text:
I know you're supposed to just give them food and leave them to figure it out. But I'm finding it hard to not show her or help her get it to her mouth! We just started and I know it will take her practice, but she wants it SOO bad! We've done avocado and banana; both hard to hang on to. So I picked it up a few times and put it to her mouth. I KNOW she wants so badly to actually eat, so I just feel bad letting her struggle :( Is it ok to help a little, or am I truly hindering her from ever getting it?
Having a hard time not helping LO
M + D = B(12.30.12 - Daddy's birthday) + H(6.7.15 - His due date)
Comments (5)
She does eat when I help her! The freezer thing is a good tip, thanks! Also, the banana we used was a BIT ripe, so it was extra squishy, maybe if we get a more firm one, she'll have an easier time. WE haven't tried the Cheerio dust either...from lack of Cheerios, lol. We'll have to try that!
M + D = B(12.30.12 - Daddy's birthday) + H(6.7.15 - His due date)
My LO had a hard time with banana at first, even when coated in Cheerio dust. I ended up giving her a chunk that wasn't sliced at all - just broken off. It was big enough that she had to pick it up with both hands, which seemed to help her. When I sliced the banana in half, she would only pick it up with one hand and it was too difficult.
Also, some foods are much easier for them to pick up than others. Avocoado and banana are both slippery. If you are trying to refrain from "helping" then I suggest trying another food, like steamed broccoli, that LO won't need any help with.
Diamond bOObs
Audrey Declan - 10/12/2012
Kassandra Gelsey - 7/31/1999
I feel the point of blw is to follow LO's lead; he'll get his motor skills sooner or later, but loves to eat now.
N.A.S-C 29Dec.2012 @ 35 weeks


text:
Originally posted by Zippey
Hawking is saying nothing new here. People are paying attention because he's a celebrity. Besides popularising science, has he actually made any real contributions to the field?
Originally posted by Erno86
reply to post by dilly1
I don't mind whether you post Foofighter or Foo Fighter, just look it up on Wikipedia, and then you might come realise that Foo = fire; which may give you a hint about what I'm talking about--- That is a starship, that makes any flying craft, built by mankind here on Earth--- Look obsolete.
Originally posted by banishedfromthisarea
WE are ET.
Originally posted by banishedfromthisarea
Originally posted by banishedfromthisarea
WE are ET.
We don't fit here.
Originally posted by Gazrok
reply to post by Labdarex
That's the thing though.
If said beings could travel the stars...then resources would be nearly INFINITE...without having to resort to conflict.
Here on Earth, we only do so because we're stuck here. If we could go fly to a nearby asteroid in an afternoon and come back with tons of gold...no longer a limited resource. Same for water, other minerals, etc.
So, with access to nearly infinite resources, I would surmise that aliens would in fact NOT be hostile.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
December 1, 2015
A Navasota nurse has been arrested after police say she was caught on camera slapping a resident at a Bryan nursing home.
Tiffany Denise Henderson, 40, is charged with injury to the elderly.
Police say the victim's son noticed bruising on his 79-year-old mother and set up a hidden camera in her room at the Hudson Creek Alzheimer's Special Care Center.
Investigators say it captured Henderson slapping the elderly woman's shoulder while changing her.
Henderson was arrested Wednesday and is out of jail on bond.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
- The ultimate comfort in booster seats, this seat will elevate your pet for either the front seat or the back seat
- Back of the car seat is contoured for a better fit inside of the vehicle
- Small measures 16" W x 16" D X 22" H; cushion measures 12-1/2" W x 13" D
- Large measures 21-1/2" W x 16-1/2" D x 22" H; cushion measures 18" W x 13" D
- Covers are removable and washable
- Imported
My Bed Bath
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Elmhurst Choral Union is an outstanding auditioned volunteer choir
performing choral-orchestral masterworks of all eras.
Inspired Singers. Moving Music.
2015-16 Concerts
And on Earth, Peace
Beautiful music for the holidays
featuring Respighi's Laud to the Nativity
and Vaughan Williams Fantasia on Christmas Carols
Sunday, December 6, 2015 3:00 pm
Hammerschmidt Chapel, Elmhurst College
Medley of Melodies
Our singers in solos and ensembles in an intimate evening of song
from opera, Broadway and the Great American songbook
Saturday, February 27, 2016 7:00 pm
1st United Methodist Church, 232 S. York, Elmhurst
Divine Dvorak
featuring Dvorak's Mass in D Major
Sunday, April 3, 2016 3:00 pm
Hammerschmidt Chapel, Elmhurst College
Love to sing great music? Visit our auditions page for more information.


text:
Delhi covers an area of more than 1484 sq km. The River Yamuna is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Delhi ridge which reaches a height of 1043 ft originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and surrounds the West, North East and North West parts of the city. Delhi is lies in India's seismic zone-IV, which makes it vulnerable to earthquakes. The city is situated in Northern India at 28.61°N 77.23°E and is bordered in the East by Uttar Pradesh and in the West, South and North by Haryana. More Details...
According to the census of 2011, the population of Delhi is 16,314,838 and the number of females per 1000 males is 867. The literacy rate of Delhi is 86.43%. As per the area, Delhi is the largest metropolis and according to the population, it holds the second position in the list of largest metropolises in India.
Government & Administration
Delhi is officially known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). It has always been an important cultural, commercial and political hub of the country. Currently Delhi has 11 districts. Delhi is divided into the New Delhi Municipal Committee (NDMC), the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB). The capital has four important satellite cities namely, Gurgaon, Noida, Ghaziabad and Faridabad. Delhi has 7 Lok Sabha constituencies and 70 assembly constituencies. The Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Parliament of India and the Supreme Court of India are all situated in Delhi.
The National Capital Territory of Delhi is divided into nine districts. Initially in 1997, nine districts were formed. Prior 1997, there was only one district for the entire Delhi. The districts of Delhi and their headquarters (in brackets) are - Central Delhi (Daryaganj), North Delhi (Sadar Bazar), South Delhi (Saket), East Delhi (Preet Vihar), North East Delhi (Shahdara), South West Delhi (Vasant Vihar), New Delhi (Connaught Place), North West Delhi (Kanjhawala) and West Delhi (Rajouri Garden). More Details...
Delhi has its own Indira Gandhi International Airport, which is situated to the southwest of Delhi. It is maintained by the GMR Group and is one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Delhi is the headquarters of the Northern Railway in India. There are five main railway stations in Delhi; they are the New Delhi railway station, Old Delhi railway station, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla railway station. There is also a suburban railway system in the city.
Delhi has five National Highways running through it, the National Highway Number 1, 2, 8, 10 and 24. All public transport vehicles in Delhi are fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG). The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is the major bus service provider and operates the world's largest fleet of CNG-fuelled buses. Apart from these taxis, radio cabs, auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws (in some localities) are easily available in Delhi
The Delhi Metro rapid transit system built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), is another means of transportation in Delhi. It serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring NCR cities like Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad.
Delhi bears the stamp of a rich historical background and has been home to many ancient empires like the Mauryan Empire, Mughal Empire and renowned dynasties like the Tomara dynasty, Slave dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Khilji dynasty etc. It is believed that Delhi is the land of Indrapastha, the capital seat of the Pandavas in the epic Mahabharata. Delhi was also an important place for Sufism. After India's independence, Delhi was declared the capital of India. More Details...
Delhi has a rich cultural background. It consists of large number of significant monuments, heritage buildings and other famous architectural buildings like the Red Fort, Jama Masjid, India Gate, Qutub Minar, Jantar Mantar, Laxminarayan Temple and Akshardham to name some. These are also the major tourist spots in Delhi that you can visit and enjoy. All the major events like the Republic Day, etc and festivals of all religion are celebrated in Delhi with great zeal and excitement. In Delhi, one can enjoy all types of Indian and international cuisines and delicacies besides the typical mouth watering local fast food collection like Dahi Bhalla and Papri Chaat. Delhi offers a wide variety to shop till you drop. From jewelry, to saris to all sorts of electrical gadgets to all other different variety of products, Delhi has it all. More Details...
Delhi Facts
|City Name
|North West Delhi, South Delhi, West Delhi, South West Delhi, North East Delhi, East Delhi, North Delhi, Central Delhi, New Delhi, Shahdara, South East Delhi
|Daryaganj, Karol Bagh, Paherganj, Gandhi Nagar, Preet Vihar, Vivek Vihar, Chanakyapuri, Connaught Place, Parliament Street, Civil Lines, Kotwali, Sadar Bazar, Seelampur, Seemapuri, Shahdara, Model Town, Narela, Saraswati Vihar, Defance Colony, Hauz Khas, Kalkaji, Delhi Canttoment, Najafgarh, Vasant Vihar, Patel Nagar, Punjabi Bagh, Rajouri Gargen
|MCD-272, Delhi Cantonment -09, NDMC-09
|South Delhi Zone, North Delhi Zone, East Delhi Zone
|Lat Long
|28.633074, 77.219543
|1,483 km2 (573 sq mi)
|population as per 2011
|population (UN report 2014)
|25 million
|Official Languages
|Hindi, English, Punjabi and Urdu
|Time zone
|STD Code
|Air, Road, Railway, Metro
|Vehicle registration
|Food and Cuisine
|Mughlai Cuisine, Kebab, Biryani, Tandoori, Butter Chicken, Aloo Chaat, Chaat, Dahi Vada, Kachori, Chole Bhature, Jalebi, Lassi, Street Food , South Indian Food, Delicious Paranthas, Paneer Tikka, Tandoori Fish etc.
|Hindu, Muslim, Sikhism, Jainism
|Republic Day, Independence Day, Gandhi Jayanti, Diwali, Mahavir Jayanti, Parkash Utsav Dasveh Patshah, Guru Nanak Gurpurab, Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Karva Chauth, Krishna Janmastami, Maha Shivratri, Eid ul-Fitr, Moharram, Buddha Jayanti, Qutub Festival, International Mango Festival, Vasant Panchami and World Book Fair etc.
|Red Fort, India Gate, Purana Qila, Qutab Minar, Iron Pillar etc.
|Places of interest
|Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Qutab Minar, Humayun's Tomb, India Gate, Jantar Mantar, Laxminarayan Temple, Akshardham Temple, Lotus Temple, ISKCON Temple, Raj Ghat, The Secretariat, Rajpath, Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung's Tomb, Mughal Gardens, Lal Bangla, Mutiny Memorial, Sunehri Masjid (Red Fort), Tomb of Safdarjung, Jahaz Mahal, Tomb of Adham Khan, Iron Pillar etc.
|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Moolchand Medcity, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, Batra Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Rockland Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Sant Parmanand Hospital, Aruna Asaf Ali Govt. Hospital, Acharyaashree Bhikshu Hospital, Attar Sain Jain Hospital, Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital, Deep Chand Bandhu Hospital, Dr. N.C. Joshi Hospital, Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital, Guru Govind Singh Govt. Hospital, Guru Nanak Eye Center, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Janakpuri Super Speciality Hospital, Lal Bahadur Shastri Hospital, Lok Nayak Hospital, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Rao Tula Ram Memorial Hospital, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Hospital, Satyawadi Raja Harish Chandra Hospital, Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Sushrut Trauma Centre, B R Sur Homeopathic Medical College, Nehru Homeopathic Medical College, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, Apollo etc.
|Le Meridien, The Oberoi, Imperial Hotel, The Metropolitan Hotel, Hotel Delhi City Centre, Hyatt Regency Delhi, Taj Palace Hotel, The Park, Ashok Hotel, Hotel Ajanta, The Connaught, Hotel Grand Godwin, Hotel City Park, Taj Palace Hotel, Hotel La Suite, Piccadily Hotel, The Lalit etc.
|Connaught Place (CP), Chandni Chowk, Dilli Haat, Palika Bazaar, Greater Kailash, Karol Bagh, Lagpat Nagar, Khan Market, South Extension, Hauz Khas, Green Park, Greater Kailash, Kamla Nagar, Janpath, Sarojini Nagar, Tilak Nagar, Vasant Kunj, Vasant Vihar, Rajouri Garden, Khari Baoli, Ghanta Ghar, Bhajanpura and DLF Emporio - Vasant Kunj, Select Citywalk - Saket, Pacific Mall - Tagore Garden, Ansal Plaza - Andrews Ganj, DLF Promenade/Ambience Mall - Vasant Kunj, ect.
|Industries Area
|Anand Parbat Industrial Area, Badli Industrial Estate, Bawana Industrial Area, Dilshad Garden Industrial Area, Flatted Factory Complex Jhandewalan, Friends Colony Industrial Area, GTK Industrial Area, Jhilmil Industrial Area, Kirti Nagar Industrial Area, Lawrence Road Industrial Area, Mangol Puri Industrial Area, Mayapuri Industrial Area, Mohan Co-Operative Industrial Area, Moti Nagar Industrial Area, Najafgarh Road Industrial Area, Nangloi Dsidc Industrial Area, Naraina Industrial Area, GT Road Industrial Area Shahdara, Okhla Indl. Area, Okhla Industrial Estate, Patparganj Industrial Area, Rajasthan Udyog Nagar Industrial Area, Samaipur Industrial Area, Shahzada Bagh Industrial Area, SMA Industrial Area, Ssi Industrial Area,Udyog Nagar Industrial Area, Wazirpur Industrial Area, Dilshad Garden Industrial Area, Directory Of Industries In Delhi, Friends Colony Industrial Area, Mohan Co-Operative Industrial Area, Moti Nagar Industrial Area, Shahzada Bagh Industrial Area, Udyog Nagar Industrial Area, Wazirpur Industrial Area etc.
|National Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Mass Communication, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Jamia Millia Islamia, Indira Gandhi National Open University, TERI University, Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapith, School of Planning and Architecture, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, National University of Educational Planning and Administration, National Museum Institute of History of Art, Conservation and Musicology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Indian Law Institute, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, South Asian University, Institute of Professional Education & Entrepreneurship, National Law University, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi Technological University (Formerly known as Delhi College of Engineering), Bharat Ratna Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, National School of Drama
|Notable people
|Anuj Nayyar - Indian Army, Arjun Rampal, Shahid Kapoor, Shakti Kapoor, Sunidhi Chauhan, Bipasha Basu, Priyanka Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi, Ishant Sharma - Cricketer, Virender Sehwag - Cricketer, Gautam Gambhir - Cricketer Virat Kohli - Cricketer, Amit Mishra - Cricketer, Ratish Nanda etc.
Blogs about Delhi
Aam Aadmi polyclinic to boost healthcare : Delhi got its first Aam Aadmi Poly Clinic on 9 November 2015, when Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal inaugurated the first polyclinic at Kanti Nagar in Gandhi Nagar of East Delhi. This was an existing 30-bed maternity hospital that has now been converted into a diagnostic centre and has facilities for OPD services including, breast cancer detection, gynaecology, paediatrics, ENT, eye care, orthopaedics, ECG, X-Ray and ultrasound. This polyclinic will serve as a model…
Delhi Jal Board will be setting up 280 Water ATMs in the City : Delhi Jal Board (DJB) is planning to set up 280 water ATMs across the various unauthorised colonies in Delhi. In fact, DJB has been awarded the Water Digest Water Award under the category of Best Water Management—Public Sector for the year 2014-15 for its success in setting up of water ATMs in Savda Ghevra. It was the success of Savda Ghevra that has encouraged DJB to replicate the model in other parts of the city. …
Analyzing the demand for full statehood for Delhi : Since Delhi has been granted the status of a state, the demand for extending the current status to 'full statehood' has been voiced repeatedly by the Congress, BJP, and now the newly formed Aam Aadmi Party. So how is the current status of Delhi any different from any other state in India? While other states enjoy full authority in all matters of government and administration, the Delhi government has no jurisdiction on: • Police •…
10 Places to Have Breakfast in Delhi For Under Rs 1000 : It is often said that a good start can make your day even more fruitful. And, for the true Delhiwallas, a scrumptious breakfast is what kickstarts the beginning of the day! No matter how much we love having those mouth-watering paranthas or scrambled eggs, we all have, at some point of time, missed our breakfast only to avoid the hassle of cooking. Delhites are big time foodies but they are equally lazy at the same…
Splash The Water Park in Delhi : Splash – The Water Park, a one-of-its-kind amusement park in North Delhi, is a perfect place to retreat and enjoy a day with family and friends. This park offers fun and entertainment in the form of water slides, wave pools, rides and simulated rain dances. Splash is a well-maintained park where one can enjoy a day out in meticulously clean waters. Key Highlights of Splash – The Water Park • The Water Park has two…
Last Updated on: February 14, 2015
Famous and Notable People from Delhi
Arts and Entertainment
Union Territories Of India


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News Archive for 02/12/09
Choose an article from the archive listing on this page or refine your selection using the controls in the gray box below.
AAPL Stock: 117.81 ( -0.22 )
Choose an article from the archive listing on this page or refine your selection using the controls in the gray box below.
iCalShare is now offering a special Sherlock channel that allows iCal users to search the iCalShare database for relevant calendars. The free online directory contains links to over 750 calendars in nearly 30 different categories. Search results include calendar title, category, author and Web site URL. [Add channel to Sherlock (OS X)]
Red Giant Software has announced that Knoll Light Factory 2 for Mac OS X will begin shipping next week. Light Factory -- which was created by Photoshop co-author and Industrial Light and Magic supervisor John Knoll -- offers a number of high-quality lighting effects for use in motion graphics.
TechTV has revealed its list of the top twenty holiday gift items for 2002. The list includes three products from Apple: the iPod (2), iBook (11) and iMac (18). In November, we reported that Apple products would be among those in the lineup.
HELIOS Software today added new features to its 4th generation HELIOS ImageServer 2.5 (formerly HELIOS EtherShare OPI). It supports server-based image transformation, repurposing and conversion for automated conversion of file format, resolution, color space, and compression, for web and print needs. ImageServer also provides OPI image replacement, server-based ICC Color Management, color separation, and proof printing capabilities. Version 2.5 adds a new Script Server service that helps automate tasks via "hot folders."
StageTools has released MovingPicture 4.0, an update to its image pan and zoom software. It includes the ability to use the alpha channel in images for high-quality floating logos and special effects, the ability to rotate the camera in 3 dimensions to achieve "skewed" effects, support for Mac OS X 10.2 (Jaguar), and other productivity enhancements. MovingPicture is a tool for documentary and industrial filmmakers to pan and zoom on high-resolution images. It works as standalone application and as a plug-in to most nonlinear editors (After Effects, Avid, Final Cut Pro, Media 100, and Premiere, for both MacOS 9 and X based systems).
Cometa Networks is a new partership between AT&T, Intel and IBM to provide broadband, wholesale, wireless Internet access nationwide. It plans to provide services to enterprise customers, telecommunications companies, ISPs, cable operators and wireless carriers, who then can offer their customers wireless 802.11b Internet access. The company says it will work with major national and regional retail chains, hotels, universities and real estate firms to deploy the broadband wireless access service in "hot spots" throughout the top 50 U.S. metropolitan areas and its services will make it possible for users to keep existing sign-on procedures, email addresses, IDs, passwords and payment methods."
Realviz today announced ReTimer SD, which offers the ability to smoothly slow down, or speed up the frame rate of any video, film, or image sequence. The $800 post-production tool offers frame rate manipulation and will automatically generates new frames in between existing frames, for high-quality results when changing the speed of image sequences. The plug-in, which works with After Effects, Discreet Combustion?and Final Cut Pro, is due in January for Mac OS X. (Later this month, it will also begin shipping , ImageModeler 3.5, its application for creating 3D realistic models using photographs.)
Extensis is now shipping PhotoFrame 2.5, an update to its professional quality Adobe Photoshop plug-in for creating border and edge effects, including Acid Burn, Junkyard, Paper Mache and more than 100 different variations of the Emulsion family of frames, which allow users to depict any number of camera edge effects. Version 2.5 includes more than 1,000 new, professionally designed frames and brings support for Photoshop 7.0 and Photoshop Elements 2.0. The $200 plugin supports Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X.
OpenOSX today began its OpenWeb 2.5 CD, which brings support for Mac OS X 10.2.2 as well as updated software and "dozens of additional enhancements and applications including optional support for the new and slightly experimental Apache 2 Web Server series." The CD includes separate Apache 1.27 and Apache 2.0.43 packages and well as single-click installers for popular server software and web-applications such as a secure shopping cart, advanced content management, web-based server administration (for DNS, SSL, Apache, MySQL, Samba and more), SQL databases, a search engine, a bulletin board system, advertising management and more. Upgrades to the $60 CD are $20.
RealNetworks today announced its new RealVideo 9 encoding plug-in for Adobe Premiere, which supports Adobe Premiere 6.0 and 6.5 under both Windows and Mac OS 9. The company says that RealVideo 9 provides 30% bandwidth savings over RealVideo 8, producing "near DVD quality" at 500 Kbps and offer the ability to store two full-length movies on a single CD.
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text:
10 Steps to Pick the Right Doctor
Whether you need a primary care doctor or a specialist, these 10 steps will ensure you find the right doctor for you. View Slideshow
Dr. Rivera's Experience
- Oncology
- Medical Oncology
Board Certifications
- Medical Oncology
Procedures Dr. Rivera Performs
Dr. Rivera does not have any procedures listed. If you are Dr. Rivera and would like to add procedures you perform, please update your free profile.
- Anemia
- Breast Cancer
- Liver Cancer
- Lung Cancer
- Pleural Neoplasm, Malignant
- Secondary Malignancies
- Skin Cancer
- Vulvar Cancer
Background Check for Dr. Rivera
Malpractice Claims not available
- Healthgrades does not collect malpractice information for Arizona.
- No sanctions history found for the years that Healthgrades collects data.
0 Board Actions
- No board actions found for the years that Healthgrades collects data.
Awards & Recognitions
Education & Training
Medical School
- University of Puerto Rico / Medical Sciences Campus
- Graduated in 1990
Internship Hospital
- University Texas
- Complete in 1991
Residency Hospital
- University Tex Bexarco Hospital
- Complete in 1993
Fellowship Hospital
- University Tex Anderson Cancer Center
- Complete in 1996
Languages Spoken by Dr. Rivera & Staff
- English


text:
Category Archives: Command Line
Linux Tidbits
Regular commands I use every day in Linux plus a few eclectic ones. Basically geared to the new user. Tips or thoughts, please let me know.
Man pages
In Linux there is a manual for just about anything. Learn about almost everything by "man command" in the terminal. (e.g. man ls). Or type "command –help" for a basic description. Also, many man pages also cover configuration files (man resolv.conf).
Basic Commands
- Up key– Command History
- Tab – Auto-completion, nice and handy for completing file-names, directory names, and commands.
- Commands are in this form: command -arguments
Files ( + directories )
ls( list ), -l ( long ), -a ( shows hidden )
cp( copy )
mv( move or rename ), mv filename1 filename2
rm( remove ) Very dangerous to use as root. Use with caution. -r ( recursive ) -f ( force – needed to remove a link)
Wildcards to expand definitions:
*(matches any character), cp *.txt ~/Desktop
?(matches any single character), cp file?.txt ~/Desktop
[characters](Matches a range/set of characters), cp [a-n]*.txt ~/Desktop</li
- [!characters] (Matches any character that is not a member of the set characters)
cd #( change directory ) pwd #( print working directory ) mkdir #( make directory )
A name followed by a
/ means it's a directory, bash will figure it out if you don't use it but some apps don't. A safe syntax would be
cd myfiles/
Command Output to Text (Standard Output)
ls /usr/bin > /home/user/Desktop/programs.txt
Add to an existing text file (append):
ls /sbin >> /home/user/Desktop/programs.txt
Pipes ( | )
Useful for using programs in conjunction with others:
ls -l | less
Popular filters used after piping:
sort– alpha-numeric ordering
uniq– removes duplicate lines of data
grep– returns the output of a specified pattern of characters
head, tail– outputs the first of last lines of output
tr– translates characters – can be used for upper/lower case conversion
Use grep to extract patterns from files
grep EE /var/log/Xorg.0.log ls ~/Documents | grep recipe glxinfo | grep -i direct
Files and File Permissions
View file permissions
List the files in "long" view:
ls -l -rwxr--r-- 1 user user 225444 2007-05-01 21:58 abc.pdf || | | | | || | world | group name || group owner name |owner/user directory
r = read = 4 w = write = 2 x = executable = 1
Change File Permissions
owner = rwx = 4+2+1 = 7; group = r = 4 ...
The above file's permissions numerically is 744. To change permissions of the above file:
chmod 750 abc.pdf
Change Ownership
chown user:group /home/user/document.txt
Lazy way of make a file executable ;)
chmod +x ~/.scripts/example
File Systems
Show all partitions and their types:
sudo fdisk -l
Show mounted partitions used/available space:
df -h | grep ^/dev
See all file systems mounted::
cat /proc/mounts
Sort Directories by How much space they consume:
du | sort -nr
Define Disks and Partitions and how they mount
sudo mkdir /mnt/USB-Drive
sudo mount -t vfat -o rw /mnt/USB-Drive
types include hfsplus, vfat…
The fstab file defines how to mount available disks/partitions that can automatically be mounted it at boot: Enter in
/dev/sda2 /mnt/OSX hfsplus ro,exec,auto,users 0 0 /dev/sda4 /mnt/Shared_Disk vfat users,auto,uid=1000,gid=100,umask=007 0 0
ro – read-only, rw – read-write, auto mounts filesystem on boot
If the disk will resemble another disk it is better to use a unique device ID (UUID) rather than
sudo blkid /dev/disk
Unmount all possible file systems:
umount -a
File System Check
Only filesystems that are able to be unmounted can have the filesystem checked.
Reboot immediately and check for errors:
sudo shutdown -Fr now
For specific mounted filesystems they can be check on next boot by placing a
forcefsck file at the root of the disk/partition:
sudo touch /forcefsck sudo touch /home/forcefsck
This will not run a file system check though if the file system is marked clean. For this boot a rescue disk and run
fsck -f to do this.
Change how often fsck runs at boot (
-c = count boots,
-i = time interval):
sudo tune2fs -c 30 -i 6m /dev/disk
Check and mark bad blocks on damaged drives:
fsck -vcck /dev/disk
Mounted file systems should be checked from the Installer CD/DVD or on boot.
Create swapfile
dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=2097152
Swap is recommended to be 1-1/2 to 2x the value of the RAM to use for hibernation.
1 GB = 1024 MB = 1024 x 1024 kB = 1048576 kB = 1048576 kB x 1024 bytes/kB = 1,073,741,800 bytes10
mkswap /swapfile swapon /swapfile
Add to
/swapfile swap none defaults
Controlling Swap
Turn off swap:
swapoff -a /swapfile
Swapiness is the input/output priority of swap. To measure the current value:
cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
To change the swap priority (higher value means more swapping):
sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10
to use this value permanently add it to
/etc/sysctl.conf (
vm.swappiness=0). Values of 20 or lower are better for laptops.
File Compression
tar gunzip: tar cvpzf /AreaToSaveTo/yourcompressedfile.tgz --exclude=/this/folderorfile /CompressionStarts/Here
tar.bz2(tbz2) (block sorted, better compression): tar -cvjf files.tar.bz2 fileorfolder bzcat linux-2.6.XX.tar.bz2 | tar x
tar xvf file.tgz
unrar e file.part01.rar
Span Multiple Volumes
tar -c -M --tape-length=2294900 --file=part1.tar too-large-archive.tgz
tar -x -M --file=part1.tar too-large-archive.tgz
At prompt specify new (n),
then specify volume name (e.g. n part2.tar)
tape-length is 1024 bytes measurement or (1 computer kilo)
Or use "split" to break a large volume (2m = 2 megabytes, LF is the prefix for new name):
split -b 2m largefile LF_
tar -cvj /full/path/to/mybigfile | split -b 650m
Put back together:
cat file* > newfile
Backup and Restore
Tar – From Install CD
cd /mnt/gentoo tar -czpvf /mnt/gentoo/MacBook-Gentoo-Backup.tgz *
Rsync – Full Backup
rsync -avtp --delete --exclude=/home/user/somedir /source/dir /destination/dir
-tpreserve modification times,
--deleteremoves destination file if has been removed from source
--linksrecreate symlinks
-zcompress from source to destination – good for slow connections.
- use "
-a e ssh source name@hostname:dest" for ssh
Add user
useradd -m -G adm,audio,cdrom,cdrw,cron,games,plugdev,portage,shutdown,usb,users,video,wheel -s /bin/bash user
Groups may vary some per distribution, this one is for Gentoo. Some groups will not be available until a certain program is installed.
Add/delete user to group:
gpasswd -a user plugdev gpasswd -d user plugdev
See what groups user belongs to:
Remove user:
userdel username
Writing to CD/DVD with Rock-Ridge support
Rock-ridge support add Unix file extensions and attributes for iso9660 standard disks.
DVD are marked as 4.7GB capacity but thats just the marketing measure. In terms the computer understand the space on a DVD is 4.368 GB's (1 GB = 1048576 kB x 1024 bytes/kB). DVD +R at 4x or 8x for best performance
growisofs -Z -lrJ -joliet-long /path/to/files
-Zmeans to start at the beginning of the dvd
- –
lallows long filenames (breaks DOS compatability)
- –
rRock-ridge support
-JAdd Joiliet support
-joliet-long– allows Joliet filenames to be 103 characters long instead of 64 – breaks joliet compatibility but works in most cases.
mkisofs -o my.iso -lrJ /path/to/files
Then burn iso to CD (not sure if I can write directly to CD, from what I've seen it would seem that I can't).
Blanking a Disk
If you want to blank a disk or it already has a file-system on it you'll see an error like "WARNING
/dev/hda already carries isofs!" then reinitialize the filesystem:
dvd+rw-format -f /dev/sr0 growisofs -Z /dev/hda=/dev/zero
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/hda blank=fast cdrecord -v dev=/dev/hda speed=2 blank=fast cdrecord -vv dev=1,0 blank=all
Write ISO to CD/Drive:
dd if=name.iso of=/dev/sdb1
Mount ISO:
mount -t iso9660 -o loop,ro name.iso
Create an ISO from a DVD or CD:
dd if=/dev/sr0 of=name.iso
Create and ISO from a file/directory:
mkisofs -o name.iso /path/to/file_or_directory
CDRWin (
.cue) images to ISO:
bchunk name.bin name.cue name.iso bin2iso name.cue
Converting CloneCD images to ISO:
ccd2iso name.img name.iso
nrg (Nero) images to ISO:
nrg2iso name.nrg name.iso
Support for writting large file sizes
ISO has file size limit of 4GB (untested
-udf support is still in alpha):
mkisofs -o my.iso -lrJ -allow-limited-size -udf file-or-pathtofiles growisofo -Z /dev/sr0 -lrJ -allow-limited-size -udf file-or-pathtofiles
Change keymaps:
setxkbmap dvorak
Map pointer buttons to keyboard:
xmodmap -e 'keycode 116 = Pointer_Button2' xmodmap -e 'keycode 108 = Pointer_Button3' xkbset exp m
Hardware Info
Kernel messages about hardware
dmesg | less
Cpu info:
cat /proc/cpuinfo
List all PCI/USB devices
lspci lsusb
Detect hardware as it's plugged in
sudo tail -f /var/log/messages
lshal –monitor # more detail
Icons / Cursors / Fonts …
Reset Icon Cache
gtk-update-icon-cache -f /usr/share/icons/hicolor/
Convert Windows Icons to Linux
Reset cache for fonts:
fc-cache -vf
Build font info per directory:
mkfontscale mkfontdir
Take screenshot of selected area
import filename.png
Set gamma
If you have ability to calibrate your own icc profile (Macintosh's do) copy the icc profile to Linux and use "
xcalib icc.profile", otherwise a basic gamma can be set:
xgamma -bgamma 0.925 -ggamma 0.925 -rgamma 0.925
Shutdown at a specific time
shutdown -h 22:33 shutdown -P now
Use "date" to check date and to set system clock:
date MonthDayHourMinuteYear
Find out kernel version:
uname -r
Start Program that isn't in the Systems Path
Only programs that are in a system's
$PATH setting can be started by typing the command, otherwise:
Disable Touchpad whilest Typing
syndaemon -d -t -i 2
Change or add password to smbconf:
sudo smbpasswd -L -a user
Mount SMB share to folder:
sudo smbmount //192.168.1.105/user/ mnt/directory -o username=username,password=pass,uid=1000,mask=000
Mount all Samba Shares in fstab:
mount -a -t smbfs
Remote login with SSH with username (diferent than the one you're using):
ssh -l username 192.168.1.101
Copy remote file to local file:
scp -p email@example.com:~/Desktop/file.name file.name
Download entire website:
wget -r http://www.example.com/
The Bash configuration file (
~/.bashrc) file:
Adding PATHs to the ~/.bashrc file will make the system aware of another folder that has executables and shortcuts can be created for common commands:
export PATH=$PATH:/home/user/.scripts: alias capscreen="import ~/Desktop/screen.png"
To see the preset variables already defined for bash:
Search History
Cron is the system program scheduler. It checks every minute for commands to run. To edit a crontab (cron jobs):
crontab -e # minute (0-59), # | hour (0-23), # | | day of the month (1-31), # | | | month of the year (1-12), # | | | | day of the week (0-6 with 0=Sunday). # | | | | | user
43 08 * * * env DISPLAY=:0.0 audacious /home/user/My\ Music/Other/Alarms/301gq.mp3
chroot – (changing root)
Userful for logging into your current Linux from an installtion CD:
su mkdir /mnt/osname mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/osname mount -t proc none /mnt/osname/proc mount -o bind /dev /mnt/osname/dev chroot /mnt/osname /bin/bash
Compile Kernel
make oldconfig make menuconfig make clean zImage modules modules_install install
For PPC "
make pmac32_defconfig" will generate a basic config.
Find Kernel Modules:
find /lib/modules/*Kernel-Version* -type f -iname '*.o*' -or -iname '*.ko*'
Add the screen program to be able to background a terminal process
screen command (CTRL + A + D to background it, to return it:
screen -r).
noup to continue a process even if you log out
noup command
Unsorted/Less Used
sudo echo >> no work
echo "my text" | sudo tee /etc/portage/package.use
See whats taking up ram:
ps auxf --sort size
Allow window executables to run directly (will need Wine and misc. binaries enabled in kernel)
/etc/sysctl.conf add:
fs.binfmt_misc.register = :WINEXE:M::MZ::/usr/bin/wine:
and add to fstab:
none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc defaults 0 0
Re-size Images from the command line
Requires imagemagick to be installed (convert writes new image, mogrify overwrites):
convert image.jpg --resize 800x600 newresized.png mogrify -geometry 1024x768 *.png
Copy ALL Files (+invisible, hard links, softlinks)
find . -depth -print0 | cpio -null -sparse -pvd /mnt/newhome/
Create random numbers, hex letters
dd if=/dev/random bs=1 count=5 2>/dev/null | xxd -ps
Run programs sequentially or concurrently
program1 && program2 program1 & program2
A simple web server
Share files in directory and all subfolders:
python -c "import SimpleHTTPServer;SimpleHTTPServer.test()"
View at http://localhost:8000 or http://your_ip:8000/.
Debian Specific:
drive space show taken by installed packages
dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n
Rebuild Font Directory
dpkg-reconfigure fontconfig
Gentoo Linux Tidbits
I've been using Gentoo for about two years now and I took notes on managing my box. These are those notes. If you're interested in installing Gentoo take a look at Gentoo Quick Install.
Update: bash script
This section is an addition. I've since created a bash script that does many of the functions and make reading the rest less necessary. The script is self-explanatory: link.
About Portage
Gentoo Linux uses a package management system called Portage. Portage offers one of the most extensible and customizable package systems available in Linux.
System Update
Update all packages on the computer. This process involves: syncing Portage, creating a text file to review updates, updating the system, merging new configuration files, remove orphaned dependencies.
Sync the portage tree
emerge --sync # or eix-sync # preferrable for faster searches (eix search)
Examine update before install
emerge --pretend --verbose --update --newuse --deep @world | less
If unexpected dependencies are being pull in, use the
--tree option to track it down.
Complete update
emerge --update --newuse --deep --with-bdeps=y @world dispatch-conf revdep-rebuild # ... emerge --depclean
- In the first command, portage wiil update all packages on the system
dispatch-confis configuration updating and merge tool
revdep-rebuildwill check that all programs and libraries are linked correctly and rebuild them if necessary.
emerge --depcleanwill remove orphaned dependencies
- Additionaly a kernel update may need compiling again, distfiles may need to be cleaned up…
Failed package emerge in compilation string
At times in a long list of package emerges (like a system update) a package will fail to emerge. The bug-tracker and the forums usually have information about known problems with the package. If not, it's possible the package needs a newer version of a package that has not yet been installed in the compilation string. Skipping the problem package and emerging it again when the rest of the packages are compiled may fix the problem.
emerge --resume --skipfirst
Blocked packages
Packages that block other packages from being emerged can be fixed by removing the obstructing packages then reinstalling it after blocked package is emerged.
quickpkg $BLOCKER emerge -C $BLOCKER emerge $BLOCKED emerge --usepkgonly $BLOCKER
Specify USE Flags per package
/etc/portage/package.use add
pkg-category/pkg useflag useflag2. To add a USE flag temporarily (not recommended):
USE="useflag" emerge package
Masked Packages (keyword)
The "missing keyword" mask states an ebuild doesn't support or hasn't been tested on the current architecture (x86, amd, ppc… ). Keywording can be added to
/etc/portage/package.accept_keywords for example:
media-libs/libquicktime ~ppc.
Masked Packages (hard)
Gentoo hards masks some packages for security concerns, collisions… Packages are hard masked in
/usr/portage/profiles/package.mask. If liking to live on the edge packages can be unmasked in
Emerge dependency of a package
Packages that are dependencies of other packages (i.e. have no use on their own) should be emerged as
oneshot. This is because if the main package is removed so too will this package when
emerge –depclean is run. Otherwise these dependent packages are added to the world file.
emerge --oneshot package
Freeze a Package
If a rebuild of a package is undesired a package can be frozen. This is useful for kernels and other such packages.
- Mask the entire package (i.e. without version) in
- Add the specific version to
Create a Binary Package
If enough disk space is available its may be a good idea to create and archived-binary of a package so it is quicker to re-install:
emerge --buildpkg zim emerge --usepkg zim # to reinstall
Info About the Portage System
This information can be useful for reporting bugs:
emerge --info
Other Portage Tools
Info about USE flags (equery is part of gentoolkit):
equery uses package
Programs built with a specific USE flag:
equery hasuse useflag
View what files are installed by program:
equery files alsa-lib
View what packages install to a folder:
equery belongs /usr/share/fonts/misc
List all installed packages:
equery list
Select a new system profile (With each new revision (i.e. 2006.1 to 2007) new profiles are added. Profiles define basic system USE flags…):
eselect profile list eselect profile set 4
Select new kernel:
eselect kernel list eselect kernel set 2
Rebuild external modules (added from Portage). Drivers build against the kernel (video drivers, sound drivers…) and will need to be rebuilt with new kernels:
emerge --ask @module-rebuild
Compile with specific compiler version. Some packages require a specific version of the compiler. See installed GCC profiles and select one:
gcc-config -l gcc-config 2 source /etc/profile
Clean portage world file:
Remove entries that are dependencies only in
/var/lib/portage/world to help emerge times. Careful what to remove thought. For example, "epiphany-extensions" requires "epiphany" so if "epiphany" is removed and later its decided that "epiphany-extensions" are no longer needed than running `emerge –depclean' will removed "epiphany".
Layman / Overlays
Overlays are package repositories that can be added to the portage tree. A good number of third party overlays are available in necessary.
Local Overlay
Create a local overlay to create your own ebuilds or edit an existing one. If the later, it's best to see if the program has an ebuild in bugzilla or is in one of the third party overlays.
To make a personal overlay create an overlay directory and let
make.conf known to it (for example)
mkdir /home/user/.portage-local and add to
Ebuilds must be placed in a category that already exists in Portage
mv package.ebuild ~/.portage-local/media-plugins/
Keyword if necessary:
emerge gentoolkit-dev ekeyword ~ppc package-126.96.36.199.ebuild
Create a manifest and build:
ebuild ~/.portage-local/category/program/program-version.ebuild digest emerge package
Layman is a manager for third party overlays.
emerge layman subversion
Add to
PORTDIR_OVERLAY="/home/username/.portage-local" source source /var/lib/layman/make.conf
To add an overlay:
layman --list layman --add overlay
Update layman overlays:
layman -S
Creating Quality Web Sized PNGs with ImageMagick
I recently posted The Battle for Wesnoth – 1.4 picture review, a look at the new version of turn based strategy game. I had uploaded the post and the screenshots from a super fast pc at work. I gave it no thought when it was as easy as clicking a button. No thought until I loaded the blog at home yesterday and I patiently waited as the browser icon kept looping. Scrolling to the Wesnoth post and seeing images were only half loaded, I looked into my images folder and discovered my Wesnoth screenshots took up a whooping 4MB. Yikes! To make matters worse, I had lazily used html image resizing for thumbnails. This was a time warp I'd forgotten with fast networking but a basic html blunder: when writing for a general audience, write for the lowest common denominator. Scrolling my other posts and their images were still loading I thought, if I had visited this page for the first time and it was taking this long to load, I probably would have closed the tab by now.
And such it is on todays modern web. Not everyone has that T3 spliced into their home. On this slow connection, I have learned to be patient but I really like those pages that load quickly. Portable Network Graphics (PNG)'s the graphic format I use are designed for modern networks. A lossless format for good quality images with a reasonable file size for optic networks, cable modems and dsl. A good number of people though still use standard phone modems or experience congested networks and some images can take awhile to download. Well compressed PNG's can be made though that load reasonably well while maintaining good image quality.
So I decided to find out what I could do to reduce the load of my web graphics. I did numerous tests over differing quality and quantity. I tested all conversions from a standard jpeg photo. The image is scaled down to 500 width (aspect preserved), a good size for viewing on this blog. First of all I have to say that GIMP does this very well – accurate color reproduction, smoothing, no color bleeds, all in a 270K file.
But often I don't wanna fire up gimp just to convert one image in such instance I like to use ImageMagick's command line programs: convert/mogrify.
Resizing is simple:
convert -resize 500 a-friend-in-need.jpg a-friend-in-need-500.png
The image produced is as good as quality as the one produced by GIMP but doesn't particularly do well at compression this image is a whopping 871K which explains alot about my web page load yesterday. So next I reduced the colorspace to 256 to see if this could produce an acceptable image:
Not too bad. At 109K its a good size for the internet but after looking awhile the dithering becomes obvious. The number of colors is a big factor in determining the size of the image. I played with the colors a bit and came to that around 2000 colors as images began to look non-dithered.
convert -resize 500 -colors 2048 -depth 16 -quality 95 a-friend-in-need.jpg a-friend-in-need-500-c256.png
Quality is the compression amount and type. The first digit is the compression level (nine is the highest) and the next digit is compression type (five is adaptive). I also used optipng that can add up to 30% further compression.
optipng -o5 a-friend-in-need-500-c256.png
The images still look a bit too sharp so I used the enhance variable to smooth. Enhance is it's own filter and will over-rule other variables so setting color and depth needs to be done in another step.
Doing these steps gives me nice quality, lightweight (comparably – 280k) images that I can use for my blog. The final product:
To simplify the process, I wrote a script to make it easier:
#!/bin/bash # resize-image-new - makes new image and resizes. # http://www.imagemagick.org/www/command-line-options.html SIZE=$1 NAME=$2 COLORS=2048 DEPTH=16 RESIZEDNAME="${NAME%.*}"-"$SIZE".png #ENHANCE - options to enhance image -enhance smoothes rough images if [[ -z $NAME ]]; then echo "resize-image <WIDTHxHEIGHT> <original-image>" exit; fi # Convert (SIZE is proportional least value is used and only x needs specifid.) convert -resize "$SIZE" -enhance "$NAME" "$RESIZEDNAME" mogrify -colors $COLORS -depth $DEPTH "$RESIZEDNAME" # Compress PNG optipng -o5 "$RESIZEDNAME"
I'd like to be able to learn if I could adapt this script to batch conversions.
Command Line to Clipboard
It's really something to be learning Linux. The more I learn about Linux the more I learn it's about manipulating letters and numbers (well, this is more programming than anything but Linux is a lot about that). Bash I'm discovering is great; I'm just getting into it and now have made things a good deal easier by learning how to copy and paste text from the command line via the Xorg server clipboard. Here is a couple commands that can do it with examples, following them are a couple bash scripts that make this easy as can beasy.
The Programs
xsel and
xclip are command line programs that can redirect the contents of the Xorg server clipboard. The Xorg server has two clipboards: the common right-click > Copy, and one for the middle-mouse click. For those that don't know of it yet, the middle-click clipboard allows quick copy and pasting without having to enter a menu or using Ctrl + v. Anytime you select text on the Xorg server there is a separate register that records this text, then clicking the middle-mouse button (sometimes called the mouse button three [usually done by clicking down the scroll wheel] will paste the text. The Xorg server defines the the middle-click clipboard as primary and the right-click clipboard as secondary.
Here are the basics of using
xclip, I prefer over
xsel because I have found that
xsel can have problems pasting to java apps.
xclip can be used in a variety of ways. First, for example, it can be piped to:
echo "hi" | xclip -selection clipboard
This will copy to the standard clipboard. For abbreviation, you can use
c instead of
clipboard. You can specify
primary or
p here too to copy to the middle-mouse button, but isn't necessary as this is the default for
echo "hello" | xclip
To direct a file to
xclip the -in or -out options are needed:
xclip -in -selection c <filename> xclip -out -selection c <filename>
Which will respectively put a file into the clipboard, and write to a file from the clipboard contents.
To make the process quicker, I've created a couple scripts to automate the tasks called
cb-in and
cb-out and can be used like a standard command:
cb-in pack File pack copied to the clipboard
To copy to the context-menu clipboard:
xsel --clipboard < /etc/fstab
To copy a text to the middle mouse button clipboard:
xsel < /etc/fstab
xsel can be piped too:
echo "a-bit-of-text" | xsel -b cat /etc/make.conf | xsel -b
To output directly to the terminal:
xsel --clipboard
And to redirect and append to a file:
xsel --clipboard > Baada-Boom.txt xsel --clipboard >> ~/.Baada-Boom
cp2clip (xsel)
#!/bin/bash # cp2clip - copy to the clipboard the contents of a file # Program name from it's filename prog=${0##*/} # Text color variables bldblu='\e[1;34m' # blue bldred='\e[1;31m' # red bldwht='\e[1;37m' # white txtbld=$(tput bold) # bold txtund=$(tput sgr 0 1) # underline txtrst='\e[0m' # text reset info=${bldwht}*${txtrst} pass=${bldblu}*${txtrst} warn=${bldred}!${txtrst} filename=$@ # Display usage if full argument isn't given if [[ -z $filename ]]; then echo " $prog <filename> - copy a file to the clipboard" exit fi # Check that file exists if [[ ! -f $filename ]]; then echo -e "$warn File ${txtund}$filename${txtrst} doesn't exist" exit fi # Check user is not root (root doesn't have access to user Xorg server) if [[ $(whoami) == root ]]; then echo -e "$warn Must be regular user to copy a file to the clipboard" exit fi # Copy file to clipboard, give feedback xsel --clipboard < "$filename" echo -e "$pass ${txtund}"${filename##*/}"${txtrst} copied to clipboard"
clippaste (xsel)
#!/bin/bash # clippaste - Paste contents of clipboard to file in terminal. # use 'xclip -out -selection primary' for middle click clipboard # Program name from it's filename prog=${0##*/} # Text color variables bldblu='\e[1;34m' # blue bldred='\e[1;31m' # red bldwht='\e[1;37m' # white txtbld=$(tput bold) # bold txtund=$(tput sgr 0 1) # underline txtrst='\e[0m' # text reset info=${bldwht}*${txtrst} pass=${bldblu}*${txtrst} warn=${bldred}!${txtrst} filename=$@ pasteinfo="clipboard contents" # usage if argument isn't given if [[ -z $filename ]]; then echo "clippaste <filename> - paste contents of context-menu clipboard to file" exit fi # check if file exists, prompt to append or override, else create new if [[ -f $filename ]]; then echo -en "$warn File ${txtund}$filename${txtrst} already exists - (${txtbld}e${txtrst})xit, (${txtbld}a${txtrst})ppend, (${txtbld}o${txtrst})verwrite: " read edit case "$edit" in [aA] ) xsel --clipboard >> $filename echo -e "$pass File ${txtund}$filename${txtrst} appended with clipboard contents" ;; [oO] ) xsel --clipboard > $filename echo -e "$pass File ${txtund}$filename${txtrst} overwrote with clipboard contents" ;; * ) exit esac; else xsel --clipboard >> $filename echo -e "$pass File ${txtund}"$filename"${txtrst} created with clipboard contents" fi
Purge memory trick
Linux does a good job when it comes to memory allocation. If memory isn't being used or hasn't been used for awhile it gets put into a cache where it can readily pulled. At times though this cache can become pretty big (especially for a program that has a memory leak). If a good number of programs are being used or if memory is limited then Linux will begin using hard disk swap which can really bog down performance. In these instances, it may help to purge the memory.
In the terminal type
free -m to see memory usage. Flushing the filesystem buffers and to drop extra caches can be done by doing:
sudo sync sudo echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
Look once more at
free -m and memory usage should be improved. Freeing memory is most effective by shutting down whatever programs can be. To be really effective shutdown X server first.
This can be put in a script if you need to regularly do this:
- Original Tip: Howto: Clear filesystem memory cache
Background a Process/Program
At times it is useful to see the output of what a program produces by typing its command line name in the terminal (for instance for debugging), at other times typing a program in the terminal just takes up space that could ordinarily be utilized for something else. Launching programs from the terminal can be put in the background easily with a bash script.
nohup is used to prevent hangups and then you redirect the output of the command to /dev/null (the great Linux blackhole). Here's the script:
Then in the terminal use the bgcmd command with whatever program needed to be put in the background:
Backgrounding Already Running Processes
Already running applications can be backgrounded as well. First type Ctrl + Z to release the application, then use
bg to background it's output.
Keep in mind though that if the terminal or tab is closed the program will close with it. Also too the
bg command doesn't suppress all output.
Cron Alarm Clock
Surprisingly I found out that there are a lack of alarm clocks in Linux. I've tried a few but really was impressed with none. So I decided to go with what the Linux uses for some of it's timed events: Cron. Cron can be a good alarm and its easy to use.
The program
crontab is used to create and edit cron jobs and the cron daemon checks for cronjobs a the top of every minute. A command line mp3 player can be used here but I like use Audacious. Crong will need to be told what X display to play Audacious on to discover the current display:
env | grep DISPLAY
Then as regular user edit crontab:
crontab -e
Here's the cronjob layout representation:
# minute (0-59), # | hour (0-23), # | | day of the month (1-31), # | | | month of the year (1-12), # | | | | day of the week (0-6 with 0=Sunday). # | | | | | commands
Enter the time (multiple times, days need to be separated with commas) and the script to execute for the alarm. The asterik can be used (*) to satisfy all variables. Here's mine for audacious:
07 21 * * 1,2,3,4,5 env DISPLAY=:0.0 audacious /home/user/My\ Music/Other/Alarms/301gq.mp3
I found some good alarm tracks at this site the were perfect for the task.
To list the crontab do:
crontab -l
Additional Information
- Gentoo Cron Guide
- Ubuntu Wiki on Cron
- gnome-schedule is a GUI utility for Gnome – in sunrise overlay.
- A Gnome/python alarm clock
- Timer Applet – is a Gnome applet that shows a timer on the panel. [ebuild]
Other Options
Wmtimer works well for Gnome users (KDE has kalarm) it leaves a small window on the screen which can't be hidden but it is able use the system beep or execute a command on an alarm/timer event. Starting it from the command line is pretty easy:
wmtimer -a -t 18:39:00 -e "mpg321 ~/Music/Other/Alarms/301gq.wav"
Audacious also has alarm ability but it's buried DeeeEEep in it's preferences ( Preferences > Plugins > General ).
Alarm Clock
Thats actually its name. Despite the unexciting name, Alarm Clock is a very nice addition. Its a python script for the Gnome desktop that has the ability to run an application, display a message, and to use as a tray icon. Its a good application and easy to install.
Zenity Alert
Zenity is Gnome's notification program. This won't get a person out of bed but it can be good for reminders. In crontab enter:
23 15 * * * env DISPLAY=:0:0 notify-send -i gtk-info "libnotify example" "An example of libnotify notification thingy."
- Thanks 2 keyboard cowboy.
Setting Up Irssi
Irssi is a command line client for IRC, developed since 1999 and written in the beautiful language of C. It is a very good client with a lot of options for those willing to learn a command line interface. If not, check out Xchat.
When I came upon a couple of install problems I was recommended to connect to the Gentoo freenode channel with and IRC client. I've used IRC before (really got into mIRC in Windows, had a brief foray of Xchat) and discovered that IRC is a pretty good way to meet people and exchange information. Xchat to me was just to difficult to set up as I liked (and I felt that I was missing something using it). When I used mIRC, BitchX was all the talk. Now irssi is and have been using it for years.
Installing Irssi
Install irssi however you distro tells you to.
I'm the type of person that learns by getting my hands dirty-and-tweaking-and-learn-by-example so I didn't comb through all the pages of documentation but this guide should be enough to create a basic setup. If you're like me the minimum that needs to be done is to comb through the starter's guide and get feel of it. Irssi installs very very raw with really nothing set up so I added the few tweaks they recommend. After doing that I fire up irssi and set my Nick:
/set nick NICKNAME
Irssi saves the name between sessions but it won't be reserved that will be done after a few more steps.
Freenode is a great project that hosts a lot of open source channels, including a lot of Linux distro help channels. If you ever run across them be sure to thank them, they do a great deed. To connect to a server:
/connect irc.freenode.net
And join a channel by doing (for example):
/j gentoo
Irssi is actually pretty easy. Another I like doing is automatically joining a network when irssi starts. Typing
/network show the pre-configured networks. If your irssi is set up like mine, Freenode isn't one of the default servers built in. If it's not add it so it will make connecting quicker in the future:
/server add -auto -network Freenode irc.freenode.net 6667
-auto command is optional if choosing to use it will automatically connect to that server when irssi starts. Nicks can be associated with a network:
/network add -nick Gen2ly Freenode
And channels in networks can be automatically set to be joined by doing:
/channel add -auto #gentoo Freenode
Setting up Freenode
The freenode faq is in good working order and can explain in better detail more about what freenode is and what a user can do. I just needed to register (this also reserves) my nickname:
/msg nickserv register <password> <email>
Responding to the email will be necessary of the registration will be dropped.
To keep the Nick's email hidden:
/msg nickserv set hidemail on
Login to Freenode so your nick is official, though this too can be done automatically:
/msg nickserv identify <password>
/network add -autosendcmd "/msg nickserv identify <password> ;wait 2000" Freenode
Identd and irssi
Basic Commands
It's not really necessary to read any more documentation unless more advanced functions are needed. Most of the basic commands can be seen with:
/help command should provide all the information necessary to use it. The only commands I use are
/msg user,
/away, and
The basic key presses are: Alt+1, Alt+2,… to switch between windows; and PageUp to PageDown to scroll up and down.
Tips and Tricks
If you're in channels with a lot of people, seeing all the joins, parts, quits, afks can be distracting, they can be turned off with:
/ignore #channelname ALL -PUBLIC -ACTIONS
Or you can ignore them in all channels by using
* instead of
With a rambler or someone wanting to ignore they can be ignored for a specific amount of time by doing:
/ignore -time 3600 <nick>
to ignore them for an hour.


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249 profile views
1 reviews
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