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Monthly Archives: July 2008
Bang, bang, my baby shot me down…*
I was walking home today and happened to pass a Norman Rockwell-esque family moment: a hot and hazy mid-summer evening; a young boy (around five or six) is playfully chasing his slightly older sister; her mock screams, a sound like … Continue reading
Insult spam
For the past several weeks, my spam filter has been blocking emails I'm calling insult spam. The New York Times wrote about them in June, around the time I started receiving them. (Oh, how wonderful it is to be an … Continue reading
Dispatch from the front lines
Yesterday, I was trying to call a former business associate who had recently changed jobs. So I went to his new company's website, dialed the contact number and instead of the usual if-you-know-the-extension-press-it-now greeting, I reached the customer help line. … Continue reading


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Welcome to John Williams Plastic Surgery
If you are considering cosmetic surgery, choosing the right surgeon will be the most important decision that you will make. Dr. John Williams is one of the premier Board Certified Plastic Surgeons in Scottsdale, Arizona with over 17 years of experience. Patients frequently choose Dr. Williams because of his reputation for compassion, honesty, professionalism and high ethical standards; as well as his friendly bedside manner and meticulous surgical technique.
For a truly unique experience in the world of plastic surgery, make the right choice and schedule an appointment today.
Dr. Williams specializes in all aspects of aesthetic breast surgery including breast augmentation, breast lift, reduction surgery and revision of previous breast procedures. He also treats male breast enlargement known as gynecomastia. Visit the before and after gallery and the procedures page for more information.
Contouring procedures performed on the body aim to improve your shape by removing unwanted fat or skin resulting in a leaner, more attractive physique. These procedures include liposuction, tummy tucks and mommy makeovers. See the amazing transformations that can be achieved in our before and after gallery.
The goal of facial rejuvenation procedures is to restore and enhance your natural beauty through the use of customized surgical and non-surgical techniques. These procedures include facelifts, eyelid and brow lifts, injectables (such as Botox and dermal fillers), and professional skin care. Visit our before and after gallery of facial rejuvenation procedures.

subset: commoncrawl


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I wanted to hate this mask because it's so pricey...but I can't. There's a reason it's gotten a lot of hype, and that's because it works. It's my go-to mask when my skin is acting up, and I've found that when I use it as a spot treatment, the admittedly tiny jar lasts me months.
One word of caution - this mask will dry up on you if you don't use it, especially once there's only a tiny bit of product in the jar. Always make sure the lid is on tight!
I had a horrible reaction to this mask. My face turned bright red, started to swell and was itchy. I spent the day after using it hiding in my room, applying hydrocortisone cream and ice packs to my face. It took a couple days for the redness to go away. I have never had such a bad reaction to any other product. (The worst used to be a pimple or two.) I had also never heard of anyone having a bad reaction to glam glow. So I started googling. Turns out the reaction I had is pretty common. A lot of other girls had similar reactions and I read a couple that were worse. One girl couldn't go out into the sun after using the product. If you are going to buy this product, I suggest spot testing it on your wrist first.1
This is one of the most miraculous products on the product. I have oily, sensitive, and acne prone skin which just makes life that much more fun. I love products that where you can visibly see results. After applying the product which should be a thin layer- do not overuse this amazing stuff; it's expensive. As it drys especially in my t zone you can see darker spots where you can actually see the product pulling out all the yucky stuff out of each individual pore. After completely letting dry I hold a warm/hot washcloth and take off the product. Your skin will be smooth and have less blackheads. It may cause a breakout but that is because it is pulling all the bacteria to the surface but that is good in the long run.5
Don't let the price throw you off, this amazing mud mask lives up to expectations and a little goes a long way, especially if being used as spot treatment. Stubborn nose blackheads don't stand a chance against this product. Though I do have oil skin, so I would test it in a little spot first for dry skin, my sister has dry skin and doesn't like it as much as I do.5
I was a huge skeptic at first, thinking "how can mud suction my pores?" I still do not know how, but it DOES! I watched a video on YouTube of a girl using it, which helped convince myself I should spend the money and get it. During the process I could see spots where it was pulling the gunk out. I was so amazed I used it on my boyfriend, who was also in awe. I do not apply this to my entire face, I only apply this to my T zone and cheeks, (where I have blackheads). My family knows that this is on my wishlist for Christmas every year. It is costly but it really does work! I am in love.5


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A Dollar Value On Pair Programming
"Why in the world would we use two people to do the job of one?" This is often the initial reaction to people when first introduced to the idea of pair programming. In essence, they perceive pair programming as doubling the cost of writing any segment of code. Dave Nicollete offers some quantitive ideas to help show how pair programming can save money, not waste it.
Kent Beck Suggests Skipping Testing for Very Short Term Projects
Kent Beck suggests that on very short term projects, when you're trying to figure out if there is a viable concept, you might do less (even no) automated testing to help get off the ground quickly. This goes against all of the conventional wisdom surrounding TDD.
How TDD and Pairing Increase Production
"Test-driven Development" and "Pair Programming" are two of the most widely known of agile practices, yet are still largely not being practiced by many agile teams. Often, people will cite being "too busy" to adopt such practices as TDD and pairing; in essence, implying that striving for high code quality will reduce productivity. Mike Hill explains how this logic is seriously flawed.
Presentation: A Tale of 2 Systems
In this video recorded during QCon London 2008, Pete Goodliffe presents two Linux-based audio products with a complete different outcome, software design making the difference.
What does Quality Mean?
Is quality supposed to mean a lack of defects that are holding us back? Mike Bria, Lisa Crispin, James Bach and JB Rainsberger debate the meaning of quality and the limitations our current definition is placing on us.
J.B. Rainsberger: "Integration Tests Are A Scam"
Well-known agilist and TDD expert J.B. Rainsberger has begun a series of posts to explain why his experience has led him to the thought-provoking conclusion that "integration tests are a scam".
Throw Away Your Bug Tracking System?
Elisabeth Hendrickson, A.K.A "testObsessed", presents a thought-provoking stance on triaging bugs in an agile project. She discusses her feelings that problems found during the iteration are not "bugs", that only the Product Owner has the right to call something "bug", and that a healthy agile team might likely have no need for a bug tracking system.
Interview: Luke Francl Explains Why Testing Is Overrated
In this interview filmed during RubyFringe 2008, Luke Francl explains his position towards testing. While supporting unit testing, he thinks testing is not going to reveal all application defects. Development teams should practice code reviews and usability tests which are likely to discover bugs not visible though other methods.
Presentation: Testing is Overrated
In this talk from RubyFringe, Luke Francl asks: is developer-driven testing really the best way to find software defects? Or is the emphasis on testing and test coverage barking up the wrong tree?
Forget Your Debugger, Use The "Saff Squeeze"
Kent Beck, renowned co-father of XP, TDD, and JUnit itself, tells a story about tracking down a defect in a new JUnit feature, JUnitMax, with unit tests instead of a debugger. He explains a method shown to him by current JUnit lead developer, David Saff, where a high level unit test is recursively inlined until a super concise test is created down at the very root of the defect.
Presentation: Principles and Practices of Lean-Agile Software Development
In this presentation held during Agile 2008, Alan Shalloway, CEO and founder of Net Objectives, presents the Lean software development principles and practices and how they can benefit to Agile practitioners.
Careful With Your Coverage Metrics
Christian Gruber takes some time to clarify the TDD stance on using code coverage metrics. He discusses what code coverage metrics do and don't tell you, how TDD fits into the picture, and how one might be best advised to use their code coverage metrics.
The Power of Done
Scott Schimanski recently added his voice to those talking about the power of a clear definition of "done." Scott points out there is both business and personal value in a well-defined meaning of "done". The business can count on shipping features that are done, without making any additional investment, while individuals really seem to enjoy the sense of accomplishment that comes with "done."
What are the Qualities of a Good Test?
What is a good test? How do we know if we're writing good tests? Kent Beck, Roy Osherove, Mike Hill and others provide some insight.
When is Ok to Break the Rules
In "Just Ship Baby" Kent Beck, author of the JUnit Framework, reminds us that the point of all the Agile processes and practices is to produce shipping software. If they're getting in the way of shipping software – then perhaps you need to break the rules.


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Liar, Liar: Victoria Beckham
Fib: I swear they're real!
Posh has never fully admitted that plastic surgery is responsible for the noticeable increase in size that her bust underwent from the late '90s to the aughts, but she did accidentally let slip in a 2011 interview with Vogue UK that she had her implants removed, which explains how her bust shrank back down to its original size after the fashion designer became a mom. "No torpedo bazookas, either. Gone," she said during the interview. But when pressed by the interviewer to explain what she meant, Victoria caught herself and refused to elaborate further. Oops!
RELATED: Stars who are aging in reverse
© 2015 Whalerock Industries


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Product Information
Product Information
Alfred James Bond 007 Collection For Trumpet
Complete with every Bond theme ever recorded! This instrumental collection offers compatible arrangements specifically created for the level 3 player along with fully orchestrated accompaniment tracks. -Song List (contributor): 007 Theme (from "From Russia with Love") [John Barry (composer)]; A View to a Kill (from "A View to a Kill") [John Barry (composer); Duran Duran (composer)]; All Time High (from "Octupussy") [John Barry (composer); Tim Rice (lyricist)]; Baron Samedi's Dance of Death (from "Live and Let Die") [George Martin (composer)]; Diamonds Are Forever (from "Diamonds Are Forever") [John Barry (composer); Don Black (lyricist)]; Do You Know How Christmas Trees Are Grown? (from "On Her Majesty's Secret Service"); For Your Eyes Only (from "For Your Eyes Only") [Bill Conti (composer); Michael Leeson (lyricist)]; From Russia with Love [Lionel Bart (composer)]; Goldeneye (from "Goldeneye") [Bono ...
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[caption id="attachment_89464" align="alignright" width="210"] Secretary of State Debra Bowen[/caption]
Voter registration has hit record highs both in California and in Orange County while Republicans' share of voters has dropped to a historic low statewide and countywide, according to final numbers posted by the Secretary of State on Friday.
Meanwhile, turnout for Tuesday's election is expected to be down from 2008.
Orange County had received slightly more mail ballots as of Friday morning than at the same point four years ago, 376,747 to 361,782, according to county Registrar of Voters Neal Kelley. But that doesn't necessarily indicate higher turnout, as nearly twice as many people requested mail ballots this time. Continue reading>>


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hey everyone call me zeldiar, just waiting to see if they are going to release the ps2 emulator for the ps3 with the new firmware like was rumored.
hey everyone call me zeldiar, just waiting to see if they are going to release the ps2 emulator for the ps3 with the new firmware like was rumored.
Welcome all new comers to PS3NEWS.COM and may you find our forums informative and our news refreshing and enjoy yourself on the forums.
Hi I am a noob. But thanks to PS3 news Ive got my ps2 all hacked up along with my psp and cant wait for my ps3 to get hacked.
Hey all !
Old time ps2 user getting ready for a change with ps3. Great site for information, I think I'll be visiting quite often!
hey there, i'm rbanaco from portugal!
I am also a newbie and looking forward to learning more about the ps3.
ps3 newbie saying hi!
i'm new.. i'm dominican
I just joined the site and love it so far... I'm a PS3 newbie
Hello there, im not new to the ps3 just new to this site. I've been looking for a site like this with lots of info on the ps3.
• PlayStation 4 & PS4 News
• PS4 Guides & Tutorials
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Last Login: 11/27/2015 11:54 am
Registered: 07/27/2011
Gender: Male
Location: Nevada
Birthday: 05/25/1988
Occupation: Crime fighting ninja dinosaur
Night Sweats
Occasional thoughts of suicide.
Green Light.
I'm okay.
Feeling Fine, just a little tongue tied."
~DevilDriver: Sin and Sacrifice
Posts per Day: 1.00
Total Posts: 1585
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Abattoirs Articles
And Another Thing...
MAKE no bones about it, referring to Japanese whalers euphemistically as "factory ships" gives them a gloss - in everyday vocabulary they are floating abattoirs. Col Shephard, Yamba
Religious Ritual Slaughter Faces Review
RELIGIOUS ritual slaughter at federal and state abattoirs will immediately be reviewed, the Federal Government has announced.
Cattle Trade Ban Over Cruelty
THE export of live cattle to Egypt has been banned until the Egyptian Government proves its abattoirs are not severely mistreating animals.
Abattoir To Beef Up Its Numbers
SCONE'S Primo abattoir is set to almost double its staff, bucking the trend in which abattoirs have dumped 350 staff in the Upper Hunter.
Tafe Signs Deal With Scone Abattoir
PRIMO Australia Scone Abattoirs, with a $15million expansion into the export market under way, has turned to the Hunter Institute of TAFE for its training needs.


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IAP attracts some of the top talent in the industry. To keep that talent, we offer competitive pay and benefits, and a wealth of opportunities for learning and growth.
Even though IAP employees are experts in their fields, they never stop learning. We provide numerous opportunities for education, training, and recognition, because as long as our people grow, our company grows.
Human Capital
IAP is made up of people who solve problems for others. Each of us contributes our unique skills, experiences, and knowledge to form a powerful force for good. Working here, you will feel a deep sense of camaraderie, equality, cooperation, dedication, and ongoing recognition of a job well done. At IAP, we seek experienced, dedicated professionals in the areas of General Management, Logistics, Engineering, Construction, Operations, Program Management, Accounting/Finance and many other fields and specialty areas.
We empower our employees with the resources and the knowledge to do their jobs safely and effectively, contributing to the overall success of every customer engagement. We believe this is the driving force behind the growth and success of our organization.
IAP's Human Resources professionals care about your success in contributing to IAP's mission – to provide "world class" levels of customer satisfaction. We are committed to developing and implementing support programs and processes which add value to IAP and its employees. We do everything possible to ensure that working for IAP is a satisfying and rewarding experience for everyone. In all our interactions with our customers and employees we live out our core values — respect, responsibility, integrity, ingenuity and purpose.


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This is a great recipe for days when you are too cold and lazy to cook! You could have it as a meal or as a soup entree with a meal.
A mild and healthy warm soup prepared in Western India, good for people recovering from illness and babies too.
My husband will prefer to cook this soup on his own with no help from me. This is an excellent comfort food when someone in the family has a cold.
The tomato soup served desi-style.
A vegetarian soup lover's delight - here's a twist to the same old dal!
Bajra is a staple grain in Rajasthan. Besides bajra rotis, here's another way to cook bajra.
A non-vegetarian's delight, a bowl of this soup will keep you warm and cozy during the harsh winter days of Rajasthan.
Ragi Soup is a necessary food for babies, Which is a a Indian food , we can feed for 3 months old baby onwards , Its s low cost food with high energy for babies and as well grown sports children, A real energy food. Its very famous in TamilNadu, With low investment of time and money baby grows fast and healthy :-)
This is a great soup that is light and healthy and good any time or any season. It is something my Mom always made on a Sunday before lunch. I make it atleast once a week for lunch for my kids. I keep changing the shapes of the pasta and and my kids absolutely love it.
SE Asia makes various kinds of noodle soups. On a cold monsoon day, this healthy soup warms you up beautifully. You may add more or less of the ingredients but don't skimp on the tender onions or you'll miss the fragrance and flavour. You may use macaroni in place of egg noodles and to make it spicy, add lots of chopped red or green mirchi!


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Assistant U.S. Attorney headed to BABC
Ty Howard, a prominent assistant U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Tennessee, has left government service and will next month join the Nashville office of Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP.
His practice at Bradley Arant will focus on defense work pertaining to white-collar and corporate investigations.
Prior to serving as an assistant U.S. Attorney, Howard, a native of Pennsylvania, worked for the Philadelphia office of the international law firm of Morgan Lewis & Bockius and as an assistant district attorney in the Philadelphia area. In the late 1990s, he also served as a legislative aide to then-U.S. Sen. Fred Thompson.
Howard received his law degree from the Georgetown University Law Center, a master's in public administration from the University of Pennsylvania, and his undergraduate degree from Pennsylvania State University.
Over the past four and a half years, Howard and his now former U.S. Attorney colleague John Webb have been at the epicenter of prosecuting white-collar crime in Middle Tennessee.
Among the white-collar cases Howard has prosecuted are the Sommet Group – defendants Brian Whitfield et al. have been charged with $20 million worth of health care, 401(k) and tax fraud — as well as fraud investigations involving the late Barry Stokes, Aaron Vallett, Jeff Cassman, Hanover Corp. and the National Foundation of America.


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"Dream Home Resource Center" is an exhibit by artist Olga Koumoundouros, currently on view at the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles.- Brian Forrest
To enter the installation, guests walk through a set of double doors that the artist reclaimed from a McMansion in Orange County.- Marianne Williams
An unusual aspect of the exhibit includes a rotating cast of experts who sit in the center kiosk and answer questions about housing for guests to the museum.- Marianne Williams
The artist (center) talks to visitors of the exhibit.- Marianne Williams
A view of the exhibition from the entry way of the Hammer Museum. Located in the first floor lobby, the exhibit is the only piece in the museum that is free and open to the public.- Brian Forrest
A timeline of housing in 20th century America wraps around much of the room. Koumoundouros put together a patchwork of images, factoids, and personal narratives to tell the story of how the housing crisis began, and where we are today.- Marianne Williams
At the center kiosk, guests can also fill out forms to share how they feel about their home and housing in American in general. The forms look eerily similar to a mortgage document.- Marianne Williams
Making art out of the housing crisis
For many Americans, thinking about housing is really thinking about money and cost: What house can I afford to buy? Will it be worth more in 10 years? Should I take out a home equity loan?
But for artist Olga Koumoundouros, we might want to remember the original purpose of all those piles of bricks: "A house is a structure that provides shelter and can give us psychological security and a respite from all of our daily struggles."
How housing became a commodity -- and what ultimately led to the housing crisis in America -- is the theme of a new work of art by Koumoundouros. It's on view at the Hammer Museum, and is called the "Dream Home Resource Center."
But it might not be what you typically think of as art.
Two giant doors enclose the exhibit. They once belonged to a McMansion in nearby Orange County, but have since been repainted in rainbow colors by Koumoundouros. Inside the clear glass walls, it's actually a pretty white spare room -- with a few striking differences. To the left, a giant whiteboard is updated weekly with statistics on the economy -- from the most recent homeless population numbers to news about the Detroit bankruptcy filing. Wrapping around the rest of the room: a rainbow timeline following different threads, all piecing together what housing looks like in America today.
The most unusual aspect of the exhibit sits dead center in the room: An informational booth. Here, the artist curated a number of guests -- from real estate brokers to homeless rights activists.
"I brought in people who have different narratives," she says. "The reason why I've done that deliberately is because they all fill out the picture of our housing situation."
The idea for the exhibit came from Koumoundouros' own life: A few years back, she and her partner at the time found themselves underwater on their home.
"There was a moment on my block when there were five empty houses," she adds. "It just felt like a weird ghost town. We ended up buying a house the same week as he got laid off from his job as an architect, so we're almost a case study of the whole Southern California boom -- which floated him, and then let us down."
As for what she wants visitors to get out of the exhibit, Koumoundouros just hopes it will help them think about -- even question -- how much our economy is based on the housing market.
"Ownership and consumption are linked to how much our economy is consumed based," she argues. "[This view of housing] is so specifically American. And I love digging that out, and I think questioning it is part of maybe a shift."
The exhibit runs through August 18th.


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Mike-mounting is not difficult at all. You need an iron to lightly touch the mounting paper to the mat.
1. Place the tissue on the back of the print
2. From the center out make four lines going to each side of the print -gently press the iron doing these lines. This will give you the intial contact with the print.
3. Trim the print; preferably in a rototrim type cutter. You now have a print that is
trimmed to the proper size with the mounting paper attached
4. I have a jig that I bought from Zone-VI to do the attaching of the print to the mat. You could make one very easily. It is essentially a wood board that has
a raised strip attached to the lower part of the board. From the center out it has ruler markings. You place your matboard in the middle and line it up so it matches the same ruler markings on each side. There is a seperate piece that is a T-type bar. Now place the print where you want it to be on the matboard and lay the T-bar across the lower part of the print to make sure it is level
5.While holding the print firmly against the board lightly touch the 4 corners of the tissue to the board wit the iron
6. You should pick up a sable brush to gently brush away debris and dust after and before each operation.
7. Now the package is ready for the drymount press
8. And this is where I wish I had a digital camera to put up some pix for you because it isn't hard at all. Pm me if you need more info
Best, Peter


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Is there some software that mimics the LGOP and works with Sony phones? That program and its functionalities is one of the things I miss having on Xperia.
What? Bootanimation porting? What are you talking about?
I ask for a program that allows control of the phone from PC desktop and displays the contents of the display on my PC monitor.
Use TeamViewer QuickSupport. You need to download TeamViewer on PC and TeamViewer QuickSupport from playstore on your device. I am using it right now and its amazing
XDA Developers was founded by developers, for developers. It is now a valuable resource for people who want to make the most of their mobile devices, from customizing the look and feel to adding new functionality.
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Hudson, PA
Hudson is located in east Pennsylvania. Hudson is part of Luzerne County. Hudson has 0.38 square miles of land area and has no water area. As of 2010, the total Hudson population is 1,443. Hudson median household income is $61,518 in 2008-2012. Hudson median house value is $115,100 in 2008-2012. On average, the public school district that covers Hudson is close to the state average in quality.
Hot Rankings
Hudson, PA Map, Border, and Nearby Locations
* Based on the U.S. 2010 Data


text:
Replacement Standard Grey CPAP Tubing -Recommended replacement schedule is once every three months. Provides sturdy, lightweight replacement hose for all CPAP machines with standard CPAP tubing. The hose is clear with grey helical wall support.The interior is smooth and is steam sterilizable. Standard grey cuffs are 22mm and comes in 6 or 8 foot lengths.Our CPAP tubing is made in the USA.
The Tube cover reduces condensation and rain-out, plus makes your CPAP experience more comfortable. The cover is quilted and features a full length zipper for easy installation and removal.


text:
Art for Love is an Art Competition providing an opportunity for emerging visual artists to compete and become the next top Canadian artist. Artists of all visual mediums, with varying degrees of experience are invited to present their best work for a chance to win $25,000 cash, full marketing support and an exclusive relationship with House of Moments. Art for Love is hosted by and will take place at House of Moments, one of the largest Art Spaces in the City of Toronto, located at 388 Carlaw Avenue.
Artists are invited to bring their most 'loved' piece of original art and present in-person on Oct 29-30 beginning at 9:00 a.m., to a panel of art experts. 50 finalists will be selected to have their art showcased to media & the public at the "House".
To participate, artists must register here:
"Art for Love will provide an opportunity to showcase Toronto's up-and-coming artists," stated Hamid Kouchak, Founder of House of Moments. "We are going to build opportunities and offer 50 finalists public exposure - that can be so tough to generate on a solo basis. The future of the Canadian art industry relies on creating opportunities for our undiscovered talent to 'show us what they got.'"
# # #
Art for Love competition. gives artists a chance to be featured at the House of Moments art space in Toronto, plus win $25,000 in cash, full marketing support and an exclusive relationship with House of Moments.


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College Photos
Who plays in the national championship? Where do Texas, Texas A&M, Baylor fall in the bowl picture? Chuck Carlton's updated bowl projections
Photo: Wire photos
Sugar Bowl / January 2 / Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana / Bowl tie-ins: SEC champion/BCS at large vs. BCS at large / Carlton's projection: Auburn vs. UCF. It would mark the first meeting between the two teams, UCF's first BCS bowl and Auburn's return to the BCS for the first time since winning the national championship in 2011.
To post a comment, log into your chosen social network and then add your comment below. Your comments are subject to our Terms of Service and the privacy policy and terms of service of your social network. If you do not want to comment with a social network, please consider writing a letter to the editor.


text:
Spoiler alert!
Search: Bieber dies on 'CSI'
The "CSI" writers better prepare themselves for a lot of hate mail from teenyboppers. Justin Bieber's character gets gunned down when he guest stars on the Feb. 17 episode.
RELATED: See who went to the "Never Say Never" premiere
© 2015 Whalerock Industries


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Classic Playtime Student Desk with Optional Shelves - EspressoItem # HN-DONU046
- Solid wood construction with wood veneers
- Espresso finish
- Choose the desk only, desk and shelves, or shelves only
- Desk features 2 large cubbies for storage
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Clariant Earns Patent For Liquid Detergent
Published November 22, 2005
Related Searches: water • wash • composition • Detergent •
Patent No. US 6,800,599 B2: Clariant Finance, Tortola, British Virgin Islands, was granted a patent for a liquid hand dishwashing detergent. It comprises an anionic surfactant mixture containing at least two different anionic surfactants, a polyethylene glycol, water and a phase stabilizer selected from a group consisting of a hydrotope, an inorganic salt, a foam stabilizing surfactant and their mixtures. The composition must be essentially free of alkyl polyglucoside surfactants.
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- Filed Under
CLYDE -- A Holiday Toy and Coat Giveaway will be from 9 to 11 a.m. and 4 to 6 p.m. Dec. 1, 8, 15 and 22 at the Clyde Backdoor Food Pantry in the rear of the EMS building on West McPherson Highway.
The giveaway is open to income-qualified residents living in the Clyde/ Green Springs School District. Bring proof of all household income.


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using "benevolence" theme.
once i had enough posts to need a second page, the footer started to move! on the first page, there's a "previous" link (for older content). below that the main white background box is supposed to end, and the copyright footer is supposed to be centered. instead it's white down to the bottom and the footer is pushed to the right. it's actually centered under the "previous" link.
on the second page (if you click through that "previous" link), there's a link for "newer" posts (that takes you back to the first page). again the footer is centered under it, not under the whole page, so it's now pushed off to the left. at least this time the white box ends where it's supposed to.
i've played with it a bit but can't find the problem. help!


text:
Make FireRescue1 your homepage
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Kochek Company's 2-in-1 universal Storz adapter, designed to work with either threaded or Storz connections, eliminates the need of multiple adapters, while maintaining optimum flow. Manufactured from machined aluminum these adapters are available in straight or elbow configurations making them ideal for tank fills, pump panels, or hydrant applications. Available in standard red, custom colors can be ordered. A specially designed Storz cap is also available.For more than 20 years Kochek Company has manufactured the highest quality American-made specialty fire equipment for today's fire industry. Base in Putnam, Connecticut, Kochek is the nation's largest manufacturer of PVC light-weight suction hose and a wide variety of strainers, dry hydrants, elbows, adapters, caps, plugs, and valves.For more information about Kochek Company and its products, please contact Kochek Co., Inc., 75 Highland Drive, Putnam, CT 06260, telephone: 800-420-4673. Or visit our Web site at www.kochek.com.


text: We save you big cheese on everything from trendy couture to the latest gadgetry galore!! Check out our sweet blogged reviews on our various affiliate online shops and products. Also get the latest scoop on what your favorite celebrity is wearing and where to purchase those same items. Get coupons to shop and SAVE!! Why proceed and finish a shopping cart and not add prom0tional codes when you can save money and even get additional services? Swing by to check for your favorite online advertiser and save some cheese!!


text: Vote for the Southern Tier's Favorite Guitarist By Holly Dagger February 12, 2013 11:10 AM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter We've collected all of your nominations. Now it's time to determine who the Southern Tier's Favorite Guitarist really is. Sorry, you need to have javascript running to see this poll. Category: Articles Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of 99.1 The Whale Recommended For You Best of the Web


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Dr. Sally Ann Rex specializes in adult medicine in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
Dr. Sally Ann Rex has been compared 70 times. Details of Dr. Rex's 46 years experience as an DO, her hospital affiliation and education at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine are available on your free doctor report.
Primary Location for Dr. Rex
Health Dimensions
1343 Easton Ave
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Patient Ratings and Reviews
Dr. Sally Ann Rex has an average rating of 4.5 stars (out of 5) with a rating of Very Good based on 5 reviews.
Have you visited Dr. Sally Ann Rex? Rate you experience below.
Board Certification, Specialty and Expertise
Dr. Sally Ann Rex has been identified as specializing in Adult Medicine.
Hospital Affiliation
A hospital affiliation covers any doctor who has an affiliation, association or admitting privilege with a hospital. A doctor's particular affiliation to a specific hospital can translate to the overall quality of that provider.
Dr. Rex is affiliated with 1 hospital:
421 W Chew St
Allentown, Pennsylvania
Dr. Rex attended medical school at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine and graduated in 1969 having 46 years experience.
While there is no proven correlation between the quality of one's educational institution and the quality of one's professional competence, it is often an indicator. Medical schools have various levels of selectivity (some are harder to get into than others), and both the quality of their clinical training and level of research are measured. Additional medical training in both residency and fellowships and the facilities they are conducted at also provide a history of the doctors' level of training and experience.
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Southwestern Historical Quarterly
of the play of light. His best work radiated an austerity and grandeur
that spoke to the layman as well as the expert. Behind his painting lay
a strong cultural traditionalism: "The artist I said is the historian of
the present and it is only in linking the past with the present-viz with
his own lived experience that he can make an enduring thing. Trite
but true..." (p. 221)
Hurd was uncomfortable in the settled East because it seemed tame
and lacked powerful contrasts. "The feeling of security and safety[,] a
feeling that here the struggle for existence is reduced" (p. 73) was domi-
nant in Chadd's Ford, Pennsylvania, where his wife's family lived.
"Too many neighbors!" (p. 73) His painter's eye, on the other hand,
never tired of the Southwest and often summoned up links to a dra-
matic artistic past. "The weather has been simply gorgeous-mag-
nificent skies sweeping across infinite distances shimmering mirages
thunderstorms that fly over the plains with the awful majesty of aveng-
ing angels in a renaissance painting," he wrote Henriette in 1935 (p.
143). While he loved the land he also saw the people as part of nature's
scene and their festivals and ceremonies as links with ongoing tradition
that outlasted specific cultures.
The editor has selected from about a thousand of Hurd's letters
and has included additional material from his wartime journals and
an unpublished autobiography. The journal entries will fascinate stu-
dents of World War II as well as those of art and culture. The critical
apparatus is adequate, though it would have been more convenient to
have a single biographical glossary rather than to identify people
where they appear in the texts. Most of the documents relate to the
period 1921-1946. Paul Horgan's introduction is an outstanding state-
ment of the differences between this century's traditionalists and
modernists, cosmopolitans and regionalists in the arts. This book de-
picts a sensitive man as well as a distinguished painter and makes the
reader want more. Peter Hurd now awaits his biographer.
University of Oklahoma H. WAYNE MORGAN
Edward F. Beale and the American West. By Gerald Thompson. Al-
buquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983. Pp. xv+3o6.
Preface, notes, maps, illustrations, afterword, bibliography, index.
Edward F. Beale, who for half a century was prominently associated
with the beginnings of California's involvement with the United States
and its economic progress, surely deserves this modern biography by
Texas State Historical Association. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 88, July 1984 - April, 1985. Austin, Texas. The Portal to Texas History. http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101210/. Accessed December 1, 2015.


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Mick the Marmalizer
Rose vs Webb looks interesting. Hopefully the winner get's Commonwealth champion Jamie Cox.Posted November 8, 2012 11:57 am
Mares by late stoppage. He is better in the later rounds.Posted November 8, 2012 7:23 am
Anastacio Clemente
Moreno by late TKO.Posted November 8, 2012 2:23 am
Mares will take Moreno down. If Moreno elects to fight rather than just go into a defensive shell. I'm stickin' to my original prediction: Mares by TKO.Posted November 7, 2012 10:55 pm
Mares is the man…Posted November 7, 2012 9:45 pm
Gee I guess Peter just plain forgot how roach ran on him for quick payday with de la Hoya when challenged calzaghePosted November 7, 2012 9:15 pm


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American Vanadium: How a Mining Company is Becoming a Clean Technology Company
The rapid rise of renewable energy and cleantech markets is causing many industrial companies to think a little differently about their business. Many are finding more energy efficient ways of producing their products, while others are finding applications for their products in clean technologies. But few companies have made as drastic a shift in their business focus as American Vanadium. Based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, what started as a simple mining company is evolving into a clean energy storage company with an entirely unique approach and business model. Read More
Spread of 3D Printing Raises Intellectual Property QuestionsApril 30, 2013
As 3-D printing technology enables more and more users to fabricate components, and potentially entire products, from home, protecting the rights on patented designs could form the next major intellectual property conflict. Read More
Give and TakeApril 30, 2013
In Give and Take, author and business professor Adam Grant looks at the most effective styles of leadership and what they have in common with networking, collaboration, influence, and negotiation. Read More
First Lady Announces New Certification Partnership to Help Veterans Get High-Tech JobsApril 30, 2013
On April 29, First Lady Michelle Obama announced a new public- private partnership that will provide the opportunity for thousands of service members to get credentials for high demand IT jobs before they leave military service. Read More
Cutting Pollution, One Diesel Engine at a TimeApril 30, 2013
In 2012, the U.S. burned about 43 billion gallons of diesel fuel. Diesel has long been regarded as one of the worst sources of pollution in the world. The good news is that technology exists to reduce volume and severity of diesel emissions. The bad news is that only a small percentage of diesel-powered vehicles utilize this technology today. A Michigan group is looking to change that. The Southwest Detroit Environmental Vision (SDEV), in collaboration with NextEnergy and other partners, is leading the Michigan Clean Diesel Collaborative by replacing aging fleet vehicles throughout the state. Read More
New Technologies Help Manage the Complete Value ChainApril 30, 2013
Designing and building a product has never been a simple process, but as companies race to shorten time-to-market and supply chains become more complex, getting closely involved in product lifecycle management has become a priority for many manufacturing firms. Read More
Digital Tools Transforming the Shop FloorApril 30, 2013
The proliferation of tablet computers, smartphones, and other communications technologies is rapidly changing operations on the shop floor. New research explains how factories are adopting these advances and boosting efficiency at a dramatic rate, and how enterprising industry professionals can best take advantage of groundbreaking digital tools. Read More
Leadership Q&A Series: Patrick Cushing, Founder of WorkHandsApril 29, 2013
ThomasNet, publisher of IMT Career Journal, on April 1 launched the ThomasNet North American Manufacturing Scholarship program to actively help the manufacturing sector close the STEM skills gap, providing up to 30 scholarships of $1,000 each to high-achieving students pursue their dreams in engineering, skilled trades, and supply chain management/business operations. Students have until July 1 to apply. Read More


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cà borgo vecchio: non ti scordar di me apartment
From $73 / night
Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 1/
Bathrooms: 1/
Sleeps: 5/
Type: House
In a small, ancient medieval village hidden in the hills of Monferrato, after long and careful restoration, we open our Ca between the terraces of the old town. Four apartments with different sizes to allow two romantic weekends, family holidays or special moments with friends.
The top floor accommodation with high ceilings, wood has long bolcone with a wonderful view over the hills. Comprising double bedroom, large living room with fully equipped kitchen and sofa bed for 2 persons, bathroom with shower. The apartment is equipped with satellite TV, cable box or DVD player on request. The furnishings are of great value, windows ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
- Response rate: 85%
- Response time: Within a day
- Calendar updated: 3 weeks ago
Overall rating:
Additional Location Information
A cosy and ancient medieval village hidden among Monferrato colours and hills offers a refuge near the borders of the Sacred Wood of Brusasco: this nice spot, still almost unknown, is as quiet and delightful as its name.
Cristina and Massimiliano, after a long and refined restoration work, open their Cà over the terraces of Borgo Vecchio and they promise their guests a valued and amazing holiday.
More About This Location
Rural retreats
Getting There
Car is recommended


text:
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Hi everyone, I have nearly finished my wedding dress or should I say wedding top and skirt and I am confused about the correct technique to hem it. The pattern I am using is Vogue 7963 (the long skirt). The only alteration I have made to this is that I have put a godet in the centre back of the skirt. I have made my outfit in a coffee colour dupion silk and lined it in a similar colour lining fabric. I have been told to bag it and turn it through. That sounds to me like it could be really difficulty and there is a possibility that it may not hang well. I have also been told if I hand stitch it it will look 'home made'. Any opinions you could offer me would be most welcome. .... Julie
A few years ago I made a long black silk dupionni skirt. Here is the review. I did line it with China Silk but it hung separately. I did a Hong Kong Finish on the skirt hem and hand sewed the hem. It is a beautiful hem finish. The Hong Kong finish was made from bias cuts of the China Silk and completely covered the edges of the dupionni which ravels so bad. I think the hem finish looked couture not 'home made'.
------I feed my soul by the stitches I sew.
Thanks BeckyC for pointing me in the direction of your review. There are lots of useful tips in it. I like the sound of Hong Kong finish. Your skirt pattern is a very similar look to what I have achieved by inserting the godet. I agree with you that this type of hem would look very couture.
My question would be if when you added/inserted the godet, you did so to incorporate a sweep (often refered to as a small train) to the back of the skirt, or just added more volume.
If you just added volume, then simply cutting all lining pieces shorter while cutting the fashion fabric longer by this difference (if you needed hem length for a higher heeled shoe, test the length of pattern against shoe height before cutting). Sew the hem line together first before doing the waist band. Although this is not the normal procedure, I have found that when using a pattern, this method allows for any minor imperfections in the pattern to be adjusted before doing all the work in the waistband.
It also allows for pressing out the hem at seamline and sewingan internal horsehair all around which may be nice here even with a substancial dupioni silk, if you have a seep added to help keep shaping.
If you did add a sweep, you can still do the same method but some people prefer to only line to the original skirt length and leave the sweep (godet extension) unlined.
I've seen both ways. The first being more couture and professional. If you plan on doing a mini bustle on the sweep/train for dancing at the reception after the ceremony, lining as above will certainly look cleaner if any parts peek out. JF
I have no wedding dress sewing experience, but I don't see an issue with a hand sewn hem. A hand sewn hem should be invisible so I don't see how it would look homemade-- maybe "handmade" or "handcrafted" rather than "mass-produced"
For what it's worth, my MIL does alterations at a dress-shop and handsews hems.
formerly mikkim
I think a well done hand stitch looks nicer than a machine stitch for hems. I altered my sister's wedding dress and used a blind catchstitch on the hem. I folded the hem under once and machine stitched it. Then folder it over again and catchstiched to hold it under. I think this looked much better than the machine stitch David's but on the dress.
FYI here is a link of hand stitches
Thank you ladies for all of your advice. I will let you know how it all turns out. Keep your fingers crossed for me Julie
Regarding your hemming problem. Is the dupioni you've used underlined? If so, then sewing the hem by hand to the UNDERLINING only will prevent any stitches showing on the right side. If by chance the lining you've used has been used in the same way as an underlining, then the same idea will work. After doing my first wedding dress as a step into custom bridal sewing, there's no doubt that underlining a fabric is essential, especially if it's a heavier fabric such as satin, etc. Good luck!
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text:
+44 7901 374056
Discover the world inhabited by the cast from the hit reality TV show 'Made in Chelsea'. Find your inner 'Binky', 'Jamie', 'Lucy' or 'Spencer' and experience what makes Chelsea so special as we wander through history, celebrity and the glamorous locations featured on the show. Come and share in the goss from the summer LA spin-off series with exciting series 10 starting soon!
Chelsea is associated with the finer things in life and became world famous in the swinging 60's for avant-garde fashion shops on the Kings Road. Once the private road along which King Charles II galloped to meet his mistress, it is now the social hub for 'sloane rangers', and the drama continues today for the stars of the show. We pick our way through the love triangles and share the hangouts where the Made in Chelsea cast spend time both on and off the screen. Relive your favourite scenes, star in your own version of the show and discover the real Chelsea, beyond the cameras! Recreate your own pensive Spencer pose by Prince Albert bridge and see filming locations such as Sloane Square, Benihana, The Phene, Bluebird Cafe and more. All the latest goss about the beloved cast members and you never know who you might see along the Kings Road!
Tender love and care is in our DNA at TTH (The Tour Hub). Our guides will give you the personal service larger tour operators can't provide. Walk, drink, shop and goss your way through all things delightful in the SW3 postcode. Feel like you are made in Chelsea, it's totes amazeballs! Top Made in Chelsea tour on trip advsor - we are the Made in Chelsea tour experts.
A fascinating insight into this unique part of London. This tour is light, bubbly and will go to your head...
We are closed in October for staff holidays but come and join us in November, right in the middle of the drama of series 10. Our tours are running daily from November 3rd.
* £15 Child Tickets available
* Tours running daily from Nov 3rd
Tour highlights include:
Made in Chelsea filming locations: Sloane Square, Bennihana, The Phene, Bluebird Cafe and more
Famous 60's fashion hub Kings Road
Recreate your own 'Spencer' pose by the Prince Albert Bridge
Celebrity Chelsea homes and charming streets
£20 per person
2.5 hours approximately
Daily @ 3pm (from NOV 3rd)
20 people maximum
"Great tour, can't recommend it enough. For any fans of the show it's a must on a visit to London. Also gives you a great sense of the Chelsea area. My buddy and I got lots of recommendations for places to eat and drink from it. The tour is well paced and informative, George the tour guide is really nice guy and had plenty of interesting info on the MIC crew. We also accessed some businesses where they have done filming which was a nice touch. And to top it all off we had a Mark Francis sighting!! You won't be disappointed if you take this tour."
- Jonathan, visited January 2015
"The Made in Chelsea Tour was great. Our tour guide Quentin (Chelsea name) was very entertaining and knowledgable. He introduced my friend and I to areas of Chelsea that we would never have found on our own. The tour was a highlight of my brief stay in London."
- Grace, visited January 2015
Check out this totes cool blog from one of our fabulous customers:
"Nailed it: Impeccable #MIC style Thames-side Posing"
- Carys, visited Feburary 2014
"I went on the Made in Chelsea tour in November, it was absolutely fantastic. George our tourguide was brilliant and had so much knowledge on the whole area. He showed us where some scenes have been filmed and we got to go inside some of the venues! It was really interesting learning about the history and what some of the buildings used to be and where some famous people used to live. Also we went into a pop up shop and we actually met Hugo from Made in Chelsea!!! It was awesome! I would definietly reccomend this tour if you are a MIC fan or you just want to learn some more about Chelsea and the area. Thank you so much!"
- Hayley, Visited November 2013
Check out our trip advisor page: http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g186338-d5558396-Reviews-The_Tour_Hub-London_England.html
Meeting Point: Outside Sloane Square underground station
Dress: Comfortable shoes and clothing for walking
Weather: Tours run in any weather
Made in Chelsea Walking Tour Meet outside Sloane Square underground station
Exciting and unique walking tours of London
For any questions please contact:
Disclaimer: The Made in Chelsea Walking Tours are not official 'Made in Chelsea' events and are not endorsed, sanctioned or in any other way supported, directly or indirectly by E4 or Monkey Kingdom Productions.


text:
Gene networks are considered to represent various aspects of molecular biological systems meaningfully because they naturally provide a systems perspective of molecular interactions. In this respect, the functional understanding of the transcriptional regulatory network is considered as key to elucidate the functional organization of an organism.
In this paper we study the functional robustness of the transcriptional regulatory network of S. cerevisiae. We model the information processing in the network as a first order Markov chain and study the influence of single gene perturbations on the global, asymptotic communication among genes. Modification in the communication is measured by an information theoretic measure allowing to predict genes that are 'fragile' with respect to single gene knockouts. Our results demonstrate that the predicted set of fragile genes contains a statistically significant enrichment of so called essential genes that are experimentally found to be necessary to ensure vital yeast. Further, a structural analysis of the transcriptional regulatory network reveals that there are significant differences between fragile genes, hub genes and genes with a high betweenness centrality value.
Our study does not only demonstrate that a combination of graph theoretical, information theoretical and statistical methods leads to meaningful biological results but also that such methods allow to study information processing in gene networks instead of just their structural properties.
The advent of high-throughput technologies in molecular biology has initiated an avalanche of data that possess considerable challenges to quantitative sciences providing statistical analysis methods [1]. Due to the fundamental insight that biological processes should be studied holistically [2-4] instead of reductionistically, systems based approaches are of central importance in this respect [5]. For this reason, it is no surprise that network related studies experience an enormous interest starting with the investigation of small-world [6,7] and scale-free [8,9] networks in the mid 1990's followed by numerous studies devoted to the analysis of complex network topologies and their properties in general [8,10-14]. It is interesting to note that many apparently different networks have similar properties. Most prominent example is the degree distribution. For example, the World-Wide Web, the Internet or biological networks are found to be scale-free [8,10,11,15,16] with respect to their degree distribution. In molecular biology, metabolic, transcriptional regulatory, signaling and protein networks have been studied extensively during the last years [4,17-19] to shed light on the functional organization of these complex gene networks [20]. In this context, functional robustness is considered a key player for our understanding regarding the interplay of network structure and network dynamics leading to the emergence of life as omnipresent around us [9,21-23].
For general networks, one of the first studies that has thoroughly investigated structural robustness of systems that can be represented as networks is from ALBERT et al. [24]. ALBERT studied the error and attack tolerance of synthetic as well as real world networks and compared random and scale-free networks, e.g., the World-Wide Web or the Internet. By using purely graph theoretical measures – the diameter of the network and the size of the largest connected component – they found that scale-free networks are much more robust against random errors than random networks but more vulnerable against directed attacks. In the context of gene networks the interest shifts from the structural robustness of the networks to their functional robustness because the ultimate goal is of course to gain insights into the function of a living cell or an organism respectively. On a time scale of a living organism the question of functional robustness has been addressed by [25-28]. For example, in [27] the dynamics of Boolean networks [29,30] were studied serving as a simplified model for the signal processing taking place in gene networks. As major result [27] found that fluctuations occurring inevitably within the system, e.g., due to the inherent noise present on a molecular level [31,32], can be suppressed by a suitable design of the overall network topology [27]. On an evolutionary time scale the functional robustness of gene networks has been studied by [33-35] considering directly the role selective pressure might play during evolution leading to observable patterns of, e.g., protein structures, gene expression or network structures as present in current organisms. In this paper we tie up with previous studies aiming to analyze the functional robustness of networks on a time scale of living organisms. By pointing out the time scale we want to emphasize that we do not investigate the evolutionary robustness of an organism. Instead, the major objective of this paper is to investigate the functional robustness of the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) of S. cerevisiae with respect to single gene perturbations. As quantitative measure of functional robustness we suggest to use an information theoretic measure [36], previously used to study synthetic networks, that does not focus directly on structural changes of the network topology due to the perturbations but on the alterations of information flow, modeled as Markov Chain [37], within the network as consequence of the structural modifications. The advantage of information theoretic measures [38-40] is that the concrete underlying dynamics does not need to be specified precisely, instead, a qualitative model is enough to gain principle insights into common working mechanisms with regard to more elaborate biological models. General entropy measures for quantifying structural information in networks have been developed in [41,42]. For our study, we use the transcriptional regulatory network of yeast [43,44] and apply our information theoretic measure to identify genes that are crucial for the functioning of the organism in the sense that disruptions of the transcriptional regulatory network are experienced strongest by these genes. For this reason we call these genes fragile. In this paper, we quantify our results by connecting these to the list of known so called essential genes of yeast [45] to demonstrate that our predictions are biologically meaningful.
In this section we present the information theoretic measure we use to analyze the transcriptional regulatory network of yeast to study its functional robustness.
Markov chains
We approximate the information flow in the network as a Markov chain. A Markov chain is a Markov process that is discrete in time and space. We define a Markov process by using a given network topology G and the plausible assumption that all possible interactions are equal likely. Plausible in this context does not necessarily mean that this corresponds best to the real situations, it means that it is the most simple and unbiased assumption one can make. For simplicity, we further assume the Markov process to be of first-order
That means, the transition probability T depends only on the last state and not on states that are further in the past.
Definition 1: The transition probability T for a Markov chain of first-order for a network G with adjaceny matrix A is defined by
for all i, j ∈ V.
Here ki = ∑j Aji is the degree of node (gene) i in the network and Aij is a component of the adjacency matrix indicating if node i is connected with node j (Aij = 1) or unconnected (Aij = 0). V denotes a set comprising all genes.
Single gene perturbations
In this paper we study the effect of single gene perturbations on the information processing in the transcriptional regulatory network of yeast. Formally, we define perturbations in the following way.
Definition 2: (Single gene perturbations) If a gene k in network G is perturbed than all outgoing and incoming edges from this gene are deleted. In addition, one self-connection is introduced.
In Fig. 1 and 2 we visualize a single gene perturbation. One can see that the perturbed gene (shown in red) does no longer participate in the information processing in the network. However, the remainder of the network is still structurally intact and capable to transmit signals. Hence, a single knockout can be considered as a perturbation and the modified communication among the remaining genes can be studied principally provided there is a measure to quantify these alterations. This measure is given in the next subsection.
Figure 1. A graph depicts the flow of information in the network.
Figure 2. Perturbing the node shown in red leads to a breakdown of communication between the red node and all other nodes. However, there is still an information flow in the remaining network.
Asymptotic Communication
The information theoretic measure we use to capture the asymptotic behavior of information processing evaluates the deviation of the unperturbed (or normal (n)) state from the perturbed (p) state caused by the perturbation of gene k. We use the the relative entropy also known as Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence D [46,47] to quantify this deviation. Our asymptotic measure is given by the following definition.
Definition 3: (Asymptotic information change)
Here and are stationary distributions obtained by
The Markov chain given by Tk corresponds to the process obtained by perturbing gene k in the network. The stationary distribution of the perturbed (p) network obtained by perturbing gene k and starting from the initial distribution,
depends on i because we use the Kronecker delta, which is one for i = m and zero otherwise, as initial condition. The reason therefore is we consider i as starting point for the spread of information in the network. The interpretation for the unperturbed (normal (n)) distribution is correspondingly. We want to note that due to the directedness of the network the Markov process is not ergodic which results in a dependence of the asymptotic distributions and on the initial distribution . For this reason it is important to use |V| - 1 (starting from k is excluded because the perturbed gene has no longer outgoing edges) different initial distributions to evaluate Dik. That means Eq. 3 defines the components of a matrix and the interpretation of Dik is that the index k correspond to the deletion of gene k and index i referes to the initial distribution = δi, m. The diagonal elements Dik (i = k) are not defined.
Results and discussion
For our analysis we use the transcriptional regulatory network of yeast [43,44] which is a directed, unweighted network. From this network we extract the weakly connected component consisting of 3357 genes and 7230 interactions. The weakly connected component of a network is defined as the subnetwork that connects every pair of nodes by at least one directed path. That means for every pair of genes the weakly connected component ensures that communication (at least in one direction) between these genes is in principle enabled. This is an important characteristic because in our analysis we are aiming to quantify modifications of the communication among genes due to perturbations. Hence, if there would be no path between genes such an analysis would not be sensible.
On a practical note, we want to remark that our theoretical analysis described in detail in the next section is computationally expensive because we perform single gene perturbations for all genes in the network. That means, we do not just analyze one network with our method but as many as genes in the network. Hence, the results presented in this article are obtained by analyzing 3357 networks. It is clear that this is getting more and more demanding computationally by increasing the number of genes in the network. From our simulations we found that networks with several thousand nodes can be studied within reasonable time whereas larger networks would require more algorithmic attention to reduce the computation time.
Now we study the asymptotic behavior of the transcriptional regulatory network of yeast regarding information propagation under the influence of single gene perturbation.
For the normal (unperturbed) and perturbed network topology of the transcriptional regulatory network we determine Markov chains from which we calculate the stationary distributions. The perturbations correspond to single gene perturbations and the Markov chains are obtained as described in the methods section. From the resulting stationary distributions of the Markov chains we calculate the Kullback-Leibler divergence Dik = D (||) for all genes i ∈ V and perturbations k ∈ V with i ≠ k. We want to note that due to the directedness of the network the resulting Markov process is no longer ergodic. Hence, information sent from different genes can results in different stationary distributions. For this reason, we use all N genes consecutively as sender gene. This is reflected by the index i in Eq. 3 corresponding to the gene from which the information was sent initially. On a mathematical note we want to remark that the network does not need to be disconnected to result in a non-ergodic Markov chain. However, the need to consider different initial conditions to study the behavior of the resulting stationary distributions meaningfully remains also true in this case.
We begin our analysis by investigating if the asymptotic results summarized by Dik can be connected to local, structural properties of the genes in the network. For this reason we determine all genes with
and calculate the correlation with the in- and out-degree vector of the network. More precisely, we calculate Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient [48] between the rank ordered vectors to decide if the order in these vectors is statistically preserved. For the in-degrees we obtain a correlation of r = -0.39 and p = 6 × 10-9, for the out-degrees r = 0.33 and p = 1 × 10-6. Using a significance level of α = 0.05 indicates that both rank correlations are statistically significant implying that, e.g., high out-degrees correspond to high values of Di. These results seem plausible considering the following situation: For a given gene that is connected to all other genes (outgoing edges) it is clear, that an arbitrary knockout of a single gene effects with probability one an outgoing edge of this gene. Hence, this knockout will have an influence on the information processing of this gene. The strength of this influence can not be easily predicted given just this information, however, we will have an influence with probability one. Instead, a gene having very few outgoing connections has a lower probability that a single knockout effects one of its outgoing edges (Pr = kout/Np with Np the number of genes that can be perturbed). However, it is possible that the knocked out gene destroys some communication paths (secondary- or even higher-order effect if measured as Dijkstra distance [49]) and, hence, can still have a strong impact on the information processing. It seems to be reasonable to assume that the further away the knockout gene is from the starting gene (in Dijkstra distance [49]) the less the impact will be. This is a strong indicator that information processing on a systems level depends crucially on the information processing in a local environment of the gene that sends the information. We want to remark that in our analysis the number Di, given in Eq. 7, is a global measure, whereas the degree vector is a local measure. This result is interesting because it demonstrates that the local properties of genes, given by their local connectedness, which can be roughly summarized by their degrees, are not averaged away with respect to the stationary distribution of the Markov process. That means the local connectivity signature is still detectable in the asymptotic behavior. We will come back to this point in the discussions section because this is a non-trivial point.
In Fig. 3 we show the components of the asymptotic information change Dik for which Di ≥ 0.1 holds (149 genes). Blue corresponds to low values (zero) and cyan to high values of Dik (the maximal value of Dik is 20.47). The vertical stripes indicate that the knockout of a few genes effects many other genes whereas most knockouts have only a minor effect on other genes. This is also the reason why we do not show Dik for N = 3357 genes because in this case the figure would appear essentially blue.
Figure 3. Asymptotic information change Dik for all genes with Di ≥ 0.1.
In Fig. 4 we show the histogram of Di. From this figure one can see that the distribution of Di has a heavy tail and that most values are around zero. This indicates that our measure has the desirable property to be very selective by evaluating most perturbations as minor. This corresponds to experimental results showing that only about 10% of all genes in yeast are categorized as essential [50] which means that their knockout has a catastrophic influence on the organism.
Figure 4. Histogram of Di for all genes with Di > 0.
To point out the properties of our measure we show in Fig. 5 results connecting genes with high Di values quantitatively to the appearance of essential genes from gene-deletion experiments in yeast [45]. Figure 5 shows Ne/Nc in dependence on ΘD. Nc is the number of genes found for which Di > ΘD holds and Ne is the number of essential genes found in this set,
Figure 5. Ne/Nc in dependence on ΘD.
The highest values found by this comparison are over 40%. A natural question arising now is if this occurred just by chance or is this high coverage unlikely to happened accidentally. Figure 6 provides information regarding this question. There we show pD in dependence on ΘD. The probability pD is the sum of a hypergeometric distribution p(k; N, NE, n) giving the probability to observe exactly k essential genes in a set of size n = Nc(ΘD) when the total number of genes is N containing NE essential genes.
Figure 6. pD in dependence on ΘD. The dotted line corresponds to 0.05.
is the probability to observe k or more essential genes in the set Nc. From Fig. 6 one can see that for ΘD ∈ [8,15] the probability pD < 0.05 (the dotted line corresponds to 0.05). This result suggests that the peaks observed in Fig. 5 do not appear by chance. Further, we obtain possible cut-off values for our gene set to be considered which corresponds to the interval ΘD ∈ [8,15]. From these results we decided to choose = 12 as cut-off value because for this value Ne/Nc assumes a maximum value. We call all genes for which Di > holds fragile genes.
In table 1 we show a list of 12 genes found by setting = 12 for which pD = 0.0039. These genes are ordered according to their out-degree dout in descending order. The first column gives the name of the gene. The second and third, the out- correspondingly in-degree of the gene in the TRN. The forth column gives the value of Di and the fifth column indicates if the gene is found to be essential (Y) or non-essential (N) according to [45]. As one can see, the first gene (YNL216W) is a hub because dout = 240. However, all other genes are not. Interestingly, YNL216W is not an essential gene according to [45]. The results in table 1 demonstrate that our measure does not prefer to select hub genes because only one hub was selected.
Table 1. Genes obtained for = 12.
This underlines the non-trivial characteristics of our measure. For reasons of completeness we show in table 2 the top four knockout genes that cause the largest influence, as measured by
Table 2. Top four knockout genes that have the largest impact on other genes.
on other genes. The genes are again ranked according to their out-degrees. All of these genes are hubs. Considering the top 50 genes reveals that in this set 20 genes have an out-degree below 25 and even genes with an out-degree one and two are among these. Again, this demonstrates that hubness is no sufficient property to characterize these genes.
Next, we analyze the structure of the TRN containing our 12 genes shown in table 1. We find that each gene pair is connected (both ways) via a directed path. This implies that the subgraph formed from these 12 genes is part of the strongly connected component of the TRN. As side note we remark that for ΘD ≤ 9 the resulting set of genes is no longer strongly connected and that also for ΘD = 10 this gene set does not correspond to the entire strongly connected component of the whole TRN comprising Nsc = 36 genes. Analysis of the strongly connected component of the whole TRN shows that it contains only 8 essential genes. From this we calculate the probability to find 8 or more essential genes by chance in the strongly connected component. By summing up the probabilities from a hypergeometric distribution we find psc = 0.021. This shows that essential genes are enriched in the strongly connected component, however, due to pD (ΘD = 12) <<psc the strongly connected component represents a less favorable set to identify essential genes than the set found by our method. Fig. 7 shows Dik for the strongly connected component. In contrast to Fig. 3 the influence of the perturbations is now much more severe as can be seen by the many non-blue dots. As a remark we want to remind that the diagonal of Dik is not defined as explained in the methods section.
Figure 7. Asymptotic information change Dik for all genes in the strongly connected component of the transcriptional regulatory network.
Finally, we test for the transcriptional regulatory network if our measure and betweenness centrality are similar by calculating Spearman's rank sum correlation coefficient. For the genes in table 1 we obtain a correlation coefficient r = 0.0139 and a p-value of 0.965 indicating that the results of both measures are not correlated. Further, we find that among the top 100 ranked genes of both measures only two genes are selected by both measures.
In table 3 we provide some information about the biological processes the genes in table 1 are involved in. All genes found by our measure belong to the category 'regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent'. Further, some additional categories are listed for each gene in table 3. It is apparent that involvement in transcription regulation is the dominating category. This is interesting because the genes listed in the bottom of the table have a fairly low out-degree (see table 1). From our results we hypothesize that the genes found by our method, who have not been declared 'essential' by [45], should be 'fragile' in the sense that they are influenceable quite severely by the malfunctioning of many other genes. Here, 'fragile' should not necessarily be equalized with 'essential' but the organism may be viable, however, it's overall function substantially impaired. It is also important to bear in mind that the list of essential genes used in our analysis is not necessarily complete. After intense literature research we found that YGL207W (also known as SPT16 – subunit of the heterodimeric FACT complex (Spt16p-Pob3p), facilitates RNA Polymerase II transcription elongation) is reported to be essential by [51] confirming our findings.
Table 3. Biological processes the genes provided in table 1 participate.
On a mathematical note we want to remark that the fact that rank(Di) and rank(dout) respectively rank(din) are correlated, as shown in the beginning of the results section, does not imply that our measure approximates or is even identical to the ranking of the degrees. This can be seen in table 1 because, e.g., the five bottom genes have dout < 20, however, in the whole transcriptional regulatory network are 79 genes that have an out-degree larger than 20. But only seven of them appear in the list.
From a perspective of information processing the connection between asymptotic information change and local network structure represented by their degrees is interesting because it indicates that a local subgraph may be sufficient to study information processing in the overall network. This dissection is interesting because it would allow to reduce the computational complexity considerably that arises studying genomes like yeast or even organisms with more genes. In a former study [27], a similar idea has been proposed in a different methodological framework.
Finally, we want to remark that we repeated the analysis using Dk = ∑i Dik as fragility measure of genes. However, for Dk we did not obtain meaningful results regarding the enrichment of essential genes. That means that the information captured by Dik is asymmetric, as one would expect from it's construction.
In this paper we analyzed the influence that single gene perturbations have on the asymptotic communication abilities of the transcriptional regulatory network of yeast [43,44] to learn about the functional robustness of this network. To study the influence of the perturbations we used an information theoretic measure [36] and approximated the information propagation as a first order Markov chain directly defined for a given network topology. Our numerical studies obtained three major results. First, the asymptotic distributions for the perturbed and unperturbed network states carry implicitly information about their local origin from which the initial signal was transmitted. This confirms results previously found for synthetic networks [36]. Second, using our measure of asymptotic information change we could demonstrate that the predicted set of fragile genes contains a statistically significant enrichment of so called essential genes that are experimentally found to be necessary to ensure vital yeast. Third, a structural analysis of the transcriptional regulatory network revealed that there are significant differences between fragile genes, hub genes and genes with a high betweenness centrality value.
In addition to these findings we consider it to be important to emphasize that we employed graph theoretical, information theoretical as well as statistical methods [52] because the biological information processing in gene networks is unlikely to be treated correctly in a deterministic framework. This demonstrates the power of interdisciplinary approaches and is at the heart of computational systems biology.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed to all aspects of the article.
We would like to thank Michael Drmota for fruitful discussions.
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Wanted to ask that question myself, but I'm sure that he's quiet busy
Originally posted by Kuldeep Yadav: Hi ranchers, I am watching this forum closely form last two day . But where is the author, Robert C Martin ? I have not seen single post.If he will be available then that will be great for this discussion. [ September 25, 2008: Message edited by: Kuldeep Yadav ]
I'm here, I'm here (pant pant).