text:
Site Access Controls
Fermilab has an electronic gate system to control access to the site. You can apply for an access card and tag at the Key and ID Office. The Key and ID Office is located on the ground floor crossover of Wilson Hall - between the east side and west side elevators (WHGNX). Your access card and tag will allow you to enter and exit through either Batavia Road or Pine Street at any time.
Until you obtain your access card and tag, you will have several options on how to enter the site. During normal working hours, ticket dispensers will be working at both entrances, and during rush hours a guard may be present. If no guard is present, enter through the visitor gate and get a ticket. (Both entrances have a visitor and an employee gate.) When you use a ticket to enter, you must leave through the same gate you entered. If you experience any difficulties, you may use the intercom, located by each exit gate. Press the button on the intercom and you will be connected to the Comm Center.
During off hours you will need to contact the Communications Center in order to enter the site if you don't have an access card and tag. The intercom by each ticket dispenser will connect you to the Communications Center. They will ask you some questions in order to determine your business on the site. They will then allow you to enter.
Registration as an Experimenter
To become an experimenter at Fermilab, you must officially register with the laboratory and receive your identification card. You should register on the first working day after you arrive. To register, go to the Users' Office, on the first floor of Wilson Hall, West side, (WH1W), open Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
When you register, you give basic information about yourself, your home institution and your experiment at Fermilab. You need to certify that your medical insurance is valid while you are at Fermilab. You also need to receive basic training in key Fermilab safety policies and procedures.
Fermilab policy calls for users' home institutions to sign a document called a ěUser Facility Class Waiverî covering rights in patents developed at Fermilab. If your institution has not yet signed such a waiver, the Director's Office arranges for a responsible officer of your institution to sign one.
After you register, you will receive authorization to get an identification card and the keys you need from the Key and ID Office. Your ID card is valid for two years or for the duration of your medical insurance, whichever is less. When you receive your ID card, we ask you to keep it with you while you're at Fermilab. You'll need it to make stockroom withdrawals, for example.
After you receive your Fermilab ID, you may request an account on the central computers operated by the Computing Division (ext. 8118). You can access account requests forms on the Internet at http://www.fnal.gov/cd/main/forms.html or on the eighth floor crossover of Wilson Hall.
Some large experiments, such as CDF and DZero, also require experimenters to register with the experiment.
The laboratory needs to maintain clear, direct and consistent communication with each experiment at every stage from proposal to conclusion. The scientific spokesperson serves as the primary link between the laboratory and the experiment. Thus, every group of experimenters at Fermilab must designate a scientific spokesperson; some experiments choose to designate co-spokespersons. Large experiments may also have Fermilab Managers who serve as head of their respective experiment's Fermilab department in the Particle Physics Division (PPD). The responsibilities of the spokesperson and/or the PPD Department Head for the scientific, technical and ES&H aspects of the experiment must be clarified in a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) or Project Management Plan with the laboratory. Members of the laboratory staff often need to discuss an urgent matter with a responsible member of an experimental group concerning safety, scheduling or operation of an experiment. Each spokesperson of an experiment should identify its management structure along with a clear chain of command regarding who is to be contacted in various situations. This includes identifying a project manager, an operations manager, a department head, a building manager, or a physicist-in-charge, whom the Laboratory can contact quickly.
Working with the Particle Physics Division and the Beams Division
For each experiment, either the Beams Division or the Particle Physics Division serves as the host division for coordinating the needs of the experiment. Experimenters will work closely with one or both Divisions during all stages of their experiment including planning, design, and set-up of experiments. There are technical experts as well as technical facilities available for help. In addition, Building Managers are assigned to every building at Fermilab. Building managers are responsible for ensuring compliance with all the relevant ES&H rules and codes. To accomplish this, they coordinate ES&H-related work in their buildings. Experimenters should work closely with building managers to make sure their work complies with ES&H standards.
Beams Division
The Beams Division operates and upgrades Fermilab accelerators and beamlines, providing particle beams for both fixed-target and colliding-beam experiments. The Beams Division Headquarters are located in the Cross Gallery (ext. 4468).
Associate Beams Division Head for Systems. The Associate Beams Division Head for Systems helps make the proposal impact statements required for all experiments. This person serves as initial point of contact between the Beams Division and the experimenters until the Beams Division appoints a liaison physicist.
Communication on the Beam. Each Monday, the All Experimenters' Meeting presents short-range and long-range schedules of accelerator operations, the intensity distribution of beams, and a weekly summary of accelerator performance. This meeting provides an opportunity for an open discussion of operations, problems and special considerations. Experimenters may contact the Main Control Room or the relevant Beams Division ěRun Coordinatorî directly for questions concerning accelerator operations or beam operations. TV Channel 13 displays the current accelerator status and beam-intensity distribution.
Particle Physics Division (PPD)
The Particle Physics Division provides management and technical resources for the construction and operation of particle physics experiments. The division head serves as the initial point of contact for new experiments. The division office is located at WH8W (ext. 3200). Within PPD, large experiments have their own PPD Departments, while smaller experiments, or those in the very early stages of development, reside in the Experimental Physics Projects Department.
Safety Inspections. The division conducts regular safety inspections of buildings and experiments.
Office Space. Office space for experimenters is arranged through relevant departments and the Particle Physics Division office.
Engineering. Engineering and other technical specialists within the Particle Physics Division are available for general technical consultation and may participate in the necessary ES&H reviews required for the Operational Readiness Clearance or Operational Permit. Division technical support must be identified and approved in advance.
Detector Construction Facilities. The Particle Physics Division operates facilities to build experimental apparatus. Experimenters must identify and get prior approval for use of the technical resources they need.
Installation. The Particle Physics Division oversees the rigging, electricians and other trades to install experiments. Outside contractors often provide these services, collectively called ěT & Mî (for ětime and materialsî).
Survey and Alignment. To ensure accuracy in installation, experimenters designing apparatus should consult the Alignment Group during the design phase on the method of alignment, the required accuracy and the need for fiducial marks.
Operational Readiness Clearance. Each PPD experiment, including test beam studies, must obtain an ORC from PPD before operating all, or any part of, the experiment's apparatus. ORCs are also required during the test phase for partially complete systems. ORC is a sign-off checklist showing that various aspects of the experiment have undergone and passed an ES&H review by the division, that the experiment has provided all specified documentation, and that the division and the spokesperson have jointly conducted a final ES&H walkthrough. See Chapter 2 for more details.


text: Leading Taiwanese operator Chunghwa Telecom needed to improve its IT infrastructure to cope with a business explosion brought about by its Hami+ Personal Cloud services. HP ProLiant BL460c Gen8 blade servers and VMware were the answer. - Chunghwa Telecom powers into market for cloud services - Case study - 4AA4-7213ENW.pdf

subset: commoncrawl


text:
SP Tulsian, sptulsian.com advice traders to enter in JM Financial at current levels.
CEO, sptulsian.com
Expertise : Equity - Fundamental ,IPO
SP Tulsian, sptulsian.com advice traders to enter in JM Financial at current levels.
Tulsian told CNBC-TV18, "JM Financial, since it has been ruling quite low and you again have the hopes of some corporate developments happening and I don't think that there is any risk in entering at the current level because last year we have seen the stock moving to as high as Rs 40 and now it is ruling close to about Rs 15. So one can take a plunge into JM Financial maybe with a view of about couple of months, but I won't be too comfortable with Indiabulls Financials or any other financial stocks.
He further added, "ADAG stocks are only pure trading interest and if you just want to have a positive view, I will keep that positive view only on Reliance Infra . I am keeping my negative and cautious view on Reliance Power . I don't see any reason for that stock to move up. Same thing is for Reliance Capital also because ahead of Q1 results again the apprehensions all starts building up and R Comm one can take as the second best stock after the Reliance Infra, but again nothing, no serious news flows coming in, so a pure trading bump we are seeing in all ADAG stocks."
READ MORE ON SP Tulsian, sptulsian.com, JM Financial, ADAG stocks, Reliance Infra, Reliance Power, Reliance Capital, R Comm
Set email alert for
video of the day
Dont see mkt going anywhere now; like Bharat Forge: Dipen


text:
Provincial Noxious. Perennial.
Canada thistle has purple (sometimes white) flowers, smaller than
most thistle flowers, and spiny, dark-green, oblong leaves growing directly
from the stem. Mature plants can be 0.3 to 2 metres in height and have
both horizontal and vertical roots. This is the only thistle with male
and female flowers on separate plants.
This thistle infests crops, pastures, rangelands, roadsides, and riverbanks.
It spreads rapidly through horizontal roots (rhizomes) that give rise
to shoots and can form dense patches and virtual monocultures. Thistle
thickets can restrict recreational access to infested areas.
Canada thistle prefers rich loam soil, ample precipitation, and
is somewhat shade intolerant, but it has adapted to a wide range of environmental
conditions. It is widespread in all areas of British Columbia, and is
considered a major concern in the Omineca and Peace River regions.
Plants average about 1,500 seeds per plant which do not usually remain
viable after three years. However,
plants spread efficiently through horizontal roots.
the PDF file for information on this weed
and its management: 2-4 pages (>200K)


text:
Here is the ETF Professor's ETF Watch List for Thursday October 18, 2012.
Earnings plays: Guggenheim Airline ETF (FAA) and the iShares Dow Jones Transportation Average (IYT).
The First Trust Dow Jones Internet Index Fund (FDN) should be worth a look.
Keep an eye on the Consumer Staples Select Sector SPDR (XLP).
Emerging markets plays of the day: Global X FTSE Colombia 20 ETF (GXG), SPDR S&P China ETF (GXC) and EGShares India Small-Cap ETF (SCIN).
Currency play of the day: ProShares UltraShort Euro (EUO).
Bond play of the day: Market Vectors High-Yield Muni ETF (HYD).
(c) 2012 Benzinga.com. Benzinga does not provide investment advice. All rights reserved.


text:
|Risk factors for type II endoleaks after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
MedLine Citation:
|PMID: 18199208 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE
|BACKGROUND: Endovascular repair has been shown to be superior to open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm in terms of aneurysm-related survival. However, endovascular repair has its own unique complications such as endoleak. Type II endoleaks may be associated with aortic rupture. We attempt to identify patient variables associated with the development of endoleaks and hence facilitate their early identification. METHODS: Endovascular repair was carried out for non-ruptured, infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. Patients underwent preoperative computed tomography and angiography and were followed up with computed tomography and/or ultrasound scan at 1, 3 and 6 months and yearly thereafter. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to identify any patient factors associated with the risk for developing an endoleak. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients were included in the study (12 female : 89 male). Age 59-93 years. Mean follow up was 20.2 months. Type II endoleaks developed in 26 (25.7%) patients. Fifteen cases resolved during follow up, three of which required secondary intervention. Nine cases persist. No aneurysms ruptured. The presence of patent inferior mesenteric artery (P < 0.001) and sac enlargement (P = 0.001) were associated with development of endoleak as was diabetes in a multivariate model (P = 0.005). History of smoking (P = 0.01) was a protective factor. The presence of four or more lumbar arteries (P = 0.55) was not associated with increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to identify individual patient risk factors associated with risk for developing type II endoleaks and it may be possible to modify screening practice as a result. The association between patent inferior mesenteric artery preoperatively and endoleak is further confirmed. Spontaneous sealing of endoleaks is common and rupture is rare. Early intervention is not mandatory.
|Ranjana Warrier; Robert Miller; Rick Bond; Ian K Robertson; Peter Hewitt; Alan Scott
Related Documents :
|19769808 - Percutaneous access with closure devices and iliac extension limbs allows safe repair o...
11491268 - Ischemic transverse myelopathy after endovascular repair of a thoracic aortic aneurysm.
17107368 - Review of interventional repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm.
12075388 - Ischemic jejunal stricture following endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair -- a...
133788 - Pulmonary arterial pulsus alternans secondary to primary pulmonary hypertension.
22231788 - Successful surgical treatment of intravascular ultrasonography catheter entrapment.
Publication Detail:
|Type: Journal Article
Journal Detail:
|Title: ANZ journal of surgery Volume: 78 ISSN: 1445-2197 ISO Abbreviation: ANZ J Surg Publication Date: 2008 Jan-Feb
Date Detail:
|Created Date: 2008-01-17 Completed Date: 2008-03-27 Revised Date: -
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 101086634 Medline TA: ANZ J Surg Country: Australia
Other Details:
|Languages: eng Pagination: 61-3 Citation Subset: IM
|Department of Surgery, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia. firstname.lastname@example.com
Export Citation:
|APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex
|MeSH Terms
Age Factors
Aged, 80 and over
Angioplasty / adverse effects*
Aorta, Abdominal*
Aortic Aneurysm / complications, radiography, surgery*
Follow-Up Studies
Middle Aged
Risk Factors
Sex Factors
Treatment Failure
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Previous Document: In vitro comparison of three different mesh constructions.
Next Document: Inferior vena cava filters and lower limb flap reconstructions.


text:
Born: November 12, 1944
Died: February 28, 2013
Joseph Bennett Stewart
Joseph Bennett "Joe Boy" Stewart age 68, of Live Oak, FL passed away Thursday, February 28, 2013 at North Florida Regional Medical Center in Gainesville, FL following a courageous battle with cancer. He was born in Jacksonville, FL living all of his life in Live Oak. Joe boy better known by his family and friends worked for PCS for many years as an electrician. He loved spending time cruising the Suwannee River and water-skiing behind his boat named "Trouble". He was inducted into the SHS Athletic Hall of Fame in 2012 as part of the 1962 football team and was a member of the Westwood Baptist Church.
He was predeceased by his parents Jessie and Melba Stewart.
Survivors include two sisters, Bonnie Culver, Jacksonville, FL; Jean Johnson, Live Oak.
Visitation was held Monday, March 4, 2013 one hour prior to the services from 1:00 to 2:00 PM at the funeral home.
Graveside services were held at 2:00 PM in the Live Oak Cemetery with Dr. Jimmy Deas officiating.


text:
We created Pandora to put the Music Genome Project directly in your hands
It's a new kind of radio –
stations that play only music you like
El Komander
Rios was born in Sinaloa, Culiacan, and studied formal composition in the Mexican traditional styles of cancion, nueva cancion, banda, and mariachi. He began performing locally where he attracted the attention of label talent scouts due to his flamboyant style and poignant, rowdy songs that were at the spearhead of the Latin alternative movement.
Rios' recorded debut was the live En-Vivo!-Desde-Badiragato! on La Disco Records in 2006. He released El Katch in 2009, which boasted the hit single "Nomas por Ser Sinaloense." With a rigorous touring schedule, as well as help from radio, El Katch was a smash. This was followed by Archiv Privado in 2010, Y Seguimos La Borrachera in 2011, and the live Desde Zapopan (En Vivo) in 2012,which was re-released with bonus tracks in 2013 and added the hit single and video "Cuernito Armani." ~ Thom Jurek, Rovi
Selected Discography
Track List: El Katch
Track List: Belico
Track List: Cazador
Track List: Desde Zapopan (En Vivo)
Track List: Detras Del Miedo
Track List: En Vivo Desde El Nokia
Track List: En Vivo Desde La Sierra De Culiacan Con Guitarras Pajueleras
Track List: Y Seguimos La Borrachera
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A fan of u !!!


text: Planck telescope brings Universe into focus Science 21 March 13 by David Cornish ESA and the Planck Collaboration A map detailing the oldest light in our Universe has been released by the European Space Agency (ESA), revealing previously unknown features that "challenge the foundations of our current understanding of the Universe".The incredible image is based on 15 and a half months of data captured by ESA's Planck space telescope, whose mission it is to study relic radiation left over from the Big Bang. Planck, which observes wavelengths between 0.3mm and 11.1mm (broadly covering the far-infrared, microwave, and high frequency radio domains), has been able to construct the most accurate picture to date of cosmic microwave background (CMB) -- providing cosmologists and astronomers with new insights into the evolution of the Universe since its "birth" 13.82 billion years ago.Planck has been detecting the tiny temperature fluctuations of CMB that scientists believe were imprinted shortly after the birth of the Universe, around 380,000 years after the Big Bang. By reading these temperature fluctuations, Planck is able to reveal the slightly different densities in the fabric of the Universe, that eventually became stars and galaxies.An immediate result of the new image is that it confirms the standard model of cosmology used by scientists to describe the fundamental traits of our Universe. "Since the release of Planck's first all-sky image in 2010, we have been carefully extracting and analysing all of the foreground emissions that lie between us and the Universe's first light, revealing the cosmic microwave background in the greatest detail yet," explained George Efstathiou of the University of Cambridge. As well as providing "excellent confirmation" of the standard model of cosmology at an "unprecedented accuracy", this latest image also improves our understanding of some previously held theories. Foremost is the suggestion that the Universe is expanding more slowly than previously thought (at 67.15 kilometres per second per megaparsec to be precise), and is actually 100 million years older than former estimates.Another surprising find revealed by the new map is an asymmetry in the average temperatures found on opposite hemispheres of the Universe. Previously, the standard model of cosmology supposed that the Universe was homogeneous and isotropic, appearing to have similar properties at most points. In addition to this newly found temperature difference is the confirmation of a cold spot, previously noticed by Nasa's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), a predecessor to ESA's Planck. When launched in 2001, WMAP detected the cold spot around the constellation Eridanus, but questions over the quality of the data meant that it was largely ignored. This cold spot is actually much larger than previously thought, and could well indicate that light rays from the CMB have taken a far more complicated route through the Universe than previously thought."The fact that Planck has made such a significant detection of these anomalies erases any doubts about their reality; it can no longer be said that they are artefacts of the measurements. They are real and we have to look for a credible explanation," said Paolo Natoli of the University of Ferrara, Italy. This could see cosmologists going back to the drawing board to work out why light has travelled through this cold spot in such a way.The map has also shed new light on our understanding of what the Universe is made up of. Ordinary matter, which makes up stars and galaxies, contributes to 4.9 percent of the mass/energy density of the Universe -- 0.4 percent more than previously thought. The amount of dark matter has also increased over previous estimates, now thought to be 26.8 percent of the total mass of the Universe, up from 22.7 percent. Dark energy, the "mysterious force" thought to be responsible for accelerating the expansion of the Universe, makes up the remaining 68.3 percent of cosmic recipe."With the most accurate and detailed maps of the microwave sky ever made, Planck is painting a new picture of the Universe that is pushing us to the limits of understanding current cosmological theories," said Jan Tauber, ESA's Planck Project scientist.The ESA will publish a series of scientific papers describing the new results on 22 March, in which Planck's findings will further clarify our understanding of the standard model of cosmology. Edited by Liat Clark Latest on wired.co.uk


text:
Jerry Jones: Tony Romo's back surgery 'was not dramatic'; 'All thumbs are up on Tony'
Jerry Jones gave his latest update on Tony Romo's back surgery during a Friday morning radio interview.
The Dallas Cowboys owner and GM said a week ago that he anticipated Romo would be recovered and back on the field in time for the team's organized team activities in the spring.
Jones sounded just as optimistic on Friday.
"He got the kind of immediate relief that you would want him to get," Jones said on 105.3 The Fan [KRLD-FM]. "And as I've said, the nature of his injury and the nature of what it took to repair it, if you will, was not dramatic. It was not something that would give you concern on a going forward basis, so all thumbs are up on Tony."
Romo, who turns 34 in April, has only missed one start over the last three seasons. The Cowboys quarterback had a procedure to remove a cyst from his back last April and had surgery last Friday to repair a herniated disk.
Follow Jon Machota on Twitter: @jonmachota
Source: Dallas Cowboys special teams coordinator Rich Bisaccia interviewing for Washington Redskins head coaching job
Cowboys holding strong, still haven't allowed Marinelli to interview with Bucs
Looking to the future: the Dallas Cowboys and their 12 free agents
Cowlishaw: There is no reason for Cowboys to keep Monte Kiffin
Cowboys free agents (plus Garrett, Kiffin, Callahan): Keep 'em or let 'em go


text:
November 3, 2011 By Eric Reagan 1 Comment
Filed Under:
jean says
March 9, 2014 at 10:16 am
i have one like this canon 30-300mm
a need to sell it for 38000$
reason need to buy arri camera
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text:
Twilight Breaking Dawn author addressed new 6th Twilight movie rumors. As previously reported, Twilight Saga author Stephenie Meyer reportedly got very upset over the new,6th Twilight movie rumors. Now,according to Breakingdawnmovie.org, Stephenie has addressed that by saying,she has no issues with Lionsgate/Summit Entertainment. "Far from being a negative thing, it's actually a very nice feeling to know that both Lionsgate and Summit would like to make another Twilight movie if I were ever to write another Twilight book."
After that, she thanked the studios for their support,and said, "I look forward to working for the first time with new friends at Lionsgate and working again with my old friends at Summit!" Working again? Hmm, maybe their is another Twilight movie in the future. Who knows?
The Variety reporter,who originally reported that Stephenie Meyer was angry,fired back on Twitter with, "Stephenie Meyer makes nice w/ Summit/LG at stepheniemeyer.com. But hey, I know what I know." Follow us on Facebook by Clicking Here. Follow us on Twitter by Clicking Here.


text:
The Magazine
Rules for Republicans
Use Obama's playbook against him.
Jan 2, 2012, Vol. 17, No. 16 • By JEFF BERGNER and LISA SPILLER
Rule 8: Run a good ground game. Nothing beats your or your surrogates' direct contact with the voters. Take a page from Obama campaign manager David Plouffe's 2008 playbook: Do not treat your staff and volunteers as pawns, but as valued customers and colleagues. Provide them with tangible and intangible rewards throughout the campaign. This is the path to creating an army of committed volunteers, a legion of Internet supporters, and, by the way, vastly expanded Internet fundraising.
Rule 9: Consider someone like Marco Rubio as your running mate. You need to bring energy and freshness to your campaign. Choosing Sarah Palin was not wrong in 2008; letting her twist in the wind in the face of media attacks was. A positive, Reaganesque running mate like Marco Rubio will help you. The fact that he is Hispanic will help even more. And the fact that he is from Florida makes choosing him a trifecta. A bit of the "cool factor" will be a big help, especially with younger voters who will not be as monolithically for Obama the second time around. Choose someone obviously fit to succeed you as president if necessary, and neither the Obama campaign nor the press will get traction in suggesting otherwise.
Rule 10: Go all in. The vast majority of Americans believe the country is on the wrong track. A sizable number believe the country's very future is at stake in this election. Act like it. Do not pull your punches, especially in a vain and benighted effort to curry favor with the media. The days of neutral media, if they ever existed, are over. The media are partisan, as in the early days of the republic; they have chosen sides. You must—or at least your campaign and surrogates must—take on Barack Obama directly. When you are criticized for doing so, know that you are having an effect. Double down on it. Your media critics are not your friends—they are on the other team. Be absolutely insensitive, even impervious, to any and all media criticism. Your market is the electorate, not the media. And one more thought: The most devastatingly effective form of negative campaigning is ridicule. This is liberalism's tool against Republicans, and the left hates it when it is turned against them. That's why the Paris Hilton "celeb" video was the most effective ad of the McCain campaign. Ridicule exposes how joyless, humorless, and brittle is today's political left.
Lisa Spiller, a professor of marketing in the business school of Christopher Newport University, and Jeff Bergner are authors of Branding the Candidate (Praeger).
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text:
Axl Rotten
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|This biographical article does not give any references or sources. (February 2013)
Brian Knighton (born April 21, 1971) also known as Axl Rotten is a wrestler American professional wrestler that wrestled for the original ECW and WWE. Rotten was trained by retired wrestler Jim Leon and former World Championship Wrestling jobber Joey Maggs.


text:
Details about Black Diamond Wiz Kid Childrens Rock Climbing HarnessSee original listing
Item condition:
20 Nov, 2014 10:30:22 AEDST
Item location:
gold coast, Australia
New: A brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item. See the seller's listing for full details. See all condition definitions- opens in a new window or tab
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Item Description
A decked-out kids' harness built for up-and-coming rock monkeys, the Black Diamond Wiz Kid packs all the features of our adult harnesses in a smaller size. Just like our Momentum and Primrose harnesses, the Wiz Kid features our Dual Core Construction, which uses two slim bands of high-tensile webbing on the outer edges of the waistbelt and a venting OpenAir foam insert in the center to offer breathable, lightweight comfort without pressure points. And for growing kids, our trakFIT leg loop adjustment system uses a simple slide adjuster to quickly and easily adjust the diameter of the leg loop and provide a wide range of fit.
Pre-threaded Speed Adjust waistbelt buckle
Bullhorn-shaped OpenAir waistbelt built using Dual Core Construction
Patent-pending trakFIT leg loop adjustment for easy, worry-free adjustability of women's-specific OpenAir leg loops
Adjustable, releasable rear elastic riser
2 pressure-molded gear loops
Fits weight range 16-50 kg (35-110 lbs)
No buckle, no hassle—trakFIT™ is a simple and secure innovation for adjusting leg loops that uses a slide adjuster for quick and easy fi tting. To tighten or loosen, simply move the slide adjuster along the leg loop's webbing. The diameter automatically adjusts and provides an incredibly wide range with no dangling webbing and no chance of mis-threading.
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DENVER – Colorado Avalanche players knew something was amiss when they arrived at the Pepsi Center Monday morning to prepare for Monday night's game against the Calgary Flames.
Peter Forsberg's name wasn't listed on the lineup and he wasn't in the locker room getting ready for the morning skate.
"We thought it was kind of strange," Matt Duchene said.
Shortly after, Avalanche coach Joe Sacco relayed the news that Forsberg had decided to give up his comeback attempt and retire after playing two games, Friday in Columbus and Saturday in Nashville.
"I was very surprised," Duchene said. "I thought he looked great out there. I think it's sad because that's the end of his career. All those attempts the last few years trying to get back for one last run … I think this is it. It's sad that a great career like that is over, but at the same time, what a career it was. He did a lot for a lot of people, including myself. He was a guy that I really looked up to growing up."
Duchene, who centered a line with Forsberg at left wing and Milan Hejduk on the right side in both games, said he felt honored to have skated alongside one of his idols, even if it was short-lived.
"I played with probably my favorite player," Duchene said of Forsberg. "It was amazing. That's something that will last for the rest of my career, having met and played with one of my heroes. It was a tremendous privilege to get to play with him and to be around him. It was just amazing to play with him.
"Nobody should be disappointed in him or upset. He gave it a good try."
Sacco was equally surprised by Forsberg's decision.
"I thought the two games went well for him," he said. "The second night probably didn't go as well as the first game, but back-to-back games, that's a tough situation for him. He played hard every time he stepped on the ice. Every shift he gave it his all. The second game, he definitely ran out of gas. Towards the end you could see that the tank was running a little bit low, but that's normal. There were no real indications of anything for me.
"Not only did he owe it to himself to find out if he could play, but I thought it was a situation where how could we say no to that? There's really nothing to lose for us. It was an opportunity to get one of the most well-known players in this organization, a future Hall of Famer, to give him a chance to try and get back to his game. For me, it was a no-brainer, so I don't have any regrets and I don't think Peter has any regrets."
Forsberg, 37, averaged 17:35 in ice time in the two games, his first NHL action since the 2008 Stanley Cup playoffs. He had three shots on goal, four penalty minutes and was a minus-4.
In announcing his retirement, Forsberg said his troublesome right foot still gave him problems and wouldn't allow him to continue his comeback.
Avalanche captain Adam Foote, now the lone remaining member of the team's 1996 and 2001 Stanley Cup championship teams, said he was "caught off-guard" by Forsberg's decision.
"I thought he played really good in the back-to-back (games)," said Foote, 39. "I haven't talked to him, so I guess he felt like he couldn't physically do it. He wanted to come back pretty hard. I do feel bad for him. He gave it a shot. It didn't work.
"I thought he looked great. I thought he had the highest compete level on the ice. You play a back-to-back, 35 and up, you're going to feel it. You're going to feel a little tired and physically hurt. I know it was more so because of his foot. If it didn't work, it didn't work."
Foote said Forsberg never hinted at retiring during the team's charter flight from Nashville to Denver after Saturday's game.
"We talked on the plane a lot on the way home after the back-to- back," Foote said. "We had a long chat. That's why I'm surprised. He didn't give me any inkling that there was a problem. I woke up (Monday) morning and heard the news. I hope he's going to be OK. As a group in here, we have to deal with this and move on.
"Obviously he thinks after the two games he's not going to be able to help us moving forward. As far as me selfishly, I want to say, 'Yeah, you can help us. I saw the way you played.' If his foot is that bad and hurting him, that's a problem I can't fix or he probably can't fix. That's got to be frustrating for him. I wish him all the best with that. I'm glad he gave it a shot. I thought he played great."
So did Hejduk, who was a member of the Avalanche's Cup-winning team in 2001, his third season in the NHL.
"I didn't see this coming," he said. "I thought he looked pretty good. Obviously, for not playing for a long time and jumping into back-to-back nights on the road, it's not an easy thing to do. I thought he did fine. I thought things would get better.
"Peter's going to go down as one of the best players to ever play the game. That's the legacy he will go down in the books. He had tons of injuries, too, probably because of the style of hockey he played -- a really physical game. It took some toll on his body."
Sacco said the Avalanche has to remain focused on trying to climb back into the Western Conference playoff race. The Avalanche sit 14th in the standings and took a seven-game losing streak into Monday's game.
"We don't want to have any distractions right now moving forward and certainly Peter was anything but that," Sacco said. "He went about his business in a very professional manner while he was here. I thought he blended in well with the players, but he definitely kept to himself a little bit while trying to work himself back into our lineup. I don't think it should have any implications as far as what we're doing here. I have to focus on the players that we have here, not the players that are not available to us. It's the same in the locker room."


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February 04, 2010 |
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MONROEVILLE, Pa. — State Sen. Sean Logan announced plans earlier this week to introduce legislation aiming to ensure that no children are left behind on school buses. The legislation would mandate that the State Board of Education implement regulations outlining a procedure that all school bus drivers must follow to check their buses."We have seen way too many incidents of children being left behind on a school bus," Logan said. "It is time to institute harsh penalties for those drivers who fail to check the bus for a child. One cannot possibly imagine how scared that child is when he or she misses their stop and does not see any adult or recognize their surroundings."A driver who leaves a child behind would face a summary offense. The first offense would be punishable by a fine of up to $300 and a loss of school bus endorsement operating privileges for 30 days. A second offense would result in a fine between $300 and $1,000, and loss of school bus endorsement operating privileges for 60 days. A third offense would result in a fine between $1,000 and $1,500, and revocation of school bus endorsement operating privileges.The bill would also toughen penalties against those who drive a school bus under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Penalties for a first offense would be no less than 30 days in jail and a fine of between $5,000 and $10,000. The penalties would escalate until a fourth and subsequent offenses, which would result in no less than five years in jail and a fine between $15,000 and $25,000. The driver would also face the loss of vehicle operating privileges for two years."The continued safety of our children is of the utmost importance and the ultimate goal of this legislation," Logan said. "We need to have the peace of mind that the drivers responsible for taking our children to school are trustworthy individuals, and this bill will undoubtedly send a strong message to wayward bus drivers."
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If a Superintendent didn't report and fire the employee, then he/she should be fired along with the idiotic driver who left a kid on her/his van. If the parents weren't notified then I would think a whole lot of people's heads are oing to roll when this gets out.
Are school Superintendents mandated to report van drivers who leave Special Needs children on the van unattended for over an hour and a half?
Who is going to do the enforcement? Right now, we have RULES & REGULATIONS that are being violated and the State leaves it to the school district to police their own. Until the school bus system is under the Federal Motor Carrier Rules in it's entirety you are just creating chaos. There needs to be a system that requires all states to enforce the rules or just let each state do their own thing.
If one of our drivers leave a child unattended on a school bus, they are immediately terminated. We continually instruct and remind our driver to ALWAYS do their child-checks after EVERY run. Disregard for the safety of our young passengers is taken very seriously.
I'm a safety & training supervisor. I take transporting children as a very serious business. The article sounds like typical government involvement. There's too much compassion extended to the violater and not nearly enough to the victim. A school bus driver that's willing to drive a bus full of children while under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol, #1-shows no concern for the safety of the children, #2-should have their school bus driver's certification cancelled, not suspended, cancelled. It's a privilege to be trusted with the children of others, it shouldn't be taken lightly. If one of our drivers receives a "positive" on their drug and/or alcohol test, they are immediately history and can never return.
Zero Tolerance???
I'm a school bus instructor in MA, we would never alllow someone who is on drugs or alcohol to ever drive a school bus again.
what are you thinking? Obviously not the children's safety.
If the State Board, the School districts and the individual transportation departments do not already have a policy in place, they need to be replaced for not doing their job. You cannot legislate 'common sense'.
The DUI portion attached to the Bill is out of place and ridiculous, a clear demonstration of how politics destroys working relationships in any industry. Actual drunk driving demands the immediate revoking of the bus driver's license to operate a school bus, seems so obvious, only the politicians and drunks could miss this necessity. How to get that license back and when is arguable, but some sort of evidence demonstrating a willingness never again to drive drunk would seem a reasonable expectation. And then upon a second occurrence? What idiot would allow a third? This entire Bill would do well as an absurd news bit on Saturday Night Live. (JK)
Does not appear to be a protective Bill at all, simply a punishment Bill after the fact. A child left sleeping on the school bus is one of the safest so-called unsafe events that can involve the school buses. To 'bandwagon' this issue in the name of children's' safety does not submit to the science involved and is seriously deceptive on the part of politicians. Regardless, the same driver with three events leaving children sleeping seems too much, if not ridiculous, depending on the enforcement time frame involved. Would myself expect action taken against the driver on the first offense to include unpaid suspension upto 30-days, no court appearances and no fines or other money makers involved. On the second occurrence suspension for one year and also pentanes against the district or contractor for failing to establish a failsafe process when this political issue was not remedied. It is a valid responsibility of management to insure their drivers compliance concerning this political issue the industry initially provoked. I personally can not prove this anomaly is unsafe, even after researching back twenty-years. Left sleeping on an actual school bus is certainly far safer than parents leaving their child alone to walk to/from the bus stop and left unsupervised at the stop. If politics must rule with fallacious promotions of children's safety, then at least would expect a law beyond that of fluff and political campaigning one-liners to get votes. In my opinion. (JK)
I don't understand how they would consider revoking your license for leaving a child on a bus, but not if you drive under the influence. This is "Unbelievable" to say the least!
I doubt that legislation will stop those drivers who don't check the bus after each run. O tolerance will eliminate those drivers and send a notice to those who haven't been caught yet!!!
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4 Writing Test Suites
4.1 Support for test suite authors
The ct module provides the main interface for writing test cases. This includes e.g:
- Functions for printing and logging
- Functions for reading configuration data
- Function for terminating a test case with error reason
- Function for adding comments to the HTML overview page
Please see the reference manual for the ct module for details about these functions.
The CT application also includes other modules named ct_<component> that provide various support, mainly simplified use of communication protocols such as rpc, snmp, ftp, telnet, etc.
4.2 Test suites
A test suite is an ordinary Erlang module that contains test cases. It is recommended that the module has a name on the form *_SUITE.erl. Otherwise, the directory and auto compilation function in CT will not be able to locate it (at least not per default).
It is also recommended that the ct.hrl header file is included in all test suite modules.
Each test suite module must export the function all/0 which returns the list of all test case groups and test cases to be executed in that module.
The callback functions that the test suite should implement, and which will be described in more detail below, are all listed in the common_test reference manual page.
4.3 Init and end per suite
Each test suite module may contain the optional configuration functions init_per_suite/1 and end_per_suite/1. If the init function is defined, so must the end function be.
If it exists, init_per_suite is called initially before the test cases are executed. It typically contains initializations that are common for all test cases in the suite, and that are only to be performed once. It is recommended to be used for setting up and verifying state and environment on the SUT (System Under Test) and/or the CT host node, so that the test cases in the suite will execute correctly. Examples of initial configuration operations: Opening a connection to the SUT, initializing a database, running an installation script, etc.
end_per_suite is called as the final stage of the test suite execution (after the last test case has finished). The function is meant to be used for cleaning up after init_per_suite.
init_per_suite and end_per_suite will execute on dedicated Erlang processes, just like the test cases do. The result of these functions is however not included in the test run statistics of successful, failed and skipped cases.
The argument to init_per_suite is Config, the same key-value list of runtime configuration data that each test case takes as input argument. init_per_suite can modify this parameter with information that the test cases need. The possibly modified Config list is the return value of the function.
If init_per_suite fails, all test cases in the test suite will be skipped automatically (so called auto skipped), including end_per_suite.
Note that if init_per_suite and end_per_suite do not exist in the suite, Common Test calls dummy functions (with the same names) instead, so that output generated by hook functions may be saved to the log files for these dummies (see the Common Test Hooks chapter for more information).
4.4 Init and end per test case
Each test suite module can contain the optional configuration functions init_per_testcase/2 and end_per_testcase/2. If the init function is defined, so must the end function be.
If it exists, init_per_testcase is called before each test case in the suite. It typically contains initialization which must be done for each test case (analogue to init_per_suite for the suite).
end_per_testcase/2 is called after each test case has finished, giving the opportunity to perform clean-up after init_per_testcase.
The first argument to these functions is the name of the test case. This value can be used with pattern matching in function clauses or conditional expressions to choose different initialization and cleanup routines for different test cases, or perform the same routine for a number of, or all, test cases.
The second argument is the Config key-value list of runtime configuration data, which has the same value as the list returned by init_per_suite. init_per_testcase/2 may modify this parameter or return it as is. The return value of init_per_testcase/2 is passed as the Config parameter to the test case itself.
The return value of end_per_testcase/2 is ignored by the test server, with exception of the save_config and fail tuple.
It is possible in end_per_testcase to check if the test case was successful or not (which consequently may determine how cleanup should be performed). This is done by reading the value tagged with tc_status from Config. The value is either ok, {failed,Reason} (where Reason is timetrap_timeout, info from exit/1, or details of a run-time error), or {skipped,Reason} (where Reason is a user specific term).
The end_per_testcase/2 function is called even after a test case terminates due to a call to ct:abort_current_testcase/1, or after a timetrap timeout. However, end_per_testcase will then execute on a different process than the test case function, and in this situation, end_per_testcase will not be able to change the reason for test case termination by returning {fail,Reason}, nor will it be able to save data with {save_config,Data}.
If init_per_testcase crashes, the test case itself gets skipped automatically (so called auto skipped). If init_per_testcase returns a tuple {skip,Reason}, also then the test case gets skipped (so called user skipped). It is also possible, by returning a tuple {fail,Reason} from init_per_testcase, to mark the test case as failed without actually executing it.
If init_per_testcase crashes, or returns {skip,Reason} or {fail,Reason}, the end_per_testcase function is not called.
If it is determined during execution of end_per_testcase that the status of a successful test case should be changed to failed, end_per_testcase may return the tuple: {fail,Reason} (where Reason describes why the test case fails).
init_per_testcase and end_per_testcase execute on the same Erlang process as the test case and printouts from these configuration functions can be found in the test case log file.
4.5 Test cases
The smallest unit that the test server is concerned with is a test case. Each test case can actually test many things, for example make several calls to the same interface function with different parameters.
It is possible to choose to put many or few tests into each test case. What exactly each test case does is of course up to the author, but here are some things to keep in mind:
Having many small test cases tend to result in extra, and possibly duplicated code, as well as slow test execution because of large overhead for initializations and cleanups. Duplicated code should be avoided, e.g. by means of common help functions, or the resulting suite will be difficult to read and understand, and expensive to maintain.
Larger test cases make it harder to tell what went wrong if it fails, and large portions of test code will potentially be skipped when errors occur. Furthermore, readability and maintainability suffers when test cases become too large and extensive. Also, the resulting log files may not reflect very well the number of tests that have actually been performed.
The test case function takes one argument, Config, which contains configuration information such as data_dir and priv_dir. (See Data and Private Directories for more information about these). The value of Config at the time of the call, is the same as the return value from init_per_testcase, see above.
The test case function argument Config should not be confused with the information that can be retrieved from configuration files (using ct:get_config/1/2). The Config argument should be used for runtime configuration of the test suite and the test cases, while configuration files should typically contain data related to the SUT. These two types of configuration data are handled differently!
Since the Config parameter is a list of key-value tuples, i.e. a data type generally called a property list, it can be handled by means of the proplists module in the OTP stdlib. A value can for example be searched for and returned with the proplists:get_value/2 function. Also, or alternatively, you might want to look in the general lists module, also in stdlib, for useful functions. Normally, the only operations you ever perform on Config is insert (adding a tuple to the head of the list) and lookup. Common Test provides a simple macro named ?config, which returns a value of an item in Config given the key (exactly like proplists:get_value). Example: PrivDir = ?config(priv_dir, Config).
If the test case function crashes or exits purposely, it is considered failed. If it returns a value (no matter what actual value) it is considered successful. An exception to this rule is the return value {skip,Reason}. If this tuple is returned, the test case is considered skipped and gets logged as such.
If the test case returns the tuple {comment,Comment}, the case is considered successful and Comment is printed out in the overview log file. This is by the way equal to calling ct:comment(Comment).
4.6 Test case info function
For each test case function there can be an additional function with the same name but with no arguments. This is the test case info function. The test case info function is expected to return a list of tagged tuples that specifies various properties regarding the test case.
The following tags have special meaning:
- timetrap
Set the maximum time the test case is allowed to execute. If the timetrap time is exceeded, the test case fails with reason timetrap_timeout. Note that init_per_testcase and end_per_testcase are included in the timetrap time. Please see the Timetrap section for more details.
- userdata
Use this to specify arbitrary data related to the testcase. This data can be retrieved at any time using the ct:userdata/3 utility function.
- silent_connections
Please see the Silent Connections chapter for details.
- require
Use this to specify configuration variables that are required by the test case. If the required configuration variables are not found in any of the test system configuration files, the test case is skipped.
It is also possible to give a required variable a default value that will be used if the variable is not found in any configuration file. To specify a default value, add a tuple on the form: {default_config,ConfigVariableName,Value} to the test case info list (the position in the list is irrelevant). Examples:
testcase1() -> [{require, ftp}, {default_config, ftp, [{ftp, "my_ftp_host"}, {username, "aladdin"}, {password, "sesame"}]}}].
testcase2() -> [{require, unix_telnet, unix}, {require, {unix, [telnet, username, password]}}, {default_config, unix, [{telnet, "my_telnet_host"}, {username, "aladdin"}, {password, "sesame"}]}}].
See the Config files chapter and the ct:require/1/2 function in the ct reference manual for more information about require.
Specifying a default value for a required variable can result in a test case always getting executed. This might not be a desired behaviour!
If timetrap and/or require is not set specifically for a particular test case, default values specified by the suite/0 function are used.
Other tags than the ones mentioned above will simply be ignored by the test server.
Example of a test case info function:
reboot_node() -> [ {timetrap,{seconds,60}}, {require,interfaces}, {userdata, [{description,"System Upgrade: RpuAddition Normal RebootNode"}, {fts,"http://someserver.ericsson.se/test_doc4711.pdf"}]} ].
4.7 Test suite info function
The suite/0 function can be used in a test suite module to e.g. set a default timetrap value and to require external configuration data. If a test case-, or group info function also specifies any of the info tags, it overrides the default values set by suite/0. See the test case info function above, and group info function below, for more details.
Other options that may be specified with the suite info list are:
- stylesheet, see HTML Style Sheets.
- userdata, see Test case info function.
- silent_connections, see Silent Connections.
Example of the suite info function:
suite() -> [ {timetrap,{minutes,10}}, {require,global_names}, {userdata,[{info,"This suite tests database transactions."}]}, {silent_connections,[telnet]}, {stylesheet,"db_testing.css"} ].
4.8 Test case groups
A test case group is a set of test cases that share configuration functions and execution properties. Test case groups are defined by means of the groups/0 function according to the following syntax:
groups() -> GroupDefs Types: GroupDefs = [GroupDef] GroupDef = {GroupName,Properties,GroupsAndTestCases} GroupName = atom() GroupsAndTestCases = [GroupDef | {group,GroupName} | TestCase] TestCase = atom()
GroupName is the name of the group and should be unique within the test suite module. Groups may be nested, and this is accomplished simply by including a group definition within the GroupsAndTestCases list of another group. Properties is the list of execution properties for the group. The possible values are:
Properties = [parallel | sequence | Shuffle | {RepeatType,N}] Shuffle = shuffle | {shuffle,Seed} Seed = {integer(),integer(),integer()} RepeatType = repeat | repeat_until_all_ok | repeat_until_all_fail | repeat_until_any_ok | repeat_until_any_fail N = integer() | forever
If the parallel property is specified, Common Test will execute all test cases in the group in parallel. If sequence is specified, the cases will be executed in a sequence, as described in the chapter Dependencies between test cases and suites. If shuffle is specified, the cases in the group will be executed in random order. The repeat property orders Common Test to repeat execution of the cases in the group a given number of times, or until any, or all, cases fail or succeed.
groups() -> [{group1, [parallel], [test1a,test1b]}, {group2, [shuffle,sequence], [test2a,test2b,test2c]}].
To specify in which order groups should be executed (also with respect to test cases that are not part of any group), tuples on the form {group,GroupName} should be added to the all/0 list. Example:
all() -> [testcase1, {group,group1}, testcase2, {group,group2}].
It is also possible to specify execution properties with a group tuple in all/0: {group,GroupName,Properties}. These properties will override those specified in the group definition (see groups/0 above). This way, it's possible to run the same set of tests, but with different properties, without having to make copies of the group definition in question.
If a group contains sub-groups, the execution properties for these may also be specified in the group tuple: {group,GroupName,Properties,SubGroups}, where SubGroups is a list of tuples, {GroupName,Properties}, or {GroupName,Properties,SubGroups}, representing the sub-groups. Any sub-groups defined in group/0 for a group, that are not specified in the SubGroups list, will simply execute with their pre-defined properties.
groups() -> {tests1, [], [{tests2, [], [t2a,t2b]}, {tests3, [], [t31,t3b]}]}.
To execute group 'tests1' twice with different properties for 'tests2' each time:
all() -> [{group, tests1, default, [{tests2, [parallel]}]}, {group, tests1, default, [{tests2, [shuffle,{repeat,10}]}]}].
Note that this is equivalent to this specification:
all() -> [{group, tests1, default, [{tests2, [parallel]}, {tests3, default}]}, {group, tests1, default, [{tests2, [shuffle,{repeat,10}]}, {tests3, default}]}].
The value default states that the pre-defined properties should be used.
Here's an example of how to override properties in a scenario with deeply nested groups:
groups() -> [{tests1, [], [{group, tests2}]}, {tests2, [], [{group, tests3}]}, {tests3, [{repeat,2}], [t3a,t3b,t3c]}]. all() -> [{group, tests1, default, [{tests2, default, [{tests3, [parallel,{repeat,100}]}]}]}].
The syntax described above may also be used in Test Specifications in order to change properties of groups at the time of execution, without even having to edit the test suite (please see the Test Specifications chapter for more info).
As illustrated above, properties may be combined. If e.g. shuffle, repeat_until_any_fail and sequence are all specified, the test cases in the group will be executed repeatedly, and in random order, until a test case fails. Then execution is immediately stopped and the rest of the cases skipped.
Before execution of a group begins, the configuration function init_per_group(GroupName, Config) is called. The list of tuples returned from this function is passed to the test cases in the usual manner by means of the Config argument. init_per_group/2 is meant to be used for initializations common for the test cases in the group. After execution of the group is finished, the end_per_group(GroupName, Config function is called. This function is meant to be used for cleaning up after init_per_group/2.
Whenever a group is executed, if init_per_group and end_per_group do not exist in the suite, Common Test calls dummy functions (with the same names) instead. Output generated by hook functions will be saved to the log files for these dummies (see the Common Test Hooks chapter for more information).
init_per_testcase/2 and end_per_testcase/2 are always called for each individual test case, no matter if the case belongs to a group or not.
The properties for a group is always printed on the top of the HTML log for init_per_group/2. Also, the total execution time for a group can be found at the bottom of the log for end_per_group/2.
Test case groups may be nested so that sets of groups can be configured with the same init_per_group/2 and end_per_group/2 functions. Nested groups may be defined by including a group definition, or a group name reference, in the test case list of another group. Example:
groups() -> [{group1, [shuffle], [test1a, {group2, [], [test2a,test2b]}, test1b]}, {group3, [], [{group,group4}, {group,group5}]}, {group4, [parallel], [test4a,test4b]}, {group5, [sequence], [test5a,test5b,test5c]}].
In the example above, if all/0 would return group name references in this order: [{group,group1},{group,group3}], the order of the configuration functions and test cases will be the following (note that init_per_testcase/2 and end_per_testcase/2: are also always called, but not included in this example for simplification):
- init_per_group(group1, Config) -> Config1 (*) -- test1a(Config1) -- init_per_group(group2, Config1) -> Config2 --- test2a(Config2), test2b(Config2) -- end_per_group(group2, Config2) -- test1b(Config1) - end_per_group(group1, Config1) - init_per_group(group3, Config) -> Config3 -- init_per_group(group4, Config3) -> Config4 --- test4a(Config4), test4b(Config4) (**) -- end_per_group(group4, Config4) -- init_per_group(group5, Config3) -> Config5 --- test5a(Config5), test5b(Config5), test5c(Config5) -- end_per_group(group5, Config5) - end_per_group(group3, Config3) (*) The order of test case test1a, test1b and group2 is not actually defined since group1 has a shuffle property. (**) These cases are not executed in order, but in parallel.
Properties are not inherited from top level groups to nested sub-groups. E.g, in the example above, the test cases in group2 will not be executed in random order (which is the property of group1).
4.9 The parallel property and nested groups
If a group has a parallel property, its test cases will be spawned simultaneously and get executed in parallel. A test case is not allowed to execute in parallel with end_per_group/2 however, which means that the time it takes to execute a parallel group is equal to the execution time of the slowest test case in the group. A negative side effect of running test cases in parallel is that the HTML summary pages are not updated with links to the individual test case logs until the end_per_group/2 function for the group has finished.
A group nested under a parallel group will start executing in parallel with previous (parallel) test cases (no matter what properties the nested group has). Since, however, test cases are never executed in parallel with init_per_group/2 or end_per_group/2 of the same group, it's only after a nested group has finished that any remaining parallel cases in the previous group get spawned.
4.10 Parallel test cases and IO
A parallel test case has a private IO server as its group leader. (Please see the Erlang Run-Time System Application documentation for a description of the group leader concept). The central IO server process that handles the output from regular test cases and configuration functions, does not respond to IO messages during execution of parallel groups. This is important to understand in order to avoid certain traps, like this one:
If a process, P, is spawned during execution of e.g. init_per_suite/1, it will inherit the group leader of the init_per_suite process. This group leader is the central IO server process mentioned above. If, at a later time, during parallel test case execution, some event triggers process P to call io:format/1/2, that call will never return (since the group leader is in a non-responsive state) and cause P to hang.
4.11 Repeated groups
A test case group may be repeated a certain number of times (specified by an integer) or indefinitely (specified by forever). The repetition may also be stopped prematurely if any or all cases fail or succeed, i.e. if the property repeat_until_any_fail, repeat_until_any_ok, repeat_until_all_fail, or repeat_until_all_ok is used. If the basic repeat property is used, status of test cases is irrelevant for the repeat operation.
It is possible to return the status of a sub-group (ok or failed), to affect the execution of the group on the level above. This is accomplished by, in end_per_group/2, looking up the value of tc_group_properties in the Config list and checking the result of the test cases in the group. If status failed should be returned from the group as a result, end_per_group/2 should return the value {return_group_result,failed}. The status of a sub-group is taken into account by Common Test when evaluating if execution of a group should be repeated or not (unless the basic repeat property is used).
The tc_group_properties value is a list of status tuples, each with the key ok, skipped and failed. The value of a status tuple is a list containing names of test cases that have been executed with the corresponding status as result.
Here's an example of how to return the status from a group:
end_per_group(_Group, Config) -> Status = ?config(tc_group_result, Config), case proplists:get_value(failed, Status) of [] -> % no failed cases {return_group_result,ok}; _Failed -> % one or more failed {return_group_result,failed} end.
It is also possible in end_per_group/2 to check the status of a sub-group (maybe to determine what status the current group should also return). This is as simple as illustrated in the example above, only the name of the group is stored in a tuple {group_result,GroupName}, which can be searched for in the status lists. Example:
end_per_group(group1, Config) -> Status = ?config(tc_group_result, Config), Failed = proplists:get_value(failed, Status), case lists:member({group_result,group2}, Failed) of true -> {return_group_result,failed}; false -> {return_group_result,ok} end; ...
When a test case group is repeated, the configuration functions, init_per_group/2 and end_per_group/2, are also always called with each repetition.
4.12 Shuffled test case order
The order that test cases in a group are executed, is under normal circumstances the same as the order specified in the test case list in the group definition. With the shuffle property set, however, Common Test will instead execute the test cases in random order.
The user may provide a seed value (a tuple of three integers) with the shuffle property: {shuffle,Seed}. This way, the same shuffling order can be created every time the group is executed. If no seed value is given, Common Test creates a "random" seed for the shuffling operation (using the return value of erlang:now()). The seed value is always printed to the init_per_group/2 log file so that it can be used to recreate the same execution order in a subsequent test run.
If a shuffled test case group is repeated, the seed will not be reset in between turns.
If a sub-group is specified in a group with a shuffle property, the execution order of this sub-group in relation to the test cases (and other sub-groups) in the group, is also random. The order of the test cases in the sub-group is however not random (unless, of course, the sub-group also has a shuffle property).
4.13 Group info function
The test case group info function, group(GroupName), serves the same purpose as the suite- and test case info functions previously described in this chapter. The scope for the group info, however, is all test cases and sub-groups in the group in question (GroupName).
group(connection_tests) -> [{require,login_data}, {timetrap,1000}].
The group info properties override those set with the suite info function, and may in turn be overridden by test case info properties. Please see the test case info function above for a list of valid info properties and more general information.
4.14 Info functions for init- and end-configuration
It is possible to use info functions also for the init_per_suite, end_per_suite, init_per_group, and end_per_group functions, and it works the same way as with info functions for test cases (see above). This is useful e.g. for setting timetraps and requiring external configuration data relevant only for the configuration function in question (without affecting properties set for groups and test cases in the suite).
The info function init/end_per_suite() is called for init/end_per_suite(Config), and info function init/end_per_group(GroupName) is called for init/end_per_group(GroupName,Config). Info functions can not be used with init/end_per_testcase(TestCase, Config), however, since these configuration functions execute on the test case process and will use the same properties as the test case (i.e. the properties set by the test case info function, TestCase()). Please see the test case info function above for a list of valid info properties and more general information.
4.15 Data and Private Directories
The data directory, data_dir, is the directory where the test module has its own files needed for the testing. The name of the data_dir is the the name of the test suite followed by "_data". For example, "some_path/foo_SUITE.beam" has the data directory "some_path/foo_SUITE_data/". Use this directory for portability, i.e. to avoid hardcoding directory names in your suite. Since the data directory is stored in the same directory as your test suite, you should be able to rely on its existence at runtime, even if the path to your test suite directory has changed between test suite implementation and execution.
priv_dir is the private directory for the test cases. This directory may be used whenever a test case (or configuration function) needs to write something to file. The name of the private directory is generated by Common Test, which also creates the directory.
By default, Common Test creates one central private directory per test run that all test cases share. This may not always be suitable, especially if the same test cases are executed multiple times during a test run (e.g. if they belong to a test case group with repeat property), and there's a risk that files in the private directory get overwritten. Under these circumstances, it's possible to configure Common Test to create one dedicated private directory per test case and execution instead. This is accomplished by means of the flag/option: create_priv_dir (to be used with the ct_run program, the ct:run_test/1 function, or as test specification term). There are three possible values for this option:
- auto_per_run
- auto_per_tc
- manual_per_tc
The first value indicates the default priv_dir behaviour, i.e. one private directory created per test run. The two latter values tell Common Test to generate a unique test directory name per test case and execution. If the auto version is used, all private directories will be created automatically. This can obviously become very inefficient for test runs with many test cases and/or repetitions. Therefore, in case the manual version is instead used, the test case must tell Common Test to create priv_dir when it needs it. It does this by calling the function ct:make_priv_dir/0.
You should not depend on current working directory for reading and writing data files since this is not portable. All scratch files are to be written in the priv_dir and all data files should be located in data_dir. Note also that the Common Test server sets current working directory to the test case log directory at the start of every case.
4.16 Execution environment
Each test case is executed by a dedicated Erlang process. The process is spawned when the test case starts, and terminated when the test case is finished. The configuration functions init_per_testcase and end_per_testcase execute on the same process as the test case.
The configuration functions init_per_suite and end_per_suite execute, like test cases, on dedicated Erlang processes.
4.17 Timetrap timeouts
The default time limit for a test case is 30 minutes, unless a timetrap is specified either by the suite-, group-, or test case info function. The timetrap timeout value defined by suite/0 is the value that will be used for each test case in the suite (as well as for the configuration functions init_per_suite/1, end_per_suite/1, init_per_group/2, and end_per_group/2). A timetrap value defined by group(GroupName) overrides one defined by suite() and will be used for each test case in group GroupName, and any of its sub-groups. If a timetrap value is defined by group/1 for a sub-group, it overrides that of its higher level groups. Timetrap values set by individual test cases (by means of the test case info function) override both group- and suite- level timetraps.
It is also possible to dynamically set/reset a timetrap during the excution of a test case, or configuration function. This is done by calling ct:timetrap/1. This function cancels the current timetrap and starts a new one (that stays active until timeout, or end of the current function).
Timetrap values can be extended with a multiplier value specified at startup with the multiply_timetraps option. It is also possible to let the test server decide to scale up timetrap timeout values automatically, e.g. if tools such as cover or trace are running during the test. This feature is disabled by default and can be enabled with the scale_timetraps start option.
If a test case needs to suspend itself for a time that also gets multipled by multiply_timetraps (and possibly also scaled up if scale_timetraps is enabled), the function ct:sleep/1 may be used (instead of e.g. timer:sleep/1).
A function (fun/0 or MFA) may be specified as timetrap value in the suite-, group- and test case info function, as well as argument to the ct:timetrap/1 function. Examples:
ct:timetrap(fun() -> my_timetrap(TestCaseName, Config) end)
The user timetrap function may be used for two things:
- To act as a timetrap - the timeout is triggered when the function returns.
- To return a timetrap time value (other than a function).
Before execution of the timetrap function (which is performed on a parallel, dedicated timetrap process), Common Test cancels any previously set timer for the test case or configuration function. When the timetrap function returns, the timeout is triggered, unless the return value is a valid timetrap time, such as an integer, or a {SecMinOrHourTag,Time} tuple (see the common_test reference manual for details). If a time value is returned, a new timetrap is started to generate a timeout after the specified time.
The user timetrap function may of course return a time value after a delay, and if so, the effective timetrap time is the delay time plus the returned time.
4.18 Logging - categories and verbosity levels
Common Test provides three main functions for printing strings:
- ct:log(Category, Importance, Format, Args)
- ct:print(Category, Importance, Format, Args)
- ct:pal(Category, Importance, Format, Args)
The log/1/2/3/4 function will print a string to the test case log file. The print/1/2/3/4 function will print the string to screen, and the pal/1/2/3/4 function will print the same string both to file and screen. (The functions are documented in the ct reference manual).
The optional Category argument may be used to categorize the log printout, and categories can be used for two things:
- To compare the importance of the printout to a specific verbosity level, and
- to format the printout according to a user specific HTML Style Sheet (CSS).
The Importance argument specifies a level of importance which, compared to a verbosity level (general and/or set per category), determines if the printout should be visible or not. Importance is an arbitrary integer in the range 0..99. Pre-defined constants exist in the ct.hrl header file. The default importance level, ?STD_IMPORTANCE (used if the Importance argument is not provided), is 50. This is also the importance used for standard IO, e.g. from printouts made with io:format/2, io:put_chars/1, etc.
Importance is compared to a verbosity level set by means of the verbosity start flag/option. The verbosity level can be set per category and/or generally. The default verbosity level, ?STD_VERBOSITY, is 50, i.e. all standard IO gets printed. If a lower verbosity level is set, standard IO printouts will be ignored. Common Test performs the following test:
Importance >= (100-VerbosityLevel)
This also means that verbosity level 0 effectively turns all logging off (with the exception of printouts made by Common Test itself).
The general verbosity level is not associated with any particular category. This level sets the threshold for the standard IO printouts, uncategorized ct:log/print/pal printouts, as well as printouts for categories with undefined verbosity level.
Some printouts during test case execution: io:format("1. Standard IO, importance = ~w~n", [?STD_IMPORTANCE]), ct:log("2. Uncategorized, importance = ~w", [?STD_IMPORTANCE]), ct:log(info, "3. Categorized info, importance = ~w", [?STD_IMPORTANCE]]), ct:log(info, ?LOW_IMPORTANCE, "4. Categorized info, importance = ~w", [?LOW_IMPORTANCE]), ct:log(error, "5. Categorized error, importance = ~w", [?HI_IMPORTANCE]), ct:log(error, ?HI_IMPORTANCE, "6. Categorized error, importance = ~w", [?MAX_IMPORTANCE]), If starting the test without specifying any verbosity levels: $ ct_run ... the following gets printed: 1. Standard IO, importance = 50 2. Uncategorized, importance = 50 3. Categorized info, importance = 50 5. Categorized error, importance = 75 6. Categorized error, importance = 99 If starting the test with: $ ct_run -verbosity 1 and info 75 the following gets printed: 3. Categorized info, importance = 50 4. Categorized info, importance = 25 6. Categorized error, importance = 99
How categories can be mapped to CSS tags is documented in the Running Tests chapter.
The Format and Args arguments in ct:log/print/pal are always passed on to the io:format/3 function in stdlib (please see the io manual page for details).
For more information about log files, please see the Running Tests chapter.
4.19 Illegal dependencies
Even though it is highly efficient to write test suites with the Common Test framework, there will surely be mistakes made, mainly due to illegal dependencies. Noted below are some of the more frequent mistakes from our own experience with running the Erlang/OTP test suites.
- Depending on current directory, and writing there:
This is a common error in test suites. It is assumed that the current directory is the same as what the author used as current directory when the test case was developed. Many test cases even try to write scratch files to this directory. Instead data_dir and priv_dir should be used to locate data and for writing scratch files.
- Depending on execution order:
During development of test suites, no assumption should preferrably be made about the execution order of the test cases or suites. E.g. a test case should not assume that a server it depends on, has already been started by a previous test case. There are several reasons for this:
Firstly, the user/operator may specify the order at will, and maybe a different execution order is more relevant or efficient on some particular occasion. Secondly, if the user specifies a whole directory of test suites for his/her test, the order the suites are executed will depend on how the files are listed by the operating system, which varies between systems. Thirdly, if a user wishes to run only a subset of a test suite, there is no way one test case could successfully depend on another.
- Depending on Unix:
Running unix commands through os:cmd are likely not to work on non-unix platforms.
- Nested test cases:
Invoking a test case from another not only tests the same thing twice, but also makes it harder to follow what exactly is being tested. Also, if the called test case fails for some reason, so will the caller. This way one error gives cause to several error reports, which is less than ideal.
Functionality common for many test case functions may be implemented in common help functions. If these functions are useful for test cases across suites, put the help functions into common help modules.
- Failure to crash or exit when things go wrong:
Making requests without checking that the return value indicates success may be ok if the test case will fail at a later stage, but it is never acceptable just to print an error message (into the log file) and return successfully. Such test cases do harm since they create a false sense of security when overviewing the test results.
- Messing up for subsequent test cases:
Test cases should restore as much of the execution environment as possible, so that the subsequent test cases will not crash because of execution order of the test cases. The function end_per_testcase is suitable for this.


text:
Reload the page and try again.
Health & Safety:
There isn't a lot of crime on campus and security will walk you to your car if you believe it is necessary.
Health & Safety:
Every time I have had a question, Campus security has been there to answer it. I like how they go out of their way to teach a class about self defense, and how to drive in the snow.
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Safety and security on campus is the best I've seen yet. I reviewed our past incident reports from past years concerning safety incidents. The school has consistently reduced the campus crime rates in all categories in the past 5-8 years through policy and procedure changes as well as increasing the number of safety personnel and student awareness. I feel very safe on campus due to the friendliness and awareness of students, well-lit pathways and knowing that students have been made aware of the bystander effect and how to stop or prevent it. All staff and safety personnel are very approachable and personable. If you bring up an issue or concern, they will check it out right then or at their earliest convenience and they mean it. We have emergency buttons conveniently located on campus and safety education is a top priority. I enjoy feeling safe on my campus even at night when I am alone. At my last college I was afraid to walk a few hundred feet to my car at night without a security escort or carrying mace on me and I felt scared for my life at times. No incidents happened but security personnel were not there when you needed them, paths and bushes were poorly lit, and the crime rate steadily climbed through the years in most categories and I can understand why.
Health & Safety:
It's a quiet town; there isn't much to worry about. Consequently there doesn't seem to be incredibly tight security. Which is fine.
Health & Safety:
Excellent Health and Safety – My college actually sends out a news letter regarding health and safety topics that is catered to its students. There is a survey taken that asks what you would like to see in the news letter and they have actually followed through with the suggestions.
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Questions To Ask
When an employer asks if you have questions, the answer is yes! Prepare a few questions in advance so you'll be ready. Feel free to write them down and refer to your list during the interview.
- What do you enjoy most about working here?
- Can you tell me about your career path at the company?
- What are you looking for in a new hire?
- How would you describe the working environment?
- Do you provide a structured training program or will I learn on the job?
- Could you describe a typical assignment of a summer intern?
- What are the unique challenges of this particular job?
- What do you see as ingredients for success of this group?
- Could you tell me about one of your current projects?
- Are there opportunities for continued education and professional development?
- What are the organization's plans for future growth?
- What makes the company stand out in its industry?
- What qualities do successful hires share in your organization?
"The Career Development Center will be valued by North Carolina State University and its partners as the leading resource to meet the comprehensive career development needs of students."


text:
When I edit my question, does that push it back to the front/top of the list on the questions page?
What is meta? ×
Meta Stack Exchange is where users like you discuss bugs, features, and support issues that affect the software powering all 150 Stack Exchange communities.
On the home page, yes.
On the questions page, only if sorted by Activity. Maybe on Hotness. Not if sorted by Newest.


text:
Book Discussion on Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin
Professor Morone discussed his book Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History, published by Yale University… read more
Professor Morone discussed his book Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History, published by Yale University Press. According to Professor Morone, although the constitution separates church and state, religion has always infused American politics. He said, however, that religious zeal has been America's weak spot, pointing out that while morality inspired abolition, women's suffrage, and civil rights, it conversely produced the Salem witch trials, slavery and Prohibition. Furthermore, moral arguments influence everything from abortion debate to foreign policy to scientific research. The book traces the religious and moral roots of American history, from the colonial past to the present day. Following his presentation, Professor Morone answers questions from members of the audience. close
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- James A. Morone Professor Brown University->Political Science
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