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PlantPhysiol. (1986) 81, 572-576
0032-0889/86/81/0572/05/$0 1.00/0
Isolation and Initial Characterization of Constitutive Nitrate
Reductase-Deficient Mutants NR328 and NR345 of Soybean
(Glycine max)1
Received for publication July 16, 1985 and in revised form February 28, 1986
Botany Department, Australian National University, CanberraACT 2600, Australia
Two nitrate reductase deficient mutants of soybean (Glycine max IL.]
Merr. cv Bragg) were isolated from approximately 10,000 M2 seedlings,
using a direct enzymic assay in microtiter plates. Stable inheritance of
NR345 and NR328 phenotypes has been demonstrated through to the
M5 generation. Both mutants were affected in constitutive nitrate reduc-
tase activity. Assayable activities ofcNR in nitrate-free grown seedlings
was about 3 to 4% ofthe control for NR345 and 14 to 16% of the control
for NR328. Both mutants expressed inducible NR during early plant
development and were sensitive to nitrate and urea inhibition of nodula-
tion. These new mutants will allow an extension of the characterization
of nitrate reductases and their function in soybean. Preliminary evidence
indicates that NR345 is similar to the previously isolated mutantnri,
while NR328 is different.
cation of three biochemically distinct nitrate reductases in soy-
bean, and to the correlation of these activities with cNR and
iNR (27). Urea-grown wild-type plants contained two cNRs
designated cjNR and c2NR. the c,NR used both NADPH and
NADH, whereas c2NR used only NADH as an electron donor.
Only one iNR was identified in nitrate-grown nr1 plants (that
lacked cNR). Like c2NR, iNR used only NADH as an electron
donor (27).
Efficient procedures for assaying NR (16) and the availability
of chlorate as a positive selection agent (8, 13) have aided the
isolation of nitrate metabolism mutants in several higher plant
species (for review see Refs. 12 and 17). In legumes, NR-deficient
mutants have been isolated in pea (9, 16) as well as in soybean
(21). Such legume mutants are potentially useful for studying
nitrate inhibition of nodulation and nitrogen fixation (4-7). In
this paper, we describe the isolation and preliminary characteri-
zation oftwo independent NR-deficient mutants of soybean.
Generally, NR2 activity is only expressed when nitrate is
present in the growth medium (2), but soybean is an exception
to this generality and Harper (10) showed that leaf tissue from
inoculated plants grown without combined nitrogen expressed
NR activity. Similarly, it was demonstrated that leaf tissue from
urea-grown soybean plants had NR activity (18). Since this
activity was present in the absence of nitrate, it was termed
constitutive or noninducible NR (12). cNR activity is not ex-
pressed in soybean roots (15, 21) or soybean cell cultures (22),
and NR activity in these tissues is dependent on nitrate being
present. Thus, in addition to cNR, there is also iNR activity in
soybean. Multiple soybean NR activities have also been distin-
guished biochemically. Using column chromatography, Jolly et
al. (14) and Campbell (3) separated twoNR activities fromyoung
unifoliolate leaves of nitrate-grown soybean seedlings. The two
activities differed in affinities for nitrate and for the reduced
pyridine nucleotides NADH and NADPH. These NR activities
were also identified in cotyledons ofnitrate-grown seedlings (24).
Genetic evidence for the presence of multiple NR activities in
soybean has been reported by Nelson et al. (21). They isolated
three allelic chlorate-resistant mutants (LNR-2, LNR-3, and
LNR-4) (26) that lacked cNR, but expressed iNR in root and
leaf tissue. Subsequent studies on the parent cultivar Williams
and the cNR mutant nr1 (formerly LNR-2) led to the identifi-
' Financial support was provided by the Australian Government for a
postgraduate research award to B. J. C. and by Agrigenetics Research
2 Abbreviations: NR, nitrate reductase; cNR, constitutive nitrate re-
ductase; iNR, inducible nitrate reductase; EMS, ethylmethanesulfonate.
Plant Material. M2 families of cultivar Bragg were screened
for cNR mutants. The families were derived from EMS muta-
genesis, which we described in previous publications (5, 7). For
comparison, Williams and nr, (formerly LNR-2) (21) were in-
cluded in some experiments. Seeds of nr1 were obtained from
Dr. S. Ryan (CSIRO, Canberra).
Plant Culture. All experiments were conducted in the glass-
house. Glasshouse temperatures were kept between 14 and 30°C
and incandescent bulbs extended the photoperiod to 16 h. M2
seeds were planted 1 cm below the surface in sand trays (63 cm
long, 23 cm wide, and 6.5 cm deep). The trays were inoculated
with Rhizobium japonicum strain CB1809 (= USDA 136), satu-
rated with N-free nutrient solution (6, 7) twice a week and
received tap water every other day. Ten to 16 d after planting,
unifoliolate leaves were screened for cNR activity (see below).
M2 variants were saved to produce M3 progeny which were
screened forcNR activity as described below. The stability ofthe
mutantcharacter was also verified in M4 and M5 seedlings, except
that these plants were cultured in 15 cm diameter pots of
vermiculite. M4 plants were also characterized for in vivo NR
activity after culture on nitrate, and for nodulation on various
nitrogen sources. In these experiments, plants were inoculated
with R.japonicum strainCB1809 and cultured in 15 cm diameter
pots ofriver sand (2 plants per pot). The pots were watered daily
with 600 ml of nutrient solution. KNO3 (2.5 mM) and urea (2.5
mm, i.e. 5 mM N) were added to the nutrient solution as required.
In Vivo cNR Screen. One unifoliolate leaf disc (4.5 mm
diameter) from each M2 seedling was screened for cNR activity
in a micro-well of a micro-test plate (96F with lid, Nunc (Inter
Med], Denmark). Each micro-test plate contained 96 wells. Prior
Page 2
to sampling the leafdiscs, 130glofNR assay solution (containing
50 mM KNO3) (23) was dispensed into each well using an eight-
tip micro-pipette (50-200 ul, serial no. 10379, Titertek). Leaf
discs were removed from seedlings and placed in the assay
solution and the plates were then incubated at 28°C for 3 to 4 h.
Subsequently, the activity was detected by adding 130,lofa 1:1
solution of 1% sulfanilamide in 3 N HCI and 0.02% N-naphthyl-
ethylene diamineHC 1 in distilled H20 to each well. This solution
turns pink in the presence of nitrite (28), and therefore decreased
pink coloration in the micro-well assay indicated decreased cNR
activity. The degree ofpink coloration is seen as shading around
the leaf discs in Figure 1. This screening method was very rapid
and inexpensive, and 600 seedlings could be easily screened by
one person in a day.
In vivo NR Assay. In vivo NR activity was determined by a
modification of the assay described by Nicholas et al. (23). Six
leaf discs (4.5 mm diameter) were sampled from unifoliolate
leaves and placed in chilled test tubes containing 5 ml of NR
assay solution. The assay solution was the same as that used by
Nicholas et al. (23) and contained either 0 or 50 mM KNO3. The
tubes were incubated in the dark in a 30°C water bath and
samples were removed over a 50 min incubation period for
nitrite determination (28). The data were expressed as nmol
NO2- produced leafdisc-' h-' or ,umol NO2-.g fresh weight
h-'. Each leafdisc weighed approximately 2.7 mg (fresh weight).
Statistics. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, using
the general statistical program Genstat (1).
Selection and Stability of cNR Mutants NR328 and NR345.
Approximately 10,000 seedlings were screened for cNR activity
(Table I). These plants were derived from 1428 M2 families; 868
families came from EMS-population
families were from EMS-population 2. Ten seeds per M2 family
of population
planted for each M2 family in population 2, and approximately
7,550 and 2,450 M2 plants were screened in population
population 2, respectively. Thus, about three times as many M2
plants were screened in population I than in population 2 (Table
Several M2 families apparently segregated for decreased cNR
activity, but only two M2 variants produced M3 progeny that had
little or no cNR activity. The two confirmed cNR-deficient
mutants were derived from M2 families 328 and 345, which
belonged to population 2 (Table I). In each ofthese families, one
out ofthe five plants screened was cNR-deficient. These variant
plants were designated NR328 and NR345. All three M3 plants
derived from NR328 had decreased cNR activity. Similarly,
NR345 was pure-breeding and all 12 M3 progeny had decreased
cNR activity (Fig. 1). Bragg had considerable cNR activity as
indicated by the deep shading in micro-wells containing a Bragg
leafdisc. In contrast, micro-wells with an nr1, NR328, or NR345
leafdisc had almost no color (Fig. 1), indicating that these lines
had decreased cNR activity. In vivo NR assays were also con-
1 and the remaining 560
1 were planted, whereas only five seeds were
1 and
ducted on unifoliolate leaftissue from these plantsand the results
are listed in Table II. NR328 had cNR activity significantly less
than Bragg, but significantly more than either NR345 or nr,.
Activity in NR328 was 16.2% that ofBragg, whereas NR345 and
nr, had negligible activity compared to Bragg.
In vivo cNR activity was also determined in unifoliolate leaves
ofM4 progeny, and the results obtained confirmed the M3 data
(data not shown). Mutants NR345 and nr, had very low activity
compared to the respective parent cultivars Bragg and Williams,
whereasNR328 had 14.1% ofthe wild-type activity. The stability
of the mutants was also verified in the M5 generation (data not
In Vivo Activity in Nitrate-Grown Plants. Bragg, NR328, and
NR345 plants were grown on nitrate and assayed forNR activity
21 d after planting. Both of the cNR mutants expressed iNR
activity (Table III). When NR activity was dependent on endog-
enous nitrate in the leaf tissue (minus NO3- assay), activity was
the same in Bragg, NR328, and NR345. However, with 50 mm
KNO3 added to the assay solution, Bragg NR activity was signif-
icantly higher than the activity in eitherNR328 orNR345 (Table
Plant Fresh Weight Accumulation in N2-dependent and Ni-
trate-grown Plants. Table IV shows plant fresh weights ofBragg,
NR328, and NR345 plants after 7 weeks culture on N-free or
KNO3-supplemented nutrients. Two-way analysis of variance
showed that the effect ofnitrate was highly significant (calculated
F = 105.8 > F1,3o [0.05] = 4.17), but that the genotypes were not
significantly different and that they did not respond differently
to 2.5 mm nitrate being supplied.
Inhibition ofNodulation by Combined Nitrogen. A preliminary
experiment was conducted to ascertain the inhibitory effect of
2.5 mm nitrate or urea on nodulation ofthe parent cultivars and
the cNR mutants. As previously described for this system (6),
urea was more inhibitory than was nitrate. The absolute amount
ofnodulation per plant was not decreased by treatment with 2.5
mM nitrate (data not shown), but these plants were considerably
larger than N2-dependent plants (Table IV) and the nitrate
treatment did cause significant inhibition when nodulation was
expressed per g plant fresh weight (Table V). Two-way analysis
of variance indicated that the effect of combined nitrogen on
nodule number-g-' plant fresh weight was highly significant
(calculated F = 135.4 > F2,65 [0.05] = 3.15). Genotypic differ-
ences in this parameter were marginally significant (calculated F
= 2.87 > F4,65 [0.05] = 2.53). However, there was no significant
interaction between genotype and nitrogen source (calculated F
= 0.95 > F8,65 [0.05] = 2.10), indicating that nodule number in
the different genotypes was similarly affected by 2.5 mM nitrate
or urea. Essentially the same trend was observed for mg nodule
fresh weight-g-' plant fresh weight (Table V). The effect of
nitrogen source was highly significant (calculated F = 475.9 >
F2,67 [0.05] = 3.15). There was also a significant genotype effect
(calculated F = 10.99 > F4,67 [0.05] = 2.53) and nodule fresh
weight per plant biomass was consistently lower in NR328 than
in Bragg (Table V). However, the genotypes did not differ in
Table I. Frequencies ofChi-deficient Variants, nts, and cNR Mutants in Two Mutagenized Populations of
No. ofM2 Families
Screened for
Mutants in
in theM,?
0.9 x 10-2
3.6 x 10-4
aCited from Carroll et al. (5).
bBJ Carroll, DL McNeil, PM Gresshoff (unpublished data).
number of M2 families screened for cNR activity.
Approx. No. ofM2
Screened forcNRd
No. ofcNR
the M2b
2.8 x 10-2
1.4 x 10'
d Approximate number of M2 plants screened for cNR
' Number of mutants recovered from the cNR screen.
Page 3
0* 0
1. Rapid screening cNR assay on Bragg, nr1, and M3 progeny of
NR328 and NR345. For assay procedures see "Materials and Methods."
Each micro-well contained a unifoliolate leafdisc from a 14-d-old plant
that had been cultured on N-free nutrients. The degree ofshading around
the leaf disc reflects the amount of nitrite in each micro-well. Row 1,
Bragg; row 2, nr, (formerly LNR-2); row 3, NR328; row 4, NR345; and
rows 5 to 8, Bragg.
Table II. In vivo cNR Activity ofBragg, nr,, and M3 Progeny ofNR328
and NR345
Unifoliolate leaves were assayed (+ NO3 assay) 16 d after planting and
culture in sand trays. The trays were watered with N-free nutrient solution
as described in "Materials and Methods." Each entry in the table is the
mean ofthree or four assays on leaftissue from separate plants.
NR Activity
nmol N02- * disc-' * h-'
aRaw data required log, transformation to satisfy assumptions for
analysis of variance. The LSDo.05 (based on transformed data) was 0.48.
log (NR Activity)a
Table III. In vivo NR Activity ofNitrate-grown Bragg andM4 Progeny
ofNR328 and NR345
Unifoliolate leaves were assayed21 d afterplantingand culture inpots
ofriver sand. The pots were inoculated with R.japonicum strain CB1809
and watered daily with 2.5 mm KNO3-supplemented nutrient solution.
Leaf tissue was assayed with and without 50 mm KNO3 in the assay
solution. Each entry in the table is the mean of six to eight plants.
NR Activity
Minus NO3- assaya
Plus NO3 assayb
nmol NO2 disc'*h-'
aNo significant difference between genotypes.
nificant and LSDo.05= 3.7.
sensitivity to combined nitrogen (calculated Finlem,ion= 1.74 <
F8,67 [0.05]=2.15). Urea-grown plants in these experiments had
considerable NR activity without nitratebeingadded to theassay
solution (data not shown). Evidently, in this sand culture, con-
siderable nitrification of urea had occurred. Nevertheless, it is
evident that cNR-deficiency did not confer nitrate-tolerant
nodulation in nr,, NR328, or NR345.
bF-statistic wassig-
Table IV. Effect ofNitrate on Plant Fresh weight Accumulation in
Bragg andM4 Progeny ofNR328 andNR345
Plants were inoculated with R. japonicum strain CB1809, cultured in
sand pots as described in "Materials and Methods" and harvested 7 weeks
after planting. Each entry in the table is the mean ofsix plants. Two-way
analysis of variance on the data indicated that the effect of nitrate
supplementation was significant, but that there was no difference between
the genotypes.
Plant Fresh Weight
2.5 mM KNO3
The results presented here show that it is possible to screen
successfully for soybean mutants in a specific enzyme activity.
Two cNR mutants, NR328 and NR345, were isolated using an
in vivoNR screen. An in vivo assay procedure hasbeen previously
used to isolate NR mutants in barley (29) and pea (16). In
contrast to the approach used to identify NR328 and NR345,
cNR soybean mutant nr, (formerly LNR-2) was isolated using
chlorate as a positive selection agent (21). The screening proce-
dure described here could also be useful in screening remutagen-
ized cNR-deficient lines for nitrate uptake and iNR mutants.
The direct assay forNR activity may have advantages overtesting
for chlorate resistance, in view of possible secondary effects of
chlorate (8).
NR328 and NR345 were recovered from separate M2 families.
Both these families segregated for the mutant character, indicat-
ing that the mutation arose from the mutagenesis treatment and
also that NR328 and NR345 were the result ofseparate mutation
events. The frequency ofnts (nitrate-tolerant symbiotic mutants),
cNR, and Chl-deficient mutants was consistently higher in pop-
ulation 2 than in population 1 (Table I). M2 selections NR328
and NR345 were pure breeding and homozygous for the respec-
tive mutations and the stability of the mutant characters have
been demonstrated through to the M5 generation. NR345 and
nr, had negligible cNR activity, whereas NR328 had approxi-
mately 15% ofthe wild-type activity (Table II). Constitutive NR-
deficient mutant nr, lacks both c,NR and c2NR activity that are
present in parent cultivar Williams (27). Studies on wild-type
Bragg grown in the absence of nitrate have shown that this
cultivar expresses cjNR and c2NR activity (19). It therefore
appears that NR345 described here also lacks c,NR and c2NR
activity. However, it is plausible that NR328 lacks only one of
the cNR activities or, alternatively, this mutant may be leaky
and have decreased amounts of both cNR activities. Allelism
tests are being conducted on nrr, NR328, and NR345. Crosses
have also been made between Bragg and the mutants to deter-
mine the nature of inheritance of the NR328 and NR345 char-
Both NR328 and NR345 expressed iNR activity (Table III).
When NR activity was dependent on endogenous nitrate (minus
NO3- assay), unifoliolate leaves of nitrate-grown Bragg, NR328,
and NR345 plants had the same NR activity. The addition of
nitrate to the assay medium resulted in Bragg having significantly
higherNR activity thanNR328 andNR345. It is likely, therefore,
that Bragg had more NR enzyme (presumably cNR) present in
situ, and that substrate supply limited activity in the minus N03
assay. The presence of iNR in NR328 and NR345 was also
reflected in the fact that nitrate stimulated plant fresh weight
accumulation in nitrate-grown NR328 and NR345 plants. Thus,
NR328 and NR345 are similar to nr,, in that iNR was expressed
PlantPhysiol.Vol.81, 1986
Page 4
Table V. Effect ofKNO3 and Urea on Nodulation per Gram Plant Fresh weight in Bragg, Williams, nr,, and
M4 Progeny ofNR328 and NR345
Plants were harvested 7 weeks after planting and culture in pots of river sand. The pots were inoculated
with R. japonicum strain CB1809 and watered daily with 600 ml of nutrient solution. KNO3 (2.5 mM) and
urea (2.5 mM) were added to the nutrient solution as required. Each entry in the table is the mean ofthree to
six plants. Nitrogen source and genotype effects were significant but there was no significant interaction
between genotype and N source.
2.5 mm KNO3
2.5 mm urea
number.gplantfresh Wt-la
a, bRaw data required log, and square root transformation, respectively, to satisfy assumptions for a two-
way analysis of variance.
Nodule Fresh Weight
2.5 mM KNO3
mg-g-' ofplantfresh Wtb
2.5 mm urea
and nitrate utilization was evident. However, as well as being
leaky, NR328 was also unique in that nitrate-grown plants
developed necrotic lesions on the distal margin of mature leaves
(D Whitmore Smith, BJ Caroll, unpublished data). This did not
occur in N2-dependent NR328 plants and thus the necrosis
observed in nitrate-grown plants was probably due to nitrate
accumulation. Necrosis of mature leaf margins was not evident
in nitrate-grown Bragg, NR345, or nrl plants and it is therefore
possible that iNR activity is impaired at some stages of devel-
opment in NR328. These hypotheses are currently being tested.
Mutant nr, has been extensively characterized. The mutant
character is inherited as a Mendelian monogenic recessive (26),
but it is not clear whether the mutation is located in a regulatory
gene or in a structural gene required for both c,NR and c2NR
activities (25). Mutant nr, also lacks in vivo NO(x) evolution
normally present in the wild-type (26). The NO(.) compound
evolved during an in vivoNR assay (11) has since been identified
as being predominantly acetaldehyde oxime (20). All F2 cNR-
deficient segregants derived from Williams x nr, crosses also
lacked acetaldehyde oxime evolution, and all cNR-positive
segregants (i.e. wild-types) evolved acetaldehyde oxime (26).
Furthermore, soybean root tissue (21) and cell cultures (22) lack
both cNR activity and in vivo acetaldehyde oxime evolution.
Although these genetic and physiological studies indicated that
in vivo acetaldehyde oxime evolution is associated with cNR
activity, the nature of this association has not been further
characterized. NR328 and NR345 may contribute to the knowl-
edge on acetaldehyde oxime evolution and its relationship to
cNR activity.
As reported by Ryan et al. (26), the nr, mutation did not affect
nitrate utilization or confer nitrate-tolerance to nitrogen fixation.
The results presented here also showed that cNR-deficiency in
NR328, NR345, and nr1 did not condition nitrate-tolerant
nodulation in these lines. Both nodule number and nodule
growth (Table V) in the mutants were as sensitive as the wild
type to nitrate and urea inhibition. Although nitrogen fixation
does not appear to be nitrate-tolerant in nr, (26), this area needs
to be investigated in NR328 and NR345. The cNR constitutes
approximately 12.5 to 20% oftotal NR activity in soybean (12),
but the physiological significance of this form of NR remains
obscure. The fact that nrl was selected on the basis of chlorate
resistance implies that cNR reduces nitrate in planta (assuming
nitrate and chlorate behave the same in this respect). However,
cNR activity does not appear to be regulated by nitrate (21) or
ammonia (19) and lack ofcNR activity does not impede nitrate
utilization (26). Further characterization ofNR328 and NR345
may lead to a better understanding ofthe role ofcNR in soybean.
Acknowledgments-Drs. D. McNeil, S. Ryan, D. Herridge, and J. Harper are
thanked for material and/or discussion. Mrs. A. Higgins, Mrs. K. Cowley, Mrs. J.
Bateman, Mrs. T. Raath, and Mr. K Mortimer are thanked for technical help.
LEECH, J NELDER, R PAYNE, K PHELPS, C ROGERS, G Ross, H SIMPSON, A
TODD, R WEDDERBURN, G WILKINSON 1977 Genstat. A general statistical
program. Lawes Agricultural Trust, Rothamsted Experimental Station, UK
2. BEEVERS L, RH HAGEMAN 1983 Uptake and reduction of nitrate: bacteria and
higher plants. In A Lauchli, RL Bieleski, eds, Inorganic Plant Nutrition.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 351-375
3. CAMPBELL WH 1976 Separation of soybean leaf nitrate reductases by affinity
chromatography. Plant Sci Lett 7: 239-247
4. CARROLL BJ, PM GRESSHOFF 1983 Nitrate inhibition of nodulation and
nitrogen fixation in white clover. Z Pflanzenphysiol 110: 77-88
5. CARROLL BJ, DL McNEIL, PM GRESSHOFF 1984 Breeding soybeans for in-
creased nodulation in the presence of external nitrate. In BS Ghai, ed,
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation (I). USG Publishers and Distributors, Lu-
dhianna, India, pp 43-50
6. CARROLL BJ, DL NcNEIL, PM GRESSHOFF 1985 A supernodulation and nitrate
tolerant symbiotic (nts) soybean mutant. Plant Physiol 78: 34-40
7. CARROLL BJ, DL McNEIL, PM GRESSHOFF 1985 Isolation and properties of
soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) mutants that nodulate in the presence of
high nitrate concentrations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 4162-4166
8. COVE DJ 1976 Chlorate toxicity in Aspergillus nidulans: studies of mutants
altered in nitrate assimilation. Mol Gen Genet 146: 147-159
9. FEENSTRA WJ, E JACOBSEN 1980 Isolation of a nitrate reductase deficient
mutant ofPisum sativum by means ofselection forchlorate resistance. Theor
Appl Genet 58: 39-42
10. HARPER JE 1974 Soil and symbiotic nitrogen requirements for optimum
soybean production. Crop Sci 14: 255-260
1 1. HARPER JE 1981 Evolution ofnitrogen oxide(s) during in vivo nitrate reductase
assay ofsoybean leaves. Plant Physiol 68: 1488-1493
12. HARPER JE, RS NELSON, L STREIT 1984 Nitrate metabolism of soybean-
physiology and genetics. In RM Shibles, ed, World Soybean Research
Conference III. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp 476-483
13. HOFSTRA JJ 1977 Chlorate toxicity and nitrate redutase activity in tomato
plants. Physiol Plant 41: 65-69
14. JOLLY SO, WH CAMPBELL, NO TOLBERT 1976 NADPH and NADH nitrate
reductases from soybean leaves. Arch Biochem Biophys 174: 431-439
15. KAKEFUDA G, SH DUKE, SO DUKE 1983 Differential light induction ofnitrate
reductases in greening and photobleached soybean seedlings. Plant Physiol
73: 56-60
16. KLEINHOFS A, RL WARNER, FJ MUEHLBAUER, RA NILAN 1978 Induction and
selection of specific gene mutations in Hordeum and Pisum. Mutat Res 51:
17. KLEINHOFS A, J TAYLOR, TM Kuo, DA SOMERS, RL WARNER 1983 Nitrate
reductase genes as selectable markers for plant cell transformation. In PF
Lurquin, A Kleinhofs, eds, Genetic Engineering in Eukaryotes. Plenum
Press, New York, pp 215-231
18. LAHAv E, JE HARPER, RH HAGEMAN 1976 Improved soybean growth in urea
with pH buffered by a carboxy resin. Crop Sci 16: 325-328
19. MORTIMER K 1983 Regulation of nitrate reductases from soybean. Honours
thesis. Botany Department, Australian National University, Canberra
20. MULVANEY CS, RH HAGEMAN 1984 Acetaldehyde oxime, a product formed
during the in vivo nitrate reductase assay of soybean leaves. Plant Physiol
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CARROLL AND GRESSHOFFPlantPhysiol. Vol. 81, 1986
21. NELSON RS, SA RYAN, JE HARPER 1983 Soybean mutants lacking constitutive
nitrate reductase activity. I. Selection and initial plant characterization. Plant
Physiol 72: 503-509
22. NELSON RS, ME HORN, JE HARPER, JM WIDHOLM 1984 Nitrate reductase
activity and nitrogenousgas evolution from heterotrophic, photomixotrophic
and photoautotrophic soybean suspension cultures. Plant Sci Lett 34: 145-
23. NICHOLAS JC, JE HARPER, RA HAGEMAN 1976 Nitrate reductase activity in
soybean (Glycine max[L.] Merr). 1. Effects of light and temperature. Plant
Physiol 58: 731-735
24. ORIHUEL-IRANzo B, WH CAMPBELL 1980 Development of NAD(P)H and
NADH:nitrate reductase activities in soybean cotyledous. Plant Physiol 65:
25. ROBIN P, L STREIT, WH CAMPBELL, JE HARPER 1985 Immunochemical
characterization ofnitrate reductase forms from wild-type (cv Williams) and
nrl mutant soybean. Plant Physiol 77: 232-236
26. RYAN SA, RS NELSON, JE HARPER 1983 Soybean mutants lacking constitutive
nitrate reductase activity. II. Nitrogen assimilation, chlorate resistance and
inheritance. Plant Physiol 72: 510-514
27. STREIT L, RS NELSON, JE HARPER 1985 Nitrate reductases from wild-type and
nrdmutant soybean (Glycinemax [L.Merfr.) leaves. l. Purification, kinetics
1976 Nitrae reductasephysical properties. Plant Physiol 78: 80-84
28. WARNER RL, A KLEINHOFS 1974 Relationships between nitratereductase,
nitrite reductase, and ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activities in chloro-
phyll-deficient mutants in barley. Crop Sci 14: 654-658
29. WARNER RL, CJ LIN, A KLEINHOFS 1977 Nitrate reductase-deficient mutants
in barley. Nature 269: 406-407


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Oldenborg International Research and Travel Grant
Download the International Research and Travel Grant Application (PDF)
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Monday, October 17, 2011
© Copyright 2015 Newton Citizen
COVINGTON - Lake Varner, the county's drinking water reservoir, is at its lowest level since 2007.
The lake is at 690.5 feet, about 10.5 feet below full pool.
But the county's drinking water supply is still in very good shape, said Jason Nord, water production manager at the Cornish Creek Water Treatment Facility.
"This happens every year. This is exactly what we would expect," Nord said. "We still have an adequate supply of water. It's just that aesthetically, it doesn't look good."
A small overflow dam called a weir that was damaged during the 2009 flood is being repaired through money from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The dam will enable water from the Alcovy River, which is experiencing very low flows, to be pooled so that it can more easily be pumped into Lake Varner and City Pond, the two local drinking water supplies.
Cornish Creek has the capacity to treat up to 25 million gallons per day. Currently the plant is treating between 12 and 13 million gallons per day, about normal for this time of year, Nord said. Typically, rainfall toward the end of November helps replenish the lake and it's at full pool by March, he said.
Meanwhile, City Pond is full, as there are no low flow limits to pumping into that reservoir, since it was built prior to requirements implemented in 1976. City Pond is much more shallow than Lake Varner; the Williams Street treatment plant can only treat up to 4.5 million gallons per day.
Lake Varner was permitted after the low flow requirements went into effect, and water must be flowing at 22 cubic feet per second downstream with pumps running in order to withdraw from the river. Currently, the flow is 27 cubic feet per second with no pumps going. Flows were high enough to recently pump 15 million gallons of water into Lake Varner.
But, "We like to let Mother Nature do it," Nord said of filling the lake. Recent rains have helped, but the banks of the lake have clearly expanded due to the dry weather.
That shouldn't be cause for alarm, Nord said.
"It was designed as a drinking water reservoir, not as a pleasure lake ... We are very much in good shape."
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More like this story
- Lake Varner reopens for boating, fishing Friday ( January 17, 2008 )
- Pavilions to be installed at Lake Varner ( September 25, 2012 )
- Hydrilla horrors: Invasive plant causes bird deaths at lake ( September 16, 2010 )
- Water use increases in 2009 ( January 18, 2010 )
- Carp to be stocked at Lake Varner to eat hydrilla ( March 3, 2012 )


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Center for Diversity & Inclusion Calendar
Latino Heritage Month: Brown Bag Discussion with Bobby Gonzalez (Updated 8/7/13)
noon – 3:00 pm, Monday, September 16 (2013), Mary Graydon Conference Room 203
AU celebrates Latino Heritage Month September 15 - October 15. Join us as we welcome author and poet, Bobby Gonzalez. This dynamic speaker will be leading a brown bag discussion titled, "Embracing Your Roots: Creating A New Future by Drawing on Your Heritage." This is a opportunity not to be missed!
- Type:
- Lecture/Speaker
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- Center for Diversity and Inclusion
- Contact:
Center for Diversity & Inclusion
(202) 885-3651


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The Imagine Web Plugin allows you to view the projects embedded in the browser. Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Opera web browsers work with the Imagine Logo plugin. You need to be running a Windows based operating system (98,2000 or XP) too for the plugin to work.
DimensionU Web Plugin is needed if you want play the 3D games from DimensionU website. After you download and install the plugin you will be able to play both games Gadget Works and Meltdown. Just click the play button from the website, wait a minute for the game to download and load then have fun playing.
CopySafe Plugin is a secure solution for copy protecting web pages and images online. The program allows you to copy protect financial reports and corporate data, copy protect your intellectual property and livelihood or copy protect from Print screen and screen capture.
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Jeteye for Internet Explorer, as the name says, is a plugin for Internet Explorer that allows you to access Jeteye services right from the Internet Explorer Sidebar. This plugin is compatible with Internet Explorer 6 and 7 and works on both Microsoft Windows Vista and Windows XP.
Edit HTML, XML and JSP. Manage Struts and Java Server Faces configuration files visually. Amateras IDE is a set of editors for web application development with HTML, JSP, XML, Struts and JSF.
Main features:
-EclipseHTMLEditor is an Eclipse Plugin for HTML / JSP / XML /CSS editing.
iHunter is a Personal Information Management (PIM) software. It syndicates various message sources: emails, BBS, RSS, web sites, etc.
iHunter is an open platform and anyone can write plugin for it to support additional message format. Currently the program provides BBS plugin, RSS plugin, email plugin, RSS plugin and THU online classroom plugin.
Insert Code for Windows Live Writer plugin is a boon for application developers and programmers who owns a web blog and like to share their code with the developers community. This plugin is compatible with all the versions of Windows Live Writer, so if you use Windows Live Writer to write your blog post than this plugin is a must for you.
VaxVoIP offers affordable software customization for our products.VaxVoIP SIP Client/Softphone SDK (software development toolkit) is a complete development toolkit, which allows software vendors and internet telephony service providers (ITSP) to develop Webphone, Softphone.
Adobe Flash Player is a browser plug-in used for viewing .swf,.fla files etc. The Adobe Flash Player runtime lets you effortlessly reach over 1.3 billion people across browsers and OS versions with no install. Create high-performance, more responsive games and content using ActionScript workers and shared ByteArray support.
Add a Webcam Community to your Website.
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Silverlight is a powerful development tool for creating engaging, interactive user experiences for Web and mobile applications. It is compatible with multiple browsers, devices and operating systems, bringing a new level of interactivity wherever the Web works.
Quake Live is a web-browser plug in that allows you to play Quake III Arena in your browser. After you download the plug-in and some basic game files, you can then play the game against others around the world. The basic Quake III game elements are available. An excellent option to play Quake anywhere in the world.
Okta Secure Web Authentication Plugin is a program that enables you to automatically sign into applications that would otherwise require you to manually enter your credentials. It enables you to use SSO for a broader range of applications and to enhance security.
Unity Web Player is a program that enables you to view blazing 3D content created with Unity directly in your browser. The program works in popular browsers such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, and Opera. It provides support for animated characters, sizzling graphics, immersive physics.
High-end graphics commonly seen in cutting-edge 3D games now possible online. Game-like interactivity for the very best immersive experiences. All it takes is one click and the 3DVIA Player, along with any additional components needed, is installed. Updates are automatically downloaded as they become available.
The TinEye browser plugin is the fastest way to search for web images directly from Internet explorer browser. The application is absolutely free, easy to install and easy to use. For the internet explorer plugin you need to open the the homepage in internet explorer. With the plugin installed, select any web image you come across to search for it on TinEye.
Dynamic Web TWAIN is a TWAIN-based scanning SDK specifically designed for web applications. With just a few lines of code, you can develop robust applications to scan documents from TWAIN-compatible scanners, edit the scanned images and save them to a file system. It supports image editing features such as Rotate, Crop, Mirror, Flip, and etc.


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Art Along the Coast of Maine
Discover the enduring appeal of Maine's magnificent coastline, an inspiration for evocative seascape paintings by renowned American artists, during our unique cruise.
Tour Details
I like the combination of a small cruise ship with the educational aspect of the Smithsonian. The group was small enough to allow everyone to mingle. The emphasis was on art, and it allowed me the opportunity to explore art collections I wouldn't normally have access to."
Previous Journeys Traveler
Fascinating experience, good company, enriched by educational component."
Previous Journeys Traveler
- Smithsonian Travelers Discover Machu Picchu's Sacred Spaces
- A Tailor-Made Journey to India and Nepal
- The Forbidden City: Official Spaces and Private Quarters
- Journey from Bangkok to Bali: Following the Spirits
*Click on hotel name to visit hotel web-site.
Holiday Inn by the Bay
Portland, ME, United States
The hotel is within walking distance of Portland's Old Port and the city's vibrant Arts District. Many of the guest rooms are enhanced with breathtaking views of the Atlantic Ocean on the bay side, the White Mountains and the beautiful Portland city skyline. There is a large indoor pool, fitness center and a full service restaurant and lounge on site.Number of nights: 1


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ReviewGist App
Read reviews on the go.
2 August 2013 by Permi Krishna
HTC phones enabled with 4G have features like large 4 inch displays and offer excellent reception. Some of the best HTC phones are also the latest cell phones in the market and come with 1.5 GHZ processors and are suitable for seniors and users with hearing disabilities too as they include hearing aid support. Many of these are great for watching movies and browsing internet and are available from carriers like AT-T and Sprint.
This list of the best 4g htc cell phone is also applicable for the following topics:
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Best 4G HTC Cell Phone of 2015


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Camposol Holding Plc. : CAMPOSOL AS - FINANCIAL CALENDAR 2013 28.02.2012 Q4 2012 FF.SS. Presentation 16.05.2012 Q1 2013 FF.SS. Presentation 16.08.2012 Q2 2013 FF.SS. Presentation 29.10.2012 Q3 2013 FF.SS. Presentation * Dates are given with reservation in case of changes For further information, please contact: Executive Chairman, Samuel Dyer Coriat email@example.com CFO, Jorge Ramirez firstname.lastname@example.com Phone: +511 621-0800 About CAMPOSOL CAMPOSOL is the leading agro industrial Company in Peru, involved in the cultivation, processing and commercialization of agricultural products such as asparagus, peppers, avocados, mangos, grapes and easy peelers. These are exported as fresh, preserved or frozen products mainly to markets in Europe and the United States of America. CAMPOSOL encompasses a totally integrated business from the production of raw material in the fields to processing in the industrial plant and subsequent commercialization in Europe and the United States. CAMPOSOL has 24,216 own hectares of which about 6,440 are already used for agricultural purposes, operates in 2 different locations in the Peruvian coast, and has one fully owned processing plant for fresh, preserved and frozen products. The Company has on average 8,000 part and full time employees. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This announcement is distributed by Thomson Reuters on behalf of Thomson Reuters clients. The owner of this announcement warrants that: (i) the releases contained herein are protected by copyright and other applicable laws; and (ii) they are solely responsible for the content, accuracy and originality of the information contained therein. Source: Camposol Holding Plc. via Thomson Reuters ONE HUG#1669455
Camposol Holding Plc. : CAMPOSOL AS - FINANCIAL CALENDAR 2013
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Mexican Flag Beaded Pin
Source: Babycenter Community
Mom Rating
Ages: 8+ years
In: Arts & Crafts , Holidays
Instructions:Materials Needed:
14 - 1 1/16 inch Safety Pins
1 - 2 inch Safety Pin
Seed Beads (see picture below for colors needed)
Follow this pattern and the basic directions on the safety pin jewelry page to complete this project.
Each number column represents a pin; for example, your first pin will have 10 green beads on it. Your second pin will have the same. When you thread these beaded pins onto your larger pin, start with pin number 1.
Similar activities:Pony Bead Irish Flag Pin, Pony Bead and Safety Pin Flag Pattern, Mexican Flag Cookies, Canadian Pebble Craft, A Family Flag, Perler Beads, Beaded Topiary, Fun with Beading, Bead Wreath, Beaded Angel, Bead Bunnies, Bead Garland, Mexican Layer Dip, Beading Hearts, President's Day Flag
Find Activities
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Activities for babies (first 12 months)
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Reaching a Wider Audience
"I'd really like to publish my study someplace, maybe as a journal article or even on the World Wide Web. How should I go about it?"
Graduate students often wish to have their research issued in a form that reaches a larger audience than does the typical thesis or dissertation. The purpose of this chapter is to identify eight potential publishing outlets for fulfilling that wish.
The types of outlets reviewed in the following pages include conference presentations, academic journals, popular periodicals, books, chapters in books, taped and broadcast presentations, Internet publishing, and researcher-created print publications. The types are described in relation to nine variables--the length of the research report, the intended audience, the likely breadth of dissemination, the probability that the report will be accepted for publication, the time lapse before publication, the author's contribution, the publisher's contribution, the extent of author control over the publication's final form, and the extent of control wielded by the publisher.
In many institutions graduate students have opportunities to describe their research in seminars or colloquia attended by their peers and faculty members. However, they can reach a far larger audience when they present their findings at conferences of such academic and professional organizations as the American Educational Research Association, the Comparative and International Education Society, the American Psychological Association, and the like.
The presentation format at such events can be of various kinds--lectures, panels organized around themes, debates, question-answer sessions, poster displays, and open discussions. The poster presentation is a relatively recent innovation


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My review
Original recipe yields 8 servings
Based on a 2,000 calorie dietSee full nutrition
Ready In
OMG - this is SO GOOD! At first I wasn't sure - it was my first time making this and it seemed too easy to be true, but it really is fantastic! I threw the eggs into the processor with everythin...
This was really basic and good. easy to make and I added some garlic powder and Mrs. Dash lemon pepper seasoning and used olive oil instead of canola. YUM!


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@SkipJacks - I like the touchpad idea. I'm gonna stick one in the empty button slots next to the cig lighter under the sunglass holder.
I run destinator with mediacar, and the voice over the music is just fine. or you could have the software mute the audio when it make an announcement.
Again the mouse is just for when the TS doesn't work or what I need to press is too small for my fingers to get at. Also have a wireless keyboard.
Enforcer's Website and BMW Carputers
RoadRunner Skins iDrive Classic, Night Red, Night Green, TransparentCentrafuse 3 PluginsTrafficCams / FuelPrices / Upd8
CentraFuse 2 Plugins Gas / Petrol / TrafficCams / Oliver / Carburant / Benzin
@SkipJacks - I like the touchpad idea. I'm gonna stick one in the empty button slots next to the cig lighter under the sunglass holder.
Hardware:- VIA EPIA MII 12000 LVDS 1.2Ghz : £137.95 + 512Mb PC2100 DDR Memory : £49.34 + Opus 150w Shuttle PSU: £128 + 7 Lilliput 629 Touchscreen: £173.90 + 2.5 40Gb 5200rpm Laptop Drive + Slotload Laptop CD-RW/DVD-ROM + Hauppage WinTV-PCI-FM : £53.95
Yeah I abandoned that idea, at least temporarily when I found a trackball that I can get to fit into the center console with just a little cutting up of the trackball casing.Originally Posted by phatbenny
But I'm holding that idea open for later!
If you get that working, please post a picture. I'd love to see how it works out.


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Picture: Brooke Shields, 'The Smurfs' world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theater - Arrivals New York City, USA - 24.07.11
Brooke Shields treated her Addams Family musical co-stars to a night out in New York on Sunday (25Sep11) by throwing them a burlesque-themed party.
The actress, who plays Morticia in the hit Broadway show, organised a bash for her colleagues at the Nurse Bettie bar in Manhattan and booked a number of burlesque artists to perform, according to New York Post gossip column Page Six.
Shields tells the publication she has long admired burlesque as an art form, saying, "I really admire what these women do. There is such an art to it, they are able to embrace their sexuality, but also they make it fun."


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While adding Black Templars as the separate race, this mod does not change the original gameplay style of Soulstorm and compatible with others race-mods. The mod brings Emperor's Wrath upon His Enemies, the Black Templars Chapter, whose zealous marines prefer close combat over ranged warfare.
Jul 10th, 2014 0 people agree 0 people don't
Fantastic mod
Fantastic quality
Proud, mighty, unique chapter. Enjoy the german accent.
Great so that "I cant hear you, when you stutter".
So, "If Marshall needs me, tell him I am at the front".
Oct 14th, 2013 0 people agree 0 people don't
Very good mod and black Templars are very good just that I don't like losing control of them randomly during combat. Suddenly going into rage mode over someone dying and not listening to orders is kind of a no-no for me but they are very good in melee so and tons of good weapons so meh if its just for a few moments of rage and bloodshed that where they don't listen its kinda fine.


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11/14/06-Wilmington, DE-22ll..zippethank-Portrait of Nancy Zippe(cq), with some of her holiday recipes. The News Journal/Jennifer Corbett
- Filed Under
Fast food was not totally new on the scene in the mid-20th century. In the 1800s, a slang expression about American eating was "gobble, gulp, and go."
Farmers had always returned home for their meals, but with the growth of cities, working men found it easier to eat at low-priced, fast-service, short-order restaurants, where a quick lunch could be bolted down for a nickel.
European guests at American tables were astonished at the speed and voraciousness with which meals were consumed. Little thought was given to pleasurable conversation. Books of etiquette were in vogue by 1850, as table manners were in severe need of refinement. Men were instructed to take care not to hit a lady's skirt when spitting, or to clean teeth after eating with a pocket knife.
Fast forward to 1955, when Richard and Maurice McDonald opened a hamburger fast-food place under the guidance of their agent, Ray Kroc. Americans began eating assembly-line meals in cars. The late Tom Keane, who wrote the "Keane on Wheels" columns, told me that Asian car manufacturers had a hard time grasping this concept, and accepting that to sell cars here, they had to be equipped with cupholders.
With women joining the work force in ever-increasing numbers, the interest in quick meals that could be made at home soared. Food manufacturers developed breakfast items cooked in toasters, dinners zapped in microwaves, boxed "helpers" to turn hamburger and tuna into a meal, granola bars to tuck in your pocket and go, and the list goes on.
Fortunately, there has been a shift to eating locally grown fresh foods, often organic, to enhance one's health. Concern is heightened about chemical preservatives in processed foods, and injecting animals with antibiotics. We have learned that to truly know what is in our food, we must make it ourselves, or eat at establishments that take great care and pride in food preparation.
Dr. Dean Ornish has a long list of medical credentials, but shifted his focus to reverse coronary heart disease without drugs and surgery. These recipes come from his book, "Everyday Cooking with Dr. Dean Ornish," subtitled "150 Easy Low-Fat High-Flavor Recipes." Here are two.
"This is a particularly pretty pilaf, the rice flecked with confetti-like bits of yellow, orange and green." The split peas provide some protein.
1 cup diced onions
1/2 cup diced carrots
1/2 cup diced celery
1/2 cup yellow or green split peas
1 cup long-grain rice, preferably basmati
1 teaspoon cumin seed
1 bay leaf
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/4 teaspoon pepper
Combine all ingredients in a 3-quart saucepan with 3 cups water. Bring to a simmer over high heat. Cover, reduce heat to lowest setting, and simmer 25 minutes. Let stand 5 minutes, covered; transfer to a serving bowl and fluff with a fork. Remove the bay leaf. Serves 4. 278 calories.
Tip: To enhance the flavor, toast the cumin seed first in a small dry skillet over low heat, shaking the skillet often, until the seeds darken slightly and smell fragrant.
Raita is a creamy yogurt-based salad Indians serve as a cooling accompaniment to spicy dishes. It can be served as a side dish, or as a dressing for greens or sliced tomatoes, or as a dip for pita bread or fresh vegetables.
1 small cucumber
1/2 cup squeezed dry, thawed frozen chopped spinach
1 cup plain nonfat yogurt
1 garlic clove, minced
1 tablespoon chopped fresh cilantro, mint or parsley
1/2 teaspoon grated lemon zest
Salt and pepper
Peel the cucumber, halve it lengthwise, and remove the seeds with a small spoon. Cut cucumber in 1/4-inch dice. You should have about 1 cup.
In a bowl, combine all ingredients, seasoning to taste with salt and pepper. Refrigerate. A 1/2 cup is 36 calories.


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Culture Shock!
This series covers various countries, including Australia, France, India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Norway, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and the U.S.
Location: Wilson Library. Each country volume has a different call number. Search MNCAT by Culture Shock as TITLE to see all countries and call numbers.


text: This was our fourth stay at Kuber in as many years, and this time we stayed there for 3 months. Do I need to say any more? Excellent hotel, good location, courteous staff and very good service. GM Kaushikbhai Solanki would go out of his way to help every guest with a big smile on his face. Reception staff were... More


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How Nature Self-Organizes
Lam, Lui, Skeptic (Altadena, CA)
Ants do it. Birds do it. Humans do it.
When ants go out to look for food, they initially do not know where the food is. But somehow they find it, carry it home, and recruit more ants from the nest to join them. Distinctive kinds of trails are formed spontaneously, as shown in FIGURE 1. There is no central planning, no central command. The ants just self-organize and get the job done efficiently. How do they do it?
On telephone wires or building ledges we often see birds sitting side by side, chatting, or so it seems. Do they have a chat group? Or even a chat group leader? No. They just self-organize.
In early human history people self-organized to form groups, and groups self-organized to form societies. More recently, prompted by an external event--the Second World War--countries self-organized to form the United Nations. On a smaller scale, in the city of San Jose (where I teach), everyone (or almost everyone) gets his or her hair cut, in one way or another. The convenient number and locations of the barbershops are not decided by any organization or committee. It just happens, seemingly by a miracle. But it is not a miracle; it is self-organization.
Self-organization does not happen in a vacuum. It depends on the nature of the individuals, the interaction between the participants, and the environment All three of these components mutually influence each other. We have a good understanding of self-organization in some physical systems--for example, thermal convection in a glass of beer.
However, for complex systems like ant or human societies, we know much less. The aim of scientists is to find a unified description of self-organization that covers all complex systems. Exciting headway has been made in the last eight years in describing complex self-organization though a descriptive theory called "active walks."
In the long pursuit to understand the universe, and especially to understand human society, the emphasis has always been to study the universal characteristics or behaviors that are shared by all systems. Erwin Schrodinger noted, in the preface of his 1967 classic What is Life?, that this emphasis is reflected in the selection of the word "university" for our institutions of highest learning. Also one may note that the highest degree of learning conferred by a university is the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), irrespective of the subjects studied. (Incidentally, philosophy is a Greek word meaning "love of wisdom"; it is "wisdom" as a method, not any particular subject.)
It is interesting to recall that Aristotle (384-322 BCE) did not focus his attention on just one or two branches of knowledge but studied and contributed significantly to many fields, including biology, psychology, physics, and literary theory, as well as inventing formal logic as a system of thought The fragmentation of learning and the compartmentalization of knowledge into different disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and economics is a rather recent phenomenon, occurring only in the last few centuries. One suspects that this trend is due more to administrative convenience than to the nature of science itself.
Recent attempts to recoup a unified approach to knowledge with a view to finding a common description of both natural and social systems include cybernetics and general systems theory from the 1940s to the 1960s; Ilya Prigogine's dissipative structures and Hermann Haken's synergetics in the 1970s; and the blossoming study of complex systems since the 1980s.
A complex system is one that consists of a large number of simple elements, or "intelligent" agents, interacting with each other and the environment. The elements/agents may or may not evolve over time, and the behavior of the system cannot be learned by the reductive method, meaning that knowledge of the parts is not enough to predict the behavior of the whole system. …


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My name is modelname
Ordering for a Team?
Let our Team Division Help!
Item has a Minimum Qty
The soft fabric of the Saucony Women's Velocity Long Sleeve will keep you warm all day long; you'll never want to take it off! The reflective front and back seams will also help to keep you visible for that early morning or late evening run.
Get an alert when we add new styles of Saucony! Simply sign up and we'll notify you.
Saucony® can trace its roots all the way back to 1898 when its first factory was established in Kutztown, PA. They started with producing athletic footwear, something they certainly pride themselves on in the present. After years and years of development, tuning, and retuning, they can proudly say they're a company made by runners and for runners.
Constantly inspired by the form and movement of runners, Saucony never lacks for creativity in pushing the envelope to offer the latest technology to their customers. Whether it's running shoes or running clothes, they strive to design the best products in the running industry. If they won't run in it, they won't sell it.
With popular lines like "SpeedLite", "Run Lux", "Ignite", and "Inferno" customers will never be short for options to meet their running needs. There are few companies that can match the level of commitment and dedication to the running community that Saucony has shown. Everything from the technical fabrics they use to the strategically placed reflectivity, no detail is too small. With Saucony it's not just a product because to them running isn't a hobby in life, it's a way of life.


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Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
You can now enjoy this movie on your iPhone®, iPad®, or compatible Smart TV & Android devices.
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Available MP4 sizes:SD 480p (1.65 GB)
DRM-free downloads offer content that is not limited by standard Digital Rights Management (DRM) access technologies. These technologies allow hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to limit the usage of digital content.
When you purchase DRM-free downloadable content, that content is available for you to download on any computer and save to a disk whenever you like. You can also download to multiple computers. There is no timeframe associated with your purchase and the content will not expire.
Running Time: 105 minutes
Released: 02/2004
Studio Name: Third World Media
Series: Shemale Samba Mania
Director: Ed Hunter
Description: Shemale Samba Mania 15 takes cream filled ass stuffing to the next level. Every shemale takes on two big fat cocks and their tight asses open up for a double helping of sticky cream filling. We throw in lots of ass-to-mouth and double anal to make the hottest shemale movie ever.
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League One - Arsenal sign defender Jenkinson
Arsenal have confirmed their first signing of the summer with the arrival of Charlton Athletic defender Carl Jenkinson.
The 19-year-old moves to Arsenal after making only nine appearances for Charlton, having first joined the League One club at the age of eight.
Jenkinson was born in England but has represented Finland at youth level as he qualifies through his mother.
The right-back made four appearances during a spell on loan at Eastbourne last season and his move to Arsenal has been widely anticipated.
Meanwhile, Arsenal have confirmed that youngsters Benik Afobe, Chuks Aneke and Oguzhan Ozyakup have all signed new contracts.


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I have 10 000 at a price of about .75. Yes that's right .75 not .075. What can I do?


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Overseas export— Gorinchem
Netherlands shipbuilder Damen manufactures the boats that keep navies and coast guards up-to-speed worldwide. A near-century old success story, theirs is a contribution to a local tradition stretching back even further.
In the past decade Dutch design has been synonymous with furniture, with Eindhoven serving as its capital. But an hour's drive north from the Design Academy brings visitors in contact with an industry that Holland has excelled in shaping since the 17th century: shipbuilding. The latest innovator in this field, family-run boatyard Damen, is based on the shores of the Merwede at Gorinchem, where naval architects sit quietly in exposed brick offices staring at 3d ship superstructures on the computer.
Started by two brothers in 1927, Damen first foc…


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Kings don't want Ming, Camby doesn't want out, and a really weird Mavs video, all in today's Shootaround.
Posted by Matt Moore
Vince Carter is expected to make his Suns debut tonight. The Suns' training staff is excited to take on their biggest challenge yet. Keeping Carter on the floor for more than five minutes at a time.
Marcus Camby has had just about enough of being bounced around and is feeling very "Danny Glover in Lethal Weapon." He may be too old for this stuff. He's making noise that were he to be traded to a bottom-feeder like Charlotte, he may just retire instead. He doesn't need the cash and has talked about retirement for a few years now.
Since when did Kobe Bryant feel the need to get into it with third year players like George Hill?
And since when did Pau Gasol feel the need to call out the Lakers' lack of inside presence without taking on the responsibility himself for not establishing post position? Gasol did respond to suggestions that the Lakers' bigs needed to call for the ball more, but didn't comment on his post position.
The Heat's intro video is really silly.
The Magic have shot 47.4% from the arc since the big trade two weeks ago. So much of that is having more weapons on the floor and guys who understand spacing. The guys they shipped out had simply lost that with age.
Corey Maggette is making all sorts of bad noise in Milwaukee about the team, the coaches, everything. Bad mojo on the horizon.
The Kings are not interested in any trade for Yao Ming. Which is bizarre because anything else they would get back from Houston would be better than what they have now.
Then there's this. Whatever this is.


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At Scottsburg High School, kitchen manager Cindy Waters brings the farm to the table each day for more than 800 students.
Johnson Elementary School custodian Ed Cozart knows how to tell a great story.
As he walks through the hallways at Scottsburg Elementary School, custodian Rick Zollman takes the time to give a smile, give a high-five, or give an answer to the children he passes. In the cafeteria, Zollman shows the students a magic trick where he can remove his thumb and put it back on his hand. The students are mesmerized by his magic trick and want to know how he did it.
Wave 3 News ran a story on the technology use and security provided at SCSD2. To view the written and video articles click on the In The News... link.
Scottsburg Middle School
(812) 752-8926


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Recent peer-reviewed studies strongly support the view that California's epic drought was made considerably worse by human-caused global warming. A new NOAA report seeking to cast doubt on that assertion omits some of the latest science and is deeply flawed, as three leading climatologists told me.
If you thought you'd noticed deluges becoming more intense, you were right. Thanks to climate change, when it rains, it pours, literally. Some 70 percent more precipitation falls in the heaviest rain events now than it did in 1958. Here's why.
In recent years you may have noticed a quantum jump in record-smashing extreme weather events and suspected that it's linked to global warming. A new study from scientists at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research says your intuition is right.


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Remember My Lai? That was the incident on March 16, 1968, when U.S. troops commanded by Lt. William Calley and Cpt. Ernest Medina massacred at least 500 unarmed women, children and elderly people in the South Vietnamese hamlet of that name. Many of us were told that My Lai was an aberration, not the result of policy.
But in his new book "Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War In Vietnam," Nick Turse aims to sear into our brains the message that the way the United States waged the Vietnam War involved massive war crimes carried out against the civilian population of South Vietnam, and that the My Lai incident was only the tip of the iceberg.
Further, he wants us to understand that the killing, torture and massive destruction wreaked by U.S. forces and their South Vietnamese and South Korean allies did not merely stem from the angry behavior of rough soldiers under the stress of battle, but were the direct and knowing result of policy decisions taken at every level of the military and political structures.
Many readers will recall that we were told that besides fighting the "Viet Cong" (National Liberation Front) and North Vietnamese units, the U.S. war effort involved "winning the hearts and minds" of the people in cities and countryside. But Turse's book shows that what determined action on the ground had nothing to do with this idealistic-sounding phraseology. More relevant was what Turse calls "the mere-gook rule," "gook" being the racist term U.S. forces used for any and all Vietnamese people.
This "enabled soldiers to abuse children for amusement; it allowed officers sitting in judgment at courts-martial to let off murderers with little or no punishment; and it paved the way for commanders to willfully ignore rampant abuses by their troops by racking up 'kills' to win favor at the Pentagon" (p 50).
And rack up kills is what they did. During the war, some conscientious soldiers noticed a discrepancy between the "body counts" which the command gave out and the number of weapons captured. Very frequently, after an engagement, only a few weapons would be listed as recovered from dead supposed Viet Cong fighters. Turse argues convincingly that in many cases, the "kills" were actually of innocent civilians. Since the body count became all important for career advancement for officers in Vietnam, many did nothing to prevent civilians from being simply murdered and then called in as enemy battle fatalities.
Some overachievers stand out. One was Major Gen. Julian Ewell, who, from February 1968 on, set for his troops in the Mekong Delta an initial goal of killing at least 4,000 "of these little bastards" every month. Ewell constantly pressured his subordinate officers to report higher and higher "body counts." In December 1969, under the rubric of "Operation Speedy Express," Ewell and his commanders upped the kill ratio even more, and on paper seemed to be having great success in killing far more of the enemy than the casualties his own forces were taking. In reality, says Turse, this seeming triumph was caused by the fact that large numbers of civilians were being massacred.
Turse's accounts of specific incidents are often very difficult to stomach. In one incident, as U.S. troops shot up some unarmed villagers, they managed to wound a 5-year-old girl. Instead of getting her medical care, one of the soldiers "simplified" the situation by repeatedly clubbing her with the butt of his rifle until she was dead.
Platoon and company commanders gave specific orders for the murder of noncombatants and the destruction of villages, fishing boats, water buffalos, pigs and everything else that the Vietnamese peasants needed to make a living. From the sky rained unbelievable amounts of bombs and napalm. Artillery joined in, and spraying of defoliants such as Agent Orange destroyed the environment over wide regions of the country. As many as 2 million civilians were killed, and some are still dying from chemical exposure.
When soldiers were brought up on charges for killing civilians, as some were, they seldom got more than a light slap on the wrist.
This might seem exaggerated, but Turse based his book on years of meticulous research: I\interviewing former U.S. soldiers and Marines who witnessed atrocities, going from village to village in Vietnam to interview survivors of the genocidal rampages of Ewell and his ilk, and going through U.S. military and government records whose very existence others writing on this subject were unaware of.
The villains are top U.S. civilian and military leaders including Presidents Johnson and Nixon, Gen. William Westmoreland and other commanders. The role of the media was inglorious; Turse suggests that the My Lai incident motivated them to hide the full scale of the horror rather than expose it further.
The heroes are above all the Vietnamese people, but also a number of courageous U.S. soldiers who did not turn a blind eye to these horrors but tried as hard as they could to expose them and get the perpetrators punished.
To prevent this from ever happening again, everybody should read this book.
Book information:
"Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War In Vietnam"
by Nick Turse
2013, Metropolitan Books, 384 pages, $30.00
Remember My Lai? That was the incident on March 16, 1968, when U.S. troops commanded by Lt. William Calley and Cpt. Ernest Medina massacred at least 500 unarmed women, children and elderly people in the South Vietnamese hamlet of that name. Many of us were told that My Lai was an aberration, not the result of policy.
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The present writer, as many U. S. and world citizens, have trouble processing this odious history, so repugnant it is almost impossible to digest-this incontrovertible, factual, horrible, heinous, crime against the Vietnamese people.
Our U. S. government, our U. S. military committed, against this people atrocities far beyond, in both scope and magnitude, what happened to our people in brutality, viciousness, carelessness, and wanton murder, even by war law convention standard, than the C I A crime atrocities in say, Honduras or Panama.
It is very instructive and informative that this article on Nick Turse's book includes the horror of those U. S. military combatants who recognized this crime, fought it in many ways, becoming targeted for additional U. S. repression and crime.
It is significant that, these murderous atrocities were routinely carried out against U. S. ALLIES and civilians,(South Vietnamese), women and children.
These crimes were, Hitlerean in quality and quantity.
Many, even on the left shrink from call these what they were, but we cannot afford to shrink.
We cannot afford this because, for instance, as is widely known, the U. S. government simultaneously with these crimes, through the F. B. I. and C. I. A. , practiced murderous stealth activities like COINTELPRO, targeting human and civil rights activists with assassinations, malicious murderous tricks, and poisonous secret government fiat.
We cannot afford this because this crime activity has been maybe weakened or threatened, at this point by human rights activists, books and organizations, but we need to stop and eliminate these crimes, which means eliminating the U. S. war machine, the F. B. I. and C. I. A. as we know them, since we know that they have not significantly changed since the atrocities of Vietnam, or the atrocities against the human and civil rights movement in the United States of America in the horrifying Vietnam era.
Thanks to brother Nick Turse.
Posted by E.E.W. Clay, 04/16/2013 11:57am (3 years ago)
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DS9 Versus: A viewing experient
View Single Post
April 13 2010, 07:20 PM
Pemmer Harge
Fleet Captain
Location: Between the candle and the star
Re: DS9 Versus: A viewing experient
Children of Time
's a cool episode. Nice to see them throw in something so blatantly Trekky now, since obviously things aren't going to be like that for a while at least. Oh, and savour this one, because it's pretty much our last glimpse of the wonders of the Gamma Quadrant.
Conflicts of Interest
is OK, but it's one of the season's lesser episodes in my opinion. Some nice stuff and the plot thickens for Garibaldi, but DS9's offering is better this time.
"I hate purity, I hate goodness! I don't want any virtue to exist anywhere. I want everyone to be corrupt to the bones." - Winston Smith
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North Star Academy
Preschool | Grades 3-8 | Redwood City Elementary
Redwood City, CA 94062
(650) 482-5973
400 Duane St, Redwood City, CA 94062
(650) 482-5973
Schools Nearby
|School Name distance
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|Summit Preparatory Charter High School 0.1 miles
|Our Lady Of Mt Carmel School 0.2 miles
|Redeemer Lutheran School 0.2 miles
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Perfect timing for Father's Day, York Photo is offering a FREE Photo Magnet, just pay shipping ($1.99). Use the code stick at checkout. I ordered mine! Offer expires July 12th. (Note: This post contains affiliate links. Read my disclosure policy here. Thank you for supporting this blog!)
Category Archives: Online Deals
Schoola: Up to $25 Free Credit Plus Free Shipping!
Have you tried Schoola.com yet? It's an online consignment store with a twist- all sales raise money for schools around the U.S. to supports their art and music programs and more! School has both children's and adult's clothing and right now they have a few GREAT deals so you can … Continue reading
Free Shutterfly Photo Book (order by 3/23)
From March 17-23, ALL customers one free 8×8 photo book Shutterfly or a $29.99 credit towards a larger size with promo code 1FREEBOOK Click HERE to make your book. Fine print: Offer expires March 23, 2015 (11:59 P.M. PT). Offer is good for one free 20-page 8×8 hard photo cover … Continue reading
Two *HOT* Limited Time Holiday Gift Ideas- This Morning Only!
There are two ideas for awesome holiday gifts for someone else or even yourself that will be available this morning only! 1- Jill's Steals and Deals on the Today Show will be announcing a HOT deal on American Girl dolls this morning! Stayed tuned to the Today Show website (and … Continue reading
New and Favorite Movies: $2.99 at Amazon (Limited Time!)
Amazon is running a HOT sale right now on numerous DVDs. Both fairly new releases and some old favorites are just $2.99! We usually rent movies On Demand but at $2.99, it's cheaper to buy the movie right now! Here is a sampling of the DVDs currently reduced. (Remember, Amazon frequently … Continue reading
Pre-Order Now: Frozen and The Lego Movie
Next week, Frozen releases on DVD! (We LOVE this movie!) Amazon has a deal running right now to pre-order either the DVD or Blu-Ray combo pack: Pre-order Frozen on DVD for $14.96 with free shipping or Frozen (Two-Disc Blu-ray / DVD + Digital Copy) for $19.99 with free shipping. These are most likely … Continue reading
Amazon: Strawberry Bags for $1.39 Shipped
Here's a fun little online find: Reusable Shopping Tote Bag – Folded into a Strawberry I have one of these bags and I love it! I'm sure you have plenty of reusable bags, as I do, but this one folds up into a tiny strawberry! It's cute and fits easily … Continue reading
Free Shutterfly 12-Month Calendar from Kellogg's
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8-Hours Only: 40% Off Custom Mugs
Tiny Prints (a Shutterfly-owned company) is offering a deal this evening only for 40% off a custom photo mug! I love these! I have one I have used daily for 2 1/2 years and it still looks great. The deal is ONLY available tonight starting at 7 PM and ending … Continue reading
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It's pretty rare for Amazon to release a coupon but right now you can claim a coupon code to save $5 on a $35 Amazon purchase when you click HERE. Go now- these are limited! You must have an Amazon wish list and agree to share it via Facebook to claim … Continue reading


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BackBone extends NetVault data protection to Panther
updated 10:10 am EST, Wed January 7, 2004
NetVault data protection
BakBone today announced the availability of for Mac OS X Server 10.3 "Panther." The company will offer its enterprise-class software, including data backup, restore, and disaster recovery software: "BakBone's rapid disk-to-disk backup and recovery capability is perfectly suited for data intensive environments, such as rich media and digital video editing," said Keith Rickard, president and CEO of BakBone Software. "NetVault runs natively on Mac OS X and offers the advanced data protection that Panther Server users need."


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Our president tells us gun control is now his No. 1 issue. He has outlined a 23-point gun control executive order. I think Mr. President you have awakened a sleeping giant.
Our president tells us gun control is now his No. 1 issue. He has outlined a 23-point gun control executive order. I think Mr. President you have awakened a sleeping giant.
On Dec. 14, 23 elementary school children were stabbed and hacked by a crazed individual with a machete. No, I'm not talking of Newtown, Conn., I'm talking of the Peoples Republic of China. Since March of 2010 25 school children have been hacked to death and 115 others were injured. Guns are not allowed in China. It was not done with assault machetes but rather the kind used to chop weeds and agriculture products. A similar one is currently on sale in this country for $4.95 at Harbor Freight. Experts in China blame mental health issues. There is no outcry to ban the machete.
Let's look at some facts –
Fact: Gun-free zones are killing fields for the deranged.
Fact: The state of Vermont has the least restrictive gun laws in the nation. It is the only state that allows a citizen to carry concealed without a permit. It has the third lowest crime rate in the nation.
Fact: A 1997 high school shooting in Pearl, Miss., was halted by the school vice principal after he retrieved his 45 from his truck.
Fact: A 2002 terrorist attack at an Israeli school was quickly stopped by an armed teacher and a school guard.
Fact: A 2002 law school shooting in Grundy, Va. came to an abrupt conclusion when students carrying firearms confronted the shooter.
Fact: A 2007 mall shooting in Ogden, Utah, ended when an armed off duty police officer intervened.
Fact: A 2009 work place shooting in Houston, Texas, was halted by two coworkers carrying concealed weapons.
Fact: A 2012 church shooting in Aurora, Colo., was stopped by a member of the congregation carrying a concealed weapon.
Fact: A masked, heavily armed gunman stormed a Portland, Oregon, mall on Dec. 11 shot and killed two before private citizen Nick Meli with a concealed carry permit challenged the shooter with his semi automatic pistol. The shooter immediately killed himself.
Fact: Australia outlawed all guns and more than 640,000 were turned in. An 81-year-old grandmother refused. Her granddaughter was recently raped. The grandmother personally hunted down the two rapists. She shot one's manhood completely away and significantly shortened the other's abilities.
Fact: The first year following the turn in, homicides went up 6.2 percent, assaults up 9.5 percent, armed robberies up 44 percent.
Fact: In the early '70s airline hijackings became common place. We allowed pilots to become trained and carry concealed if they chose and expanded the sky marshall program significantly, dwindling airline hijacking. Isn't it time for our schools to consider what the airline industry did?
Page 2 of 2 - It seems our president has chosen the old adage, "Don't confuse me with facts, my mind is already made up".
As always, you can reach me, Sally or Barb at 815/232-0774 or e-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com. You can also visit my website at www.jimsacia.com. It's always a pleasure to hear from you.
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In an era of uncertainity about the future of halibut stocks and the amount of halibut Homer's charter fleet can catch, the Homer Chamber Commerce today announced major changes to its 26-year-old Homer Jackpot Halibut Derby. The big changes include: ? Reducing the jackpot prize to $10,000 for the largest halibut caught during the derby period of May 15 to Sept. 15; ? Adding two grand-prize tagged fish, the $50,000 GCI tagged fish and the Stanley Ford of Kenai Ford F-150 truck tagged fish; and
A former Holland America Line sales and marketing manager has been named to head the Kenai Chamber of Commerce.
With the Thanksgiving holiday in the belly for many, the central peninsula will turn the page toward another seasonal celebration today as the Kenai Chamber of Commerce hosts the annual "Christmas Comes to Kenai" festivities.
Reluctantly the Kenai Chamber of Commerce is looking for a new executive director. Janie Odgers who has been at the helm of the organization for the last several years is moving on to Anchorage where she?ll pick up the reigns as the state director for the Alaska March of Dimes. The announcement by Chamber board president Jason Carroll at a recent luncheon meeting brought all in attendance to their feet for a standing ovation in appreciation of her efforts on behalf of the Chamber. In presenting her with a dozen roses Carroll said, ?Janie has worked hard and done an outstanding job for all of us, we?ll miss you but know you?ll be back to visit us real soon.?
Peninsula Clarion ©2013. All Rights Reserved.


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1999 Saturn SC2
Engine Mechanical problem
1999 Saturn SC2 4 cyl Front Wheel Drive Automatic
my check engine light keeps coming on. My scanner shows P1404-IAT Circuit Malfuntion EGR Closed Position My Chilton Repair Manual doesnt show this number. I can turn the light off and most times it stays off for quite some time. It usually comes on when driving in town.I havent any testers, so does anyone know any shadetree shortcuts to check before Im forced to send it to shop where everyone knows it will cost a small fortune just to look at. Louie, if you are reading this, HELP!
1999 Saturn SC2 4 cyl Front Wheel Drive Automatic
my check engine light keeps coming on. My scanner shows P1404-IAT Circuit Malfuntion EGR Closed Position My Chilton Repair Manual doesnt show this number. I can turn the light off and most times it stays off for quite some time. It usually comes on when driving in town.I havent any testers, so does anyone know any shadetree shortcuts to check before Im forced to send it to shop where everyone knows it will cost a small fortune just to look at. Louie, if you are reading this, HELP!
March 13, 2010.
March 13, 2010.
U said u have a p1404 which is I belive is exhaust gas flow something like that.U also said something about iat inlet air temp do u have a code for that because that has nothing to do with ur egr. As far as egr goes I would remove ur egr turn it over get a little screwdriver or pick and slowly push down on the plunger aka pintle and see if it is sticky when trying to push it down or releasing from the closed postion. Also bottom it out firmly and slowly release it see if it sticks open. Also while u have it off u can get some good cleaner that eats carbon up like maybe a spray open up the valve spray it in let it soak in there upside down for a while the longer the better. Also before u put it back on start the car up it should be loud and the rpm should raise up quickly that will clear some carbon and also make sure ur passage way isn't clogged up causing the code. Let it run like maybe 5-10 seconds. Let me know what u find.
Mar 13, 2010.
Mar 13, 2010.
Glad to here from you again Louie. Its been raining here for three days now. I will take the egr off like you suggest once it stops raining. My manual states not to wash or soak egr in any solvents or degreasers. Would spraying it as you suggest do any damage? My scanner shows P-1404 IAT-B Circut Malfunction. EGR Closed Position Perform. This is exactly what it states my friend. Has me a bit confused also. Going to parts store today to get egr gasket so Im ready when the rain stops Will add once Ive done what you have suggested As always Louie, Thank You so very much.
Mar 14, 2010.
Mar 14, 2010.
I have only seen that code p1404 on the factory scanners and it says something like exhuast gas flow not what ur showing.I have soaked the egr valves before. If ur not comfortable soaking it I would atleast spray some good carbon eater on it and allow it to eat up that carbon. Let's give that a try.I have reused the gaskets as well but that's up to u if u want to replace it.U and the weather lol I know what that's like though I used to live in upstate ny that's some crazy weather. Let me know what u find.
Mar 14, 2010.
Mar 14, 2010.
Ok Louie I have taken the egr off twice now. The first time the pintle stuck when pushed in and slowly released. I thought I had it fixed, but the check engine light came on again after about 50 miles Borrowed another scanner which shows a code p1404. Egr valve closed pintle pos./Egr valve stuck open/fault on the proffessor mode. Took back off again and resoaked as you suggested and started engine with egr off too. It looked as though the egr and solenoid doesnt come apart, so I did the best I could. Light is still coming on and I shut it off while driving and after about 15 miles its back on again. Do you have any more suggestions that I can try? Thanks my friend
If the pintle was sticking half way u found ur problem u can't always clean them out sounds like u have alot of carbon in it. If it's that carboned up and u can't clean it all u can really do is replace it. Shop around there kinda pricey. Let me know how it goes.
Thanks Louie. Took it off for the third time and soaked it alot longer. Would you believe the warning light hasnt come on since. As always, you were right on the money. If it comes on again, I will replace it. Sorry that my donations are small cause you are worth a lot more. Wondering what damage I'd do driving it with the light on if it comes back on? Thanks once again my friend.
Ben. New one $102.99
Ben. New one $102.99
Glad to hear u hopefully got ur problem under control. What I would worry about is the car stalling from the egr valve sticking. Thanks for ur donations though I know times are tuff though for everyone glad I could help u once again. Remember Iam here for u if u have anymore car problems. Good luck to u on the egr valve.
Does a 1992 honda civic 1.5 l. have a egr valve? Is there a picture available showing location
2 answers • 1992 Honda Civic • 111,200 miles
I have a 0401 code and I have already replaced the EGR valve, ran cleaner through the system and about everything else. I have been told to clean the "pipe" and the intake manifold ...
1 answer • 1996 Isuzu Trooper • 194,000 miles
1997 Pontiac Grand Am GT 2.4L Twin Cam 16 Valve DOHC with a 2001 2.4L Twin Cam 16 Valve DOHC engine in it with original 1997 wire harness and computer. I have a check engine light on ...
9 answers • 1997 Pontiac Grand Am • 107,000 miles
I have a 2wd 1993 Chevy Cheyenne 2500 with a 4.3L engine and an auto trans. There is oil leaking from the EGR Valve and I am wandering if this means the EGR Valve needs to be replaced? ...
1 answer • 1993 Chevrolet Cheyenne • 134,000 miles


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Race Directors: Alexis Vengren, Kristin Savage
*** All proceeds will be donated to The Jimmy Fund, Dana Farber Cancer Institute
Supported by Pollard School and the community to support the fight against cancer
The race course will be similar to that of the Plaistow OHD course, but backwards. OFFICIAL RACE ROUTE:
Starting at Pollard in the front horseshoe...on the driveway side between the church and Pollard, the runners line up with the starting line just at the steps to go into the school (wear the walkers come out at the end of the day) facing the school...the race starts with a loop AROUND the back of Pollard (toward the main door, around the playground side to the gym), follow th...e arrows out of the parking lot for car pick-up...then take a right onto Main Street go to West Pine, take a right go to Hilltop, take a right, go to Oak Ridge, take a left, go to Whiton Rd., take a left. go to Westville, take a right, go to Main, take a left, head back to Pollard, enter the drive AFTER the church, go toward back of Pollard, then make a left in the parking lot to go around little circle loop, go back behind Pollard and finish line is at the far back corner (just before entering the back/side parking lot).
Come run a serious race, walk if you would like or dress as "savagely" as possible and have fun for the cause
Pre Register by March 30, 2016 to recieve a T Shirt
2015 Results
Category listing


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Planned Giving
As of December 19, 2014, President Obama signed new legislation that extends the IRA Charitable Rollover for gifts completed in 2014. Contact annualfund [at] ethelwalker [dot] org or (860) 408-4259 for details.
Planned gifts are special donations that involve giving part of an estate, a charitable trust, an IRA or pension fund. Often a planned gift requires consultation with a financial advisor and the Director of Gift Planning. These major gifts will have a significant impact on The Ethel Walker School's mission, while increasing the financial stability of our endowment. Planned gifts are also great vehicles for honoring friends, faculty and family. For more information, please contact Suzanne Turcotte, Director of the Fund for Walker's, at sturcotte [at] ethelwalker [dot] org or (860) 408-4259.
The Ethel Walker Heritage Society
The Ethel Walker Heritage Society recognizes donors who have established a current or future planned gift at Walker's. Members of this esteemed group are listed in our annual report but may elect to remain anonymous. Alumnae who have remembered Walker's in their will, IRA or estate plan, are encouraged to document their bequest intention so that these gifts will be counted in the Centennial Campaign. Planned giving donors play a leadership role in securing the future of Walker's graduates for generations to come.
Matured Bequests and Bequest Intentions
Matured Bequests
At the time of a donor's death a matured bequest is distributed to Walker's through a will, an IRA or other estate vehicle. The fair market value of a matured bequest is deductible in determining a taxable estate for estate tax purposes. This charitable bequest may be a:
- Percentage of one's estate, or a specific dollar amount.
- Stock, bond or mutual fund portfolio.
- Piece of real estate.
- Or the remainder of a trust or estate after providing for loved ones.
For sample bequest language to share with your attorney, please print "Including The Ethel Walker School in your Estate Plan".
Bequest Intentions
Alumnae who remember Walker's in their estate plan and are willing to document their intentions will receive Campaign "credit" and recognition in the Ethel Walker Heritage Society. These important commitments enhance our endowment and encourage others to make Walker's a top charitable priority. To document your bequest please print the PDF "Bequest Intention Acknowledgment Form" and return it to Suzanne Turcotte, Director of the Fund for Walker's.
Charitable Remainder Trusts
A charitable remainder trust is a separately managed trust that is often funded with appreciated securities to shield the inherent capital gains tax. The beneficiary will receive approximately 5% of the principal annually, through quarterly payments for her lifetime. A charitable deduction is generated in the year the trust established, based on the age of the income beneficiary and the payout rate of the fund. If you would like The Ethel Walker School to help you create this type of charitable gift, a minimum gift of $250,000 is required.
A "short term" charitable remainder trust may be set up for a period of years to allow for quarterly tuition payments to grandchildren. The donor will received the charitable deduction in the year the trust is created, while the grandchild would receive the income payments. Gift tax may apply, so it is important to discuss this gift with your tax advisor prior to establishing the trust.
In both cases, the trust remainder will come to The Ethel Walker School to support the endowment in your honor. View the Outside Remainder Trust Confirmation form to let us know that you have established a trust for the benefit of Walker's.
Retirement Assets
Did you know that under current tax law, it may be advantageous for alumnae to consider leaving an IRA or part of a retirement plan to The Ethel Walker School? This is because pensions and IRAs are "income in respect of a decedent" or "IRD" property. Inherited property is usually exempt from income tax but IRD property is not. Unlike appreciated securities or real estate, IRAs and pension funds carry income tax that must be paid by the person inheriting the asset. This is not the case if IRD property is left to charity.
Traditionally, retirement plans and IRAs left to a spouse may be "rolled over" tax-free into a spouse's IRA, allowing the the income tax to be paid only as the spouse receives the income.
If you decide to leave a portion of your IRA or pension to Walker's, it may be best to segregate the charitable part into a separate IRA, naming yourself as the first beneficiary and The Ethel Walker School as the second beneficiary. This way it will be evident to your executor which portion goes to charity and which portion goes to family, thus clarifying the subsequent tax treatments.
Charitable Lead Trusts
Instead of paying the donor an income for life or a period of years, a charitable lead trust pays the charity income for a number of years. At the end of the trust's term, the principal reverts back to the donor or other designated beneficiary. A charitable lead trust is one mechanism used by high net worth individuals who want to direct an annual income to their favorite charity, while using the trust as part of an overall estate planning tool. Some charitable lead trusts are used to eventually pass assets onto another generation. A "grantor" lead trust may be used when a donor wants to accelerate a charitable deduction into the current tax year, with the assets ultimately returning to the donor's portfolio. There are many types of lead trusts that will meet individual estate planning goals, each with a different gift and income tax ramification. Please consult your financial advisor to see if a charitable lead trust would complement your estate plan and help Walker's too.
Real Estate Gifts
Some alumnae and friends may be in a position to consider donating real estate to The Ethel Walker School. Even though the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 allows married couples to shield up to $500,000 (and up to $250,000 for an individual) in capital gains when they sell their home, there are still charitable and tax incentives to make this type of gift attractive.
If an alumna has an unmortgaged, marketable property that she would like to donate to Walker's, there are several ways to complete this gift. (In order to make this complicated transaction easier, we are happy to provide our "Steps for Making a Real Estate Gift Guidelines" available upon request.) This information outlines the review process that we will take to determine if gift acceptance is financially prudent for both parties.
There are several ways to donate gifts of real estate:
Outright Gift of Real Estate
If a donor would like to donate a home to The Ethel Walker School, the property would be deeded to the school and subsequently sold. The donor receives an income tax deduction for the appraised value of the property. It is important to note that the donor would be asked to pay for the appraisal and carrying cost until the property is sold.
Retained Life Tenancy
In this case, ownership of the property is transferred to The Ethel Walker School, but the donor retains the right to use the property for her lifetime. Upon the death of the donor, Walker's will take full possession of the real estate and sell it. The donor would be asked to bear the cost of the appraisal and upkeep of the property (for example the real estate tax and maintenance) while she resides in the residence.
Funding a Trust with Real Estate
If an alumna would like to deed property to a charitable remainder trust, with the understanding that the property will be sold and the proceeds used to fund the trust, income will be generated for the donor's lifetime. The donor would be asked to bear the costs of the appraisal and upkeep of the residence until it is sold. At the death of the donor or beneficiary, the assets in the trust will pass to The Ethel Walker School.
Gifts of Life Insurance
Some alumnae have "paid-up" life insurance policies with "cash surrender values" and no longer need the policy to protect their loved ones. If that is the case, please consider donating your life insurance policy to Walker's. By making The Ethel Walker School the "sole owner and beneficiary" the gift transfer will be complete. Once the policy is irrevocably transferred we will "cash it in" and put the funds to work immediately to benefit the School.
It is important for any donor to consult with his or her personal financial advisor, attorney, or accountant regarding the form, structure, and documentation of a planned gift. Planned giving donors also are asked to notify the School so that their commitments can be appropriately credited and acknowledged. Both outright and deferred planned gifts may be used, upon receipt, to create named funds. Or, if the donor prefers, these gifts may be anonymous.
Matured Bequests:
Including The Ethel Walker School in your Estate Plan
Bequest Intentions:
Bequest Intention Acknowledgment Form
Charitable Remainer Trusts:
Outside Charitable Remainder Trust Confirmation
Sample IRA Letter:
2013 Sample IRA Letter