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Here we will look at those springheads that feed the tributaries which, in turn water one of the main brooks of the Borough. The Silkstream has its origins in many small rills and ditches and tracing these will provide an illustration of the complexity of our home water systems. In order to add cohesion to this page I will describe the geological setting first and then work along a line west to east surveying as many river-sources as I can. It must be understood that this survey is in no way exhaustive. The topography of a region is unbelievably complex. The study of even a small area returns a lifetime's work. Successive visits to a zone such as, say, the Edgwarebury uplands will reveal details and relations overlooked on previous surveys.
An elongated ridge of high ground runs across the top of London from Crewys Hill in the east to Harefield in the West. It is known variously as the North Middlesex Tertiary Ridgeand the South Herts Tertiary Escarpment.
A portion of this ridge running from Cockfosters westwards to Edgwarebury comes within the bounds of the London Borough of Barnet. The ridge consists of chalk topped with London Clay and episodic strata of gravels or occasional sands. The escarpment acts as a watershed, draining waters north into the river system of the Colne in Hertfordshire and south into that of the Brent.
If we examine a map of the region we will see that three main streams run on a broadly north-south axis through the Borough:
To the west we have the Silkstream, which runs down through Edgware, Burnt Oak and Colindale into the Welsh Harp at West Hendon.
Secondly, the Dollis Brook or Brent rises to the west of Barnet and flows east and then south through Finchley before turning west for the Welsh Harp.
Finally, the Pymmes Brook flows down from around Hadley Wood and passes through Cockfosters, East Barnet and Osidge before leaving the Borough.
Each of these streams has a page on this site dedicated to it. The Mutton Brook and the small nameless rill, barely discernable in the contours of the land, which flows from North Finchley into Pymmes Brook at Waterfall Road are also covered elsewhere in this site .
The three main feeders of the Silkstream are Edgware Brook, the Edgwarebury Brook and Deansbrook.The first of these rises outside the Borough, from several sources on Stanmore Common (coming off the highest ground in Middlesex) in the Borough of Harrow. Tiny water courses issuing in the area immediately to the south of Bentley Priory and off the east face of Brookshill and Clamp Hill run downhill, and filling the summerhouse lake, on the slope below Bentley Priory and the Temple and Boot ponds further south. This general flow of water takes water rising on the Belmont Mound to the west and then crosses below Abercorn Road and over the adjacent sports field before merging with another stream originating two trickles in Cloisters Wood.
This latter stream crosses Marsh Lane before the confluence of the two courses near the site of an old sewage farm. This growing brook than turns east and flows alongside Whitchurch Lane, to that road's south until it hits the A5 Watling Street.
This Bridge - once known as Edgware Bridge - has always been of great importance, placed as it is on a major route. Refernces to it can be traced as far back as 1370 when it was claimed that the Prior of St. Bartholemew's, at that time holding lands in Edgware, held responsiblity for repairs to the bridge.
The Edgwarebury Brook carries water from drainage ditches on the high ground to the east and south of Brockley Hill. If you walk around this remote and eerie region perched beneath the summit of the tertiary ridge you will spot ditches and streams running south-east from over near the top end of the Edgware Way (a section of the A41(T)Watford Bypass Road) near that road's junction with Watling Street.
Old Drainage ditches on the west side of Watling Street, on Brockley Hill, join a stream issuing somewhere to the west of that road (probably at Pear Wood where a lake provides great fishing). These then run off in a south-easterly direction, under the A5 though Pipers Green and Newlands until they join the Edgwarebury Brook (see the next paragraph)
These rills are joined by waters flowing south-west from the region of Bury Farm and then run around the western and southern edges of Edgwarebury Park. It is worth pointing out here that this zone is well worth a visit. It is one of the wildest places in Barnet Borough and retains a slightly sinister air. There are also expansive views southwards into London and westwards towards the high ground at Scratchwood, Mill Hill and Moat Mount.
This stream, now known as the Edgwarebury Ditch crosses beneath the A41(T) Bypass and remains hidden during its presumed journey through Ranlagh Drive and Ashcombe Gardens. It does resurface again however, visible in a concrete conduit along Glendale Avenue. Our stream then crosses below Edgwarebury Lane before running along a footpath and into the gardens of The Drive and The Rise.
The Hale bridges the edgwarebury Ditch as it runs towards its confluence with Deans Brook via Penshurst Gardens, St. Margaret's Road and Lovat Close.
Old Clay Lane runs eastwards off Edgwarebury Lane before turning south and becoming Broadfields Avenue. The Broadfields estate effectively covers a further stream which forms a western tributary of the Deans Brook. I took the time to trace this stream, which presumably provided water for cooking and washing in the tramps'community based on Clay Lane in the 1930s (prior to the building of the Broadfields Estate).
This riverlet springs forth due north of Scratchwood Services, to the north of the M1 Motorway. It curves down under the railway and into the Broadfields Estate, where it is buried beneath the roadways.
A study of the contours of the land reveals its course across Glengall Road, between the bottom end of the back gardens of the houses along Marlborough Avenue and Cranmer Road and then beneath Rosen's Walk.
A quick walk south down Lynford Gardens and left along Warwick Avenue reveals the course of the stream beneath the lowest point of the road up ahead. Stop here and look north. The houses here are propped up on an artificial bank with their back gardens places considerably lower than the street upon which you stand. It would be interesting to gather the courage to knock at one of these houses and ask the residents if a brook flows through their back gardens.On the south side of the street the course of the stream is clearly discernable in a low run between a private house and the local synagogue. On the evening I visited I could see a clear route downhill to orange street lights on the Watford Bypass Road.
The stream crosses the bypass and joins the Deans Brook further south, to the north of that of the Edgwarebury Ditch. According to Martin S. Briggs in his book Middlesex Old and New (1934) the Deans Brook rises in a place called Nut Wood. In fact it has several sources which I have not personally visited but have traced to the east at Highwood in Mill Hill by using an Ordnance Survey map. There is a Leg of Mutton just to the north of Briggs' wood and this waters one of the Deans Brook's sources. Further rills run southwest from Beech Wood behind Ramilles Road. Another flows from the rear of Highwood House to the south of Worcester Crescent.
Highwood is placed at the southern end of the Moat Mount Open Space,which forms the watershed for streams running both west and east. To the north of the water-complex just examined we find the roots of the Dollis/Brent in Barnet Gate Wood. Further feeders for that stream rise to the immediate east of Highwood and flow beneath Hendon Wood Lane where they are swelled by ditches alongside that road. These will be covered on the page dedicated to the Brent.
These watercourses combine with a more turbulent stream originating to the north of Hemmings Wood. This fills Stoney Wood Lake, before passing beneath the motorway and the railway and filling the large lake in Stoneyfields park. This main stream then picks up the aforementioned Highwood Streams which enter the main course through a staggered set of conduits piped below the public footpaths immediately to the south of the lake.
Southwards runs the Deans Brook, steady and powerful to its meeting with its kin as described previously. It joins the Edgware Brook to the north of Edgware hospital and united these become the Silkstream.
There are further tributaries of the Silkstream further south, particularly in the area of Colindeep Lane. These will be dealt with on the page dedicated to the stream.
(c) Riverrun 2004


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I'm trying to rebuild an old Takara 10 speed. The bolt-on derailleur hangar is misaligned so that I can squeeze a wheel on. I've tried to remove the screw that keeps the derailleur misaligned every which way, PB blasted it, but no luck. See below.
Any way to salvage it or should I figure out a way to chop it right off? I have other old derailleurs kicking around that I could swap out.
Thanks for your help.

subset: commoncrawl


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Brunch at Stout Brothers in your HANDS with this episode of Rob's College of Hollywood Knowledge! Kayla the Coffee Lady wants to get her hands on brunch and her brain around Rob's College!
Here's today's questions:
The Golden Globes were on last night – who were the hostesses?
William Hung turns 31 this week – where do we know him from?
David Cassidy got another DUI the other day – what 70's family was he a part of?
This actress who is in the Hunger Games won Supporting Actress for American Hustle – who is she?
A good looking actor got a GG for best actor musical or comedy for The Wolf of Wall Street – who got that award?


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Why is the book titled "Object-oriented JavaScript"?
Stoyan Stefanov
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Joined: Jul 16, 2008
Posts: 61
Aug 28, 2008 02:10:00
Seems like this is becoming an FAQ so let me try my best
People asking the question come from the two very different points of view and background. First, there are front-end developers saying that in javascript almost everything is an object, so this title is a repetition, like "green green olives". There's no "normal" javascript, only the OO kind. This is absolutely true, although if you try hard you can pretend OO doesn't exist. The other point of view is "what? you kidding me? JS ain't no object-oriented, it's a joke". Believe me, when I was telling people I'm writing a book and they go "what's the title", and I go "OOJS", I heard several times "javascript can be object-oriented? wow, I had no idea." So I guess my aim was to address the second point of view. Sometimes buzz-y kinda words help a concept sink in, like "enterprise", "patterns" and yes, "object-oriented".
In JavaScript there are five primitive data types: number,
, boolean, undefined and null. Everything else is an object, including arrays and functions, even null is an object. In addition there are wrapper objects around the first three primitive data types - Number, String, Boolean. It's also easy for primitives to turn into objects. Take string, for example:
var s = "yoyo"; var o = new String("ma"); alert(typeof s); // "string" alert(typeof o); // "object"
Primitives turn into objects if needed, behind the scenes. A primitive is not an object, so it doesn't have properties, but you can still do:
alert("dude".length); // 4 alert((123).toExponential()); // 1.23e+2
Now functions. Functions in JS are first-class objects. You can do:
function shout(what){ alert(what); }
or also
var shout = function(what){ alert(what); };
Your function has properties and methods:
shout.length // 1 typeof shout.call // "function"
You can pass it around:
var myfunc = shout; myfunc('I am first-class');
( Hmm, post getting longer, author not getting to the point
Anyway, the point is that JavaScript is very very object-oriented, we can call it object-based if we want, to differentiate from "
ical", or class-based languages, such as
, we can also call it "prototypal". In any event, it's a very expressive, dynamic and fun language.
The book is also called OOJS to highlight the fact that it focuses on the core language, not so much on DOM scripting, browser and Ajax. There's a chapter devoted to these topics but it's more of an illustration what type of objects and interactions to expect in the real world, and also to provide some practical background for the next chapter "patterns" as to why these
and how do they help.
The book is also OOJS, because it's focus in on OO concepts and patterns. In JS there are many ways to do inheritance, depending on what you want to do and your personal style, so this is looked into in details. Also achieving things for which JS doesn't have specific syntax, such as private properties and namespaces (packages). Special attention is paid to JS-specific topics such as the lexical scope, prototype and closures.
Yet another reason is that the book is also aimed at developers who may or may not have some copy-tweak-paste type of javascript experience and no OO background. For them, this is a chance to deep dive into (and maybe relearn) the language and also familiarize with the OO concepts in general.
I hope the book helps establish JavaScript as an "enterprise" kind of thing, whatever meaning people put into this term. The aim is to position the language as something that deserves respect and attention and so do the front-end developers that use it.
my OOJS book
I agree. Here's the link:
subject: Why is the book titled "Object-oriented JavaScript"?
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Andrew Whitworth directs the Elevate Your Game Football Camp in West Monroe. Whitworth, the NFL Players Association representative for the Cincinnati Bengals has said that he'd rather quit than play for an NFL team based in London.
- Filed Under
An interesting conversation evolved lately about the possibility of the NFL eventually moving a team to London. There have been conflicting views on the topic of who it could be, but the league obviously is interested in expanding globally.
Jason LaCanfora of CBSSports.com wrote about the NFL wanting a team in the UK soon and the Jaguars being the likely fit. Bart Hubbuch of the NY Post also opened the London conversation this week following words from Roger Goodell on Tuesday.
The NFL can do what it wants, but the always honest and blunt NFLPA Bengals team representative Andrew Whitworth, a West Monroe native, wasn't afraid to let it be known that convincing players to make the jump might be one in a long line of hurdles.
If he landed on a team that moved to London, he knows exactly what he'd do.
"I would hope that I was financially able to quit," Whitworth said. "That's what I would hope because if I was, my papers would be the first one in."
So, Whitworth's intentions are clear. As the most connected player on the team regarding the pulse of the players association, he sounded confident he'd be far from alone.
"I don't see that a lot of guys would want to do that," he said. "I don't see any players that would enjoy that. Sure, you may find a handful of guys that say, 'Oh hey, that'd be cool,' but the rest of them wouldn't."
The Jaguars are playing at least one game in London four straight seasons. Cincinnati hasn't landed on the list of opponents to play overseas - such as St. Louis, Chicago, San Francisco and New England in recent years.
There are two games in London this year, one of them including AFC North rival Pittsburgh in Week 4 against Minnesota.
The Jaguars play the 49ers at Wembley Stadium on Oct. 27.
Not shockingly, Whitworth wouldn't be thrilled about the single-game prospect, should it happen.
"I would hate it, but it is what it is," he said. "But, one time it's not fun but you got to do what you got to do. But I wouldn't enjoy that, either."


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Bill aims to address issues of death, FacebookUPDATED 5:48 PM EST Jan 15, 2013
A New Hampshire lawmaker is pushing a bill that would make it easier for families to take over the social media accounts of deceased loved ones.
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5K Run 4 Home and Kid's Fun Run, 8:30-11:30 a.m., Warren County Armco Park, 1223 N. Ohio 741, Turtlecreek Township. Chip timing. Awards given to individuals, groups and most patriotically dressed. Benefits Interfaith Hospitality Network of Warren County. $30, $25 advance. $10 Kid's Fun Run. Registration required. 513-934-5250; www.ihnwc.net.
Liberty Township 5K Run for Liberty, 8 a.m., Lakota East High School, 6840 Lakota Lane. Registration 7 a.m. 3.1 mile course starting in Lakota East High School stadium, heading north around the Freshman building, then back south to head around the Liberty Commons Shopping Center before heading back to stadium. Benefits Liberty Township Charitable Fund. Awards to overall male and female, and top three in each division. $25; $20 advance. Registration required. 513-759-7500; www.sprunning.com.
Pray Hope Believe 4th of July 5K, 7 a.m.- noon, Colerain Township Government Complex, 4200 Springdale Road. 5K run or walk to raise funds for pediatric brain tumor research. $20. Registration required. 513-304-2388; www.prayhopebelieve.org.
July 13
5K for the Levy, 9-11 a.m., Thomas A. Wildey Center, 2040 U.S. Highway 50, Owensville. Registration begins 7:30 a.m. Run/Walk on 3.1-mile scenic course, starting and ending at the Wildey Center. Awards given to the top male and female runners and walkers. Awards for top runners and walkers in each age division. Post race: awards, refreshments and music. Free Kids Fun Run follows awards. Benefits Clermont County Board of Developmental Disabilities Levy Committee. $20, $15 advance. Registration required. 513-658-6225; www.runningtime.net.
Caesar Creek Triathlon & Duathlon, 8 a.m., Caesar Creek State Park, 8570 Ohio 73, Waynesville. Sprint triathlons, Olympic triathlons and duathlons in various age groups. Kidz Triathlon and Duathlon. $25-$115. No race-day registration. Packet pick-up times available online. No phone; www.hfpracing.com.
Fly Through the Park, 9-11 a.m., Miami Meadows Park, 1546 Ohio 131, Milford. 5K run/walk. Benefits Natalie Fossier Memorial Fund. $30, $20 children. 513-831-2367; www.nataliefossiermemorial.org.
Morgan's Raid Five Mile Walk and Race, 8:30 a.m., Heritage Park, 11405 East Miami River Road, Colerain Township. Registration begins 7:30 a.m. Walkers will race from north and south. Some 16 prizes awarded in four age brackets, male and female and north and south walkers. Registration guarantees choice of T-shirt size and color, blue for north or gray for south before June 15. Dress for weather. Benefits Coleraine Historical Society. $20, $15 before June 15. Registration required. 513-385-6607; www.colerainehistorical-oh.org.
July 18
Cincinnati Triathlon, 6 p.m., 11 a.m.-4 p.m., Sawyer Point, Downtown. Start time 7:30 a.m. Athletes from 33 states swim downstream in the Ohio River, bike and run along river's shoreline. All ages. Triathlon walk through at Public Landing. Packet pick-up. Pre-race meetings 1 and 3 p.m. $12-$150, free spectators. 513-352-6316; www.cincytriathlon.com.
Luau 5K and Afterparty, 7-10 p.m., Sharon Woods Lakeside Lodge, 4661 E. Kemper Road, Sharonville. Bethany House Services. Registration begins 5:30 p.m. Race starts 7 p.m. Party follows with unlimited beer, wine, soft drinks, and pig roast provided by Mr. Pickles Catering. Music by One Mississippi 7-10 p.m. $40, $30 advance; $25 party only. Registration required. 513-557-2411; www.bethanyhouseservices.org.
July 27
Racin' in Mason Summer Classic 5K, 9-11 a.m., Pine Hill Lakes Park, 211 Kings Mills Road, Mason. A 5K Run/Walk and Kids 1K Fun Run. Competition against some of the state's top high school runners. Presented by Mason City Schools Cross Country/Track and Field Booster Organization. $25 with T-shirt, $15. 513-777-1080; www.sprunning.com.
July 28
Walk of Angels 5K Run/Walk, 8 a.m.-1 p.m., Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum, 4521 Spring Grove Ave., Spring Grove Village. In memory of Corpus Christi Blaze teammates Lauren Dietz and Miranda Phelps of Northwest High School and Jessica Phillips of Colerain High School. $25, $20 advance. Online pre-registration ends July 19. 513-240-7599; www.wix.com/walkofangels/3.
Aug. 2
Camp Dennison Mid-Summer Night's Run, 7:30 p.m., Kugler Mill Fields, Kugler Mill Road, Indian Hill. Flat, fast course winds through Camp Dennison, onto bike trail and back to park. $15. 513-377-0962; www.kimbux.com.
Aug. 3
Armco Park Triathlon & Duathlon, 8 a.m., 7:30 a.m., Warren County Armco Park, 1223 N. Ohio 741, Turtlecreek Township. Sprint triathlons, Olympic triathlons and duathlons in various age groups. Kidz Triathlon & Duathlon. $25-$115. No race-day registration. Packet pick-up times available online. No phone; www.hfpracing.com.
Zoom Multisport Race Series, 6:30 a.m., Caesar Creek State Park, 8570 Ohio 73, Waynesville. Features seven unique races: three triathlons, duathlon, aquabike, open run/open swim and relays. Start times for each race available online. Price varies per event. No phone; www.zoomracingusa.com.
Aug. 10
5K Stepping Up for Better Health and Spring Into Health Fair, 9 a.m., Winton Woods, 10245 Winton Road, Springfield Township. Registration and goody bag pick-up 9-9:45 a.m. Timed 5K run starts 10 a.m. and untimed walk begins 10:45 a.m. Refreshments served following walk. Health Fair includes vendors and participants offering screenings and information to walkers 9 a.m.-1 p.m. Free parking provided. Benefits The HealthCare Connection. $25, $20 advance by July 24. 513-483-3081; www.healthcare-connection.org/events.html.
Aug. 11
Get 2 It Triathlon/Duathlon/5K, 8 a.m., Hueston Woods State Park, 6301 Park Office Road, Oxford. Sprint and Olympic triathlon/duathlon with 5K run-walk and kids fun run. Beach swim start, ride through Oxford and run through Hueston Woods State Park. Benefits Association Established for Crohn's, Colitis and Muscular Dystrophy. Price varies per event. Registration required. 513-313-9458; get2itevents.com.
Know You Can 5K, 8:30-11:30 a.m., Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum, 4521 Spring Grove Ave., Spring Grove Village. Door prizes and raffle prizes. Benefits Cincinnati Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired. $20. 513-221-8558, ext. 519; www.sprunning.com. ■
Aug. 16
Superhero Run For Kids 5K, 5:30-9 p.m., St. Xavier Church, 607 Sycamore St., Downtown. Kids Fun Run follows 5K. After races: party with free hot dogs, snacks, drinks, music, face painting and clowns. Benefits ProKids. $35. Registration required. 513-281-2000; www.prokids.org/superhero.
Aug. 18
Little Miami Half Marathon and 10K, 7:30-11:30 a.m., Village of Morrow, Main Street, Morrow. Flat and fast scenic race run along banks of Little Miami River. Entire course run on shaded bike path. $50. Registration required. 720-985-9047; ohiorunning.com/LittleMiamiHalf.
Aug. 24
Better Bodies for Breast Cancer 5K Run, Walk, Stroll and CrossFit, 8 a.m., Silverlake: The Family Place, 301 Kenton Lands Road, Erlanger. Last chance registration begins 6 a.m. 5K start and finish at Silverlake. Tech shirts for runners and walkers. Kids Zone, snacks, refreshments, complementary massages and goodie bags at finish line. All breast cancer survivors will receive a gift. Awards for top runners and ribbons for division winners. Benefits I Have Wings Breast Cancer Foundation. $60 CrossFit team of two; $20-$30 5K, $10 students. Registration required. 859-991-1581; www.ihavewings.org.
Forest Park Re-Charge 10K/5K, 8:30 a.m., Forest Park Senior Center, 11555 Winton Road, Forest Park. 10K and 5K run, 5K fitness walk and kids fun run. USA Track and Field certified course winds through residential and open areas, several small to medium hills. Benefits fight against childhood and adult obesity within community. Registration and packet pick-up at 7:30 a.m. Race starts at 8:30 a.m. $15, $10 advance; $5 high school students, free ages 12 and under. Registration required. 513-595-5252; www.forestpark.org.
The Color Run, 9 a.m.-1 p.m., National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, Downtown. Race starts and ends at intersection of Rosa Parks Street and Freedom Way. Unique paint race. All types of participants are welcome. Benefits Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. $40 and up. 855-662-6567; thecolorrun.com/cincinnati.


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Red Bull right to stand alone in Formula 1 rows - Christian Horner
|By Jonathan Noble
|Tuesday, October 23rd 2012, 10:51 GMT
Red Bull boss Christian Horner insists he is not worried that his team's determination to stand up for what it believes in often puts it in conflict with its rivals
You have viewed over 15 free stories this month. Why stop there? Click here to find out how to continue reading.


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Save 10% on select merchandise purchased from L.L.Bean at llbean.com, by phone or at retail stores; not valid at L.L.Bean Outlets or through our global.llbean.com Web site. To redeem offer, either click through your promotional email; enter promo code THANKS10 during online checkout; provide the code to a phone representative; or present email to a store cashier. Offer applies to merchandise only and excludes shipping charges; return labels; taxes; license/stamps; gift cards; repairs; duty; engraving; monogramming; alterations; gift boxes; select boats, optics, electronics, knives and tools; firearms; 100th anniversary products; Bean Boots by L.L.Bean and Maine Hunting Shoes; Outdoor Discovery Schools private lessons and custom adventures; and Direct to Business orders. Not valid on previous purchases or with employee discounts. Cannot be combined with other percent-off or dollar-off discounts. All refunds will match the discounted amount on the purchase receipt. L.L.Bean reserves the right to deactivate promo code(s) in the event of fraud or technical issues and to limit quantities of individual items eligible for purchase with this discount. Offer valid from Wednesday, November 25, 2015, at 12:01 a.m. ET, to Tuesday, December 1, 2015, at 11:59 p.m. ET.
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Our two-hour course is a great place to learn the skills you'll need to enjoy this exciting sport in your own backyard.
This course is a great introduction to life-long archery enjoyment. After brief introductions and a safety talk, you'll receive helpful advice from our expert instructors on how to release an arrow for optimal accuracy and precision. You'll receive friendly one-on-one guidance and support from them while you practice your shooting skills. They'll gladly answer any question you have and give you expert tips on the best practices for this exciting sport.
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Loving RR, and with dfx4 the combo makes for a great frontend
I've got a few "issues" i'd like to iron out before it goes into my showcar though - any pointers are appreciated :wink:
Is there a reliable, functional phone plugin out there ? I've tried all of them, and either get one-way connections, and no audio, or a "one call wonder" app.
I'd like to use GarminMPC to work with the OSK in one click, but the included scrpit just opens the OSK, not GMPC at the same time ?
It's no big deal, as I'm running Destinator with no problems at all ( even though the routing is kinda...erm....."off" sometimes
Keep it up everyone - awesome work going on here.
Hell, once I get back off ma holidays i'll put my skin up for feedback.


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noun dev·il·ment \ˈde-vəl-mənt, -ˌment\
: behavior that causes trouble : a desire to cause trouble
Full Definition of DEVILMENT
: mischief
See devilment defined for English-language learners
See devilment defined for kids
Examples of DEVILMENT
- Ruffians were breaking windows out of sheer devilment.
- <his devilment at school remains the stuff of local legend>
First Known Use of DEVILMENT
Related to DEVILMENT
- Synonyms
- devilishness, mischief, devilry (or deviltry), diablerie, espièglerie, hob, impishness, knavery, mischievousness, rascality, roguery, roguishness, shenanigan(s), waggery, waggishness, wickedness
Rhymes with DEVILMENT
accident, aliment, Blaenau Gwent, circumvent, compartment, complement, compliment, confident, diffident, discontent, document, evident, heaven-sent, implement, incident, instrument, Jack-a-Lent, malcontent, nonevent, Occident, ornament, orient, provident, regiment, reinvent, represent, re-present, resident, Saint-Laurent, sediment, self-content, subsequent, supplement
DEVILMENT Defined for Kids
noun dev·il·ment \ˈde-vəl-mənt\
Definition of DEVILMENT for Kids
: mischief 1
Learn More About DEVILMENT
Next Word in the Dictionary: devil rayPrevious Word in the Dictionary: devil–may–careAll Words Near: devilment
Seen & Heard
What made you want to look up devilment? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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A few years ago I spied these Christian Louboutin patent leather pointy-toe heels on Gwen Stefani and almost passed out (well, that's a little dramatic, but you get my point). I went to the store, and gasp, they had them in a kitten heel, which is just what I need for my days running around the city. How thrilled was I then, to receive them for a birthday gift? Well, sadly, this story doesn't have a happy ending. They were too small, but when I exchanged them for the next size up, they were just too big, even with a footpad, ankle grips and cotton stuffed in the toe (yep, I'll go to extreme lengths for my footwear). So, they have collected dust on my shelf for years. To quote the great Mick Jagger, "You can't always get what you want."
Patent "Decoltissimo" pump, $595, Christian Louboutin, at footcandy.com
Patent "Mease" pump, $80, at aldoshoes.com
Patent "Agnes" pumps, $79.99, Tracy Reese, at lordandtaylor.com
Keep up with the Lucky team on Twitter: Follow @LuckyMagazine


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Lightning and Ashes
by John Guzlowski
Poetry $12.00
Lightning and Ashes: The Poetry of John Guzlowski by Thomas Napierkowski (Polish American Studies, 65.1, Spring 2008)
For the full article, click on this link: http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/pas/65.1/napierkowski.html
Review by Athanasios Drugas in Rhino 2008 (www.rhinopoetry.org)
In his second book, John Guzlowski reconstructs his parents' time in the Nazi labor camps of Poland. His mother's cancer, father's drunken brawls and other familial secrets are treated openly by the narrator. Initially I was uneasy with the narrator's directness, but soon became vulnerable to the patterns of healing in this work. There is a reverse chronological order to the narrative's brokenness, an order that gives way to painful memory.
Everything I know of my own father, who died when I was two year old, comes from my mother's stories. Her wistful retelling, however, virtually omits what my father believed spiritually. That mystery is what draws me to John Guzlowski's experience with his father's religiosity in this book, as in "What My Father Believed:
He knew living was hard
and that even children are meant to suffer.
Sometimes, when he was drinking he'd ask,
"Didn't God send his own son here to suffer?"
The narrator seems struck that this father could hold on to God through such torture, though he seems to infer that his faith was no more than a naiveté to the world around him.
He didn't know about the Rock of Ages
or brining in the sheaves or Jacob's ladder
He'd never heard of the Baltimore Catechism
either, and didn't know the purpose of life
was to love and honor and serve God.
Love compels the poet to write about parents' misery, weakness, and shortfalls. It's his way of making his parents into his own image, pained as it is. It's as though he's caressing his mother and father, holding them close–reconstructing the past, with each flashback making it easier to handle the pieces, which sometimes need reconciling.
In "My Father's Prayer" he pairs his mother who inflicts harm on others with his father who heaps harm on himself:
Dear Baby Jesus
If You have any pity left
bestow it, please, on my wife.
She suffers from the war.
When my sorrow is great
I drink and fight with men who are bigger
and harder than me.
I thank them
for beating me
till I can't remember
the sorrow.
But the pain she feels
has nowhere to go
so she beats our daughter
and is cruel to our son.
In "What My Father Believed" the poet wants to know why his father is compelled to do good though its effects lasts a short while. Faith, and doing good for its own sake seem to be the reasons, as in "German Soldiers Come to My Mother's Village":
….Each man
and woman, each child is shot and falls
backward without a sound into the mud
like an iron rod. God doesn't love these people.
And later in the poem he says,
We soldiers are only human. We love
to kill. It is the hidden God in each of us.
Ultimately, love compels the poet to detail the uglier side of his parents, and humanity by extension. In speaking of his daughter, he tells us:
…she'd understand
their gray voices as I did
shaping a world of
lightning and ashes.
Review by Laurel Johnson, Midwest Book Review
Review by Jay Robinson, Barn Owl Review


text:
|Maternal body mass index does not affect performance of fetal electrocardiography.
MedLine Citation:
|PMID: 20195954 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE
|The obesity epidemic challenges traditional antenatal fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring technologies. Doppler signals in particular are attenuated. We sought to evaluate whether the performance of a novel transabdominal fetal electrocardiogram (fECG) device (AN24, Monica Healthcare) is influenced by body mass index (BMI). We performed a prospective observational study of singleton pregnancies (gestational age [GA] 20 to 41 weeks) monitored overnight with fECG. Recording quality ([RQ] %) of both the best hour and the total recording time of the FHR record were related to BMI. Two hundred four women were monitored. BMI ranged from 16.0 to 50.7 (median BMI 26.9). The correlation coefficient (with 95% confidence interval [CI]) between BMI and RQ was -0.35 (CI -0.60; -0.03) for the gestational age group 20(+0) to 25(+6) weeks, -0.08 (CI -0.28; 0.13) for GA 26(+0) to 33(+6) weeks, and -0.20 (CI -0.40; 0.03) for GA group > or =34(+0) weeks. Median RQ in obese women (BMI > or =30 kg/m(2)) was 97.4, 98.9, and 100%, respectively. BMI has no clinically significant influence on recording quality of FHR monitored with fECG. It can therefore be considered a good method for monitoring the fetal condition in pregnancies of obese women.
|E Margo Graatsma; Jena Miller; Eduard J H Mulder; Christopher Harman; Ahmet A Baschat; Gerard H A Visser
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Publication Detail:
|Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Date: 2010-03-01
Journal Detail:
|Title: American journal of perinatology Volume: 27 ISSN: 1098-8785 ISO Abbreviation: Am J Perinatol Publication Date: 2010 Aug
Date Detail:
|Created Date: 2010-07-20 Completed Date: 2010-11-02 Revised Date: -
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 8405212 Medline TA: Am J Perinatol Country: United States
Other Details:
|Languages: eng Pagination: 573-7 Citation Subset: IM
Copyright Information:
|Copyright Thieme Medical Publishers.
|Division of Perinatology and Gynecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. firstname.lastname@example.com
Export Citation:
|APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex
|MeSH Terms
Body Mass Index
Echocardiography, Doppler
Heart Rate, Fetal
Monitoring, Physiologic
Obesity / ultrasonography*
Pregnancy Complications / ultrasonography*
Prospective Studies
Ultrasonography, Prenatal
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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text:
Five Elements is the place to stay if you're looking for a fun, convenient, and relaxing boutique hostel in Dali.... Maggiori informazioni »
Built in 2008 and foreign managed, the Jade Emu International Guesthouse caters for the "budget conscious" traveller... Maggiori informazioni »
SleepyFish Lodge is a fabulous guesthouse located near the new East Gate of Dali Ancient City. SleepyFish opened in... Maggiori informazioni »
The Lily Pad Inn , comfortably furnished in a large private home with best view , Daily, weekly and monthly rentals... Maggiori informazioni »
The flowers in spring, The moon in autumn, The cool breeze in summer, The snow in winter... If you have nothing... Maggiori informazioni »
Located in southeast side of Dali old town, TA23 hostel is a wonderful place for travelers. With 30-year history,... Maggiori informazioni »
Dali dragon inn is located in the Dali ancient city with a long history, the geographical position is very good. From... Maggiori informazioni »
Do you want to find a place that clean, warm, comfortable, so please don't miss our hostel.We have not only... Maggiori informazioni »
Hi Inn Dali Ancient Town South Gate Branch is located on No.88 Lvyu Road, ancient town. It is only 10 minutes walking... Maggiori informazioni »
The colors of the wind court No. 2 (Mu Fu backyard) is a new one of the best-loved guest-houses in Dali old city with... Maggiori informazioni »
Ninghai Guesthouse is a Bai-style house which is only 3km away from Dali Old Town, by the Erhai Lake. We are... Maggiori informazioni »
1. Great view of Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake on rooftop. You will like watching the sunsets there. 2. Nice... Maggiori informazioni »
Dali Dodo's Guesthouse, a nice and relaxing place to stay in Dali. Quietly located in an alley 50 meters from... Maggiori informazioni »
Suzanne was the sweetest of ladies, a mother of five and tireless host. We try to live up to her name, and make this... Maggiori informazioni »
The Dragonfly Rooms: - Spacious, modern private rooms with high-end en-suite bathrooms - Comfortable, quiet dorm... Maggiori informazioni »
We welcome you to our new guesthouse! Dali Hidden Garden is a small scale guesthouse, run by a Chinese/Dutch... Maggiori informazioni »
Dali Dragon Music Hostel is located in Yunnan Province, the Ancient Dali City, with an altitude of 2200 meters, 200... Maggiori informazioni »
Campsea Hostel is located next to the Erhai Lake, only between a road, facing the Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake... Maggiori informazioni »
China Old Story Theme Inns of Dali is situated 300 metres from the South Gate of Dali Old Town. Housed in a... Maggiori informazioni »
Tea Club Hotel is in Dali Caicun village, by the Erhai Sea, and 10 km from dali Ancient Town, around 20 minutes by... Maggiori informazioni »


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text:
- Score:
- rated 4.37 / 5 stars
- Views:
- 31,838 Views
- Share Links:
- Genre:
- Music Video
- dream
- light
- monsters
- nightmare
Credits & Info
- Uploaded
- Sep 28, 2012 | 1:35 PM EDT
- Daily 3rd Place September 29, 2012
If you liked this, check these out!
Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Damn good job, man.
And serious props to this "Ergokalyptic Chase" guy, that song was done quite well.
Ergo-kalyptic chase is the name of the song. You can find all the artists music in the link I posed in the comments. Sorry for the confusion!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
This was really cool bringing all kinds of nice ideas together. I'm not too keen on the art style but I think it's well animated. Really enjoyed this and it got a laugh from me too, nice one!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
,,,and the newgrounds movie of the year tank goes to:
Rated 5 / 5 stars
I like everything from animation to music...
the music reminded me of kirby games
Rated 5 / 5 stars
dude that was awesome loved the music and loved the ending.


text:
But where was Fred, as in Fred Thompson?
New Hampshire voters noticed.
"He's a late entry. That will probably hurt him," said Geri Gormley, of Bow, who visited with McCain but remains uncommitted. "We're grass roots. Candidates come up and pick our brains, one on one. We had (Barack) Obama's staff come to our door today. That's good strategy."
Thompson was supposed to visit a fundraising breakfast for Manchester Mayor Frank Guinta on Friday. But on Thursday afternoon, Guinta's campaign e-mailed guests to let them know it wasn't happening. The note cited "scheduling conflicts for the senator."
Thompson is scheduled to surface on Monday for a Fox News Channel interview, and evening remarks to the Conservative Party of New York.
Thompson has been to New Hampshire just once since he formally entered the race in September, and that was for a two-day trip that included visits to a chili cook-off, three bars and a rally. The New Hampshire Union Leader, the state's largest newspaper, said in an editorial last week that Thompson's pledge to campaign here often hasn't proved true.
The newspaper suggested Thompson speak to McCain, "who knows a thing or two about winning New Hampshire primaries. You can't do it if you don't show up," the editorial said.
Thompson aides say he also plans stops this week in Washington, Georgia and Florida. A longer visit to New Hampshire is coming, but has not yet been scheduled.
New Hampshire voters on Sunday expressed a range of opinions about Thompson.
"I like him, but he won't make it," said Claire Roy, a Manchester Republican who, like most voters, remains undecided. "He started too late to begin with. I don't think he's presidential material. That's the way I look at it."
Added Ann Essensa, an independent voter from Exeter who visited Giuliani on Sunday: "I don't know enough about (Thompson) yet. I haven't seen him yet."
Norma Champagne, a Manchester Republican, seemed willing to give Thompson a chance.
"He hasn't turned anyone off," said Champagne, who visited an AARP forum this weekend. "He did that other debate and he did very well."


text:
Love to speak my mind. bit of a weirdo at times(nothing spooky) lol. Running is my new passion . Winters are filled with hibernation (so if you like to cuddle ) , and summers with outdoor activities (Playing sports,Bbq,beach,road trips,etc).
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- 5' 11" (1.80m)
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- Fit
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- Atheism
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- Two-year college
- Offspring
- Doesn't have kids
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- English (Fluently)
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Self employed 😃
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giving advice !!!
Dancing.... Or so I like to think ;)
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2. cricket
3. my bed....trust me
4. Running
5. Books
6. Cricinfo
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Netflix and takeout, or getting your party on — how do you let loose?
with friends. in front of the tv . at the batting cage or just running at the beach.
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text:
1960 Mercedes-Benz220SE
Finished in Dunkblau (Blue/Black) with the original maroon leather interior in excellent condition throughout. It was imported to London from South Africa by a Nigerian Diplomat who used it sparingly and took great care in its upkeep. He stored it in London and had it maintained by Mercedes-Benz specialists, Portland Motors until 2004, the car was then taken to Mercedes-Benz specialists in Cardiff who stripped off the old paint, carried out repairs to the offside rear wing, repainted it, and also restored the interior wood to the highest standard. Once completed, the car was put into a collection of classic cars in the North of England and it has had little use since the restoration. The car is supplied with a V5C registration document, 12 Months MoT test certificate and invoices going back to 2001.
Introduced in 1956, the 220S saloon was one of a trio of new models featuring unitary construction bodyshells employing large, box-section side-members - hence the term ?Ponton? - the others being the 190 and 219. All-round coil-sprung independent suspension had long been a fixture of the Mercedes-Benz range and that of the newcomers benefitted from the newly developed single-pivot rear swing axle. Short-wheelbase Coupé and Cabriolet versions of the 220S soon followed. Luxuriously equipped in the best Daimler-Benz tradition, these superbly constructed touring cars were priced some 70% above the 220S saloon. In 1958, the 220 range was updated with a fuel-injected version of the 2.2-litre overhead-camshaft six, becoming the 220SE. Maximum power increased from 106 to 115bhp, and while top speed remained unchanged at around 100mph, there was a useful improvement in acceleration; the 0-60mph time reducing by two seconds. By the time production ceased in November 1960, fewer than 2,000 220SE Coupé and Cabriolet models had been manufactured and today these stylish and luxuriously equipped grand tourers are highly prized.
: Mercedes-Benz
: 1960
: 99,950.00 GBPCurrency Converter
: Slades Garage
: United Kingdom
: Buckinghamshire
: English
: 01494 812115


text:
This upmarket grill room offers a one-of-a-kind dining experience in a vibrant, classy environment.
An extensive range of wines, fine cocktails and drinks work effortlessly alongside the menu and melt-in-your-mouth meat dishes puts this premier dining experience in a league of its own. For the most succulent and superb beef, always cooked at 1800º Fahrenheit, 1800° is the place to be. This is the ideal setting for that all-important business meeting or for discerning patrons in search of a refined meal and professional service.
The beef and other meats are grass and grain fed and carefully matured to ensure the finest flavour and the most tender cuts. 1800° prides itself on innovative thinking, superb service and exceptional presentation.
This gourmet restaurant serves a fusion of French and Mediterranean cuisine, as well as a few traditionally Egyptian dishes. The beautiful dining room provides an upmarket setting that exudes Old World charm and romance. Guests are expected to dress smartly, and ties and jackets are available for borrowing. Try the crayfish risotto, and the potato and celery ravioli. This is sure to be a treat of a night out.
Casual and laidback, Knysna's bustling food emporium claims that it's "not exactly a restaurant, not exactly a bar, definitely not a deli... well, not exactly a deli... it's an eating place, a drinking place and definitely a meeting place". Well, it's a good place to be if you enjoy fresh seafood and fancy a bit of shopping. 34 South is also "a gift shop, a clothing emporium, a food store, a fish monger and a bakery, too. And the finest wine shop this side of the grape curtain!"
Start with a platter of freshly shucked wild coastal oysters still tasting of salt and sea. Tuck into calamari (tubes, heads and steaks) and mussels (in and out the shell) done in many ways - in vinaigrette, masala, with peri-peri or with wine and garlic. The herring comes six ways, the fish pates four and the mezze too many ways to mention.
Traditional Greek, Spanish and Portuguese themes run through an eclectic menu that highlights Mediterranean flavours - with chicken, ostrich and vegetarian options for diners averse to seafood. With tastebuds still tingling from oysters and bubbly, the mains are sure to tantalise.
Signature dishes tempt with fresh linefish brought in through the Knysna heads, east-coast sole, linefish espetada, Portuguese sardines, jambalaya and seafood paella.
40 Cork Road is a great lunch spot with pleasant outdoor seating and a local arts and crafts store.
The menu boasts plenty choice, from delicious ½ roasted chickens to tasty vegetable dishes and salads.
Enjoy coffees and light meals, even healthy options for the health conscious at 40 Cork Road.
Their coffee is made from 100% Arabica coffee beans, hand roasted and use a secret blend, ensuring a rich and unique flavour. Light meals and breakfasts are available, as well as home made cakes and tarts, which can be ordered and like the coffee are all reasonably priced.
Once upon a time, long long ago, there was a beautiful Victorian house in a small, romantic little town. It was situated at number 5 Ryneveld Street - a place we now call home.
When conceptualizing our new restaurant, we became aware of the special qualities of the number five. Five is the number of harmony and balance. Five is the number of perfection. Five is the number of senses in the human body - touch, taste, smell, hearing and sight. Five is the number of basic tastes - sweet, sour, salt, bitter and umami.
Our restaurant comprises five rooms namely the dining room, study, library, bedroom and radio lounge.
We welcome you to 5 Ryneveld, where we will provide you with an exciting dining experience, stimulating your five senses by exploring the five basic tastes.
5 Ryneveld is a cute and quirky meeting place for those embracing a playful and sophisticated atmosphere. It will be shaped by the friends, family and other warm-hearted people who meet, eat and play there.
Welcome home...welcome to 5 Ryneveld.
This upmarket and cool restaurant serves quality food and unobtrusive service with an ever-changing menu offering delights ranging from side portions, mains, sexy salads and decadent deserts.
Start with the pork fillet stuffed with spinach, feta and peppadews wrapped in smoked bacon, served with sautéed potatoes and apple cream. Meze platters compliment social affairs brimming with cold meats, cheeses, gherkins, pickled onions, bread sticks and rustic bread.
For a healthy fish options go for the Mediterranean meze with popcorn prawns, calamari, marinated mussels, fishcakes, taramasalata, curried mayo, rustic bread and sundried tomatoes.
78 Restaurant and Bar provides the perfect setting for breakfast, lunch and dinners with interesting cuisine and cool ambience to compliment the meal.
Exuding a tropical ambience, African Peninsula Restaurant refreshes the senses with exotic décor and well-presented dishes served over banana leaf dressed tables and crisp white linens.
For starters try plump mussels in cream white wine sauce followed by 220g grilled lamb chops, cooked to perfection in spiced garlic, herbs and chillies or the grilled line fish of the day, succulently cooked in warming spices served on a bed of fragrant rice in lemon garlic butter.
Round off a perfectly satisfying meal with a decadent tipsy malva pudding desert and silky coffee or cooling don pedro.
African Peninsula is located perfectly along the shores of the Indian Ocean for a relaxing languid lunch or romantic shore break dinner under the star lit sky.
Al Maaden is a golf resort and course set in the Environs of Marrekesh. The Club House restaurant offers exquisite views of the golf course and the terrace seating is a great option for taking in the view and soaking up the sun next to a large pool. The cuisine encompasses a fusion of French and Mediterranean dishes as well as other international creations. The exceptional view and riad are a complementary pair coupled with delicious food.
The Ali Barbour's Cave is thought to be between 120,000 and 180,000 years old. The natural coral cave compromises a series of interlinking chambers at depths of up to 10 m below ground level, opened to the sky.
World-renowned, Ali Barbour's Cave Restaurant offers style and romance in an unrivaled atmosphere. A large mouth-watering a la carte menu and quality wine list, invite you to a once-in-a-lifetime dining experience.
The starry night sky sets the romantic tone for this fine dining restaurant. Guests cannot help but be pulled into a historic era.
Enjoy tasty food with a difference or light lunches and breakfasts. Alte Feste Restaurant sweeps the palate away with decadent deserts for a little slice of heaven.
From great choice salads to vegetarian meals, Alte Feste caters for the easygoing palate in relaxed informal setting perfect to soothing the day away.
Tucked away in the heart of Harare's northern suburbs, Amanzi's is cradled in beautifully landscaped gardens and an old converted farmhouse.
Beautifully converted into a stylish and modern restaurant with versatile interior, diners can choose from two main dining rooms and a cool terrace.
The décor blends sophisticated with African antiques, and a splash of contemporary art in palates of lime, leaf, sage and avocado hues.
Promoting eco conscious dining, Amanzi's reduces their carbon footprint by growing their own organic produce, composting kitchen scraps and recycling paper and glass.
The menu indulges with fusion cuisine serving a mixture of steaks, fish and vegetarian.
Dine in sophisticated ambiance in a relaxed setting on the finest fusion cuisine at Amanzi's in Harare.
This rustic venue serves delicious food in large portions. The menu focusses mainly on seafood dishes and a special mention is owed to the stuffed calamari tubes that literally melt in your mouth. There are, however, quite a few options available for meat lovers and vegetarians as well. Delectable traditional desserts are served and a predictable but good wine list is on offer. The vibe at Anita's is a must-experience.
Perched next a canal that runs through the town of Heidelberg, Ann De Kanel Restaurant draws out the day with wonderful food, personal service and the best coffees straight from the house of coffees.
Delight in the velvety explosion of freshly baked cheesecake, homemade lunches and delicious juicy steaks.
Whether indulging in sweet delights or filling up on a hearty snack, Ann De Kanel will warm your taste buds in a cosy laid back atmosphere.
Anya's Mum is tucked away on a narrow street in Hermanus. If not for the brightly coloured building one might not notice it, but once inside you are enveloped by the homely coffee shop style and aroma of freshly baked and prepared foods.
This mother and daughter team have been running for a few years and just seem to add that family feel to their establishment. One of the things they agree on is that they are serious about coffee.
Pop in for a home-made breakfast – hot, hot, hot and extremely fresh – and your daily dose of caffeine. Cut into a fresh quiche for lunch! The menu changes daily and is filled with the spontaneous creations of this duo. They offer occasional dinners and specials are regularly offered, such as pizza night or set menu dishes.
The back garden is a great place to hide from the outside world on a hot day. Truly a lovely setting and atmosphere!
Trading hours are from 9 am to 5 pm, Monday to Friday and from 9 am to 2 pm on Saturdays. The establishment only accepts cash payments.


text:
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text:
It actually likes the water on, that's why it goes in the tub lol.
It actually likes the water on, that's why it goes in the tub lol.
Usure that is a cat you got there?
Ezio and his feckin horsie that he carries around with him and hugs when he sleeps. He also leaves it EVERYWHERE. bloody horse.
Ezio is so cute! Awww his wittle teddy bear ^_^
:3 ! Thanks guys~ I found the horse on my chair today...don't know why. He's sleeping right now with it lmao. THIS THREAD NEEDS MOAR CAT PICS >:U
I wouldn't name this a cat problem (its more like a clock problem), but this is what happens when you let your facebook on my hands.
For the record, I did uploaded plenty of more pictures of cats on space


text:
Late Tony Award-winning soprano Mary Martin originated the role on Broadway and preserved her performance in two live television broadcasts.
Additional casting has yet to be announced, but Playbill.com previously polled our readers to find out who they'd like to see star in the title role.
Read Playbill.com's article on who should play Peter in NBC's "Peter Pan" here.


text:
Clownfishes are colorful coral reef fishes living in groups in association with sea anemones throughout the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Within their small societies, size hierarchy determines which fish have access to reproduction. These fishes are also prolific callers whose aggressive sounds seem to play an important role in the social hierarchy. Agonistic interactions being involved in daily behaviour suggest how acoustic communication might play an important role in clownfish group. Sounds were recorded and compared in fourteen clownfish species (some of which have never been recorded before) to evaluate the potential role of acoustic communication as an evolutionary driving force.
Surprisingly, the relationship between fish size and both dominant frequency and pulse duration is not only species-specific; all the specimens of the 14 species are situated on exactly the same slope, which means the size of any Amphiprion can be predicted by both acoustic features. The number of pulses broadly overlaps among species, whereas the pulse period displays the most variation even if it shows overlap among sympatric species. Sound comparisons between three species (A. akallopisos, A. ocellaris and A. frenatus) having different types of teeth and body shape do not show differences neither in the acoustic waveform nor in the power spectrum.
Significant overlap in acoustic features demonstrates that the sound-producing mechanism is highly conservative among species. Differences in the calls of some species are due to size dimorphism and the sound variation might be in this case a by-product. This morphological constraint does not permit a consideration of acoustic communication as the main driving force in the diversification of clownfishes. Moreover, calls are not produced to find mate and consequently are less subject to variations due to partner preference, which restricts the constraints of diversification. Calls are produced to reach and defend the competition to mate access. However, differences in the pulse period between cohabiting species show that, in some case, sounds can help to differentiate the species, to prevent competition between cohabiting species and to promote the diversification of taxa.
Keywords:Pomacentridae; clownfish; evolution; biogeography; sound production; sympatry; hierarchy; size; frequency
Acoustic communication provides a good model for studying the evolution of behaviour. Generally speaking, acoustic signals used in mate choice and mate recognition can play a role in speciation for sound producing taxa such as anurans [1,2], insects [3,4] and birds [5,6]. Variation in acoustic signals can act as pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms [7-9], the receivers being the selective force on the evolution of the signal [10]. The acoustic signal is typically composed of both temporal and spectral components, which may evolve at different rates [11]. Examining these patterns of acoustic variation among species may be useful for testing the evolutionary history of the characters [12,13].
Among the sound-producing fish, the coral reef damselfishes (Pomacentridae) are one of the most intensely studied families with sound production being documented for more than 20 species, belonging to seven different genera [14-16]. Within this large and diverse fish family, clownfishes are colorful coral reef fishes well known for their mutualistic relationship with tropical sea anemones that host them [17]. Recent phylogenetic investigations using both morphological and molecular characters supported the monophyly of the clownfishes belonging to the genera Amphiprion and Premnas [18-20]. More specifically, on the basis of 23 (out of 28) species and three mitochondrial genes, Santini and Polacco [20] proposed a first hypothesis concerning the lifestyle and origin of the ancestral clownfish. They suggested it was a slender-bodied animal with a rounded caudal fin. However, their interpretation of the evolutionary history of this group still remains poorly explained.
In clownfishes, groups are composed of a breeding pair and between zero to four non-breeders, depending on species and size of host [21,22]. Within each group, the sex is controlled socially and there is a size-based dominance hierarchy: the breeding female is the largest individual, the breeding male is the second largest and the non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends [22,23]. The size hierarchy forms a queue to attain dominant status; individuals only ascend in rank when a higher rank individual disappears, and the smallest fish in the group is always the most recent recruit [21,24]. Clownfishes are prolific callers, producing sounds during interactions among group members [16,25]. In such a system, sounds are not used for mate attraction. However, acoustic signals might confer a higher probability of attaining breeding status. Dominant frequency and pulse duration of the calls being morphologically determined signals related to fish size [26,27], sounds seem to be important for living in social group because the hierarchy determines which fish can have access to reproduction [21].
Agonistic interactions are involved in daily behavior [22] and sounds are known to be associated with them [17,26,28], suggesting how important acoustic communication is in clownfish group. So, the question arises as to whether this behaviour is also important in speciation process. To find out, the first step was to compare the calls of closely related clownfish species in order to evaluate the variation in call characters [see [7]]. Amphiprion species produce the same kind of broadband-pulsed sounds during agonistic interactions [17,27,29], meaning the differences should not be at the level of the biomechanics. Although sounds are all produced by snapping jaws [30], other characteristics could display variation among species. Moreover, dominant frequency and pulse duration are known to be size-related acoustic signals in clownfishes [26,27]. We predict that if these characters were important in the taxon diversification, the different species would have evolved different relationships between dominant frequency and fish size, and between pulse duration and fish size. Overlap in other characters such as pulse period or number of pulses in a call would not be observable in case of diversifying character of the taxa. This study analysed the sounds of 14 different clownfish species. The aim was to test the hypothesis that acoustic features can help to evaluate the potential role of acoustic communication as a driving force in the evolution of clownfishes.
Interspecific differences in sounds
Sounds were produced by all the 14 species during aggressive interactions. The call of each species consisted of short pulses emitted alone or in series, and in a relatively narrow band of low frequencies (Table 1). Pulse duration and dominant frequency were highly related to fish size across species (Figure 1). The more fish size increased, the more pulse duration increased (r = 0.98, p < 0.0001; Figure 1A), and the more dominant frequency decreased (r = -0.99, p < 0.0001; Figure 1B). To determine whether these size-related acoustic features evolved in a similar way among species, five groups of individuals were analysed (see methods section for more details). The inter-species comparison using fish size as a covariate showed that pulse duration (ANCOVA, test for common slopes: F4,33 = 1.812, p = 0.150) and dominant frequency (ANCOVA, test for common slopes: F4,33 = 1.753, p = 0.162) did not differ among species, with all the 14 species being situated on the same slope. Thereby, variation among species in both acoustic features was clearly explained by size dimorphism between clownfish species.
Table 1. Summary of the acoustic variables recorded for Amphiprion and Premnas species
Figure 1. Influence of fish size (SL) on acoustic variables in 14 clownfish species. Correlation of (A) pulse duration and (B) dominant frequency against SL. Note that data related to dominant frequency were ln-transformed because they were exponentially related to fish size. Fishes ranged from 37 to 110 mm (n = 43). The significance level was determined at p < 0.05. Results are expressed as mean values of 50 recorded pulses for each individual.
Some differences between species still remained for the frequency-size and duration-size relationships even after removing the effect of body size (Figures 2A,B). However, this observation needs to be carefully interpreted because deeper attention to pairwise comparisons revealed that pulse duration/body size relationship (H = 8.332, d.f. = 4, p = 0.0801) and dominant frequency/body size relationship (H = 7.276, d.f. = 4, p = 0.1220) were not significantly different between individuals having similar body size (53-54 mm SL) and belonging to five different species (A. latifasciatus, A. melanopus, A. ocellaris, A. percula and A. perideraion). The number of pulses broadly overlapped between species (Figure 2C, Table 1), although there were some differences (H = 47.62, d.f. = 13, p < 0.01). Pairwise comparisons showed a few species were significantly different (Dunn's test, p < 0.01): A. ocellaris and A. nigripes, A. ocellaris and A. clarkii, A. ocellaris and A. akallopisos. Pulse period displayed the most variation among species (H = 383.1, d.f. = 13, p < 0.001), but considerable overlap in pairwise comparisons showed that several species were similar (Dunn's test, p > 0.05; Figure 2D, Table 1).
Figure 2. Variation of acoustic features in 14 clownfish species. Results are represented as means ± 95% confidence intervals. Vertical lines have been added between sets of overlapping species to indicate gaps.
Morphology and sounds
Deeper attention was given to three species having different teeth shape. Sound comparisons of these three species based on three specimens having the same size (61-63 mm SL) revealed that the dominant frequency of A. akallopisos, A. ocellaris and A. frenatus was not significantly different (H = 0.0207, d.f. = 2, p = 0.9897) and was respectively 646, 627 and 625 Hz. Moreover, the acoustic waveform and the power spectrum exhibited the same pattern despite the different types of teeth: rectangular and incisiform in A. akallopisos, conical and caniniform in A. frenatus and spatulate in A. ocellaris (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Oscillogram, power spectrum and SEM pictures of the buccal teeth in Amphiprion akallopisos, A. frenatus and A. ocellaris. A: ventral view of the teeth from the inner side of the mandible and B: left lateral view of the front teeth of the mandible. Scale bar = 100 μm.
This study is one of the first comparisons of acoustic characteristics in a sizeable number of closely related species of fishes [see also [31]]. The most important insight was found at the level of the relationship between fish size and both dominant frequency and pulse duration. These kinds of relationships were already well known in fishes and have been found in numerous species from different taxa [26,27,32-36]. In the present study and for the first time, it appears that these relationships are observed at a higher taxonomic level in the case of clownfishes (i.e. spread over the entire tribe Amphiprionini; see [18]) since dominant frequency and pulse duration are strongly predicted by body size among the 14 different species. It clearly shows all clownfish species use the same mechanism of vocalization [30], which has remained largely conserved throughout evolution. Moreover, different species having different body shape and different types of teeth (A. akallopisos, A. frenatus and A. ocellaris) but the same size produce sounds that display the same power spectrum and the same oscillogram, demonstrating these morphological variations do not make significant differences in the sounds produced by the jaw teeth snapping. The size influence highlights that all the fourteen species might have a major overlap at the level of pulse length and dominant frequency. Surprisingly, using the pulse duration/body size and dominant frequency/body size ratios removes the effect of body size at the level of pulse duration (Figure 2A), but not at the level of dominant frequency (Figure 2B). Regarding the dominant frequency, the ratio continues to be smaller in larger species, but highly reduces the overlap between species. For example, some Amphiprion clarkii, measuring between 55 and 110 mm in SL, produced a frequency range that was between 700 and 400 Hz, overlapping also the frequency of smaller A. ocellaris (625-900 Hz; see also [27]). However, the ratio of dominant frequency/body size was 1.40 in A. clarkii and 1.62 in A. ocellaris, clearly distinguishing the species. Therefore, a factor other than body length must be important in determining the absolute frequency values. The volume of the swimbladder could be the determining factor. Moreover, the data of this last factor are also correlated with fish size. The question arises whether the fish is able to determine the relationship (or the discrepancy) between the emitter size and the sound frequency it detects. If so, it could enable the fish to distinguish whether the emitter is conspecific or not. In the future, it would be interesting to compare these size-related relationships between Amphiprion and other pomacentrids. Comparison with Pomacentrus partitus data [36] seems to indicate these fish might also be placed on the same slope. In this case, we could expect there is an ancestral relationship between dominant frequency and body size, and this relationship is not important in the taxon diversification because it does not change between species. However, more precise data from other pomacentrids are needed.
Variations in sounds are usually considered as pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms leading to speciation [7,37,38]. In Amphiprion species, acoustic properties can contribute to the differentiation of species because some of them showed differences in at least one of the acoustic characteristics recorded. However, the significant overlap in acoustic data due in part to the conserved mechanism of sound production supports the acoustic communication cannot be considered as the unique isolating barrier and does not seem to be the main driving force in the evolution of clownfishes. The fact that all species have the same biomechanics implies these fishes do not have many possibilities to develop variations in their calls: they can differ in dominant frequency and pulse duration through their body size, in pulse period and in number of pulses in a call. The alternative hypothesis would be some differences in the calls are a by-product of the size variation. Body size as a trait of natural selection has already been demonstrated in the speciation event of some stickleback species in which this difference is thought to be an adaptation to alternative foraging habitats [39]. In damselfishes, evolutionary change in body size (i.e. gigantism or nanism) could be assumed as a relatively common phenomenon [40,41] and could therefore be involved in the isolation of some Amphiprion species. From the proximal cause point of view, the size appears really important in maintaining the hierarchy existing within groups. In Amphiprion akallopisos, all aggressive interactions (biting, chasing, frontal and lateral display, body jerking) appear to be preferentially directed towards individuals adjacent in ranks [22]. In Amphiprion percula, rank was the only factor associated with the probability of mortality; low-rank individuals suffer from a higher mortality rate than high-rank individuals. The most likely explanation for this pattern is competition for rank [21], preventing smaller fish from having access to reproduction. It means that acoustic communication can be an important factor for mating access.
From the ultimate cause point of view, competition for the limited anemone resource may have resulted in niche partitioning through specialization for different anemone species [42], most clownfish species remaining in close contact with their hosts and rarely interact with other species on the reef [17]. However, some clownfish species appear to partition the anemone resource with other species by having a refuge in size [42,43]: small A. sandaracinos or A. leucokranos cohabit with A. chrysopterus in the region of Madang (Papua New Guinea), while small A. perideraion use the same host sea anemone as A. clarkii in the region of Okinawa (Japan). In both cases, the different sizes of cohabiting species imply they possess clear differences in their acoustic repertoire (Table 1), size-related call characteristics such as main frequency and pulse length being a by-product of the evolutionary trait. In the Japanese heterospecific groups, small A. perideraion are not considered as competitors and should receive less aggressive attention from larger congener A. clarkii. Although A. clarkii suppresses the growth and reproduction of A. perideraion [44], subadult A. perideraion are able to mature in heterospecific groups, and change to female when they are the largest among conspecific members. This suggests that A. perideraion in heterospecific groups prepare for reproduction before the disappearance or emigration of larger A. clarkii. Thus, they adopt a mating strategy that involves waiting for vacated breeding posts because of their low mobility and a low host density [43].
Due to the relative simplicity of many central and peripheral vocal mechanisms, fish typically lack the ability to produce complex and dynamic, frequency-modulated calls [45]. Vocal differences among fish species are usually due to variations in temporal patterning [27,31]. Pulse period has been shown to be the most important acoustic feature involved in species recognition in pomacentrids [46,47]. Divergence in this character seems to be sufficient to drive pre-zygotic isolation [7], because differences in the calling characteristics are able to prevent the signaller to be considered as a competitor. Myrberg et al. [48] conducted playback experiments to test the responsiveness of different Stegastes species. Although sounds of each species were able to elicit responses of all the other species, males significantly more responded to sounds of their own species than to sounds from congeners. Interestingly, species that cohabit individual sea anemones (i.e. A. sandaracinos with A. chrysopterus in the region of Madang, or A. perideraion with A. clarkii in the region of Okinawa) present a completely different pulse period. As previously stated, non-overlap in this character may have been important in the taxon diversification. However, pulse period is not systematically significantly different among sympatric species: A. clarkii, A. frenatus and A. ocellaris have the same pulse period range (Figure 2D) while living in sympatry on the fringing reef around Sesoko island [49]. These three species inhabit different host species, being Heteractis crispa for A. clarkii, Entacmaea quadricolor for A. frenatus and Stichodactyla gigantea for A. ocellaris [44,49], which suggests overlap in pulse period among these species is of minor importance.
We predicted that no-overlap in different acoustic features would drive the taxon diversification. However, results surprisingly showed significant overlap in some acoustic features (dominant frequencies and pulse durations) in Amphiprion species. It is the first case for which so many different species can be placed on the same slope, giving the opportunity to use the dominant frequency and pulse duration for assessing fish size. This set of observations highlights 1) the use of a highly conservative mechanism, 2) the important role of body size in clownfish ways of life and 3) that this character is not important in this taxon diversification because all the clownfish species maintained the same relationships between fish size and both dominant frequency and pulse duration. However, in some case, the refuge in size could be a way to access to diversification. Significant overlap in sonic features could also be due to the fact that sounds are not produced to find mate, but to defend mate access, which restricts the constraints of diversification. We conclude that sounds do not appear to be the main driving force in the diversification of clownfishes. However, differences in the pulse period between cohabiting species showed that, in some case, sounds can help to differentiate the species, to prevent competition between cohabiting species and to promote the diversification of taxa.
Sound recording and analysis
Forty-three specimens belonging to 14 species were audio-recorded, and 50 sounds per individual were analysed. Different methods were used to collect acoustic data. On the one hand, sounds were recorded during fieldwork in the lagoons in front of Toliara (Mozambique Channel, west coast of Madagascar, 23°36'S - 43°66'E), in front of Opunohu Bay (Moorea, French Polynesia, 17°29'S - 149°51'W) and on a fringing reef in front of Sesoko Station (Okinawa, Japan, 26°39'N - 127°57'E). Fishes were collected by scuba diving and were placed with their anemone host in glass tanks filled with running seawater at a constant temperature of 26°C. On the other hand, recordings were also made on fishes maintained in tanks (T = 26°C) in the Aquarium of La Rochelle (France) and in Oceanopolis (France). Whatever the method used, all recordings were performed in standard aquaria. Sound recordings and analyses were carried out according to the methodology used by Parmentier et al. [25] and Colleye et al. [26]. The following sonic features were measured: pulse duration (ms), number of pulses in a train, pulse period (ms) and dominant frequency (Hz). Other variables were removed because they are not independent: 1) the interpulse interval (measured as the time from the end of one pulse to the beginning of the next one) was correlated with the pulse period and 2) the sound duration depended on the number of pulses in a call.
Character reconstruction of acoustic signals
Acoustic characters were obtained from recordings of living fishes. Some acoustic characteristics, such as dominant frequency and pulse duration, vary in a predictable fashion with the size of the calling individual [26,27]. Because differences in these features between species might simply reflect an effect of differences in body size, the size-frequency and size-duration relationships were taken into account rather than the variables alone. Ideally, these relationships should be determined within each species, but we had limited sample size for some species used in the analyses. Accordingly, all individuals' means were used as data points in a linear regression analysis, and the overall significant slope was used to remove the effects of body size from the among-species comparison. Note that data related to dominant frequency were first ln-transformed because they were exponentially related to fish size. Then, the among-species comparison was made by pooling together individuals belonging to the same species.
Coding of acoustic characters
In this study, we focused on variation in agonistic sounds between closely related species. Usually, phylogenetic studies deal with behavioural characters and score the presence or absence of a given display. However, variation in most acoustic characters is quantitative rather than categorical. Quantitative characters are often used in phylogeny reconstruction but methods of coding these characters continue to be debated [50,51]. Therefore, variation among species for each character was examined according to published protocol [7]. This method is based on the criterion of non-overlap of 95% confidence intervals to define gaps, and divides each acoustic variable into one or more sets of overlapping intervals. Each set was coded as a single character state (see Figure 2 in results). This coding method is relevant because it provides a consistent way of comparing character change across species [7].
Morphological study
Sound being initiated by teeth collision [see [30]], the buccal dentition of three different species (A. akallopisos, A. frenatus and A. ocellaris) was studied, with three individuals from each species used to make comparisons among tooth shapes. Fishes were deeply anaesthetised with tricaine methanesulphonate MS-222 in seawater (500 mgl-1) and were fixed in 7% buffered seawater formalin for approximately 2 weeks before being transferred to 70% ethanol for storage. Experimental and animal care protocols followed all relevant international guidelines and were approved by the ethics commission (no. 728) of the University of Liège.
After having been removed from the fish, the buccal jaws were minutely cleaned using whet clamps and a little brush. After dehydration, samples were critically point-dried with CO2 using a Leica EM CPD030, and platinum coated using a Balzers SCD 030. The material was then examined using a Jeol JSM-840 A scanning electron microscope.
Statistical analyses
The data used in the analyses were mean values of all recorded sounds for each individual. Because we had limited sample size for some species, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was run to test whether acoustic variables related to fish size evolved in a similar way among five different groups. The first four groups corresponded to species for which we have a sufficient sample size (A. akallopisos, A. clarkii, A. frenatus and A. ocellaris, see Table 1) while the fifth group was a pool grouping all individuals of the other species with limited sample size (only one or two individuals). The comparison aimed to determine whether the intraspecific size-related variation of the acoustic variables is similar to the interspecific variation (the pool of species). Note that data about dominant frequencies were first ln-transformed because they were exponentially related to fish size. The other two acoustic variables (pulse period and number of pulses per sound) were tested for the assumption of normality (Shapiro-Wilk test), and then they were analyzed using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks with subsequent Dunn's test for pairwise comparisons to test differences between species. Statistical analyses were carried out with Statistica 7.1. Results are presented as means ± S.D. Significance level was determined at p < 0.05.
The authors would like to thank J.M. Ouin (Institut Halieutique des Sciences Marines, University of Toliara) and Prof. M. Nakamura (Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus) for helping to collect fishes and for providing hospitality and laboratory facilities. Many thanks to P. Morinière (Aquarium La Rochelle, France), D. Barthélémy (Océanopolis, France) and C. Michel (Aquarium Dubuisson, Belgium) for allowing free access to fishes during sound recordings. A previous version of the paper benefited greatly from interesting comments made by Dr D. Adriaens (GU) and U. Schliewen (ZSM). We are also greatly indebted to Felix Breden and three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and helpful criticism of the original version of the manuscript. OC was supported by a grant from the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (Bourse de Doctorat F.R.S.-FNRS). EP is a Research Associate of the F.R.S.-FNRS. This research was supported by the FRFC grants from the F.R.S.-FNRS (no. 2.4.535.10), ANR (ANR-06-JCJC-0012-01), MOM (06 PF 15) and CRISP Program (Coral Reef Initiative in the South Pacific - C2A).
Authors' contributions
EP designed the study. OC, DL and EP performed sound recordings, OC carried out the experimental work and the sound analysis. EP and OC wrote the paper with input from DL, PV and DL. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Cub Scout Day Camp provides fun and adventure in the outdoors for packs and dens. Cub Scout Day Camp registration is open to all registered Cub Scouts. Day Camp is very affordable. Fees include hat, t-shirt, water bottle, activity patch and program.
The Boy Scouts of America has established minimum standards for providing medical information prior to participating in various activities. Those standards are offered in one three-part medical form.
Parts A, B and the Addendum are to be completed annually by all BSA unit members. All three parts are required for all events that do not exceed 72 consecutive hours, where the level of activity is similar to that normally expended at home or at school, such as day camp, day hikes, swimming parties, or an overnight camp, and where medical care is readily available.
Please submit these forms when you arrive at Day Camp on the first day - Day Camp Health Form, Colorado Health Form Addendum
Day camp is an organized 3-to-4-day program for Tiger Cubs (and their adult partner), Cub Scouts, and Webelos Scouts under trained leadership at an approved site, during daylight or early evening hours but not overnight. Day camp youth participants are limited to registered Tiger Cubs (and their adult partners), Cub Scouts, and Webelos Scouts. Adults referred to as Group Guides must accompany every one to five Cub Scouts or one to five Webelos Scouts. All Tiger Cubs (in 1st grade for the 2014-2015 school year) must be accompanied by an adult partner. All Scouts who register as individuals must provide their own Group Guides.
The Denver Area Council, Boy Scouts of America, strongly believes "no youth shall be denied a program experience because of lack of funds". However, every effort must be made by applicants to "earn their own way".
Scholarship Procedures:
Download the Denver Area Council Scholarship form here.
Select locations will offer a Mini Camp for younger children (potty trained youth, ages 3-10). Parents/guardians must be onsite at camp for their child to participate in Mini Camp. Fees vary from camp to camp and will be collected at the Mini Camp location or at the registration table at camp.
Cub Scout Day Camp registration fees are non-refundable but may be transferred to another Scout in your pack if your plans change. It is the pack or family's responsibility to find the replacement Scout and to notify the Council Service Center of the change.
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