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What Metals Rust the Fastest (Steel, Copper, Bronze)
An ongoing discussion from 2003 through 2014; so some of these grammar schoolers are probably working on their Masters by now ...(2003)
Q. I am 8-years old and I'm doing a science project on,"Which metals rust the fastest (steel,copper,bronze)? I know that steel will rust faster than copper and bronze, but where can I find the comparison for all three. I've read the other questions and none of them compare steel, copper and bronze. Can you please help me with some resources and answers that could support my hypothesis? Again I know steel will rust faster because copper and bronze will tarnish.Isaiah [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
student - Charlotte, North Carolina
A. You are young to be considering such a question, Isaiah. Steel is a refined and very useful form of the element 'iron'. Copper is an element, too. By 'element' we mean the fundamental inseparable materials of which everything in the universe is made -- i.e., things that are not compounds or mixtures of other things but are purely and completely only one thing, as determined by how many protons are in the nucleus of their atoms. There are 92 natural (found in nature) elements, with Hydrogen being number 1 with one proton, and Uranium being number 92 with 92 protons. Iron is element number 26 with 26 protons, and Copper is element 29 with 29 protons. Bronze is an alloy (mixture) of copper and the element 'Tin', element number 50.
Copper and bronze do not contain any iron, and only iron can rust (because rust is defined as iron oxide, a compound of iron and oxygen); so the answer is that steel will rust the fastest and copper and bronze will never 'rust'.
But, yes, copper and bronze do tarnish, they do corrode. But bare copper roofs last decades outdoors, and bronze statues last decades outdoors, so it is very difficult to say which of the two corrodes or tarnishes faster, but neither rusts. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
Q. I am trying to find the answer to the same question. I am 13-years old. And I need these answers for my science project. I want to know what happens when copper, bronze, and steel rust? Do they break or bend easily? Can you clean it up or do you have to replace it? Also in what kind of machinery are these metals used? Cars?destiny [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- riverside, California
A. Hello, Destiny. We will reword it for you to try to make it clearer. Copper is an element (you can look up 'element'). Bronze is an alloy (you can look up 'alloy') of the elements copper and tin. Iron is an element, and steel is a very useful, reasonably pure form of iron.
Rust is iron oxide, the corrosion product of iron. You can only make iron oxide from iron and oxygen; you can't make it out of copper or tin, so copper and bronze can never rust.
Copper and bronze can corrode or tarnish, however. In fact, all metals except precious metals like gold will eventually corrode back to a form very similar to the ores we find in nature. When metals corrode the surface turns to some kind of oxide or corrosion product rather than being metal anymore -- so it no longer performs the functions of metal.
Yes, it's likely to look poorly, to be weak, to bend or break more easily, to become perforated with holes. Usually you can clean the metal -- remove the corrosion products -- but there is less metal left and eventually what's left will no longer serve the original function. Cars are made predominantly of steel, but the electrical wiring is pure copper; and there may be some wear surfaces or small electrical springs made of bronze.
Good luck with your project.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
January 6, 2008
Q. I am doing a science fair project on which metals would rust the fastest.I just wanted to know which metal would only rust the fastest between iron, bronze, copper and steel. After that question is asked I would like to know what metal would tarnish the fastest between copper and steel.
Dario S [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
Detroit, Michigan
January 7, 2008
A. Hi, Dario. To keep your project moving forward, please try your best to express your question in terms of what has already been said. I've already explained why bronze and copper cannot rust but iron and steel can. I'll be happy to explain again if you can tell me what it is that you don't quite understand.
As for whether copper or steel tarnishes fastest, get a piece of each, shine them up with fine sandpaper [linked by editor to product info at Rockler] to remove existing rust or tarnish and get to bare bright metal, and start recording what you see, and you'll have a good science project. Best of luck!
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
February 5, 2008
Q. Hi I'm Owen and I'm ten years old and I'm doing a science fair project on metals that rust the fastest in water. This site has been very helpful to me. Would you have any suggestions on how I could get hold of a some metals for my experiment? Is there anything I could use around my house? Also, do you know any good books that could help me? I was at the library and I couldn't find a thing about it? My mum is clueless.Owen E [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- Alexandria, Virginia
February 9, 2008
A. Plain steel nails would be best, Owen. Masonry nails if you have any (these are flat nails that look like long thin triangles rather than being round). Use sandpaper to remove plating or paint from whatever nails you have. If you have some painted sheet metal from an old toy or whatever, you can sand the paint off of that -- but first test it with a magnet to make sure it is steel.
Pennies are copper on their surface, and electrical wire and copper piping are pure copper. The pull tabs on soda cans are aluminum, as is aluminum foil.
The main reason for librarians is to help people find what they need from a library. Ask for help there.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
February 15, 2008
A. Steel rusts faster.anferneee h [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- Carlina, South Carolina
February 18, 2008
A. Well, yes, Anfernee. In the same sense that fresh cod or flounder will turn into rotting fish faster than fresh cabbage or carrots will. Vegetables can rot, but they can't become rotting fish. Copper and bronze can corrode, but they can't become rust because rust is iron and oxygen.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
September 4, 2008
Q. I am also doing a science project, but mine is steel, copper, aluminum, and brass. I need help! I have looked on the internet on oxidation, but nothing comes up!Nathan A [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- Bowling Green, Kentucky
September 21, 2008
Q. Yes I am 14-years old and I am also doing a project over what types of metal rusts faster. And I need help on finding a good Hypothesis! I am a hard working student but I just can't find or think of a good Hypothesis (it's for my science project)Christian E [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
Student - little elm, Texas
September 26, 2008
A. Christian, the first principle is writing such a project is that words have meanings, you can't ignore those meanings and bull on :-)
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
(for Kindle)
Earth Science for Every Kid
Kids Guide to Research
October 8, 2008
Q. I'm 16 years old and I want to know if there is any other metal that can rust except iron. Its for a science project.de-wet C [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
student - P.E., Eastern Province, South Africa
October 8, 2008
A. Hi, De-wet. what exactly do you mean by rust? You should mean "iron oxide", which can only come from the element "iron". But there are various alloys that contain iron, like cast iron, low carbon steel, high carbon steel and stainless steels of many different grades.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
October 16, 2008
A. Hi,
My name is Amy and I am currently studying corrosion at school. Rust is a form of corrosion, that is specific to iron. Iron oxide is rust so no other metal can rust. Metals such as aluminium actually form a surface layer of aluminium oxide which protects the metal from further corrosion. There is a table known as a Standard Reduction Potentials table that lists elements in the most likely to reduce to the least likely to reduce (the least likely to reduce are the most likely to oxidise), so if you wanted to protect something made of iron from corroding (rusting) you need a 'scrap' piece of metal to be sacrificed. this metal needs to be more likely to oxidise because it is at the site of oxidation that corrosion occurs. An example of a metal that could be used is zinc or magnesium.
student - Perth, WA, Australia
Hi Amy. If you actually understand the words you are using in your explanation, you've achieved a great understanding of the topic!
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
December 20, 2008
A. I'm doing the same thing for my project and I have feeling that steel will rust faster so for your hypothesis you should put: "I think steel will rust faster because ...." -- hope I helped.
p.s.: I'm eleven in the sixth grade.Jasmine M [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- Lancaster, California
January 3, 2009
I am 9 and I just completed this project for the science fair. Ted's answers were very specific and helped to explain the process and the reasoning for rusting. Thank you. For my project, I used 5 glass jars, salt and hot water. I tested 5 types of metal for a week. I put one metal in each jar of salt water and waited and recorded the results after a week. I was kind of surprised by what this experiment taught me and in the process of doing this , I learned a ton of information about metals and rusting. I even learned a thing or two about rust removal that my mom was happy to hear about. Try it for yourselves it was very interesting.Jonathan S [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- Ecorse, Michigan
January 15, 2009
Q. I have a science fair project and if I leave a nail in cold water and hot water will that effect the rate of rust?Ty J [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
Student - Warrensburg, Missouri
January 15, 2009
A. Yes, Ty, that sounds like a good topic for a science fair project. Keeping the water hot can be problematic though. Any idea how you are going to do that? Another student opted to do refrigerator temperature vs. room temperature because refrigerator temperature seemed easier to maintain than a heated temperature. But maybe your mother or father could help you put your experiment dish on top of the hot water heater? Or maybe you have an aquarium with warm water in it that you could float your experiment dish on?
Let us know how your experiment comes out. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
January 15, 2009
Q. We are both fifth graders and are required to enter the science fair at our school. We are partners. Anyway we want to know which type of metal will rust the fastest and if it will rust within one month and a half due to our science fair is in March. We will be trying to make the rust go away with ten types of different chemicals such as bleach, rubbing alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and nail polish remover.
We thank you for your support.
student academics - valley springs, California
January 18, 2009
A. Hi. Soap-free steel wool [linked by editor to product info at Rockler] rusts very quickly because it is steel and it has a huge surface area, but when you say "make the rust go away", do you mean you want to remove rust with these chemicals, or you want to immerse your metal into them instead of into water?
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
April 6, 2009
Q. Hi I'm kyana and I'm 12 and I want to know when rust occurs on metals does it effect its structure/shape and also I know rust effects the appearance of a metal but why when metals rust they turn into a brownish color?kyana b [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- New York
April 8, 2009
A. Hi, Kyana. Rust is iron oxide, a reaction product that is generated by iron combining with oxygen.
Where does the iron come from? -- it comes from the piece that is rusting, the piece that is rusting is losing some of itself. The area turns brownish because rust is brownish. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
June 3, 2009
A. Hey,
I hate to tell you this but only steel and iron rust. Everything else has to be called corrosion.
- Adelaide, SA, Australia
September 24, 2009
A. I think the science project questions are a study on oxidation. Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving Oxygen.
Rust is the common name for ferric oxide, but is also (incorrectly) used to refer to other type of oxidation/corrosion. As Ted stated only ferrous metals (those which contain iron) can rust. But nearly everything oxidizes... striking a match causes rapid oxidation of the chemicals in the match head.
Experiments involving water and metals should also take into account that tap water is never pure water (H2O), distilled water (from the store) is closer. Other chemicals present in tap water can cause widely varying results in your experiments depending on where in the world you are and how the water is treated to kill bacteria and other micro-organisms.
Footnote: Pure water will not cause oxidation (by transfer of electrons-the chemical process) because PURE water will not conduct electricity. It takes very little contamination to change this.
Hope this helped.
"Common knowledge" is what we assume the everyone else knows.
- Washington C.H., Ohio
October 26, 2009
Q. I'm a sixth grader searching for an answer! My teacher wanted me to look up distilled water and I am not really sure what contents of distilled water can make metal rust, where am I going to find it, and can it really make metal and copper rust! Also, I had to take out a material for a science fair project because I don't know what type of common items are made of bronze besides statues! Can you help me?Ellesia Turner
- Jersey City, New Jersey
October 2009
A. Hi, Ellesia. Distilled water is water that has been distilled. What that means is that regular water was put into a pot and boiled away, but the steam that it turned into was captured and cooled and condensed back to water in a fresh clean pot. Any dirt or salt or other contaminants that were in the regular water remained in the original pot, and the distilled water is now pure water.
The bronze age preceded the iron age, so there was a time when all sorts of things were made from bronze: pots and pans, plates, drinking vessels, helmets, shields, swords, tools, cell phones, and coins.
Today we have many choices for materials, and there are only a few things where bronze is a likely choice because it is heavy and expensive: statuary and knick-knacks, certain kinds of bearings, door hardware like knobs and knockers, cleats on ships, etc.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
April 14, 2010
Q. Hi,
my school has a science fair in seven weeks and me and my partner are wondering what the quickest way to rust aluminum, copper, steel, terne and zinc. The results have to be in 4 weeks from now. Thank-you for your help.
Kind Regards,
student - Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
April 15, 2010
A. Now, girls: this is a discussion group, not a service that does your homework for you :-)
It's already been said more than a dozen times on this one page alone that only iron and steel can rust. Is it really appropriate to post the question that you did, rather than reword it a bit? :-)
I would suggest either immersing your metals in bowls of common household chemicals like vinegar, water, bleach (be careful with bleach and never mix it with other stuff), and coke or spritzing the metals with those liquids on a regular and controlled basis.
Luck & Regards,
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
April 24, 2010
Q. Is there any other metals that have iron in it other than steel? By the way I am 10 in 5th gradeMissa M.
student - Maple Valley, Washington
April 26, 2010
A. Hi, Missa. Cast iron, wrought iron, malleable iron, stainless steel, Invar, Kovar. . .
Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
May 15, 2010
Greetings. I've really enjoyed the banter so far on this subject of rust/corrosion. I co-designed a chromatic harmonica of a very high quality and price ($4000) which employed a stainless steel body produced by end milling, and later, by EDM (electro-discharge-machining). My partner (now deceased) and I ran into many unexpected problems regarding the stainless steel (SS), but also the other metals involved as well.
My partner Douglas, a classical musician and mechanical engineer, was a strong advocate of using SS for his own instruments, and first built them for himself and others in the later 1960's to early 70's based on current wood body designs. Once we partnered to build our own design, we were startled to learn SS is not as 'rustproof' as either of us expected! And oddly, it exhibited more proclivities to rust under EDM processing than the usual mechanical end milling process!
It seems that regular end milling removes SS in stages, yet basically leaves amalgamated SS surfaces intact. But EDM processing remove ANY surface particles in order to leave an exceptionally smooth surface. Both surface types have shown rust ability, but differently. The end milled bodies had tiny rust areas develop in corners where moisture could collect. The EDM body rusted areas were sort of spotted all over, as well as in corner surfaces.
We were alarmed, to speak, and through research with our EDM operator, found that the surfaces would benefit from a process called passivation, which reduces the corrosion possibility of the general surface. As best I understand it (so far), this would mean removal of exposed particles of iron on the surface, thus inhibiting rust of the exposed surface in general.
Naturally, this process would have to take place after the EDM cutting of the form, but would obviously not completely inhibit SS rust forever.
It was quite a learning experience for us, I must say. For more information, see below:
The process in metal corrosion by which metals become passive.
A type of inhibitor which appreciably changes the potential of a metal to a more noble (positive) value.
The state of a metal surface characterized by low corrosion rates in a potential region that is strongly oxidising for the metal.
Thanks to Ted and contributors for a thoughtful discussion.
- Tallahassee, Florida
August 10, 2010
Q. Hi there, I am producing a keychain that will be used on boats and I need to make sure that the metals won't rust. The factory says the lobster claw attachment and split ring are made from Zinc Alloy. Does Zinc Alloy rust?Zoe Friedman
- New York, New York, USA
A. Hi, Zoe. As we've said more than a dozen times now, only iron and steel can rust -- but that doesn't mean that the zinc alloy won't corrode. I would be very surprised if the split ring is zinc alloy as claimed though. They probably have to be plated with something to deter corrosion. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
October 10, 2010
Q. We are trying to find the answer of that question, the answer is: 1st steel, 2nd copper, 3rd bronze. That's all, but please help me cause its our project also,
thank you.
- philippines
November 1, 2010
Q. Hello,
I am 9 years old,in fourth grade, and I am doing a science fair project to find out which type of bolt corrodes the fastest; zinc plated, brass, normal, or stainless steel. I was planning on putting them in salt water to make them corrode faster. Do you think that would work or would it be better to place them in something else? I understand that these will not rust because they are not all iron, but what should I look for with corrosion?
Odessa, Florida
November 1, 2010
A. Hi, Daniel
It would be best to pick something real and repeatable to expose them to, like sea water. If you can't conveniently get real sea water, then look up the concentration of salt in average sea water and make a solution with that much salt in it as "simulated seawater".
A "normal" bolt would probably be plain steel, but you should call it "steel" rather than "normal". Stainless steel bolts are made of steel with other metals like nickel and chromium added to them to make them more corrosion resistant, so you should probably expect it to be so.
When zinc plating corrodes, the corrosion product is white. When the zinc is all gone, there is a steel bolt underneath, so it will rust. When brass corrodes it can be dark brown to black or it can be green. I would probably expect green when exposed to salt water.
The steel bolt will corrode noticeably in under a week, but I don't know if your experiment will last long enough for you to see significant corrosion on the other bolts. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
November 2, 2010
Q. I am doing a project on which metal rust the fastest. I am using a key, a can tab, and a a piece of a can. do you have any advice for me?
- laural maryland
November 2, 2010
A. Hi, Keanu. Somehow you have to determine what metals these three objects are made out of. The key may be brass (is it yellowish and not attracted to a magnet?). The can tab is probably aluminum. The piece of a can could be aluminum or tin-plated steel.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
November 1, 2010
Q. Hello,
I am 9 years old,in fourth grade, and I am doing a science fair project to find out which type of bolt corrodes the fastest; zinc plated, brass, normal, or stainless steel. I was planning on putting them in salt water to make them corrode faster. Do you think that would work or would it be better to place them in something else? I understand that these will not rust because they are not all iron, but what should I look for with corrosion?
student - Odessa, Florida, USA
November 22, 2010
Q. I am 12 and I'm doing a science fair project and I don't know if copper, steel, or aluminum in water or salt water. My big brother did this last year but I don't know what the answer is and he is not allowed to help me. I thought copper rusts faster but I read the other questions and I'm confused. I also need names of books I can use for research.
Please anwser back,
student - Jacksonville, Florida USA
November 23, 2010
A. Hi, Faith. An important part of your project is clear thinking, and very clearly formulating what you are trying to do. Unfortunately you made a typo in phrasing your question, so we don't know if your thinking is clear or not.
Please ask your librarian what books to use for research. S/he went to school to learn how to help people with things like this; we didn't. She knows what books the library has; we don't. She understands your reading level; we don't. She has surely seen the same question asked by other Jacksonville school system students; we haven't. Not trying to blow you off, but a very important part of your assignment is to practice how to do research, and asking strangers on the internet what books to read is bad practice; asking your librarian is very good practice. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
December 6, 2010
Q. My son is doing a science project and it's about rust ... he is doing it with water, coke and orange juice ... one is a quarter a screw and a paper clip....does it matter about how much of the liquid we put and what kind of container they are in? I thought a glass jar, empty can of corn, and a plastic one will those be ok.....my son is in 6th grade and he is 12Noah huerta-fuller
student - Alpine, Texas
December 6, 2010
A. Hi, Noah
I wouldn't use an empty can of corn since it may be metal and, if so, would corrupt your experiments by involving another metal. How much extra liquid is used probably doesn't matter, but the object must be completely immersed for consistent results. To do it really right, I would suggest having 6 of each object, and 18 small disposable plastic cups or glass dessert bowls, etc. Put water in 6 cups, coke in 6 cups, OJ in 6 cups. Put one quarter in each of two cups of water, one quarter in each of two cups of coke, etc.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
July 21, 2011
Q. Science project: if I put an iron nail in a cup containing water, what will happen to it after 5 days.Ipshita P. [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
student - Quwahati, Assam, India
July 22, 2011
A. Yes, Ipshita, that does sound like a good science project. But don't just check after five days -- try to observe and record the results every 12 hours for the five days. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
September 12, 2011
STUDENT - MIAMI, Florida
A. Hi, Dominique.
I was about to address your question when my aunt entered the room (she pronounces it 'ont'). She's asking for the keyboard, so bye -- Ted
- - - - - - -
Dear Ms. Dominique P.:
Should you discover that a stranger's kind response to your request for enlightenment contains an error, you may gently make a suggestion in that direction -- but only after opening your correspondence with the usual correct salutation and prefix of "Dear xxxxx, Thank you so much for your efforts...."
Very Truly Yours,
E. Van Post Mooney
September 12, 2011
Q. Hi I'm Nishat and for my 8th grade science fair project, I'm wanting to see what type of metal can last the longest in salt water, vinegar, lemon juice, or tap water (control) before corroding; steel, iron, copper, or bronze. I'm wondering where to get small samples of those metals for my experiment so if anyone could list off a few locations, it would help me tons. Thanks in advance! :)Nishat J [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
Student - Tucson, Arizona, USA
September 13, 2011
A. Hi, Nishat.
Carolina Biological Supply has a "metal strips set" that includes aluminum, brass, copper, steel, and zinc.
Science Kit has something called "Metal Electrode Set" that includes Aluminum, Copper, Iron, Lead, Zinc, and Brass -- but they will only sell it to registered educational institutions. You can ask your teacher to get it for you, I suppose, unless you're home-schooled.
Amazon has a set of samples of aluminum, brass, copper, iron, lead, and zinc =>
Metal Samples
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
November 1, 2011
Q. So to clarify, the iron substance must be completely submerged to consistently rust? Would measuring the mass of the substance every week be a good way to measure the amount of rust? (i have a month for the project)? If we were to use different types of coke (coke zero, diet, cherry) what in these would affect the amount of rust? Thank You for your help!!Jim H
- Tuscon, Arizona, USA
December 28, 2011
Q. Ok, so I know that this has been repeated many, many, many, times- but hey, I'm only 12 in seventh grade and I have to write a whole paper for my science fair. So, I'm just asking on advice or feedback because I learned that gold, silver, and I think copper can't rust. So I changed my science fair question which is " Which metal TARNISHES faster out of gold, silver, and copper. Do you have any advice that can help me, or a correction to my question?Nyla G
- New York, New York, USA
December 29, 2011
Q. Hi, Nyla. The question is fine, except that you usually need/want to conduct an experiment, and you may find it hard to locate gold and silver to play around with. I'll give you a couple of pieces of food for thought that you can research and see where it takes you.
Most metals are found in nature as ores rather than as metal. The ores or rocks are actually oxidized/tarnished/ corroded reaction products of the metal and oxygen. To make iron and other metals usually requires melting the ore at very high temperature while removing the oxygen so it can turn back to metal.
You have probably heard that you must never burn charcoal indoors because you can die from carbon monoxide poisoning. That is, when charcoal burns, it tends to steal all the oxygen from the air. So making metals often involves coal or charcoal, not just for the heat, but also as a scavenger that removes oxygen so the ore can turn back to metal.
Metal plus oxygen equals metal oxides (corrosion, tarnish, rust, ore). Corrosion/tarnish/rust/ore minus oxygen equals metal. You might find it interesting that metals very slowly "burn". They slowly react with oxygen in the air, releasing a small amount of heat over a very long time, and leave tarnish/corrosion products behind. Because they release heat, the corroded form is more stable than the metal. You have to add energy (heat) to get from ore to metal.
Gold is one of very few metals that we find in nature as a metal. The reason we do find it in nature is that pure gold does not tarnish or corrode, because it does not "burn" in this way. Rather, gold does not release energy when it corrodes. Most jewelry is not pure gold, but an alloy of gold mixed with other metals like copper and silver, and then it can tarnish.
Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
May 17, 2012
Q. I am 12, my name is Christian and I am doing a experiment for a science fair using steel aluminum and copper. What do you think vinegar will do to a pop tab and what to it and PS Any ideas for the poster board?Christian M [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
October 7, 2012 -- this entry appended to this thread by editor in lieu of spawning a duplicative thread
Q. I am 11 years old and I have a science paper due and I need to know what makes bronze rust the fastest.Lainie S [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- Youngstown, Ohio, USA
A. Hi Lainie.
We appended your question onto a thread that already answers it: nothing can make bronze "rust" because rust is iron oxide and there is no iron in bronze. But bronze, like just about anything else, can corrode. Any acid, including vinegar or lemon juice, will accelerate the corrosion of bronze. If you add a little salt, it should be quite corrosive.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
October 8, 2012
Q. Hi I'm Finn, I'm 12 and I'm in a gifted program at school. I was just wondering if you knew a way to measure rust growth on steel, it would be great to know a good way to measure.
- Lewisville, North Carolina, United States
October 8, 2012
A. Hi Finn. The way it's actually done in industry is by weight loss. You make sure the item is dry, then you weigh the steel item before you start the test. Then you do whatever it is you do to make it rust. Then you use a stripping compound that will remove rust without causing any further rusting of the steel. Then you dry it and weight it again to determine the weight loss. You could try CLR for removing the rust =>
If you don't have an accurate scale and a chemical that will remove the rust, you can pour the rusty liquid that you created by immersing the steel in water or whatever through a coffee filter and rub any rust that is on the piece onto the coffee filter, and display the filter as a qualitative indication of the amount of rust. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
Electronic scale
November 16, 2012
Q. What metal corrodes faster, copper or aluminum? I am doing a science fair project and was wondering if this would be a good project.Benny [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- Chicago, Illinois, USA
A. Hi, Benny. If I were to tell you that I was planning a science project to determine whether a Corvette or a Kenworth truck is a better vehicle, you would tell me that I need to narrow it down into categories like fastest, best cornering ability, able to haul heavier freight, able to traverse a deeper puddle, etc.
Your question is not a bad project idea, but you probably need to narrow it down a little bit by asking which one corrodes faster under specific conditions, such as when immersed in salt water, or fresh water, or bleach, or vinegar ... because one metal might not be most corrosion resistant under all circumstances, just as a Corvette might not be better than a Kenworth for every situation. And one other thing ... do you have a reason to care which is more corrosion resistant? If you find a topic that you care about, that's always best. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
December 15, 2012
Q. Hi! I am doing a research project regarding rust... what is the fastest way to let a metal rust? I soak the metal in seawater already... is there any other way? The faster and the better ways to gain more rust! Thanks and God bless!John
- Philippines
A. Hi John.
Any acid (such as lemon juice or vinegar) will dissolve some metals to some extent. Adding some salt will speed it up. But you must let the acid dry up or it will keep the rust as well as the metal dissolved. So repeatedly spritz the items with a solution of vinegar and salt, preferably out in the warm sunlight.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
January 31, 2013
Q. I need this answer. I am doing a science experiment with copper, steel, iron, brass, stainless steel, silver,aluminum, and bronze. Which one rusts fastest, and how fast do they all rust?
- Missoula, Montana, US
A. Hi Gwen. As mentioned several times on this page, rust is iron oxide, which comes from iron reacting with oxygen, so only materials which contain iron can rust. On your list only steel, iron, and stainless steel contain iron, so only they can actually rust (although the other materials can corrode).
Other than that, your experiment should be okay. Tell us you results after you do the experiment. You certainly don't want to know the answer before you do the experiment because then the experiment would be a complete waste of time, plus you probably wouldn't believe the results that you determined if they were contrary to what you expected. Good luck, and get back to us with your on-going results.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
February 13, 2013
Q. Hi, I'm doing a project about steel nails and I'm wondering if you can tell me which liquid will make my nails --
a) rust the most
b) rust the fastest
c) makes nails rust
It would be very helpful to my project.
- Surrey, BC, Canada
February 16, 2013
A. Hi Seth. Are you asking which liquid out of all of the liquids in the world will cause nails to rust the most and the fastest? I'm not trying to give you a hard time, but I am reminding you that it is your project and you will benefit from it in direct proportion to how long and how hard you think about it.
Household bleach is quite good at making nails rust. Has your teacher given you safety instructions for this project? Are your parents helping you, reminding you to wear goggles? If not, read the instructions on the label and take them very seriously when they tell you not to mix bleach with anything. Good luck with the project.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
February 19, 2013
Q. Hi
I have to do a science experiment, "Which metal corrodes the fastest in water"
Do you have any tips on how I could do this? Or which metals I could use? Any tips/ information will be greatly appreciated.
I am going to test them in tap water in an indoor shaded environment, in containers of equal sizes and capacity of water. I don't think it is feasible to make this large amount of distilled water and purchasing it in my area is quite costly (unfortunately).
Lastly: should I use plates or wires? I think I should use wires but please tell me the better one.
Thank you :)
- Sydney, NSW, Australia
April 21, 2013
Q. Hello,
I am going to be doing a 10th grade chemistry experiment with a partner that has to do along the lines with:
-What metal rusts easily
-What can easily remove the rust and the amount of metal composition that has been removed during the rust removing process
-What solution/chemical composition has retarded/sped up the renewal of rust on the metal
I know what exactly my partner and I are going to use and what we to do but the question is what metal do we use to easily demonstrate the easiness/hardness of removing rusts with different chemical compositions/solutions. Do you have any idea that help us bring our science project "to life" as you may. Any ideas will be very helpful in this.
- North Hollywood, California, United States
A. Hi. You bring a project to life by picking something that already fascinates you. If you pick something that hasn't grabbed your interest by 10th grade (metal rusting ... ho hum), it probably won't now; and if you're not interested, it's hard to interest others. Try to think of all your past or present hobbies, interests, models, etc., and how rust might have surprised, interested, confused, or inconvenienced you. Maybe your interest was bottle caps, model boats, electric trains, old cars, yard art, antiques, old computers, political buttons, musical instruments, magic tricks, or whatever. You can't convincingly feign enthusiasm. Think hard about what already interests you and how rust might impact it. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
October 3, 2013
Q. I have the same project. But I will test steel and iron but what other metal should I use?Grant M [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- Danielsville, Georgia, U.S.
November 9, 2013
Q. How long does it take for iron or steel to rust?Bobby T [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- Washington, DC USA
November 11, 2013
A. Hi Bobby. The Iron Bridge crossing the River Severn in Shropshire, England has been standing since 1781. But steel and iron can flash rust in 15 minutes -- so it depends on a lot of things.
But if you are asking how long it will take a plain iron or steel nail to rust when immersed in water for a science project, I think you'll see rust in one to two days. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
January 10, 2014
Q. I've read this entire thread and really appreciate all the information. For my son's science project he tested how long it takes for a bronze coated steel fishhook to rust. The liquids he used were saltwater, fresh water, coke, gatorade, and apple juice. Only the salt & fresh water hooks rusted; the others all showed signs of corrosion (black spots on the bronze finish). I'm trying to help him determine what would cause the salt and fresh water hooks to rust since we know (after reading the posts) that bronze does not rust. Why would the bronze finish break-down allowing the steel hook to rust? Would greatly appreciate some insight. Thanks!Malynda Vassallo
- Diamondhead, Mississippi, USA
January 2014
A. Hi Malyda. While wearing goggles, snip or sand the barb off those hooks before using them in a kid's science project -- you're making me queasy :-) Although the ancients used bronze fish hooks, you are correct that today's "bronze" hooks are made of steel and are merely the color of bronze. I suspect that bronze hooks are not electroplated with bronze, but simply dipped in a bronze colored lacquer, but would appreciate if someone who works at a fishing tackle company would weigh in on this.
The sentiment on a number of fishing forums is that bronze hooks are the cheapest and least durable of any common finish. A Maryland DNR study found that no fish hooks dissolve away in a practical time period, but that bronze lacquer hooks may be the safest for fish, but probably not by a statistically provable margin (articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-03-20/sports/1991079022_1_barbless-hooks-hook-styles-smaller-fish)
This bronze lacquer is apparently not very impermeable, and does permit the underlying steel hook to pretty rapidly rust, so that's why they are rusting.
Coke, Gatorade, and Apple Juice are all mild acids (www.21stcenturydental.com/smith/education/pH_drinks.html). Rust is more soluble in acids than steel is, with the result that things may not look rusty even if they are corroding faster than they are corroding in water because the rust is dissolved and not visible. When the Coke, Gatorade, and Apple Juice eventually evaporate away, you should see significant rust in the residue.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
June 5, 2014
Q. Hi my name is Bianca and I am a little flummoxed as to where to start on my 15 year old nephew's science project. We need all the help we can get because it is detrimental for his school certificate. It's about testing a factor that may affect the reaction rate of a metal/acid reaction. Which would be easier to choose and how do I begin?
1. Concentration of the acid: more concentrated acids increase the reaction rate.
2. Surface area of the metal: a larger surface area increases reaction rate.
3. The type of acid: more active acids increase the reaction rate.
4. The type of metal: more active metals increase the reaction rate.
- Sydney, NSW, Australia
June 2014
A. Hi Bianca. Unlike your nephew and his fellow students, you haven't been attending science class and covering the subject in school (and receiving those little hints from the teacher), so I would expect you to be having a lot more difficulty with it than them :-)
First things first, are you sure he 100% understands the question? 100%. It's fine to ask a question if don't know the answer, but it only adds still more confusion for him to ask for an answer to a question that he doesn't understand.
Assuming he's past that hurdle, it looks like he's been offered the option to demonstrate any of four factors that affect the reaction rate. I can easily think of two more factors: temperature and agitation. So after he picks one, he has to make sure he can hold the other factors constant, because if they vary they may screw up the cause-and-effect results.
Do any of the 4 factors interest him? Interest is key to a good project! Most kids are more interested in "3." & "4." than the others. But "3." can be very hard to do in some of today's chemophobic classrooms, where real chemicals are often forbidden and the children are expected to learn chemistry from playing with secret recipes like Gatorade & Dr. Pepper (how do you know the acid is responsible for differences when you don't even know what chemicals are in secret recipes? -- it's ridiculous). So "4" is perhaps the project you'd better do for/with him. You can read on this page some of the great approaches to doing "3." or "4.", or combining them, by kids his age and even younger. Also, make sure you have his Science book in hand when you do this, because if you express anything that contradicts the language of his textbook there will probably be demerits. Good luck!
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
September 25, 2014
Q. What metal corrodes the fastest? I am doing an experiment on how fast can a nail corrode in 3 different substances. They are water, salt water, and hydrogen peroxide. What kind of nail should I use?sophia e [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- little rock arkansas USA
September 2014
A. Hi Sophia. Try to find plain "cut" masonry nails if you can. These are hardened steel with no corrosion proofing. But if you don't readily find them, then just "bright finish" nails.
What you need to avoid is "roofing nails" or "hot dip galvanized" nails as these are as corrosion proof as practical; and you also don't want stainless steel, or aluminum, or painted "paneling" nails.
But be careful in describing your project! Although you want a metal that corrodes fast in order to speed the project along, your subject is NOT what metal corrodes the fastest; your project is which of those three materials corrodes steel nails fastest. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
October 21, 2014
Q. I'm 12. I was wondering if rust can be made from different types of iron, steel, etc. If so, how?ella j [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- george town,tasmania
October 2014
A. Hi Ella. There is a lot of info on this page already. Simply putting a steel or iron nail, or steel wool into water, salt water, or bleach will make it start to rust within a couple of days.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
October 23, 2014
The cut nails are by far the best ones to use, but while there is no intentional preservative on them, most are heavily oxidized. Make them shiny with steel wool.
Bright nails normally have a thin coat of zinc electroplated on them, Here again, make them bright steel by a lot of rubbing with steel wool. If you want to make sure that you have removed all of it, put a sample nail in vinegar about half way up the nail. Watch for changes.
Since it takes oxygen for steel or iron to rust, you will need to completely submerge the nail or have identical amounts of the nail submerged. Do not put more than one nail per liquid sample.
Dissolved oxygen in the water will provide oxygen. You might want to try boiled water for another solution. Be sure to use Distilled water and not "purified water" which normally has ozone added. Tap water is very inconsistent, so unless you identify the time and place it is not a valid entry.
Test tubes will work best and a science teacher in you school should be able to loan you them. Your teacher might not but another might.
Identical temperatures are also needed so chose the location wisely.
- Navarre, Florida
November 2, 2014
Q. Hello,
I am in 10th grade and doing a science fair project for my school. The focus of my project is around a question something like: "Does the type of metal impact the rate of oxidation and which methods are most effective at preventing rust for such metals?" My first problem is that I do not know which 3 metals to test. Due to the fact that only iron and steel rust, if I made a third metal be copper, would it make the experiment not balanced in the way that not all the same thing is being tested? The degree of rust on the metals will be rated according to a specific and detailed rust scale that I will make myself. Is there any other way to measure the degree of rust? I have seen ratings of rust for Stages 1-4 but I need something far more specific. I plan on having a constant of each metal, seeing how much it rusts. Then for each metal I want to apply 3 different methods of rust prevention. Overall, this will determine which method is the most effective for each method by seeing its relation to the constant's rust rating to the rust rating of the metal that endured a method of prevention. Any ideas for methods of prevention? I want methods that are different but feasible such as one being a store-bought prevention product and another being a home made coating of some sort. Also, what will be the best way to have these metals endure conditions that cause rust? Submerging them in salt water? I would really appreciate a reply, thanks.
- Westerly, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
November 2014
A. Hi Matthew. Either fresh tap water or salt water can be used as the corroding medium, either with full immersion or periodic spritzing. Vinegar will corrode metals but will dissolve rust faster than metal, confusing the issue.
The precious metals (gold, platinum, etc.) will not ever corrode. Copper, brass, zinc, nickel, tin and aluminum will corrode, but not rust.
But I don't think you'll want an experiment with multiple variables like all kinds of metals, all kinds of corrosion conditions, and all kinds of preservation techniques. I think it will be better to pick one metal (maybe steel nails), and one exposure condition (salt water OR fresh water, spritzing OR full immersion) if you intend to try multiple corrosion-proofing methods.
Corrosion-proofing methods could include a variety of store-bought paints, vs. dipping in grease, dipping in melted chocolate, waxing, etc.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
November 2, 2014
Q. As a follow up to my last post, I want to rust the metals using full immersion. A major reason being it will rust the metals to a greater degree and quicker than spritzing. However, a major disadvantage to full immersion is that it limits the methods of prevention that can be used, as methods like a protective paste or coating will not still be adhesive after immersed in water. With only a experiment time span of around November to late January, will spritzing cause rust of a severe enough degree that there will be a difference when a prevention technique is applied? I have to review this problem and the problem with limited prevention methods with full immersion with my science teacher. Also, because metals like copper corrode rather than rust, do you consider rusting and corroding similar enough to be rated on the same type of scale? Does rusting and corroding happen for the same reasons/causes? Also, as you mentioned I stay closer to one variable for each topic, I plan to stay with one kind of corrosion condition, but my teacher will not allow me to stay with one metal; she believes I must expand by testing several metals with several methods. Your suggestions for simple corrosion-proofing techniques seem interesting and possibly applicable!Matthew [returning]
- Westerly, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
November 17, 2014
Q. I am a 10 year old. I want to know which metal will rust fastest (zinc,iron,or aluminum)? I need each one in salt water or tap water.isaiyah g [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]
- Wilmington, North Carolina,USA
November 2014
A. Hi Isaiyah. Please have a parent read and interpret this page for you because it has been explained many times on this page that zinc and aluminum cannot rust (although they can corrode). Yes, you need each one in salt water or tap water -- so start a lab book, writing down everything you do and observe. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
December 29, 2014
Q. Which Corrodes faster -- steel of higher grade or lower grade? And why?Dayo Osa
- Odessa, Texas, US
December 2014
A. Hi Osa. If by "higher grade" you mean a more expensive alloy steel with significants amounts of nickel, chrome, or other alloying materials in it, the higher grade steel will corrode slower. A basic reason is that these other metals are not as corrosion-prone as iron, and they form tighter and more adherent corrosion products. 18% chrome essentially makes type 400 stainless steel; 18% chrome and 8% nickel makes type 304 stainless steel.
Even a small amount of alloying metal, like 2% copper or 3.5% nickel can significantly reduce corrosion.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
December 30, 2014
Q. Thanks Ted.
- Odessa, Texas, US
December 2014
A. Hi again Dayo. You do realize that you have now asked an entirely different question, I hope?
Corrosion allowance is a minor factor in a pipe design, and the ultimate strength of steels is not closely related to their alloy content. There are many issues involved in material selection besides ultimate strength, which is why you see so much copper piping and plastic piping. And you need to be very careful if trying to equate maximum allowable pressure with ultimate strength because materials are generally sized based on their yield strength rather than their ultimate strength. Further, the strongest and hardest materials may be unsuitable for pipe, both because of the difficulty of fabricating such materials and the fact that you don't want pipes made of brittle materials (consider files and drills; they're very strong and hard, but subject to cracking like glass instead of bending). A pipe failing with a slightly split seam after decades of use is still a problem, but a pipe made of brittle hardened steel bursting like a hand grenade would be a catastrophe.
Please explain your situation. There's a big difference between a student question about a general theory, and practical design issues.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
February 27, 2015
Q. I am 20 years old and working on a project for my architectural studio class and I am looking up different materials to use on our structure. Looking into different metals, I was wondering what were some of the pros and cons to using Steel, copper, and/or bronze -- taking weather and aging into account. The part that the metal would be used for would be ribs for a bike rack on the outside of the structure.nathan adams
- Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
February 2015
A. Hi Nathan. Steel will quickly rust unless it receives proper pretreatment and finish, but copper and bronze will not remain attractive unless properly finished either. Copper and bronze are so much more expensive than steel that their architectural uses are quite limited.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
March 1, 2015 -- this entry appended to this thread by editor in lieu of spawning a duplicative thread
Q. I am doing an actual experiment involving which will rust--steel, copper, and bronze. I need to obtain the metals, but I am not sure how much/which form of each metal I need to get and exactly which type of each. Could you please advise? I was looking at onlinemetals.com/ to try to order.
Thank you!!
11th grader - Shannon, Georgia USA
February 2015
A. Hello John. we appended your inquiry to a long thread which covers it rather completely and offers some other sources. For the purposes of such a test, I don't think it much matters what type of steel, copper, and bronze you get; go for the cheapest, but carefully retain full detail on what you get. What you'll be looking to get from this experiment is not so much the specific result as learning how to properly undertake such projects -- which will include documenting information as accurately as possible. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
March 13, 2015
Hi, I'm Charlotte and for my science project I need help. Why can Iron rust but not Bronze and why does Bronze last for so long. Thanks so much! P.S could you help me soon because its due in 2 days!Charlotte Faeste
- Sydney Australia
March 2015
Hi Charlotte. One reason this page is so darned long is because we've answered that question of why bronze can't rust again and again and again and again :-)
Although you might not know how long it will take for a piece of old chicken to become rotting chicken, you do know how long it will take for an old tomato to become rotting chicken: never ever, because tomatoes aren't chicken.
Rust is rotted iron. How long will it take for bronze (which is a different metal than iron) to become rust (rotted iron): never ever. Bronze and other metals can rot, corrode, tarnish, whatever -- but they can never rust because rust is defined as oxides of iron, the corrosion product of iron, rotting iron.
Bronze lasts a long time because when it begins to corrode, the oxides of bronze tend to be adherent and solid, so you have a thin coating of corroded bronze on the rest of the bronze that keeps air and water from getting to the underlying bronze and continuing the corrosion. That is, the corrosion products tend to seal away the bronze from the environment.
The corrosion products of iron, though, are non adherent, loose, fluffy, and hydroscopic (suck up water, keeping the iron wet) so the iron stays in contact with the air and water and just keeps corroding. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
April 9, 2015
Q. Hello, My name is Angel, I am 16 almost 17, and I am doing a coin project for my chemistry in the Community class, I am making a coin and I need to figure out when and how gold, silver, platinum, copper and zinc corrode or tarnish, and how long they last. My coin is coated with 10% of each of the metals and 60% zinc for the center, its as heavy as holding 21 pennies, and the thickness is 3.00 mm, and mass 52.5 g, and diameter is 5 cm, can you please help me? Thank you if you can~ =^vv^=Angel Hederer-Moore
- Wautoma, Wisconsin, USA
April 2015
A. Hi Angel. You reminded an old man of a favorite song from back when ... =>
Gold and platinum don't corrode -- they'll last almost forever. How long other metals last depends on their environment.
I don't understand what you are trying to ask with your percentages and dimensions. What is the question?
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
"Why did I give my heart so fast?


text:
You may wish to add the following close-by areas to your current search:Taimali Township, Taitung County Gaoshu Township, Pingtung County Yong'an Dist, Kaohsiung City Liugui Dist., Kaohsiung City Neipu Township, Pingtung County Xinpi Township, Pingtung County
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Not ready to buy yet? Find and compare apartments for rent in Taitung City.

subset: commoncrawl


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OSI-Approved Open Source (55)
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( pro ping )pinger network alert monitor
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text:
Stars Tony Roberts (I always enjoyed his character opposite Marlo Thomas as "That girl") and Paul Hecht. Starts out with Roberts character as a market analyst who seems captivated by the voice of one of his clients secretaries - or does he? He's in a daydream world and talks about "Polly", whom he's never met. His pushy, somewhat amoral manager (played by Hecht) wonders whats gotten into his employee, then deduces its a love interest. The market analyst says it couldn't be as he's never met the girl. Then the boss attempts to set his employee up into a relationship, but what are his real interests? And Roberts does enter into a relationship with Polly, but what kind of a relationship is it? Memorable line #1 - "Polly" says to Roberts' character on the phone: "I think people wear too many clothes today." Memorable line #2 - can't remember the exact words, but E.G. says "You veteran Mystery Theatre listeners are wondering by now (the end of act 1) when someone's going to get killed. You'll be rewarded in Act 2.") :?
Brent Lewis, 2013-01-17 09:26:07
That wasn't Tony Roberts in THAT GIRL. It was Ted Bessel.
Dale Haskell, 2014-07-08 22:41:22
I really enjoyed today's featured episode "Pretty Polly"! Very interesting little plot about what happens when a sexy secretary, and that sexy Voice, is dropped into life as usual at....The Office!
Melanie, 2015-05-29 21:42:37
Pretty Polly is fantastic. Marian Seldes is a voice goddess!
David, 2015-05-30 00:41:32
This episode is a good listen. The hero is kind of a dolt. However, the plot flows and keeps you interested.
Phil, 2015-05-31 01:48:15
Great story! You wanna smack the hero up the side of the head but it's a good listen and Polly Simmons' voice keeps drawing you in. I listen to these when I go to bed and I keep falling asleep before the end. Maybe tonight I'll get lucky and hear how the story ends.
John in Warren, Mi., 2015-05-31 21:15:14


text:
U.S. Rep. Charles Boustany, Ron Richard, U.S. Rep. Jeff Landry, Dr. Ryan Barrilleaux, and Jim Stark pose for a photograph before a forum held in Crowley, LA, for candidates in the race for the 3rd Congressional District of Louisiana on Thursday, Sept. 26, 2012.
- Filed Under
BATON ROUGE (AP) - The only debate planned between the two Louisiana congressmen running against each other for re-election has been canceled.
Republican U.S. Reps. Charles Boustany and Jeff Landry were scheduled to debate each other Monday on the University of Louisiana at Lafayette campus. But UL officials announced the event won't happen.
Ryan Teten, a political science professor involved in organizing the debate, says there were communication problems among university officials that derailed the plans.
Five candidates are seeking the southwest Louisiana-based congressional seat. Boustany and Landry were forced into the same district when Louisiana lost a congressional seat.
Boustany and Landry have been together for two candidate events, chamber of commerce forums that weren't debate format.
Landry has accused Boustany of dodging a face-to-face debate, a claim the Boustany campaign calls ridiculous.


text:
Lush R&B Hair Treatment3.5 oz | Conditioner, Deep Conditioner
see all Lush products
(Rated 4/5 based on 10 reviews) Login to add your review
The product is so heavily scented it gives me a headache even when used sparingly. It is also very greasy and not moisturizing.
Favorite day-after curl product! I love this product for reviving my hair after a day. If I just throw a little bit of this in, it will help tame the frizz and redefine a little bit of my curls. It's obviously not going to give you as good curls as your first day, but it does a good job of keeping my curls on the go.
I have tried many products for my 2c hair but this I really love. It moisturises the hair and makes sure it does not get frizzy. I apply it in soaking wet/ towel dry hair (somewhere in between) and crunch it in. It makes my hair feel lush and healthy. I also use some other products after this to make sure the curls actually hold. Then I use the hairdryer to dry my had just a little. After that I let it dry in the air. I can totally recommend this products to anybody with curly hair.
The is the ONLY styling product I use on my 2c hair. After I shampoo and condition (also using Lush products) I'll separate my hair into four sections and apply a small amount to each section then scrunch. If I'm pressed for time, I'll use a diffuser to speed up the drying process or let it air dry if I'm having a leisurely morning. Second day hair just needs a spritz of water to revive my curls. Best part....on my wash days, I feel like my hair is softer than the previous week, this stuff really moisturizes while defining my curls. As an added bonus, the scent is lovely and I get lots of "Oh, you smell so good" compliments.
Moisturizing, and you only need a little. I use this on dry hair; otherwise, on wet hair hair, the results are frizzy, dry, and greasy. This product can be used year round, and justifies the cost.
Great midweek pick me up moisturizer for twists and twist outs>>>very concentrated and only need a dab Type 4a hair
I was disappointed with this product after being recommended it in-store. It had an oily residue, lay on the surface of my hair without penetrating it. My hair was puffy and dense as usual. Definitely wouldn't buy again.
wonderful product for moisturizing my frizzy ends!! don't need a whole lot either and its not greasy!!
I LOVE this product. It's a must have. When I wake up with uneven, frizzy, and messy curls, I just smooth this into my hair for going out and about. It moisturizes while providing volume and definition for my curls. Not to mention it leaves my hair smelling clean and fresh all day. It's not too thick or sticky, but not too thin or greasy.
Ingredient Attributes: moisture, frizz control, anti-humectant
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text:
"The temperature of the gulf, which I believe is 1 or 2 degrees higher than normal, clearly has been a factor for the power of these hurricanes, and it seems to be spurring discussion about what we need to do to address sea-level rise, coastal storms and a future that could be the result of global warming,"
Related quotes
"The rain was a little bit late. There was a lot of it. The temperatures have been higher than normal. So we got a lot of extra mosquitoes, a lot of extra transmissions. It all made a nice combination and blew the top."
"It looked like we would be experiencing below-normal temperatures through mid-January but now it appears that the pattern will end by the end of the month. That has taken the steam out of natural gas and oil as well."
"We found the hottest samples in the coldest place. These are mineral grains that normally form under high temperature conditions. They were either red hot or white hot grains. Yet they were collected in the Siberia of the solar system."
"When you get suckered into a nice January with relatively mild temperatures, you think this isn't possible. But clearly it is."
"It's not that there's a certain temperature at which food becomes good or bad. It's just the higher the temperature, the greater the chance of any bacteria that could have gotten into it will grow."
"Unfortunately with the long range forecast, we're looking at above normal temperatures like this all the way until the next 12 months. We're looking at below normal precipitation in the next few months, basically the recipe is there that we can have a long fire season ahead of us."


text:
Kweterana Women's Group
32-year-old Geofrey plies a retail enterprise in Ntungamo and he can attest to the above. The lusty father of four says he obtained a footing five years ago in this business with savings from his agro sales business. On the side, Geofrey also ekes out side income from his farming business.
At his shop, he sells a variety of general merchandise retail commodities, to wit- sugar, soap, salt, cooking oil, etc. The fact that he incessantly restocks his shop with goods when demand is high has lent his business countenance. Five years experience in the retail business has brought him to terms with the many fundamental aspects of enforcing and consolidating growth in a business. Remaining philosophical in the face of adversity is also another invaluable lesson he has learnt.
Geofrey's weekly gross sales income is to the tune of Uganda shillings 100,000. His second fiddle business is farming. This Kiva loan, he says, is to render him help in the purchase of more retail stock to resell. He is planning on purchasing more sugar, salt, maize flour, cooking oil, etc to resell.
Additional Information
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Uganda
174View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 8 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Aug 5, 2011
- Listed
- Aug 28, 2011
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- May 10, 2012


text:
Goings and comings back: 222 Hyde closes, SF Eagle returns. plus: Stacey Hotwaxx Hale, Delhi 2 Dublin, Paris is Burning, more parties
SUPER EGO As Maria von Trapp sang at the climax of The Sound of Music, "Whenever the goddess closes a rave cave, somewhere she reopens a gay leather biker bar."Read more »
Todd Trexler's iconic '70s nightlife posters return. Plus: Hardkiss Brothers, Kafana Balkan, Brown Sugar, Toph One, more parties
SUPER EGO One of my supreme happy places, apparently, turned out to be the packed dancefloor of an underground fundraiser for Radical Faerie Burning Man camp Comfort and Joy, right around 3am a couple Fridays ago, when the drag queen DJ dropped "Rock the Casbah" and some behooded elfin rogue's giant LED rainbow wings lit up and blinded me. Joe Strummer smiles from heaven, surely.Read more »
Nightlife: Honey Mahogany races, Icee Hot turns three, Eskmo, Justin Martin, Andy Stott, more parties
email@example.com more »
Nightlife: Slam, RJD2, Steve Bug, Salva, Some Thing, more heavenly parties
Kiss off 2012 at these festive wing dings
SUPER EGO Buckethead is playing the Great American Music Hall on New Year's Eve. Isn't that all you need to know, really? But if you must shred your own final night of 2k12 with a lampshade, rather than a KFC bucket, on your head, here are some ragers I'd recommend. Check out this week's music and stage listings for more.Read more »
Nightlife in 2012: Did I leave my bra in the booth?
A new wave of cyber-horror drag hits club stages. Plus: Gigamesh, Disquiet Night, Accidental Bear, Tormenta Tropical, more nightlife
SUPER EGO Scene: Midnight, Tiara Sensation drag pageant, Rickshaw Stop, September. A naked, enormously white-and-purple-bewigged figure in two-foot-high Plexiglass heels, laid across three raised Plexiglass pillars, faces away from us. The pitched down strains of Frank Ocean's "Pyramid," his voice syrupped into a slo-mo Judy Garland phantasmagoria, drown us in waves of bass. Sheee's wooorkiiing at the Pyyyramid toniiiight.Read more »
New gay sports bar Hi Tops scores. Plus: Moodymann, Tin Man, more nightlife
SUPER EGO If, by some miracle, I manage to make it through this entire column about a new gay sports bar in the Castro without dropping a single awful double entendre, then I totally deserve a Stanley cup, a Heisman trophy, and a Super Bowl ring. IMPOSSIBLE! Why does everything jocky sound so dirty when you sprinkle a little fairy dust on it?Read more »
An interview with Obama's DJ
SUPER EGO What's the biggest, actually good DJ gig you can think of? Festivals, of course: Glastonbury, Sonar, Mutek, those insane-looking events inside that arena in Amsterdam with the indoor fireworks.Read more »
Nightlife: Waiting to exhale with ASC, Starkey, Mount Kimbie, Rarebits, Maya Jane Cole, more


text:
I'm a friendly nerd who loves languages, reading non-fiction books about history, politics, current events, and theology. Really I'll read anything I can get my hands on. I absolutely love it and it's one of my favorite ways to relax. I have three degrees: my BA and two Masters degrees. My Bachelors is in History and Political Science. My MAs are Russian and Eastern European Studies and Secondary Social Studies Education. I love to travel especially if it involves a passport. I speak Russian so I love that part of the world. I love to eat out or eat in...I just really enjoy good food. I especially love Indian and Mexican food. If I can combine those with one of my favorite sitcoms so much the better. If there is anything else you want to know feel free to ask!
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29 • Baton Rouge, LA • Man
I'm looking for
- Women
- Ages 20-31
- Near me
- Who are single
- For new friends, long-term dating
My details
- Last online
- Yesterday – 6:24pm
- Orientation
- Straight
- Ethnicity
- White
- Status
- Single
- Height
- 5' 7" (1.70m)
- Body Type
- Average build
- Smoking
- No
- Drinking
- Socially
- Drugs
- Never
- Religion
- Christianity and it's important
- Sign
- Leo
- Education
- Post grad
- Offspring
- Doesn't have kids but wants them
- Speaks
- English (Fluently), Russian (Somewhat), Spanish (Somewhat)
My self-summary
Write a little about yourself. Just a paragraph will do.
What I'm doing with my life
Don't overthink this one; tell us what you're doing day-to-day.
I moved back to Baton Rouge several years to take a job teaching 9th grade World History. I've always wanted to teach and I'm finally getting to! My plan is to spend all my breaks traveling as much as possible! I spent three weeks traveling around Europe a few summers ago went to South America two summers ago and last summer back to Europe for the UK and a cruise to Russia.
I'm really good at
Go on, brag a little (or a lot). We won't judge.
I'm a great traveler. I enjoy a long and wandering conversation. I read a lot and speak Russian. I love history and government and I love teaching both.
The first things people usually notice about me
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
The first things people notice about me are my crazy walk because I have Cerebral Palsy. I basically have tight muscles and a fun walk because of that.
After that they notice my smile, my eyes and my voice. I don't have much of an accent and people seem to notice that.
After that they notice my smile, my eyes and my voice. I don't have much of an accent and people seem to notice that.
Favorite books, movies, shows, music, and food
Help your potential matches find common interests.
My favorite books are: the Bible, Fall of Giants, Kitchen Confidential, The Help, Persepolis, Water for Elephants, Witness to Hope, Apples are from Kazakhstan, anything by Gogol
Movies: The Way, Wit, Band of Brothers, Invictus, The Queen, John Paul II, Argo, Joan of Arc
Shows: I Love Lucy, Good Times, MASH, Frasier, The Golden Girls, The Big Bang Theory, The Voice, HGTV, Pawn Stars, Reba, CNN
Food: Indian, Mexican, Russian, Japanese Hibachi, Bacon, Chicken, Polish, German, Italian
Movies: The Way, Wit, Band of Brothers, Invictus, The Queen, John Paul II, Argo, Joan of Arc
Shows: I Love Lucy, Good Times, MASH, Frasier, The Golden Girls, The Big Bang Theory, The Voice, HGTV, Pawn Stars, Reba, CNN
Food: Indian, Mexican, Russian, Japanese Hibachi, Bacon, Chicken, Polish, German, Italian
The six things I could never do without
Think outside the box. Sometimes the little things can say a lot.
God, Mountain Dew, my passport, my pictures, Reeses cups, chips and salsa.
I spend a lot of time thinking about
Global warming, lunch, or your next vacation… it's all fair game.
where I'm going to travel next!
On a typical Friday night I am
Netflix and takeout, or getting your party on — how do you let loose?
resting up from the week. You can find me engaging in a sitcom marathon and eating awesome food.
The most private thing I'm willing to admit
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
I can't drive because of my disability.
You should message me if
Offer a few tips to help matches win you over.
you enjoy hanging out in low key situations that don't involve clubs, you like to eat out, you enjoy good conversations, and you found anything I said above intriguing.
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text:
Landmark at Hampshire Place
10023 Belle Rive Blvd, Jacksonville, FL
Are you the manager of this property?Click here to claim this listing Check Your Credit Now
About Landmark at Hampshire Place
Our rentals in Jacksonville, FL set a new standard in comfortable luxury living. Hampshire Place apartments are an exclusive community that provides the latest in home decor and sophistication. You'll experience upgraded appliances, unparalleled service, and a remarkable common area featuring world-class amenities. We delight our residents with lush landscaping, sport courts, top-notch fitness center, resort-inspired pool, and several other awesome surprises for your pleasure. Feel free to give us a call. We look forward to making this your new home!
As you search for your perfect apartment, please keep in mind that rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability are very fluid in the apartment industry. Based on many factors, the rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability can actually change not just daily, but hourly, if not even more quickly. While our advertisers do take steps to keep their information current, the rental rates or availability you may find here now at ForRent.com may not be the same as when you contact the communities.
Here are some similar properties you might be interested in
Jacksonville, FL
From $718
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Jacksonville, FL
From $740
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Bay Club
Jacksonville, FL
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Landmark at Sage Commons
Jacksonville, FL
From $700
1 - 3 Beds


text:
Lipo-Shear is a one of a kind product' combining two separate formulations that work together to promote results. Each formulation is specifically designed to work for that time of the day' giving you 24/7 metabolic support.
The Day formula boosts energy and increases metabolism function' and also assists with fat burning. The Evening formula relaxes muscles and promotes a restful sleep' keeping your metabolism running while you sleep. Lipo-Shear works for you day and night to give you the results you need.
- Boost metabolism.
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- Release Tension.
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- 2 unique formulas in 1
- Day & Night Formula.
- Tone' Burn and Sculpt!
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are not meant to diagnose' treat or cure any disease or medical condition. Please consult your doctor before starting any exercise or nutritional supplement program or before using these or any product during pregnancy or if you have a serious medical condition.
Serving Size: 2 Vegetarian Capsules
Servings Per Container: 30
Amount Per Serving / % DV
Vitamin D (As Cholecalciferol) 600 IU / 150%
Niacin (As Niacinamide) 20mg / 100%
LipoShear™ Weight Loss Blend 350mg / †
Theobroma Cacao (Fruit) Extract (20% Theobromine)' Guarana (Seed) Extract (40% natural caffeine)' garcinia cambogia (fruit) extract (60% HCA)' raspberry ketones' green coffee bean extract' green tea (leaf) extract (sunphenon CF-T 20% natural caffeine)
LipoShear™ Energy Blend 425mg / †
Taurine' beta alanine' advantraZ® (Citrus aurantium fruit extract powder 50%)
†Daily Values are not established.
Percent Daily Values (DV) are based on a 2'000 calorie diet.
Other Ingredients: Rice flour' vegetable capsules' magnesium stearate' silica.
Serving Size: 2 Vegetarian Capsules
Servings Per Container: 30
Amount Per Serving / % DV
Magnesium (As magnesium oxide) 60mg / 15%
LipoShear™ Sleep Support Blend 640mg / †
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)' passion flower (aerial parts)' magnolia bark' skullcap (scutellania lateriflora) (aerial parts).
LipoShear Night Repair Blend 1070mg / †
Bitter melon (fruit) extract (10% bitters)' cinnamon (bark) extract 4:1 fenugreek (seed) extract 4:1' l-arginine HCI' haematococcus pluvialis extract (astaxanthin).
†Daily Values are not established.
Percent Daily Values (DV) are based on a 2'000 calorie diet.
Other Ingredients: Vegetable capsules' magnesium stearate.
Contains no: Added sugar' salt' colorings or preservatives. Free of animal products' dairy' gluten' soy' egg' fish' shell fish' tree nuts' peanuts' wheat.
Non-GMO / Vegan.
AM/Day Dosage: Take 2 capsules of LipoShear™ AM with breakfast.
PM/Night Dosage: Take 2 capsules of LipoShear™ PM 30 minutes before bed. Do not drive after taking this capsule.
Consult your physician before using this or any product if you are pregnant' nursing' trying to conceive' taking medication or have a medical condition. Do not use if tamper evident ring or seal is broken or missing. Keep out of reach of children. Store in a cool' dry place at or below 77° F.
Allergy / Dietary Needs
- Dairy Free
- Egg Free
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- Made in the USA
- No Added Coloring
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- Peanut Free
- Preservative Free
- Salt Free
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- Soy Free
- Tree Nuts Free
- Vegan Product
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Ratings & ReviewsReview This Item Be the first to review this item.
Questions About This ItemAsk a Question
Please ask any questions you may have about this specific product in the field below.
Your question(s) and our corresponding answer(s) will not be confidential and will be posted publically on this specific product page.
Additionally, PureFormulas is unable to directly recommend products in relation to specific health conditions. Please contact your trusted healthcare practitioner for direct product recommendations.
If you have any general questions regarding orders or our policies and programs, please contact our Customer Happiness Team @ 1.800.383.6008
If you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medications or have any medical condition, consult your doctor before use. Your healthcare professional is the best source for guidance before beginning an exercise or nutritional supplement program.


text:
My sis explaining her last drawing on Draw Something.
Submitted by Seraphina
Share More
Britt Hatch:
July 9, 2012 at 8:43 pm
Why can't everyone just STFU about the freaking layout?! Making a new one, WHICH THEY'RE DOING, takes time. Be PATIENT. It will eventually have a bunch on a paw at a time. For now, QUIT complaining.
Thomas The Bearded Menace Rittenhouse:
July 10, 2012 at 12:13 pm
i would very much like to see a bunch on a paw. The amount currently on a paw really irks me.
Marty Grilley:
July 8, 2012 at 6:04 am
Bookmark deleted...
Calli Kuhn:
July 8, 2012 at 5:34 am
Yeah... what everyone else has said. Most of us read a lot faster than the page loads so basically, time spent waiting is much greater than time actually spent doing what you come to the site to do: laugh. I'll just wait 'till they show up on Ellen, eh?
July 10, 2012 at 2:01 am
Really? Because this is one comment, one time. That's a hell of a lot of whining right there. Well, from what I can see, you spend a lot of time trolling, saying nasty things to people you don't know, and who never asked for your opinion. I said what I said for the benefit of the site, which I just now visited after this change. Now, I've since learned that apparently they're working on making it better again, I hope this is true, but if they aren't, then they've lost several people if they make this format permanent. I don't think they want that, so I gave my opinion, rather nicely, I thought. Which is still allowed, thank you. Lol, next time you comment, try to make sure somebody actually cares, because you now have at least one person to laugh at your stupidity :) Enjoy your life, although how you can by being so negative, I don't know. But I wish you good luck.
Lane Mcshane:
July 8, 2012 at 5:08 am
Blaine Kendall:
July 8, 2012 at 3:37 am
Same as Laura. I used to visit regularly - I'd read page after page. Now I just don't come back. Too slow.
Alex Flores:
July 8, 2012 at 2:49 pm
so then why are you here?
July 10, 2012 at 12:12 pm
How can we hear the bitching if they don't come back to force EVERYONE into their shared misery? Don't be so selfish, Alex. Gah!
Katie Krestensen:
July 8, 2012 at 3:17 am
its me
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The "Sprint" trademark is the property of Sprint Communications Company L.P. The "AT&T" trademark is the property of AT&T Intellectual Property, Inc. The "Verizon" trademark is the property of Verizon Trademark Services, LLC. This website is in no way sponsored, endorsed or administered by, or associated with, Sprint, Verizon, AT&T or Apple Corporation.


text:
Did LC's Interview Get An Unfair Headline?
Did LC's Interview Get An Unfair Headline?
Lauren Conrad scored the cover of the latest issue of Us Weekly, along with a headline portraying her as the victim yet again. She wasn't thrilled with the way her interview was spun, and already blogged about it on her MySpace page, saying, "The article itself is a nice one but it follows headlines that, in no way, represent my words or feelings. I do not feel betrayed by Audrina or Brody. I love them both and said nothing to contradict this. I understand that headlines sell magazines, but I value my friendships above magazine sales any day." What do you think — did LC's interview get an unfair headline?
POPSUGAR, the #1 independent media and technology company for women. Where more than 75 million women go for original, inspirational content that feeds their passions and interests.


text:
Has Will ever consider accepting banner ads on this forum? That way it will pay for the bandwidth and using the money to advertise netbuilders
Has Will ever consider accepting banner ads on this forum? That way it will pay for the bandwidth and using the money to advertise netbuilders
I think Will can offer banner advertisement option to advertisers and netbuilder users . It is a good idea and payment option can be cash by paypal and NB users can buy banner space with NB bucks .
This system is used on entrecard.com where outsiders can buy ads with paypal but entrecard users can use EC credits to buy banners . This way owner can help both kind of advertisers .
I'm pretty sure Will has AdSense displaying, when you're not logged in. Or, at least, with the old theme he did.
Your Link Here ($8/mo) | Heart Attack Treatment | Heart Attack Warning Signs
I'm thinking that we will eventually be able to buy ad space in the NB Store -- and pay with $NetBucks.
There are still a lot of details (and bugs) to be worked out of that system though.
Submit Your Webmaster Related Sites to the NB Directory
I swear, by my life and my love of it, that I will never live for the sake of another man, nor ask another man to live for mine.
Yes Rohit it is a good idea and best part is that NB users as well as newbies can utilize this system to promote their blogs and websites . We have seen that many users don't have any money to promote blogs and website and they keep looking for such attractive services .
Entrecard is the best example where users are using it for just promoting their blogs and websites .
I'd purchase advertising on NB for sure.
I am the Affiliate Manager at PeerFly
- Search PeerFly Offers
- Rotate PeerFly Banners
I am not getting the NB store... where it is ? or is it gonna launch later?
- Digital -


text:
- Details
- Specs
- Reviews
- What's Included
This sleek touch screen remote also minimizes clutter by condensing as many as 16 remotes into one. Its advanced programming capabilities allow it to manage such components as your stereo, TV, VCR, DVD player, TiVo or other digital video recorder, satellite receiver and cable. Although it's pre-programmed to work with nearly all brands of audio/video gear, it also learns codes from existing remotes. This feature is crucial if you want to retain some of the advanced features of your original remotes.
Set up your remote using the LCD touchscreen or using your PC with the included software installed. The Sony Programmable LCD Touchscreen Remote connects easily using the included USB cable. The touchscreen remote's LCD display is fully customizable to match your system. You can assign labels to virtual control keys and give custom, 8-character titles to components, macros, learned commands and individual controls. Reassigning or removing unused buttons is easy, too.
The Sony Programmable LCD Touchscreen Remote fully supports macros, chains of multiple commands initiated by a single button press. For example, press a macro button once, and the remote will turn the TV on, turn it to the A/V mode, fire up the home theater receiver, set it to DVD mode and turn on the DVD player.
This touchscreen remote also supports timer macros, which initiate multi-step commands at times you determine. Just leave the remote pointing toward your equipment, and you can use timer macros to wake up to music from your stereo system or change the channels of your cable box at preset times automatically. The Sony Programmable LCD Touchscreen Remote also knows X10 codes for the Infrared X10 Command Console (sold separately).
The remote includes five-way directional navigation buttons for easy scrolling through menu-based operations, like on your DVR or satellite receiver.
Additional features include a high-powered infrared emitter with four LEDs for maximum range, a hold function that locks the buttons from accidental operation by children or pets, and non-volatile memory to retain settings when replacing batteries.
Manufacturer: Sony Manufacturer Product No.: RMAX4000 UPC: 027242677036 Dimensions: 4 3/4" W x 7" H x 1 1/4" D Weight: 11.4 oz. (320g), without batteries Operating Distance: 32.8 feet (10m) Power Requirements: 4 AA batteries Battery Life: Approx. 5 months Learning Signal Capacity: Up to 300 bit Learning Signal Frequency Range: 300 KHz up to 455 KHz Learning Signal Interval: Up to 1 second Characters Per Label: 8 Components Controlled: 16 Timer Macro Commands: 8 Software System Requirements: Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005/2004/standard/XP Professional/XP Home Edition/2000 Professional; IBM PC/AT or compatible; Pentium II 300 MHz or more; 64 MB RAM (128 MB RAM for XP); 16-bit color display; 1024 x 768 dots or better; 20 MB hard disk space; CD-ROM drive; USB port Approvals: FCC certified Warranty: 90 days
3 Reviews
- Review of 80380 Review by Enrique Mon
Review of 80380
Enrique Mon
Es formidable, muy facil de programar y sencillo de usar.Lo recomiendo al 100%
Posted on 6/16/2009
- Review of 80380 Review by HUNTER
Review of 80380
It works very well after trying to understand how to program it. It is not for the novice.
Posted on 4/30/2009
- Review of 80380 Review by Frank
Review of 80380
I have had great success with this Sony unit. It is easy to program and does what it claims to do. I actually use two, one for the family room and one for the bedroom. Macro's are fantastic, turning on multiple units properly for ease of control. It works with all of our remotes as well as the Xantech RC68+ Programmer/Remote Control signals.
Posted on 12/28/2008
Leave a Review
- Remote
- USB cable
- Installation CD-ROM
- Quick-start guide
- Warranty card
- Instructions
- Remote


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I suggest that those that understand the land sales and can place them on a map might find that Donnycreek bot two sections and that land sold between Kakwa and the Southern end of the Wapiti for some big money.
If anyone could check this out and give us a nice concise report I'd appreciate it. I got a short note from Malcolm Todd mentioning this and it sounded quite impressive.
Two more land sales in the coming month. No properties sold in the Wapiti area that I could find to get a better read on the proposed land sale by Tourmaline and Perpetual. As time goes by the whole picture is getting very interesting, much higher prices down the road, as I have said before, get out of your way and make some seriious money.
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A ROSE: To James River Care and Rehab. Special thanks to Pam (SSD), Matt, Chelsea, Mark, Bill, Dan, Carolyn and all the RNs, also to rehab staff Laura and Jeromy, as well as recreation, kitchen and others. Your making my stay more comfortable and bearable is so appreciated. I'll truly miss the friendships I've made on board and with residents. I immensely commend you, James River. You were my family for three and a half weeks. Genuine feelings of my heart?
Sharon Snow, Springfield


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All Comments (27)
wana fuck her
damn u need sex girl fin a man or call me ;)
HAHAHAH OMG soooo funny
I want her to blow me =) i'd cum buckets for that woman
find a man or call me xD self own real_G
loveee it
I've heard of an air guitar, but this is the first time i saw an air penis :)
What a beautiful white chick! You and me need this .. http://www.youporn.com/watch/303423/barbie-banxxx-hood-hunter/?from=watch
make her louder
idd, no thank you .. its just lol .. wtf?!
yeah - sweet. I like it
haha djpaulyD
didn't work 4 me u should trying a dildo tho u r fucking sex but it was kinda werid u holding nothing actraly it was all werid but ur still fucking gorguse baby bye
you are damn retarded....you need to get ass railed, that will teach you something
better when she's insulting
It would've been better if she pulled tits out towards the end... can't have everything in life oh well
no.....THANK YOU
doesn't get to much of the real thing I'd say...
It's free porno !
It kind of bugs me that I like this type of thing.
I simply love it. I wish she did more JOI vids :)
wow who would have guessed a video of a chick jacking off an air penis would blow my load, have not seen anything that creative since that video of the chick sucking a horse wang. Very interesting...