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Interior design is "the art or process of designing the interior, often including the exterior, of a room or building."[this quote needs a citation] An interior designer is someone who coordinates and manages such projects. Interior design is a multifaceted profession that includes conceptual development, communicating with the stakeholders of a project and the management and execution of the design.
Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, through the manipulation of special volume as well as surface treatment.
In the past, interiors were put together instinctively as a part of the process of building. The profession of interior design has been a consequence of the development of society and the complex architecture that has resulted from the development of industrial processes. The pursuit of effective use of space, user well-being and functional design has contributed to the development of the contemporary interior design profession. The profession of interior design is separate and distinct from the role of Interior Decorator, a term commonly used in the US. The term is less common in the UK where the profession of interior design is still unregulated and therefore, strictly speaking, not yet officially a profession.
In ancient India, architects used to work as interior designers. This can be seen from the references of Vishwakarma the architect - one of the gods in Indian mythology. Additionally, the sculptures depicting ancient texts and events are seen in palaces built in 17th century India.
In ancient Egypt, "soul houses" or models of houses were placed in tombs as receptacles for food offerings. From these, it is possible to discern details about the interior design of different residences throughout the different Egyptian dynasties, such as changes in ventilation, porticoes, columns, loggias, windows, and doors.
Throughout the 17th and 18th century, and into the early 19th Century, interior decoration was the concern of the homemaker or, an employed upholsterer or craftsman who would advise on the artistic style for an interior space. Architects would also employ craftsmen or artisans to complete interior design for their buildings.
In the mid- to late-19th century, interior design services expanded greatly, as the middle class in industrial countries grew in size and prosperity and began to desire the domestic trappings of wealth to cement their new status. Large furniture firms began to branch out into general interior design and management, offering full house furnishings in a variety of styles. This business model flourished from the mid-century to 1914, when this role was increasingly usurped by independent, often amateur, designers. This paved the way for the emergence of the professional interior design in the mid-20th century.
In the 1850s and 1860s, upholsterers began to expand their business remits. They framed their business more broadly and in artistic terms and began to advertise their furnishings to the public. To meet the growing demand for contract interior work on projects such as offices, hotels, and public buildings, these businesses became much larger and more complex, employing builders, joiners, plasterers, textile designers, artists, and furniture designers, as well as engineers and technicians to fulfil the job. Firms began to publish and circulate catalogs with prints for different lavish styles to attract the attention of expanding middle classes.
As department stores increased in number and size, retail spaces within shops were furnished in different styles as examples for customers. One particularly effective advertising tool was to set up model rooms at national and international exhibitions in showrooms for the public to see. Some of the pioneering firms in this regard were Waring & Gillow, James Shoolbred, Mintons and Holland & Sons. These traditional high-quality furniture making firms began to play an important role as advisers to unsure middle class customers on taste and style, and began taking out contracts to design and furnish the interiors of many important buildings in Britain.
This type of firm emerged in America after the Civil War. The Herter Brothers, founded by two German emigre brothers, began as an upholstery warehouse and became one of the first firms of furniture makers and interior decorators. With their own design office and cabinet-making and upholstery workshops, Herter Brothers were prepared to accomplish every aspect of interior furnishing including decorative paneling and mantels, wall and ceiling decoration, patterned floors and carpets and draperies.
A pivotal figure in popularizing theories of interior design to the middle class was the architect Owen Jones, one of the most influential design theorists of the nineteenth century. Jones first project was his most important - in 1851 he was responsible for not only the decoration of Joseph Paxton's gigantic Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition, but also for the arrangement of the exhibits within. He chose a controversial palette of red, yellow and blue for the interior ironwork and, despite initial negative publicity in the newspapers, was eventually unveiled by Queen Victoria to much critical acclaim. His most significant work was The Grammar of Ornament (1856), in which Jones formulated 37 key principles of interior design and decoration.
Jones was employed by some of the leading interior design firms of the day; in the 1860s he worked in collaboration with the London firm Jackson & Graham to produce furniture and other fittings for high-profile clients including art collector Alfred Morrison and the Khedive of Egypt, Ismail Pasha.
In 1882 the London Directory of the Post Office listed 80 interior decorators. Some of the most distinguished companies of the period were Crace, Waring & Gillow and Holland & Sons; famous decorators employed by these firms, included Thomas Edward Collcutt, Edward William Godwin, Charles Barry, Gottfried Semper and George Edmund Street.
By the turn of the 20th century, amateur advisors and publications were increasingly challenging the monopoly that the large retail companies had on interior design. English feminist author Mary Haweis wrote a series of widely read essays in the 1880s in which she derided the eagerness with which aspiring middle-class people furnished their houses according to the rigid models offered to them by the retailers. She advocated the individual adoption of a particular style, tailor made to the individual needs and preferences of the customer:
The move towards decoration as a separate artistic profession unrelated to the manufacturers and retailers, received an impetus with the 1899 formation of the Institute of British Decorators; with John Dibblee Crace as its president it represented almost 200 decorators around the country. By 1915, the London Directory listed 127 individuals trading as interior decorators, of which 10 were women. Rhoda and Agnes Garrett were the first women to train professionally as home decorators in 1874. The importance of their work on design was regarded at the time as on a par with that of William Morris. In 1876, their work - Suggestions for House Decoration in Painting, Woodwork and Furniture - spread their ideas on artistic interior design to a wide middle-class audience.
By 1900, the situation was described by The Illustrated Carpenter and Builder:
In America, Candace Wheeler was one of the first woman interior designers and helped encourage a new style of American design. She was instrumental in the development of art courses for women in a number of major American cities and was considered a national authority on homedesign. An important influence on the new profession was The Decoration of Houses, a manual of interior design written by Edith Wharton with architect Ogden Codman in 1897 in America. In the book, the authors denounced Victorian-style interior decoration and interior design, especially those rooms that were decorated with heavy window curtains, Victorian bric-a-brac and overstuffed furniture. They argued that such rooms emphasized upholstery at the expense of proper space planning and architectural design and were, therefore, uncomfortable and rarely used. The book is considered a seminal work and its success led to the emergence of professional decorators working in the manner advocated by its authors, most notably Elsie de Wolfe.
Elsie De Wolfe was one of the first female interior designers. Rejecting the Victorian style she grew up with, she chose a more vibrant scheme, along with more comfortable furniture in the home. Her designs were light, with fresh colors and delicate Chinoiserie furnishings, as opposed to the Victorian preference of heavy, red drapes and upholstery, dark wood and intensely patterned wallpapers. Her designs were also more practical; she eliminated the clutter that occupied the Victorian home, enabling people to entertain more guests comfortably. In 1905, de Wolfe was commissioned for the interior design of the Colony Club on Madison Avenue; its interiors garnered her recognition almost over night. She compiled her ideas into her widely read 1913 book, The House in Good Taste.
In England, Syrie Maugham became a legendary interior designer credited with designing the first all-white room. Starting her career in the early 1910s, her international reputation soon grew; she later expanded her business to New York and Chicago. Born during the Victorian Era, a time characterized by dark colors and small spaces, she instead designed rooms filled with light and furnished in multiple shades of white and mirrored screens. In addition to mirrored screens, her trademark pieces included: books covered in white vellum, cutlery with white porcelain handles, console tables with plaster palm-frond, shell, or dolphin bases, upholstered and fringed sleigh beds, fur carpets, dining chairs covered in white leather, and lamps of graduated glass balls, and wreaths.
The interior design profession became more established after World War II. From the 1950s onwards spending on the home increased. Interior design courses were established, requiring the publication of textbooks and reference sources. Historical accounts of interior designers and firms distinct from the decorative arts specialists were made available. Organisations to regulate education, qualifications, standards and practices, etc. were established for the profession.
Interior design was previously seen as playing a secondary role to architecture. It also has many connections to other design disciplines, involving the work of architects, industrial designers, engineers, builders, craftsmen, etc. For these reasons the government of interior design standards and qualifications was often incorporated into other professional organisations that involved design. Organisations such as the Chartered Society of Designers, established in the UK in 1986, and the American Designers Institute, founded in 1938, were established as organisations that governed various areas of design.
It was not until later that specific representation for the interior design profession was developed. The US National Society of Interior Designers was established in 1957, while in the UK the Interior Decorators and Designers Association was established in 1966. Across Europe, other organisations such as The Finnish Association of Interior Architects (1949) were being established and in 1994 the International Interior Design Association was founded.
Ellen Mazur Thomson, author of Origins of Graphic Design in America (1997), determined that professional status is achieved through education, self-imposed standards and professional gate-keeping organizations. Having achieved this, interior design became an accepted profession.
Interior design is the art and science of understanding people's behavior to create functional spaces within a building. Decoration is the furnishing or adorning of a space with fashionable or beautiful things. In short, interior designers may decorate, but decorators do not design.
Interior designer implies that there is more of an emphasis on planning, functional design and the effective use of space, as compared to interior decorating. An interior designer can undertake projects that include arranging the basic layout of spaces within a building as well as projects that require an understanding of technical issues such as window and door positioning, acoustics, and lighting. Although an interior designer may create the layout of a space, they may not alter load-bearing walls without having their designs stamped for approval by a structural engineer. Interior designers often work directly with architectural firms.
Interior designers must be highly skilled in order to create interior environments that are functional, safe, and adhere to building codes, regulations, and ADA requirements. They go beyond the selection of color palettes and furnishings and apply their knowledge to the development of construction documents, occupancy loads, healthcare regulations, and sustainable design principles, as well as the management and coordination of professional services including mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and life safety – all to ensure that people can work, live, and learn in an innocuous environment that is also aesthetically pleasing.
An interior designer may wish to specialize in a particular type of interior design in order to develop technical knowledge specific to that area. Types of interior design include residential design, commercial design, hospitality design, healthcare design, universal design, exhibition design and spatial branding. The profession of interior design is relatively new, constantly evolving, and often confusing to the public. It is a creative profession that is consistently changing and evolving. It is not an artistic pursuit and relies on research from many fields to provide a well-trained understanding of how people are influenced by their environments.
Residential design is the design of the interior of private residences. As this type design is very specific for individual situations, the needs and wants of the individual are paramount in this area of interior design. The interior designer may work on the project from the initial planning stage or may work on the remodelling of an existing structure. It is often a very involved process that takes months to fine-tune and create a space with the vision of the client. Fine examples of contemporary designers include Kelly Hoppen and David Collins who in keeping with current trends have both a strong media presence and successful independent business.
Commercial design encompasses a wide range of sub specialties.
Other areas of specialization include amusement and theme park design, museum and exhibition design, event design (including ceremonies, weddings, baby and bridal showers, parties, conventions and concerts), interior and prop styling, tablescape design, theatre and performance design, stage and set design, and production design for film and television. Beyond those, interior designers, particularly those with graduate education, can specialize in healthcare design, gerontological design, educational facility design, and other areas that require specialized knowledge. Some university programs offer graduate studies in theses and other areas. For example, both Cornell University and the University of Florida offer interior design graduate programs in environment and behavior studies. Within this program at the University of Florida, students may choose a specific focus such as retirement community design (under Dr. Nichole Campbell) co-housing (Dr. Maruja Torres) or theft prevention by design (Prof. Candy Carmel-Gilfilen) (Campbell, 2012, Personal Communication).
There are various paths that one can take to become a professional interior designer. All of these paths involve some form of training. Working with a successful professional designer is an informal method of training and has previously been the most common method of education. In many states, however, this path alone cannot lead to licensing as a professional interior designer. Training through an institution such as a college, art or design school or university is a more formal route to professional practice.
In the UK, several university degree courses are now available, including those on interior architecture, taking three or four years to complete.
A formal education program, particularly one accredited by or developed with a professional organization of interior designers, can provide training that meets a minimum standard of excellence and therefore gives a student an education of a high standard. There are also university graduate and Ph.d. programs available for those seeking further training in a specific design specialization (i.e. gerontological or healthcare design) or those wishing to teach interior design at the university level.
In China, seldom does university offer Interior Design as a major, instead of offering one or two elective classes. As a result of losing official government supports education in Interior Design, requires people to take some tutoring classes from some private institutions, if they are interested in this area and want to study. However, the educational quality is poor. On the other side, the certification test of interior design in China is different from US, because China only requires basic skills and knowledge.
There are a wide range of working conditions and employment opportunities within interior design. Large and tiny corporations often hire interior designers as employees on regular working hours. Designers for smaller firms usually work on a contract or per-job basis. Self-employed designers, which make up 26% of interior designers, usually work the most hours. Interior designers often work under stress to meet deadlines, stay on budget, and meet clients' needs.
In some cases, licensed professionals review the work and sign it before submitting the design for approval by clients or construction permisioning. The need for licensed review and signature varies by locality, relevant legislation, and scope of work. Their work can involve significant travel to visit different locations, however with technology development, the process of contacting clients and communicating design alternatives has become easier and requires less travel. They also renovate a space to satisfy the specific taste for a client.
The Art Deco style began in Europe in the early years of the 20th century, with the waning of Art Nouveau. The term "Art Deco" was taken from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes, a world's fair held in Paris in 1925. Art Deco rejected many traditional classical influences in favour of more streamlined geometric forms and metallic color. The Art Deco style influenced all areas of design, especially interior design, because it was the first style of interior decoration to spotlight new technologies and materials.
Art Deco style is mainly based on geometric shapes, streamlining and clean lines. The style offered a sharp, cool look of mechanized living utterly at odds with anything that came before.
Art Deco rejected traditional materials of decoration and interior design, opting instead to use more unusual materials such as chrome, glass, stainless steel, shiny fabrics, mirrors, aluminium, lacquer, inlaid wood, sharkskin, and zebra skin. The use of harder, metallic materials was chosen to celebrate the machine age. These materials reflected the dawning modern age that was ushered in after the end of the First World War. The innovative combinations of these materials created contrasts that were very popular at the time - for example the mixing together of highly polished wood and black lacquer with satin and furs. The barber shop in the Austin Reed store in London was designed by P. J. Westwood. It was soon regarded as the trendiest barber shop in Britain due to its use of metallic materials.
The color themes of Art Deco consisted of metallic color, neutral color, bright color and, black and white. In interior design, cool metallic colors including silver, gold, metallic blue, charcoal grey and platinum tended to predominate. Serge Chermayeff, a Russian-born British designer made extensive use of cool metallic colors and luxurious surfaces in his room schemes. His 1930 showroom design for a British dressmaking firm had a silver-grey background and black mirrored-glass wall panels.
Black and white was also a very popular color scheme during the 1920s and 1930s. Black and white checkerboard tiles, floors and wallpapers were very trendy at the time. As the style developed, bright vibrant colors became popular as well.
Art Deco furnishings and lighting fixtures had a glossy, luxurious appearance with the use of inlaid wood and reflective finishes. The furniture pieces often had curved edges, geometric shapes and clean lines. Art Deco lighting fixtures tended to make use of stacked geometric patterns.
"Majlis painting", also called nagash painting, is the decoration of the majlis or front parlor of traditional Arabic homes in the Asir province of Saudi Arabia and adjoining parts of Yemen These wall paintings, an arabesque form of mural or fresco, show various geometric designs in bright colors: "Called 'nagash' in Arabic, the wall paintings were a mark of pride for a woman in her house."
The geometric designs and heavy lines seem to be adapted from the area's textile and weaving patterns. "In contrast with the sobriety of architecture and decoration in the rest of Arabia, exuberant color and ornamentation characterize those of 'Asir. The painting extends into the house over the walls and doors, up the staircases, and onto the furniture itself. When a house is being painted, women from the community help each other finish the job. The building then displays their shared taste and knowledge. Mothers pass these on to their daughters. This artwork is based on a geometry of straight lines and suggests the patterns common to textile weaving, with solid bands of different colors. Certain motifs reappear, such as the triangular mihrab or 'niche' and the palmette. In the past, paint was produced from mineral and vegetable pigments. Cloves and alfalfa yielded green. Blue came from the indigo plant. Red came from pomegranates and a certain mud. Paintbrushes were created from the tough hair found in a goat's tail. Today, however, women use modern manufactured paint to create new looks, which have become an indicator of social and economic change."
Women in the Asir province often complete the decoration and painting of the house interior. "You could tell a family's wealth by the paintings," Um Abdullah says: "If they didn't have much money, the wife could only paint the motholath," the basic straight, simple lines, in patterns of three to six repetitions in red, green, yellow and brown." When women did not want to paint the walls themselves, they could barter with other women who would do the work. Several Saudi women have become famous as majlis painters, such as Fatima Abou Gahas.
The interior walls of the home are brightly painted by the women, who work in defined patterns with lines, triangles, squares, diagonals and tree-like patterns. "Some of the large triangles represent mountains. Zigzag lines stand for water and also for lightning. Small triangles, especially when the widest area is at the top, are found in pre-Islamic representations of female figures. That the small triangles found in the wall paintings in 'Asir are called banat may be a cultural remnant of a long-forgotten past."
"Courtyards and upper pillared porticoes are principal features of the best Nadjdi architecture, in addition to the fine incised plaster wood (jiss) and painted window shutters, which decorate the reception rooms. Good examples of plasterwork can often be seen in the gaping ruins of torn-down buildings- the effect is light, delicate and airy. It is usually around the majlis, around the coffee hearth and along the walls above where guests sat on rugs, against cushions. Doughty wondered if this "parquetting of jis", this "gypsum fretwork... all adorning and unenclosed" originated from India. However, the Najd fretwork seems very different from that seen in the Eastern Province and Oman, which are linked to Indian traditions, and rather resembles the motifs and patterns found in ancient Mesopotamia. The rosette, the star, the triangle and the stepped pinnacle pattern of dadoes are all ancient patterns, and can be found all over the Middle East of antiquity. Al-Qassim Province seems to be the home of this art, and there it is normally worked in hard white plaster (though what you see is usually begrimed by the smoke of the coffee hearth). In Riyadh, examples can be seen in unadorned clay.
Interior design has become the subject of television shows. In the United Kingdom (UK), popular interior design and decorating programs include 60 Minute Makeover (ITV), Changing Rooms (BBC) and Selling Houses (Channel 4). Famous interior designers whose work is featured in these programs include Linda Barker and Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen. In the United States, the TLC Network aired a popular program called Trading Spaces, a show based on the UK program Changing Rooms. In addition, both Home & Garden Television (HGTV) and the Discovery Home networks also televise many programs about interior design and decorating, featuring the works of a variety of interior designers, decorators and home improvement experts in a myriad of projects.
Fictional interior decorators include the Sugarbaker sisters on Designing Women and Grace Adler on Will & Grace. There is also another show called Home MADE. There are two teams and two houses and whoever has the designed and made the worst room, according to the judges, is eliminated. Another show on the Style Network, hosted by Niecy Nash, is Clean House where they re-do messy homes into themed rooms that the clients would like. Other shows include Design on a Dime, Designed to Sell and The Decorating Adventures of Ambrose Price. The show called Design Star has become more popular through the 5 seasons that have already aired. The winners of this show end up getting their own TV shows, of which are Color Splash hosted by David Bromstad, Myles of Style hosted by Kim Myles, Paint-Over! hosted by Jennifer Bertrand, The Antonio Treatment hosted by Antonio Ballatore, and finally Secrets from a Stylist hosted by Emily Henderson. Bravo (US TV channel) also has a variety of shows that explore the lives of interior designers. These include Flipping Out, which explores the life of Jeff Lewis and his team of designers; Million Dollar Decorators explores the lives of interior designers Nathan Turner, Jeffrey Alan Marks, Mary McDonald, Kathryn Ireland, and Martyn Lawrence Bullard.
Interior design has also become the subject of radio shows. In the U.S., popular interior design & lifestyle shows include "Martha Stewart Living" and "Living Large" featuring Karen Mills. Famous interior designers whose work is featured on these programs include Bunny Williams, Barbara Barry, and Kathy Ireland, among others.
Many interior design magazines exist to offer advice regarding color palette, furniture, art, and other elements that fall under the umbrella of interior design. These magazine often focus on related subjects to draw a more specific audience. For instance, architecture as a primary aspect of Dwell, while Veranda is well known as a luxury living magazine. Lonny Magazine and the newly relaunched, Domino Magazine, cater to a young, hip, metropolitan audience, and emphasize accessibility and a do-it-yourself (DIY) approach to interior design.
Other early interior decorators:
Many of the most famous designers and decorators during the 20th century had no formal training. Some examples include Sister Parish, Robert Denning and Vincent Fourcade, Kerry Joyce, Kelly Wearstler, Stéphane Boudin, Georges Geffroy, Emilio Terry, Carlos de Beistegui, Nina Petronzio, Lorenzo Mongiardino, and David Nightingale Hicks.
Notable interior designers in the world today include Jonathan Adler, Michael S. Smith, Kelly Hoppen, Kelly Wearstler, Andrew Martin International, Nina Campbell, David Collins, Nate Berkus, Sandra Espinet, Ruth Viveros, and Nicky Haslam.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interior design.
A web template system uses a template processor to combine web templates to form finished web pages, possibly using some data source to customize the pages or present a large amount of content on similar-looking pages. It is a web publishing tool present in content management systems, web application frameworks, and HTML editors.
Web templates can be used like the template of a form letter to either generate a large number of "static" (unchanging) web pages in advance, or to produce "dynamic" web pages on demand.
A web template system is composed of[citation needed]:
The template and content resources are processed and combined by the template engine to mass-produce web documents. For purposes of this article, web documents include any of various output formats for transmission over the web via HTTP, or another Internet protocol.
Web templates can be used by any individual or organization to set up their website. Once a template is purchased or downloaded, the user will replace all generic information included in the web template with their own personal, organizational or product information. Examples of common uses of Templates are listed below:
Various agencies and organizations use web template systems for mass-production of content when slower production alternatives prove unfeasible.[citation needed]
For an introductory overview, take a news website as an example. Consider a "static website", where all web pages are static, built by a web designer. It would be very repetitive work to change individual pages as often as the news changes. A typical strategy to automate the web designer's "repetitive work" using Templates could be as follows:
A common goal among experienced web developers is to develop and deploy applications that are flexible and easily maintainable. An important consideration in reaching this goal is the separation of business logic from presentation logic. Developers use web template systems (with varying degrees of success) to maintain this separation.
For the web designer, when each web page comes from a web template, they can think about a modular web page structured with components that can be modified independently of each other. These components may include a header, footer, global navigation bar (GNB), local navigation bar and content such as articles, images, videos etc.
For programmers the template language offers a more restricted logic, only for presentation adaptations and decisions, not for complex (business model) algorithms.[citation needed]
For other members of the "site team", a template system frees webmasters to focus on technical maintenance, content suppliers to focus on content, and gives all of them more reliability.
Moreover, it has the following advantages to its use:
One difficulty in evaluating separation of concerns is the lack of well-defined formalisms to measure when and how well it is actually met. There are, however, fairly standard heuristics that have been borrowed from the domain of software engineering. These include 'inheritance' (based on principles of object-oriented programming); and 'templating and generative programming', (consistent with the principles of MVC separation). The precise difference between the various guidelines is subject to some debate, and some aspects of the different guidelines share a degree of similarity.
One major rationale behind "effective separation" is the need for maximum flexibility in the code and resources dedicated to the presentation logic. Client demands, changing customer preferences and desire to present a "fresh face" for pre-existing content often result in the need to dramatically modify the public appearance of web content while disrupting the underlying infrastructure as little as possible.
The distinction between "presentation" (front end) and "business logic" (infrastructure) is usually an important one, because:
Not all potential users of web templates have the willingness and ability to hire developers to design a system for their needs. Additionally, some may wish to use the web but have limited or no technical proficiency. For these reasons, a number of developers and vendors have released web templates specifically for reuse by non-technical people. Although web template reusability is also important for even highly skilled and technically experienced developers, it is especially critical to those who rely on simplicity and "ready-made" web solutions.
Such "ready-made" web templates are sometimes free, and easily made by an individual domestically. However, specialized web templates are sometimes sold online. Although there are numerous commercial sites that offer web templates for a licensing fee, there are also free and "open-source" sources as well.
With the model typically held in a relational database, the remaining components of the MVC architecture are the control and view. In the simplest of systems these two are not separated. However, adapting the separation of concerns principle one can completely decouple the relationship.
For example, the view template may look like this:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<body><h1 data-xp="title"><!-- placeholder --></h1></body>
Then the control template will load the view and then can use xpath addressing[original research?] to insert components from a database, for instance:
$doc = new DOMDocument;
$doc->preserveWhiteSpace = false;
$titlenode = $doc->createTextNode("Like this");
$xpath = new DOMXPath($doc);
$entries = $xpath->query($query);
foreach ($entries as $entry) { $entry->parentNode->replaceChild($titlenode, $entry); }
echo $doc->saveXML();
A web browser and web server are a client–server architecture; often a web cache is also used to improve performance. Overall, there are five types of templating systems, classified based on when assembly happens - placeholders are substituted for variable information (such as names, addresses, and product info) and sub-templates:
Template languages may be:
The source code of the template engine can be proprietary or open source.
Many template systems are a component of a larger programming platform or framework. They are referred to as the "platform's template system". Some template systems have the option of substituting a different template language or engine.[citation needed]
Programming languages such as Perl, Ruby, C, and Java support template processing either natively, or through add-on libraries and modules. JavaServer Pages (JSP), PHP, and Active Server Pages (ASP with VBScript, JScript or other languages) are examples, themselves, of web template engines. These technologies are typically used in server-side templating systems, but could be adapted for use on a "edge-side" proxy or for static page generation.
HTML editors often use web template systems to produce only static web pages. These can be viewed as a ready-made web design, used to mass-produce "cookie-cutter" websites for rapid deployment. They also commonly include themes in place of CSS styles. In general, the template language is to be used only with the editor's software.
FrontPage and Dreamweaver are the most popular editors with template sub-system. A Flash web template uses Macromedia Flash to create visually appealing sites.
|System label/name
|HTML authoring. Embedded iterable language.
|Flash authoring.
|HTML authoring. Embedded iterable language.
|HTML authoring.
|Website Meta Language
Many server-side template systems have the option to publish the output pages on the server, where the published pages will be static. It is a common feature on content management systems, like Vignette. But this does not have to be considered an out-server generation.
In the majority of the cases, this "publish option" doesn't interfere with the template system, and it can be made by external software, as Wget.
Server-side dynamic pages began to be generated by templates with pre-existent software adapted for this task. This early software was the preprocessors and macro languages, adapted for the web use, running on CGI. Next, a simple but relevant technology was the direct execution made on extension modules, started with SSI.
Many template systems are typically used as server-side template systems:
|System label/name
|Amrita Template Library
|Public. Embedded complex language.
|C++, Python, PHP
|Public. Opensource project, written in C++. High performance. Embedded complex language.
|Public. Embedded complex language.
|C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby
|Public. Embedded complex language.
|Closure Templates
|Java, JavaScript
|Public. Embedded complex language
|Classic ASP/VBScript
|Port of the Smarty template system to Classic ASP/VBScript. Public. Embedded complex language.
|Use the "Django template language".
|Evoque Templating
|Python including Python 3.0
|Embedded simple language.
|Java EE
|Public. Part of JavaServer Faces
|Public. XML-based template directives.
|Grantlee Template system
|C++, Qt (toolkit)
|Port of the Django template system to Qt.
|Ruby or Other
|Java, PHP
|Public. Embedded complex language.
|Proprietary. Dependency-Driven programmable language. Along with HTML output, generates JS that dynamically manipulates DOM structure on the client side when variables are changed.
|LassoSoft, LLC
|Proprietary. Interpreted Programming Language and Server
|ActionScript, C++, Clojure, CoffeeScript, ColdFusion, D, Erlang, Fantom, Go, Java, server-side JavaScript, Lua, .NET, Objective-C, ooc, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scala, Tcl
|Basic Server Side Includes (SSI)
|The basic directives fix a "standard".
|Embedded simple language, if exclude
exec directive.
|Public. Embedded complex language.
|Public. Embedded complex language. Smarty/TAL hybrid
|Template Alloy
|Public. Embedded complex language. Supports various languages including Template::Toolkit, HTML::Template, Text::Tmpl, as well as Velocity Template Language
|Template Power
|Public. Embedded complex language.
|Template Toolkit
|Public. Embedded complex language.
|Java, C#, Python
|Public. Embedded iterable language.
|Template Attribute Language (TAL)
|Zope, Python, Java, Perl, PHP, XSLT
|Public; a.k.a. Zope Page Templates (ZPT); see also TAL Expression Syntax (TALES), Macro Expansion TAL (METAL)
|Public. Supports multiple template languages (JSP, Velocity, Freemarker, Mustache) from various frameworks (servlet, portlets, struts, spring).
|Public. "As of 2008-02-20, this project is no longer under active development."
|Public. Embedded iterable language.
|Psttt! template engine
|Public. External selector value css like file.
|Public. Embedded iterable language.
|Use the WebObjects Builder as engine.
|Velocity (Jakarta/Apache)
|Public. Use VTL - Velocity Template Language.
|Commercial solution. Embedded complex language.
|XSLT (standard language)
|Any with an XSLT parser
|Standard. Event-driven programmable language.
|XQuery (standard language)
|Any with an XQuery parser
|Standard. Embedded programmable language.
|Merge On Browse
|AJAX compatible browser
|Public. Cross browser, client side templating language which uses AJAX and DHTML to pull together dynamic content and static document structure
Technically, the methodology of embedding programming languages within HTML (or XML, etc.), used in many "server-side included script languages" are also templates. All of them are Embedded complex languages.
|System label/name
|Active Server Pages (ASP)
|Proprietary (Microsoft platform). See also: VBScript, Javascript, PerlScript, etc. extensions for ASP.
|Public (Ruby).
|ColdFusion Markup Language (CFM)
|Public (Lucee, Railo, OpenBD). Proprietary (Adobe ColdFusion).
|JavaServer Pages (JSP)
|Public, Java platform.
|Active Perl
|Public (Tcl).
There are also preprocessors used as server-side template engines. Examples:
|C preprocessor
|Public. Embedded iterable language.
|Public. Embedded complex language.
Edge-Side template and inclusion systems. "Edge-side" refers to web servers that reside in the space between the client (browser) and the originating server. They are often referred to as "reverse-proxy" servers. These servers are generally tasked with reducing the load and traffic on originating servers by caching content such as images and page fragments, and delivering this to the browser in an efficient manner.
Many web browsers can apply an XSLT stylesheet to XML data that transforms the data into an XHTML document, thereby providing template functionality in the browser itself.
The most simple form is transclusions (HTML frames). In other cases dynamic web pages are needed.
A website, also written as web site, or simply site, is a set of related web pages typically served from a single web domain. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known as a uniform resource locator (URL). All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.
Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites, are documents, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). They may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors. Webpages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the webpage content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.
The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator (URL) called the web address. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site which generally includes a home page with most of the links to the site's web content, and a supplementary about, contact and link page.
Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription websites include many business sites, parts of news websites, academic journal websites, gaming websites, file-sharing websites, message boards, web-based email, social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, and websites providing various other services (e.g., websites offering storing and/or sharing of images, files and so forth).
The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1990 by the British CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone.
Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting, or were encoded in word processor formats.
Websites have many functions and can be used in various fashions; a website can be a personal website, a commercial website, a government website or a non-profit organization website. Websites can be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, can be blurred.
Websites are written in, or converted to, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.
A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server. These terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems which retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website's users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's IIS is also commonly used. Some alternatives, such as Nginx, Lighttpd, Hiawatha or Cherokee, are fully functional and lightweight.
A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML); Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are used to control appearance beyond basic HTML. Images are commonly used to effect the desired appearance and as part of the main content. Audio or video might also be considered "static" content if it plays automatically or is generally non-interactive.
This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software. Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may include information about a company and its products and services through text, photos, animations, audio/video, and navigation menus.
Static web sites can be edited using four broad categories of software:
Static websites may still use server side includes (SSI) as an editing convenience, such as sharing a common menu bar across many pages. As the site's behaviour to the reader is still static, this is not considered a dynamic site.
A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically.
Server-side dynamic pages are generated "on the fly" by computer code that produces the HTML (CSS are responsible for appearance and thus, are static files). There are a wide range of software systems, such as CGI, Java Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP), Active Server Pages and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Various web application frameworks and web template systems are available for general-use programming languages like PHP, Perl, Python, and Ruby, to make it faster and easier to create complex dynamic web sites.
A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user. For example, when the front page of a news site is requested, the code running on the web server might combine stored HTML fragments with news stores retrieved from a database or another web site via RSS to produce a page that includes the latest information. Dynamic sites can be interactive by using HTML forms, storing and reading back browser cookies, or by creating a series of pages that reflect the previous history of clicks. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request, e.g. for the keyword Beatles. In response, the content of the web page will spontaneously change the way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CDs, DVDs and books.
One way to simulate a certain type of dynamic web site while avoiding the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis, is to periodically automatically regenerate a large series of static pages.
A more recent trend in websites called "responsive design" has given the best of viewing experience as it provides with a device based layout for users. These websites change their layout according to the device or mobile platform thus giving a rich user experience.
The form "website" has become the most common spelling, but "Web site" (capitalised) and "web site" are also widely used, though declining. Some in academia, some large book publishers, and some dictionaries still use "Web site", reflecting the origin of the term in the proper name World Wide Web. There has also been similar debate regarding related terms such as web page, web server, and webcam.
Among leading style guides, the Reuters style guide, The Chicago Manual of Style, and the AP Stylebook (since April 2010) all recommend "website".
Among leading dictionaries and encyclopedias, the Canadian Oxford Dictionary prefers "website", and the Oxford English Dictionary changed to "website" in 2004. Wikipedia also uses "website", but Encyclopaedia Britannica uses both "Web site" and "Website". Britannica's Merriam-Webster subsidiary uses "Web site", recognising "website" as a variant.
Among leading language-usage commentators, Garner's Modern American Usage acknowledges that "website" is the standard form, but Bill Walsh, of The Washington Post, argues for using "Web site" in his books and on his website (however, The Washington Post itself uses "website").
Among major Internet technology companies and corporations, Google uses "website", as does Apple, though Microsoft uses both "website" and "web site".
Websites can be divided into two broad categories - static and interactive. Interactive sites are part of the Web 2.0 community of sites, and allow for interactivity between the site owner and site visitors. Static sites serve or capture information but do not allow engagement with the audience directly.
Some web sites are informational or produced by enthusiasts or for personal use or entertainment. Many web sites do aim to make money, using one or more business models, including:
There are many varieties of websites, each specializing in a particular type of content or use, and they may be arbitrarily classified in any number of ways. A few such classifications might include:
|Click "show" or "hide" to toggle this table
|Type of Website
|A site, typically few in pages, whose purpose is to sell a third party's product. The seller receives a commission for facilitating the sale.
|Affiliate Agency
|Enabled portal that renders not only its custom CMS but also syndicated content from other content providers for an agreed fee. There are usually three relationship tiers (see Affiliate Agencies).
|Commission Junction, advertisers like eBay, or a consumer like Yahoo!.
|Archive site
|Used to preserve valuable electronic content threatened with extinction. Two examples are: Internet Archive, which since 1996 has preserved billions of old (and new) web pages; and Google Groups, which in early 2005 was archiving over 845,000,000 messages posted to Usenet news/discussion groups.
|Internet Archive, Google Groups
|Attack site
|A site created specifically to attack visitors' computers on their first visit to a website by downloading a file (usually a trojan horse). These websites rely on unsuspecting users with poor anti-virus protection in their computers.
|Blog (web log)
|Sites generally used to post online diaries which may include discussion forums (e.g., Blogger, Xanga). Many bloggers use blogs like an editorial section of a newspaper to express their ideas on anything ranging from politics to religion to video games to parenting, along with anything in between. Some bloggers are professional bloggers and they are paid to blog about a certain subject, and they are usually found on news sites.
|Brand-building site
|A site with the purpose of creating an experience of a brand online. These sites usually do not sell anything, but focus on building the brand. Brand building sites are most common for low-value, high-volume fast moving consumer goods (FMCG).
|Celebrity website
|A website the information in which revolves around a celebrity. These sites can be official (endorsed by the celebrity) or fan-made (run by a fan or fans of the celebrity without implicit endorsement).
|Crowdfunding website
|Platform to fund projects by the pre-purchase of products.
|Click-to-donate site
|A website that allows the visitor to donate to charity simply by clicking on a button or answering a question correctly. An advertiser usually donates to the charity for each correct answer generated.
|The Hunger Site, Freerice, Ripple (charitable organisation)
|Community site
|A site where persons with similar interests communicate with each other, usually by chat or message boards.
|Myspace, Facebook, orkut
|Content site
|A site the business of which is the creation and distribution of original content
|Slate, About.com
|Classified ads site
|A site publishing classified advertisements
|gumtree.com, Craigslist
|Corporate website
|Used to provide background information about a business, organization, or service.
|Dating website
|A site where users can find other single people looking for long range relationships, dating, or just friends. Many of them are pay per services, but there are many free or partially free dating sites. Most dating sites today have the functionality of social networking websites.
|eHarmony, Match.com
|Electronic commerce (e-commerce) site
|A site offering goods and services for online sale and enabling online transactions for such sales.
|Forum website
|A site where people discuss various topics.
|Gallery website
|A website designed specifically for use as a gallery; these may be an art gallery or photo gallery and of commercial or non-commercial nature.
|Government site
|A website made by the local, state, department or national government of a country. Usually these sites also operate websites that are intended to inform tourists or support tourism.
|For example, Richmond.com is the geodomain for Richmond, Virginia.
|Gripe site
|A site devoted to the criticism of a person, place, corporation, government, or institution.
|Gaming website
Gambling website
|A site that lets users play online games. Some enable people to gamble online.
|Humor site
|Satirizes, parodies or otherwise exists solely to amuse.
|Information site
|Most websites fit in this category to some extent. They do not necessarily have commercial purposes.
|RateMyProfessors.com, Free Internet Lexicon and Encyclopedia. Most government, educational and nonprofit institutions have an informational site.
|Media-sharing site
|A site that enables users to upload and view media such as pictures, music, and videos
|Flickr, YouTube, Google Videos
|Mirror site
|A website that is the replication of another website. This type of website is used as a response to spikes in user visitors. Mirror sites are most commonly used to provide multiple sources of the same information, and are of particular value as a way of providing reliable access to large downloads.
|Microblog site
|A short and simple form of blogging. Microblogs are limited to certain amounts of characters and works similar to a status update on Facebook.
|News site
|Similar to an information site, but dedicated to dispensing news, politics, and commentary.
|Personal website
|Websites about an individual or a small group (such as a family) that contains information or any content that the individual wishes to include. Such a personal website is different from a Celebrity website, which can be very expensive and run by a publicist or agency.
|Phishing site
|a website created to fraudulently acquire sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business (such as Social Security Administration, PayPal) in an electronic communication (see Phishing).
|p2p/Torrents website
|Websites that index torrent files. This type of website is different from a Bit torrent client which is usually a stand-alone software.
|Mininova, The Pirate Bay, IsoHunt
|Political site
|A site on which people may voice political views, show political humor, campaigning for elections, or show information about a certain political party or ideology.
|Porn site
|A site that shows sexually explicit content for enjoyment and relaxation. They can be similar to a personal website when it's a website of a porn actor/actress or a media sharing website where user can upload from their own sexually explicit material to movies made by adult studios.
|Question and Answer (Q&A) site
|Answer site is a site where people can ask questions & get answers.
|Quora, Yahoo! Answers, Stack Exchange Network (including Stack Overflow)
|Religious site
|A site in which people may advertise a place of worship, or provide inspiration or seek to encourage the faith of a follower of that religion.
|Review site
|A site on which people can post reviews for products or services.
|Yelp, Rotten Tomatoes
|School site
|a site on which teachers, students, or administrators can post information about current events at or involving their school. U.S. elementary-high school websites generally use k12 in the URL
|Scraper site
|a site which largely duplicates without permission the content of another site, without actually pretending to be that site, in order to capture some of that site's traffic (especially from search engines) and profit from advertising revenue or in other ways.
|Search engine site
|A website that indexes material on the Internet or an intranet (and lately on traditional media such as books and newspapers) and provides links to information as a response to a query.
|Google Search, Bing, GoodSearch, DuckDuckGo
|Shock site
|Includes images or other material that is intended to be offensive to most viewers
|Goatse.cx, rotten.com
|Showcase site
|Web portals used by individuals and organisations to showcase things of interest or value
|Social bookmarking site
|A site where users share other content from the Internet and rate and comment on the content.
|StumbleUpon, Digg, Total Knowledge
|Social networking site
|A site where users could communicate with one another and share media, such as pictures, videos, music, blogs, etc. with other users. These may include games and web applications.
|Facebook, Orkut, Google+
|A site designed to host or link to materials such as music, movies and software for the user to download.
|A site that provides a webmail service.
|Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo!
|Web portal
|A site that provides a starting point or a gateway to other resources on the Internet or an intranet.
|msn.com, msnbc.com, Yahoo!
|Wiki site
|A site in which users collaboratively edit its content.
|Wikipedia, WikiHow, Wikia
Some websites may be included in one or more of these categories. For example, a business website may promote the business's products, but may also host informative documents, such as white papers. There are also numerous sub-categories to the ones listed above. For example, a porn site is a specific type of e-commerce site or business site (that is, it is trying to sell memberships for access to its site) or have social networking capabilities. A fansite may be a dedication from the owner to a particular celebrity.
Websites are constrained by architectural limits (e.g., the computing power dedicated to the website). Very large websites, such as Facebook, Yahoo!, Microsoft, and Google employ many servers and load balancing equipment such as Cisco Content Services Switches to distribute visitor loads over multiple computers at multiple locations. As of early 2011, Facebook utilized 9 data centers with approximately 63,000 servers.
In February 2009, Netcraft, an Internet monitoring company that has tracked Web growth since 1995, reported that there were 215,675,903 websites with domain names and content on them in 2009, compared to just 19,732 websites in August 1995.
After reaching 1 billion websites in September 2014, a milestone confirmed by NetCraft in its October 2014 Web Server Survey and that Internet Live Stats was the first to announce - as attested by this tweet from the inventor of the World Wide Web himself, Tim Berners-Lee - the number of websites in the world has subsequently declined, reverting to a level below 1 billion. This is due to the monthly fluctuations in the count of inactive websites. We do expect, however, to exceed 1 billion websites again sometime in 2015 and to stabilize the count above this historic milestone in 2016.
The Webby Awards, Favourite Website Awards, Interactive Media Awards and WebAwards are prominent award organizations recognizing the world's best websites.
|Look up website in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Accounting Templates
Bookkeeping & accounting website templates, layouts
|Ecological Templates
Ecological site templates, environmental graphics
|Media Templates
Newspaper, TV, radio related templates
|American Templates
United States website templates & graphics
|Entertaining Templates
Entertainment website templates, funny graphics
|Medical Templates
Health website templates, doctor graphic layouts
|Antique Templates
Antique website templates, collectible graphic layouts
|Financial Templates
Financial website templates, money graphics
|Musical Templates
Music related website templates, logos, icons
|Adult Templates
Adult website templates and graphic layouts
|Fashion Templates
Clothing website templates, wear graphic layouts
|Mortgage Templates
Mortgage website templates, loan layouts
|Agricultural Templates
Farming website templates and graphic layouts
|Food Templates
Nutrition website templates, food & drinks graphics
|Night Club Templates
Night club related website templates, dancing graphics
|Animal Templates
Animal website templates, pet, veterinary layouts
|Football Templates
Football website templates, soccer graphic layouts
|Outdoor Templates
Camping, hunting, and fishing website templates
|Architectural Templates
Architectural, building website templates
|Halloween Templates
All Saints' Day website templates and layouts
|Personal Templates
Personal templates, homepage layouts
|Army Templates
Military website templates, army graphic layouts
|Holiday Templates
Holiday website templates, celebration graphics
|Photo Templates
Photographic website templates, photo graphics
|Auto Templates
Car website templates, motorcycle layouts
|Hotel Templates
Hotel website templates, resort graphic layouts
|Political Templates
Election, government, politic website templates
|Beauty Templates
Woman's templates, beauty & spa layouts
International website templates & graphics
|Real Estate Templates
Real estate website templates, realty graphics
|Black Templates
Black website templates, dark graphic layouts
|Gambling Templates
Casino website templates, card gaming layouts
|Religious Templates
Church website templates,
religion graphic layouts
|Book Templates
Book website templates, book graphic layouts
|Gaming Templates
Computer gaming website templates & graphics
|Restaurant Templates
Restaurant website templates, cafe graphics
|Brewery Templates
Beer website templates, brewery & pub graphics
|Gardening Templates
Gardening & landscaping website templates
|Retirement Templates
Senior website templates, pension graphics
|Business Templates
Corporate website templates, business graphics
|Gift Templates
Gift website templates,
gift graphic layouts
|Scientific Templates
Scientific website templates, science related graphics
|Celebrity Templates
Celebrity website templates, star's fan graphics
|Green Templates
St. Patrick's, green templates, Irish layouts
|Sea Templates
Ocean, sea, river, lake related website templates
|Charity Templates
Donation website templates, fundraising graphic layouts
|Jewelry Templates
Jewellery website templates & graphics
|Security Templates
Security website templates, protection graphic layouts
|Children's Templates
Children website templates, family graphic layouts
|Job Templates
Job website templates, employment layouts
|Social Templates
Social website templates, socila graphic layouts
|Christmas Templates
New Year's and Christmas website templates, graphics
|Industrial Templates
Manufacture related website templates
|Spiritual Templates
Meditation website tempates, spititual graphics
|Cinema Templates
Film website templates, movie graphics
|Insurance Templates
Insurance website templates and layouts
|Software Templates
Software website layouts, software graphics
Telecommunication website templates
|Interior Templates
Interior website templates, furnishing graphics
|Sports Templates
Sporting website templates, sports graphic layouts
|Computer Templates
Computer website templates and graphics
|Internet Templates
IT website templates, online layouts
|Tobacco Templates
Tobacco website templates, smoking graphic layouts
|Dating Templates
Dating website templates,
matchmaking graphics
|Law Templates
Legal website templates, attorney graphics
|Transport Templates
Transport website templates and graphics
|Design Studio Templates
Design studio website templates and graphics
|Love Templates
Heart, St. Valentine's Day website templates
|Travel Templates
Travel website templates,
travel graphic layouts
|Educational Templates
Educational website templates & graphics
|Maintenance Templates
Maintenance website templates, repair graphics
|Web HostingTemplates
Hosting website templates, hosting graphic layouts
|Electronics Templates
Audio & video website templates and layouts
|Marketing Templates
Marketing, advertising, SEO templates, layouts
|Wedding Templates
Wedding website templates, marriage graphic layouts


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A street-style backpack takes you from the gym to the office and back with an interior laptop sleeve and an expandable front pouch that can hold a pair of shoes. The backpack's lightweight, durable construction allows you to roll it up for easy storage.

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Photos: Meet the five newest members of the Dallas Mavericks
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The West's Elton Brand drives on LeBron James of the East at the 2006 NBA All-Star Game in Houston.
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Miracles Of 9/11 Bin Laden Chemtrails - Dr James F
- Uploaded by Rcoones on Jul 4, 2011
- Views: 1329
Jim Fetzer and Anthony Hilder meet at Conspiracy Con and talk over the improbabilities that we are told are true about 9/11, Bin Laden, and Chemtrails...the only way they could be true is that, indeed, a MIRACLE happened. Dr Fetzer explains the contradictions and Mr Hilder is truly amazed...as we ought to be. So many people now are waking up to the impossibility the mainstream explanations are about what happened.


text:
Today's Nintendo Direct revealed a number of interesting tidbits, including the fact that five beloved classics will be coming to the North American Nintendo eShop later this year.
Possibly the most iconic of these releases will be Super Mario Bros. 3, which will be coming to the Wii U and 3DS virtual console before the end of the year. A specific release date has yet to be announced.


text:
honestly i didn't really like it much (never played gripshift before so didn't really know what to expect) and the demo is only 121 megs, so even if ya don't like it, its small enough to just give it a try.
honestly i didn't really like it much (never played gripshift before so didn't really know what to expect) and the demo is only 121 megs, so even if ya don't like it, its small enough to just give it a try.
Downloading it now. Also looks like the full version can be downloaded for $9.99.
I don't like this game.
This game was hurtbag on the psp, and is hurtbag on ps3. Updated rendering.. SO WHAT... release some cars, and tracks for GT HD and I will buy that. If someone @ sony thinks someone will buy this POS title over DLing GT HD for free.... hrmmmm... (maybe vancouver isnt the only place with free heroin) :??
I do love getting all the free demos and having a chance to try out new games. That doesn't mean I have to like playing the games though
GripShift is definitely the WORST game I have ever played. And I'm not sure what they are talking about when they say it incorporates features from puzzle games? After 4 minutes of loading (per track), you drive a car on a track that is about 8 seconds long. It doesn't matter whether you even steer the car in most cases. The graphics are in no way fantastic, and the physics are just not good.
My fav download so far was Cash Guns Chaos demo, so if you haven't been the p-store yet give it a try.
its kinda fun. the thing that makes me keep playing it is the whole online ranking system.
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November 24, 2015
TUZLA, Bosnia-Herzegovina (AP) -- Forensic experts say they have exhumed 881 victims of the 1995 Srebrenica massacre from a mass grave.
Team head Murat Hurtic said Wednesday it held 30 complete 851 partial bodies. The remains were first buried elsewhere and moved by bulldozer later to hide the crime.
The team also exhumed 24 complete and 238 incomplete bodies from a smaller grave nearby -- the 12th in the area.
The number of victims buried along the 7-mile road from Srebrenica to the village of Kamenica will remain unknown until experts assemble remains in 5,000 bags into complete bodies.
Most were victims of Europe's worst mass killing since World War II, when Serb troops overran the United Nations safe zone of Srebrenica and killed some 8,000 Muslim Bosniak men and boys.
(Copyright 2008 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
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Modular Ice Storage Bin with 854 pound storage capacity, 48 inches wide, 50 inches high with 6 inch legs. Designed for top-mounted Modular Ice Maker. Has polyethylene bin liner, polyurethane form insulation, stainless exterior, molded plastic door, ice scoop and built-in scoop holder.
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text: Dr. Martin Luther King Cincinnati's Martin Luther King, Jr. Day celebration will include music & spoken word performers By Jim Stump • Jan 16, 2015 Listen Listening... / 12:40 The annual Martin Luther King, Jr. Day program, presented by the local MLK Coaltion, happens Monday, January 19 at Music Hall. Joining Jim Stump to talk about the arts components in this year's program are Michael Burnham (spoken word) and Steve Milloy (director/conductor of the MLK Coalition Chorale.) Journey From Within By Lee Hay • Jan 12, 2015 "Journey From Within" is a one-hour tribute to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. which will air on WVXU and WMUB on Saturday, January 17th, at 11pm. The special begins with a song by Sweet Honey in the Rock and then continues with the words of Dr. Maya Angelou. Listeners will also hear from Reverend Adam Clayton Powell and philosopher Cornel West. There are important historical moments from Marian Anderson on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in 1939, President Lyndon B. Johnson's 1965 Civil Rights speech, and the voice of Dr. King. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.: The Journey From Within By 91.7 WVXU • Dec 17, 2014 Originally aired Saturday, January 15, 2011 at 11 PM The Journey From Within is a one-hour tribute to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The special begins with a song by Sweet Honey in the Rock and then continues with the words of Dr. Maya Angelou. Listeners will also hear from Reverend Adam Clayton Powell and philosopher Cornel West. There are important historical moments from Marian Anderson on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in 1939, President Lyndon B. Johnson's 1965 Civil Rights speech, and the voice of Dr. King. "The Mountaintop" presents a fascinating view of Martin Luther King Jr's last night By Rick Pender • Mar 14, 2014 Listen Listening... / 11:04 The next regional premiere from Ensemble Theatre Cincinnati is playwright Katori Hall's fascinating re-imaging of events on the night before Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. The Mountaintop opens on March 19 and our Rick Pender discusses this 2-character Olivier Award winning play with the actors, Gavin Lawrence and Torie Wiggins. MLK Coalition asks: What's your dream? By Ann Thompson • Jan 20, 2014 Michael Keating People remembering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in Cincinnati Monday have a full day to do it. The Martin Luther King Jr. Coalition and the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center is hosting the 39th annual King Legacy Awards Breakfast at the Freedom Center. During the 8:00a.m. breakfast six people will be honored for their leadership in strengthening the diversity of the community and for promoting the vision and legacy of Dr. King. A conversation with Dr. C.G. Newsome from the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center By Jane Durrell • Jan 17, 2014 Listen Listening... / 14:26 Jane Durrell sits down for a conversation with Dr. C.G. Newsome, the director of Cincinnati's National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. Their discussion ranges from a preview of events happening this weekend in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; some events happening in February including "The Frederick Douglass Story" from The Children's Theatre of Cincinnati; and how he defines freedom and the role of the Underground Railroad in that. Poet Dr. Herbert Woodward Martin By Barbara Gray • Jan 17, 2014 Listen Listening... / 12:22 Dayton-area poet and professor, Dr. Herbert Woodward Martin, joins Barbara Gray to discuss and read from his latest volume of poetry, On the Flyleaf: Poems. Playhouse in the Park presents award-winning "Clybourne Park" By Rick Pender • Jan 17, 2014 Listen Listening... / 10:18 Clybourne Park, the newest production at Playhouse in the Park, is the only play to have captured these three top honors: Pulitzer Prize for Drama; Tony Award for Best Play; and London's Olivier Award for Best New Play. Bruce Norris' biting satire of race and real estate is directed by Timothy Douglas, who is with our Rick Pender to talk about bringing this complex, issue-centric play to life. Learn about a wellness and cooking series called A Taste of African Heritage from Oldways By Barbara Gray • Jan 17, 2014 Listen Listening... / 9:21 Oldways Preservation Trust's mission is to guide people to good health through heritage. To that end, they are rolling out a nationwide effort to try and encourage healthier lifestyles and better eating through an inspirational 6-week cultural cooking and wellness series called A Taste of African Heritage. The president of Oldways, Sara Baer-Sinnott, explains this effort to our Barbara Gray about what to expect in a heritage African diet and the resources her organization provides through their website and projects. A new book looks at the music favored by four great icons of the 1960's, including Dr. King By Lee Hay • Jan 17, 2014 Listen Listening... / 11:38 As we salute the accomplishments and vision of Dr. King this weekend, there was, of course, another side of the man. A unique aspect of his, and 3 other influential men of the 1960's, is the music they loved, that inspired them, or that entertained them. In his book, Popology: The Music of the Era in the Lives of Four Icons of the 1960s, author Timothy English takes a unique look at Dr. King, John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy and Thomas Merton through the music in their lives. The author joins Lee Hay by phone to share what their taste in music said about them. Pages1 2 next › last »


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FREMONT -- Work on the lining of the reservoir floor and sides continues this week, as the city waits to hear whether the state will approve its loan application and free up the funds to complete the project.
Mayor Jim Ellis said workers at the site were scheduled to start installing liner on one of the reservoir's sides today after days of lining the site floor.
"We're pleased with the progress of the work," Ellis said Tuesday. ...


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Valentines Day Ideas: 14 Heart Crafts and Cute Valentines Day Crafts
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Thrifty Square Rose Wreath
By: Thrifty Decorating
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Create a stunning, romantic Valentines Day decoration for your front door with these wreath making instructions. You'll need some time to complete your Thrifty Square Rose Wreath, but in the end it will be well worth it! You're sure to get tons of compliments on this elegant piece of Valentine home decor, and when they find out how inexpensive it was to make they'll be even more impressed!
Estimated Cost: Under $10
Time to complete: Weekend project
Primary Technique: Florals/Wreaths
Difficulty Level: Intermediate
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Article | June 30, 1995
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Game Credits
Public Relations
|4x4 Evo 2 (2001)
|Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K. 2 (2000)
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New York Auto Show, Chevrolet Camaro 1LE, 2013 Ford Explorer Sport
We record Episode #276 of the Autoblog Podcast tonight, and you can drop us your questions via our Q&A module below, check out our discussion topics, or chime in to help determine what else the crew chats about this evening. Subscribe to the Autoblog Podcast in iTunes if you haven't already done so, and if you want to take it all in live, tune in to our UStream (audio only) channel at 10:00 PM Eastern tonight.
General Motors struck back at the mighty Ford Mustang Shelby GT500 with the similarly brawny Camaro ZL1, and now it looks like GM has taken aim at the Mustang Boss 302 as well.
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Give Now
Microbiologist Rachel Dutton studies the bacteria that makes fermentation work. Green beans, nut brittle on the menu. Farmers have access to health insurance.
Colleen Taylor Sen talks about her sixth book on Indian food. Daniel Orr uses that as inspiration for curried lentils. And, how federal farm payouts work.
This super easy soup will have you warmed up on these winter nights in no time.
Rebecca Lando's cookbook shows how to eat seasonally, nutritiously on a budget. Lamb ribs when you want to splurge. What it takes for food to be called non-GMO.
Claudia Roden wrote food books long before it was trendy. Daniel Orr cooks duck and parsnip soup. Mistletoe gets cozy with apple trees. US grain on the move.
Bloomington, Indiana residents gathered at the Community Farmers' Market to taste soups made with local ingredients by local vendors.
Jerry and Paula Perron started farming after they retired. Chef Daniel Orr cooks with apples and sunchokes. And, fall is a great time to plant fruit trees.
The Hub's tool share cuts down on new gardeners' start-up costs. Watchdog groups are concerned about the U.S. meat inspection system. Lentils with Daniel Orr.
This potato leek soup is made especially seasonal with a smattering of sautéed chanterelle mushrooms.
Shopping as a way of connecting with your town. Lawmakers reached a compromise on the farm bill. Uplands Peak rescues farm animals. Broccoli soup for dinner.
Even if you can't get your hands on oysters fresh from the ocean, this soup from Pearl Lagoon will be a tasty dish to warm you during the cold months.
Maple syrup in November! Burton's Maplewood Farm is aging maple syrup, and we use the finished product in crème brûlée. Then we meet hogs at Schacht Farm.
Traditional Arts Indiana visits folks at a number of restaurants and diners in Dubois County that serve variations on turtle soup.
Come in and warm up with this hearty, leaf-loaded stew.
Now that Thanksgiving 2012 is in the books, let's address the leftovers in our refrigerators. Chef Daniel Orr prepares stock, turkey soup and fried potatoes.
Warm up with this legume filled soup that promises to keep your belly (and wallet) full!
Gary Paul Nabhan reminisces about the many different varieties of apples he has enjoyed over the years. Chef Daniel Orr prepares an apple pie and two soups.
The mustard universe is a lot bigger than the bright yellow bottle perched in your refrigerator door.
How to make tasty soup out of an old family favorite.
Having one of those days when you just can't get full? This hearty soup is sure to hit the spot.


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|Key Info
Petra 2 is one of the four independent villas situated in Kato Gouves on the north coast of Crete. The villa is built with stone combining the characteristics of the Cretan architecture with those of modern design and creating an ideal holiday environment. The villa has 3 bedrooms and an extra fully furnished guest room. It has a private swimming pool, garden and furnished terraces.
The ground floor consists of an open plan living room with a piano, a dining area and a kitchen. On this level there are also two bedrooms, one with a double bed and one with two single beds that can be converted into a double king size bed and two bathrooms with showers.
A staircase made of iron and glass leads up to the the airy and sunny master bedroom. This bedroom has a king size bed and a bath with bathtub hydro massage - hamam-aromatherapy cabin. Over the Master Bedroom there is a wooden loft suitable for relaxation, meditation, reading, work ... you will be there along the wooden staircase located in the bedroom. From the terrace, which someone can approach either from the master bedroom, or from the outside staircase, you can enjoy the beautiful view of the pool and the sea.
The villa also offers a space that can be used for various activities. It can be characterized as fitness/play room and contains a bathroom, a refrigerator, gym equipment and a massage bed.
On the terrace outside the playroom you can simply relax and enjoy the beautiful view, or you can work out during a Pilates, Yoga, Callanetics or Swedish gymnastics session under the guidance of a personal trainer. From the fitness/play room, a wooden staircase leads to a wooden loft that provides a double bed and can be used as a guest room, when people exceed 6 (six) in number.
Villa Petra 2 has a 550sqm outdoor area.
The villa has a 60sqm swimming pool for adults with hydro massage jets and waterfall jet for the neck and the shoulders, a children's pool, a garden and playground, large verandas in front of the garden and the pool, as well as a barbeque and a traditional oven.
There is also private parking space with remote control entrance gate.
|Sleeps up to 8, 4 bedrooms
|4 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms of which 3 Family bathrooms and 1 En suites
|Will consider
|Long term lets (over 1 month)
|No pets allowed, No smoking at this property
|Jacuzzi or hot tub, Sea view
|Private outdoor pool (unheated), Children's pool
|Air conditioning, Safe, Wi-Fi available
|Double beds (3), Single beds (2), Dining seats for 8, Lounge seats for 8
|Linen provided, Towels provided, High chair
|Private outdoor pool (unheated), Balcony or terrace, Private garden, BBQ
|Parking, Not suitable for wheelchair users


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Date: 2 years ago
Runtime: 3:15
Views: 30,779
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March 11, 2013
The members of the 2013 state champion Colonie boys bowling team are, from left, (front) Ricky Rovelli, Noah Burke and Nick Peckowitz; and (back) Eric Kaminski, Justin Frey, C.J. Leisenfelder, coach Bill Carl, Justin Carl, Nick Shaw and Charles Moeske.
Stories this photo appears in:
Raiders roll to bowling title
Colonie fends off East Islip's rally at state championships
There is a dynasty in the making at Colonie Central High School. The boys bowling team won its second state title in the last three years when it defeated 10 Sectional champions from across New York March 2 in Syracuse.
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TV Tonight: "The Real World: Denver"
TV Tonight: "The Real World: Denver"
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I don't know how it happened, but I'm completely hooked on "The Real World: Denver." Not just "oh, I'll watch it if it's on" hooked; more like "better set the TiVo" hooked. For the past two weeks, the seven strangers have been in the woods, training with Outward Bound. I suppose that's the thing to do if you're in Colorado, but all that rock climbing and pooping outdoors was starting to feel a little too wholesome. Luckily, tonight's episode looks to be full of all the hot-tub nudity, drunken make-out sessions, and sexuality-switching of the "Real World"s of yore. To see a clip,


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Are Employment Relations Undergoing a Fundamental Change That Threatens the Future of Capitalism? A Critique of Hodgson's View of the Labor Contract
Bell, Stephanie A., Henry, John F., Journal of Economic Issues
In 1954, Joseph Schumpeter declared that debates over the employment effects of technological change were "dead and buried" (1954, 684). Despite this declaration, many social scientists continued to investigate the manner in which technology affects the work process. Typically, these inquiries have resulted in one of three hypotheses: de-skilling (Braverman 1974), upgrading (Blauner 1964; Gallie 1978), or polarization (Jones 1982; Spenner 1995). Thus some, following Adam Smith ([1776] 1937), Karl Marx (1867), and David Ricardo ([1821] 1970), have viewed technological innovation as the means through which workers are deprived of substantial knowledge about the work process; some have seen it as a catalyst for workplace democracy; and others have viewed it as merely having altered control of the labor process. Geoffrey Hodgson (1999) recently took the polarization thesis a step further, arguing that technological change has increased the amount of tacit knowledge held by certain workers, thereby fundamentally a ltering the labor contract that defines capitalist employment relations. In his view, the very existence of capitalism, as we know it, may be threatened by these changes.
In this essay, we examine Hodgson's position and then raise a series of objections. We believe that technological change has succeeded in masking certain features of the employment relation, but, in contrast to Hodgson, we do not believe that these changes have altered the nature of the capitalist employment relation itself. In other words, we make a distinction between employment relations, which we contend have not undergone any fundamental change, and employment arrangements, which we recognize are constantly being redefined as technology evolves. In addition to this distinction, we question Hodgson's claim that capitalism itself might be threatened as a consequence of recent technological developments. Indeed, we argue that far from threatening the property rights and market relations consistent with capitalism, the impact of workplace technological change (especially through telecommuting) may protect the system by avoiding the concentration (and unionization) of the working class.
The Capitalist Employment Relation
In Capital, Marx laid the foundations from which he analyzed capitalism as a distinct social formation. As he explained, the sale of labor power as a commodity is crucial to understanding capitalist employment relations. Labor power, though it exists in all forms of economic organizations, becomes a (capitalist) commodity only if two conditions are satisfied. First, the laborer must own his or her skills and, thus, must have the right to sell labor power for a definite period of time. Second, the laborer cannot be in a position to sell directly those use-values produced through the exertion of labor power (1867, 164-5). To satisfy this condition, labor cannot control the means of production, or use-values could be sold directly by the producer of those values without resorting to the commodification of one's skills.
Now, as capitalism develops, its historical tendency is to spatially collectivize workers as a class. The natural forces of competition, coupled with technological change (promoted by capitalist profit-seeking firms), result in an ever greater concentration of capital and a concomitant growth and geographic concentration of the working class. As workers are brought together by the forces of accumulation, they begin to organize into unions, using their collective power to wrangle higher wages, better working conditions, shorter workdays, and so on--raising the value of labor power which, ceteris paribus, reduces surplus value and ultimately leads to the demise of capitalism.
Hodgson on the Changing Nature of the Employment Relation
While generally sympathetic to Marx's position, Hodgson (1999, xviii) argues that changed circumstances surrounding developments in computer technology (in the main) and workers' control of tacit knowledge (in particular) now alters the fundamental employment contract and, therefore, undermines the basic social relationship of a capitalist economy. …


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"Air Liquide is making big changes to the health insurance this year. Starting in 2017 HSA will be the only option for many employees. While the..."
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