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The concept of social sustainability is occasionally used in fisheries political argumentation, but practical policies are typically guided by ecological and economic arguments rather than the social. On the other hand, social justice and moral acceptability are general prerequisites for successful fisheries governance. This paper studies the changing social dimensions in Finnish fisheries where interactions between the water-owner-based management system and various user groups have produced enduring contradictions. Along with a shift towards recreational fishing, the national and international levels of fisheries governance have largely replaced the local owner-based management system. Consequently, increasing numbers of new interest groups, rural–urban relations, management measures and governance institutions have become part of the fisheries complex. Contradictions typically culminate in fishing rights and the power to decide over access to fishing waters. The biodiversity and wildlife conservation measures have often underrated the social, as well as economic, aspects of fishing.
In fisheries governance, natural sciences have held a hegemonic position as the basis for knowledge. As Svein [Jentoft (2006]:672) holds, this situation should be 'replaced by a multi- or, ideally, inter-disciplinary approach to fisheries management, where the social and economic issues are examined as thoroughly and systematically as those of the natural systems'. This is needed because social justice and moral acceptability are general prerequisites for successful fisheries governance. The general argumentation concerning the importance of social dimensions does not, however, seem to guide practical policies.
According to David Symes and Jeremy Phillipson (2009) the policy makers are 'strangely unwilling to incorporate explicit social objectives into the design of fisheries policy'. They note that incorporation of sustainable development approaches in fisheries policy has paradoxically weakened the status of social objectives. For instance, the prioritization of 'inter-generational justice' over 'intra-generational equity' has diminished the social dimension of fisheries policy. Policy makers have been preoccupied with driving down fishing effort due to overfishing and enhancing economic efficiency in line with a neo-liberal approach to sustainable economic growth. Moreover, [Symes and Phillipson (2009]:4) note that 'Allied to the scarcity of relevant social data on the fishing industry is a lack of awareness of the social ethos, context and relationships of the fishing industry and the fishing community'.
Social sustainability, like the sustainable development concept, is multi-dimensional and difficult to define ([Rannikko 1999]:397). A prerequisite for social sustainability is that local communities learn new practices and, at the same time, the non-local actors adapt their strategies to the circumstances of local people and nature ([Jokinen 2005]:47). Cultural sustainability can be seen as a sub-class of social sustainability. In cultural sustainability 'Development is in harmony with the cultural concepts of the individuals involved' ([Rannikko 1999]:397). The variability and context dependency of social phenomena is a challenge, if not an obstacle, when aiming to construct quantitative and comparable indicators for sustainability. Anthony Charles (2001) has provided checklists and indicators for operationalizing the practical assessment of sustainability in fisheries systems. Also [Glaser and Diele (2004]) list multiple criteria postulated in the social sustainability literature: quality of life, social peace, a strong civil society, participation, the degree of incidence of different forms of poverty and exclusion, distributional equity, justice and human rights, cultural identity and diversity, the maintenance of social capital and the effectiveness of social institutions and norms. The relative importance of any one social sustainability criterion is highly dependent on a region's cultural, political, social and economic context. Thus Glaser and Diele hold that social sustainability lacks the possibility of abstraction from the specific context which is characteristic of economic and biological sustainability criteria.
Social perspectives and interactions are crucial for understanding fisheries governance. [Chuenpagdee et al. (2005]:25–26) have noted that 'Social justice is a key issue in fisheries, since the distribution of power and income and the allocation of rights change in relation to access to resources'. Studying the location and exercise of power is important in order to understand how the governing system functions, although this is not an easy task due to the complexity and partly hidden nature of the power positions. Chuenpagdee et al. also emphasize change in governance processes. As the society and fisheries, together with the governance systems, are undergoing transformation is it feasible to use the social sustainability concept? Increasing numbers of interested parties, knowledge producers and governance institutions at different scales have become part of the dynamic fisheries complex. Thus one is entitled to ask whose interests and values should be sustained? Should we rather talk about social justice and wellbeing?
When social sustainability is defined as: 'Development reinforces the individuals' control over their own lives. The results of development are distributed equitably' ([Rannikko 1999]:397), the components of social justice are evident. For instance, in the case of a new fishery regulation, it is not unusual for local community members to find the fairness of the governance procedures ([Engelen et al. 2008]:10) unacceptable, although they could live with the consequences of the particular regulation. The broad social wellbeing framework explores relationships between environmental, social, political and economic sustainability by putting the human being at the center of the analysis ([Coulthard et al. 2011]:454). It focuses on the wide range of social relationships that are integral to people achieving their wellbeing. Also in this approach social justice is important: in governance the agents of change must ask whether their actions will raise wellbeing throughout the population and in a socially just fashion (Ibid:461). By studying the socio-cultural dimensions and heterogeneity in fisheries, the social wellbeing perspective helps towards an understanding of the conflict around policy regimes. The different visions and strategies for wellbeing that different people hold and pursue are often not compatible with others, which poses a challenge for governance (Ibid:459).
This paper studies the changing social dimensions in fisheries conflicts and their management. Finnish fisheries are examined as an example of situations where, in addition to nature conservation interests, recreational use of fish resources has become topical and where a variety of resource user groups operate within the same system. In the public debates ecological perspectives are typically more vocally addressed than the social ones. On the other hand, Finnish contradictions typically culminate in debates over property rights, particularly regarding rights for fishing and the power to decide about access to fishing waters; these are essentially social-political debates. Property rights are important from the perspective of social sustainability, because they determine people's possibilities to gain wellbeing from fisheries and to participate in the governance procedures. Moreover, different stakeholder groups hold different visions and illusions about property rights, which easily lead to contradictions.
Historically, abundant inland and coastal water areas in a sparsely populated country have provided rich fishing opportunities for the Finns. Although a notable culture of fishing and fish consumption has prevailed, recent transformations and contradictions challenge the sustainability of fisheries especially from the social and economic perspectives. The major transformation in fishing activities has been a shift from commercial harvest towards recreational fishing. Parallel with this development, national and international levels of fisheries governance have partly replaced the established local owner-based management system in Finland. Thus the governance system involves an increasing number of interest groups, rural–urban relations, management measures and governance institutions. The resulting conflicts reflect the importance - and complications - of reaching harmony on property rights.
Property rights systems are complicated as they derive from physical factors and from social and political factors. Ownership is a combination of public and private, large-scale and small-scale, enduring and transient, settled and contested claims ([McCay 2009]:24). In some cases the essence of ownership may be formal and clear, but typically it is a mixture which reflects who is doing the definition and with what power, and how the property rights are agreed upon and configured ([McCay 2009]:24). The discussion benefits from dividing property rights into more precise concepts like use rights and management rights ([Charles 2001]:281).
Rights-based management has become a popular concept in fisheries management stressing the importance of privatized access systems such as individual transferable quotas, where marketable commodities are in private ownership. For instance in their study of property rights regimes in European inland commercial fisheries [Sipponen et al. (2010]) presumed that privatization of fishing rights would increase efficiency. The results showed, however, that public property right regimes accounted for higher catches and employment than the private ones.
Social relations and community membership, along with the economic perspectives, are significant forces in property rights and ownership systems. [McCay (2009]:20) has described the 'commons' notion of ownership, which is closely connected with community membership and the community-based transmission of knowledge. 'This kind of ownership is about knowing and belonging, about identity and long-term, meaningful relationships with natural systems' ([McCay 2009]:20).
This analysis is inspired by the theory of interactive governance ([Kooiman 2003]; [Kooiman 2005]). The various changes in Finnish fisheries have increased complexity and diversity of both the system-to-be-governed and the governing system. Conflicts constitute one form of interaction, which have shaped the governing system and the property rights regime. They reflect repeated difficulties in achieving balance between different visions and often incompatible strategies for wellbeing. The following short descriptions of various tensions and conflicts in Finnish fisheries are based on research findings and a collection of other published material.
Social change and tensions in Finnish fisheries
Water owners, landless people and commercial fishing
Interactions between the water-owner management system and various user groups have produced enduring contradictions in Finnish fisheries. Starting more than one hundred years ago these tensions were manifested in the rise of the commercial fisheries, which were operated by landless people, and later in relation to recreational fishing. Most of the Finnish coastal and inland waters have traditionally been under private ownership and associated with the possession of land. This was codified in a statute of the year 1766 when Finland was a part of Sweden ([Eklund 1994]). In the 1902 fisheries legislation the fishing rights of the landless people - the majority of professional fishers - became weaker. The landowning farmers were allocated more decision power over fishing in their water areas. This reform was based on the idea that professional fishing should be operated by the land and water owning segment of the population ([Eklund 1994]).
As in other primary production sectors, employment in Finnish fisheries declined drastically during the 20th century. In 1901 the number of commercial fishers was at least 20 000 ([Eklund 1991]), but in 2009 only 2 398, 2 077 of which operated in the Baltic Sea and 321 in the inland waters ([Nylander 2010]). Several factors have contributed to the decline, one being fish marketing opportunities connected to the historical changes. For instance, the Baltic fishing was developed in symbiosis with Russia for centuries, but the loss of those markets after 1917 led to a significant fall in fisheries employment ([Eklund 1991]). Later, the reduction of relative fish prices and increased competition have reduced both profitability and the number of fishers.
In the 1950s coastal fisheries faced a crisis, intensified by the fact that the Finnish state did not provide noteworthy support to the livelihoods of the people affected – conversely to the situation in Norway or Sweden ([Eklund 1993]). The weak political status of Finnish commercial fishers has continued since the state has not been particularly interested in the economic problems of this relatively small occupational group, in contrast to the primary production of agriculture. For long, agricultural producers have formed a powerful political force in Finland, which has influenced the rural emphasis of the Finnish welfare state rationality; in the late 20th century the field-working peasant became the symbol of the national ability for reconstruction and was economically supported by the state ([Granberg 1999], [Eklund 1993]). The low political status of the fishers' occupational group does not stem only from its decreased size and from the national focus on agriculture. Following the decline of coastal fishing communities, the continuing fisher families remained separated from each other in remote coastal areas, which has hampered their organization, co-operation and weight in the governance system.
Fishers on the coast, archipelagos and lakes typically own their fishing equipment and harvest the waters close to their home with relatively small boats on a seasonal and family basis. In spite of the general decline in commercial fishing, fisheries are of economic, social and cultural importance for many coastal and inland locations. Fishers value the independence, freedom and life mode in their livelihood and regard the local community as their support. Many have a life-long commitment to their occupation and emphasize the non-monetary aims of work ([Salmi and Salmi 1998]; [Salmi 2005]). Instead of high incomes fishers stress the aim of earning enough income to make a living. The cultural resources, preferred life mode and commitment to the occupation have supported the continuation of commercial fishing for many, but the future of fishing as a livelihood in Finland seems uncertain especially at the coastal areas.
The owner-based and top-down management systems
In the Finnish owner-based local management of fisheries the decision maker is commonly a collective, namely a statutory shareholders' (fishery) association. It jointly represents the interests of individual owners in fishery matters ([Salmi and Muje 2001]). The traditional scope of operation has been the village. Most of these water owners' associations were established in the 1950s and 1960s when Finland was still mainly a rural society. The major land owners, typically farmers, have been at the core of decision making. The associations sell fishing licenses and typically use the income in stocking fish fingerlings. The mental model of this local management of lakes and coasts has been influenced by the management of fields or forests. Not all of the water owners are necessarily interested in fishing, but typically the decision makers in the fishery associations are household fishers using passive gear primarily for domestic consumption. The associations are, in principle, also obliged by law to provide fishing opportunities for rod fishers and commercial fishers. In locations where public water areas are available, commercial fishers have not been completely dependent on access to privately owned water areas.
In the late 20th century many regarded the local owner-based management system as too protective and inefficient, partly due to the fact that there were large numbers of passive management units and management of many water areas was completely unorganized. In addition, the owned water areas had become dispersed and smaller in size due to the shift of land ownership especially into the hands of second home owners. The access rights of the landless population were deemed unsatisfactory by the proponents of increasing the number of urban recreational fishers. Substantial structural reform was undertaken by the Fisheries Act of 1982, which aimed at sustainable production by fostering rational fisheries management and efficient professional fishing. Fisheries Regions – new, partly administrative organizations - were established at the intermediate level of management system. The representatives of fishery associations remain in the majority, but representatives of recreational and commercial fishers are also involved. The grip of government was further strengthened in 1982 through the establishment of 11 fishery districts, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry ([Salmi and Muje 2001]).
International agreements and the adoption of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) increased fisheries regulations and control after Finland joined the EU in 1995. Whereas in former days the framework for fishing was set by the local community, today major decisions affecting the local fisheries are made far outside the area ([Storå 2003]). The CFP emphasizes big professional fishing units, which compete in the market with the small-scale coastal fishers. Consequently, the diverse and heterogenic coastal fisheries tend to become marginalized. On the other hand, the CFP has neither strongly influenced nor restricted the commercial lake fisheries or recreational fishing.
Towards post-productivism in fisheries
Recent transitions in the utilization of rural natural resources and rural development have been described as a shift from productivism towards post-productivism. In line with [Rannikko's (2008]) study regarding Finnish forestry, the change towards post-productivism can be seen as a historical development where the emphasis has shifted from production to a diversity of resource utilization and protection. The forests provide important natural products, recreation, exercise and nature experience for many local people and visitors. In parallel with contributions to people's wellbeing, nature conservation is also an element of the post-productivist forests.
In spite of its abundant water areas Finland has never been able to compete with the big fishing countries in terms of commercial landings. Yet the productivist fisheries paradigms and ideas have prevailed for a long time, although at present it is the recreational motivations that characterize fisheries use in most water areas. As the result of an increase during the last decades, Finland is one of the leading recreational fishing countries ([Varjopuro and Salmi 2003]); about 35–40% of the population fish at least once a year during their leisure time ([Toivonen 2008]). In 2010, there were 1.7 million recreational fishers and fishing was the most, or almost the most, important hobby for 50 000 fishers ([FGFRI 2011]).
Finland was urbanized comparatively late but rapidly. In 1950 most of the population still lived in the countryside, but from 1970 the majority of Finns inhabited urban regions. Most people still had their roots in rural areas and enjoyed more leisure time. Summer houses, mainly built on the lake or coastal shoreline, became very popular. These cottages are also important places for sustaining and reconstructing recreational fishing activities ([Salmi et al. 2006]). As the summer cottage dwellers are typically urban people with their roots in the countryside, they partly follow the customs and habits associated with the past, but also give them new meanings, filtered through the modern urban perspective ([Jokinen 2002]). Thus the fishing culture has become partly non-localized ([Lappalainen 1998]) and the fisher groups have increased in number and variation of behavior and values ([Salmi et al. 2008]).
Debates over fishing rights
Along with the societal change and differentiation, social and cultural dimensions are increasingly topical issues in the governance of fisheries. As the following case studies will reveal, fisheries contradictions often culminate in property rights issues, because they determine people's practical opportunities to gain wellbeing from fisheries and to participate in governance procedures. Property rights conflicts in Finnish fisheries highlight the complexities in achieving acceptable procedures for decision making and in striking a balance between the wellbeing outcomes of divergent interests and values like those of commercial and recreational fishers and water owners.
Commercial lake fisheries
In the Finnish lake areas tensions between commercial fishing and local water owner associations have mostly concerned the fishing rights of commercial fishing for vendace with small pair trawls and seine netting ([Salmi and Auvinen 1998]). Conflicts occurred especially in the early 1990s when the vendace stocks were declining. The water owners' associations refused to grant permits for commercial fishing. The local owner-fishers, who used mostly gill nets, regarded commercial fishing practices as unsustainable for the reproduction of vendace stocks. When dealing with these conflicts in the court, fisheries scientists have generally argued that commercial fishing does not endanger the future of vendace stocks.
In the lake fisheries disputes the water owners stressed that the owners' right to make decisions about their water area without outside interference is fundamental ([Salmi and Auvinen 1998]). In the Lake Onkamo conflict the water owners also underlined the inequality among the fisher groups: they suggested that there are 600 gill net fishers and only two seine net teams using the fish resources of the lake. Winter seine net fishing on the ice is a traditional commercial fishing method (Figure 1). The local owner-fishers prioritized the access rights of recreational gill net fishers. According to commercial fishers, the motive for reducing the seine net fishing effort derived from envy among the people of the village of their considerable income from fishing. Fisheries legislation stressed that local water owners should allow commercial fishing operations when fish stocks are not endangered. A knowledge-related problem was that owner-fishers' knowledge about the state of the vendace stocks was mediated through gill net fishing, which may cause bias due to its selectivity.
Figure 1. The most important target species of the Finnish lake fisheries, vendace (Coregonus albula), is here captured by winter seine netting. Vendace is a species of freshwater whitefish.
In many lake and coastal areas the water owners' associations have been positive towards the access rights of both commercial and recreational fishers. The main focus, however, has been on the needs of those who own the waters, where their activities have been supported by a strong network of fishery advisors. Typically, the most concrete activities undertaken by the central association and regional advisors in rural advisory centers have been the stocking of fingerlings. This fish stock enhancement can be interpreted as one of the main benefits of water ownership and is aimed at improving the target species of the owner-fishers. In certain, mainly Swedish-speaking coastal areas water ownership has been considered primarily as supporter of the commercial fishing culture, and in these areas there has been strong resistance to the granting of new access rights for rod fishers.
Rod fishing rights
Several rights for non-water-owners have been protected by law in Finland. For example, ice fishing with a rod and angling with a rod and natural bait are allowed irrespective of the ownership of the water (so-called 'every man's rights'). The latest change enhancing the fishing opportunities of non-owners was the adoption of a provincial lure fishing fee in 1997 (Figure 2), after a lively debate in Parliament and the media. Water owners opposed this new legislation and interpreted it as interference with private ownership and local decision making. In a series of paid announcements published in a widely circulated newspaper, the owners even argued that the state was socializing private property ([Pirhonen and Salmi 1998]).
Figure 2. Since 1997 Finnish recreational fishers who use spinning rods have had access to wide-ranging water areas by paying the provincial lure fishing fee to the state.
The resistance to the recreational fishers' relatively free access to private waters was justified by various arguments, which can be divided into three main categories: 1) the licensing system causes harm to commercial fishing and the tourist industry, 2) lure fishermen disturb nature, fish reproduction and people using the shore and 3) the licensing system hampers local management and control of fisheries ([Salmi 2009a]). According to the local water owners, commercial gill net fishers found spoon-baits in their nets and lures had also broken the nets. It was not so much a question of economic loss, but an addition to the diversity of problems in commercial fisheries. The situation where a highly valued livelihood is being disturbed by recreationalists from outside the area was considered unbearable. It was intimated that commercial fishing was taking second place to leisure fishermen, who do not know how to behave in the archipelago area ([Salmi 2009a]). The water owners found it difficult to control fishing, because they were no longer the exclusive license providers in their waters. Motivation for looking after fish stocks and supervising the compliance with fishing regulations weakened.
People in the Swedish-speaking archipelago are particularly forceful defenders of the institution of private ownership ([see Taxell 1989]:56). Application of the state-organized provincial lure fishing fee system reflects a long-rooted property right conflict. Already in the early 1970s commercial fishers were worried about the shift of control from the water owners and commercial fishers to those promoting recreational interests ([Bergman and Österholm 1975]:172). The discussion concerning the fishery management rights of local people also has features parallel to the heated debates on nature conservation and private ownership of land and water. In the case of the lure fishing fee, the strong rhetoric in favor of private water ownership reflects the need to keep the management rights in the hands of the local people - ownership can be regarded as a symbol of the community's self-determination ([Salmi and Varjopuro 2001]).
Reforming the Finnish fisheries legislation
Ongoing discussion over a wide ranging reform concerning fisheries legislation reveals complex issues, tensions and a variety of seemingly irreconcilable viewpoints, largely rooted in self-interest. The province-wide lure fishing fee system has been discussed in the context of guided fishing. When a fishing guide takes his clients fishing into a privately owned area, is the province-wide lure fishing fee adequate or should the fishers also obtain a permit from the local water owners? The Supreme Court of Finland has decided that the lure fishing fee granted by the state is not applicable in this type of fishing tourism business. This interpretation has made the fishing guide entrepreneurs angry and they have demanded a change in legislation. They claim that the Swedish People's Party, which represents the Swedish-speaking Finns, is the main opponent of fishing tourism ([Paataja 2008]). Supporters of guided fishing hold that the Swedish People's Party has been against every step towards widening the public fishing rights of recreational fishers starting with ice fishing and angling. The Secretary of State ([Johansson 2008]) commented that the access of guided fishing tourists to privately owned waters has always required water owners' permission. A possible change in the Fisheries Act should be made in the order of procedure required for the enactment of constitutional legislation.
In the context of the reform of fisheries legislation the spokesman of the Finnish Federation for Recreational Fishing has interpreted the social dimension of sustainability: "According to social sustainability legislation should secure equitable and sufficient fishing opportunities for all citizens and steer fishing in the way which can be widely accepted also by those Finns who do not fish" ([Mäkelä 2008]). In contrast, the [Finnish Commercial Fishers' Federation (2008]) has commented that scarcity of sufficient fishing water areas has hampered the fishing livelihood in many regions and legislation should be changed in order to secure sufficient fishing rights for commercial fishing. On the other hand, the [Advisory board of water owners (2008]) has argued that the reform of fisheries legislation should not endanger the water owners' rights to decide how fishing activities and the conservation of fish resources are arranged.
Fisheries and environmentalisation
The modern emphasis on ecological and environmental dimensions of sustainability has increasingly influenced the images of fisheries governance problems, the system-to-be-governed and the governing system. The environmentalization process in fisheries increases the complexity of the governance problems and calls for collaboration across sectoral borders ([Salmi 2009]b). Within the Finnish fisheries system, the state-organized regulation of Baltic salmon has given rise to deeply entrenched debates. Since the 1980s Finnish commercial salmon fisheries have been strictly regulated, primarily by closed seasons ([Salmi and Salmi 2005]). The regulations are based on protecting the declining wild stocks, but have also been motivated by the desire to secure catches for the recreational river fishery. This has aroused conflicts between the commercial coastal salmon fishers who harvest in the Baltic Sea and the people living in riverside Tornionjoki. The conflict is connected to perceived inequality between river stakeholders and sea fishers in the allocation of rights and opportunities for salmon fishing. The geographical distances, different motivations for fishing, regional cultures and divergent knowledge bases are elements that have made the governance of salmon fishery challenging ([Salmi and Salmi 2005]).
The seal-fisheries and cormorant-fisheries conflicts reflect multiple tensions between demands for rural social and economic sustainability and wildlife conservation ([Salmi 2009b]). The bases for these conflicts concern the damage induced by the seals and cormorants to the fishing livelihood. Grey seals are commonly regarded as the main threat in Finnish coastal fisheries and the effects of the rapidly increasing cormorant populations on fish stocks and fisheries are also hotly debated. The perspectives concerning Finnish seal politics have become divided between the fisheries and hunting groups on one hand and nature protectors and environmental administrators on the other. Similar tensions are present also in the cormorant conflict, where environmental perspectives exert greater influence, largely because the cormorant belongs to the list of species whose protection falls within the responsibility of the environmental administration.
Fisheries governance has traditionally been a multifaceted task due to the complex interactions between the social, economic, technical, and natural spheres, but the wildlife-related conflicts add a new diversity of interests, values, and knowledge. In the seal-fisheries and cormorant-fisheries disputes, the governance system has increased in complexity due to the institutionalised sectoral barriers between two ministries supported by their separate research institutes ([Salmi 2009]b).
Recently a debate between local gill net fishing rights in the Saimaa lake area, Eastern Finland, and the conservation of the Saimaa ringed seal has gained prominence in the Finnish media. Saimaa ringed seal is an endangered species living only in this lake system. Compared to other threats to the seal population, like climate change, drowning of pups and adult seals in fishing gear has been the most debated one. Fishing has been regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in order to protect the seal since 1999. These top-down measures caused local resistance and conflicts ([Tonder 2005]). New pressures for the regulation of gill net fishing arose in 2006 and 2007 along with declining trend in the ringed seal population.
In 2008 a working group, where interest groups like water owners and the seal conservationists were represented, agreed on a strategy which combined fishing gear restrictions over a wide area and the targeting of increasing voluntary regulation by the local shareholders associations in terms of closed seasons. Later, a fishing gear development project was initiated (Figure 3). The voluntary regulation was realized by local shareholders associations who signed agreements for total closure of spring-time gill net fishing in the main distribution area of the seal species. This strategy was, however, soon contested by the nature protection lobby, which provoked an extensive media campaign in 2009. The resulting inflamed debates reflect a rural–urban conflict where all parties agree on the need for protection of the ringed seal, but disagree with governance procedures and practical management instruments. The local water owners and gill net fishers in Eastern Finland have been irritated by the newspaper articles that do not show respect for the willingness and ability to deal with the issue at the local and regional level. A top-down approach for banning gill net fishing instead of negotiations in the lake areas has been repeatedly suggested and nature conservationists have also appealed to the European Commission for support over seal protection.
Figure 3. An EU-funded project has developed new trap net designs for the commercial fishers in the Saimaa lake area. The aim is to produce a gear which is both safe for the Saimaa ringed seals and efficient from the fishers' perspective.
This paper has focused on the changing social settings and confrontations in the fisheries system. In spite of the strengthened emphasis on ecological and economic sustainability in fisheries policy, the social and cultural dimensions are constantly critical for the governance of fisheries. Conflicts rise time and again as new stakeholder groups challenge the social wellbeing of the more established groups as illustrated in the context of Finnish fisheries. A connecting thread linking the reviewed fisheries debates is that they typically culminate in property rights issues and demands for social justice. Consequently, ownership, management opportunities and use rights are significant mechanisms in achieving social justice and social sustainability. When highlighting the social and political nature of property rights allocation, the findings at the same time challenge the common economic images of privatized access systems.
The historical and cultural basis of the contradictions cannot be overemphasized. Due to the transformations in fisheries and in Finnish society, including processes of postproductivism and environmentalisation, both the systems-to-be-governed and the governing systems increase in complexity and diversity, and often the interest groups become differentiated. A pertinent dividing line between the water owners and the non-owner-users of the fish resources has been embedded in the Finnish fisheries governance system. For instance, the power play between water owners and recreational fishers has led to a complicated multi-level fishing licensing system, which many fishers find hard to understand. While water owners appealed to the constitutional rights of private ownership, recreational fishers used their political power in order to change legislation in the favor of their fishing opportunities. Rather than marketable commodities, at the local level, property rights and ownership symbolize community self-determination, and also serve as an instrument of resistance to outside interference and change. This explains the social and cultural importance of ownership.
The context-dependency of social phenomenon can be detected in the relationships between Finnish water owners and commercial fisheries, which ranged from contradictory to symbiotic. In the past commercial fisheries were marginalized in relation to agriculture, but later the recreational and environmental values have become increasingly vocal in comparison to fishing and other rural livelihoods. Although commercial and recreational fisheries operate in the same governance framework and use the same fish resources, the moral discussion about the access rights between a small number of professionals and a large number of hobbyists has been muted.
In the change towards post-productivist fisheries systems, the multiplicity of user groups and interests amplifies the need to strike a better balance between ecological, economic and social dimensions of sustainability. In political debates on fisheries the social arguments are often hidden behind ecological and economic rhetoric, although many of the debates deal with social dimensions like moral acceptability and social justice. In the absence of thorough discussion the age-old positions are easily sustained. Multi- and interdisciplinary studies on social wellbeing - initiated or supported by the fisheries system - could help in finding common ground.
Commercial fisheries have often been squeezed into narrow operational space, mostly due to fishing restrictions. Conservation-driven approaches to governance are typically in favor of science-based, hierarchical modes, which lack stakeholder participation and inclusion of local knowledge. This risks the successful mitigation of the conflicts, because local groups put great emphasis on the fairness of governance procedures. Searching for new co-governance arrangements, like partnerships between water owners and seal protectors in the Finnish case, is in line with the idea of social sustainability: local communities and water owners can learn new practices and accept the involvement of wider interests in local management. In the governance of multi-stakeholder fisheries special attention should be given to the processes of defining ownership and property rights: and how to strike a balance between the divergent interests and values in the changing society. The design of practical access rights and management rights are of vital importance in preventing or mitigating contradictions and in sustaining the wellbeing derived from fisheries.
Competing interests
The author declares that he has no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
PS has written and is responsible for the whole article and has approved the final manuscript.
This paper draws on earlier work of the author and on two presentations, which took place in Sustainable Fishing Communities working group of the European Society for Rural Sociology congress in Finland (2009) and in Stakeholder Knowledge panel session of the People and the Sea conference in the Netherlands (2011). The author is grateful for the fruitful discussions and comments on the paper and is also indebted to two anonymous referees and Dr. Juha Hiedanpää for supporting the development of the manuscript.
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Granberg, L. 1999. The emergence of welfare state rationality in Finnish agricultural policy. Sociologia Ruralis 39: 311–327. Publisher Full Text
Jentoft, S. 2006. Beyond fisheries management: The Phronetic dimension. Marine Policy 30: 671–680. Publisher Full Text
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McCay, BJ. 2009. The Littoral and the Liminal: Challenges to the Management of the Coastal and Marine Commons. MAST 7: 7–30.
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Happy Thanksgiving! Regularly Scheduled Articles Will Resume Monday, November 30
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November 25, 2015 12:05 pm
Jerry Dipoto's catcher follows him north, while the Angels replace Iannetta with Soto.
November 25, 2015 8:14 am
Continuing the examine the velocity changes that took place across the league in 2015.
Last week we took a look at the pitchers who have suffered the largest knocks to velocity in the 2015 season, and today we examine the other side of the coin.
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November 25, 2015 6:00 am
And as the orange globe rears up to swallow us too, I see you look at me to figure out what I know about you. Well, I'm not telling. I'm not telling you anything.
"Here's a theory of mine that may or may not be true: you can get almost anywhere in a ballpark as long as you're wearing a lanyard. If you want journalistic access to a team, you could work hard for years, turning in clean copy on time and impressing your superiors until somebody sponsors you for season credentials or the BBWAA. Or you could skip all that, put on a good-looking lanyard, and try to look like you know where you're going. Most people assume that anyone wearing one inside a stadium is supposed to be there." —Ben Lindbergh
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November 25, 2015 6:00 am
To make things better.
Our objective at BP Stats is to provide sophisticated and useful metrics. Our mission is to do this while working transparently. Part of this involves reviewing what we have. As much—if not more—is about building new things.
Today we arrive at an update to FRAA—Fielding Runs Above Average—that represents both lanes of the process. FRAA is the metric we use at BP to measure the defensive contributions made by players in the field. In reviewing what we had, we found something we really needed to fix—outfield assists were not being counted in FRAA. We're also adding some new metrics for catcher throwing skills (SRAA and TRAA) along with the framing and blocking metrics (CSAA and EPAA) we already were adding. This will allow FRAA to reflect player defense across a variety of important spectrums.
All of these improvements are happening even while we work on the next generation of FRAA using some of the techniques that have produced things like DRA and CSAA. This new version of FRAA will be the next "old" version if our offseason projects go well.
Zoom Out: WARP
A quick review of how we make our Wins Above Replacement Player (WARP) metric. Here's how we generate WARP, in two parts.
November 25, 2015 6:00 am
Baseball joins the domestic violence conversation.
This is the silly season. The time of year we contemplate Baseball, free from the whip-around of everyday play. So with the news of Jose Reyes' arrest on Halloween, I find myself pondering something that isn't silly at all: the violence visited upon women by men who play the game, and my trepidation at how that violence will be handled.
Violence occupies an odd place in baseball. Unlike football, where hard blows are understood as part of the vocabulary of the game, contact is marked as unusual in baseball. It's the result of a heated moment or an errant throw, a late slide deemed by whatever standard to be dirty instead of gritty. For all the talk of the way the game has always been played, force in baseball often sits in isolation, readily available for dissection and scrutiny. Even those who justify throwing at a batter as necessary retribution do so knowing their rationale is predicated in part on how aberrant this call is. It's a rupture in the way the game proceeds. Traditional but not routine. Stripped of their novelty, those moments would risk baseball becoming a different sport, something unrecognizable.
November 25, 2015 6:00 am
Notes on prospects who've stood out over the past two days, including Astros righty Chris Devenski and D'backs outfielder Socrates Brito.
Monday, November 23rd
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November 24, 2015 9:28 am
After a rough 2014 debut, Javier Baez was tasked with making some significant adjustments.
Javier Baez was once the crown jewel of the Cubs farm system. But after a 2014 debut exposed his major swing-and-miss issues and the emergence of Kris Bryant, Kyle Schwarber, and Addison Russell, he almost got lost in the mix of elite, young talent that's filling up Wrigley Field on a regular basis of late. But in 2015, after overcoming tragedy and injury, Baez was able to make the adjustments asked of him and the Cubs and their fans began to see glimpses of the what could be if Baez's immense skill set translated into on-field success. Over at BP Wrigleyville, Isaac Bennett takes a look at what exactly happened with Baez in 2015.
November 24, 2015 7:34 am
Just how much of a difference does a good closer make?
Well, we have a pretty good idea of what Craig Kimbrel is worth at this point. Kimbrel – one of the prime contenders for "best active reliever in baseball" – has swapped his Atlanta address for sunny San Diego and then again for Boston, all within 2015. Boston paid a pretty price for the fireballer, sending four prospects to the Padres for the honor of having Kimbrel on their team. The Padres had previously sent Cameron Maybin , Matt Wisler and Jordan Paroubeck (and oh yeah, Carlos Quentin, who was immediately DFAed) to the Braves for Kimbrel, along with the most important piece of the deal, relieving the Braves of the contract of Melvin Upton Jr. (nee B.J.).
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November 24, 2015 6:00 am
Prospects? We don't need no stinkin' prospects!
November 24, 2015 6:00 am
How the Atlanta Braves are breaking the first rule of building a publicly funded stadium.
It may feel like centuries ago to Atlanta fans, but midway through 2014 the Braves appeared poised for another mid-'90s run. They had won 96 games the previous season, were in first place as the July trade deadline approached, and fielded a young, talented core of exciting young superstars under club control well into the future.
Then a sputtering offense and a late-season collapse ended the year on a dismal note, Atlanta's 79-83 record putting them in a tie for second place but a whopping 17 games behind the Nationals. Rather than retool for a quick turnaround, the Braves fired general manager Frank Wren in September and took a radical approach to remaking the roster, trading off many of those young, exciting players to replenish the farm system and slash payroll. Not just Justin Upton and Jason Heyward—both creeping up on free agency—but Evan Gattis, Craig Kimbrel, Alex Wood and Andrelton Simmons, not to mention Cameron Maybin, who'd been acquired in the first round of sell-offs. There are rumblings, too, that Atlanta's shopping Freeman, a 26-year-old first baseman entering year three of an eight-year, $135 million pact, and anyone else owed money. (General Manager John Coppolella says otherwise).
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November 24, 2015 6:00 am
The Dodgers finally select a manager, and it's not the choice that felt inevitable a few weeks ago.
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November 24, 2015 6:00 am
Which fantasy starters are poised to take a step forward in this category in 2016?
Over the last two days, Wilson Karaman took a comprehensive look at how the league-wide uptick in offense impacted the overall ERA landscape this past season, while J.P. Breen shed some light on 2015's most prominent over/underachievers.
Predicting which non-elite, lower-tier (in some cases) fantasy starters will take a significant step forward in ERA exclusively is a tall order even for Nostradamus himself. However, that's exactly what we will attempt to do with the final installment of the ERA portion of our categorical breakdown series. Without further delay, let's dive into the pool of starting pitchers to uncover some arms with the potential to take a step forward next season.
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Mount and Musket Battalion is a multi-player total conversion that tries to accurately represent the time period around the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1812-1815). It has historical factions with accurate units and equipment, including different types of infantry, cavalry and even usable artillery.
Nov 21st, 2010 5 people agree 25 people don't
The textures are horrible and the performance is gamebreaking. The most horrible experience I've had on Warband.


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SANTA FE (AP) — A Santa Fe man arrested at least 11 times on drunken-driving charges has been freed on his most recent case because prosecutors failed to show up in court or present evidence against him.
District Attorney Angela Pacheco told the Santa Fe New Mexican "there is no excuse" for her office not prosecuting the case against John Paul Chavez, 51.
The New Mexican reports that for more than five weeks, Pacheco's office failed to have a prosecutor attend a hearing in the case or turn over evidence.
A state district judge was forced to dismiss the felony DWI case against Chavez on July 18.
It's that time of year again; autumn and the beginning of another school year are just around the corner and so is the 2011 Relay for Life.
This year's event will kick off with a survivor dinner at 5 p.m. Friday at the Betty Ehart Senior Center, during which Dr. Kathryn Zerbach from Los Alamos Medical Center will speak. A survivor's lap will follow at Ashley Pond at 6 p.m. The relay will be all night Friday and continue until 10 a.m. Saturday at Ashley Pond, with various events scheduled for Friday evening and Saturday morning.
Councilor Vincent Chiravalle's proposed Ordinance 587 dominated the Los Alamos County Council meeting Tuesday evening. Chiravalle's ordinance would have required an annual election for voter approval of all capital projects with a price tag of $5 million or more.
The only exceptions would be for projects funded entirely by general obligation bonds, Department of Public Utilities projects and projects with the sole purpose of complying with "environmental standards" set by state or federal regulatory agencies.
WASHINGTON (AP) — Federal law enforcement officials say 72 people have been charged with participating in an online international network engaged in sexual abuse of children.
Attorney General Eric Holder and Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano say a law enforcement effort called Operation Delego (del-EGG-o) investigated more than 500 people around the world since the probe was launched in December 2009.
Holder and Napolitano say those charged were involved in Dreamboard — a private, members-only, online bulletin board created to promote pedophilia.
According to documents released in the probe, members traded tens of thousands of graphic images and videos of adults molesting children 12 years old and under.
PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) — Tropical Storm Emily brushed past Puerto Rico and headed Wednesday toward the Dominican Republic and Haiti, where more than 630,000 people are still without shelter after last year's earthquake.
A "steady shield of rain" should reach the island of Hispaniola shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti around noon Wednesday and the rainfall should worsen by late afternoon, said John Dlugoenski, senior meteorologist with Accuweather.com.
"The biggest threat to lives is probably the flooding," Dlugoenski said.
McALLEN, Texas (AP) — Texas cattle rancher Charles Kothman is down to six calves and their mothers after selling off 80 animals in recent months.
The drought that has baked pastures and dried ponds has ranchers in Texas and Oklahoma — the nation's top two beef producers — culling their herds. Some have sold off all their cattle, but Kothman is hanging on and hoping for rain.
ALBUQUERQUE (AP) — A state board appointed by Gov. Susana Martinez agreed Monday to consider repealing greenhouse gas regulations opposed by her administration, utilities and oil and gas companies.
The Environmental Improvement Board scheduled a series of public hearings beginning Nov. 8 on the rules, which were put in place under former Gov. Bill Richardson.
Martinez calls the carbon controlling rules a "cap and tax" and included them on a list of Richardson-era environmental regulations that she has targeted as hampering business growth in the state.
ALBUQUERQUE (AP) — Albuquerque's water utility has resumed delivery of Rio Grande water to metro area customers.
That's after tests showed the utility's treatment plant was successful at removing ash from flooded fire areas upstream.
The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority had temporarily switched to using groundwater due to concern over the amount of ash in the river water.
Thunderstorms over the area burned by the Las Conchas wildfire have sent debris flows and ash into the Rio Grande.
The Water Utility Authority concluded after a Thursday test run that its water treatment plant was having no difficulty removing the small amount of ash now in the river.
Los Alamos National Bank hosted a surprise reception for its CEO Bill Enloe Monday to celebrate his 40th anniversary with LANB.
WASHINGTON (AP) — The Senate emphatically passed emergency legislation Tuesday to avoid a first-ever government default, rushing the legislation to President Barack Obama for his signature just hours before the deadline. The vote was 74-26.
Obama signed the bill little more than an hour later.
Tuesday's vote capped an extraordinarily difficult Washington battle pitting tea party Republican forces in the House against Obama and Democrats controlling the Senate. The resulting compromise paired an essential increase in the government's borrowing cap with promises of more than $2 trillion of budget cuts over the next decade.
Copyright © 2015
The Los Alamos Monitor is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Los Alamos County and Los Alamos, NM, and the surrounding area.


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Ron Toigo RSS
Will Giants GM Scott Bonner be trade crazy at WHL bantam draft tomorrow?
Will the Vancouver Giants change their core group tomorrow? The WHL bantam draft takes place tomorrow in Calgary, and the draft has historically been a time of wheeling and dealing. It only makes sense, what with all the GMs … Continue reading
Giants confirm Claude Noel won't be returning behind the bench for 2015-16 season
Vancouver's major junior team confirmed what Steve Ewen has suggested more than once: Claude Noel is one-and-done. Noel stepped in mid-season to take over as the WHL squad's bench boss after Troy Ward was fired, but couldn't right the ship … Continue reading
Highlights from owner Ron Toigo, GM Scott Bonner talking with fans before WHL Giants game
Vancouver Giants owner Ron Toigo and general manager Scott Bonner took questions from fans prior to the team's final regular season home game Friday night against the Kelowna Rockets. Here's a sampling. Scott Bonner: "The road performance has let us … Continue reading
WHL Giants land 2016 Top Prospects Game; can Tyler Benson replicate 2005 exploits of Gilbert Brule?
The Vancouver Giants are back in the big-event business. It was announced Friday morning that the Giants would be hosting next season's CHL Top Prospects Game on Thursday, Jan. 28, 2016, at the Pacific Coliseum. There's a press conference on … Continue reading
On Pat Quinn tribute night, Jackson Houck and Payton Lee help Claude Noel to first win with WHL Giants (with videos)
We have our first Claude Noel win as coach. And our first Noel post-game zinger. Veteran forward Dalton Sward scooped up the game puck after Vancouver beat the Portland Winterhawks 3-2 on Friday at the Pacific Coliseum in Noel's debut … Continue reading
What's ailing the Vancouver Giants? Maybe an extended roadtrip can help figure it out
The Vancouver Giants can not be this bad. The Giants gave up a goal to Zach Pochiro at the 18:48 mark of the third period en route to falling 4-3 to the Prince George Cougars Saturday at the Pacific Coliseum … Continue reading
Thrower, The Sequel: WHL Giants land brother of last year's captain in trade with Tri (with videos)
Frustrated by his team's lack of gumption, Vancouver Giants Scott Bonner continued to do something about it Friday. Bonner followed up trading for rugged winger Dakota Odgers on Thursday by dealing for equally rugged defenceman Josh Thrower on Friday. Vancouver … Continue reading
Giants shift attention from 2016 Memorial Cup hosts to 2019 world junior championships
Maybe the Vancouver Giants can woo the 2019 world juniors on the rebound? Giants owner Ron Toigo set his sights on landing that tournament Wednesday, in the midst of talking about how his club had lost out to the Red … Continue reading
WHL Giants have special promo for home opener tonight, with school-aged kids getting in for free if accompanied by adult
The Vancouver Giants have a special promotion for tonight's home opener versus the Victoria Royals, with any school-age child getting in for free when accompanied by a paying adult. Here's a little from the press release. As an organization, we … Continue reading
New WHL Giants coach Troy Ward proves funny and to have heavy hitter allies, including Brent Sutter
Troy Ward has a preparation junkie reputation. For what it's worth, he did seem to have a quip at the ready when asked the inevitable question about signing on as the Vancouver Giants head coach despite not being their initial … Continue reading


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LightSide Labs is an educational technology company, dedicated to improving student writing skills. LightSide's tools provide automated feedback on student writing and redefine the role of automated assessment in the K-12 and higher education classroom. The company has been supported by grants and contracts from major organizations in education, like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the U.S. Department of Education, and the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium. LightSide was founded in 2013, based on machine learning and natural language processing research as well as experience in the learning sciences, and in collaboration with educators. LightSide Labs operates from its headquarters in Pittsburgh, PA.
Elijah Mayfield is the founder and CEO of LightSide. He received his master's degree in language technology from Carnegie Mellon University and was a recipient of a 2011 Siebel Scholarship. Elijah also received a 2013 IBM Ph.D. Fellowship and has been recognized as a Global Shaper by the World Economic Forum. His work has been featured by NPR, Education Week and EdSurge, among many others, and his research on LightSide for automated assessment was highlighted as an Editor's Choice in Science. He also is an author or co-author on more than 25 peer-reviewed publications on language technologies in leading international venues.
David Adamson is the co-founder, vice president, and lead swashbuckler at LightSide. For six years, David taught math and computer science at Digital Harbor High School, a public magnet in Baltimore. In addition to his role at LightSide, he is a Ph.D. student at Carnegie Mellon, applying real-time sociolinguistic analysis to facilitate collaborative learning. David enjoys mead-making, hiking, biking, and viking.
Rajiv Enand is a co-founder of LightSide and manages all business and sales for the company. Rajiv started his career as a software developer but quickly transitioned to a more comfortable role as a serial technology entrepreneur in Western Pennsylvania. In his first company, ServiceWare, Inc., Rajiv and his partner raised nearly $36 million of venture capital from prominent VCs in Silicon Valley and New York. He led the company through its IPO in 2000. Since that time, he has been involved in numerous early stage ventures in software, material sciences, healthcare, and now in the ed-tech space.


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Cool Photography Blogs - Netherlands
The Hague Photo Journal | Netherlands
After living in The Hague for almost 20 years I thought it was about time I took some images of what has been my home city ???? The Hague. The idea of this blog is to capture some of the events and the feel The Hague throughout the year.
Tafel Dertien | Netherlands
The endeavours of a beginning amateur photographer. Tafel Dertien is a weblog with a strong emphasis on photographs. The stories accompanying the images are written in Dutch.
zus | Netherlands
daily life, my kids, beach, nature, home
SandPhoto | Netherlands
Shooting anything like things I see in the streets, some nature and (live) music photography. I love low-light photography!
Digital Love | Netherlands
where love meets art...
Lucky Photography | Netherlands
From models to landscapes.
the double-u daily | Netherlands
daily updated with a new b/w picture.
Ivography | Netherlands
This is a random collection of my pictures. Studying, making music in daily life; on this photoblog, I share.
Random Shutterings | Netherlands
Random photos and words about Dutch culture and living in Amsterdam.
Martin's Photo Blog | Netherlands
Photos of historic towns in the Netherlands.
Dit is Alkmaar | Netherlands
Every day a new photo of a historical, special or forgotten peace of our hometown -the cheese capital of Holland- Alkmaar.
Catch of the day | Netherlands
Most of the pictures were taken near the beach. Love the sunset.
Guy de Nooij Fotografie | Netherlands
Trouwreportages, portretfotografie en kinderfotografie door fine-art trouwreportage fotograaf Guy de Nooij. Blog and portfolio of a wedding and portrait photographer.
bipsie.nl, dutch photoblog with an interest in landscapes | Netherlands
bipsie.nl is a dutch photoblog with a developing interest for landscape photography. Why? Well, they're convenient: they're just there. But also because they remind me that we all truly do live on a remarkable and extraordinary piece of terrestrial rock.
Gworks pix | Netherlands
This blog motivates me to taking more pictures. I hope to learn from the comments of other photographers so feel free to post comments!
SoulPixels | Netherlands
SoulPixels is about the artistic side of photography, the soul, and the technical aspects, the pixels. I????m very interested in both sides of photography.
Greenish View | Netherlands
The results of my walks, mainly in Utrecht
Harlems finest | Netherlands
Urban, Landscape, Street and panorama photography from the downlowcountries and other fun places by Maarten Brand. Some BW, mostly colour.
Islay Picture Blog | Netherlands
A Photo Blog with pictures from the Scottish Isle of Islay
Henk Versteeg Fotografie | Netherlands
Landschap en natuur


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Regenstrief Institute for Health Care; Indiana University Medical Center; Indianapolis, IN 46202
Note: This article is one of a series of articles comprising an Annals of Internal Medicine supplement entitled "Measuring Quality, Outcomes, and Cost of Care Using Large Databases: The Sixth Regenstrief Conference." To see a complete list of the articles included in this supplement, please view its Table of Contents.
Copyright ©2004 by the American College of Physicians
When we first held a Regenstrief Conference on large databases in 1989, health services research based on databases was relatively young. We were still identifying methodologic problems and trying to demonstrate the legitimacy of database research. There were plenty of skeptics who thought that database research should not be performed in most situations. Since then, huge databases have proliferated. The Medicare claims database has increased in great detail on some subsets of enrollees, large pharmaceutical benefits managers typically store billions of prescriptions in their databases each year, and managed care organizations collect several types of clinical and accounting data. Some of the databases have been linked to provide richer and more useful sets of information on individuals. The use of these databases for administrative and research purposes has become more creative. Policies are bing made by both the government and the private sector based on these analyses. Few would question the use of databases anymore. Yet many limitations and potential pitfalls remain. The promise of large databases can only be fulfilled if we use them judiciously.
Please read the other comments before posting. Contributors must reveal any conflict
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The Federal Music Society, Hyman &
Come and Trip It - Dance Music: 1780s to 1920s
€ 19.95Add to cart
Product is on stock
- Type CD
- Label New World Records
- Catalog number NW 80293
- Release date 01 November 2009
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text:
Brand Names: US
Mekinist [DSC]
Brand Names: Canada
What is this drug used for?
- It is used to treat skin cancer.
What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take this drug?
- If you have an allergy to trametinib or any other part of this drug.
- If you are allergic to any drugs like this one, any other drugs, foods, or other substances. Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had, like rash; hives; itching; shortness of breath; wheezing; cough; swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat; or any other signs.
What are some things I need to know or do while I take this drug?
- Tell dentists, surgeons, and other doctors that you use this drug.
- You will need to have heart function tests while taking this drug. Talk with the doctor.
- This drug may cause high blood pressure.
- Have your blood pressure checked often. Talk with your doctor.
- Have blood work checked as you have been told by the doctor. Talk with the doctor.
- Sometimes, dabrafenib is taken with trametinib. If you are taking dabrafenib with trametinib, be sure you know the side effects that can happen with each drug. When these drugs are taken together, the chance of certain side effects may be raised. These side effects can be very bad and sometimes deadly. This includes bleeding, blood clots, eye problems, fever, heart problems (like heart failure), high blood sugar, other cancers, and skin problems. Talk with your doctor about the chance of side effects with your drugs.
- Very bad eye problems have happened with this drug. Sometimes, this has led to loss of eyesight. Call your doctor right away if you have blurred eyesight, loss of eyesight, or other changes in eyesight. Call your doctor right away if you see color dots or halos or if bright lights bother you.
- This drug may cause you to not be able to get pregnant. Talk with the doctor.
- This drug may cause harm to the unborn baby if you take it while you are pregnant.
- Use birth control that you can trust to prevent pregnancy while taking this drug and for 4 months after your last dose.
- Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant. You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using this drug while you are pregnant.
- Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding. You will need to talk about any risks to your baby.
What are some side effects that I need to call my doctor about right away?WARNING/CAUTION: Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug. Tell your doctor or get medical help right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms that may be related to a very bad side effect:
For all patients taking this drug:
- Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.
- Shortness of breath, a big weight gain, swelling in the arms or legs.
- A fast heartbeat.
- A heartbeat that does not feel normal.
- Very bad dizziness or passing out.
- Very bad headache.
- Cough.
- Very loose stools (diarrhea).
- Pimples (acne).
If you are taking dabrafenib with trametinib:
- Signs of fluid and electrolyte problems like mood changes, confusion, muscle pain or weakness, a heartbeat that does not feel normal, very bad dizziness or passing out, fast heartbeat, more thirst, seizures, feeling very tired or weak, not hungry, unable to pass urine or change in the amount of urine produced, dry mouth, dry eyes, or very bad upset stomach or throwing up.
- Signs of high blood sugar like confusion, feeling sleepy, more thirst, more hungry, passing urine more often, flushing, fast breathing, or breath that smells like fruit.
- Signs of bleeding like throwing up blood or throw up that looks like coffee grounds; coughing up blood; blood in the urine; black, red, or tarry stools; bleeding from the gums; vaginal bleeding that is not normal; bruises without a reason or that get bigger; or any bleeding that is very bad or that you cannot stop.
- Chest pain or pressure.
- Cool or pale arm or leg.
- Swelling, warmth, numbness, change of color, or pain in a leg or arm.
- Very bad belly pain.
- Skin wound that will not heal.
- Any skin change.
- A new wart.
- Change in color or size of a mole.
- Fever or chills.
What are some other side effects of this drug?All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother you or do not go away:
For all patients taking this drug:
- Dry skin.
- Change in nails.
- Loose stools (diarrhea).
- Belly pain.
- Mouth sores.
If you are taking dabrafenib with trametinib:
- Feeling tired or weak.
- Night sweats.
- Upset stomach or throwing up.
- Not hungry.
- Cough.
- Headache.
- Hard stools (constipation).
- Muscle or joint pain.
- Dizziness.
- Back pain.
- Not able to sleep.
How is this drug best taken?Use this drug as ordered by your doctor. Read all information given to you. Follow all instructions closely.
- Take as you have been told, even if you feel well.
- To gain the most benefit, do not miss doses.
- Take on an empty stomach. Take 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.
If you are taking dabrafenib with trametinib:
- Take this drug at the same time every day with either the morning dose or the evening dose of dabrafenib.
What do I do if I miss a dose?
- Take a missed dose as soon as you think about it.
- If it is less than 12 hours until the next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time.
- Do not take 2 doses at the same time or extra doses.
How do I store and/or throw out this drug?
- Store in a refrigerator. Do not freeze.
- Keep tablets in the bottle they come in and do not move to a pill holder.
- Store in the original container. Do not take out the antimoisture cube or packet.
- Protect from light.
- Keep all drugs in a safe place. Keep all drugs out of the reach of children and pets.
- Check with your pharmacist about how to throw out unused drugs.
General drug facts
- If your symptoms or health problems do not get better or if they become worse, call your doctor.
- Do not share your drugs with others and do not take anyone else's drugs.
- Keep a list of all your drugs (prescription, natural products, vitamins, OTC) with you. Give this list to your doctor.
- Talk with the doctor before starting any new drug, including prescription or OTC, natural products, or vitamins.
- Some drugs may have another patient information leaflet. If you have any questions about this drug, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
- If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was taken, how much, and when it happened.
Consumer Information Use and DisclaimerThis information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this medicine or any other medicine. Only the healthcare provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for a specific patient. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this medicine. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this medicine. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from the healthcare provider. You must talk with the healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this medicine.
Last Reviewed Date
Copyright© 2015 Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information, Inc. and its affiliates and/or licensors. All rights reserved.
If you have any questions or concerns, talk with a member of your healthcare team. You can reach them Monday through Friday from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm at ____________________. After 5:00 pm, during the weekend, and on holidays, please call____________________. If there's no number listed, or you're not sure, call 212-639-2000.
Trametinib©2015 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - Generated on November 28, 2015


text:
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen - Grading & Discussion
View Single Post
June 26 2009, 11:20 PM
Vice Admiral
Location: Langley
Re: Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen - Grading & Discussion
SamusAranX wrote:
Admiral2 wrote:
-The fight scenes were fantastic. They were not hard to follow and the robots were not hard to keep track of.
Maybe for a hardcore fan, but for a guy who knows next to nothing about them going into the film, it is. I had too much trouble trying to identify who was Autobot or Decepticon, let alone their names. The reason I point this out is because there is probably a decent size amount of theatergoers who are like me in the former aspect. And I'd appreciate if my opinion isn't trivialized as whining or hating, thank you very much.
Maybe it's not whining or hating, but it is off-base. The way you get to be a die-hard fan is to pay attention to what's happening. You don't need to know the old stuff to enjoy the new stuff if you're not looking at it as, "Gee, I don't know all the robots so I'm hopelessly lost". The important ones were easily identifiable.
"Understand, Commander: That torpedo did not self-destruct. You heard it hit the hull, and I was never here."
-Admiral James Greer
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text:
Fraud Lawyers and Law Firms in Brooklyn Center, MN
Fraud Lawyers
Midwest Disability, PA
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Keller Law Offices
Minneapolis, Minnesota Criminal Defense Attorneys(952) 913-1421
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DLA Piper
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DLA Piper became one of the largest legal service providers in the world in 2005 through a merger of unprecedented scope in the legal sector. While large in scale, the merger strategy was simple – to create an international legal practice capable of taking care of the most important...
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Kelly & Lemmons, PA
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Law Office of Richard P. Ohlenberg
Twin Cities Criminal Defense Lawyer(952) 525-2242
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Merrigan, Brandt, Ostenso & Cambre, PA
Real Estate, Business and Family Lawyers in Hopkins, Minnesota(952) 933-2390
Merrigan, Brandt, Ostenso & Cambre, P.A. is a general practice law firm focusing on real estate, business, and family law. Based in Hopkins, MN, we are proud to have relationships with families and individuals throughout Minneapolis' West Metro area. Our goal is to ensure all...
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Nelson Criminal Defense & Appeals, PLLC
Minneapolis, Minnesota Criminal Defense Lawyer(763) 220-4946 or (800) 500-8544
Nelson Criminal Defense & Appeals, PLLC is the legal practice of criminal defense attorney Julie Nelson, representing clients in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, as well as the surrounding areas and counties. Ms. Nelson has served as Chair, Vice Chair and Secretary...
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The Law Office of Rebecca Rhoda Fisher, PLLC
Twin Cities Criminal Defense Attorney(651) 251-3838
The Law Office of Rebecca Rhoda Fisher, P.L.L.C. is a criminal defense firm offering experienced legal representation to clients throughout the Twin Cities. The firm is based in St. Paul, Minnesota. We defend individuals on a broad range of criminal charges, from DWI and misdemeanor...
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Anderson Law Firm, PLLCMinneapolis, MN - Law Firm near Brooklyn Center
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Brian McNee Marsden is a Minnesota Criminal Defense Attorney with 20 years of experience helping Minnesotans accused of crimes. ; Being arrested can be overwhelming and frightening. You never think it will happen. But then you find yourself in the back of a squad going downtown to jail, condemning...
Brown Criminal DefenseMinneapolis, MN - Law Firm near Brooklyn Center
Minnesota DWI & Criminal Defense Attorneys(612) 789-2100
Casanova Criminal DefenseEdina, MN - Law Firm near Brooklyn Center
All types of Criminal Charges(612) 968-1278
A former prosecutor and aggressive trial attorney representing clients; on all types of criminal charges, including: ; •Juvenile Crimes ; •DWI ; •Traffic Offenses ; •Serious Felonies ; •Assault ; •Drug Offenses ; •Homicide ; •Sex Crimes ; •Theft ; •Fraud ; •Domestic Abuse ; •Firearm Offenses ;...
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Satveer Chaudhary, Attorney at Law. Metropolitan and Outstate Minnesota Representation.; Experience in Anoka, Carver, Hennepin, Ramsey, Wright, Dakota and Saint Louis Counties


text:
Originally posted by The Parallelogram
here is the thing that gets me.
Republicans, pay attention here.
Several Polls Confirm Support
Public opinion polls taken in late June show Americans favor increased domestic production of energy over environmental concerns. The shift shows up across the political spectrum and among all age groups.
A June 17 Rasmussen poll found 67 percent of Americans were in favor of offshore drilling, and only 18 percent opposed. Sixty-four percent of those polled by Rasmussen believe increased drilling will lead to lower energy prices. A Reuters/Zogby poll taken one day later found 60 percent supporting offshore drilling, with 40 percent opposed.
Results from a June 19 Gallup poll were similar, with 57 percent backing offshore drilling and 41 percent opposed.
Originally posted by Donnie Darko
Oh god. People are such idiots.
Things like this make you lose your faith in humanity. It's a short term solution anyway, and what about the PLANET IDIOTS?
Originally posted by Krieger
McCain offers more oil. Obama offers to make oil obsolete. Hmmm...
Originally posted by Krieger
McCain offers more oil. Obama offers to make oil obsolete. Hmmm...
What works better, a barrel of oil at 80 dollars a barrel or not having to worry what it costs because we don't use it any more?