crowley, Cancer Research And Biostatistics, Seattle, WA; Frank Detterbeck, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Wilfried Eberhardt, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; John Edwards, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Françoise Galateau-Sallé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Caen, France; Dorothy Giroux, Cancer Research And Biostatistics, Seattle, WA; Fergus Gleeson, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Patti Groome, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; James Huang, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Catherine Kennedy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Jhingook Kim, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Y. T. Kim, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Laura Kingsbury, Cancer Research And Biostatistics, Seattle, WA; Haruhiko Kondo, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Mark Krasnik, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Kaoru Kubota, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Antoon Lerut, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium; Gustavo Lyons, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Mirella Marino, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Edith Marom, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Jan van Meerbeeck, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Alan Mitchell, Cancer Research And Biostatistics, Seattle, WA; Takashi Nakano, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; Jennifer Newman, Cancer Research And Biostatistics, Seattle, WA; Andrew Nicholson, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Anna Nowak, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia; Michael Peake, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; Thomas Rice, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Kenneth Rosenzweig, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY; Enrico Ruffini, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Valerie Rusch, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Paul van Schil, University Hospital of Antwerp, Aartselaar, Belgium; Jean-Paul Sculier, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium; Kelly Stratton, Cancer Research And Biostatistics, Seattle, WA; Kenji Suzuki, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Yuji Tachimori, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Charles F. Thomas Jr, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; William Travis, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ming Tsao, The Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Andrew Turrisi, Sinai-Grace Hospital, Detroit, MI; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium; Hirokazu Watanabe, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Yi-Iong Wu, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and Marcin Zielinski, Pulmonary Hospital, Zakopane, Poland.
Conrad Falkson, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada; Pier Luigi Filosso, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Giuseppe Giaccone, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Kazuya Kondo, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan; Marco Lucchi, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and Meinoshin Okumura, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
Paul Baas, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jeremy Erasmus, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Seiki Hasegawa, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; Kouki Inai, Hiroshima University Postgraduate School, Hiroshima, Japan; Kemp Kernstine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Hedy Kindler, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Lee Krug, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Kristiaan Nackaerts, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium; Harvey Pass, New York University, New York, NY; and David Rice, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
Eugene Blackstone, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
S. Call Caja, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain; U. Ahmad and F. Detterbeck, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; N. Girard, Louis Pradel Hospital, Lyon, France; Seok Jin Haam, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Mi Kyung Bae, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea; D.R. Gomez and E. Marom, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; P. van Schil, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; P. Ströbel, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; A. Marx, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; S. Saita, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico V.Emanuele, Catania, Italy; H. Wakelee, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; L. Bertolaccini, Thoracic Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera S.Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy; E. Vallieres, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA; W. Scott and S. Su, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; B. Park and J. Marks, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; S. Khella, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA; R. Shen, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; M. Rosenberg, Alexander Fleming Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina; M. Rosenberg, Maria Ferrer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina; V. Tomulescu, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania; J. Huang, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; C. Foroulis, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece; L. Lang-Lazdunski and Andrea Billè, Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; J.G. Maessen and M. Keijzers, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands; H. van Veer, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; C. Wright, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; M. Marino, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; G. Palmieri and C. Buonerba, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy; M. Ferguson, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; G. Marulli, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; M. Lucchi, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; P. Loehrer, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN; M. Kalkat, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; K. Rohrberg and G. Daugaard, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; A. Toker and S. Erus, Istanbul Medical University, Istanbul, Turkey; M. Kimmich, Klinik Schillerhoehe, Gerlingen, Germany; A. Brunelli and M. Refai, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy; A. Nicholson and E. Lim, Royal Brompton Hospital/Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; In Kyu Park, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea; J. Wagner and B. Tieu, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Wentao Fang and Jie Zhang, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Jiaotong University Medical School, Shanghai, China; Zhentao Yu, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Tianjin, China; Yongtao Han, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China; Yin Li, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Keneng Chen, Beijing University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China; Gang Chen, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Meinoshin Okumura, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Yoshitaka Fujii, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan; Hisao Asamura, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Kanji Nagai, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan; Jun Nakajima, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Norihiko Ikeda, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Shuji Haraguchi, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan; Takamasa Onuki, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Kenji Suzuki, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Ichiro Yoshino, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Masanori Tsuchida, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Shoji Takahashi, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan; Kohei Yokoi, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan; Masayuki Hanyuda, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; Hiroshi Niwa, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan; Hiroshi Date, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yoshimasa Maniwa, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan; Shinichiro Miyoshi, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Kazuya Kondo, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan; Akinori Iwasaki, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Tatsuro Okamoto, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Takeshi Nagayasu, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Fumihiro Tanaka, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Minoru Suzuki, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Kazuo Yoshida, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan; Yusuke Okuma and Hirotoshi Horio, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Akihide Matsumura, Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Osaka, Japan; Masahiko Higashiyama, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan; Hiroshi Suehisa, Shikoku Cancer Center, Ehime, Japan; Takuya Onuki, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Ibaragi, Japan; Yoshifumi Sano, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan; Keishi Kondo, Hokkaido Cancer Center, Hokkaido, Japan; K. Al Kattan, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; R. Cerfolio, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; C. Gebitekin, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey; D. Gomez de Antonio, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; K.H. Kernstine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center and School of Medicine (SW), Dallas; N. Altorki, The New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Centre, New York, NY; N. Novoa, Salamanca University Hospital, Salamanca, Spain; E. Ruffini and P.L. Filosso, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; S. Saita, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; M. Scarci, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, United Kingdom; L. Voltolini, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy; W. Weder, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Wojciech Zurek, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; A. Arame, Hopital Europeen Georges-Pompidou and Hopital Laennec, Paris, France; C. Casadio, Chirurgia Toracica, Novara, Italy; P. Carbognani, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy; G. Donati, Ospedale di Aosta, Aosta, Italy; S. Keshavjee, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; W. Klepetko and B. Moser, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; C. Lequaglie, Thoracic Surgery, Rionero in Vulture, Italy; Moishe Liberman, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; M. Mancuso, Ospedale Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy; M. Nosotti, Policlinico, Milan, Italy; L. Spaggiari, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), Milan, Italy; P.A. Thomas, Hôpital Nord, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France; E. Rendina, University La Sapienza, Ospedale Sant' Andrea, Rome, Italy; F. Venuta and M. Anile, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy; J. Schützner, Teaching Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic; and G. Rocco, Pascale Institute, Napoli, Italy.
Thymoma; Thymic carcinoma; Staging of stage classification
Copyright © 2013 by the European Lung Cancer Conference and the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.
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I've swapped out the Phenom B55 CPU for a 965 but Win2K vs XP performance per MHz is basically identical. Win2K has an advantage in 2D graphics and XP a slight advantage in disk performance because I was able to install the AHCI driver.
GA-890GPA-UD3H = Win2K
Win2k VS XP Summary
Win2k VS XP Detail
Same results in HTML Table
Edited by Phenomic, 17 October 2010 - 08:48 AM.

subset: commoncrawl


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Thursday, May 31, 2007
Shiver Me Timbers, Pirates Ain't For Me
6 comments:
Yeah, Pirates was dismal. Kinda sad as I loved the first 2. Little Penang is my fav too. I love the Achar Fish Set and Lobak.ReplyDelete
my boiboi really saves the day then cos he din wanna watch the pirates haha..ReplyDelete
btw i was in little penang last nite entertaining my Sporean cousin and family. 20 of us really created a riot there haha... so many extra orders and its like non-stop ordering by them. they said the assam laksa and rojak are so so good!
While I enjoy the food at Little Penang Cafe I have to say that the service level leaves much to be desired. The last time I was there we were served by what can only be generously described as the bastard spawn of an ewok and a wookie. Not a good experience. Sadly the staff there just do not care so no matter how hard to stare crossly at them they avoid your gaze or reply it with a needlessly blank expression. So just go to enjoy the food but nothing else. Better still try and kick up a fuss and see how the guest workers respond!ReplyDelete
i like the rojak there. But i remembered my rice dish with chicken was not really good.ReplyDelete
Well, don't let my bad review stop you from catching the movie. There were four us that night and two really LIKED it. Maybe knock back a couple of drinks first, experience might be more pleasurable!ReplyDelete


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Since 2006, when another blogger and I collaborated to bring you "Battle for the General Assembly" (a guide to that year's state legislative races), this site has sought ways to pool resources in an effort to bring you the most comprehensive and usable information about your ballot.
This year, I am happy to announce a partnership with Nooga.com to provide Chattanooga and Hamilton County voters with a comprehensive* voter guide for the upcoming August election. I want it to be clear that Nooga's managing editor and political reporter have put in the lion's share of the work on it, but that I did contribute significantly.
In addition, I remain committed to the statewide project that comprises the pages below:
- 108th General Assembly (all 99 House of Representatives seats and approximately one-half of the Tennessee Senate)
- U.S. House of Representatives (all 9 districts)
- U.S. Senate, Class 1 (what does "Class 1" mean?)
Thank you for doing you civic duty: not only voting, but doing your best to find your best fit among the candidates and ballot questions. Continue to let me know how I can increase the value this site brings.
*I realize that, at the moment, the judicial retention questions are not yet included. I'm working on those.


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State of Ohio Fire Marshal, Larry Flowers, joins the show to talk about emergency vehicle traffic safety. In central Ohio, the Madison Twp FD had an engine struck head on by a vehicle while responding to an emergency scene. Their pre-planned safety measures kept the crew safe although the engine sustained moderate front end damage. Our thanks to Fire Marshal Flowers for joining us at the Ohio Fire & EMS Expo! You can find out more about the Ohio State Fire Marshal's office at www.com.oh.gov/fire.
Last, but not least, we're happy to be joined by Delaware County EMS Chief Mike Schuiling who is also the current president of the Ohio EMS Chiefs Association. It's always a great time when he's on the show! Find out more about OEMSCA and the upcoming conference at www.oemsca.org.
Stay Safe!!
In this episode Dr. Dietrich brings you some case studies, makes you think about the diagnosis, and then discusses what your concerns should be.
Also head over to the Second Shift Podcast at FlightBridgeEd to check out Aaron's guest "appearance" with Eric Bauer and Mike Verkest!!
We had an opportunity to sit down with Mel House, the Executive Director of the Ohio Dept. of EMS. Director House wanted to share with our listeners what their responsibilities are and how they go about fulfilling those responsibilites.
Director House also took time to give some facts about certifications, the recertification process, and to also dispelled some rumors.
We also took this opportunity to discuss the new legistlation passed by the Ohio House of Representatives that allows paramedics to practice in "non-emergency" situations. This new legislation opens the door for community paramedicine in Ohio. Check out the "ORC 4765.361 Information Sheet" released by the Ohio Department of EMS for more information.
We want to apologize for the recent delay in "airing" new episodes. Thank you for all of your patience and support!!! We will have another episode ready for you in the next week or so.
Stay safe!!
Ohio Department of EMS Website
In this episode Dr. Dietrich discusses pediatric abdominal trauma.
If you aren't familiar with the Metro Alert App that we discussed in our last episode please listen here or go to www.medflight.com for more info.
Meigs County EMS will be hosting a Post Traumatic Stress Workshop this Saturday June 6 @ 10am. This is an excellent opportunity to hear from PTSD experts. The workshop will be held at Meigs High School.
Thank you for listening and stay safe.
Would you like the ability to request a helicopter for your patient using a mobile app? In this episode we discuss how to use MedFlight's Metro Alert App. Amanda explains what happens "behind the scenes" and also discusses some of the do's and don'ts when utilizing the app.
MedFlight Metro Alert App 10TV News Segment
Also Dr. Dietrich will be discussing pediatric seizures.
Make sure you check out the Convene First Responder website. This endeavour being developed by Matthew Currin, is a social media site meant specifically for first reponders/critical care staff. Additionally there is a Convene First Responder mobile app that is currently in development.
MedFlight Radio will be working with Convene, so stay tuned for more info in the near future!!!
Take 45 minutes from your day to listen to this powerful testimony from DavePaul Lane…. a paramedic who became a patient himself, and almost lost his life, when he treated his shift and equipment as "routine". This broadcast was recorded at the 2015 Tri-State Fire/EMS Conference in Portsmouth, OH, on March 28th. No one left the conference without being affected by his story.
DavePaul has turned a tragic day into a learning experience for us all, and focuses on impacting firefighters, EMS, and other public safety workers & healthcare professionals by reminding them that shift complacency and the "this is just another routine shift" mindset can be deadly. This is a great episode for your entire department or team to listen to, and we urge you to take time to listen to his story in its entirety.
DavePaul Lane is available for questions and comments by emailing him at email@example.com. We thank him for allowing MedFlight Radio to share his story with our listeners.
In this episode we discuss an article published in the winter 2015 Edition of Vertical 911 magazine. The authors (Iain Holmes and Debra Milliner) discuss the importance of a thorough pre flight. This article is the first of a series aimed at those looking to make a move into helicopter emergency medical services. However, this information has an application in any public safety discipline.
Please check out this video which gives the viewer a glimpse of the Commlab at the Helicopter Flight Training Center. This training facility is one of its kind and provides an unprecedented training experience. You can find out more about the Helicopter Flight Training Center in this interview with Terry Palmer.
Stay Safe!!!
It this episode we are bringing you another journal club discussion from Dr. Ann Dietrich. For this discussion we are looking at three studies released in 2014.
- Paramedics Accurately Apply the Pediatric Assessment Triangle
- Understanding Safety in Prehospital Emergency Medical Services for Children
- Pediatric Traumatic Arrest Due to Blunt Trauma
Please help us by telling your friends and collegues about MedFlight Radio! As always stay safe and stay in touch!
In this episode we review why we use Atropine and how it works. Let us know if you have any questions or suggestions. Stay Safe!!


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As I spend time recovering from the California International Marathon, I have time to think about what right and what went wrong. I do know I hit a wall and hit it hard. Which brings up the question: do you have to hit a wall in a marathon? Ideally, no.
Let's clarify this a bit–in a perfect marathon you will reach a wall, but not until about mile 26. That means that you will have meted out your energy and taken in the right amount of fuel to run at your fastest possible pace for 26.2 miles…and not a step more. That's what you should be aiming for. And how do you get there? That's the famous last question, but I'll offer a few tips from marathons that have worked out for me:
- Be realistic about your goal time. You may have a goal you'd love to hit, but make sure you are truly in that kind of shape before setting out at that pace.
- Keep your starting pace in check–I can't emphasize this one enough. You're going to be feeling fresh and ready to go after a taper. Don't ruin your race by going under your goal pace in those first miles. One thing I'd recommend is that if there are pacers and they seem to be doing a good job, keep your goal pacers slightly ahead of you at the start and don't allow yourself to pass them until the final miles if you're feeling good
- When your energy drops, and it will a few times over, reach for a gel if you haven't just had one. A gel or electrolyte replacement drink might be all that you need.
- Consider slowing your pace a tad if you hit a low. Often the low will be short-lived and once you've made it through, you'll be ready to pick up the pace again.
- Pay attention to your fueling. My lesson from this past marathon is that, given the opportunity, you should take in carbs or electrolytes sooner rather than later. I had too big of a gap between my first two gels and I know that played a role in what happened to me last week. Know your fueling plan and stick to it.
- Always remember that marathons will offer up good miles and bad miles. Ride out the bad ones and take advantage of the good ones. Don't let yourself get mentally defeated the first time you start to fatigue–the odds are it will pass.
Hitting a wall is your body's way of protecting itself from being pushed too hard. Your central nervous system goes into protective mode when you've depleted your energy stores and/or pushed your muscles beyond a pace they an handle for that period of time. I believe it doesn't have to happen if you do things correctly.
Ever hit the wall? What has worked for you in preventing that from happening?


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Ray - I would go to http://download.openoffice.org/ and download OpenOffice. It has an spreadsheet program like Excel called "Calc" along with other MS Office like programs. If you can't afford or don't want to spend the money on MS OFfice, then OpenOffice from Sun is a great alternative.
Then you can calculate negative logs to your heart's content!
Also, if you're a Windows person, search around for Microsoft's scientific calculator for windows - under accessories under programs under the start button. It has a scientific mode. I'm sure Mac/linux has something you can download as well.


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Marion County Youth Soccer will hold indoor training sessions at Center Square for the next four Saturdays (Jan. 15, 22, 29 and Feb. 4).
Under 6-year-old sessions will be from 9-10 a.m. and U-8's from 10:15-11:15 a.m. The sessions are open for all registered players in MCYSA in those age groups. Players may register for the spring season at the session.
Coaches of these age groups are requested to attend.
For more information, contact Travis Webb at (270) 304-8591 or (270) 692-9195.
On Friday, the Marion County varsity boys basketball team played the Wanneroo Wolves, an Australian travel team, at the Roby Dome. After a close first quarter, the locals pulled away to pick up their sixth win of the season, defeating the Wolves by a final score of 76-54.
In the first quarter, the two teams were evenly matched through the first five minutes. The Wanneroo Wolves held a 7-6 lead with 4:58 remaining, which was their last lead of the game. The Knights finished the opening quarter on a 5-0 run to lead 11-7 at the end of the period.
AquaKnights vs. Taylor Co./Campbellsville (Home)
Lebanon Middle vs. St. A (Home)
St. Charles vs. St. Dominic (Away)
Boys JV/Varsity vs. Campbellsville (Away)
Girls JV vs. Mercer County JV 6:30 (Autism Classic - Home)
Girls Varsity vs. Ballard 8:00 (Autism Classic - Home)
Marion County Youth Basketball League
January 9, 2011
8- & 9-Year-Old Boys
at St. Charles Middle School
Kings 34: Austin Smith 11, Bryce Spalding 9, Cade Thompson 2, TyShay Epps 10, Grant O'Daniel 2.
Suns 19: Cody Abell 1, Tanner Barker 2, Conner Cornish 6, Andrew Keltey 1, Dawson McCarty 7, Eli Nelson 2.
Bulls 21: Zander Hyatt 1, Chase Miles 3, Ryan Lee Hayes 2, Austin Smith 1, Clay Callahan 10, Dalton Sallee 4.
Sunday marked the beginning of the Upward Basketball season for this year.
All the games will be played at Lebanon Middle School, and will begin every Sunday at 2 p.m. The season plays out for the next nine Sundays, wrapping up with closing ceremonies March 6.
The director of the league is the pastor of Lebanon Christian church, Robbie Harmon.
"The main goal is that everyone gets to play, and that everyone learn the fundamentals of the game and have fun," Harmon said.
E-mail schedules to email@example.com
Girl/Boy DH vs. Australian Team at 6:30 & 8 p.m. (H)
Girl/boy doubleheader vs. Central Hardin at 6:30 & 8 p.m. (A)
Lebanon Middle vs. St. Charles at 5:30 p.m. (H)
Lebanon Middle vs. Bloomfield (A)
On Friday Jan. 7, the Marion County boys and girls varsity basketball teams will host the Australian Travel Team beginning with girls' action at 6:30 p.m. followed by the boys' game at 8 p.m. The Knights faced the Australian team last season and collected a 68-47 win on Dec. 27, 2009. The Lady Knights have never faced the Australian team.
Autism is a disorder that affects countless people.
Copyright © 2015
The Lebanon Enterprise is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Marion County and Lebanon, KY, and the surrounding area.


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EyeSwoon is a destination for creativity, food, and design… dedicated to lovers of living with beauty and deliciousness in everyday life. I am a visual creature…always on the lookout for inspiration. There are so many layers to creativity. It is found in the food we create, how we dress, the rooms we live in, and for me it always begins with something visual.
All it takes is seeing that one image or taking that singular bite to incite a journey; it could be a vivid color that pops out, a distinct texture, or a simple combination of ingredients that draws us in and entices us to put a stamp on something and make it our own.I created EyeSwoon as a testament to the hours I spend scouring the internet or pouring through magazines swooning over those little sparks of inspiration.
And beyond that, I'm equally curious about what goes on in the homes and professional kitchens of friends, chefs and the people that intrigue me; from intimate homemade meals, to the unique spaces they create to cozy up in. I'm always so inquisitive…asking other creatives about their breakfast routine, their go to recipe, favorite restaurant dish, what kitchen tool they can't live without, or the story behind their favorite piece of furniture in their home. Through EyeSwoon, I'll snoop about pantries, personal treasures, and secret hiding places to give a unique glimpse of some of the most interesting people I know. Lets inspire one another…and swoon together!
Athena Calderone Biography
Athena Calderone is a lifestyle designer with an eye for the unexpected. An innately visual person who believes beauty comes from self-expression – and that self-expression is about giving yourself license to be more than one thing – her work as an interior designer, home chef and professional hostess embraces the use of unusual pairings. The result is design with texture and authenticity, all captured on her website EyeSwoon where her love of food, interiors and fashion are seamlessly combined into one sophisticated, inspired and eclectic destination.
Since its launch in 2011 EyeSwoon has become haven for cultural tastemakers, celebrated chefs and revered designers around the world. A unique lifestyle site that takes a holistic approach to design, EyeSwoon showcases Athena's ability to infuse her aesthetic into all aspects of her life from cooking and home design to creating stunning tablescapes and events. Today more than ever, EyeSwoon represents Athena's modern and authentic approach to food and entertaining, making it a compelling destination for the tens of thousands of visitors who draw inspiration from the site and Athena's unique sensibility daily.
An interior designer by trade, Athena's design work, with her firm Rawlins Calderone Design, has been featured in in Elle Décor, Harpers Bazaar, Lucky Magazine, T Magazine, Architectural Digest, Martha Stewart Living and on the cover of Living Etc. She has worked with a variety of brands as a content curator and hosted events for the likes of Canon, Van Cleef and Arpels, Cartier, NARS, West Elm, Anthropologie, Cointreau, Gap, Tiffany's, Vogue, Harpers Bazaar, Refinery 29, The Coveteur, 1st Dibs, One Kings Lane, Edition Hotel Group and more.
Swoonworthy Sites
- A Beautiful Living
- Cherry Blossom Blog
- Convoy
- Cool Hunting
- Culinary Porn
- Decorative Traces
- Design Milk
- Ditte Isager
- Eater
- Edible Selby
- Elle Décor
- Emmas Design Blog
- Factory 20
- Garance Dore
- Hungry Ghost Food & Travel
- Into the Gloss
- keep it chic
- King & Grove
- My Scandinavian Retreat
- Mystic Mamma
- Nowness
- Refinery29
- Smitten Kitchen
- sous style
- Tales of Endearment
- Taste Spotting
- The Coveteur
- The Food Life
- The Formula Blog
- The Formula Blog
- The Glamourai
- The Glow
- The Last Magazine
- The Selby
- The Style Files
- Trendland
- Unique creatures
- Yatzer
Swoonworthy Spots
Visit My Professional Design Site


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Intercom Villainy YKTTW Discussion
|Intercom Villainy
A villain in a video game trolls you constantly via the intercom system.Needs Examples Better Name Needs Examples Needs Examples Tropeworthy? Tropeworthy?
Villains in video games sometimes use an intercom system to relentlessly mock the player character, or simply to make funny comments that amuse the player and offer some insight into the villain's personality--particularly, that they feel confident enough in their strength to not make greater efforts to stop you, feeling content to merely make fun of you in often clever ways. This almost always overlaps with sinister surveillance, as it demonstrates that your enemy can see your every action. This is often used to characterize the villain and help establish a relationship with the player while keeping them well out of shotgun range. You'll usually hear the villain become less confident and more desperate as you destroy their Mooks and get closer to them. You might even hear a Villainous Breakdown over the intercom. Also expect a lot of This Cannot Be!. Is this tropeable? Also, if anyone has a really fitting quote for this, I'd appreciate it.
Examples:Comic Books
- Joker does this to Batman in the graphic novel The Killing Joke.
- Simon in the third Die Hard installment doesn't use an intercom, but his messages have much the same effect. Jigsaw in the Saw series communicates with his victims via pre-recorded messages on microcassette tapes, but it's more or less the same trope.
- Banjo-Kazooie:
- Gruntilda in BanjoKazooie1, possibly the trope maker. She harasses you constantly as you traverse her lair, making badass boasts and cracking jokes at Banjo and Kazooie's expense, always in rhyme. She also speaks up the first time you're hurt by specific hazards. Once you beat her, you can still explore her lair, but the intercom is silent.
- Similarly, the sequel, Banjo Tooie, introduces the "Eagle-Eyed Foreman", a nameless, faceless corporate goon who informs you of certain goings-on and sics robotic drones on you if he spots you on one of his many security cameras.
- The Joker throughout Batman: Arkham Asylum. The Joker, Harley Quinn, Penguin, and Two-Face in their respective bases in Arkham City.
- BioShock After a certain point, Andrew Ryan will start communicating with you via the portable radio you picked up at the start of the game. Sophia Lamb does the same in the sequel.
- Borderlands2: Handsome Jack does this through the echo system.
- Command & Conquer Red Alert 3: Sometimes it is just your allies being snarky but it is Tim Curry on that one and Andrew Divoff.
- De Blob 2: Although he's technically speaking gibberish, Comrade Black taunts you throughout the final level, promising that you can't get to his orbital hypno ray in time. He even gets kind of meta, telling you to access the menu and quit the level.
- Duke Nukem I: Dr. Proton mocks Duke in some levels via videophone.
- In Fable, during fights with Jack of Blades' minions, he constantly taunts you telepathically, with cruel but hilariously accurate imitations of your own Stop Helping Me! guildmaster.
- FEAR: In the third game, a succession of psychic commanders taunt you (they seem to really hate the Point Man, possibly because of his connection to Alma, and thus the highly traumatic "upgrades" they were given).
- Gears of War 2 offers a subversion of this when Cole takes over the speaker system the queen is using for giving orders he offers this little gem.
- Half-Life 2: You hear Dr. Breen through public address systems throughout the game. In the final chapter, as you approach his office, he talks to you directly through the building's intercom.
- Tomator from The Lost Vikings and its sequel.
- In Manhunt 1 you are trapped in some sort of sick cinematographic experiment and the director follows you around and trolls you through the earpiece.
- Max Payne: In the final level, Nicole Horne taunts you as you make your way to her in the Aesir Corporate Building.
- Mother3: Porky taunts you as you travel to every floor of the Empire Porky Building EXCEPT the 100th floor.
- Morrowind's Dagoth Ur does this to the player once he enters the final dungeon and prepares to face off with him, taunting that he could not possibly defeat a god.
- Mystery Case Files: Escape From Ravenhearst -- Charles Dalimar included an audio system in the underground areas specifically so he could tell the Master Detective what she's supposed to learn about him in this area.
- Several bosses in Neverwinter Nights do the telepathic version of this.
- Portal:
"Let's try it her way. Fatty. Adopted fatty. Fatty-fatty-no-parents."
- GLaDOS in Portal, possibly the trope codifier. A malevolent supercomputer with a quick wit and a sharp tongue that cracks wise almost constantly in her creepy monotone.
- Wheatley from Portal 2 attempts this, but he just can't match the wit of his predecessor.
- In Rocket: Robot on Wheels, Jojo will taunt you whenever you activate ticket switches. He also does this throughout Jojo World.
- Sonic Colors: Doctor Eggman makes funny announcements over a PA system and occasionally tries to lure Sonic into an obvious trap.
Replies: 65


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Southeast Asia forum
More budget questions
Joined Travelfish
12th March, 2006
Posts: 270
Total reviews: 13
Dear Somtam
What US$ budget per day would you suggest for 3 people (sharing a room), for 67 days visiting Thailand, Laos and Cambodia? We are buying discovery passes for Bankok - Chiang Mai: Vientiene - Pakse: Phomn Penh - Siem Reap so that cost is outside the budget. We would like to splurge on a few nights at Sala Phae but am happy with backpacker type accomodation as we don't require a/c, tv or minibars.
Am loosely following your suggested itineraries for North/South Laos and Cambodia and would like to spend some time on Ko Chang before heading back to Bangkok.
Thanks for your assistance
#1 Posted: 5/7/2006 - 11:26
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Location Indonesia
Posts: 7371
Total reviews: 24
Places visited:
At least 113
Sorry about the delay in answering this -- I had to wait for the Travelfish-super-computer to warm up...
Budgets are sooo difficult to estimate, but here's a guestimate:
Your main cost will be accommodation as you've already looked after your flights.
Bear in mind the following are averages -- your rooms will be more expensive in Bangkok than say Ayutthaya -- I've tried to work that into the equation.
In Thailand, about 500B-700B (US$12-17)
In Laos, about US$10
In Cambodia about $12-15
You could certainly bring the average down quite a bit by staying in cheaper places, but personally I've found paying a little more when sharing with two others really pays off in terms of comfort and not wanting to kill each other at the end of week one.
For food, it depends on where you'll be eating, again in my experience I tend to eat all three meals out -- breakfast at a street stall, lunch at a bigger street stall/small shopfront and dinner at a restaurant and I'd average out at about $9 a day in Thailand on food and slightly less in Cambodia and Laos -- say $7 apiece (bear in mind I tend to order a lot and eat some of each dish, so if you eat more sensibly them me you'll save money)
Beer - the absolute budget killer! Laos and Cambodia $1 beers are the norm, in Thailand $1.00-2.00 depending on how snobby you are about beer.
Transport - mostly nominal as you're flying all the long legs.
So with all my waffle deleted, we have:
Accommodation (for the group)
Thailand say $15
Laos $10
Cambodia say $13
Food (each/for the group)
Thailand $9/$27
Laos $7/$21
Cambodia $7/$21
For a total of:
Thailand $42 a day
Laos $31 a day
Cambodia $34 a day
Then I'd round those up to cover incidentals, minor transport stuff, site admissions etc to:
Thailand $50 a day
Laos $35 a day
Cambodia $38 a day
Apply the above to how you've aportioned your trip and you should have a rough idea. I forgot to mention the pass for Angkor -- don't forget that!
As a trio you'll probably spend less on food as you may order dinner to share (Thai style) so it will cost less...
Other's may have some better tips as at least one of the Travelfish regulars is on the road at the moment and may have some figures to share ;-)
#2 Posted: 5/7/2006 - 17:11
See where I've been in Southeast Asia!
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Joined Travelfish
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Location Indonesia
Posts: 7371
Total reviews: 24
Places visited:
At least 113
Having just re-read it (something I should have done before posting it) my accommodation estimates for Laos and Cambodia are a bit high - you could probable get away with $6-7 in each country without too much trouble...
#3 Posted: 5/7/2006 - 17:12
See where I've been in Southeast Asia!
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Posts: 270
Total reviews: 13
Thank you! I will need a day or so to digest the calculations, but this has been sooo! much help. I have posted exacto for his insights - a very sharp knife in the block - sling him some bucks methinks. And thank you for scraping the cerebellum.
You make this stuff so easy. many many thanks.
#4 Posted: 5/7/2006 - 17:34
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So, Im thinking my planned budget of AUD $50 ($35 USD) per day per person (x 2 people) should be fine?
Looking at about 4-5 months from Singapore to Hanoi (via Malaysia, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia)
#5 Posted: 11/12/2006 - 07:13
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I'd say your AUD $50 per day should hold up quite nicely, particularly over a long trip like that where you've got the time to take trains and buses instead of flying from place to place. We spent roughly that much per person per day this past June and July, and that was at a comfy flashpacker level. The longer you stay, the better deals you can get on accomodation, etc. Four to five months? I'm eating my heart out! Have fun.
#6 Posted: 11/12/2006 - 11:26
Joined Travelfish
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Posts: 2
Hi Somtam. I am going to thailand by myself, for a month (25/12-23/01). I´d like to travel to Laos and Cambodia too. I was thinking to stay 3 days in Luang Prabang, after go to Siem Reap( How???), stay for 3 days, and come back to Thailand. I´d like to go to the south, for to dive, and I will take an airplane ticket to Bangkok, I think it is better by Pucket for to come back home.
I have many questions:
The time is enough? I have to reservate the rooms? I will have problems with the VISA? Discovery passes will be good for this trip? Airplane or bus for Laos and Cambodia??
Thanks a lot,
#7 Posted: 12/12/2006 - 19:52
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Thanks Exacto!
Im looking to go in the low season too so thats a nice comparison. I want to be able to spend a night somewhere nicer occasionally, so that makes me feel confident that I will have plenty of cash.
4-5 months - cant wait! Its just the thought of coming home unemployed that worries me slightly, but I cant have it all!!!
#8 Posted: 20/12/2006 - 08:44
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By way of comparison after plane fare, for our thirty day stay in Thailand, my wife and I budgeted $60 Can. a day....that's food, lodging, transport and incidentals. In no way did we do without and were very comfortable. We returned $50 dollars over budget....not too bad. Peace Jim
#9 Posted: 22/12/2006 - 03:36
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Pastry workshop
Learn more about chocolates, petits fours and their sweet secrets with our Pastry Chef at VIlla Rothschild Kempinski.
All these sweet delicacies, that make dessert lovers hearts leap for joy, are created with passion and with great attention to detail. Benefit from our Pastry Chef´s experiences, tips and tricks during our workshop and let your loved ones at home profit from your new skills. We look forward to welcoming you!
DATE & THEME: 08 November 2015, 11.00 - 14.00 | Pralinés and petits fours
EUR 75 per person
including water, coffee and fruit juices
We look forward to your reservation by phone at +49 (0) 6174 909826 or via email to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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About Us
"Get the back-up of a real store, packed to the hilt with great instruments and passionate staff waiting to help you..."
Kosmic Sound is one of the largest music stores in Australia, with both brick and mortar retail outlets and an online store. Located in Osborne Park Western Australia. We stock a wide range of products, including drums, DJ, guitars and amps, keyboards, music technology and PA. You will find most major brands in stock, including Fender, Gibson, Yamaha, Roland and much more.
Get To Know Us Better...
- About the Osborne Park store. Map, info, brands and more. SEE MORE!
- Contact Us
- Trading Hours
Kosmic Facebook Pages
Check out our Facebook page, where you can put names to a few faces, find out more about upcoming events and special offers.
Kosmic on YouTube
- Address: 94 Hector St Osborne Park WA 6017
- Ph: 08 9204 7577
- Email: email@example.com


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Sunrise Apartment
from £57 /night help Price for guests, Nights
4 reviews
from £57 /night help Price for guests, Nights
Estimated nightly price based on a weekly stay. Excludes fees (if applicable). Enter your dates to see the total cost.
Sunrise Apartment balcony overlooking our beautiful 14m x 7m pool
Apartment / 3 bedrooms / sleeps 8 Home 584812
Availability Your dates are available
Apartment / 3 bedrooms / sleeps 8
|Key Info
Luxury 3 bedroom apartment with good sized balcony overlooking a beautiful patio area with gardens and a 14m shared pool.
The apartment sleeps up to 8 people. Fully fitted kitchen with dining area.
Free Wifi high speed internet, very similar to the one you might have in your home!
All rooms have individually controlled air conditioning!
Luxury appointed large apartment with a 14m x 7m pool and countryside views. 2 king size beds, 2 twin beds and a high quality double sofa bed. Situated in a quiet village just outside Larnaca. Walking distance to 2 tavernas, a local Kiosk and a small Supermarket and a wondeful bakery that sells a wide range of freshly cooked delights. Anything else that you may need can be found in the neighbouring village; chemist, butcher, another lovely bakery, large supermarket, takeway etc etc.
Only 5km to the local beaches including the gorgeous 'Secret Paradise Beach' at Alaminos.
Ideally situated for exploring all that Cyprus has to offer.
Larnaca beach front is only 10 minutes away, lined with palm trees, it has a wonderful selection of restaurants, both Cypriot (offering local dishes and traditional Meze) and well known International chains like TGI fridays. There are plenty of fast food eateries and bars too. Behind the promenade you will find sophisticated shopping with Zara, Mango, Top Man, Calvin Klein to name a few as well as trusted favourites such as M&S, Debenhams etc.
The stunning Nissi beach is just 35minutes away. Protaras and Fig tree Bay are just 40 minutes away. You can be exploring the Troodos Mountains within an hour and you can be playing golf within 45 minutes travel.
There are so many things to see and do right across Cyprus making this location ideal whatever you prefer, relax at the beach, at the pool or explore!
|Sleeps up to 8, 3 bedrooms
|3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms of which 1 Family bathrooms and 1 En suites
|Nearest beach
|Local 5 km
|Will consider
|Corporate bookings, Long term lets (over 1 month)
|Car advised
|Nearest Amenities
|100 m
|Nearest travel links
|Nearest airport: Larnaca 15 km
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages
|No pets allowed, No smoking at this property
Features and Facilities
|Internet access, DVD player
|Shared outdoor pool (unheated)
|Air conditioning, TV, Satellite TV, Wi-Fi available
|Kettle, Toaster, Iron, Hair dryer
|Clothes dryer, Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|1 Sofa beds, King Beds (2), Single beds (2), Cots (1), Dining seats for 6, Lounge seats for 5
|Linen provided, Towels provided, High chair
|Shared outdoor pool (unheated), Balcony or terrace, Shared garden, BBQ
|Parking, Lift access, Suitable for people with restricted mobility, Wheelchair users
The Larnaka District
Larnaca is a very cosmopolitan town offering all you need for a fantastic holiday. Larnaca boasts a beautiful promenade lined with palm trees, pavement cafes, restaurants, a marina full of multimillion pound yachts and boats, boat trips, world-wide cuisine, great shopping (Zara, Mango, Calvin Klein to name just a few), sandy beaches, water sports, good nightlife, history, culture and tradition. Larnaca is also perfectly placed on the island to explore all that Cyprus has to offer! Larnaca airport, 10 minutes, Nicosia (the Capitol city) 40 minutes, Limassol (largest resort on the island) 25 minutes, Ayia Napa 35 minutes, Protaras 40 minutes, Troodos Mountains 1 hour, Paphos 1.5 hours.
Alethriko is a tranquil village nestled in a valley surrounded by pine trees, an ideal retreat for those wanting to totally relax. The village is famous locally for its panoramic views and tranquility where only the birds break the early morning silence. It is overlooked by the majestic medieval Stavrovouni Monastery high on its isolated peak. The village centre is just a short stroll away where you will find the locals in the coffee shop playing backgammon, a Supermarket, a kiosk, a wonderful local bakery (more than just bread here! pasties, desserts, iced cream etc), a takeaway (burgers, kebabc, chips etc), a church and two excellent local tavernas. For those who enjoy walking there are tracks leading to the tops of the hills to admire the breathtaking sea views on one side and the panoramic views of the valley on the other side.Sunrise apartment is just 0.5km from the centre of the village and less that a two minute walk to the two taveras - €15 for a traditional meze (dips, bread, grilled halloumi cheese, mix of grilled meats, salad, potatos and fruit). There are lots of other tavernas in surrounding villages a short drive away or a 15 minute drive could take you to the coast at Zygi, Mckenzie or Larnaca for a fabulous fish meze. You are spoilt for choice and will not go hungry!The beauty of Alethriko is that whilst it is tranquil and idyllic, it is only a two minute drive to the main motoway and centrally placed for exploring the island.Nearby attractions include a recently opened Olympic standard shooting range, Lefkara, a lace making village, Mazatos Animal Park, 'Secret Paradise beach' at Alaminos, watersports, Water park at Ayia Napa (rated in the world top 10!), Ten Pin bowling, Cinema complex and Go-Karting .... something for everyone.A perfect recipe for a perfect holiday - you won't want to leave!
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Snowboard Pants, All Brands - MensSave on Snowboard Pants when you shop our unbeatable selection of snowboard gear at Proboardshop.com. All brands of Mens Snowboard Pants in stock are at great low prices up to 40% off retail. We carry the largest selection of all the top manufacturers in the industry and pass the saving on to you. Don't get stuck with small selections and high prices, shop with us and get our best prices and unbeatable selection on everything snowboarding. we combine fast shipping with 30 years of great prices, selection, and outstanding service.
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Dec 11, 2015
Rochester Americans at St Johns Ice Caps
Mile One Centre - St. Johns, NL, CA
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East Boston KinderCare
Preschool | Grades PK, K
Wichita, KS 67207
(316) 684-4574
About This School
East Boston KinderCare is located in Wichita, KS. It is a preschool that serves children ages 1-12. East Boston KinderCare is Preschool, Kindercare and has a capacity of 87 children.
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This week has been one of the busiest so far this year. With a spring feeling thaw, the strays come out to find food. It is, as usual, another tough time of the year.
Traveling to a
Once upstairs I spotted both him and another dog, she was about to jump through a large missing wall to the streets. With my heart pacing I decide that it would be best to lie on the cluttered floor and befriend both. Within minutes I got two new best friends, Barret and Jenny! Guys, these two are Perfection. They loved me and they love other dogs and kind people. Their bad days are over.


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All Colonial Beach population data above are from the US Census Bureau.
With 3,541 people, Colonial Beach is the 216th most populated city in the state of Virginia out of 593 cities. But watch out, Colonial Beach, because Altavista with 3,460 people and Verona with 3,510 people are right behind you.
The largest Colonial Beach racial/ethnic groups are White (82.4%) followed by Black (16.8%) and Asian (0.8%).
In 2013, the median household income of Colonial Beach residents was $48,149. Colonial Beach households made slightly more than Captains Cove households ($47,941) and Fredericksburg households ($47,945) . However, 10.0% of Colonial Beach residents live in poverty.
The median age for Colonial Beach residents is 48.0 years young.
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Exclusive video: Interview with Frank Gehry
After revealing his plans for a new 'high street' at Battersea Power Station, Frank Gehry spoke exclusively to the AJ about his work and making his London debut
This morning (7 April), the 85-year-old revealed his designs for the third-phase of the £8billion redevelopment of Battersea Power Station.
The competition-winning scheme which includes five blocks of apartments with a central titanium-clad building, which Gehry dubbed The Flower, will become, if built, the American architect's first permanent project in the UK.
When asked why he hadn't built anything in the UK before, Gehry replied: 'You'll have to ask London why they don't call me more often.'
'I love London. There is no question it has become one of the most vibrant places to work. I love coming here.
Consultation on the plans begins this Thursday (10 April), before the designs are submitted for planning.
The scheme is set to complete in 2020.
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- 28Promote
Canvas Print
Felix Foxby Darrah Gooden
Fine art print on bright white, fine poly-cotton blend, matte canvas using latest generation Epson archival inks. Individually trimmed and hand stretched museum wrap over 1-1/2" deep wood stretcher bars. Includes wall hanging hardware.
Aaah i'm a little bit obsessed with your work! its lovely! :)
thanks, grace! i am encouraged.
thanks, andy!
All of this work is great! You should consider doing an animal book for Children.
thanks so much, guys!
You have such a talent... :)
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Privatization of Government Services: An Overview and Review of the Literature
Brooks, Richard C., Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management
ABSTRACT. Privatization continues to receive serious consideration at the federal, state, and local government levels. The most frequent reason cited for privatizing services is to reduce the size and cost of government. While many government entities have privatized services, it is often up to academic researchers to determine if the goals of privatization have been realized and to shed light on the organizational and service characteristics that make it more likely that the results of privatizing a particular service will be positive. This paper seeks to provide a background to those researchers interested in examining the privatization of government services. The paper reviews and synthesizes prior privatization research and discusses future research directions.
Privatization continues to be an important consideration for many government entities. Limited resources force federal, state, and local governmental units to seek out methods of providing services in the most efficient manner possible. Privatization is one method that government officials utilize to reduce the size and cost of government. A partial list of services that are often privatized includes: airport operations, data processing, fleet or vehicle maintenance, hospitals, parking lots or garages, public safety or corrections, residential solid waste collection and/or disposal, transit or transportation, water and wastewater utilities, and vehicle towing or storage. While many public services are privatizeda in the United States, some services possess characteristics which increase their attractiveness to private sector firms. For example, residential solid waste collection (RSWC) is a likely candidate for privatization because the necessary inputs to production are abundant in the economy (e.g., unskilled labor and specific capital). Also, the costs for private sector firms to enter into (and exit from) the RSWC market are relatively low. This propensity for private sector firms to enter into the RSWC market is apparent from the results of a 1987 survey of privatization in America, sponsored by Touche Ross (now Deloitte Touche), the International City Management Association (ICMA), and the Privatization Council:
... the services most frequently contracted out in the last five years have been solid-waste collection or disposal (nearly 60%), vehicle towing or storage (45%), and building or grounds maintenance and service (nearly 45%) (David, 1988, p. 47).
According to David (1988) these same services are expected to remain among the most frequently privatized.
Privatization is a topic that concerns public officials, public employees, citizens, and scholars. Each of these groups has an interest in the privatization decision. Public officials are concerned with the economic as well as political costs associated with privatization. Public employees fear they will lose their jobs because of privatization. Citizens are interested in the impact of privatization on the taxes they pay as well as the quality of services they receive. Finally, scholars seek to understand the economic and political impact of privatization, as well as the factors that influence the decision to privatize.
The literature is replete with articles that relate the privatization experiences of individual governmental units. For example, McMeekin (1999) describes how fleet management was privatized in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania; Brunsdon and Corssmit (1998) discuss the privatization of the Fairbanks Municipal Utilities System in Fairbanks, Alaska; and Dean, Moskowitz and Cipriani (1999) discuss the implications of privatizing the Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae) from a government-sponsored enterprise to a private organization. Other articles discuss the incidence of privatization (e.g., Thai and Kim (1998) report the incidence of information systems work outsourced by cities in the state of Florida). Still other articles evaluate the economic impact of privatization decisions. …


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THIS BOOK, which appeared in Hebrew in June 1995 and iFrench at the beginning of 1996, immediately provoked a lengthy and continuous debate. Some of the reactions deserve a study in themselves, but since the debate is still proceeding, as vigorously as ever, I feel it fitting to postpone this task until later. For the moment, I will simply point out that the intensity and scope of these exchanges show the degree to which this work goes to the heart of the controversy over the nature of "Israeliness." I feel that, very often, major questions concerning the nature of Jewish nationalism and the character of Zionist socialism (including its origins and its place in the development of Israeli identity) have been formulated incorrectly, and in many cases important issues have been evaded. It is precisely these issues that this book attempts to reformulate and analyze.
This work began with a critical reflection on Israeli society in the past and the present. Throughout my academic career, my professional field of research lay in Europe, mainly in France and Italy, and where Israel was concerned, I had to rely either on my own impressions, intuitions, and personal experiences or on the work of others. In either case, I was on unsteady ground and my perspective was necessarily limited. In one place the facts were missing, and in another their interpretation was insufficient. My curiosity failed to be satisfied, especially as quite early I began to have serious doubts about a number of accepted ideas sanctioned by Israeli historiography and social science, which are still very much part of the Weltanschauung of the Israeli cultural elite.
That is why one day at the end of the 1980s I decided to find out for myself. I wished to proceed in the only way that is really proper for a professional historian: to search the archives, to reread the texts, and to test social and political realities against the ideologies designed to guide policies. The study of Jewish society in Palestine (1904–48) is comparable to the study of any other society, and the methods of investigation should be the same whether one is writing the history of the twentieth century or of more distant periods. To analyze social and political realities, one has to give priority to the raw material of the period and not to the eyewitnesses' memories of it. Those who take part in unfolding events often have an unfortunate tendency to wax sentimental about their far-off youth and to embellish the realities of those years. Memory is not only a filter; it also has a regrettable way of reflecting the needs of the present.
Another unfortunate aspect of traditional Israeli historiography is the damage caused by the prevailing separation in universities of Jewish history


text:
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text:
Ice Cream Man!
Credits & Info
- Date
- 08/24/2009
- File Info
- Song
- 2 min 18 sec
- Score
- 4.37 / 5.00
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- Score:
- Rated 4.37 / 5 stars
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Rated 5 / 5 stars
This is a great song, and what's kind of funny is while I was listening to this, an ice cream truck drove by.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Best song I've heard in a while.
Kudos! 10/10
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Da best
Well this song has been the best i listened to AND I WAS WIPED AWAY this actulally makes good background music for games that involve running over people
SO great and this deserves more than a 10
Rated 5 / 5 stars
dude congrats on the fame
haha I saw the demo of this song, I was blown away that you guys were basically just kids with guitars and a drum set.. thats so awesome dude. it gives me hope someday haha. btw, this song KICKS ASS!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
This was in punk-o-matic 2
may as well put that in the "Herd in" area


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Customer Reviews for Learn to Crochet Jewelry
|« Go Back
1 - 4 of 4 reviews
April 29, 2015
Jane T
I am a fan of Robyn. This was informative and I can't wait to work on my next jewelry. I rate it a five star.
January 28, 2015
Lilian K
What a great teacher. So patient and speaks slowly. A creative genius. I have much to learn and do. Thanks for the information. Can't wait to start my projects.
September 13, 2014
Dana G
I love Robins jewelry and when I can save some extra money this will be the first projects I will order. Robin is a great teacher she never talks to fast and when the camera is right on the combination is right on. I love her teaching methods. Good luck Robin and thank you Dana
June 8, 2014
Gwen M
I love this class; I learned so many tips and tricks for creating jewelry as well as so many other ideas too. I love how Robyn presents the materials and how she is flexible in her ideas and allows for so much creativity.


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from £85 /night help Price for guests, Nights
from £85 /night help Price for guests, Nights
Estimated nightly price based on a weekly stay. Excludes fees (if applicable). Enter your dates to see the total cost.
Villa / 3 bedrooms / sleeps 6 Home 218990
Availability Your dates are available
Villa / 3 bedrooms / sleeps 6
|Key Info
Luxury villa in a peaceful village, set in enclosed grounds of over 4000sq.m with stables and a paddock area. Situated in an area of great natural beauty with palm trees and a spacious garden landscaped with local stones. There is a good-sized pool with an adjacent sand play area.
To the back of the villa the patio is fully equipped with a barbeque, table and comfortable chairs, next to a small Japanese garden. This provides very pleasant surroundings for your BBQ, eating breakfast outside, relaxing with a good book, sipping a pre-dinner drink or enjoying the local wine at the end of the day whilst overlooking the countryside.
The villa is a short drive from numerous local attractions: stunning white, sandy beaches; only 20 minutes to the famous Praia dèl Rey championship links golf course; 10 minutes to Obidos, an attractive medieval-walled town dominated by a 12th century castle; go-carting for all ages; several varieties of waters sports close-by – surfing, fishing trips, a day trip by boat to the Berlengas Islands, a huge water park at Peniche, to name but a few.
There are a number of bars scattered along the coastline towards the fishing town of Peniche, famous for its wide choice of fish restaurants.
Visits to vinyards and wine tastings with specially reduced prices can be arranged on request.
The perfect base for a wonderful and totally relaxing holiday.
|Sleeps up to 6, 3 bedrooms
|3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms of which 1 Family bathrooms, 1 En suites and 1 Shower rooms
|Nearest beach
|Praia Areia Branca 8 km
|Will consider
|Long term lets (over 1 month)
|Car advised
|Nearest travel links
|Nearest airport: Lisbon. By car, bus, train 75 km, Nearest railway: From Lisbon to Bombarral or Caldas da Rainha
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages
|No pets allowed, No smoking at this property
Features and Facilities
|Log fire, Internet access
|Private outdoor pool (unheated), Shared outdoor pool (unheated)
|Central heating, TV, Satellite TV, Wi-Fi available
|Kettle, Toaster, Iron, Hair dryer
|Dishwasher, Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|Double beds (2), Single beds (2), Dining seats for 10, Lounge seats for 12
|Linen provided, Towels provided, High chair
|Private outdoor pool (unheated), Shared outdoor pool (unheated), Balcony or terrace, Private garden, Shared garden, BBQ, Swing set
|Secure parking, Suitable for people with restricted mobility, Not suitable for wheelchair users
The Central Portugal region
The Silver Coast is a very central and beautiful part of Portugal with easy access to many cultural, historical and sporting activities.
Within an hour, you can be at the sea, stunning white sandy beaches, golf courses, vineyards and places of cultural/historical interest:
10-30 minutes drive from the villa:
Peniche, the ferry to the Berlenga Islands, Foz do Arelho, Praia Del Rey, Caldas da Rainha & Obidos.
45-60 minutes drive from the villa:
Lisbon, Sintra, Cascais, Mafra, Tomar, Alcobaca, Batalha, the Shrine of Fatima and Nazare.
Caldas da Rainha
Obidos is an ancient medieval walled town with cobbled streets lined with houses, craft and gift shops, bars, restaurants and many Churches. There are numerous festivals held throughout the year including the world renown Chocolate Festival, Easter Festival, Medieval Festival, Piano and Opera Festivals and the Christmas Festival.
Obidos Lagoon is about a 15 minute drive from the villa. It is the largest sea-water lagoon in Portugal and provides many water-related activities, bird watching, etc. On the north side is the lovely small village of Foz do Arelho which offers several fish restaurants, cafés and beach-side amenities.
The city of Caldas da Rainha is a 15 minute drive with great shopping, a daily outdoor fresh fruit and vegetable market and the Town Park with a children´s playground, a boating lake and Museum. It also sports a new indoor shopping centre in the town centre with a multi-screen cinema that shows movies in English.
There are several beach resorts and 5-star golf courses within a 20 minute drive from the villa.
10-30 minutes away are beautiful beaches such as Baleal (a great place for water sports, in particular surfing), Areia Branca, Consolação, São Bernardino, Peniche, Praia Del Rey, Foz do Arelho and São Martinho. There are a number of bars serving delicious local foods scattered along the coastline towards the fishing port of Peniche. The area is also famous for its wide choice of fish restaurants.
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text: Video The power - and paralysis - of too many choices Add to ... The Globe and Mail Published Thursday, Mar. 25, 2010 4:44PM EDT Last updated Wednesday, Oct. 06, 2010 12:39PM EDT Each day we make dozens of decisions, from the mundane to the important. Sheena Iyengar, Columbia business professor and author of 'The Art of Choosing,' tallies up the costs Watch More Video: Video: John Ralston Saul on the state of global press freedom One-on-one with Howard Lutnick and Edie Lutnick Healing a company deeply wounded by 9/11 The six killer apps of Western civilization Western civilization stands on a cliff edge Citigroup, J.P. Morgan and Goldman Sachs all broke the law Future generations can fix America We can't expect our anti-virus software to protect us all the time Cyber crime's key players World economy at a tipping point, but Canada has room to manoeuvre One-on-one with Nariman Behravesh Gen Y and the workforce Gen Y and the workforce: Heather's story Gen Y and the workforce: Valerie's story Gen Y and the workforce: Leeann's story Companies break the law every day Why colleges share the blame Internships: just cheap labour? What Gen Y can do to find work College means better health, wealth and marriage Comments AA More Related to this Story Video One-on-one with Sheena Iyengar Adhocracy The beauty - and burden - of having choices Follow us on Twitter: @GlobeDebate


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Custom Shaft Seals
Fri, 04/07/2006 - 7:43am
MECO shaft seals completely contain dry powders, pastes, slurries and other bulk materials in bucket elevators and other rotating process machinery. Costs are contained by keeping product out of bearings, prolonging bearing life. Patented MECO seals are available fully-split to speed installation and rebuilding. Originally developed for screw conveyors, they are custom-engineered to retrofit equipment with shaft diameters from 12mm to 90 cm.