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Einstein's God: Krista Tippett and Theoretical Cosmologist Janna Levin on Free Will, Science, and the Human Spirit
by Maria Popova
"How we ask our questions affects the answers we arrive at… Science and religion… ask different kinds of questions altogether, probing and illuminating in ways neither could alone."
Seven decades after a little girl asked Einsteinwhether scientists pray, Peabody Award-winning journalist Krista Tippett began interviewing some of the world's most remarkable scientists, philosophers, and theologians about the relationship between science and spirituality in her superb public radio program On Being — the same trove of wisdom that gave us Sherwin Nuland on what everybody needs and Joanna Macy on how Rilke can help us live more fully. Tippett, who was awarded the National Humanities Medal for her ennobling work, collected the best of these dialogues in Einstein's God: Conversations About Science and the Human Spirit (public library) — an immeasurably rewarding compendium featuring such contemporary luminaries as Parker Palmer, Freeman Dyson, Andrew Solomon, and Sherwin Nuland.
Lamenting that we have "lost a robust vocabulary for spiritual ethics and theological thinking" in the "polite, erudite, public-radio-loving circles" of public life, Tippett writes in the introduction:
The science-religion "debate" is unwinnable, and it has led us astray. To insist that science and religion speak the same language, or draw the same conclusions, is to miss the point of both of these pursuits of cohesive knowledge and underlying truth. To create a competition between them, in terms of relevance or rightness, is self-defeating. Both science and religion are set to animate the twenty-first century with new vigor. This will happen whether their practitioners are in dialogue or not. But the dialogue that is possible — and that has developed organically, below the journalistic and political radar — is mutually illuminating and lush with promise.
Tippett invokes her grandfather, a "preacher of hellfire and brimstone" with a "large, unexcavated mind that frightened him" and "sharp wit, a searching attentiveness, a mysterious ability to perform mathematical feats in his head":
People like him became the object of erudite parody, straw men easily blown down by prophets of reason. His kind of religiosity was small-minded at best, delusional at worst, and, most damnably, the enemy of science.
The mundane truth is this: my grandfather did not know enough about science to be against it. I summon his memory by way of tracing, for myself, why I've found my conversations with scientists to be so profoundly sustaining. It is not just that they are intellectually and spiritually evocative beyond compare. Cumulatively they dispel the myth of the clash of civilizations between science and religion, indeed between spirit and reason, that we've accepted as the backdrop for so many tensions of the modern West.
How we ask our questions affects the answers we arrive at. Light appears as a wave if you ask it "a wavelike question" and it appears as a particle if you ask it "a particle-like question." This is a template for understanding how contradictory explanations of reality can simultaneously be true.
And it's not so much true, as our cultural debates presume, that science and religion reach contradictory answers to the same particular questions of human life. Far more often, they simply ask different kinds of questions altogether, probing and illuminating in ways neither could alone.
Hardly anything illustrates this notion more crisply than a line from the bewitching novel A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines — "To see some truths you must stand outside and look in." — by astrophysicist and theoretical cosmologist Janna Levin, one of Tippett's interviewees, who studies the shape and finitude of the universe. In her conversation with Tippett, Levin reflects on the relationship between mathematics and truth, central to both her novel — which explores the parallels between the extraordinary minds of computing pioneer Alan Turing and mathematician Kurt Gödel — and her life:
I would absolutely say I am also besotted with mathematics. I don't worry about what's real and not real in the way that maybe Gödel did. I think what Turing did, which was so beautiful, was to have a very practical approach. He believed that life was, in a way, simple. You could relate to mathematics in a concrete and practical way. It wasn't about surreal, abstract theories. And that's why Turing is the one who invents the computer, because he thinks so practically. He can imagine a machine that adds and subtracts, a machine that performs the mathematical operations that the mind performs. The modern computers that we have now are these very practical machines that are built on those ideas. So I would say that like Turing, I am absolutely struck with the power of mathematics, and that's why I'm a theoretical physicist… I love that we can all share the mathematical answers. It's not about me trying to convince you of what I believe or of my perspective or of my assumptions. We can all agree that one plus one is two, and we can all make calculations that come out to be the same, whether you're from India or Pakistan or Oklahoma, we all have that in common. There's something about that that's deeply moving to me and that makes mathematics pure and special. And yet I'm able to have a more practical attitude about it, which is that, well, we can build machines this way. There is a physical reality that we can relate to using mathematics.
When Tippett stretches this into the difficult question of whether "the fact that one plus one equals two [has] anything to do with God," Levin — a self-described atheist — echoes Tolstoy's quest for meaning and answers with remarkable poetry and poise:
If I were to ever lean towards spiritual thinking or religious thinking, it would be in that way. It would be, why is it that there is this abstract mathematics that guides the universe? The universe is remarkable because we can understand it. That's what's remarkable. All the other things are remarkable, too. It's really, really astounding that these little creatures on this little planet that seem totally insignificant in the middle of nowhere can look back over the fourteen-billion-year history of the universe and understand so much and in such a short time.
So that is where I would get a sense, again, of meaning and of purpose and of beauty and of being integrated with the universe so that it doesn't feel hopeless and meaningless. Now, I don't personally invoke a God to do that, but I can't say that mathematics would disprove the existence of God either. It's just one of those things where over and over again, you come to that point where some people will make that leap and say, "I believe that God initiated this and then stepped away, and the rest was this beautiful mathematical unfolding." And others will say, "Well, as far back as it goes, there seem to be these mathematical structures. And I don't feel the need to conjure up any other entity." And I fall into that camp, and without feeling despair or dissatisfaction.
The emboldening poetics of Levin's orientation to the universe and its meaning — at the heart of which is the same inquiry Alan Watts tussled with in probing what reality is— comes alive in this passage from her novel:
In the park, over the low wall, there are two girls playing in the grass. Giants looming over their toys, monstrously out of proportion. They're holding hands and spinning, leaning farther and farther back until their fingers rope together, chubby flesh and bone enmeshed. What do I see? Angular momentum around their center. A principle of physics in their motion. A girlish memory of grass-stained knees.
I keep walking and recede from the girls' easy confidence in the world's mechanisms. I believe they exist, even if my knowledge of them can only be imperfect, a crude sketch of their billions of vibrating atoms. I believe this to be true… I am on an orbit through the universe that crosses the paths of some girls, a teenager, a dog, an old woman…
I could have written this book entirely differently, but then again, maybe this book is the only way it could be, and these are the only choices I could have made. This is me, an unreal composite, maybe part liar, maybe not free.
Therein lies the obvious question — a question raised memorably and somewhat controversially by C.S. Lewis — of free will in a universe of fixed laws. Levin tells Tippett:
I think it's a difficult question to understand what it means to have free will if we are completely determined by the laws of physics, and even if we're not. Because there are things—for instance, in quantum mechanics, which is the theory of physics on the highest energy scales—which imply that there is some kind of quantum randomness so that we're not completely determined. But randomness doesn't really help me either.
There is no clear way of making sense of an idea of free will in a pinball game of strict determinism or in a game with elements of random chance thrown in. It doesn't mean that there isn't a free will. I've often said maybe someday we'll just discover something. I mean, quantum mechanics was a surprise. General relativity was a surprise. The idea of curved space-time. All of these great discoveries were great surprises, and we shouldn't decide ahead of time what is or isn't true. So it might be that this convincing feeling I have, that I am executing free will, is actually because I'm observing something that is there. I just can't understand how it's there. Or it's a total illusion. It's a very, very convincing illusion, but it's an illusion all the same.
In a sentiment that calls to mind Nobel-winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman's revelatory work on intuition, exposing the lack of correlation between our confidence in our beliefs and the validity of the evidence behind them — something that often manifests as "the backfire effect" — Levin considers the nature of these convincing illusions to which human nature so easily succumbs:
Our convincing feeling is that time is absolute. Our convincing feeling is that there should be no limit to how fast you can travel. Our convincing feelings are based on our experiences because of the size that we are, literally, the speed at which we move, the fact that we evolved on a planet under a particular star. So our eyes, for instance, are at peak in their perception of yellow, which is the wave band the sun peaks at. It's not an accident that our perceptions and our physical environment are connected. We're limited, also, by that. That makes our intuitions excellent for ordinary things, for ordinary life. That's how our brains evolved and our perceptions evolved, to respond to things like the Sun and the Earth and these scales. And if we were quantum particles, we would think quantum mechanics were totally intuitive. Things fluctuating in and out of existence, or not being certain of whether they're particles or waves — these kinds of strange things that come out of quantum theory — would seem absolutely natural…
Our intuitions are based on our minds, our minds are based on our neural structures, our neural structures evolved on a planet, under a sun, with very specific conditions. We reflect the physical world that we evolved from. It's not a miracle.
And yet, crucially, the lack of evidence for free will is by no means a license to abdicate personal responsibility in how we move through the world:
If I conclude that there is no free will, it doesn't mean that I should go run amok in the streets. I'm no more free to make that choice than I am to make any other choice. There's a practical notion of responsibility or civic free will that we uphold when we prosecute somebody, when we hold juries or when we pursue justice that I completely think is a practical notion that we should continue to pursue. It's not like I can choose to be irresponsible or responsible because I'm confused about free will.
Six decades earlier, and long before the dawn of modern astrophysics, Anaïs Nin madea humanistic case for the same.
Einstein's God is a spectacular read in its entirety, as is Levin's novel. For more perspectives on the relationship between science and spirituality, step into the cultural time machine with Carl Sagan on science and religion, Flannery O'Connor on dogma, belief, and the difference between religion and faith, Alan Lightman on science and spirituality, Ada Lovelace on the interconnectedness of everything, Jane Goodall onscience and spirit, and Sam Harris on spirituality without religion.
Krista Tippett is always the best. Thank You!
The Light for Another
In times of deep darkness, we not only need light — we need to be light for one another. That's a message we must take to heart as we find ourselves lost once again in the all-too-familiar darkness of America's culture of violence.
Who better to deliver that message than Mary Oliver, in a powerful poem that re-tells the story of the Buddha's last words. Before he died, she tells us, "He looked into the faces of that frightened crowd" and said, "Make of yourself a light."
We are the frightened crowd the Buddha looked into as he drew his last breath. We are the people who need to be light for one another.
There are many kinds of light. There's the light that allows people lost in the dark to find their way home. There's the light of compassion that comforts everything it touches. There's the light of truth-telling about ourselves that allows us to see what we are doing — or allowing — that has helped bring this darkness upon us. There's the light that shows us the way forward toward a better world. There's the light of courage to walk that path no matter who says "Stop!"
No one of us can provide all of the light we need. But every one of us can shed some kind of light. Every day we can ask ourselves, "What kind of light can I provide today?"
The Buddha's Last Instruction
by Mary Oliver
"Make of yourself a light"
said the Buddha,
before he died.
I think of this every morning
as the east begins
to tear off its many clouds
of darkness, to send up the first
signal—a white fan
streaked with pink and violet,
even green.
An old man, he lay down
between two sala trees,
and he might have said anything,
knowing it was his final hour.
The light burns upward,
it thickens and settles over the fields.
Around him, the villagers gathered
and stretched forward to listen.
Even before the sun itself
hangs, disattached, in the blue air,
I am touched everywhere
by its ocean of yellow waves.
No doubt he thought of everything
that had happened in his difficult life.
And then I feel the sun itself
as it blazes over the hills,
like a million flowers on fire—
clearly I'm not needed,
yet I feel myself turning
into something of inexplicable value.
Slowly, beneath the branches,
he raised his head.
He looked into the faces of that frightened crowd.
Some years ago, at a party at the Cannes Film Festival, I was leaning against a rail watching a fireworks display when I heard a familiar voice behind me. Or rather, at least a dozen voices, punctuating the offshore explosions with jokes, non sequiturs and off-the-wall pop-cultural, sexual and political references.
There was no need to turn around: The voices were not talking directly to me and they could not have belonged to anyone other than Robin Williams, who was extemporizing a monologue at least as pyrotechnically amazing as what was unfolding against the Mediterranean sky. I'm unable to recall the details now, but you can probably imagine the rapid-fire succession of accents and pitches — macho basso, squeaky girly, French, Spanish, African-American, human, animal and alien — entangling with curlicues of self-conscious commentary about the sheer ridiculousness of anyone trying to narrate explosions of colored gunpowder in real time.
Very few people would try to upstage fireworks, and probably only Robin Williams could have succeeded. I doubt anyone asked him for his play-by-play, an impromptu performance for a small, captive group, and I can't say if it arose from inspiration or compulsion. Maybe there's not really a difference. Whether or not anyone expected him to be, and maybe whether or not he entirely wanted to be, he was on.
Part of the shock of his death on Monday came from the fact that he had been on — ubiquitous, self-reinventing, insistently present — for so long. On Twitter, mourners dated themselves with memories of the first time they had noticed him. For some it was the movie "Aladdin." For others "Dead Poets Society" or "Mrs. Doubtfire." I go back even further, to the "Mork and Mindy" television show and an album called "Reality — What a Concept" that blew my eighth-grade mind.
Back then, it was clear that Mr. Williams was one of the most explosively, exhaustingly, prodigiously verbal comedians who ever lived. The only thing faster than his mouth was his mind, which was capable of breathtaking leaps of free-associative absurdity. Janet Maslin, reviewing his standup act in 1979, cataloged a tumble of riffs that ranged from an impression of Jacques Cousteau to "an evangelist at the Disco Temple of Comedy," to Truman Capote Jr. at "the Kindergarten of the Stars" (whatever that was). "He acts out the Reader's Digest condensed version of 'Roots,' " Ms. Maslin wrote, "which lasts 15 seconds in its entirety. He improvises a Shakespearean-sounding epic about the Three Mile Island nuclear disaster, playing all the parts himself, including Einstein's ghost." (That, or something like it, was a role he would reprise more than 20 years later in Steven Spielberg's "A.I.")
Onstage, Mr. Williams's speed allowed him to test audience responses and to edit and change direction on the fly. He simultaneously explained and acted out this process in "Come Inside My Mind," a two-and-a-half-minute tour de force of manic meta — "I'm doing great! I'm improvising like crazy! No you're not, you fool! You're just doing pee-pee-ca-ca, no substance!" But if Mr. Williams was often self-aware, commenting on what he was doing as he was doing it, he was rarely arch or insincere. He could, as an actor, succumb to treacliness sometimes — maybe more than sometimes — but his essential persona as an entertainer combined neediness and generosity, intelligence and kindness, in ways that were charming and often unexpectedly moving as well.
That was a role within a role, of course, and Mr. Williams's best serious movie characters — or maybe we should say the non-silly ones, since an element of playfulness was always there — had a similar doubleness. Watching him acting in earnest, you could not help but be aware of the exuberance, the mischief, that was being held in check, and you couldn't help but wonder when, how or if it would burst out. That you knew what he was capable of made his feats of self-control all the more exciting. You sometimes felt that he was aware of this, and that he enjoyed the sheer improbability of appearing as the straight man, the heavy, the voice of reason.
He was very good at playing it cool or quiet or restrained as other actors in his movies — Nathan Lane in "The Birdcage," Robert DeNiro in"Awakenings," Matt Damon in "Good Will Hunting" — brought the heat, the noise or the wildness. He was an excellent and disciplined character actor, even as he was also an irrepressible, indelible character, a voice — or voices — that many of us have been hearing for as long as we can remember.
Robin Williams: the sadness of a clown that couldn't be fixed
"Williams, like many others, struggled with addiction and personal demons. Mental illness is a great leveller – but is still too little understood.
All illness is a great leveller, but none levels like mental illness. It remains the poor relation of medicine. Research is paltry. Therapies are halfhearted. Drugs are primitive. But addictive and depressive illness seems to probe deep into the relations between individuals and those around them. It is the crack in the window that can seem beyond mending. The sadness of the clown goes beyond irony. It is one of the great mysteries of life"
Simon Jenkins
Tuesday 12 August 2014
Actor-Comedian Robin Williams Dies At 63
Robin Williams backstage in Virginia in 2009. 'It seems inexplicable that a celebrity's addiction should be immune to personal success, the care of a loving family and all the therapies money could buy.' Photograph: Jay Paul/Getty Images
The sadness of the clown is an old showbusiness irony. The death of the clown is even sadder. But Robin Williams was no ordinary clown, he was a clown in the round, a master of the one-liner, of verbal riff, mimicry, disguise, facial distortion, fury and hilarity. He made them laugh and he made them cry. He had the gift of enhancing the lives of others, yet he could not handle one person's life, his own. Only last month Williams was admitted back into a rehab centre in Minnesota.
Williams' presumed suicide is receiving the same scrutiny as the recent deaths of other celebrity addicts such as Philip Seymour Hoffman and Peaches Geldof. Addictive substances appeared to be the way in which these well-known people coped with the pressure of life. In that, they are no different from thousands of non-celebrities subject to even greater pressure. Yet it seems inexplicable that their addiction should be immune to personal success, the care of a loving family and all the therapies money could buy.
Physical illness is something the medical profession understands. It knows what to do when the human body malfunctions and what not to do. Mental illness, if illness is the right word, seems lost in some dark age. Otherwise healthy people with every reason to be happy are found wrestling with private demons. Therapists wander the scene like surgeons on a medieval battlefield, at a loss for what to do.
Williams appeared to have recovered from cocaine addiction but not from alcohol. He had been in and out of rehabilitation. In a remarkably frank interview in the Guardian four years ago, he was eager to discuss his problems lucidly. He was a regular member of probably the most successful therapy in existence, Alcoholics Anonymous, with its emphasis on non-judgmental group support. There was no help that Williams and others like him could not and did not receive. It failed.
All illness is a great leveller, but none levels like mental illness. It remains the poor relation of medicine. Research is paltry. Therapies are halfhearted. Drugs are primitive. But addictive and depressive illness seems to probe deep into the relations between individuals and those around them. It is the crack in the window that can seem beyond mending. The sadness of the clown goes beyond irony. It is one of the great mysteries of life.
• In the UK, the Samaritans can be contacted on 08457 90 90 90. In the US, the National Suicide Prevention Hotline is 1-800-273-8255. In Australia, the crisis support service Lifeline is on 13 11 14
Some Comments and Opinions already posted on 8/12/14
Candice Black Robin Williams is proof of the complexity of the illness: the man smiled, laughed and could make millions happy- yet depression plagued his life. Any notion that depression is a case of being "miserable" should be thrown out the window by anyone who still holds that view.
Michael Olaf Engedahl Good bye dear man,who brought more laughter than tears ,but couldn't find happiness for yourself,today you brought me tears cos I will never see your genius again.Rest in Peace
Joe Hargett "…that couldn't be fixed." I call bullshit. We could fix it if we wanted to, but time and again the major countries of the world have swept mental illness under the rug. Depression and other mental illnesses are not "silent killers" or "thieves in the night." They stare us in the face daily, and we ignore them. We need acceptance and action, not platitudes and cliches.
Lizzie Soden Robin Jenkins. Although you are right about much of what you have written here, you have painted an almost nihilistic picture of therapies, drugs and resources available to help with depression. As someone who experiences depression, I can tell you there are some amazing insightful, positive Drs, psychotherapists, psychologists, psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses, who are not 'wandering around aimlessly.' There is no 'one size fits all' or one depressive episode that's the same, but you get there through trial and error and different combinations. Yes, we need far more research and funding; yes we need to build understanding; yes we need to talk about it more in the public discourse, but you paint a picture that suggests anyone going through depression and addiction ' may as well give up now because you won't get the help you need' that's simply not true. By far the majority of people recover and lead active lives, and learn to manage their depressive episodes.
Katya Hernández So much ignorance about depression. It is not about being thankful for what you have, or living in a good place, or having everything: it's your brain not working properly, it's a chemical imbalance, and it's extremely hard to control. You often know that you have no reason to feel sad, but you still cry. Reasoning it out, when you are too deep into it, does not help. "Snap out of it" has to be the most ignorant, insensitive thing you can tell a depressed person. You would not tell that to a schizophrenic, and depression is just not something that you choose, it's something that your brain does to you.
Brian Lucas "Outside, the day might be blue and gold, but the light that creeps down, through the thickly-muffled glass of the small, iron-barred window beneath which one sits, is grey and niggard."
Oscar Wilde: "De Profundis"
Merita Debbie Marble Blanchet Did you know humor is a coping skill ? A mindset of the brain that helps us hang on.. Being serious is too hard for folks with a great sense of humor because tears lie very closely beneath that smile.. Never forget that We make the world laugh so we don't have to think of how sad we truly are.
Chrystal Andros "Heard joke once: Man goes to doctor. Says he's depressed. Says life seems harsh and cruel. Says he feels all alone in a threatening world where what lies ahead is vague and uncertain. Doctor says, "Treatment is simple. Great clown Pagliacci is in town tonight. Go and see him. That should pick you up." Man bursts into tears. Says, "But doctor…I am Pagliacci."
Those of us who suffer from chronic depression understand this. For example with me I know that suicide can be inevtiable. It may not happen tomorrow, next week or even next month, but it's with me and it may kill me at some point.
How do you treat something that comes and goes like bad weather? When it hits it's a hurricane of twisting emotion.
I see a psychologist and I look at taking meds at the end, but I have been suffering it for a very long time. For now changing my mental state is what is helping.
Abigail Mouat Askew It's part of what happens when our societal values go awry. I wonder how many indigenous tribes not exposed to Western culture have these levels of depression and addiction?
Jeremy Williams It annoys me when people say "snap out of it", when i'm having a low mood, it's not as simple as that, it's a hidden illness, you don't see it on the outside, but on the inside it slowly eats at you.
Harmony Aquarian
Three Wishes
You're leaving on a super moon
But the details are still sketchy
The world is in a state of shock
The background story patchy
The last thing I expected to hear today
Was the news of your departure
And that your life was in disarray
It truly broke my heart, sir
I never cried when Elvis died,
He never touched me, really,
But Robin, you were another case
You were the King of Silly
The medicine of laughter
In world so full of pain
You meted out so selflessly
It all seems so insane
Perhaps we need to stop and think
About what is important
That life is rich when you have love
And though yours has been shortened
You touched our hearts and reached our souls
With no mention of religion
You made me smile so very many times
With a warmth that lacked conditions
The last thing I wanted to do today
Was to write this sad remembrance
But people come, and people go
In this endless song and dance
So here's to life and here's to hope
And here's to fun and laughter
And thank you for the joy you brought
And if there's a hereafter
I'm sure you will be needed there
As much as here on earth
Such a clever, brilliant man
An icon of infinite worth
So adios amigo
Happy trails and all of that
Life is short for all of us
But if I could bring you back
I'd have but two more wishes
For that genie in the bottle
That you'd have found peace inside yourself
And won that final battle
Kia ora HATU
Febe Zylstra I have been there and hit rock bottom in 2011, and was diagnosed with Bi-polar Disorder. (They think the chemical imbalance in my brain was triggered from being pregnant, in hind sight that is when I noticed significant changes for me, but everyone has different extents/experiences from each other)
For me I was hospitalised twice over 4 months, underwent 12 ECTS, was put on a cocktail amount of drugs, most which caused severe side effects, counselling and psych Drs for the next 2 yrs. I was very fortunate to have a supportive family and friends who helped me through it unconditionally, but initially my loved ones often told me to 'snap out of it' OR 'you'll get over it' was another frequent comment before they understood the seriousness of my disorder! I can now say I am doing heaps better after finding the right combination of drugs of which I have to take daily for the rest of my life and my art is also a huge part of me staying mentally healthy. But I did loose my unblemished career of 26 years unfairly because of my diagnosis (that's another long story) and now have learnt to focus on staying stress free as much has I can to remain status quo.
So I do understood someone who has experienced severe crippling depression where some days you can't even get out of bed, sleep 20 hours in a day, day in day out, you can't eat and to go too the toilet is a huge effort! Where for 80% of the time you can't stop crying and you honestly believe dying is the only way you will feel at peace and for the internal pain to go away. I was fortunate I had a daughter and family that even at the depth of my own depression I knew I couldn't let down. Unfortunately Suicide is a huge risk with someone who has major depression or Bi-polar and unless someone has experienced this, it is extremely hard for someone to totally understand how someone can take their own life. I know it can be seen as a selfish act, but you can get to the point where you feel so worthless, hopeless and guilty about absolutely everything, and also honestly and deeply believe everyone would be better off without you. (It is not always attention seeking behaviour but often a cry for help as feeling there is no other way out of the darkness!) But mostly there is such an intense indescribable ache/ physical pain inside you that just doesn't go away, which can't be seen, unlike that of a broken bone! You eventually learn to crack a joke, give a smile, sometimes say what you think people want to hear but it is not always what you feel on the inside, it is a constant battle to stay positive, even now for me and I feel 100% better than I did at my lowest point.
I have chosen not to hide behind my Bi-polar diagnosis as it is the only way to help break down the stigma attached to it and that of all mental illnesses. I hope that people who know me already or get to know me, will see that I am not a 'Nutter' OR 'Aggressive Crazy Person' running around committing crimes or causing havoc. A lot of people's fears of the person who has mental health issues are given the wrong impression from TV shows, especially Criminal TV shows that always seem to portray the mental health person in a negative light. Fact is 1 in 5 people in their own life time will experience depression and for most people they will know someone close to them who goes through it.
It's OK to feel unsure or helpless when you come across a person going through depression etc, but if everyone try's to understand just a little bit of what that persons obstacles are when they are not well, it will help break down the barriers/stigmas and hopefully more people with depression etc will feel more supported and not so isolated! Just by asking are you OK or offer to listen to them could make all the difference.
Sorry for the long winded rant – but it breaks my heart that someone we all knew to be the funny man who always put on a happy face suffered his whole life with major depression. He hid it well as do a lot of people with severe depression – sometimes the support and help comes too late! RIP Robbin Williams x
Margie Winter And mental health wards are being closed at an alarming rate. Governments have found out that pushing patients out into Care in the Community, they save lots if money! They never publish the suicide rate though!! I suspect it's higher now than 20 years ago. Alcohol – the medicine of choice for many depressives . So, so sad. RIP Robin.
Alen Kevric He was broken but it is not him that needed to be fixed. It is society that needs to be fixed. RIP
Tim Dixon All we can do is love, I mean really love those in our lives suffering from this, they are are serious, it IS real…..
Alexandra Nielsen Well said, Katya Hernandez…a person cannot snap out of true depression any more than someone can snap out of diabetes. It's not the same thing as feeling a little down. The brain chemistry changes and there is no way to snap out of it when you are in it. If you think there is, then you have never experienced the hell of depression.
Sam Bino How many of us go out into the world wearing a mask, a disguise, to hide from the world our true selves, how many of us intimately know ourselves are confident to accept ourselves for who we are regardless of the pressure from society to seek it's 'approval'
With all of the modern day distractions that occupy our time and fill our minds with junk, with all the choices and dilemmas we face on a daily basis that paralyze us, how do people stand a chance to manage their mental well-being as it becomes buried further and further amidst the rubble of living.
To truly be yourself is to free yourself but this takes time, committment, courage and many other basic needs being in place, and even then this can still be so far out of reach such are the complexities of our minds.
To everyone on this journey, I wish you well with love and compassion.
Lara Naylor Davis Colin, what utter tripe. I have been saved and transformed by medication and therapy. I lived a long time in the darkness with no way out until I was first referred to my psychiatrist 7 years ago. He then placed me in Cognitive Analytical Therapy which helped me gain insight and balance. I think every individual needs to find their own way but therapy and psychopharmesuticals, eventually, worked for me. In the first 6 years of diagnosis I was on a total of five different meds, six times. I didn't throw the baby out with the bath water, I kept plugging away til I found what worked. Looks like I may also have treatment resistant depression as I keep bottoming out on pills. But I keeping looking because I know how catastrophic my life is without them.
Katya Hernández I agree. I can safely say that medication saved my life.
Russ Collins What crap is that about jesus?? an imaginary dead man who was supposed to have lived 2000 years ago of whom there is no evidence of. yeah! I'm sure a man of intellectual genius as such as williams would have given the remotest crap about that
Karen Hoyles It doesn't take long before b'jesus turns up – any old topic will do.
Mel Myrtle Horstink I just have silent tears running down my face, I have done since I heard. I wish this weren't true but it is. RIP you funny, gentle, sad man
Julie Allen I can totally relate to this my husband been battling mental illness for years , but doctors just hand him the pils with very little therapy, and support as though its his own fault, so we as a family have to cope with his mood swings on a daily basis, and my husband is a loving man underneath it all , RIP Robin xx
Allison Taw hope your not lonely now x RIP
Alwyn Green It's difficult for those who have not experienced depression to understand it. I thank God I had a wife and several colleagues who did understand and supported me.
James David Roberts It's been such a sad day. I would have hoped that at 63, Robin Williams would have had the "bag of tricks", the "coping strategies" to deal with his illness. His death makes me realize how vulnerable people are with this diseases.
Edde Beket Robin Williams wasn't a clown – I hate clowns. He was brilliant, inspiring and a legend. RIP
Cathy Dalton I think that many brilliant people fell that they have to become 'clowns' in order to be accepted. It's the ultimate irony.
Sophie Wintrich Too much taboo on the subject as well, still, sadly. Perhaps mostly from people who deny such issues and desperately try to cover up in other ways. There are ways out, or at least coping strategies, provided you feel you can talk without being judged or criticized. Being able to voice your feelings is half the battle. Don't bottle it. Big virtual hug to all.
Sam Bino When will God botherers learn that many many people find these views offensive and without any relevance. I'm happy that you have found your own path and truth but it isn't mine so please keep it to yourselves.
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Wallace Rachel Many of us with a strong belief on God find God botherers irritating as hell too!
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Sharon Moon
Lara Naylor Brett I can't bw. I have servere anxiety, servere depression and BPD. All of this is in my make up and can't be cured, it can be controlled and I have spent four snd a half years symptom free only to crash and burn catastrophically agaiin about three …See More
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Jen Peloquin Oddie Agree with so many people who have commented here today.
So complex is this disease…that such a gifted artist and selfless human being continued to struggle in his later years. May he RIP because he's done the hard yards for sure.
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Idalina Melo It's very harsh to live your live as an empathic in an un-empathic world, it's the ill society that leads to mental illness of good souls!!
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Cindy Schneider Mental health care came out of the dark ages when Mennonites did public service instead of going to war in the 40's…..it went back to the dark ages when Ronald Reagan dumped them into the streets….now mental health care has another name….the prison system. Maybe Robin has one last gift to give us…awareness.
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Dorothy Bogart I was once a very depressed person ,was in my own world and never want to see people or mingle . In fact i was always hiding and it felt as if everybody was against me and i was so far that i almost run away from home. It was something bad that happened to me and i was sorry for an excuse. I always knew that i need serious help and my children kept me sane. I had a DR that treated me with steroids on a monthly basis. It changed my whole body structure,softness is gone and i was strong and still depressed. I went to a different dr and in the surgery i found this book of a depressed person fighting with this dark cloud around her and then i saw me. Its exactly how i feel. I got up and walk out and went home. Since then i understand my illness and everytime i feel depressed i see this d cloud surounds me and i started to climb out and thats how i got healed. Its nothing to try do it. Depression is a very bad thing..
Jane Donaghy What comes first…the addiction or the mental illness….another great lost who tried his best to overcome & couldn't.
James Turner Robin Williams, Phillip Seymour Hoffman … And Peaches Geldof?!?!?!? I know it seems natural to list in 3s rather than 2s.. But Peaches fucking Geldof??? How about WW1, WW2 and that time down the pub someone hit someone else? Fucking ludicrous
Mark Sykes Why not Peaches Geldof? Why not highlight anyone who was in the public eye who struggled with mental illness – who are you to judge the validity of someones illness? The more that the world knows that even famous and fabulously wealthy individuals can find it incredibly difficult to live a 'normal' life, then the better the world can become!
Ce-Ce Ushe He made many people smile when he was 'high 'on coccaine .those who take coccaine never have a happy ending,Peaches , Amy Winehouse, Michael Jackson etc..
Jay Harper Again with this simplistic statement? Bless you, you just aren't that bright.
Stephen Bosworth Wow , all these people seem to know why he topped himself. Such a clever bunch.
Jörg Killat Why is it that all great comedians seem to suffer from depression. Is it because of that that they're great? Is it their way of trying to combat their demons?
Rosalind Mercer The one thing none of us can do, not even the greatest psychiatrist who ever lived, is to literally get into the mind of another. Oh, yes we think we can understand but depression or indeed any type of mental illness is individual and personal to the sufferer. There are two types of depression: reactive and clinical, and inevitably one can lead to the other. Many women after giving birth will get PND, but that usually can be cured as it is caused by hormonal changes. It is illogical to be depressed after having had a baby, but logic has nothing to do with it. Some women feel like hell for a few weeks or even months.
Life's setback can also cause depression, especially if those setbacks are man-made like a family relationship breaking down, or losing somebody very close but they are reactive. The more setbacks one has, the more likely then that the reactive will turn to clinical because the brain cannot take anymore stress, and then the real unhappiness sets in and medical help is the only way forward. I know nothing of Robin Williams's life, other than what little I have read, but I suspect like may unhappy people the drugs and alcohol would have exacerbated his depression. To live with a person who suffers deep depression is a horrible experience because you feel helpless. No wonder his poor wife is heartbroken. We cannot judge, or condemn, and evoking the supernatural e.g."God' is not at all helpful. All we can do is to support the families or friends of sufferers, and try to be tolerant, which is not always easy.
Liz Munro So sad. A wonderful man taken by a dreadful illness.
Guguyni Slan every suicide is a question to the humans alive , a message to the people alive we have to learn more humanity compassion and empathy to other humans and to the earth we live with . there is always a way .
Robyn Evans It's like cancer.
Tracey Bourke So very sad to have heard the news after getting off a long haul flight. I absolutely loved Robin Williams. He made me laugh & Cry. He had a beautiful way of portraying all of his movie characters funny, sad, etc…… He was a wonderful soul and brought out every emotion in me through the characters he played so well on TV and in his movies. I will watch a few of his movies this week in his honour.
RIP and thank you for sharing your wonderful and talented life with us.
You will be missed worldwide. My boys will be watching Mrs Doubtfire this weekend. X
Aleli Gomez Es tan raro como no debes de demostrar tu tristeza para poder seguir encajando en este mundo q es el q te puso triste para comenzar aww
See Translation
Robin Waka robin williams not dead shocking video of his house in the link beside
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Seblewongel Mekonnen Wolde It is possible to b free from any type of mental sickness, depression etc, even from the family line forever: who said it is impossible? it is possible to b free from it. This 2014, not 19th century: there is a solution. There is a new hope for it.
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Farhat Rasheed This world is a test for the pure soul. Only a belief in a loving, just and complete God and a beautiful next life for a perfected morality, whatever that is, is what keep's 'people' alive — this is the truth I believe in. Both mental and physical illness is interlinked but physical illness is more understood because it is 'physical' i.e can be touched/seen/held – fixed? The mind is pure consciousness – aware of so much, and the primary way, in which the heart is torn from ideas that take it away from a perfection 'somewhere' or take away the 'hope' of it all meaning something, and giving purpose to even suffering. If you don't beleive in an eternal afterlife of levelling off the hardships of this life- you might as well, throw in the towel as soon as you're born. Many gifted children already 'know' we are here transiently– ie. we do not belong here, but in a greater place…whatever you wish to call this – most call it heaven.
Katharine Oliver Sarah Casaneanu
Rebecca Parsley RIP man.. We love you and hope you're not lonely now
Margaret Spillane It's true; mental illness is woefully under-funded. There is still too much of the pull yourself together mentality.
Carrie McCarthy Febe Zylstra you might like this xx
Peter Humfrey His death is desperately sad but hopefully it will bring more understanding and cast off the stereotypes people have for sufferers of depression.
Ce-Ce Ushe No matter how many friends ,family, money u can have and surrounded by many people u can die all alone and lonely.
Judge Mental Depression is a slow thief on a long, long night.
Tom Broadhurst If you analyse the inherent absurdity of living, some people as a result of that deeply analytical process are going to arrive at a full stop
Sonia Finch when you are a bright light everyone wants a chunk of you. whats left feels soul loss. time to take back your light robin.
Debra Griffin Truehope.com sells EM power plus vitamins that are effective for depression. They saved my son.
Jane Whitmore When some one has to be the main person to make people laugh and have a good time, one day this illness sets in and there never that person they used to be. Such a shame to take your own life but demons talk to u and u forget what the real world is about. Never judge on people who suffers this illness as you never no it could happen to u. Xxx rip
Emma Elizabeth Bogue Febe Zylstra your story and how you wrote it was really powerful. I completely agree, it is easier to place a bandaid on a physical injury than to attempt to do the same with someone suffering deep inside. Please continue to advocate for those with mental illness as gracefully as you just have. Individuals like you will break down the stigma+ will be the making of new interventions. Thank you for sharing you're story
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今井賢二 高志>『いいね!』? でも、文章の意味が解らない?
See Translation
James Warriner Total shock…very sad loss
Muhammad Nadeem Aslam may his soul in peace
Pablo Molina Petrovich Will we ever be able to watch his wonderful movie roles without seeing "the tears in his eyes"? Actually, I hope not, lest we forget we are all vulnerable, in need of each other's support and care.
Guguyni Slan https://scontent-b-ams.xx.fbcdn.net/…/10391419…
Stephanie Lillian Fletcher I'm African, and not only am I a depressant, I have Bipolar and borderline personality disorder due to trauma. NO ONE is exempt when mental illness strikes. Medication does help, but all mess have bad side effects…. One being weight gain which in turn makes you depressed and causes self loathing due to malicious outbursts from trolls or comments from general public. You are either fat and semi sane or feel good about yourself but depressed about life… it's just really hard, talking to someone definitely helps. It's an ongoing condition that needs constant nurturing… many of us hide behind smiles and laughter, if only people could recognize the turmoil within our eyes… RIP RW
Phil Brown Ive been a mental health nurse 30 years…twice while driving over The Tyne Bridge …3/32010 and 17/12/2013 ive pulled someone back from the Edge or talked another person down.
Ive acted quickly…each time the person was "very dissociated"
I have to say that as much as the kind sincere and compassionate words are meanindful
Unfortunately….despite some of the benefits of social media…
It DANGEROUSLY REMAINS
Margaret Inglese Just a thought from one who knows it took me 25 years to get on the right meds. Doctor after doctor just took that prescription pad out and keep prescribing the same drugs over and over. Thought process is that your therapist should be talking to you. Good luck with that one. My doc listened and helped me realize what was the problem. Right meds taken consistently are the answer. You can't self medicate
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Michelle Pitkin So sad, such a waste. What empathic words in this article
Glenda Bogdanovs Research and treatment of mental illness is both under funded and disrespected
Guguyni Slan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RbY2iTOUQA
Guguyni Slan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQU3EphIpMY
Malika Bouamama Invisible disability
Cubey G Funk https://www.google.co.za/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j…
Michelle Ho The saddest person in the world is a clown. It's hard enough making people laugh & be happy. It's even harder to make oneself happy
Arash Zarchini https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10202542680156747…
Cemil Bikmen Cok dogru fakat sahsi fizik ve mental olarak tanima gayreti gosteren isin zorlugunu inkar etmiyen yakin takip ve oz veri gosteren bir psikiatrist yuz sene onceye gore cok daha fazla yardim etme kabiliyetinde.
Angela Lewis RIP Captain My Captain
Jack Vanderwyk Bipolarity seldom comes alone. Many bipolar people also suffer from other diseases, like alcohol and/or drug addictions. Controlling the one doesn't necessarily mean that you're able to control the other.
Cathy Dalton The addictions are the results of trying to self-medicate, to ease the pain….but they are a vicious circle, a downward spiral.
Brett Hunter i beg do differ so people cant be fixed? I dont know ? But i wish and hope, so it doesn,t happen to someones sister, my cousin, like me because we have to live for a life time and maybe when times up then maybe we know, but yet asking un answered questions for a life time doesn,t seem fair
Marlene Rapich Balanda DAMN THE DARKNESS..
Russ Collins know how he feels, I'll Probably do the same one day
Yul Villanueva Mendoza Guess needed Jesus in his life, could have helped Money isn't happiness
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Leighan Harkess Yeah the whole religion thing is working wonders in the world right now..
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Sharon Moon
Mustafa Mahmoud He was awesome , but still sad deep inside , unfortunately he did not find a good friend like Robin Williams to fix his sorrow
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Chethan Bvb we are all save of our brain not mind, it proved mr wiiliams depression is dangerous sickness
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Jan McFarlane Such a sad day
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Michael Bender Sagt alles zum Thema Depression.
See Translation
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Nigel Richards Tears of a clown, when there's no one around…
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Hamxa Siddique DAnish FArooq
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Eve Alexander Ian Johnson
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Amanda Elizabeth Lennon Curious to learn whether or not he had recently been put on the sometimes suicide-provoking Efexor-XR anti-dep …
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Celina Stott
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Ma'aly Al-Marhoon RIP
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David Wheeler RIP Robin no words can explain how much your humour and yourself will be missed by all.God bless you.
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Теди От Наречен https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_huc9In5qY
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Zeny Competente Sanchez
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Explicações de Inglês So So so very true … and sad so sad.
Thank you Mr Robin Williams for having given me and others the privilege and joy of having such great actor during my life time.
May you be happier now.
Nevertheless, I'm so sad, leaving us so much before your time and yet so much to offer still.
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Traci Sherlock Henrietta Wochnowski
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Carolyne Awino May his soul rest in peace
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Dewan Abdur Rob Raiyan
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Leah Murphy Yes, as it says, the drugs are primitive
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Emilios Koromias Legend!
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John Mason its called life, he had one, he was on quite a different level.
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Eslam Voice https://fbcdn-sphotos-b-a.akamaihd.net/…/16010…
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David Edge Both his family and the world loses a great man!
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Deniz Helvacıoğlu RIP !
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Elcio Da Silveira Machado https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3kJ0nA6gNw
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Daouda Amirou Ganaba RIP ROBBIE
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Thomas Deeds RIP Robin.
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Antoaneta Naydenova RIP
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Sophie Louise Kirkham Shaun
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Kenny Given Rest In Peace and thanks for the laughter and great films!….
Some people are just too good for this world!
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Allysha Nila clown?
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Alan Willott Depression , the black hole of despair.?A tragic loss to his family Friends and the World of ENTERTAINMENT ? Robin will be missed by so many. R.I.P.
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Dolly Nedeva I dont think its you business to comment his illness.
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Yves-Henri Morvan It could be. On my point of view. But it's just my point of view.
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Tris Tan The man looked very unhappy, I doubt I'm the only one who saw that. Or maybe I'm just crazy.
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Phillip Keane Maybe wait for the coroner's report, eh? you fucking ghouls.
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Kate Burton Love you Robin Williams. We will miss you.
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Freeman Jackson Divorce, Bankruptcy, and Drinking. What a deadly combination!
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Daniel Salvia Absolutely true …!
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Iain Morrison Leighan…someone else who doesn't understand what motivates those people. Religion isn't the issue. Power and greed ARE!
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Debra Grace Peri What a half hearted article, of which I can't take seriously in light of the truth.
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Tatheer Faiq RIP Robin Williams . It is very hard for me to believe someone living away from all the horrors of Middle East can suffer from depression and chose to end his life. Not to mention that he has fame and wealth. So sad!
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Eslam Voice https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage…
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Nikolai Jimmy Virtanen There is a point seeming idea that psychology and filosefee…is that You wan't To know how does other People feel,Maybe You Can Never win the Trust.That both Are opstical science.😇😈
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Keith Hancock Such a terrible loss http://www.saigondistricts.com/2014/08/robin-williams/
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Violacolor Futura Tremila rip my captain
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Trev Coleman All illness is a great leveller, but none levels like mental illness. It remains the poor relation of medicine. Research is paltry. Therapies are halfhearted. Drugs are primitive.
i would disagree with that statement. there's load of studies taking place on things like psilocybin, DMT, LSD, etc in treating depression. what there is, is a lack of will to use the sort of remedies that are turning people's lives around in a matter of hours rather than making them go through years of torturous medications and mind numbing analysis that just prolongs the whole process.
while i'm just as gutted as everyone else at the loss of one of my greatest tv and movie idols, one of the staples of my youth, we should take this opportunity to start looking beyond conventional health care and start looking at the alternatives.
RIP. genie, you're free.
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Rob Byrne I'm not going out on a limb here to suggest he had a manic, albeit wonderful and enjoyable personality. Somehow, he seemed in control of his ups and downs and I think that's why it was such a surprise. In retrospect, I suppose the altitudes of his highs had to be matched by some incredible depths. Such a sad loss.
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Darwin Ruan SHOCKING !!!
What a brutal genocide !!!
They killed 50.000 – 60.000 people for their organs and sell it to the World.
Is must be stopped !!!
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Ada M. Ene sad news
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Clau Schwa That's an unfortunate headline.
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Sandra Shevey Did he pay his Hamas subscription tell Cruz to go away???? Not PC Robbie.
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Sandra Shevey They are now saying `alleged` suicide. Murder??
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Rumana Asif Zara Serpent
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Rumana Asif Sam Chaudhri
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Rumana Asif Jason Manford.
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True Manchester United fans "I used to think that the worst thing in life was to end up all alone. It's not. The worst thing in life is ending up with people who make you feel all alone."
– Robin Williams as Lance Clayton in World's Greatest Dad (2009)
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Sandie Fox Never a truer word said
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Shu Her Journalists should take time to think before writing about a subject like this.
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In The Center Of My Heart A Star
with thanks to Beth for the original posting…
Via dreaminginthedeepsouth.tumblr.com
By the Church on Sunday Morning Nobuyuki Taguchi
— Søren Kierkegaard
"Most days I don't know
what I want.
I want to escape,
I want to stay behind.
I want to leave without a goodbye
and disappear into the anonymity
of a new life,
I want to keep all the people I have loved
locked inside my heart forever.
Maybe it would be best to allow
the world to swallow me whole
and spit me out somewhere new.
I've spent a lifetime growing roots
into a place born of misery
and swallowing sunshine in
an effort to keep myself from
choking on the sadness that
smothered every single light that
threatened to expose this place.
I want everything.
I want to be a mystery to you,
a star all to myself
a galaxy away from your starved fingers,
I want you to cover my bones
with your body and kiss my secrets out of my skin,
I want to love and be loved,
I want to detach myself from
the danger of it all,
keep myself safe from breaking.
I want to be no one at all,
tossed into the wind with the
precious gift of knowing that
new beginnings are underway.
I want to be everywhere at once,
breathing new air,
shedding my skin with every new city.
I want to be someone,
I want my name to be held in someone's
mouth with all the tenderness that
adoration brings.
I want to matter in the volatile way that
leaves fingerprints permanently etched into souls.
I am an island unknown to myself,
I am the brick house I've lived in
since I was a little girl.
I am simultaneously falling apart
and falling together.
I am a daughter of fire,
a descendant of the sea,
my entire being at war with
desire and reality.
I want it all to stop spinning."
"For a long time, memory researchers assumed that memories were like volumes stored in a library. When your brain remembered something, it was simply searching through the stacks and then reading aloud from whatever passage it discovered. But some scientists now believe that memories effectively get rewritten every time they're activated, thanks to a process called reconsolidation. To create a synaptic connection between two neurons the associative link that is at the heart of all neuronal learning you need protein synthesis. Studies on rats suggest that if you block protein synthesis during the execution of learned behavior pushing a lever to get food, for instance the learned behavior disappears. It appears that instead of simply recalling a memory that had been forged days or months ago, the brain is forging it all over again, in a new associative context. In a sense, when we remember something, we create a new memory, one that is shaped by the changes that have happened to our brain since the memory last occurred to us."
— Slate Magazine, "The Science of Eternal Sunshine by Steven, March 22, 2004
"In the waters of purity, I melted like salt
Neither blasphemy, nor faith, nor conviction, nor doubt remained.
In the center of my heart a star has appeared
And all the seven heavens have become lost in it."
— Rumi
Wisdom from Vincent Harding, historian, activist, author, preacher, who passed away this week at 82.
"We are not alone in this struggle for the re-creation of our own lives and the life of our community. It has long been written and known that those who choose to struggle for the life of the earth and its beings are part of an ageless, pulsating membrane of light that is filled with the lives, hopes, and beatific visions of all who have fought on, held on, loved well, and gone on before us. For this task is too magnificent to be carried by us alone, in our house, in our meeting, in our organization, in our generation, in our lifetime… we are all a part of one another, and we are all part of the intention of the great creator spirit to continue being light and life.
"This is what Wisdom means: To be changed without the slightest effort on your part, to be transformed, believe it or not, merely by waking to the reality that is not words, that lies beyond the reach of words. If you are fortunate enough to be Awakened thus, you will know why the finest language is the one that is not spoken, the finest action is the one that is not done and the finest change is the one that is not willed."
Let Your Enemy Be Your Teacher
Monday, May 12, 2014
Make friends with your opponent quickly while he is taking you to court; or he will hand you over to the judge, and the judge to the officer, and the officer will throw you into prison. You will not get out until you have paid the last penny. — Matthew 5:25-26
Persona and shadow are correlative terms. Your shadow is what you refuse to see about yourself, and what you do not want others to see. The more you have cultivated and protected a chosen persona, the more shadow work you will need to do. Conversely, the more you live out of your shadow self, the less capable you are of recognizing the persona you are trying to protect and project. It is like a double blindness keeping you from seeing—and being—your best and deepest self. As Jesus put it, "If the lamp within you is, in fact, darkness, what darkness there will be" (Matthew 6:23). It is all about seeing—and seeing fully and truthfully. It takes a lifetime.
Your persona is what most people want from you and reward you for, and what you choose to identify with, for some reason. As you do your inner work, you will begin to know that your self-image is nothing more than just that, and not worth protecting, promoting, or denying. As Jesus says in the passage above, if you can begin to "make friends" with those who have a challenging message for you (your "enemies"), you will usually begin to see some of your own shadow. If you don't, you will miss out on much-needed wisdom and end up "imprisoned" within yourself or taken to "court" by others; and you will undoubtedly have to "pay the last penny" to reorder your life and your relationships. In the spiritual life, your enemies are really your friends, and that is not just doubletalk. It is very often true.
Richard Rohr: Adapted from Falling Upward: A Spirituality for the Two Halves of Life,pp. 127-129
A simple science
Last night I spoke with a young Chinese woman clearly troubled about confronting deeply negative circumstances in her life; and one of my best friends is struggling with disease and heartbreak.
In their own way, each of them brings their whole Being, everything they are, into this personal moment of struggle and suffering, wondering why things have to be this way, and whether there isn't a force, a material inner force, that can go against such things.
It prompted me to explain to my friend that people think metaphysics is about some cosmological pie-in-the-sky stuff; angels and cosmic evolution and so on. People write extraordinarily complicated texts about metaphysics, filled with magical diagrams and rays of cosmic energy, hydrogens and galaxies, and so on. It's fair to say quantum physics is probably simpler to understand.
But that's not what it's like at all. Metaphysics is about here and now; it is about the power of Being, which emerges from the divine inward flow and is manifested through intellect and will. So we have an ability to manifest something materially, something extraordinary and positive, which affirms our Being; yet outward circumstances so often arrange themselves as destructive forces, and they seem more powerful than we are.
All of the great stories of heroism, from the epic of Gilgamesh to the stories from the concentration camps, celebrate humanity's efforts to manifest the positive forces of being against these destructive outward circumstances. It is easy to swallow them as stories on a grand scale; but it is much more difficult to digest them when they are served cold and dirty on the hard plate of one's personal life. That is when we really have to tighten our belts, pick up the fork, and eat what is true about our life and ourselves; and this is a dish we come to most reluctantly. It takes a greater kind of courage than the courage we read about in the heroic epics to confront our own lives; and although we can take inspiration from the great stories, it is every inward and outward breath of our own life that we have to deal with. This can be an anguishing labor. No one feels as grand as Hercules cleaning out the stables when one is dealing with the mental illness of a loved one or cancer.
This is where real metaphysics comes in. Physics is the study of objects, events, circumstances, and conditions; material things, things as they are. Metaphysics is the study of Being; of what we are as individuals, of how our consciousness encounters the material. So it's an incredibly practical discipline; and everything about it is about beginning to understand that the external forces and events we confront are not who we are; in a certain sense, they don't even exist. All they are is data; and data has no organized form or objective sense of what it is. It isn't intelligent.
In the same sense that atomistic materialism tells us there is nothing more than these little bits of stuff that make up bigger stuff, all that data can ever say is that it is there. But our Being, our awareness — that is what allows us to inwardly form a relationship to the outer, and it is in that place, within us, that the outer events acquire form, which we can have an attitude towards.
This means, oddly, that the realm of heroism doesn't lie in outward action; it is within us, where we form our attitude towards things, that the hero is born, not in the deeds that he or she does to save the world. Every human being who gets up in the morning and forms a positive attitude to overcome their obstacles and live in the face of the destructive forces around them is a hero. And they will always be a hero, whether they succeed or fail, because the hero is already there in the attitude, regardless of whether they live or die in the context of all the forces that would drag us down.
The hero starts here, and starts now, by saying, yes – I can Be. I can have a wish for the good.
We have a choice in our lives. We can practice this simple science of metaphysics in simple ways, by understanding how we form the outer world through our inner attitude; and we can begin in every moment by trying to make an effort for the good, rather than letting everything go down.


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Gallery Folders
Character References
Cel Shaded
Coloured Sketches
Traditional Portraits
May I please watch you?! YOUR ART IS PRECIOUS. ;__;
Ohh you are too kind, thanks ever so much! That means a lot coming from you ;_; <3!
Nice gallery
Your gallery is beautiful! the backgrounds mix really well wirh your characters !
Your art is so gorgeous. I wish I had more words for you, but I find myself scrolling back up to look at your gallery instead of typing, haha.

subset: commoncrawl


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Concepts in Chassidic Philosophy
Knowledge Base » Torah, The » Kabbalah & Chassidism; Mysticism » Chassidism » Concepts in Chassidic Philosophy
Results 1-10 of 907
Related Topics
Ahavat Yisrael (231)
Animal Soul & G-dly Soul (164)
Divine Providence (218)
Four Kingdoms (42)
Garments of the Soul (34)
Giver and Recipient (69)
Kelipah (95)
Knowledge of G-d (31)
Love & Awe of G-d (274)
Ayin (6)
Oneness of G-d (99)
Perpetual Creation (46)
Ratzo V'Shov (21)
Tohu & Tikkun (32)
Tzaddik, Rasha & Beinoni (128)
Tzavta V'chibur (9)
Creation Impossible What is tzimtzum like?
I long struggled with the kabbalistic map of the cosmos, convinced that these mysteries could be grasped in a more relevant way. A single class on tzimtzum opened up an entire world of insight and discovery.
The Idealistic Realism of Jewish Messianism The real deal on Chabad's apocalyptic calculations, and why Jews have always predicted elusive ends.
To live messianically is not to abandon the present moment, but to live the present moment so completely that it transcends its own limitations.
The Ladder Up Secret Steps to Jewish Happiness Book
A sequential approach to self improvement from the author's perspective and topics important to personal growth in the modern age.
13 thoughts to meditate upon
We already know from our sages that the purpose behind creation of this world is G‑d's desire to dwell in the lowest realms. But what did they mean by lowest?
Cosmic Vibrations Everything is forever running and returning
We intuitively think of matter as something very static, just sitting there. It's strange to think of matter as a tune being played by a string. What if our entire reality is just that?
The concept of dirah b'tachtonim ("a dwelling in the physical world") addresses the most basic questions of existence: What is our world? What is matter and physicality? What is holiness? What does G-d want of us? Why are we here?
Chabad Meditation Collaboration of your own mind
Have a chat with your human animal.
A survey of the roots of this question, the scientific context, the classical Kabbalistic answers, and the explanation offered by the Chassidic masters
Somehow, the very earth we touch must become acutely aware of its absolute nothingness while remaining a complete something. And you and I are given the responsibility to accomplish that.


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I didn't see anyone else notice the the profit margin on a £$200 iPhone is pretty slim
observe, mes amis, a comment by Gregg Keizer, Computerworld July 03, 2007
Apple's iPhone profit margin greater than 50 percent
Tear-down analysis by iSuppli finds that $333 out of the $599 price for the 8GB iPhone is profit for Apple, a margin of nearly 56 percent
Even if they sell 20 million that drastic a drop in price is an oddity, as the profit margin is pretty thin; $299 I could see, even $249, but $199? They'll be selling out at that price and not making a lot of money
I would bet that a new tear-down analysis would be different now that many of the components are in greater supply. Also they will sell more macs because people will love this apple product. They will also sell plenty of me.com subscriptions and more downloads including apps, songs and video content. All of the later have much lower overhead. ie no physical product. more $$$.


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Still a barnstormer for quick working lunches & 'always packed with suits', this chain of Parisian-style bistros seems to have dipped of late, with gripes about 'slow' service & aggressive
pricing, including 'a cover charge for bread & olives' & 'a tiny cheese plate for £9'. That said, the warm, laid-back atmosphere & near-constant buzz are reasons to visit, & the
simple food 'doesn't let you down'. Despite the much-publicised banning of foie gras, the menu is still about as Gallic as it gets: kick off with snails in garlic butter, move on to salad niçoise,
duck confit or beef bourguignon & finish with tarte tatin. Steak, however continues to be its strength & we can't argue with a pretty good onglet & frite for £12.95.
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Now living in Oakland, California, Mike grew up in Central Florida, where throughout his teens he played and taught bluegrass mandolin, fiddle and guitar. In 1979, at the age of 19, he was invited to join the original David Grisman Quintet. Mike has since been at the forefront of the acoustic music scene, playing on hundreds of acoustic-music recordings both as lead artist and ensemble performer. His 1982 Cd, Gator Strut, is a classic example of a new generation of bluegrass virtuoso instrumentalists forging new directions in this vital musical style.
Throughout his career, Mike has performed and recorded with some of the top acoustic string instrumentalists in the world, including jazz violinist Stephane Grappelli, fiddle virtuoso Mark O'Connor, five-string banjo phenom Bela Fleck, bassist and MacArthur Fellowship winner Edgar Meyer, and classical violinist Joshua Bell.
Mike and violinist Darol Anger formed a partnership in 1983, together they formed the band Montreux with pianist Barbara Higbie, bassist Michael Manring, and steel-drum virtuoso Andy Narell. The group released five recordings on the Windham Hill label and toured extensively throughout the U.S., Canada, Europe and Japan from 1984 to 1990.
While continuing to be an active member of Montreux, in 1986 Mike founded a classical string quartet of mandolin family instruments -- two mandolins, mandola and mandocello. The Modern Mandolin Quartet released four recordings for Windham Hill Records that redefined the mandolin in a classical-music setting. In 1995, the Quartet made its Carnegie Hall debut and, in 1996, received a "Meet The Composer" grant from the Lila Wallace Foundation.
Meanwhile, Mike had traveled to Brazil and begun his love affair with choro, an indigenous music that is to Brazil what bluegrass is to the U.S. He embarked on an in-depth study of the style that resulted in the CD "Brasil (Duets)." This recording showcases Mike at the top of his form as a mandolinist in duet settings, and features top instrumentalists such as Andy Narell, Bela Fleck, Edgar Meyer, bassist Michael Manring, and keyboardist and flutist Jovino Santos Neto.
Mike has continued to push the boundaries of acoustic instrumental music. After tapping Fleck and Meyer for the "Brasil (Duets)" project, he collaborated with the two masters on a 1997 Sony Classical release titled "Uncommon Ritual." The album charted on the Billboard Top Ten Classical Chart, where it remained for more than three months. The following year, the ensemble opened the Chamber Music Series 1998 season at Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall. Mike worked with Meyer yet again on the 1999 "Short Trip Home," another Sony Classical recording with Joshua Bell and fiddle-and-mandolin player Sam Bush.
Mike has two holiday recordings to his credit: In 1998, he released "Midnight Clear," a solo guitar recording, and in 2000 he recorded "A Christmas Heritage" with banjo player Alison Brown, Darol Anger, mandolinist Tim O'Brien, Todd Phillips and pianist-composer Phil Aaberg. That band, called New Grange, also released an eponymous CD on Compass Records.
Today Mike can be heard on the Car Talk soundtrack recording every week on NPR along with Earl Scruggs, David Grisman and Tony Rice. In addition Mike composed and recorded the theme music for the San Francisco based radio program Forum heard daily on KQED radio.
Darol Anger remains an important collaborator for Mike. To date, they have released 6 albums as a duo on Compass and Windham Hill Records. Together they have also recorded under the moniker Psychograss with guitarist David Grier, banjo player Tony Trischka and bassist Todd Phillips.
Over the past several years, Mike has also been collaborating Chris Thile, of Nickel Creek. The two mandolinists began performing together at festivals and eventually evolved into a duo, recording their first album in 2003. This cd, entitled Into the Cauldron, is a mandolin duet project performed entirely on mandolin and mandocello. Released on Sugar Hill records, this album was listed in the top ten of Amazon.com's favorite recordings for 2003.
Throughout his career, Mike has recorded with many different labels, including Rounder, Compass Records, Windham Hill, Sony Classical and Sugar Hill Records. In 2003, he decided to pursue his dream of producing his own music as well as new and exciting musicians who are arriving on the acoustic and Brazilian music scene, with his own label called, appropriately, Adventure Music. From samba and jazz to folk and world beat, a singular sound is emerging that connects the music of string band musicians from around the Americas. Adventure Music is harnessing the beauty of that sound and giving it to the world, states Marshall. Starting in the fall of 2003 and throughout 2004, Adventure Music plans to release between twelve and fifteen titles from artists that include himself, guitarist Ricardo Silveira, the duo of vocalist Claudia Villela and guitarist Ricardo Peixoto, Nelson Angelo, and guitarist Marcos Amorim. Additionally, Adventure Music has negotiated an agreement with the S? Paulo-based label Nucleo Contemporaneo to release titles from its extensive catalog for the first time in the United States.
Whether he is producing, recording, or touring, Mike is continually exploring music and evolving as a musician. In the studio, he is currently working on further collaborations with Darol Anger, onstage he performs with Darol, as well as Edgar Meyer and Chris Thile. His most recent release is a project with pianist Jovino Santos Neto entitled Serenata featuring the music of Hermeto Pascoal, one of Brazils most important musician/composers living today. This cd is one of the first to be released on Adventure Music, an exciting step into the journey that lies ahead.


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A couple of economic development issues the last few weeks are worth mulling.
The Delaware County Commissioners last week approved a move by the Delaware County Redevelopment Commission to pay off $1.8 million remaining from a $2 million bond issued in 2007 for Magna Powertrain, an automotive parts manufacturer just outside Muncie's south side.
The original hope was for 421 jobs to come from the effort, though I suspect the current employment is more modest: one business monitor puts the figure around 40. Just last year, Delaware County Council approved tax abatements for Magna to expand ...


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See what our past customers have to say about their experience at the Courtyard Chicago Magnificent Mile!
May 2015, Corporate Meeting:
I just wanted you to know how everyone loved their meeting at your venue!! There were absolutely no complaints – very happy with the size of the room and the professionalism of the staff. Kathy said she would definitely use your property again – you won her over!!! This is a woman who has never had a meeting at a Courtyard before. She found it must more intimate for the group – a real plus when you are dealing with international team members. Thanks again for everything! Please pass this on to all of those who contributed.
April 2015, Wedding:
This was the weekend dream.... If you are planning a wedding... This is an amazing place....I like to call her my personal wedding planner "Rose", saw my vision right from the start.... Above and beyond..doing everything from out of state, to the final product was more than could have been expected...... I also want to send out a huge thank you to the rest of the staff who treated me & my guests like VIP...to the GM keep asking if in the whole process if there is anything that we need please to reach out..... A huge thank you.......
October 2014, Corporate Meeting:
Just had to take a moment to thank you again for your awesome support of our event this year. I am very happy to report that the President of our company mentioned that he thought this was an EXCEPTIONAL meeting. Of course, part of the credit definitely goes to you and your team for making the venue and meals so great for us!! Please extend my personal thanks to everyone who contributed to our success.
August 2014, Wedding:
Our son was married in Chicago over Labor Day weekend and Courtyard by Marriott Mag Mile was our "home base." This summer we stayed there for our trips to Chicago for a bridal shower and our scouting trip for rehearsal dinner and welcome party planning too. The hotel is very comfortable and stylish and wonderfully located. Yet it is the service—your staff—that truly enhanced our experience of this important time in the life of our family.
Every single staff person with whom we had contact was congenial and gave the impression that they were genuinely happy to assist us, no matter if we were asking a question which they had no doubt answered a million times before, or if a request was out of the ordinary. Everyone had a "can do" attitude and proved to be extremely capable, able (and apparently enabled), and motivated to meet all of our needs.
Mr. Collins, I don't know how your recruit and train your people, but keep it up. As a traveler I so appreciate the level of professionalism, courtesy, efficiency, and kindness that marked my experience with every staff member I met.
Apparently I am not the only one who notices the excellence of your staff. On the morning of the wedding we had hair and makeup pros come in to tend to the wedding party. One of these women commented that the staff at your hotel are her favorite among the many downtown hotels where she meets clients. She noted that staff at the Courtyard by Marriott Mag Mile were consistently more helpful, polite, and professional than any of the surrounding hotels.
Thank you for your part in making our special time in Chicago even more special. I look forward to staying with you again in the future.
May 2014, Corporate Meeting:
Thank you very much for your help with our XXX program this week as well as your attention to detail in the weeks leading up to it. As usual our presenter, Dave XXX, was very impressed with the hotel, the food, and especially the service. Your hotel excells at this and we sincerely appreciate it. I wish I could say the same about all the hotels we use. Thanks for your help with this!
Thanks again for your attention to detail and your courteous service. We sincerely appreciate it!
Janet XXX
Public Training Manager
May 2014, Corporate Meeting:
"My name is Nathalie XXX and I'm the Production Manager at XXX. I know my colleague may have already emailed you, but I just wanted to mention that the banquets staff was fantastic at our event this week. I have run 1-2 meetings like this every month in many cities for the past 4 years, and Danny and his team are certainly one of the best I have worked with. I never had to call to get their help, as they were always around when we needed something. Exceptional service, and I will recommend to my director that we use your hotel again."
January 2014, Corporate Meeting:
"We had two great days. Thank all of the staff for their attention to the details. Not only do I love the hotel my Beauty Consultants feel the same way! Also, my compliments to the chef. The banquet food was outstanding. As one of my consultants said, "XXXX, the hotel didn't have a home run they had a grand slam".
November 2013, Tour & Travel Athletic Event:
Our XXXXX Club trip went really well.
We especially enjoyed staying at your property! The Courtyard was wonderful and the staff couldn't have been better. Our meals were very nice and the wait staff was helpful and attentive. The rooms were lovely, very clean & fresh and unless someone had a problem that I wasn't aware of, I don't believe anyone encountered any challenges w/ their accommodations. (Personal note: Your staff went above and beyond for my husband and son on Friday night, as they requested mayonnaise and mustard for sandwiches that we'd purchased outside the property, following 'Wicked.' It was delivered to our room w/in minutes of contacting the front desk. Excellent service!) Chicago is such a fun city – we loved the time we spent there, and look forward to returning.
I especially appreciated working w/ Ryan. He was so helpful, gracious and patient, through all the mayhem. And your bell staff were awesome when it came to handling the motor coaches.
Kudos to everyone at your property. We are truly grateful for everyone's assistance.
July 2013, Education Training:
I wanted to forward you the email below that we received from one of our participants regarding the XXX Chicago program we held at the Courtyard by Marriott last week, just so you could see it yourself. He was clearly thrilled with the level of service at the hotel, as were we! It makes my job so much easier when I know I don't need to stress about the many minor issues that can arise throughout the week. Everyone was fantastic and adaptable – from the front desk on up - I know I don't have everyone's emails that assisted throughout the week, but please be sure to pass our thanks along to them.
Also, one of our professors, Lee, wrote in a separate email to me today:
"Thanks for sharing the note on the Chicago meetings. It was good to see you there. I wanted to let you know that in my 10 or 12 years with XXXXX, Chicago was the best overall experience I've had. The folks at the Courtyard were without question the best crew we've worked with, very helpful and accommodating.
Again, thank you so much for everything, and we will definitely keep the Courtyard by Marriott in mind when planning future programs!!
Best wishes,
June 2013, Corporate Meeting:
I was actually going to provide some unsolicited feedback based on my experience last week at your hotel (which I rarely do unless it is negative). I travel a lot for both work and pleasure and rarely have an experience at a hotel which warrants positive feedback, but I must for your hotel – the level of service we experienced was on par (if not better to be candid) with that of five star hotels like the Ritz and Peninsula (I've stayed at both a number of times). Literally EVERY employee we came in contact with was friendly, engaged guests, and clearly focused on customer service. I've never experienced that level of service at any hotel (ever). I would like to particularly note the meeting catering staff (I was teaching sessions at the hotel) – in most cases group catering teams are lackluster and do not demonstrate a high degree of proficiency or frankly seem to even care based on my experience. Last week was different – your team did a great job and was very pleasant and focused on delivering a level of service far beyond what I expected.
My compliments to you and your team (I will be back!).
Regards, Kai
March 2013, Corporate Meeting:
We were very pleased with our meetng accommodations this past week.Thank you for all the help with the details.
I received many comments that all staff were very friendly, helpful, and well informed. Our banquet captain provided prompt and very courteous service. The food was very good and very neatly and tastefully displayed on schedule.
Our Banquet Captain was excellent at providing our last minute needs quickly and efficiently. We look forward to working with you in the future.
Thank you,


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Summit School
Public School | Grades 6-12 | Clark County School District
Las Vegas, NV 89148
(702) 486-8957
About This School
Summit School is located in Las Vegas, NV and is one of 398 schools in Clark County School District. It is a public school that serves 11 students in grades 6-12. See Summit School's test results to learn more about school performance.
Student Ethnicity (2007)
Students (2007)
Female/Male (2007)
0% 100%
District Spending (2010)
$8,270per student
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Grade 7 Reading Performance
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The definition of an Emissary is "one sent on a mission as an agent of another." As an Emissary you help provide a personal connection between the Chamber of Commerce, its membership, and the community-at-large. It is your mission to further our mission of preparing, developing, and promoting the community for economic growth. In this special role you become an advocate for our initiatives. You serve as a voice for the Chamber of Commerce of Huntsville/Madison County.
If you are interested in becoming an Emissary, contact:
Donna McCrary,
Membership Retention Manager
(256) 535-2027
Emissary leadership


text: Get $5 toward DVDs or rentals at Amazon by Meagan Morris Dec 28, 2010 Share Tweet Pin Share Save Want to rent a movie today? Check out Amazon's $5 Video on Demand Twitter deal to get $5 credit good for rentals or DVD purchases at Amazon. Want to learn how? Read on! Read Full Story


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4 bedroom detached house for sale Winton Street, Alfriston, Polegate, East SussexAn extremely rare opportunity to secure an enchanting four bedroom period house within a truly idyllic downland location. Commanding breath taking downland views from its lovely garden setting Winton Fields comprises a picturesque Grade II listed four bedroom downland house partly constructed of... More details ›
Added on 18/11/2015 by Rager & Roberts, Eastbourne. Call: 01323 380012 Local call rate
£1,000,000 Offers in Excess of
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3 bedroom detached house for sale Dukes Green, Alfriston, East Sussex, BN26Grade II Listed House dating from the 18th Century with Breathtaking Views across Cuckmere Valley in the South Downs National Park | Many Period Features | Stunning Views | Beautifully Maintained and Presented Throughout | Open Plan Family Room and Kitchen | Dining Area with Balcony and (contd...) More details ›
Reduced on 30/04/2015 by Winkworth, Lewes. Call: 01273 839183 Local call rate
3 bedroom detached house for sale ALFRISTON VILLAGEAn immaculately presented three bedroom detached house in a private cul-de-sac close to the village square. Contemporary decorated with light and airy feel. Through living room with fireplace. Separate dining room. Refitted kitchen, en-suite and main bathroom. Three double bedrooms. Attractive we... More details ›
3 bedroom detached bungalow for sale Smugglers Close, Alfriston, Polegate, East SussexA remarkably spacious detached bungalow of individual design set within compact and easily maintained gardens. The immaculately presented accommodation has been improved in recent years to provide a delightful home which is ideally suited for retirement but if additional accommodation is require... More details ›
Reduced on 14/11/2015 by Rager & Roberts, Eastbourne. Call: 01323 380012 Local call rate
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Publisher's Description+
Once your alarm has been set off, your computer will sound a loud alarm and prevent the system from being muted or put to sleep. Lockdown will take a snapshot of the offender using your computer's built in iSight and, if you've entered your e-mail address, e-mail the snapshot to the account of your choice.
Using your Apple Remote, you can arm and disarm Lockdown from anywhere in the room. Simply start the application and hold down the "Menu" button on your Apple Remote to arm the system. Hold down the "Menu" button once more to disarm it and resume using your computer.


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Celeb Style: Scarlett Johansson
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Scarlett Johansson vamped up her makeup and did the same with her wardrobe as she made an appearance at the Tribute to Cinema event in London. The lacy look was all black, but she added some color with her bright red lipstick and champagne-colored pumps. Shop a similar ensemble now.


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Computing the Wronskian of two functions is a good way to determine whether or not they are linearly independent. But, two functions are linearly dependent if one is a multiple of the other; otherwise they are linearly independent. It is fairly easy to see by inspection, without computing the Wronskian. Sturm Separation Theorem and Sturm Comparison Theorem are stated and proved. Applications of these theorems are shown. Extended Sturm Comparison Theorem is stated.Instructor: Dr. Vera Mikyoung Hur, Maths, 18.034: Honors Differential Equations, Spring 2009: 10. Separation and comparison theorems: Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT Open Course Ware),http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed December 14, 2011). License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/#cc
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Updated 11/15/2013
This 15th-century church was almost completely destroyed during World War II. Only the interiors survived, and reconstruction was completed in 1963. The interior is not to be missed—it houses such treasures as a massive baroque organ and three Gothic altars from the 15th and 16th centuries.
Jacobikirchhof 22, at Steinstr., Hamburg, Hamburg, 20095, Germany
Website: www.jacobus.de
Sight Details:
Updated 11/15/2013
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