text:
Estimating surface temperature from above-ground field measurements is important for understanding the complex landscape patterns of plant seedling survival and establishment, processes which occur at heights of only several centimeters. Currently, future climate models predict temperature at 2 m above ground, leaving ground-surface microclimate not well characterized.
Using a network of field temperature sensors and climate models, a ground-surface temperature method was used to estimate microclimate variability of minimum and maximum temperature. Temperature lapse rates were derived from field temperature sensors and distributed across the landscape capturing differences in solar radiation and cold air drainages modeled at a 30-m spatial resolution.
The surface temperature estimation method used for this analysis successfully estimated minimum surface temperatures on north-facing, south-facing, valley, and ridgeline topographic settings, and when compared to measured temperatures yielded an R2 of 0.88, 0.80, 0.88, and 0.80, respectively. Maximum surface temperatures generally had slightly more spatial variability than minimum surface temperatures, resulting in R2 values of 0.86, 0.77, 0.72, and 0.79 for north-facing, south-facing, valley, and ridgeline topographic settings. Quasi-Poisson regressions predicting recruitment of Quercus kelloggii (black oak) seedlings from temperature variables were significantly improved using these estimates of surface temperature compared to air temperature modeled at 2 m.
Predicting minimum and maximum ground-surface temperatures using a downscaled climate model coupled with temperature lapse rates estimated from field measurements provides a method for modeling temperature effects on plant recruitment. Such methods could be applied to improve projections of species' range shifts under climate change. Areas of complex topography can provide intricate microclimates that may allow species to redistribute locally as climate changes.
Keywords:Black oak; Climate change; Generalized linear models; Microclimate; Topography; Spatial scale; Surface temperature
Microclimates at spatial scales of 1–1,000 m2 are the climates experienced by individual plants and thus are critical determinants of plant species distributions that must be considered when evaluating plant species vulnerability to climate change (Ashcroft 2010; Dobrowski 2011; Keppel et al. 2012; Rosenberg et al. 1983). The diversity of microclimates that occurs in mountainous terrain may allow a species to re-distribute locally under a changing climate, thereby buffering a species' exposure to regional climate change (Williams et al. 2008). Localized refugia can also provide stepping-stone connectivity for gene flow, dispersal and migration (Ackerly et al. 2010; Davis and Shaw 2001; Williams et al. 2008).
Although topographically related microclimate variation has been extensively documented and analyzed, spatially explicit modeling of mountain microclimates remains an active area of research (Ashcroft and Gollan 2012; Vanwalleghem and Meentemeyer 2009), as does research to better understand how microclimate variation is related to plant extinction risk under climate change (Ackerly et al. 2010; Keppel et al. 2012; Randin et al. 2009). One challenge lies in interpolating climate values across rugged topography from sparsely distributed weather stations that are usually located in level, open sites (Ashcroft and Gollan 2012). A second challenge is estimating the microclimate near the ground surface from weather station measurements typically collected 2 m or more above the ground surface. Many organisms, including plant seedlings, live on or near the ground surface where temperature variation can be much greater than the variation at 2 m (Kearney and Porter 2009; Rosenberg et al. 1983). A third challenge is that for most plant species we lack knowledge of which aspects of microclimate are most important in controlling initial establishment, growth or reproduction.
In this study we are concerned with modeling fine-scale variation of air temperatures close to the ground surface and relating that variation to tree seedling recruitment in mountain landscapes. The study is part of a larger multi-year project integrating climate model downscaling, microclimate measurement and modeling, experimental studies of tree seedling recruitment, and spatially explicit plant population models to link micro-scale ecological processes to macro-scale species range dynamics under climate change (Davis and Sweet 2012). Our study region is in California, where hot and dry summer conditions associated with the Mediterranean climate regime place strong abiotic controls on tree seedling establishment and sapling survival, and may factor importantly into population dynamics and species distributions (Gomez-Aparicio et al. 2008; Zavala et al. 2000). Seedlings must establish an adequate root system to survive a long summer drought (Mahall et al. 2009), and surface temperatures near the ground can be lethally hot for small-stemmed seedlings (Kolb and Robberecht 1996). For light-loving tree species, recruitment of new individuals occurs in clearings created by wildfires or other disturbances, and the microclimates in such clearings can be especially extreme and under strong topographic influence compared to forested sites (Chen et al. 1999; Ma et al. 2010). Thus, microclimate may influence seedling abundance and distribution differently or more so than is the case for adult trees (Collins and Carson 2004; Tsujino and Yumoto 2007), depending on the scale of study (Stohlgren et al. 1998), and this topic is therefore particularly relevant to the study of plant species recruitment. Studies of seedling response to abiotic and biotic conditions will be key to predicting range shifts, as populations may shift via seedling establishment into new areas with climate change (Lenoir et al. 2009).
We describe and test an approach for modeling landscape variation in an important microclimate variable—maximum daily near-ground surface temperatures—based on air temperature profiles measured in the field, 30-m grids of modeled monthly solar insolation, and coarse (4-km) spatial grids of air temperatures 2 m above the surface. We then relate average maximum daily temperatures to seedling recruitment (germination + survival to end-of-summer) data from experimental field trials to produce a seedling thermal niche model for California black oak (Quercus kelloggii). We apply our near-ground surface temperature model to map that seedling niche across a study landscape in the southern Sierra Nevada. Our results illustrate both the potential to model fine-scale near-ground surface temperature variation and the importance of doing so in order to describe spatial variation in seedling establishment across mountain landscapes.
Study area
We are measuring microclimate and tree seedling recruitment in foothill and montane sites in two neighboring ecoregions and seed zones, the southern Sierra Nevada and the western Tehachapi Mountains in California (Figure 1). Our Sierran sites comprise the San Joaquin Experimental Range (37°5´N, 119°43´W, 210–520 m elevation, http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/ef/san_joaquin webcite) and Teakettle Experimental Forest (36°58´N, 119°1´W, 2,000–2,800 m, http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/ef/teakettle webcite). Our Tehachapi sites comprise landscapes at low (34°59´N, 118°43´W, 750–930 m) and high (34°58´N, 118°35´W, 1,600–1,700 m) elevations on the Tejon Ranch.
Figure 1. Location map of project study sites in California, USA. Temperature data recorded across the Teakettle landscape were partitioned into two categories, modeled data and verified data. The modeled data sensors were used to calculate lapse rates needed for estimating surface temperature from 17 individual locations. Verified data were collected at 29 separate locations to estimate the accuracy of the landscape surface temperature model.
We tested our microclimate downscaling approach at Teakettle Experimental Forest. The average annual precipitation here is 110 cm and falls predominantly in the winter months as snow (North et al. 2002). Over the period 1971–2000, the mean daily minimum temperature during January was -3.6°C and the mean maximum daily temperature in August was 24°C (PRISM Climate Group 2012). The forest primarily consists of mixed-conifer species, with occasional black oak (Quercus kelloggii). Native conifer species at lower elevations include white fir (Abies concolor), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi). Species such as red fir (Abies magnifica), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and western white pine (Pinus monticola) increase in abundance at higher elevations on the site (North et al. 2002).
Microclimate measurements
At the Teakettle Experimental Forest we set up 17 individual temperature sampling locations for calibration and 29 temperature sampling locations for verification using HOBO® (Onset, http://www.onsetcomp.com webcite) data loggers to record temperature every 10 minutes beginning in August 2011. A dense array of 21 temperature sensors at 0.05 m above ground was installed in a circular area 20 m in radius centered on each 5 × 5 m common garden (described below; associated plant species planted together in another environment). We deliberately sampled at high density to ensure accurate estimation of mean near-ground surface temperatures at these sites for calibration or validation of 30-m downscaled climate models. At each of six garden sites, the sensor in the center was used for calibration and the surrounding 20 sensors were used for validation by averaging them into a monthly value of minimum and maximum temperature. An additional 29 temperature recording locations were allocated across the landscape (hereafter, "landscape" sensors or locations) to capture temperature variation related to hillslope orientation and valley drainages (Figure 1). Of these 29 landscape sensors, 12 were used for calibration and the remaining 17 were used for validation. At each experimental garden and at several landscape locations, a stack of sensors recorded temperature at three vertical distances above the ground surface: 4, 2, and 0.05 m or 3, 1, and 0.05 m. One of these two vertical arrangements of temperature sensors was used to record temperature at each site and estimate the lapse rate by adjusting the z-term, the height of recorded temperature. We shielded the thermocouples (sensor used to measure temperature) at 0.05 and 1 m from direct sunlight by suspending them inside inverted white styrene funnels 10 cm in diameter. Thermocouples at 2 and 4 m heights were suspended in Onset RS3 solar radiation shields. The data loggers were tested in a climate-controlled cold storage room prior to deployment. Quality assurance and quality control methods from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System (MADIS) were used to filter out data that may have resulted from sensor drift or spiking (http://madis.noaa.gov/madis_qc.html webcite). Where there were inadequate data for the month due to sensor failure, data from that sensor were not used.
Spatial autocorrelation among the temperature sampling locations was evaluated for dispersion and clustering patterns with respect to distance using Ripley's K function with 99 permutations (Bailey and Gatrell 1995; Boots and Getis 1988). To determine the degree of autocorrelation occurring at Teakettle among recorded temperatures, the residuals of the near-ground surface temperature (Campbell) predicted from measured near-ground surface temperature (validation data) were calculated. Moran's I was used to test if these residuals were autocorrelated across Teakettle, that is, if they were spatially clustered or statistically considered random, suggesting the sampling locations could be treated as independent observations (Getis and Ord 1992).
Modeling the air temperature profile near the ground surface
We modeled the vertical temperature profile near the ground using the equation from Campbell and Norman (1998, p. 20), which is based on the theory of turbulent heat transport and assumes a uniform surface with steady-state conditions. Equation 1 from Campbell and Norman (1998) was used to estimate coefficients needed to fit the temperature profile at each of the 17 temperature recording locations with a vertical mast containing the three temperature sensors (as described above):
where T(z) is the estimated temperature at height z above the soil surface, T0 is the surface temperature, H is the sensible heat flux from the surface to the air, ρcp is the volumetric specific heat of air (1,200 J m-3 C-1 at 20°C and sea level), and 0.4 is von Karman's constant, u* is the frictional velocity, d ≈ 0.6h, where h is the vegetation height, and zH ≈ 0.02h, a roughness parameter for heat transfer.
We applied this model using the vertical temperature records to solve a system of three equations containing three unknown variables: ground-surface temperature (T0), lapse rate [A = H/(0.4pcpu*)], and vegetation height (h). First, h was estimated across a range of values ranging from 0 to 10 cm with an interval of 1 mm, and for each value of h we then solved for A and T0, providing different estimates in temperature for each h value. The best estimates of h, A, and T0 were selected using a third temperature measurement by matching the predicted temperature with the observed temperature at the highest measurement height.
Downscaling regional climate grids
We applied Equation 1 to model monthly averages of minimum and maximum temperature aggregated from daily measurements near the ground sur-face using 4-km resolution temperature grids obtained from the PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University (http://prism.oregonstate.edu webcite). The 4-km grids were downscaled to 30 m using a two-stage downscaling process, first downscaling to 800 m and then from 800 m to 30 m using digital elevation models (DEM) with 4-km, 800-m, and 30-m spatial resolutions. The downscaling method, which is described in detail by Flint and Flint (2012), fits local climate gradients using multiple regression models to predict temperature or rainfall from elevation along bi-directional (north to south and east to west) gradients and weights the regression estimate for new locations using inverse-distance-squared weighting of values from the coarser grid.
The PRISM Climate Group produces 4-km monthly grids of average minimum and maximum temperature by interpolating weather station temperature measurements using a weighted regression approach based on location, elevation, coastal proximity, topographic orientation, and other terrain effects (Daly et al. 2008). Given that the temperature measurements are typically collected at 2 m above the surface, we treat our downscaled PRISM temperature grids as modeled temperatures at a height of 2 m.
To derive 30-m grids of monthly minimum and maximum temperatures at the ground surface, we applied our estimated lapse rates for 17 locations using the following relationship, a rearrangement and simplification of Equation 1:
where T0 is the monthly estimate for either minimum or maximum ground surface temperature, TPRISM is the estimated monthly minimum or maximum temperature at z = 2 m above ground obtained from the 30-m downscaled PRISM grid for that month, A is the monthly lapse rate averaged across 18 measurement locations, and z, d, and zH are as defined above (Equation 1).
To estimate monthly minimum and maximum temperatures near the ground surface at a height of 0.05 m, we applied the following equation, a rearrangement of Equation 2:
where T(0.05) is the monthly estimate for either minimum or maximum surface temperature at z = 0.05 m, T0 is as determined from Equation 2, and A, d, and zH are as defined above (Equations 1 and 2).
We only considered snow-free months (September and October 2011 and May through September 2012), given that temperature sensors buried under snow recorded a constant temperature of approximately 0°C. We would have also included October 2012, but we had incomplete field temperature data for this month. Equations 2 and 3 assume that monthly lapse rates are uniform across the landscape. We expected that lapse rates could vary systematically on more open south-facing slopes and ridges than in canyons and north-facing slopes due to differences in surface thermal properties, local airflow patterns, daytime heating from solar radiation, and other systematic terrain effects. To refine our lapse rate estimates for modeling maximum monthly temperatures, we adjusted local lapse rates based on least-squares linear regression of lapse rates as a function of solar radiation. Modeled solar radiation was used to estimate only maximum near-ground surface temperatures and not minimum temperatures due to the variability in solar heating among aspects during the day from the sun's thermal energy. Grids of monthly clear-sky solar radiation were calculated as described in Flint and Childs (1987). Their solar model accounts for both direct and diffuse radiation and is based on solar geometry, local slope angle and azimuth, and shading effects of surrounding ridges. Average daily radiation load was calculated by summing instantaneous radiation for 360 integration points per day, with 10° resolution of the horizon for modeling shading from surrounding ridges.
Our monthly near-ground surface temperature models were verified using independent surface temperature measurements from 29 sampling locations. A least-squares regression analysis was used to compare how well the predicted model temperatures match those of the independent observed measured temperatures.
Recruitment of Quercus kelloggii seedlings
We are studying the relationship of tree recruitment to microclimate at 24 common gardens (6 gardens at each of 4 sites). We located gardens in clearings to mimic post-disturbance site conditions in two south-facing, two north-facing, and two valley topographic settings longer than 40 m across. Gardens were planted in the autumn (2011) prior to snowfall: in October at Teakettle and the Tehachapi high-elevation site, in November at the Tehachapi low-elevation site, and in December at the San Joaquin site. Jute netting was used to stabilize bare soil surfaces created during garden installation in order to reduce erosion and possible displacement of seeds.
Quercus kelloggii (black oak) seed was collected from the USDA Forest Service seed zone 533 containing Teakettle Experimental Forest and from zone 570 in the Tehachapi Mountains. Acorns were collected by hand in October 2011 from at least ten wild trees in each zone. Seeds were gathered directly from the trees and the ground, excluding seeds that were partially predated, damaged, or appeared desiccated and those that could not be detached from the cupule easily. After collection, the seeds were placed into plastic containers with perlite to prevent molding. Seeds collected at different locations within a zone were combined and mixed to ensure a consistent population-level sample when selected for planting in the gardens. Seed was stored in Ziploc® bags of perlite in groups of 50, first at 15°C and then changed to 4°C after 1 week (to suppress germination and arrest mold development). Bags of seed were monitored for mold and decay until planted in the common gardens.
In late October 2011, 25 Q. kelloggii plots were planted in a randomized complete block design in each of two replicate mono-specific plots (0.5 × 1 m) as part of the larger common garden experiment. Within the plots, seeds were planted in a grid design, 10 cm apart (50 seeds per plot), just beneath the soil surface. Measurements of height and basal diameter were made in June and August for all emerged seedlings. Recruitment was calculated as the number of seedlings alive in August.
The relationships between seedling recruitment (number surviving in August 2012) and temperature variables were fitted using quasi-Poisson Generalized Linear Models (R Core Team 2012). A quasi-Poisson model was used because the mean was greater than the variance in our recruitment data. Several temperature variables were tested to investigate which monthly maximum temperatures were most correlated with seedling recruitment, and results are shown for July average maximum temperature because this time period may include lethal temperatures and occurred just prior to the mid-August assessment of seedling recruitment. To evaluate the difference in significance of coefficients and variance explained from modeling temperature regimes near the ground versus at 2 m, we estimated and compared two simple GLMs based on observed maximum temperatures at 0.05 and 2 m above the ground surface. We fit a second-order polynomial for the temperature predictor because it captures the hypothesized unimodal shape of the temperature response curve over the range of measured temperatures in the garden experiment (Austin 2002). The dismo library (Hijmans et al. 2012) was used to apply the resulting GLMs to 30-m resolution grids of modeled maximum near-ground surface temperatures at 0.05 and 2 m height. Maps created using ArcScene (ESRI, http://www.esri.com webcite) show these distribution models of predicted Q. kelloggii seedling recruitment.
Observed minimum and maximum temperatures
Peak maximum temperatures of 47°C were recorded on July 9th near the soil surface on south-facing slopes at Teakettle (Figure 2). Summer daytime maximum temperatures were typically 8–12°C higher at 0.05 m than at 2 m at the same location (Figure 2). Maximum daily temperatures at 0.05 m were ~2°C warmer on south-facing slopes and in valleys compared to those on north-facing slopes (Figure 2). At 2 m, maximum temperatures were relatively spatially uniform across the landscape (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Representative daily mean maximum temperatures for the Teakettle Watershed study site during July 2012. Daily mean maximum temperatures at 0.05 m (dashed lines) and 2 m (solid lines) are from three experimental gardens including north-facing (blue), southwest-facing (red) and valley (green) locations.
Site-wide estimates of near-surface lapse rates for monthly maximum temperature averaged 1.20°C, but estimates varied considerably by month, ranging from 0.10 to 1.36°C. Steepest lapse rates were generally recorded during summer months. Lapse rates also varied considerably among sites and at the same site between years (Table 1).
Table 1. Estimated monthly averages of near-ground surface lapse rates (A in Equations 2 and 3; °C) used to model the vertical profile of maximum monthly temperatures at the Teakettle Experimental Watershed for September-October 2011 and May-September 2012
Compared to maximum daily temperatures, minimum daily temperatures during the summer were much more uniform across the landscape and the lapse rates were closer to zero (Figure 3, Table 2). Mid-summer minimum temperatures ranged from 5.8 to 15.6°C and were not significantly different at 0.05 vs. 2 m above the soil surface for north-facing slopes or valleys. South-facing slopes were 0.75–1.5°C warmer at 2 m above the ground surface compared to elsewhere on the landscape, often being the warmest areas of minimum temperature (Figure 3). Site-wide average lapse rate for monthly minimum temperature for all 7 months was approximately 0.15°C, ranging from 0.12 to 0.16°C. Lapse rates did not vary systematically with respect to topography, but lapse rates at individual locations tended to be consistently higher or consistently lower than site-wide averages.
Figure 3. Representative daily mean minimum temperatures for the Teakettle Watershed study site during July 2012. Daily mean minimum temperatures at 0.05 m (dashed lines) and 2 m (solid lines) are from three experimental gardens including north-facing (blue), southwest-facing (red) and valley (green) locations.
Table 2. Estimated monthly averages of near-ground surface lapse rates (°C) used to model the vertical profile of minimum monthly temperatures at the Teakettle Experimental Watershed for September-October 2011 and May-September 2012
Modeled landscape variation of near-ground surface temperature
Downscaled 30-m grids of predicted monthly minimum temperatures at 2 m above the ground surface were strongly correlated with observed minimum near-ground surface temperatures (Table 3). Similarly, estimates of minimum daily near-ground surface temperatures were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.80) with observed variation across all topographic settings (Table 3). Model predictive capacity was greatest for valleys (R2 =0.88) (Table 3). In general, observed minimum temperatures recorded in the field were found to be colder than modeled near-ground surface minimum temperatures by approximately 0.83°C.
Table 3. Squared correlation coefficients (R2) between PRISM and observed (HOBO) minimum and maximum temperatures (°C) and between observed and estimated minimum and maximum surface temperatures using various lapse rate estimation methods
Estimated monthly maximum temperature lapse rates were positively correlated with monthly solar radiation, with steepest lapse rates observed at locations receiving the highest insolation (R2 = 0.34, Figure 4). Downscaled 30-m grids of PRISM monthly maximum temperatures at 2 m above the ground surface were, as expected, not well correlated with, and systematically cooler than, recorded maximum temperatures at 0.05 m height (R2 = 0.61, Table 3). The relationship improved after applying Equations 2 and 3 to the downscaled PRISM grids using site-wide monthly estimates of A (R2 = 0.73) and was slightly further improved by adjusting lapse rate based on monthly insolation (R2 = 0.75). Overall, the model was best at predicting temperature along north-facing slopes (R2 = 0.86, Table 3). Accuracy in terms of mean absolute error between modeled and observed temperatures was 1.63°C for minimum and 3.57°C for maximum temperatures (Table 4). The progression of modeled monthly maximum surface temperatures for September-October 2011 and May-September 2012 is shown for the Teakettle Watershed study (Figure 5); hottest surface conditions across the landscape are predicted to have occurred in August and on south-facing slopes.
Figure 4. Scatterplot of integrated monthly solar radiation (MJ m-2) vs. estimated lapse rate (°C) for the near-ground surface profile of maximum daily temperatures. Linear regression equation (y = 0.002x + 0.367) with an R2 = 0.34.
Table 4. Mean absolute error between PRISM and observed (HOBO) minimum and maximum temperatures (°C) and between observed and estimated minimum and maximum surface temperatures using various lapse rate estimation methods
Figure 5. Modeled mean daily maximum temperatures for the Teakettle Watershed study site, September-October 2011 and May-September 2012, based on 4-km PRISM data that were downscaled to 30 m and extrapolated from 2 m to 0.05 m above the soil surface using lapse rates calculated from Equations 2 and 3 and then adjusted based on modeled solar radiation.
While evaluating spatial autocorrelation among the temperature sampling locations using Ripley's K function, we found the sampled pattern of temperature to be spatially random, falling within a 95% confidence envelope. The observed K function with respect to distance was neither clustered nor dispersed. The residuals, calculated as the difference between the predicted and measured near-ground surface temperatures, were not spatially clustered in any of the seven months. Moran's I for model residuals ranged from -1.02 for October 2011 to 0.05 in September 2011. P-values fell between 0.22 and 0.88, suggesting that residuals calculated for each month were neither significantly dispersed nor clustered.
Observed and modeled seedling recruitment
Maximum July temperature at 0.05 m (near the ground surface) explained more variance in recruitment than temperature measured at 2 m above the ground surface (adjusted R2 of 0.63 versus 0.41 respectively; Table 5). Further, the estimated parameters were larger in magnitude and were significant (at a significance level of alpha = 0.05) for the model based on 0.05 m temperature measurements, versus 2 m (Table 5). The response curve estimated for the temperature variable measured near the ground also more completely characterized the optimum and upper and lower limits of tolerance than the curve estimated from 2 m data (Figure 6).
Table 5. Summary of results of simple quasi-Poisson GLMs of number of Quercus kelloggii seedlings recruited (response variable) as a quadratic function of July average maximum temperature measured at two heights (temp. height)
Figure 6. Recruitment of Q. kelloggii seedlings (number of seeds surviving in August out of 50 planted) in experimental gardens as predicted by measured average July daily maximum temperature at all study sites (a) 2 m and (b) 0.05 m above the soil surface. Fitted lines are from 2nd-order polynomial quasi-Poisson GLMs based on number of recruits as the response variable. Abbreviations: TEF, Teakettle Experimental Forest; SJER, San Joaquin Experimental Range; TRF, Tejon Ranch Foothill site; TRM, Tejon Ranch Montane site.
A predictive map of seedling recruitment as a function of July maximum temperature, generated by applying the quasi-Poisson regression model to the 2-m gridded temperature dataset, shows a very smooth recruitment surface with moderately high predicted recruitment even in the upper elevation limits of the study area (Figure 7a). The map generated using the model of recruitment based on the 0.05 m temperature data shows greater topographic variation in modeled black oak seedling recruitment and generally lower recruitment probability, especially at the upper elevations of Teakettle, and higher predicted recruitment in the lower elevation areas surrounding the study area (Figure 7b).
Figure 7. Distribution models of the seedling thermal recruitment niche for Q. kelloggii for Teakettle Experimental Watershed predicted by applying quasi-Poisson GLMs to 30-m grids of modeled July maximum temperatures at (a) 2 m and (b) 0.05 m.
Evaluation of landscape-scale near-ground surface temperature estimation
Modeling and estimating temperatures near the ground surface has been important in understanding micro-refugia and assessing species vulnerability to rising global temperatures (Fridley 2009). Other studies have deployed a dense grid of temperature sensors to record fine-scale variability across the landscape among different topographic settings capturing the influence of nearby streams, soil moisture, solar insolation, and vegetation cover (Ashcroft 2010). Maps of surface temperatures have then been produced based on statistical or geostatistical modeling (Vanwalleghem and Meentemeyer 2009; Ashcroft and Gollan 2012). We have used a different approach that combines spatial downscaling of monthly PRISM data to produce 30-m grids of air temperatures at 2 m, followed by calculation of near-ground surface temperatures using the observed temperature lapse rates and modeled solar insolation. The Campbell and Norman model used to estimate near-ground surface temperature is based on a comprehensive model of surface energy balance often used in climate forecasting to estimate surface heat fluxes (e.g., Holtslag and Van Ulden 1983).
Our findings demonstrate that landscape-scale estimation of minimum and maximum near-ground surface temperature is feasible through the combination of downscaled conventional climate datasets, vertical temperature profile interpolation methods, and field calibration data. Accuracy in terms of mean absolute error between modeled and observed temperatures was generally better for minimum than maximum temperatures, likely due to greater fine-scale variability in maximum temperature lapse rates. Lapse rates calculated from field temperature sensors varied more, spatially and temporally, for monthly maximum near-ground surface temperature than for minimum near-ground surface temperature. Maximum near-ground surface temperature is highly heterogeneous and varies not only by topographic aspect and slope steepness, but is further complicated by soil and ground cover albedo, which absorbs or reflects solar radiation. Furthermore, gaps in canopy cover attenuate solar radiation before it reaches the ground causing differences in surface temperatures (Fridley 2009).
Model accuracy was highest on north-facing slopes. Although Dobrowski (2011) reported that aspect has little direct effect on minimum temperature, the increased solar radiation on south-facing slopes and ridgelines may interact with the dry soil conditions during summer months at Teakettle and promote stronger divergence from the regional temperature patterns characterized in large-scale climate datasets. The ridgeline regions at Teakettle make up a relatively small area compared to other sampled landscapes. Consequently, we had only one temperature recording location that captured ridgeline variability, making it more difficult to estimate near-ground surface temperatures along mountain ridges. Locally, north-facing slopes experience the smallest amount of solar radiation and the most canopy shading and, therefore, the narrowest fluctuations in temperature and lapse rates compared to the other sites. To better understand patterns of near-ground surface temperatures in mountainous regions we plan to add temperature recording stations that capture the vertical temperature profile at our other three other research sites, San Joaquin Experimental Range and Tehachapi low and high elevation landscapes. With these additional temperature recording sites, near-ground surface temperature models will support models of tree seedling recruitment in all project study areas, allowing us to better link topographically influenced micro-scale climate to macro-scale tree species range dynamics.
Numerous studies have shown that including topographically based variables to account for cold air pooling, particularly those pertaining to water drainage and accumulation, improves estimation of temperature across the landscape (Lookingbill and Urban 2003; Lundquist et al. 2008; Dobrowski et al. 2009). Bigg et al. (2012) demonstrated that cold air pooling occurs throughout the year and is strongest and most frequent during summer and autumn in a study of the Peak District of central England. Notably, these cold air pooling events occurred at small scales, approximately 0.5–1 km. In mountainous landscapes such as Teakettle, knowledge of small-scale patterns of cold air pooling could enable spatial predictions of climate refugia, which in this case would act as small sanctuaries decoupled from regional climate regimes for more cold-adapted species (Daly et al. 2010).
Implications for species distribution modeling
Landscape-scale estimation of near-ground surface temperatures makes possible microclimate modeling for plant seedlings or other species that experience climate at the ground surface. Plant seedlings must endure the surface level microclimate to become established individuals, meaning exposure to considerably warmer temperatures than those that are found at just a couple of meters above ground. Conventional climate datasets (e.g., PRISM) based on mean maximum temperatures measured at 2 m insufficiently represent the magnitude and variability of maximum temperatures at the ground surface. Furthermore, hot and cold temperature spikes may be lethal to certain species during critical life stages, but inadequately described within mean temperature datasets (Bateman et al. 2012; Reyer et al. 2013) regardless of temperature measurement height. Use of such datasets to predict distributions of species that experience ground surface microclimate could produce misleading results and misinform management strategies.
In the case of the black oak, for a seedling to survive the first growing season, several ecophysiological requirements must be met: acorns require thermal stratification (Burns et al. 1990); adequate moisture and temperatures must occur in the springtime for germination and emergence from the soil; enough nutrients and light energy must be available for growth beyond seed stores; and seedlings must survive possible late frosts or lethally hot surface temperatures during a long summer drought period. As a direct (e.g., thermal energy for chemical processes; lethal stem temperatures) or indirect (proxy for soil drydown) driver, it stands to reason that July maximum temperature would be an important predictive variable in oak recruitment. Although black oak has been studied in silvicultural settings (e.g., McDonald 1978), and foundational research by Griffin (1971) documented life history traits such as seed set and germination and differences in seedling emergence in foothill woodland microhabitats, the literature on black oak seedling ecology is not extensive (Tyler et al. 2006). Our results are consistent with prior findings, including those of Standiford et al. (1991), that solar radiation (which covaries with slope-aspect and temperature) is a significant factor in explaining the probability of seedling regeneration.
Our experiment underscores the importance of near-ground surface temperatures for black oak seedling recruitment (Figure 7). Species distribution models (Franklin 2010) generally map suitable habitat for adult individuals of species, but it cannot be assumed that juveniles establish and survive under the same conditions (Ibanez et al. 2007; Jackson et al. 2009; McLaughlin and Zavaleta 2012), nor that the spatial distribution of suitable microhabitats for juveniles across landscapes is the same as that of adults.
Our study demonstrates the importance of including ground surface microclimate in predicting future species distributions in response to climate change. Montane landscapes contain considerable microclimatic variability that could provide important refugia for species threatened by climate change. Refugia are often identified as areas of overlapping suitable habitat between existing and projected future species distributions or sometimes as areas outside current suitable habitat that are expected to become suitable in the future (e.g., Franklin et al. 2013). The concept of climate change refugia has drawn attention in recent discussions of conservation responses to climate change (Ashcroft 2010; Keppel et al. 2012; Keppel and Wardell-Johnson 2012). Yet despite this attention, the role of climate-species relationships during early life stages in identifying and conserving potential refugia has received insufficient consideration due to the common assumption that climate-species relationships are static throughout the lives of individuals (McLaughlin and Zavaleta 2012 is an exception). Therefore, conservation of plant species under climate change could depend on our ability to model the responses of species to ground-surface microclimate. This study represents a step forward in both modeling ground-surface microclimate at relatively fine scales and understanding how this fine-scale variability may influence plant seedling survival and govern landscape and regional patterns of future species distributions.
Climate models, such as PRISM, that are based on temperature measured at 2 m above the ground surface require estimated lapse rates if they are to be used to model ground-surface temperature. Temperatures near the ground surface tend to be more extreme and heterogeneous than above-ground temperatures due to the differences in albedo, soil moisture, and vegetation density near the ground. Having a network of temperature sensors that capture the vertical temperature profile and are distributed among different topographic settings allows us to better understand microclimate variability with respect to near-ground surface temperature.
Modeling tree species recruitment as a function of near-ground surface temperature provided insight on how a species might establish across the landscape with respect to fine-scale microclimate variability. Modeling maximum temperatures at the ground surface, a potentially harsh environment that acts as a fine filter through which tree seedlings must pass to establish successfully, can better explain the heterogeneity found in the recruitment pattern of black oak compared to traditional temperature measurements made at 2 m above the ground surface.
DEM: Digital elevation model; GLM: Generalized linear model; MADIS: Meteorological assimilation data ingest system; NOAA: National oceanic and atmospheric administration.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
JD, AF and LEF designed the approach to estimating ground-surface temperature; JD and IM implemented and validated the method and analyzed the sensor network data; FWD and LS designed and implemented the common garden experiment and sensor network. LS and JF developed the seedling recruitment models. JD, FWD, LS and IM developed the first draft and all authors contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We gratefully acknowledge funding support from the National Science Foundation Macrosystems Biology Program, NSF #EF-1065864, and thank our collaborating investigators (A. Hall, L. Hannah, M. Moritz, M. North, K. Redmond, H. Regan, A. Syphard). The manuscript was improved by comments from H. Regan. S. McKnight and A. Shepard coordinated field site set-up, while E. Conlisk, S. Dashiell, L. di Scipio, E. Hopkins, A. MacDonald, K. Maher, J. McClure, P. Prather, E. Peck, R. Swab, and W. Wilkinson contributed to data collection and maintenance of the common gardens and field sensors. We thank the USDA Forest Service and Tejon Ranch Company for access to field sites. P. Slaughter has been instrumental with development of the field data processing system and database ingest software. Lastly, we would like to thank The Earth Research Institute staff at UC Santa Barbara for their assistance and support.
Ackerly DD, Loarie SR, Cornwell WK, Weiss SB, Hamilton H, Branciforte R, Kraft NJB (2010) The geography of climate change: implications for conservation biogeography. Diversity Distrib 16:476-487 Publisher Full Text
Ashcroft MB (2010) Identifying refugia from climate change. J Biogeogr 37:1407-1413
Ashcroft MB, Gollan JR (2012) Fine-resolution (25 m) topoclimatic grids of near-surface (5 cm) extreme temperatures and humidities across various habitats in a large (200 x 300 km) and diverse region. Int J Climatol 32:2134-2148
Austin MP (2002) Spatial prediction of species distribution: an interface between ecological theory and statistical modelling. Ecol Model 157:101-118 Publisher Full Text
Bailey TC, Gatrell AC (1995) Interactive spatial data analysis. Harlow, UK: Longman Scientific & Technical.
Bateman BL, VanDerWal J, Johnson CN (2012) Nice weather for bettongs: using weather events, not climate means, in species distribution models. Ecography 35:306-314 Publisher Full Text
Bigg GR, Wise SM, Hanna E, Mansell D, Bryant RG, Howard A (2012) Synoptic climatology of cold air drainage in the Derwent Valley, Peak District, UK. Meteorol Appl..
Boots B, Getis A (1988) Point pattern analysis, vol 07–001. Sage University paper series on quantitative applications in the social sciences. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Burns RM, Honkala BH (t c) (1990) Silvics of North America, vol 1, conifers and vol 2, hardwoods. USDA, Washington DC: USDA Forest Service Handbook.
Campbell G, Norman J (1998) Introduction to environmental biophysics. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Chen JQ, Saunders SC, Crow TR, Naiman RJ, Brosofske KD, Mroz GD, Brookshire BL, Franklin JF (1999) Microclimate in forest ecosystem and landscape ecology—variations in local climate can be used to monitor and compare the effects of different management regimes. Bioscience 49:288-297 Publisher Full Text
Collins RJ, Carson WP (2004) The effects of environment and life stage on Quercus abundance in the eastern deciduous forest, USA: are sapling densities most responsive to environmental gradients? For Ecol Manage 201:241-258 Publisher Full Text
Daly C, Halbleib M, Smith JI, Gibson WP, Doggett MK, Taylor GH, Curtis J, Pasteris PP (2008) Physiographically sensitive mapping of climatological temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States. Int J Climatol 28:2031-2064 Publisher Full Text
Daly C, Conklin D, Unsworth M (2010) Local atmospheric decoupling in complex topography alters climate change impacts. Int J Climatol 30:1857-1864
Davis FW, Sweet LC (2012) From mountain microclimates to the macroecology of tree species distributions in California. Cirmount 6:2-5
Davis MB, Shaw RG (2001) Range shifts and adaptive responses to Quaternary climate change. Science 292:673-679 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Dobrowski SZ (2011) A climatic basis for microrefugia: the influence of terrain on climate. Glob Chang Biol 17:1022-1035 Publisher Full Text
Dobrowski SZ, Abatzoglou JT, Greenberg JA, Schladow SG (2009) How much influence does landscape-scale physiography have on air temperature in a mountain environment. Agr Forest Meteorol 149:1751-1758 Publisher Full Text
Flint AL, Childs SW (1987) Calculation of solar-radiation in mountainous terrain. Agr Forest Meteorol 40:233-249 Publisher Full Text
Flint LE, Flint AL (2012) Downscaling future climate scenarios to fine scales for hydrologic and ecological modeling and analysis. Ecol Process 1:1-15 BioMed Central Full Text
Franklin J (2010) Mapping species distributions: spatial inference and prediction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Franklin J, Davis FW, Ikegami M, Syphard AD, Flint LE, Flint AL, Hannah L (2013) Modeling plant species distributions under future climates: how fine scale do climate projections need to be? Glob Chang Biol 19:473-483 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Fridley JD (2009) Downscaling climate over complex terrain: high finescale (< 1000 m) spatial variation of near-ground temperatures in a montane forested landscape (Great Smoky Mountains). J Appl Meteorol Climatol 48:1033-1049 Publisher Full Text
Getis A, Ord JK (1992) The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geogr Anal 24:189-206
Gomez-Aparicio L, Perez-Ramos IM, Mendoza I, Matias L, Quero JL, Castro J, Zamora R, Maranon T (2008) Oak seedling survival and growth along resource gradients in Mediterranean forests: implications for regeneration in current and future environmental scenarios. Oikos 117:1683-1699 Publisher Full Text
Griffin JR (1971) Oak regeneration in upper Carmel Valley, California. Ecology 52:862-868 Publisher Full Text
Hijmans RJ, Phillips S, Leathwick J, Elith J (2012) dismo: species distribution modeling. R package version 0.7-17.
http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dismo webcite
Holtslag AAM, van Ulden AP (1983) A simple scheme for daytime estimates of the surface fluxes from routine weather data. J Clim Appl Meteorol 22:517-529 Publisher Full Text
Ibanez I, Clark JS, LaDeau S, Hille Ris Lambers J (2007) Exploiting temporal variability to understand tree recruitment response to climate change. Ecol Monogr 77:163-177 Publisher Full Text
Jackson ST, Betancourt JL, Booth RK, Gray ST (2009) Ecology and the ratchet of events: climate variability, niche dimensions, and species distributions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:19685-19692 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Kearney M, Porter W (2009) Mechanistic niche modelling: combining physiological and spatial data to predict species' ranges. Ecol Lett 12:334-350 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Keppel G, Van Niel KP, Wardell-Johnson GW, Yates CJ, Byrne M, Mucina L, Schut AGT, Hopper SD, Franklin SE (2012) Refugia: identifying and understanding safe havens for biodiversity under climate change. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 21:393-404 Publisher Full Text
Keppel G, Wardell-Johnson GW (2012) Refugia: keys to climate change management. Glob Chang Biol 18:2389-2391 Publisher Full Text
Kolb PF, Robberecht R (1996) High temperature and drought stress effects on survival of Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Tree Physiol 16:665-672 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Lenoir J, Gegout J-C, Pierrat J-C, Bontemps J-D, Dhote J-F (2009) Differences between tree species seedling and adult altitudinal distribution in mountain forests during the recent warm period (1986–2006). Ecography 32:765-777 Publisher Full Text
Lookingbill TR, Urban DL (2003) Spatial estimation of air temperature differences for landscape-scale studies in montane environments. Agr Forest Meteorol 114:141-151 Publisher Full Text
Lundquist JD, Pepin N, Rochford C (2008) Automated algorithm for mapping regions of cold-air pooling in complex terrain. J Geophys Res Atmospheres 113:
Ma S, Concilio A, Oakley B, North M, Chen J (2010) Spatial variability in microclimate in a mixed-conifer forest before and after thinning and burning treatments. For Ecol Manage 259:904-915 Publisher Full Text
Mahall BE, Tyler CM, Cole ES, Mata C (2009) A comparative study of oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) seedling physiology during summer drought in southern California. Am J Bot 96:751-761 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
McDonald PM (1978) Silviculture-ecology of three native California hardwoods on high sites in north central California. Corvallis: Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science. p 309
McLaughlin BC, Zavaleta ES (2012) Predicting species responses to climate change: demography and climate microrefugia in California valley oak (Quercus lobata). Glob Chang Biol 18:2301-2312 Publisher Full Text
North M, Oakley B, Chen J, Erickson H, Gray A, Izzo A, Johnson D, Ma S, Marra J, Meyer M, Purcell K, Rambo T, Roath B, Rizzo D, Schowalter T (2002) Vegetation and ecological characteristics of mixed-conifer and red-fir forests at the Teakettle Experimental Forest. PSW-GTR-186. Albany, CA: USDA Forest Service.
Randin CF, Engler R, Normand S, Zappa M, Zimmermann NE, Pearman PB, Vittoz P, Thuiller W, Guisan A (2009) Climate change and plant distribution: local models predict high-elevation persistence. Glob Chang Biol 15:1557-1569 Publisher Full Text
Reyer CPO, Leuzinger S, Rammig A, Wolf A, Bartholomeus RP, Bonfante A, de Lorenzi F, Dury M, Gloning P, Abou Jaoude R, Klein T, Kuster TM, Martins M, Niedrist G, Riccardi M, Wohlfahrt G, de Angelis P, de Dato G, Francois L, Menzel A, Pereira M (2013) A plant's perspective of extremes: terrestrial plant responses to changing climatic variability. Glob Chang Biol 19:75-89 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Rosenberg N, Blad B, Verma S (1983) Microclimate: the biological environment. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Standiford R, McDougald N, Phillips R, Nelson A (1991) South Sierra oak regeneration weak in sapling stage. Calif Agr 45:12-14
Stohlgren TJ, Bachand RR, Onami Y, Binkley D (1998) Species-environment relationships and vegetation patterns: effects of spatial scale and tree life-stage. Plant Ecol 135:215-228 Publisher Full Text
Tsujino R, Yumoto T (2007) Spatial distribution patterns of trees at different life stages in a warm temperate forest. J Plant Res 120:687-695 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Tyler CM, Kuhn B, Davis FW (2006) Demography and recruitment limitations of three oak species in California. Q Rev Biol 81:127-152 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Vanwalleghem T, Meentemeyer RK (2009) Predicting forest microclimate in heterogeneous landscapes. Ecosystems 12:1158-1172 Publisher Full Text
Williams SE, Shoo LP, Isaac JL, Hoffmann AA, Langham G (2008) Towards an integrated framework for assessing the vulnerability of species to climate change. PLoS Biol 6:2621-2626 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Zavala MA, Espelta JM, Retana J (2000) Constraints and trade-offs in Mediterranean plant communities: the case of holm oak-Aleppo pine forests. Bot Rev 66:119-149 Publisher Full Text


text:
Kellan Lutz who plays Emmett Cullen in "Twilight" and "New Moon" recently visited the set of "Seventeen" Magazine. In this video interview (below), he ate some delicious cookies and talked about how great "New Moon" is going to be.
He said you're gonna get to see Taylor Lautner with his shirt off, and the he's trying to beat him up,but it will never happen,jokingly. He concluded with saying that Chris Weitz, the director,and the whole cast did a great job,and that everyone is gonna be really stoked to see "New Moon" come to life.
Get cool "New Moon" stuff by Clicking Here

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Vino @ the Village
Village Pointe restaurants along with Funny Bone Comedy Club and Brix host their 4th Annual Vino at the Village Wine Tour, Thursday, May 26th from 5-9pm. Nikki Boulay, will be broadcasting LIVE for Vino at Village Pointe located on 168th & Dodge, from 4-6 pm. Come out & visit the Star 104.5 table for your chance to win some great prizes. Also, enjoy red & white drink selections along with signature appetizers at each of the six host locations: Kona Grill, Johnny's Italian Steakhouse, Cheeseburger in Paradise, Firebirds Wood Fired Grill, Funny Bone Comedy Club and Brix. See you there!
Occurs once: May 26, 2011 (4:00 PM to 6:00 PM)


text: "Cool Wool garments are manufactured from lightweight Merino wool fabrics with a maximum weight of 190 g/m² and a maximum mean wool fibre diameter of 22.5 micron. The fabric/garment surface is clean and smooth. Cool Wool Fabrics and garments carrying the Woolmark are normally 100 per cent Pure New Wool but can include blends of wool with fine animal fibres. For fabrics and garments where wool is blended with other natural fibres (cellulosic or silk), the Cool Wool label is used in conjunction with the Woolmark Blend logo. The inclusion of elastane-type filaments to impart stretch characteristics to the fabric is permitted."


text:
Watkins Memorial's Robert Speaks tightens his grip on Licking Heights' Dereck Wilson during their 152-pound match this past Friday.
- Filed Under
Robert Speaks has a bit of varsity experience.
It shows as the Watkins Memorial sophomore is off to a solid start this season. He controlled his matches this past Friday in the East Side Quad, beating opponents from Licking Heights, 9-3, and Reynoldsburg, 8-0.
Speaks' spot, however, is far from secure. It has made every day in the practice room a competition, and Speaks has met the challenge head on. ...


text:
Narrow your search
A new infographic lines up Frodo's sword, the Ghostbusters' proton pack, Dorothy's ruby slippers, and more in order of (astronomical) price paid.
A recently discovered and very unusual white dwarf star is so chilled out, it is essentially a giant floating piece of bling.
Unlike conventional laptops or tablet PCs, the PSR has two touch-screen displays.
In this week's installment, a wireless provider's disgruntled ex-employee finds his Google searches used against him.
Utilities Updates: Tex-Edit Plus; Jiggler; iPaste; PSR; Fax Status
Preferences Files: The Complete Story (Part V); How .plist files become corrupt and troubleshooting the results
Utilities Updates: PSR; ShapeShifter; CopyPaste-X; Deja Vu; iPhoto Buddy; Audio Hijack Pro
Troubleshooting Tools: Printer Setup Repair
New and Noteworthy: iMac beauty skin-deep; iTunes Affiliates; MSN Music; iMac for business


text:
- Filed Under
Visitors to Asheville lured to our fair city by a thriving craft brewing industry that has resulted in multiple designations as "Beer City USA" might hit town these days and think that another municipal signage mishap has occurred. Not to worry - this is not a matter of the ''r'' peeling away from the sign like the vinyl on those ill-fated way-finding markers purchased by the Tourism Development Authority a few years back.
The newly planted placard proclaiming that Asheville is "Bee City USA" is right on the honey?, er right on the money. Thanks to the enterprising efforts of a locally based organization called the Center for Honeybee Research, Asheville is officially named the nation's inaugural "Bee City USA."
The group of Western North Carolina beekeepers became alarmed at dramatically declining populations of bees, which are primarily responsible for pollinating the plants that provide the nation's fruits, vegetables and grains. To help draw attention to the importance of bees in the ecosystem and to reward those towns that meet a series of standards designed to help protect honeybees and other pollinators, the research center developed the Bee City USA program.
And what better place to reveal the template than right here at home? That was the thinking of Phyllis Stiles, director and founder of Bee City USA. "We live in a real special part of the world where we have very committed beekeepers," Stiles says.
A small crowd of around 30 people swarmed to downtown Asheville near the City/County Plaza last Monday to watch the ceremonial unveiling of the Bee City USA sign. And while some cynics have downplayed the event as tantamount to winning a contest that nobody else bothered to enter, we think the increased attention being brought to the plight of the honeybee is to be commended.
Experts point to the dramatic and mysterious decimation of bees - especially honeybees - from the American landscape over the past several years, a phenomenon known as "colony collapse disorder." Scientists blame a combination of factors for the problem, including habitat loss, increased use of pesticides, viruses, bacteria and a parasitic mite.
Pesticides and habitat loss in particular are a focus of the efforts of the local honeybee research group. "We believe that it's important to enhance pollinator habitat," Stiles says. "That means we use pesticides as carefully as we can, preferably not at all."
It's easy enough to shrug off a dwindling bee population as signaling nothing more than a few less buzzing insects at your backyard barbeque or a drop in the likelihood of getting stung while weed-whacking around the flowering bushes. But when you stop to smell the roses and consider that bees are necessary to pollinate those roses - not to mention the crops that supply food for much of the world - the value of bees to humankind comes into sharper focus.
That's why the Center for Honeybee Research was founded in 2011, says director Carl Chesick, who has called Asheville home for more than 30 years. "The bees are really important to people, and if the bees can't make it in this world, people aren't going to be able to make it either," Chesick says. "We want the center to be the world hub for all things 'bee,' and it's a pretty grandiose goal, but I think it's reachable."
The group is off to an admirable start, winning the approval of Asheville City Council for the Bee City designation in July of last year. Officials from several other towns and cities have contacted the group seeking information about how to earn the title, which requires the endorsement of a set of standards "for creating sustainable habitats for pollinators."
The key word there is "pollinators." Although the designation is Bee City USA, the program also stresses the importance of other plant pollinators, including wasps, yellow jackets, butterflies, moths, hummingbirds and even bats. Obviously, Pollinator City USA doesn't have quite the same ring to it.
So, Bee City USA it is, right alongside Beer City USA. Although we do find ourselves wondering if perhaps the local root vegetable farmers might have another designation in mind for our city in the future. Beet City USA, anyone?


text:
November 27, 2015
Keasha Mathis is a senior at Owsley County High School where she has a 3.8 GPA.
Keasha is a member of the Beta Club and the track and field and cross county teams. She is also a member of the Fellowship of Christian Students.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text: Monica (Jones) Hill Age 84, passed away March 3, 2013 at Ivy Trace in Danville, IN after 5 years of loving care. She will be missed by her family at Ivy Trace. She was born June 16, 1928 in Bideford, England and was raised in Ilfracombe, North Devon England. She married GM3 Herbert V. Hill Jr. on June 16, 1945 while he was stationed in England during WWII in the United States Navy. She loved gardening, bird watching, and traveling to England to see her family. She is survived by daughter, Beverly Riggen; son Michael Hill; two grandsons, Matthew Riggen and Rhys Hill; two sisters, Delores Ballam and Thelma McKay; and one brother, John Jones. She was preceded in death by her husband, Herbert V. Hill Jr. and sister, Valerie Jones. She was a member of Connection Pointe Christian Church where she was actively involved in Golden Cheer and Ruth's Circle. Visitation will be from 10am-Noon on Wed. March 6 at Connection Pointe Christian Church, Brownsburg, with funeral services there at Noon. Burial will be in Brownsburg Cemetery. Contributions may be made to The American Heart Association at www.americanheart.org


text:
Police appeal after Bath student returns home half naked and without her handbag
Posted: February 14, 2013|
Bath police are appealing for the public's help after a student returned home half-naked and without her handbag.
It is not yet clear if the 21-year-old woman was the victim of an assault, but officers are asking people to help them fill in the gap.
She arrived back at her house in the early hours of last Wednesday morning missing a pair of turquoise shorts zipped at the back, a pair of black tights and a pair of leopard print knickers.
Police had also been looking for a green WWF bag with a panda on the front, a Nokia Lumia mobile phone, a Bath Spa University identity card, a passport, a national insurance card and a Santander bank card.
They had asked for help in finding the items but they have now been located not far from her home.
But police would still like to know what happened to the woman and have been looking through CCTV footage.
Anyone who has any information is asked to call Bath CID and quote reference 14705/13.


text:
will do thanks robby
Printable View
will do thanks robby
Has this plugin been updated yet as per = http://www.mp3car.com/vbulletin/rr-p...-updating.html
Well the source is in the first post, so it wouldn't be too difficult to update it. ;)
Excuse me i'm blind,thanks E.
I don't code but i'm gonna have a look anyway.
If Robby hasn't done it by the time I sort out my hibernation issues I will make the necessary changes
A new version (1.10) as been released in the first post of this thread.
Cheers mate. :)
Robby, I installed the new version but the screen is not poping up anymore when in reverse. I can manually bring it up with "PDC" command but not automatically when in revers.
Reinstalled the last version and it pops up just fine when in reverse.
Can you confirm that ?


text:
27 Newsfirst has learned that the victim of a fiery crash was a prosecutor of the Fayette County Attorney's Office.
Fayette County Attorney Larry Roberts says he spoke with the parents of Brian Mattone, 40, last night.
"He was the epitome of a public servant," Roberts said. "He loved helping people.'
Roberts says he was notified about the crash by a colleague, and was called to the scene late last night.
"I knew it was him, he never misses work," Roberts said.
Investigators say Mattone's white SUV somehow went off Old Frankfort Pike, near US 62 in Woodford County, and slammed into a tree. The SUV burst into flames, making it difficult to identify the victim. The Woodford County coroner confirmed Mattone's identity late Thursday afternoon.
"He will be very difficult to replace and he will be greatly missed in this office," ended Roberts.
Mattone served as the First Assistant County Attorney since 2006. Prior to working with the County Attorney's office, Mattone worked as a prosecutor at the Fayette Commonwealth Attorney's Office. He also worked in the criminal division of Fayette District Court. He also attended law school at the University of Kentucky.
Investigators say speed may be a contributing factor in the crash. Police will also be reviewing toxicology reports from the Medical Examiner's Office when they become available.


text:
A Helmet Patch to Measure Blasts
Researchers are developing a cheap, lightweight plastic strip that can be worn on a soldier's helmet to help diagnose brain injury.
Since the start of the war in Iraq, soldiers have returned home at an alarming rate with a highly complex battlefield injury: traumatic brain injury (TBI). The injury, which is frequently caused by the blast from an improvised explosive device (IED) or rocket-propelled grenade, can be difficult to detect and diagnose. The difficulty is made worse because the number and severity of the blasts to which a soldier has been exposed are often unknown.
In an effort to understand brain injuries, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) has awarded a $5 million, three-year contract to the Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) to develop a strip of plastic that can be "taped" onto a soldier's helmet to measure his or her exposure to explosions. The tape, which will cost less than a dollar per strip, is a flexible plastic substrate that will contain printed electronics, analog memory, and sensors. It will record seven days' worth of information, which will then be transferred to a soldier's medical record. The disposable tape will be replaced.
IEDs emit shock waves–waves of air pressure–that travel at around a thousand feet per second, or close to the speed of sound. Such an explosion can cause severe brain damage, which often goes undiagnosed until weeks after a soldier's return home. "TBI is going to be the signature injury of the war, but to understand it, we need the data," says Kevin "Kit" Parker, an assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Harvard University and a U.S. Army Reserve captain who served in southern Afghanistan from 2002 to 2003.
Last year, the U.S. Army awarded a million-dollar contract to Simbex, of Lebanon, NH, to build sensor-studded helmets, but the technology is cost prohibitive and has not made it to the battlefield.
The sensor tape being developed by PARC will be fabricated using its ink-jet printing technology, a patterning technique developed for large-area electronics, such as flexible, flat-panel displays, RFID tags, solar cells, and electronic paper. To print the components–electronics, memory, and sensors–on the tape, the ink-jet printer will deposit solution-processed materials, including organic semiconductors, polymer dielectrics, and metal nanoparticles, on a plastic substrate.


text:
The exchange reflected the obstacles remaining to a full nuclear agreement with Iran that would put to rest concerns that Tehran may be interested in atomic arms.
Iran and six world powers are now working on a comprehensive deal that highlights sanctions relief in exchange for an agreement by Tehran to substantially scale back nuclear programs that could be turned toward making a bomb.
On Wednesday, U.S. envoy Joseph Macmanus told the IAEA's 35-nation board that clearing up suspicions that Iran worked on nuclear arms "will be critical" to any final accord meant to give Tehran full final sanctions relief.
Tehran denies wanting—or working on—such weapons, and Iranian IAEA delegate Reza Najafi said Wednesday that his country does ''not recognize" the allegations.
Iran is ready to work with the IAEA on its suspicions, but such ''claims are baseless" he told reporters.


text:
Free Exhibition Trade Visitor Registration
Pre-registration as a Trade Visitor to the LNG 17 Exhibition has now closed, however you can still attend. Please register onsite at the LNG 17 Exhibition from 9am on Wednesday 17– 19 April. Entry to the LNG 17 Exhibition is free.
The LNG 17 Exhibition will be the largest global exhibition for the natural gas industry in 2013. Held only once every three years, it is the not-to-be-missed event for natural gas industry professionals.
LNG 17 Exhibition is your effective opportunity to do business with over 350 companies exhibiting from around the world and network with the thousands of delegates and trade visitors who attend from over eighty countries.
LNG 17 also offers a range of free seminars on the exhibition floor. These include the LNG for Transport Pavilion, showcasing the rapidly developing use of LNG as a fuel and, the Gas Recruitment, Education and Training Pavilion (GREaT) for ideas on new career opportunities and training.
Opening hours for the LNG 17 Exhibition are:
Wednesday 17th April 9:00am – 6:00pm
Thursday 18th April 9:00am – 6:00pm
Friday 19th April 9:00am – 5:15pm
For further information on visiting the LNG 17 Exhibition, please contact Hugh Fletcher on firstname.lastname@example.com or call 713 853 8483.


text:
American Pie Presents Band Camp (2005)
R | Video | | Comedy | 26 December 2005 (USA)
Ratings: 5.0/10 from 51,274 users
Reviews: 145 user | 41 critic
Matt Stifler wants to be just like his big bro, making porn movies and having a good time in college. After sabotaging the school band, he gets sent to band camp where he really doesn't like it at first but then learns how to deal with the bandeez.
Director:Steve Rash
Writers:Adam Herz (characters), Brad Riddell
Stars:Eugene Levy, Tad Hilgenbrink, Arielle Kebbel | See full cast and crew »
|Watch Trailer 0Share...


text:
Daily Deals: From fictional football heroes to steamy love letters, four...
Belong to Me by Marisa de los Santos. $ 1.99
From the Jacket Copy:
Cornelia Brown surprised herself when she was gripped by the sudden, inescapable desire to move to the suburbs with her husband. Her mettle is quickly tested by her impeccably dressed, overly judgmental neighbor Piper Truitt—the embodiment of everything Cornelia feared she'd find in suburbia. With Lake, another recent arrival, Cornelia shares a love of literature and old movies—as she forms an instant bond with this warm yet elusive woman and her perceptive, brilliant young son Dev.
Acclaimed bestselling author Marisa de los Santos's literary talents shine in the complex interactions she creates between three unforgettable women, deftly entangling her characters in a web of trust, betrayal, love, and loss that challenges them in ways they never imagined.
AmazonBNSonyKoboBook DepositoryAREAppleGoogle
The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver. $ 1.99
From the Jacket Copy:
Clear-eyed and spirited, Taylor Greer grew up poor in rural Kentucky with the goals of avoiding pregnancy and getting away. But when she heads west with high hopes and a barely functional car, she meets the human condition head-on. By the time Taylor arrives in Tucson, Arizona, she has acquired a completely unexpected child, a three-year-old American Indian girl named Turtle, and must somehow come to terms with both motherhood and the necessity for putting down roots. Hers is a story about love and friendship, abandonment and belonging, and the discovery of surprising resources in apparently empty places.
Available for the first time in mass-market, this edition of Barbara Kingsolver's bestselling novel, The Bean Trees, will be in stores everywhere in September. With two different but equally handsome covers, this book is a fine addition to your Kingsolver library.
AmazonBNSonyKoboBook DepositoryAREAppleGoogle
Balls by Nanci Kincaid. $ 1.99
From the Jacket Copy:
BALLS is the story of a college football coach, his rise, his fall, and his fallback position. You could say BALLS is the story of a coach's kick-off, his first, second, and third downs . . . and his punt. But BALLS is a coach's story that belongs to the coach's wife. To her, and to his mother, his mother-in-law, his daughter, his assistants' wives, his players' mothers and girlfriends, and even his players' grandmothers. It's the women standing behind this handsome football hero who tell the story behind the headlines of Mac Gibbs, Birmingham University coach Catfish Bomar's star quarterback, who married Dixie Carraway, the beautiful homecoming queen.
Set in Alabama, home state of the legendary Paul "Bear" Bryant, BALLS is told by fifteen women and one little girl touched by Mac Gibbs's fall from fame as a college quarterback to infamy as head coach of the Birmingham University Black Bears. It's told in those women's voices, from their seats in the stands. They watch the other women, worry when players are slow to get up off the ground, pray when players are carried off on stretchers. They don't care much for the "science" of the game–or its brutality. They see football as it really is–sexy, dirty, sweaty, painful, empowering, corrupt.
The story they tell is often funny and not always pretty, as the view from deep inside rarely is. This is a novel that moves with the force of a fourth down charge, and shimmers with the tears of the women waiting outside the locker-room door when the game is lost. The author, twice a head coach's wife, knows whereof she writes so brilliantly. She also knows a lot about love. And BALLS is, above all, a love story.
AmazonBNSonyKoboBook DepositoryAREAppleGoogle
Willow Springs by Toni Blake. $ 1.99.
From the Jacket Copy:
Amy Bright might be the best matchmaker in Destiny, Ohio, but she's desperately shy when it comes to her own love life—and helpless when it comes to Logan Whitaker, with whom she's head-over-heels in love. So Amy decides to become Logan's secret admirer, sending him sensual love letters steamy enough to unseal their own envelopes.
After a tragedy on the job, firefighter Logan is battling demons. Thank goodness Amy is there for him. But when a woman from Logan's past resurfaces right as some anonymous letters send Logan's pulse hammering, suddenly he doesn't know what he needs. One smoking-hot kiss could change everything . . . but will it ruin a one-of-a-kind friendship, or show Logan and Amy that they've already found everything they need, right here in Destiny?
AmazonBNSonyKoboBook DepositoryAREAppleGoogle


text:
As critic Kent Jones noted, the progression of digital technology has made it much easier and cheaper to shoot two people in a room talking but no simpler to direct a period piece. That makes the success of Fort McCoy, a low-budget film set in the summer of 1944, all the more impressive. It was obviously a labor of love for co-director Kate Connor, who also wrote the script, co-produced, and acted in a role she based on her grandmother. Barred from serving in the Army because of his age, Frank Stirn (Eric Stoltz) gives haircuts to the soldiers and POWs at the base/prison camp near his home in rural Wisconsin. One of the POWs, a Nazi SS officer, stalks his wife (Connor.) Meanwhile, her Catholic sister (Lyndsy Fonseca) falls in love with Sam, a Jewish soldier (Andy Hirsch.) It's hard for HD video to simulate the look of Technicolor, but Fort McCoy does its best to resemble an old-school Hollywood film. The colors are bright and saturated. It's just a little too explicit -- in language and violence -- to have actually been made in 1944. (It was shot in 2010, and it has taken four years to get a theatrical release.)
Without any sense of the present as a utopia superior to the past, Fort McCoy shows how World War II opened up opportunities to women and Jews. If the film has a major flaw, it's the profusion of subplots in a 100-minute running time. Still, it is a real accomplishment.
Find capsule reviews, showtimes & tickets for all films in town.


text:
Survivors of Abusive Residential Programs for Children for Human Rights in Behavioral, Emotional and Mental Healthcare.
Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth (CAFETY) is a member-driven advocacy organization, led and driven by those with direct experience in residential care and our allies. We promote and secure the human rights of youth in or at risk of residential placement.
- For more information, please see CAFETY's accomplishments, Annual Reports page, FAQ's and bylaws.
Not yet a member? Join the movement now!
Our 'Care NOT Coercion' Campaign
CAFETY believes every child, including children exhibiting emotional and behavioral differences, have the right to live with family and be included in their community. Therefore, we categorically oppose the discriminatory segregation and isolation of children on the basis of such differences. We actively promote alternatives to institutionalization and combat placement by conducting investigations and issuing reports addressing systemic issues that perpetuate the myth that children who are struggling or different do not retain the same right to live with family and to be included in their community as other children.
We build off the strength of our community and provide empowerment opportunities for survivors and capacity building by providing material resources and technical assistance in support of local and national educational and advocacy. We provide essential support through holistic advocacy and leadership trainings, opportunities for collaboration and learning among local leaders, and provide the resources necessary to build impactful, comprehensive advocacy and educational campaigns. Our trainings uniquely target the individual, interpersonal and societal challenges survivors of institutional trauma encounter when engaging in this personal advocacy work. Survivors go on to lead our chapters, participating in all areas of our systemic advocacy work, in promoting our message of care.
CAFETY's "Care, NOT Coercion Campaign" works to increase awareness of states that house residential programs that are coercive and operate under a philosophy or use practices that undermine the dignity of youth. The primary focus of our campaign is to address one of the inherent risks of institutionalization – the use of torture, abuse and coercion to change the behavior of our nations most vulnerable - its children. Many states do not have adequate regulation in place or do not effectively monitor residential programs. Some facilities escape regulation entirely. Our goal is to ensure that all states and the federal government meet their obligations in accordance to those rights under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Children's Rights Convention.
The members of CAFETY envision the day that no young person is harmed in the name of treatment and when youth are empowered to be equal partners in their own care.
As CAFETY members, we have come to know the suffering of those confined in residential programs and are moved to act.
- We provide support for program survivors through outreach, advocacy, and the sharing of common experiences.
- We acknowledge that present policies addressing the needs of youth struggling with social, emotional, and behavioral challenges are inadequate in scope and reach.
- We advocate for measures that would effectively help youth and families remain together and find treatment in their community.
- We recognize that some youth are inappropriately institutionalized and seek to prevent this type of segregation from the community.
- We also believe that, in the event youth are placed in an out-of-home setting appropriately, the basic human rights of youth must be protected.
- Appropriate care includes protection from harm and access to treatment by a qualified professional that is transparent, confidential, and non-coercive. It also means holding providers accountable for the services they provide.
Read more here:
Join the Conversation
Organization Information
PO Box 1319
New York, NY 10163
Survivors of Abusive Residential Programs for Children for Human Rights in Behavioral, Emotional and Mental Healthcare.
Reports: Guidestar
Donation Levels
for this Cause
Anyone can set up a fundraiser for this charity. It's quick. It's easy.
And it's free!


text:
French Style Baby Bedding
Custom Toddler & Crib Bedding
*Free Personalization!
Turn the Eiffel Tower into a bridge to France itself. Set it against fireworks for your baby to marvel at. Pave the path
for the hunchback, or bring the warmth of fresh-baked bread and countryside castles with vineyard moats to the crib. Let your child wake up and smell the cappuccino and sweet croissants or put your baby to bed with two kisses. This French Style Baby Bedding may send all of you packing before too long.


text:
Watch Web Series. | Online | Free
Soap Starlet Jill Larson (All My Children) is currently writing a new web series called The Vindicated, about three women who are at a point in their lives where they are without their male counterparts for different reasons.
Views: 138
Add a Comment


text:
Vanilla is a product of Lussumo:
Documentation and Support.
1 to 15 of 15
However, the animation style was very uneven: at certain points it was incredibly convincing, and others it just suddenly looked awful for no reason I could explain.
Opinion warning: I really loved the kind of "reverse Hero's Journey" (a la Joseph Campbell) in the metacontext. Instead of a boon from the Other World, Beowulf brings back a curse - his deal with Grendel's Mother.
I did not like 300 at all though.Me either. It was a silly hodgepodge of every war movie cliche ever.
In my opinion, Zemeckis is a third-rate knock off of Spielberg, whose own place as a hack was confirmed by War of the Worlds.
I love Kubrick, his images are incredible. Barry Lyndon was amazing ,Full Metal Jacket was way better than Apocalypse now and Clockwork Orange was
one of the most important films of my life.
1 to 15 of 15


text:
For those looking for a quick fix on this cloudy Monday evening, it may help to know that this is National Margarita Day. Although there seems to be some discrepancy about where and when the margarita originated, this just makes for a better story.
One story names socialite Margarita Sames of Acapulco as the inventor of the cocktail in 1948. It is said that she was trying to take the edge off on a arid, hot day so she decided to experiment with the drink. She mixed Tequila Herradura with Cointreau and fresh lime juice, and named the drink after herself.
But according to "Mr. Boston's Official Bartender's Guide," Francisco Morales is the inventor of the margarita and he claimed he created it six years prior to Margarita Sames. He called it Margarita because in Spanish, it means daisy.
Still, there are at least four others who have claimed to be the mixed drink's inventor, the earliest dating back to Mexico City in 1934.
Whatever the story may be, the margarita is a tastey cocktail all the same. it consists of ½ ounces of tequila, 1 ounce of Cointreau or Triple Sec, ½ ounce of lime juice and a lime wedge or garnish.
Americans consume about 185,000 margarita cocktails per hour, according to Tequila Herradura, a tequila producer. That truly is amazing, considering that America is said to be the largest market for tequila, beating out its birthplace, Mexico.
By Alandria Powell


text:
Enter your email address and start getting breaking law firm and legal news right now!
|Free Market Evaluation - Send us your resume and we will give you free feedback
Morrison Foerster Adds Partner in New York Office View Count: 150
Spencer Klein has joined the corporate practice of Morrison & Foerster as a partner in its New York office. Klein, who was previously with O'Melveny & Myers, will co-head MoFo's mergers and acquisitions practice.
In addition to M&A issues, Klein's practice also focuses on high-profile corporate governance matters. He is also a frequent advisor for U.S. and multinational companies across multiple industries.
Keith Wetmore, chairman of Morrison & Foerster, explained the addition in a press release.
"A core element of our strategy is the continued growth and development of our corporate and capital markets practices, particularly in New York," Wetmore said. "The addition of Spencer advances our ambitions for corporate practice growth…and represents an important expansion of our strong M&A capabilities across the firm."
Morrison & Foerster is a global firm with over 1,000 lawyers in technology and financial centers in the U.S., Europe and Asia.Morrison Foerster Adds Partner in New York Office by joshua
Tagged: corporate law, corporate practice law, Keith Wetmore, lateral hires, mergers and acquisitions, mofo, Morrison & Foerster, new partners, new york law offices, O'Melveny & Myers, o'melveny & myers, spencer klein


text:
For Sale: Beach Penthouse With Panoramic Views
Perched above the ocean, the stunning contemporary home boasts impressive water and skyline views from every room.
New York Hearst Penthouse Perfect for Suits of Armor
Before newspaper baron William Randolph Hearst built his grand castle in San Simeon, CA, he made his real estate mark in a penthouse in New York City.
Russell Simmons' Home Returns to the Market for $11 Million
The Lady Liberty penthouse has spent quite a bit of time on the Manhattan real estate market.
Anderson Cooper Lists Fashion District Penthouse for $3.75 Million
Anderson Cooper's apartment is a former manufacturing space completely transformed by the talk-show host and news anchor into a sleek bachelor pad.
Oprah's, or Gayle King's, NY Penthouse Hits the Market
Oprah's home is on the market for
Joan Rivers' Apartment Back on the Market with Price Increase
Joan Rivers' luxe penthouse is back on the market for $4.5 million more.
Jennifer Aniston Buys West Village Penthouse for $5.9 Million
While her masterpiece home "Ohana" still sits on the Beverly Hills real estate market, actress Jennifer Aniston has purchased a […]


text:
I haven't been running lately because I can't figure out this injury. I am 14 years old, 95 pounds, 5'3, and I have been running for 4 years in cross country. I've gone to sectionals 3 times and I'm going into high school. I have a pain that runs up and down my shins when i am running. I has gotten so bad that my legs would shake after a race of practice. I couldn't deal with it so I went to a doctor for an x-ray to see if I have shin splints. They said there is no sign of shin splints. I decided to take a break for a while. My shins continued to hurt with the little running I had to do during P.E. and it has been six months since I went out running. I got new running shoes from Dick Ponds to help with my flat feet. The other day, I decided to go out for a slow jog to ease back into things.I did my stretches and warm-up and started to run. I didn't make down the street and my shins were hurting. I had to walk back to my house because I was afraid to injure them anymore. I would really appreciate your advice on what it is and how to treat it. I was really looking forward to running in high school. Please help.
You're young (lucky! ) and shin splints are normal with a lot of exercise. Get your feet and calves super strong , shin splints will be gone
------ ♥ ------ † ------ ♥ ------ † ------ α & Ω ----- ♥ ------ ∞ ------ † ------ ♥ ----- † -----
US military veteran. 30+ yrs. basketball, baseball, skiing, weights. Have endured myriad injuries and through natural healing & prayer overcome them. 46 yrs young and play basketball,weight train and run six days a week. "I can do ALL things through Christ who strengthens me." 6'2, 206 lbs. ps: iphone and iPad auto-correct are very error prone in Hoopla forum text editor
I ran with this pain in my leg for most of the cross country season so about 2 months. My coach didn't push me hard in practices with this going on. If I stand on my legs for like 4 hours while doing something, I can feel the pain coming.


text:
Hot Gossip
Romance rumor du jour: New funnyman for Amy Poehler?
- Photo: WireImage1 of 22
- Photo: Dean, Bryan/NPG2 of 22
- Photo: Jordan Strauss/Invision/Invision/AP3 of 22
- Photo: Steve Granitz/WireImage4 of 22
- Photo: Rocstar/Fame Flynet5 of 22
- Photo: Peter Kramer/Invision/AP6 of 22
- Photo: Peter Kramer/Invision/AP7 of 22
- Photo: Charles Sykes/Invision/AP8 of 22
- Photo: DAN STEINBERG/Invision/AP9 of 22
- Photo: Fame Flynet10 of 22
- Photo: Dean, MRM/NPG11 of 22
- Photo: Kevin Mazur/WireImage12 of 22
- Photo: Jeff Vespa/WireImage13 of 22
- Photo: George Pimentel/WireImage14 of 22
- Photo: Kevin Mazur/WireImage15 of 22
- Photo: Lester Cohen/WireImage16 of 22
- Photo: John Sciulli/WireImage17 of 22
- Photo: Jeff Vespa/WireImage18 of 22
- Photo: Eric Charbonneau/WireImage19 of 22
- Photo: John Shearer/WireImage20 of 22
- Photo: Kevin Mazur/WireImage21 of 22
- Photo: Teach/Fame Flynet22 of 22
By Kat Giantis
Sign of a rebound or just a chummy meal between comedic colleagues? The New York Post has made a tiny hop to conclusions after Amy Poehler was spied out to dinner with actor and comedian Nick Kroll last Friday night in Los Angeles.
The sublime "Parks and Recreation" star, 41, who split from Will Arnett in September after nine years of marriage (sniffle), apparently looked "cozy" with Kroll, 34, as they sat across from each other at a "small table."
"No one really recognized them," says a spy of Leslie Knope and her dining companion, who has made a couple of memorable appearances on "Parks" as the latter part of an offensive, fart-laden radio show duo called "Crazy Ira & the Douche." He might also inspire a "Hey, it's that guy" moment from his turn on "The League" and, most recently, as Nick's hair-grabbing brother on "The New Girl."
According to the paper, this wasn't the pair's first date, although their reps remain tight-lipped.
Poehler and Arnett have remained on friendly terms since the breakup and reportedly spent Christmas together with their sons, Archie, 4, and Abel, 2.
Get out the vote
- button.LOL
- button.AWW
- button.OMG
- button.MEH
Most Watched on Wonderwall
Duggar Dish
Get the Duggar dish on Replay hosted by Wonderwall's Kirby Kristen.Watch Video »
Best Beach Bodies
As the temp cools down, heat things back up by checking out the best beach bodies of 2015!Watch Video »
Aussie Babe
Sofia Vergara poses in a revealing neon bikini while her "Modern Family" castmates hit the beach in Australia on Celebs Gone Social.Watch Video »
Life With Toast
@TheFatJewish chats life with his Instagram-famous pooch @ToastMeetsWorldWatch Video »
'Just Friends'
In honor of the 10th anniversary of "Just Friends," check out how the stars of the film have changed.Watch Video »
Fashion Offenders
Fergie, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Heidi Klum all get an F on this week's Fashion Offenders.Watch Video »


text:
Dance Trance 2015 - Lexington KY - Contra Dance Weekend
Featuring Nor'easter and Sue Rosen calling
Fri-Sun, Jun 12-14, 2015
Dance Trance 2015 is over. For 2016 we will have the Free Raisins with Adina Gordon calling, Jun 10-12. Look for a flyer in December.
Dance Trance is a contra dance weekend in Lexington, KY, produced by the Lexington Traditional Dance Association. For 2015 we have the 20th annual Dance Trance. See Dance Trance and Swing Shift archive for past performers.
For 2015 - Dance Trance 2015, 12-14 June 2015, will feature Nor'easter and Sue Rosen calling. Sound will be set up by Tony Hernandez.
Location - Dance Trance is held at Morton Middle School, 1225 Tates Creek Rd, Lexington KY. Some workshops are held at nearby Barbara Ann's School of Dance. (Click on links for Google maps.)
Registration - Dance Trance 2015 flyer PDF includes registration information. Call Michael French at 859-552-5433 if you have questions.
Housing with Local Dancers - Dance Trance 2015 flyer PDF includes signup for housing with local dancers. Housing is currently full - requests will be added to our wait list.
Friday, June 12, 20158:00p-11:30p - contra dance with Sue Rosen and Nor'easter
|Morton Gym
|Morton Foyer
|Morton Classroom
|Barbara Ann's Upstairs
|Barbara Ann's Downstairs
|9:45a - 11:00a
|Hambo Workshop
leaders - Richard King, Fran Belvin
band - Nathan Wilson and Elise Melrood
|Dance Style Workshop
leader - Dennis Wise
Connection, timing, expression, emotion, energy.
|Yoga Workshop
leaders - Leah VanWinkle, Mirra Shapiro
|11:15a - 12:30p
|Waltz Workshop
leaders - Barbara Ramlow, Michael French
band - Nathan Wilson and Elise Melrood
|Caller Workshop
leader - Sue Rosen
band - Deborah Colón and Kristen Planeaux
|Shaker Dance and Song Workshop
leader - Miranda Brown
|Flatfoot Workshop
leader - Paul Anderegg
|12:30p - 1:30p
|Recorded Music
|Drum Circle
leaders - Jaki Wilsun, Joyce Thomas
Bring a drum if you can, or use one of ours.
|1:30p - 3:00p
|English Country Dance
caller - Sue Rosen
band - Nor'easter
|Musicians Jam Session
leader - Deborah Colón
|Ukulele Jam Session and Sing Along
leaders - Joyce Thomas, Ginny Taylor
Bring your ukulele or just bring your voice.
|Couples Dance
band - Nathan Wilson and Elise Melrood
|3:15p - 5:15p
|Contra Dance
caller - Liz Natter
band - Dreamdance
Lunch is on your own.
Please reference this page as www.dancetrance.ltda.ws .
This page is maintained by Cary Ravitz for the Lexington Traditional Dance Association .
Last modified 10:15 PM, 5 Aug 2015 - File size 9K - Count 45836