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Publications (19)26.97 Total impact
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ABSTRACT: Trichomonas vaginalis is known as the most common cause of sexually transmitted infection. However, its prevalence may have been underestimated. Trichomonads are detected in prostatic tissue in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Our objective was to investigate whether T. vaginalis could induce an inflammatory response in prostate epithelium. The cytokine production by human prostate epithelial cell (RWPE-1) activated with T. vaginalis was determined by ELISA and real-time PCR. Intracellular ROS was evaluated by flow cytometry or spectrofluorometry. The protein levels of MAP kinase, NF-κB were analyzed by Western blot. The migration of neutrophil and monocyte were performed in 24-well microplates with filter insert. Incubation of cells of a human prostate epithelial cell line with a live T. vaginalis T016 isolate increased expression of the inflammatory mediators IL-1β, CCL2, and CXCL8. In addition, ROS, MAPK, and NF-κB activities increased, while inhibitors of ROS, ERK, and NF-κB reduced IL-1β production. Medium conditioned by incubation of RWPE-1 cells with T. vaginalis contained IL-1β and stimulated the migration of human neutrophils and monocytes (THP-1 cell line). We conclude that T. vaginalis may increase IL-1β expression in human prostate epithelium through activation of ROS, ERK, and NF-κB, and this in turn may induce the migration of neutrophils and monocytes and lead to an inflammatory response. This research is the first attempt to confirm inflammatory reaction caused by T. vaginalis in prostate epithelial cell. Prostate © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The Prostate 04/2014; 74(4). DOI:10.1002/pros.22766 · 3.57 Impact Factor
Article: Parasitic Infections Based on 320 Clinical Samples Submitted to Hanyang University, Korea (2004-2011)[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We analyzed 320 clinical samples of parasitic infections submitted to the Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University from January 2004 to June 2011. They consisted of 211 nematode infections, 64 trematode or cestode infections, 32 protozoan infections, and 13 infections with arthropods. The nematode infections included 67 cases of trichuriasis, 62 of anisakiasis (Anisakis sp. and Pseudoterranova decipiens), 40 of enterobiasis, and 24 of ascariasis, as well as other infections including strongyloidiasis, thelaziasis, loiasis, and hookworm infecions. Among the cestode or trematode infections, we observed 27 cases of diphyllobothriasis, 14 of sparganosis, 9 of clonorchiasis, and 5 of paragonimiasis together with a few cases of taeniasis saginata, cysticercosis cellulosae, hymenolepiasis, and echinostomiasis. The protozoan infections included 14 cases of malaria, 4 of cryptosporidiosis, and 3 of trichomoniasis, in addition to infections with Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, and Toxoplasma gondii. Among the arthropods, we detected 6 cases of Ixodes sp., 5 of Phthirus pubis, 1 of Sarcoptes scabiei, and 1 of fly larva. The results revealed that trichuriasis, anisakiasis, enterobiasis, and diphyllobothriasis were the most frequently found parasitosis among the clinical samples.The Korean Journal of Parasitology 04/2014; 52(2):215-20. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.215 · 1.15 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Autophagy is a process of cytoplasmic degradation of endogenous proteins and organelles. Although its primary role is protective, it can also contribute to cell death. Recently, autophagy was found to play a role in the activation of host defense against intracellular pathogens. The aims of our study was to investigate whether host cell autophagy influences Toxoplasma gondii proliferation and whether autophagy inhibitors modulate cell survival. HeLa cells were infected with T. gondii with and without rapamycin treatment to induce autophagy. Lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that cell death was extensive at 36-48 hr after infection in cells treated with T. gondii with or without rapamycin. The autophagic markers, LC3 II and Beclin 1, were strongly expressed at 18-24 hr after exposure as shown by Western blotting and RT-PCR. However, the subsequent T. gondii proliferation suppressed autophagy at 36 hr post-infection. Pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), down-regulated LC3 II and Beclin 1. The latter was also down-regulated by calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor. Monodansyl cadaverine (MDC) staining detected numerous autophagic vacuoles (AVs) at 18 hr post-infection. Ultrastructural observations showed T. gondii proliferation in parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) coinciding with a decline in the numbers of AVs by 18 hr. FACS analysis failed to confirm the presence of cell apoptosis after exposure to T. gondii and rapamycin. We concluded that T. gondii proliferation may inhibit host cell autophagy and has an impact on cell survival.The Korean Journal of Parasitology 06/2013; 51(3):279-87. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.279 · 1.15 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: It is known that physicochemical conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, and ionic strength) affect the size of trichomonads. In this study, the sizes of 4 isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis cultured for more than a year (called "old T") and 3 isolates freshly isolated from vaginitis cases (called "fresh T") were compared by scanning electron microscopy. Although the fresh T had shorter body length, body width, and flagellar length than old T, total length (about 26 µm), including body length, flagella length, and axostyle length was almost the same in the 2 groups. A striking difference was observed between the axostyles of the 2 groups; the axostyle length of the fresh T (8.2 µm) was more than twice as long as that of the old T (4.0 µm). However, in several parasitology textbooks, the length of T. vaginalis is said to vary widely from 7 to 32 µm, and its undulating membrane is said to extend about half way (53.5%) to the posterior end of the body. On the other hand, in our study, the undulating membrane was observed to extend more than 3/4 of the body length (72.1%) in old T, whereas in fresh T it could not be measured. Taken together, we suggest that T. vaginalis averages 26 (21-32) µm in total length, with 9.5 (7.4-11.4) µm of body length and 6.8 (5.3-7.7) µm of width, and its undulating membrane extending 3/4 of its body length. Therefore, these findings may provide useful information for morphological characteristics of T. vaginalis.The Korean Journal of Parasitology 04/2013; 51(2):243-246. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.243 · 1.15 Impact Factor
Article: PCR for Diagnosis of Male Trichomonas vaginalis Infection with Chronic Prostatitis and Urethritis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of PCR for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among male patients with chronic recurrent prostatitis and urethritis. Between June 2001 and December 2003, a total of 33 patients visited the Department of Urology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital and were examined for T. vaginalis infection by PCR and culture in TYM medium. For the PCR, we used primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis (TV-E650). Voided bladder urine (VB1 and VB3) was sampled from 33 men with symptoms of lower urinary tract infection (urethral charge, residual urine sensation, and frequency). Culture failed to detect any T. vaginalis infection whereas PCR identified 7 cases of trichomoniasis (21.2%). Five of the 7 cases had been diagnosed with prostatitis and 2 with urethritis. PCR for the 5 prostatitis cases yielded a positive 330 bp band from bothVB1 and VB3, whereas positive results were only obtained from VB1 for the 2 urethritis patients. We showed that the PCR method could detect T. vaginalis when there was only 1 T. vaginalis cell per PCR mixture. Our results strongly support the usefulness of PCR on urine samples for detecting T. vaginalis in chronic prostatitis and urethritis patients.The Korean Journal of Parasitology 06/2012; 50(2):157-9. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.157 · 1.15 Impact Factor
Article: Toxoplasma gondii protects against H2O2-induced apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells through the transcriptional regulation of apoptotic elements and downregulation of the p38 MAPK pathway[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Toxoplasmosis, which is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, can lead to severe visual impairment. T. gondii inhibits or delays programmed cell death caused by various apoptotic triggers; however, the mechanisms involved in the T. gondii-induced suppression of apoptosis in retinal cells have not been analysed in detail. We investigated the role of T. gondii infection in H(2)O(2) -induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) by monitoring the activities of apoptosis-regulating molecules and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38 MAPK. We also examined the gene downstream from p38 MAPK. T. gondii infection significantly inhibited the cellular toxicity of H(2)O(2) (500 μm) and increased cell viability in a multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent manner by reducing DNA fragmentation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in ARPE-19 cells. Western blot analysis also showed that T. gondii infection prevented the host cell expression of pro-apoptotic factors, such as Bad and Bax, and the activation of caspase-3. Infection with T. gondii increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 in ARPE-19 cells under oxidative stress. In accordance with these findings, Toxoplasma infection was protective enough to suppress the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK following H(2)O(2) treatment. Exposure to H(2)O(2) increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in ARPE-19 cells, and its expression was significantly inhibited in H(2)O(2) -treated infected cells. The protective function of T. gondii infection against ROS-induced apoptosis results from changes in the expression of apoptotic molecules and the downregulation of stress-induced intracellular signalling.Acta ophthalmologica 02/2011; 89(4):e350-6. DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02113.x · 2.84 Impact Factor
Article: Toxoplasma gondii infection inhibits the mitochondrial apoptosis through induction of Bcl-2 and HSP70[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) is highly expressed in Toxoplasma gondii-infected cells. However, the role of this protein is not well understood, especially during apoptosis. This study addresses the mechanism behind the antiapoptotic chaperone activity of HSP70 in Toxoplasma-infected host cells using a human macrophage cell line, THP-1 by Western blot, DNA fragmentation assay, immunoprecipitation, and a caspase-3/7 activity assay based on cleavage of the colorimetric substrate DEVD-pNA. Apoptosis induced by arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) was inhibited in T. gondii-infected THP-1 cells, but not in uninfected cells. Without As(2)O(3) induction of apoptosis, T. gondii infection caused increased expression of Bcl-2 and HSP70, but not caspase-3. However, active form caspase-3 levels were lower in As(2)O(3)-treated infected cells as compared with As(2)O(3)-treated uninfected cells. Bcl-2 expression in As(2)O(3)-treated infected cells was similar to that in cells infected with T. gondii. Translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria were inhibited in As(2)O(3)-treated infected cells as compared with As(2)O(3)-treated uninfected cells. Increased parasite loads in Toxoplasma-infected macrophages caused higher HSP70 and Bcl-2 expression in whole-cell extracts and fractionated components, respectively. However, expression of AIF and cytochrome c was unaffected. Toxoplasma dose-dependently inhibited caspase-3 activation, thus revealing an anti-apoptotic parasite activity on cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation in subcellular components. In addition, immunoprecipitation analysis suggested that HSP70 is capable of binding to the pro-apoptotic factors AIF and Apaf-1, but not to cytochrome c or procaspase-9. Taken together, these data demonstrate that T. gondii infection inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis through overproduction of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 as well as HSP70, which are increased parasite loads dependently.Parasitology Research 11/2010; 107(6):1313-21. DOI:10.1007/s00436-010-1999-3 · 2.10 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Neutrophils play an important role in the human immune system for protection against such microorganisms as a protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis; however, the precise role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of trichomoniasis is still unknown. Moreover, it is thought that trichomonal lysates and excretory-secretory products (ESP), as well as live T. vaginalis, could possibly interact with neutrophils in local tissues, including areas of inflammation induced by T. vaginalis in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of T. vaginalis lysate on the fate of neutrophils. We found that T. vaginalis lysate inhibits apoptosis of human neutrophils as revealed by Giemsa stain. Less altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and surface CD16 receptor expression also supported the idea that neutrophil apoptosis is delayed after T. vaginalis lysate stimulation. In contrast, ESP stimulated-neutrophils were similar in apoptotic features of untreated neutrophils. Maintained caspase-3 and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) in neutrophils co-cultured with trichomonad lysate suggest that an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis was involved in T. vaginalis lysate-induced delayed neutrophil apoptosis; this phenomenon may contribute to local inflammation in trichomoniasis.The Korean Journal of Parasitology 03/2010; 48(1):1-7. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.1 · 1.15 Impact Factor
Article: Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Trichomonas vaginalis commonly causes vaginitis and perhaps cervicitis in women and urethritis in men and women. Macrophages are important immune cells in response to T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated whether human macrophages could be involved in inflammation induced by T. vaginalis. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) were co-cultured with T. vaginalis. Live, opsonized-live trichomonads, and T. vaginalis lysates increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 by HMDM. The involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway in cytokine production induced by T. vaginalis was confirmed by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-kappaB. In addition, stimulation with live T. vaginalis induced marked augmentation of nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) levels in HMDM. However, trichomonad-induced NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha production in macrophages were significantly inhibited by inhibition of iNOS levels with L-NMMA (NO synthase inhibitor). Moreover, pretreatment with NF-kappaB inhibitors (PDTC or Bay11-7082) caused human macrophages to produce less TNF-alpha. These results suggest that T. vaginalis stimulates human macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, and NO. In particular, we showed that T. vaginalis induced TNF-alpha production in macrophages through NO-dependent activation of NF-kappaB, which might be closely involved in inflammation caused by T. vaginalis.The Korean Journal of Parasitology 10/2009; 47(3):205-12. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.205 · 1.15 Impact Factor
Article: Suppressed Production of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines by LPS-Activated Macrophages after Treatment with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: During Toxoplasma gondii infection, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils are important sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines from the host. To counteract the pro-inflammatory activities, T. gondii is known to have several mechanisms inducing down-regulation of the host immunity. In the present study, we analyzed the production of proand anti-inflammatory cytokines from a human myelomonocytic cell line, THP-1 cells, in response to treatment with T. gondii lysate or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment of THP-1 cells with LPS induced production of IL-12, TNF-alpha, IL-8, and IL-10. Co-treatment of THP-1 cells with T. gondii lysate inhibited the LPS-induced IL-12, IL-8 and TNF-alpha expression, but increased the level of IL-10 synergistically. IL-12 and IL-10 production was down-regulated by anti-human toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4 antibodies. T. gondii lysate triggered nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-dependent IL-8 expression in HEK293 cells transfected with TLR2. It is suggested that immunosuppression induced by T. gondii lysate treatment might occur via TLR2-mediated NF-kappaB activation.The Korean Journal of Parasitology 10/2008; 46(3):145-51. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.145 · 1.15 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Loa loa is unique among the human filariae in that adult worms are occasionally visible during subconjunctival migration. A 29-yr-old African female student, living in Korea for the past 5 yr without ever visiting her home country, presented with acute eyelid swelling and a sensation of motion on the left eyeball. Her symptoms started one day earlier and became worse over time. Examination revealed a threadlike worm beneath the left upper bulbar conjunctiva with mild eyelid swelling as well as painless swelling of the right forearm. Upon exposure to slit-lamp illumination, a sudden movement of the worm toward the fornix was noted. After surgical extraction, parasitologic analysis confirmed the worm to be a female adult Loa loa with the vulva at the extreme anterior end. On blood smear, the microfilariae had characteristic features of Loa loa, including sheath and body nuclei up to the tip of the tail. The patient also showed eosinophilia (37%) measuring 4,100/microL. She took ivermectin (200 microg/kg) as a single dose and suffered from a mild fever and chills for one day. This patient, to the best of our knowledge, is the first case of subconjunctival loiasis with Calabar swelling in Korea.Journal of Korean Medical Science 09/2008; 23(4):731-3. DOI:10.3346/jkms.2008.23.4.731 · 1.27 Impact Factor
Article: Trichomonas vaginalis: Reactive oxygen species mediates caspase-3 dependent apoptosis of human neutrophils[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: There are many neutrophils in the vaginal discharge from women infected with Trichomonas vaginalis. The aim of our study was to determine whether human neutrophil apoptosis may be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to trichomonads infection. Incubation of human neutrophils with live trichomonads caused marked receptor shedding of CD16, decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and caspase-3 activation in human neutrophils. These proapoptotic effects of T. vaginalis on neutrophils were inhibited by pretreatment of neutrophils with an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), suggesting an important role of intracellular ROS accumulation in T. vaginalis-triggered apoptosis. Indeed, large amounts of ROS levels were detected in neutrophils incubated with live trichomonads, and were also effectively inhibited by DPI. However, pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk or caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk did not affect T. vaginalis-induced ROS generation in neutrophils. These results suggest that ROS-dependent caspase-3 activation plays an important role in apoptosis of human neutrophils induced by T. vaginalis.Experimental Parasitology 02/2008; 118(1):59-65. DOI:10.1016/j.exppara.2007.06.010 · 1.64 Impact Factor
Article: Vaccination against Murine Toxoplasmosis Using Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii SAG3 Antigen Alone or in Combination with Quil A[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Surface antigen 3 (SAG3) of Toxoplasma gondii is very similar in structure to the major surface antigen 1 (SAG1). Although numerous studies have supported the importance of SAG1 in protection against T. gondii infection, few reports exist on SAG3. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fused SAG3 of T. gondii (rSAG3) were immunized into BALB/c mice alone or in combination with Quil A (rSAG3/Quil A), and then evaluated the protective immunity in vivo and in vitro against murine toxoplasmosis. Immunization with rSAG3 or rSAG3/Quil A resulted in significantly more survival days and fewer brain cysts after challenge with T. gondii compared to an infected control group. Mice immunized with rSAG3 alone or in combination with Quil A produced significantly more specific IgG2a antibody, whereas specific IgG1 antibody titers did not increase. The percentage of CD8+ T cells, IFN-gamma mRNA expression, and nitric oxide production significantly increased in rSAG3- and rSAG3/Quil A-immunized mice. These results indicate that vaccination with Toxoplasma rSAG3 results in partial protective immunity against T. gondii infection through induction of a Th1-type immune response, and that protective immunity is accelerated by the modulating effects of Quil A.Yonsei Medical Journal 07/2007; 48(3):396-404. DOI:10.3349/ymj.2007.48.3.396 · 1.29 Impact Factor
Article: Toxoplasma gondii inhibits apoptosis in infected cells by caspase inactivation and NF-kappaB activation.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Our experiments aimed to clarify the mechanism by which host cell apoptosis is inhibited by infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Mouse spleen cells were cultured in 6-well plates with RPMI 1640/ 10% FBS at 37?, in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Apoptosis of spleen cells was induced by actinomycin-D (AD) treatment for 1 h prior to infection with T. gondii. A variety of assays were used to assess the progression of apoptosis: DNA size analysis on agarose gel electrophoresis, flow cytometry with annexin V/PI staining, and analysis of expression levels of Bcl-2 family and NF-kappaB mRNA and proteins by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and EMSA. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to observe changes in cell morphology. Fragmentation of DNA was inhibited in spleen cells treated with AD and T. gondii 5 h and 18 h post infection, respectively, and flow cytometry studies showed a decreased apoptotic rates in AD and T. gondii treated spleen cells. We observed decreased expression of Bax mRNA and protein, while levels of Bcl-2 mRNA remained constant in spleen cells treated with AD and T. gondii. Caspase 3 and PARP were inactivated in cells treated with AD and T. gondii, and increased levels of cleaved caspase 8 were also observed. Analysis of EMSA and Western blot data suggests that activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB may be involved in the blockade of apoptosis by T. gondii. TEM analysis showed nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation occurring in spleen cells treated with AD; however, such apoptosis- associated morphological changes were not observed in cells treated with both AD and T. gondii tachyzoites. Together, these data show that T. gondii infection inhibits AD induced apoptosis via caspase inactivation and NF-kappaB activation in mouse spleen cells.Yonsei Medical Journal 01/2007; 47(6):862-9. · 1.29 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Recently, many peoples travel abroad for sightseeing, business, missionary and other works. At the same time, imported parasitic diseases including malaria has been increased in Korea. The vector borne and food borne diseases were imported from many other countries, Africa, Middle East and South east Asia. Recently many foreigners entered to Korea for studying, working and other purposes. Imported foods, fishes, meats, vegetables are important for parasitic infection, too. The author reviewed imported parasitic diseases in Korea from 1970 to 2006 with literatures. Malaria is most prevalent. And babesiosis of 6 cases, cutaneous leishmaniasis of over 20 cases, visceral leishmaniasis of 5 cases, loiasis of 3 cases, gnathostomiasis of 40 cases, angiostrongylosis of 10 cases, heterophydiasis of 2 cases, schistosomiasis haematobium of 6 cases, schistosomiasis mansoni of 3 cases, hydatidosis of 24 cases, cutaneous larva migrans of 4 cases, and one case of ancylostomiasis, syngamosis, cutaneous myiasis and pentastomiasis are reported, respectively. The protozoa of 5 species and helminthes of 11 species are imported from many other countries. In Korea, re-emerging malaria was appeared at Demilitarized zone (DMZ) on 1993. Last year, 2,051 cases of indigenous malaria were reported by Korean Center for Diseases Control (KCDC). However, the most prevalent imported malaria was Plasmodium falciparum and indigenous malaria was only P. vivax. For the prevention of imported parasitic diseases, the education, training for tropical medicine, supply of medication and vaccine are needed. The surveillance system for imported diseases was started by KCDC on 2001.Journal of the Korean Medical Association 01/2007; 50(11). DOI:10.5124/jkma.2007.50.11.993 · 0.18 Impact Factor
Article: Toxoplasma gondii Inhibits Apoptosis in Infected Cells by Caspase Inactivation and NF-κB Activation[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Our experiments aimed to clarify the mechanism by which host cell apoptosis is inhibited by infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Mouse spleen cells were cultured in 6-well plates with RPMI 1640/10% FBS at 37℃, in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Apoptosis of spleen cells was induced by actinomycin-D (AD) treatment for 1 h prior to infection with T. gondii. A variety of assays were used to assess the progression of apoptosis: DNA size analysis on agarose gel electrophoresis, flow cytometry with annexin V/PI staining, and analysis of expression levels of Bcl-2 family and NF-κB mRNA and proteins by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and EMSA. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to observe changes in cell morphology. Fragmentation of DNA was inhibited in spleen cells treated with AD and T. gondii 5 h and 18 h post infection, respectively, and flow cytometry studies showed a decreased apoptotic rates in AD and T. gondii treated spleen cells. We observed decreased expression of Bax mRNA and protein, while levels of Bcl-2 mRNA remained constant in spleen cells treated with AD and T. gondii. Caspase 3 and PARP were inactivated in cells treated with AD and T. gondii, and increased levels of cleaved caspase 8 were also observed. Analysis of EMSA and Western blot data suggests that activation of transcription factor NF-κB may be involved in the blockade of apoptosis by T. gondii. TEM analysis showed nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation occurring in spleen cells treated with AD; however, such apoptosis-associated morphological changes were not observed in cells treated with both AD and T. gondii tachyzoites. Together, these data show that T. gondii infection inhibits AD induced apoptosis via caspase inactivation and NF-κB activation in mouse spleen cells.Yonsei Medical Journal 12/2006; 47(6). DOI:10.3349/ymj.2006.47.6.862 · 1.29 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This experiment focused on MAPK activation in host cell invasion and replication of T. gondii, as well as the expression of CC chemokines, MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha , and enzyme, COX-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in infected cells via western blot, [3H]-uracil incorporation assay, ELISA and RT-PCR. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in infected HeLa cells was detected at 1 hr and/or 6 hr postinfection (PI). Tachyzoite proliferation was reduced by p38 or JNK MAPK inhibitors. MCP-1 secretion was enhanced in infected peritoneal macrophages at 6 hr PI. MIP-1 alpha mRNA was increased in macrophages at 18 hr PI. MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha were reduced after treatment with inhibitors of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKs. COX-2 mRNA gradually increased in infected RAW 264.7 cells and the secretion of COX-2 peaked at 6 hr PI. The inhibitor of JNK suppressed COX-2 expression. PGE2 from infected RAW 264.7 cells was increased and synthesis was suppressed by PD98059, SB203580, and SP600125. In this study, the activation of p38, JNK and/or ERK1/2 MAPKs occurred during the invasion and proliferation of T. gondii tachyzoites in HeLa cells. Also, increased secretion and expression of MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha , COX-2 and PGE2 were detected in infected macrophages, and appeared to occur via MAPK signaling pathways.The Korean Journal of Parasitology 10/2006; 44(3):197-207. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.197 · 1.15 Impact Factor
Article: Influence of calcium ion on host cell invasion and intracellular replication by Toxoplasma gondii[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which invades a wide range of hosts including humans. The exact mechanisms involved in its invasion are not fully understood. This study focused on the roles of Ca2+ in host cell invasion and in T. gondii replication. We examined the invasion and replication of T. gondii pretreated with several calcium modulators, the conoid extrusion of tachyzoites. Calmodulin localization in T. gondii were observed using the immunogold method, and Ca2+ levels in tachyzoites by confocal microscopy. In light microscopic observation, tachyzoites co-treated with A23187 and EGTA showed that host cell invasion and intracellular replication were decreased. The invasion of tachyzoites was slightly inhibited by the Ca2+ channel blockers, bepridil and verapamil, and by the calmodulin antagonist, calmidazolium. We observed that calcium saline containing A23187 induced the extrusion of tachyzoite conoid. By immunoelectron microscopy, gold particles bound to anti-calmodulin or anti-actin mAb, were found to be localized on the anterior portion of tachyzoites. Remarkably reduced intracellular Ca2+ was observed in tachyzoites treated with BAPTA/AM by confocal microscopy. These results suggest that host cell invasion and the intracellular replication of T. gondii tachyzoites are inhibited by the calcium ionophore, A23187, and by the extracellular calcium chelator, EGTA.The Korean Journal of Parasitology 01/2005; 42(4):185-93. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.185 · 1.15 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A 23-year-old medical student showed a positive reaction on a skin test for Paragonimus westermani, and two Tarsonemus floricolus mites were subsequently found by sputum examination and identified morphologically. Our report is the first human case of Tarsonemus floricolus in Korea.The Korean Journal of Parasitology 10/2003; 41(3):171-3. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2003.41.3.171 · 1.15 Impact Factor
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Hanyang University
Sŏul, Seoul, South Korea
- • Major in Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology
- • College of Medicine
Hanyang University Medical CenterSŏul, Seoul, South Korea


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Eugene Kamenka
Eugene Kamenka (4 March 1928 – 19 January 1994) was born in Cologne in 1928 and taken to Australia in 1937. He was educated at the Sydney Technical High School, and went on to take first-class honours in philosophy at the University of Sydney under John Anderson. His doctoral thesis, The Ethical Foundations of Marxism, for the Australian National University, was published in 1962. Kamenka lectured in philosophy at the University of Singapore and lectured and researched in Europe, North America and most countries in Asia; he was a Professor and the Head of the History of Ideas Unit at the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Australian National University, and lived in Canberra.
Together with his second wife, Alice Erh-Soon Tay, a professor of jurisprudence at Sydney University and scholar of comparative and Asian legal systems, Dr. Kamenka authored several works in philosophy of law and comparative law.[1]
He died in Canberra.
- Marxism and Ethics (1969)
- A World in Revolution? (1970)
- The Philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach (1970)
- Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of an Idea (1976)
- The Portable Karl Marx (1983)
- Bureaucracy (1989)
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- The Ethical Foundations of Marxism by Eugene Kamenka (1962)
- Marxian Humanism and the Crisis in Socialist Ethics by Eugene Kamenka (1965)
- New York Times Obituary (26 January 1994)
|This biography of an Australian philosopher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
- Australian philosophers
- 20th-century philosophers
- Marxist theorists
- 1928 births
- 1995 deaths
- University of Sydney alumni
- Australian National University alumni
- Australian National University faculty
- National University of Singapore faculty
- German Jews
- German emigrants to Australia
- Australian Jews
- Philosopher stubs
- Australian academic biography stubs

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"They are being conservative reducing their guidance and trimming their capital program to MAINTAIN the dividend"
That is like starving your kids so you can afford to send them to private school.
Eventually something has to give.
Receive investor kits and email updates from Stockhouse and directly from these companies.


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Separate names with a comma.
do you still have those side exhaust still willing to pay what you are asking
Here is a video from our last meet.
YouTube - hoggs car show 2010.wmv
There will be a meet that is going to take place on Sunday March 7 from 3 to 6pm. we will meet up at Hoggs Gourmet Grill and then we will go on a...
here is the web site if you wanna check it out.
Stangpede Forums - Powered by vBulletin
you have to register. we are all great.
I kinda figured it. I am part of club mustang empire already but thanks
I am starting up a new chapter in the I.E, so if anyone interested please feel free to post
sup guys. you both post up at club mustang empire.
sup everyone name is carlos and I drive a 94 mustang gt vert. I live in Riverside county
If you are looking for a car club that are friendly and no drama check out this club. It is Mustang Empire Car Club. This club is more than a car...


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Quick Links
The full tuition cost for the Transnational Summer Institute is $1800.
This fee includes a non-refundable $100 deposit paid at time of registration and $1,700.00 tuition balance.
Tuition balance of $1,700.00 may be paid at time of registration or no later than August 29, 2014
© Copyright 2015, All Rights Reserved University of Washington School of Law
4293 Memorial Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98195


text: The hotel is cheap but it´s still expensive for the quality. Smells bad, very bad in the bathroom. The flush of the toilet does not work ok so it was noisy all night long! Very old hotel. Breakfast is simple which is on accordance with the price. Only good points are the location and the WIFI which works ok.


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share:Remind Me
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An extremely suspicious tightwad arrives in New York to verify that his nephew, Alberto Bazán, has invested the money entrusted to him in a legitimate business. Soon he discovers that all of the money has been invested in a theatrical agency. The uncle adapts rapidly to the new environment, however, and soon steals Alberto's fiancée. Alberto quickly recovers and ends up marrying his ex-stenographer, a shy, unassuming woman, who had never thought of marriage before.


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Controlled Substances Lawyers and Law Firms in Omaha, NE
Controlled Substances Lawyers
Inkelaar LawOmaha, NE 68107
Personal Injury Law Firm in Omaha, NE(402) 999-9999
The Law Office of Thomas T. Inkelaar is an established personal injury law firm representing individuals and companies throughout Nebraska. The personal injury lawyers at The Law Offices of Thomas T. Inkelaar have the expertise and dedication to successfully fight for the justice that you deserve.
Petersen Criminal Defense LawOmaha, NE 68154
Criminal Defense Lawyer in Omaha, NE(402) 509-8070
Petersen Criminal Defense Law is located in Omaha, Nebraska and defends residents of Omaha and the surrounding regions. The firm has represented thousands of clients since its founding in 1995 including high profile clients requiring serious considerations regarding publicity. Attorney Thomas...


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Surgeon General's Report on Smoking
The speakers talked about the negative impact of smoking on health. Following prepared remarks, they responded to questions from the audience. Slides were shown during the presentation.
People in this video
- Cristina Beato M.D. Assistant Secretary Department of Health and Human Services->Health
- Richard H. Carmona M.D. Surgeon General Department of Health and Human Services
- Ann Schnur Survivor
Hosting Organization
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Dr. Abraham talked about teen smoking and marijuana. He is a Nobel Peace Prize co-recipient and author of a…
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Secretary Thompson announced his resignation from the Department of Health and Human Services. He talked about his…
Secretary of Health & Human Services Confirmation
Mr. Leavitt testified about his qualifications and experience as President Bush's nominee to become…
HHS Secretary Ceremonial Swearing-In
Former Governor Leavitt was ceremonially sworn in by President Bush as Secretary of the Department of Health and Human…


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Hi all...thought I'd start a separate post for this.
I've done some searching both here and elsewhere on this topic but would like to see if there are any updates or new users. I have a Knobby X frame set up with 135 mm rear spacing and would just like to see what bb/crankset, even rear hub/cassette setups people are using, what works and what just didn't work.


text:
Kaz Hirai, President and CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment, just twirled a fine dance around the PlayStation Phone. In discussing Sony's future strategy for offering a coherent and extremely expansive consumer offering, he used the words "tablets," "smartphones" and "PlayStation" in the same sentence, whetting appetites but never taking the leap to confirm what we all pretty much know his company is working on:
Oh Kaz, just admit it.Strategy encompasses driving the development of a variety of new strategic products and services including tablets currently in development as well as smartphones, all the while of course integrating the knowhow and the assets that we've accumulated from our PlaySation business.
Buy from $140
- Key specs
- Prices
- Discussions
- Type Smartphone
- Operating system Android (Gingerbread [2.3])
- Screen size 4 inches
- Internal memory 400 MB
- Carriers (US) AT&T, Verizon / Alltel
- Dimensions 4.7 x 2.4 x 0.6 in
- Weight 6.2 oz
- Released 2011-05-26
Sony PlayStation Portable PSP-2000


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Suu San Hoi (Fossil Shell Beach)
Prehistoric mollusks and canoodling locals
What we say:
Known in English as Fossil Shell Beach, Suu San Hoi was a fresh-water swamp that teemed with mollusks back when the dinosaurs roamed. Today it's a large collection of seaside fossils where local school kids get dragged on field trips. If that sounds like fun, you can drag yourself out here too.
Slabs of Shelley limestone containing approximately 75-million-year-old mollusk fossils emerge from the coastal water at low tide; shoot for late afternoon to see the widest collection. You'd have to be a biologist with a particular interest in ancient shellfish to get a real thrill out of it, but the seaside scenery isn't too shabby. If you can't get here for low tide but are dying to see some fossils, a small showroom houses a collection of the more impressive finds.
Apart from the fossils, the main attraction seems to be the seaside park with gazebos where local couples come to get doughy eyed at sunset. You can also take a walk up Ao Nammao beach from here, though swimming is next to impossible due to all of the rocks. The attraction mainly draws Thai visitors and a range of food and souvenir stalls set up at the entrance to meet their needs.
Hat Noppharat Thara - Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park oversees Suu San Hoi. Admission is 200 baht for foreign adults and 100 baht for children -- rather pricey for such a small attraction. It's open daily from 08:00 to 16:30.
More detailsHat Nopparat Thara-Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park
Opening Hours: 06:00-17:00
How to get there: White songthaews can take you here for 50 baht per person from Krabi town, 20 baht from Ao Nang. If coming on your own from Krabi town, take Route 4034 north and hang a left after several km on to Route 4204, following signs for Ao Nang. After another several km, keep to the left at the roundabout and Fossil Shell Beach is located all the way at the end of the road. From Ao Nang, simply head inland on the main drag and hang a right just after Tesco Lotus.
Usually found exploring Bangkok's side streets or south Thailand's islands, David Luekens is an American freelance writer & photographer who finds everyday life in Asia to be extraordinary. You can follow his travails here.
Photo gallery
Jump to a destination
- Hot spots
- Bangkok, Amphawa & Ayutthaya
- Kanchanaburi & Central Thailand
- Chiang Mai & Northern Thailand
- About this region
- Ban Huay Kon
- Ban Toei
- Bo Kluea
- Chiang Dao
- Chiang Khong
- Chiang Mai
- Chiang Rai
- Chiang Saen
- Doi Inthanon
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- Fang
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- Nan to Ban Huay Kon
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- Khorat, Nong Khai & the Northeast
- Ko Chang, Ko Samet & East Thailand
- South: Krabi, Khao Sok & more
- About this region
- Ao Nang
- Ao Phang Nga N.M.P.
- Ban Krut
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- Betong
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- Khuraburi
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- All Thailand's islands
- About the islands
- Coral and Raya Islands
- Ko Adang
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- Ko Chang
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- Ko Jum
- Ko Kham
- Ko Kho Khao
- Ko Kradan
- Ko Kut
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- Ko Libong
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- Similan islands
- Ko Sukorn
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- Phuket
Suu San Hoi (Fossil Shell Beach) map
Suu San Hoi (Fossil Shell Beach)
Hat Nopparat Thara-Mu Ko Phi Phi National Park
Open in Apple/Google Maps
Sights in Krabi
Khao Phanom Bencha National Park
Ko Klang
Suu San Hoi (Fossil Shell Beach)
Than Bok Khorani National Park
Wat Kaew
Wat Tham Seua (Tiger Cave Temple)
The above sights are all the sights in Krabi we list on Travelfish.org.


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about our bakeries
monthly baking schedule
Visit our three locations in Salem. All three stores are scratch bakeries featuring stone mills that grind our own 100% whole wheat flour fresh every day!
339 Court Street NE
Salem, OR 97301
Hours: Mon - Fri, 6:30am - 6pm
Saturday, 8am - 5pm
Closed Sunday
3405 Commercial St. SE
Salem, OR 97302
Hours: Mon - Fri, 6:30am - 7pm
Saturday, 7am - 6pm
Sunday, 9am - 3pm
525 Taggart Dr. NW
Salem, OR 97304
Hours: Mon - Fri, 6:30am - 7pm
Saturday, 7am - 6pm
Sunday, 9am - 3pm
See the people behind Great Harvest Bread in Salem!
© Copyright 2015 Great Harvest Bread Co., Salem, Oregon. All Rights Reserved.
A franchise of Great Harvest Bread Company.