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Originally posted by SaturnFX
Originally posted by RMFX1
I don't know why the majority of people assume that this guy is innocent or that he's being stitched up.
So he's the figurehead of an organisation that are commited to releasing classified documents of no consequence (so far). That doesn't mean that he isn't a rapist. If he is a rapist then he should go down for rape, and then he should probably be sent to jail for handling and distributing stolen classified material.
I agree, however, its how they are going about this which is absurdly blown out of preportion. No bail for the actual crime he is being charged with(not rape, but the technicals of not using a condom properly, sexual harassment, etc..) its absolute nonsense that would be laughed at by any court system if he was a "normal guy". hell, even rapists..like proper rapists, get bail. Suggesting he is a flight risk...he is not some unknown whom tried to run away...he is a damn celeberty now whom turned himself in.
there is no precidence in this...its completely corrupt.
Originally posted by Redhead6971
It's time to see if he makes good on the release of his insurance policy, the so-called "doomsday" files he promised to release in the event he was arrested or killed.
Originally posted by KingKickass123
But the man turned himself in, so I am betting he did it for a very good reason.
Originally posted by 27jd
reply to post by RMFX1
Again, RESEARCH the charges. You're making yourself look like a douchebag with your fingers in your ears shouting "lalalalala".
Originally posted by Soshh
The Metropolitan Police released a statement a short time ago saying that he was arrested this morning at 9am by appointment, that he "presented himself". They also said that he is accused of 1 count of unlawful coercion, 1 count of sexual molestation and 1 count of rape.
Originally posted by Cablespider
reply to post by Redhead6971
Great. But they made it clear today they will not release the key due to the arrest. It's now the official stance.
Originally posted by RichieScott1
reply to post by Rocky Black
I'm about sick and tired of members on this site calling for the death of people. You should all be ashamed of yourselves. It isn't even proven that Bradley was the source of the leak. It's been said over and over in this thread, but I'll say it again. Innocent until proven guilty. What is so hard to understand about that?


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Guys Choice Awards
- Photo: Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP13 of 15
Jason Statham happily -- smiling, even -- accepted the "Biggest Ass Kicker" award. He probably threatened the Spike TV execs that he'd kick their asses if they didn't give it to him. So be it. He scares the s--- out of us, too -- maybe even more than that giant bear head does.
Get out the vote
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News / Classical Art
Jul 26, 2012
Rabbit Hole Thursday...Classical Art
The time I spent studying Art History at A-level was a very good time for me in my education. I have visited some fabulous museums and galleries around the world and I have found that I always love the 'classical' art – painting and sculpture that is not defined as modern or contemporary. The old stuff. Especially if it has a historical or – even better – a mythological reference. Oedipus and the Sphinx by Gustav Moreau, 1864 I don't know a lot about the art 'world', and this is not about 'my art can beat up your art' or...


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Wawak's August sale includes Maxi-Lock Thread 3000 yds. $1.59 and 6000 yds. $2.62. The only other time I have seen these prices, I believe, was January. I did not find this information posted previously. I apologize if it is a repeat.
They have their Maxi-Lock sales every once in awhile, and I for one stock up big time whenever they do.
Excellent service, (including to Canada, my fellow Canadians.)
------I heart Woo (HimmyCat). Until we meet again, my beautiful little boy. I love you.
Just what I need! More thread for my TAD (along with the boxes and baskets, and sewing machines, and fabric, and...and...and)
------"Play the cards you are dealt, but choose who is sitting at the table"..AARP magazine
SEE MY ETSY SHOP HERE: http://www.etsy.com/shop/AuntMaymesAttic
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Summit Speaker: Daniel Colbert
Executive Director, Institute for Energy Efficiency
Daniel T. Colbert joined the Institute for Energy Efficiency as Executive Director in June 2008. Prior to coming to UC Santa Barbara, he was Chief Technology Officer and a principal at NGEN Partners, a Santa Barbara-based venture capital firm focusing its investments in "cleantech"— products and services that positively affect the environment. Colbert earned his bachelor's degree in chemistry at Cornell University and his Ph.D. in physical chemistry at The University of Wisconsin-Madison. Colbert did postdoctoral work at UC Berkeley and Lawrence-Berkeley National Laboratory, then joined the Chemistry faculty at Rice University in Houston, where he worked closely with nanotechnology pioneer and Nobel laureate Professor Rick Smalley on carbon nanotubes; that work led to a founding role, with Smalley, in Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc. (CNI). He left CNI for the position at NGEN.


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Elected Officials
President Barack Obama
Senator Dianne Feinstein
House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi
Congressman Xavier Bacerra
Congresswoman Karen Bass
Congressman Tony Cardenas
Congresswoman Judy Chu
Congresswoman Anna Eshoo
Congresswoman Janice Hahn
Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren
Congressman Alan Lowenthal
Congresswoman Doris Matsui
Congressman Jerry McNerney
Congresswoman Linda Sanchez
Congressman Adam Schiff
Congresswoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz
Congressman Mike Thompson
Congressman Juan Vargas
Congressman Henry Waxman
California Attorney General Kamala Harris
California Treasurer Bill Lockyer
CA Supt. of Public Instruction Tom Torlakson
State Senator Fiona Ma
State Assemblywoman Joan Buchanan
Alameda County Supvr. Scott Haggerty
Contra Costa County Supvr. Karen Mitchoff
Ellen Tauscher, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security (retired) and Congresswoman (retired)
George Miller, Congressman (retired)
Mayor Tim Sbranti (retired)
Councilmember Don Biddle
Councilmember Abe Gupta
Mayor Michael Sweeney
Councilmember Greg Jones
Councilmember Al Mendall
Councilmember Francisco Zermeno
Sergio Saenz, Fmr. President, Hayward School Board
Mayor Bill Harrison
Councilmember Anu Natarajen
Councilmember Sue Chan
Mayor John Marchand
Councilmember Stewart Gary
Councilmember Doug Horner
Councilmember Laureen Turner
Councilmember Bob Woerner
Mayor Jerry Thorne
Vice Mayor Jerry Pentin
Councilmember Karla Brown
Councilmember Jerry Pentin
Fmr. Mayor Jennifer Hosterman
San Ramon
Mayor Bill Clarkson
Councilmember Dave Hudson
Councilmember Phil O'Loane
Councilmember Scott Perkins
Councilmember Harry Sachs
Union City
Mayor Carol Dutra-Vernaci
Councilmember Emily Duncan
Councilmember Lorrin Ellis
Councilmember Jim Navarro
Democratic Party Organizations
California Democratic Party
Tri-Valley Democratic Club
Contra Costa Young Democrat
San Ramon Valley Democratic Club
California School Employees Association
Laborers #304
Northern California Carpenters Regional Council
Sprinkler Fitters & Apprentices Local #483
California Teachers Association
AFSCME California
United Auto Workers - Region 5
UAW Region 5
Laborers' International Union of N. America (LiLUNA)
Community Organizations
Human Rights Campaign
Community Activists
Bishop Jerry Macklin -- Hayward Faith Leader
San Francisco Chronicle
The Independent
Bay Area News Group
- Contra Costa Times
- Oakland Tribune
- The Mercury News
- San Ramon Valley News
- The Argus
29 endorsements


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I've never taken a special interest in ecology.Of course,I recycle,I never use more water than I really need and I don't leave the light on just to be on. In spite of all that, this green business has inspired me a lot in the last few months and after creating a few images I thought it would be nice to create a collection.
So here are my pictures.Feel free to add yours :)
Bahrin Diana
Bucharest, RO
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How does our service work?
We carefully interview, screen and refer attorneys based on their experience and background in specific areas of law.
We also do random follow up after we refer an attorney, to insure that clients are being provided with the best possible legal assistance.
Call for a FREE referral 800/671-7655 or e-mail us.
The hiring of a lawyer is an important decision that should not be based solely upon advertisements. Before you decide to hire the lawyer to whom you are referred, ask the lawyer for written information about the lawyer's qualifications and experience.
For a FREE referral to an attorney, call 800/671-7655 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com


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Now including RTTY
Support for YGPSK has been discontinued and furhter updates will no longer be available. Due to a massive hard drive crash back in August 2008, I lost all of the sources for this project. A replacement program called PSKExpress is now available
Now including RTTY
This software is a simple PSK terminal progam based on the PSK Engine developed by AE4JY. While there is nothing drastically new as compared to any other PSK terminal program, the logging fafcility was desiged for the Ten-Ten user. All log data is stored in a single CSV (Comma Seperated File) file. An export to an ADIF file is also included for importing your contacts into other logging progams that support ADIF. This software will also provide a callsign lookup using the QRZ, RAC or Buckmaster CDROMS or my FccLookup Program. An interface is provide to 'hook' this software to my TenxLogger program to allow automatic logging of contacs during the Ten-Ten CW/Digital QSO parties.
To run this software you will need a Windows Compatibale computer running any version of Windows 9.x or higher. A minimum of a 233 MHZ CPU is also required. I have run this on an old HP Vectra with a 266 Mhz CPU and 128MB of memory with no problems. A good sound card is a must. Try to stay away from those AC97 type motherboard sound chips as they have proven ineffective at times. Although, I have run this on my Laptop with an on-board sound device and it functioned quite well. It has been reported this software will also run on a Linux system (Fedora 2) under the WINE emulator. I have not fully tested this on my Linux system, but it does not address the serial ports correctly on a Fedora 4 system..
Starting with version 3.6, the user can adjust the reference clock for the sound card to help with frequency stability when using those typs of soundcards that seem to drift like a Swan 350! Read the readme help file for further infromation on program configuration.
Downloaded the Setup Executable and launch the file. All the necessary setup function will be automatic inlcuding creating shortcuts on the desktop.
If you are applying an update to a previous version, extract the contents of the update archive into the folder you installed the program. The updated files will be overritten.
Begining with version 126.96.36.199 the software will interface with MMTTY to allow decoding and tranmission of RTTY. Please read the RTTY help document that in installed for further infromation.
YGPSK will now submit contest entries for both the 1010-Digital contest and the Open Season Contest starting in 2008. Please refer to the YGPSK Contest Supplement file.
Download the full program as a setup executable Version 22.214.171.124
Download the latest update Version 220.127.116.11
Download the latest version of MMTTY
If you are using the FCCLookup program available elsewhere on this site, you must now have version 3.59 or newer.
Configuration Screen Shots
COM Port Interface Circuit
View Change History
View Software License


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Audi selects T-Mobile for Audi Connect
March 23, 2011 by John Day
Filed under Industry News, News, Telematics
Features include voice-activated Google Earth™, real-time traffic, fuel prices, weather, and mobile Wi-Fi hotspot
Audi announced that T-Mobile USA, Inc. will serve as the U.S. wireless carrier for its Audi Connect systems in the company's newest Audi luxury vehicle lines. Available with the arrival of the 2012 Audi A7 in April, Audi Connect services include voice-activated Google Earth™, Google™ Local Search, and Sirius Traffic™ information combined with Google Earth™ imagery. Audi Connect also allows users to obtain real-time news, weather, and fuel prices from other providers. Audi Connect can turn the vehicle into a secure mobile Wi-Fi hotspot, allowing vehicle passengers to retrieve information on the Internet conveniently and securely.


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Circuit Breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.
Generally, a circuit breaker panel consists of a switch and a moving, conductive contact plate, which moves with the switch. When the switch is 'on' position, the contact plate touches a stationary plate, which is connected to the circuit so that the electric current can flow. But when the switch is 'off' position, due to overloading or short circuit, the contact plate moves away from the stationary plate and the circuit gets opened and the electric current ceases to flow.
Circuit breaker types can be classified according to their characteristics like voltage class, construction type, interrupting type, and structural features.
Low Voltage Circuit Breakers: These breakers are made for direct current (DC) applications and are commonly used in domestic, commercial, and industrial fields. Low voltage circuit breakers are usually placed in draw-out enclosures that permit removal and interchange without dismantling the switchgear. Miniature circuit breakers (MCB) and molded case circuit breakers (MCCB) are some common types of low voltage circuit breakers.
Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers: These breakers can be assembled into metal enclosed switchgear line ups for indoor applications, or as individual components for outdoor applications like substations. Vacuum circuit breakers, air circuit breakers and SF6 circuit breakers are some examples of medium voltage circuit breakers.
High Voltage Circuit Breakers: These breakers help in protecting and controlling electrical power transmission networks. They are solenoid operated and are employed with current sensing protective relays that function through current transformers.
Magnetic Circuit Breakers: These circuit breaker contacts are held closed by a latch so that when the current in the coil goes beyond the rating of the circuit breaker, the coils pull releases the latch which allows the contacts to open with a spring action.
Thermal Circuit Breakers: These breakers employ heat to break the circuit current flow and consist of a bimetallic strip, made of two types of materials welded together.
One of the most important differences between circuit breakers and fuses is that circuit breakers can be reset either manually or automatically to resume normal operation, whereas fuses once used, have to be replaced.


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Prior to the passage of the misnamed NY Safe Act, I was favorably disposed toward Gov. Cuomo. After his State of the State address, I could see he is just gearing up for a 2016 presidential run by pandering to his parties left wing authoritarians.
Prior to the passage of the misnamed NY Safe Act, I was favorably disposed toward Gov. Cuomo. After his State of the State address, I could see he is just gearing up for a 2016 presidential run by pandering to his parties left wing authoritarians.
In one form or another. Supporters of this law say "it is not about taking anyone's rights away, it's about keeping the public safe."
Yes it is and no it won't. Even the New York State Sheriffs Association says so.
You would think civil rights groups, the ACLU and open government groups would be up in arms (no pun intended) about the way this act was passed. Not much so far. The governor, two legislative leaders and a few aides met in a weekend secret secession, put it together, passed it on to the rank and file. Told them don't read it, debate it or wait for public input, just pass it. With few exceptions the Albany duma sheep did so, including my state senator, Ted O'Brien.
Here are some real questions you should ask your governor and legislators. Can you look me straight in the eye and tell me with the passage of this act:
- Will I be able to walk the streets in any place, at anytime, in any city from Buffalo, to Albany, to New York City in complete safety? If not, why did you pass this law?
- Why do you call it gun violence instead of what it is, people violence?
- Why is it a greater crime kill someone with a gun then say with an ax?
- Why did the state sentence a person to 17 years for beating his grandma to death with a hammer, then turn him loose? He then kills three people, and you now want to ban guns?
- Why is it a greater crime for someone to kill a policeman or a first responder than it is anyone else. Are we not all supposed to be equal under the law?
Here's a real gun law: Rescind all existing gun laws and replace with a new law based on the Second Amendment stating that all legal citizens have an inherent right to own any and all types of firearms without restrictions, except full automatics, underage persons, convicted felons and people found to have mental defects determined by court hearings. Require free full background checks based on the present handgun laws for any and all firearms.
No extra taxes except for standard sales could be imposed on firearms of any type. During the background check no special restrictions could imposed, no police official, court official or any other person could hold up the process except for those restrictions previously outline. The background check must be finished within three months. Once the firearm license has been issued, the citizen may carry that weapon loaded, unloaded, concealed or in the open in and place within New York.
Page 2 of 2 - No citizen can be charged with a crime or held responsible for injury caused by a legally owned weapon used in protecting person or property.
Committing a crime with a weapon (any weapon): No injury, add 10 years to sentence; injury, no death, add 25. These additions would be mandatory, exempt from plea bargains and served without parole; crime resulting in death of any person, mandatory death sentence, no plea bargain allowed. One judicial review and one appeal within one year, then sentence to be carried out within 30 days.
Finally, all elected officials, their staff and appointed officials must undergo the same background checks as firearm owners.
Richard Blakesley lives in East Bloomfield.
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Awake the Trumpet's Lofty SoundItem #: HL.00007483
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Composed by George Frideric Handel. Arranged by John Cramer.
Choral. Voicing/Format: SSA. 6.75x10.5 inches. 12 pages. Published by Edward B. Marks Music Company. (HL.00007483)
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Monday, November 30, 2015
Set in a remote Pennsylvania coal-mining town, this off-beat comedy follows the friendship between an old hippie woman and a depressive teenage punk rocker who feels like a pariah. The fun begins when the two conspire to kidnap the boy's crazy father in hopes of getting a hold of the family fortune. ~ Sandra Brennan, Rovi


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Samsung MediaLive gives TVs streaming movies
updated 11:15 am EDT, Wed July 23, 2008
Samsung MediaLive
Samsung today followed up its HDTV announcements with word of its MediaLive add-on. The attachment requires one of Samsung's sets made in 2008 with CEC automation support but mostly eliminates the need for a media hub such as the Apple TV or the Roku Netflix Player; a compatible TV has direct access to movies from MovieLink and Vongo as well as shorter-form content from Fox Sports and Showtime TV. Streaming Internet radio stations from XM are also available.
MediaLive also turns the TV into a viewing point for local content, Samsung adds. The hub acts as a media extender for Windows Vista's Media Center and will play H.264, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, and WMV videos at up to 1080p, including with Dolby AC3 surround sound. It also handles multiple common audio formats and JPEG photo viewing. A single PC can serve as many as five Samsung TVs depending on the material.
The new network attachment connects through either its integrated Ethernet connection or else an internal 802.11n Wi-Fi receiver. Samsung ships the MediaLive in tune with its newest round of TVs in August and prices it at $200.


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Health Services Home
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Health Services uses health information about you for treatment, to obtain payment for treatment, for administrative purposes, and to evaluate the quality of care that you receive. Continuity of care is part of treatment and your records may be shared with other providers to whom you were referred. Information may be shared by paper mail, electronic mail, fax, or other methods. We will only use or disclose identifiable health information without your authorization as required or permitted by law, otherwise we will ask for your written authorization before using or disclosing any identifiable health information about you. : The following are examples of the types of uses and disclosures of your protected health care information that Health Services is permitted to make. These examples are not meant to be exhaustive, but to describe the types of uses and disclosures.
· Treatment: We will use and disclose your protected health information to provide, coordinate, or manage your health care and any related services. For example, your relevant protected health information may be provided to a doctor to whom you have been referred to ensure that the doctor has the necessary information to diagnose or treat you.
· Payment: Your protected health information will be used, as needed, in activities related to obtaining payment for your health care services. For example: For example: your protected health information may be provided to the college health insurance company to obtain approval for payment of your claims.
· Business Associates: We will share your protected health information with third party 'business associates' that perform various activities, For example: Medical Injury/Accident Reports. Whenever an arrangement between a business associate and us involves the use or disclosure of your protected health information, we will have a written contract that contains terms that will protect the privacy of your protected health information.
· Healthcare Operations: We may use or disclose, as needed, your protected health information in order to support our business activities. For example: when we perform peer and chart review, we may need to look at what an employee has documented in your medical record.
Your Rights:
In most cases, you have the right to inspect or obtain a copy of your health information. If you request copies, we will charge you only the normal photocopy fees. You also have the right to receive a list of certain types of disclosures of your information that we made. If you believe that the health information in your record is incorrect, you have the right to request that we correct it.
You have the right to:
· Inspect and copy your protected health information for a civil or criminal proceeding.
· Request a restriction of your protected health information: You may ask us not to use or disclose certain parts of your protected information for treatment, payment or healthcare operations. You may also request that information not be disclosed to family members or friends who may be involved in your care. Your request must state the specific restriction to apply. We are not required to agree to a restriction that you may request, but if we do agree, then we must behave accordingly.
· Request to receive confidential communication from us by alternative means or at an alternative location: We will accommodate reasonable requests. We may also condition this accommodation by asking you for information as to how payment will be handled or specification of an alternative address or other method of contact. We will not request an explanation from you as to the basis for the request.
· Ask your provider to amend your protected health information: You may request an amendment of protected health information about you. If we deny your request for amendment, you have the right to file a statement of disagreement with us, and your medical record will note the disputed information.
· Receive an accounting of certain disclosures we may have made: This right applies to disclosures for purposes other than treatment, payment, or healthcare operations. It excludes disclosures we may have made to you, for a facility directory, to family members or friends involved in your care, or for notification purposes. You have the right to receive specific information regarding these disclosures. The right to receive this information is subject to certain exceptions, restrictions and limitations.
· Obtain a paper copy of this notice from us: Upon request, even if you have agreed to accept this notice electronically.
Provider Responsibilities:
Health Services is required by law to protect the privacy of your health information, provide this notice about our information practices, follow the information practices that are described in this notice, and seek your acknowledgement of receipt of this notice.
Notice Revisions:
Before significant changes are made in our privacy policies, we will make the revised notice available within sixty (60) days. You can also request a copy of our notice at any time.
If you believe that your privacy rights have been violated, you may submit a complaint to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services using the HIPAA Complaint Submission Form at <cms.hhs.gov/hipaa/hipaa2/default.asp> OR by mail to:
You may also submit a complaint to:
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Other uses and disclosures of your protected information will be made only with your written authorization, unless otherwise permitted or required by law as described below. You may revoke this authorization, at any time, in writing.
Opportunity to object:
We may use and disclose your protected health information in the following instances. You have the opportunity to object. If you are not present or able to object, then your provider may, using professional judgment, determine whether the disclosure is in your best interest.
· Others Involved in Your Healthcare: Unless you object, we may disclose to a member of your family, a close friend or any other person you identify, your protected health information that directly relates to that person's involvement in your health care.
· Emergencies: In an emergency treatment situation, your provider shall try to provide you a Notice of Privacy Practices as soon as reasonably practical after the delivery of treatment.
· Communication Barriers: We may use and disclose your protected health information if your provider attempts to obtain acknowledgement from you of the Notice of Privacy Practices but is unable to do so due to substantial communication barriers and the provider determines, using professional judgment, that you would agree.
Without Opportunity to Object:
We may use or disclose your protected health information in the following situations without your authorization or opportunity to object:
· Public Health: For public health purposes to a public health authority or to a person who is at risk of contracting or spreading disease.
· Health Oversight: To a health oversight agency for activities authorized by law, such as audits, investigations, and inspections.
· Abuse or Neglect: To an appropriate authority to report child abuse or neglect, if we believe that you have been a victim of abuse, neglect, or domestic violence.
· Food and Drug Administration: As required by the Food and Drug Administration to track products.
· Legal Proceedings: In the course of legal proceedings.
· Law Enforcement: For law enforcement purposes, such as pertaining to victims of a crime or to prevent a crime.
· Coroners, Funeral Directors, and Organ Donation: For the coroner, medical examiner, or funeral director to perform duties authorized by law and for organ donation purposes.
· Research: To researchers when their research has been approved by an Institutional Review Board.
· Soldiers, Inmates, and national Security: To military supervisors of Armed Forces personnel or to custodians of inmates, as necessary. Preserving national security may also necessitate sharing protected health information.
· Workers' Compensation: To comply with workers' compensation laws.
· Compliance: To the department of Health and Human Services to investigate our compliance. In general, we may use or disclose your protected health information as required by law and limited to the reluctant requirements of the law.
© 2002 Palomar Community College District. All rights reserved. Contact Information. Legal Notices.
Last modified 07/01/08.


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You're A Loser!
A prediction. I won't win the Powerball jackpot this year. Neither will you.
You probably agree that I won't win. But you still think you've got a shot at it. Trust me. I'm right.
I've been 100 percent right predicting people who wouldn't win the jackpot. I'm 50-50 for predicting winners.
Years ago, at the start of the Colorado Lottery, I told the guy who did my taxes back then that he could have the second million from the lottery, but the first one was mine. I didn't win the first million. But he won the second one. As far as I know, he still gets $1,000 each week from the lottery.
Still Sulking
I'm happy for him, sort of. Well, green with envy actually.
And I still think it was rude of the lottery to give my million to someone else. They don't agree.
Why the predictions? One can't help but notice every New Year that Nostradamus, the most famous astrological predictor of all, gets more press coverage than all other "in" astrologers combined and more coverage than the legendary real Santa Claus or that perennial favorite, Father Time, although Santa's press coverage is more positive.1
The Best Revenge is My Success
I'm making as many predictions as possible so I'll be famous in 500 years or so. Can't wait to see my press clippings in 2507.
It could happen. The first printing of Nostradamus' books in the 16th Century totaled fewer than 100 copies each. He made it big on word of mouth - the 16th Century equivalent of press coverage. He was so popular that visitors came to his salon from near and far and he made a fine living for years entertaining them and predicting that they too would not win the lottery.
If I had to live my life over, I'd live over a saloon. W. C. Fields, American Comic and Actor, 1880-1946
If I had to live my life over, I'd live over a saloon.
I'm building my salon now. Drop by any time. I predict you won't show up.
A couple more predictions, since I'm on a roll.
If you talk to reporters, at least one of them will ask you to play Nostradamus sometime this year. Reporters love to get people to make predictions or speculate about what might happen in hypothetical situations. And if you are studying your press coverage trends with a good measurement program, you may even think you know what is going to happen in the future.
You'll be very popular with reporters if you take them up on their invitations to make predictions. But your boss and/or clients won't like it or shouldn't.
One final prediction: If you're still buying lottery tickets in 2507, you'll be a winner, in more ways than one.
Jerry Brown is no Nostradamus, but he's a former journalist and seasoned PR professional who brings a practical, results-oriented approach to helping clients get their story heard, understood and remembered. Check out his free weekly ezine, the Monday Morning Media Minute. Or you can reach him at email@example.com / 303-781-8787.
What is this? This is an e-mail newsletter to inform you of ideas, products, services and trends in PR measurement. The intent of this newsletter is to inform or provoke thought in a humorous way.
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Here's what I'm doing:
1. Open Google now and search
2. Highlight text in the results with a long press and some tap and dragging
3. Tap the copy icon in the clipboard tab at the top.
4. Receive the toast "the clipboard history was cleared"
And indeed, what I just copied will not be I'm the clipboard. Any way to fight this weird Google Now behavior?
Problem solved! The culprit was the xposed module " Secure Samsung Clipboard"


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Additional profile information on Alfred Thompson at Google+
I was on jury duty for most of this week. That took up quite a bit of my time and I didn't have much time for blogging, Twittering or much else of what I usually do during my work days. I did manage to collect a few good links though. Some came from Twitter (follow me @AlfredTwo), come came from email, some from blogs and some from my own browsing of the Internet. Here are the best of them. I hope you find something useful here.
A couple of things showed up around Expression products I found this Lap Around Microsoft Expression Blend
This video presentation demonstrates the Expression Blend tool and its different features. The presenter talks about items such as data binding, control templates and animations.
This video presentation demonstrates the Expression Blend tool and its different features. The presenter talks about items such as data binding, control templates and animations.
From @pbarone and @dFate I found a link to these Free Expression Web Video Tutorials For Beginners
I ran into two different sites for teaching copyright and Intellectual Property issues. One is from Microsoft and one for the Electronic Freedom Foundation
NCWIT (@NCWIT) Had a number of good career related links:
Microsoft's demo of Natal was a big hit at the E3 conference last week. I found several interesting links related to that:
Mark Guzdial (@guzdial) Had an interesting post which stirred some controversy and had some fairly upset replies in the comments. The provocative title was The Responsibility of APCS for the Decline of Enrollment in Undergraduate Computer Science It is really worth the read including the replies in the comments.
Last week Blake Handler "The Road to Know Where" emailed me a link to a set of templates for use in teacher to parent communications. I think many teachers will find them quite useful.
The Computer Science teachers Association sent out an email this week asking for teachers to participate in a survey about teaching computing concepts using "toys."
In this survey, the term "toy" is used very loosely. A "toy" might be an actual toy, but it could also be a story or poem, paper and pencil activity, food item, an object found around the house, or any one of an endless list of possibilities. The students themselves could be the objects
In this survey, the term "toy" is used very loosely. A "toy" might be an actual toy, but it could also be a story or poem, paper and pencil activity, food item, an object found around the house, or any one of an endless list of possibilities. The students themselves could be the objects
Clint Rutkas (@ClintRutkas) Twittered breaking into the game industry - bungie tools engineer talks about getting into the business. Note that he says "have something to show." Students can use tools like XNA to create a portfolio of games to show what they can do.
Clint also Twittered a link to this article called Dawn of the Personal Computer: From Altair to the IBM PC that lists a lot of the early PCs and shows some of the history behind them.
Microsoft Research (@MSFTResearch) Provides a link to an article titled: Microsoft's DigiGirlz Day Helps Girls Tackle Tech
The trend these days seems to be moving applications to the web browser. The ideas behind that are having access anywhere – from any location, from any computer, and at any time. Sounds great. But I resist. I like my so-called heavy applications. OH I understand the benefits of light applications that run from the web browser. I also understand the limitations of computer based heavy applications – operating systems dependence and lack of availability when one is away from their "home" computer. And there is installation costs. I get all that.
I do happily use Outlook Web Access and Hotmail for email when I need to for example. But I'd still rather use real Outlook or another "real" email application. I use twitter from the web interface from time to time but the power and flexibility of TweetDeck or other special twitter applications wins me over when I have a choice.
I think this is as much a result of my perception that special purpose tools in most areas give one better results than general purpose tools. Sure a Swiss Army knife will let you do a lot of things with one tool. But as well as separate screw drivers, scissors, knifes, etc? No not even close. You can use one hammer for everything you need to hit but a wrecking hammer will not do as good a job putting in nails as a framing hammer. And getting a table saw to do what a scroll saw can do is going to lead to frustration. Likewise a web based email client will do a lot – and they are much improved in recent years – but a dedicated application on your computer can do more, faster, easier, and still let you do a lot when you are not connected to the Internet.
Which brings me to the next piece. I didn't grow up with ubiquitous network access. And I still find myself in places where I can't get connected easily. So the idea of only being able to use an application when connected to the Internet scares me a little. Well maybe concerns me would be a better way to phrase it.
I do like cloud computing to some extent. The idea that I can place data on the cloud and get it from anywhere is great. The idea that there are cloud applications that I can use and access when I am connected is great. But I still what to work locally. I still want some control over my data. That control piece may actually be what concerns me the most. I have always taken responsibility for backing up my own data. Sure I have worked on commercial systems where formal and regular backups were taken. But I have always also done my own backups. I still have copies of programs from college – over 30 years ago. I trust me. not that I haven't ever lost anything but nothing I haven't been pretty sure I didn't need anymore. Well mostly. :-)
Do people – thinking students really – think about and discuss the pros and cons of heavy apps against light apps? I'm not sure too many programming courses really teach light apps. most web-based development I see done in high schools and early years in university are heavy apps. That concerns me a bit. I guess some web development courses cover simple web applications with some database access. That's great as far as it goes. But I'm not sure it teachers the complexity of building the sort of web applications that many in industry are moving to. While it is true that I am not a huge fan of that sort of thing I recognize that for the near future they are the future. Students need to know about creating them. At the very least they should be exposed to the discussion and presented with the issues to think about. The sooner that happens the sooner they can build applications that old school people like me will be comfortable using.
Or maybe they'll see the pros and cons differently and the pendulum will swing back to locally run applications. Stranger things have happened.
I served on a jury this week. That's one reason why I haven't been seen on Twitter, email or blogs much this week. Serving on a jury was an educational experience for me. One of the interesting things I learned was how much modern court rooms use computers and other modern technology. Computers and monitors were everywhere. (NH District Court Technology Page)
Court rooms on TV and the movies have a lot of empty space. They typically have two tables for attorneys with a lot of room on all sides and between them and the bench where the judge sits. In the court room I was in there were four large tables with two podiums and a good sized work station in front of the judge's bench where the court reporter and occasionally the deputy clerk of the court work. There is not a lot of room to maneuver. There are however computer and TV screens everywhere.
Every table and desk seems to have a flat screen monitor. The lawyer's desks, the judge's bench, and the clerk's desks. The jury box has two very large monitors in the railing/wall that separates them from the rest of the court room. There are even wall mounted monitors for court observers. All of this is tied to a Presentation Display System (PDS). This system is used to display evidence of various types to trial participants. There is no passing around of pictures; no setting up of screens and projectors for videos; and no messy setting up of tape recorders for audio clips. Every thing is done by computer from any of the work stations.
The court has wi-fi so the judge and attorneys can communicate using their computers. The judge may use the computer on the bench to look up points of law, communicate with his clerks but he can also watch the court reporter's transcript in real time.
But actually court use is not limited to the court room and trial. There are computers involved in selecting jurors, tracking cases, filing documents, and just about every aspect of the process I have looked at.
It seems like every time I get a closer look at almost any business area, government area or any other organization for the first time I find computers in new and often unexpected ways. I see this as continuing for a long time to come. Will this bring development jobs? I imagine so.


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Contains details and resources on aluminum wiring inspection, hazards, and repairs.
Offers articles and information on the use of copper on electrical wires.
Encloses information on residential phone wiring and connections.
Showcases answers to frequently asked questions on electrical matters.
Collection of articles and information dealing with home electrical safety.
Includes FAQs and general documents on electrical wiring.
Offers an electrical calculator, and construction and maintenance tips.
Shares information for electrical contractors and electricians to peruse. With a chat room, downloadable items, and electrical pictures.
Shows a study on crimps: height, strip, wires, Bell mouth, cut-off, lock tangs and rules.
Contains guides and advice for doing or setting up home phone wirings, especially for those that involve complicated connections.
Displays illustrated instructions on the different types of conduit bending. With a discussion venue, a guestbook and news articles included.
Compiles selections of do-it-yourself articles for appliance repair, building, renovation, home wiring, plumbing, and more.
Team of licensed electricians that offer commercial and residential electrical services.
Features a selection of articles on topics about home wiring instructions, hazards, and safety methods.


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They pay you 25$ for signing up and they pay very good for each click. Like 0.70$ per click or so. A lot of my friends use it, but one of the problems for some people, is that it freezes their browser for a few seconds.
But overall I like it, and it is legit, and the ads look cool.
Anyone have success with this site, what do you think of it?Hey guys, there is this new advertising site called "WidgetBucks" at http://www.widgetbucks.com/


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- KNIA / KRLS - http://kniakrls.com -
Let's Talk Knoxville – Homecoming Week
Posted By News On September 16, 2011 @ 1:00 pm In Let's Talk Knoxville,Today's Local News | Comments Disabled
On today's Let's Talk Knoxville, Aaron Gernes chats with Pennie Sommar & Connie Husted, with the Knoxville Alumni Association, about the homecoming festivities that occurring next week being put on by the KAA.
Podcast: Play in new window [1] | Download [1]
Article printed from KNIA / KRLS: http://kniakrls.com
URL to article: http://kniakrls.com/2011/09/lets-talk-knoxville-homecoming-week/
URLs in this post:
[1] Play in new window: http://media.blubrry.com/iowaradioplus/p/content.blubrry.com/iowaradioplus/9-16_Pennie_Connie.mp3
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2009 KNIA/KRLS. All rights reserved.


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Getty President and CEO Jim Cuno announces new program lifting restrictions on use of digital images
LOS ANGELES, CA.- The Getty announced today that it was lifting restrictions on the use of images to which the Getty holds all the rights or are in the public domain. Getty President and CEO Jim Cuno made the announcement in a post on The Iris, the Getty's blog. "As of today, the Getty makes available, without charge, all available digital images to which the Getty holds all the rights or that are in the public domain to be used for any purpose," wrote Cuno, citing the new program.


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Houston PD targets 'organized crime-style' pot ring
By Kevin Moran
HOUSTON, Tex. — Houston police are sweeping the city today with arrest warrants for participants in what a prosecutor calls an "organized crime-style" marijuana cultivation ring that distributes pot all over the country.
Details of the arrests are expected to be released by Houston police later today, Doyle said.
Doyle and Houston police raided seven homes and seized hundeds of high-grade marijuana plants in southeast Houston Monday. The raids were the culmination of a five-month investigation into a ring that has been selling marijuana grown in the houses for about $4,000 a pound, he said.
"This is a very sophisticated criminal organization," Doyle said. "We have information that this stuff is shipped all over the country because they grow so much of it."
All the suspects in the investigation are of Vietnamese descent but not necessarily tied to known street gangs, Doyle said.
"They're very discreet about how they handle themselves," Doyle said, noting that neighbors of the seven homes were not aware that the houses were unoccupied pot farms.
The homes were equipped with timers on interior lights and cars were moved in and out of the driveways to make the use of the properties seem normal, Doyle said.
"One of the houses was a big supply warehouse," Doyle said, making police believe that more undiscovered cultivation houses remain in operation.
The marijuana-growing operation requires special lights, water filters, tables and trays for the plants, Doyle said. To keep from attracting attention to the houses with big electricity bills, the marijuana growers by-passed electric meters and tapped directly into power lines, he said.
Copyright 2007 Houston Chronicle
Full story: ...
|Back to previous page


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Trendspotting: Black rules at the British Independent Film Awards
The annual British Independent Film Awards were given out on Sunday night at Old Billingsgate Market in London and several attendees opted for black outfits. Black accessories were the popular way to finish off ensembles on the red carpet with the occasional hint of sparkle thrown in for good measure. Here's a wrap-up of some of the more interesting looks from the awards.
Felicity Jones selected Burberry for the awards with those pearl-accented bows by the neckline adding another dimension to the basic black dress. Black Jimmy Choo Anouk pumps capped off the look. Downton Abbey actress Joanne Froggatt skipped a dress in favor of this strapless jumpsuit by The Kooples. She rounded out the look with a Louis Vuitton clutch and Jimmy Choo black pumps.
Saoirse Ronan introduced a hint of color to the red carpet with her Peter Pilotto Spring 2014 creation featuring a black floral overlay. Delfina Delettrez gems and black ankle strap sandals served as accessories. It was a black Jasper Conran Spring 2014 sleeveless gown with bright white Peter Pan collar for Hayley Atwell on Sunday evening. De Beers jewelry, a white Jimmy Choo clutch and Casadei shoes completed the look.
We really like the pearl detailing on Felicity's dress and Saoirse's unique Peter Pilotto. Do you have a favorite outfit from the event?


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House sold to multiple buyersComment on this story
Bloemfontein - A Bloemfontein couple were arrested on Monday for allegedly selling the same property to more than one buyer, Free State police said on Monday.
"The woman was arrested at their home in Bloemfontein at about 4am on Monday," said Constable Peter Kareli.
The woman's husband, 35, handed himself over to the police in the presence of his lawyer on Monday morning.
Kareli said both faced 26 charges of fraud amounting to more than R2 million.
He said the couple, who ran an estate agency business, had allegedly committed the fraudulent acts since 2009.
They are expected to appear in the Bloemfontein Magistrate's Court soon.
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In antiquity it was common to seal a business agreement with an exchange of ring and the contract of "marriage" was treated as such. Consequently it became an established custom to gift a ring as an antecedent confirming the agreement to marry.
Referred to as a fede ring or clasped hands ring in later centuries, during the time of the Romans this type of ring was often referred to as Concordia – for Concord, the goddess of harmony who was worshiped as the bringer of marital harmony.
Here the traditional motif of two right hands one female and the other male, clasped together referred to as "dextrarum iunctio" (giving or joining of right hands) in the first centuries of the Common Era has been crafted of silver rather than of the expected iron.


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Merck is one of the world leaders in the development and production of ionic
liquids which are key raw materials used in DSC electrolytes. Merck has patented
intellectual property and vast know-how in the field of ionic liquids. Dyesol,
located in Queanbeyan in New South Wales (Australia), is the leading developer
of DSC materials and solutions, having a broad portfolio covering DSC materials,
product designs and manufacturing equipments.
The first phase of the collaboration involves the development of new electrolytes,
optimization of electrolytes for high performance, refinement of material specifications
to assure ultra long life, and scale up for volume manufacture. Dyesol will
contribute the results of the past 12 years of testing on over 400 different
proprietary electrolytes that has resulted in DSC with proven stability of well
over 25 years in European conditions.
"Photovoltaic renewable energy sources are showing increasing potential
worldwide. The cooperation with Dyesol, the world leader in the Dye Solar Cell
sector, offers us the opportunity to leverage valuable potential in this attractive
market," says Dr. Emil Aust, Senior Manager of Ionic Liquids at Merck KGaA.
"When used as the main components of DSC electrolytes, Merck's task-specific
Ionic Liquids, make it possible to use both solid and flexible DSCs, thus enabling
outstanding new applications in the future."
Do you have a review, update or anything you would like to add to this news story?
Cancel reply to comment
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with these terms and conditions.


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The bioaccumulation potential of chemical substances is commonly determined in flow-through fish tests according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) technical guideline (TG) 305, aiming at the determination of bioconcentration factors (BCF). Investigations on aquatic organisms have shown a significant positive correlation between the accumulation of a chemical and the lipid content of organisms. Residue levels can thus differ between individuals, species, and size groups depending on their lipid content. BCF values can be normalized by lipid content; however, this requires the use of appropriate extraction techniques to ensure the complete extraction of total lipids from fish/tissue samples. The OECD TG 305 is currently under revision. A literature review was carried out to select preferred methods which shall be included in the updated OECD TG 305 along with a sampling schedule for lipid measurement in fish.
An overview and appraisal of a broad range of lipid extraction methods is presented. Extraction procedures applied in bioaccumulation studies described in the literature and procedures currently used for such studies by governmental, academic, and industrial labs are surveyed. Possible impacts of unsuitable extraction techniques on lipid normalized BCF results were assessed. Default values for BCF normalization commonly used in bioaccumulation studies are described. The effect of differences in residue distribution over different organs and/or lipids on the normalization of BCF values is discussed.
A broad range of procedures for lipid extraction are available. However, only the use of suitable extraction techniques guarantees the complete extraction of total lipids from fish samples in bioaccumulation studies which is required to ensure the correct lipid normalization of BCF values. Preferred methods for inclusion in the updated OECD 305 test guideline as well as a standard schedule for lipid measurements are suggested.
Keywords:Lipid extraction procedures; Standard methods; BCF; Lipid normalization; Tissue distribution
Bioaccumulation of chemical substances can be caused by bioconcentration, mainly via respiratory membranes, or by biomagnifications via dietary uptake. As partitioning between water or food and outer membranes of organisms represents the most important process of bioaccumulation, it is of particular interest when dealing with substances with certain physicochemical properties, e.g., lipophilicity and persistence. In aquatic systems, sediments, and soils, these substances tend to concentrate mainly in the lipid fraction of organisms and may lead to substantial physiological burdens. The accumulation of such residues in the food chain can reach levels toxic to predators and represents a risk for human health. Assessing the bioconcentration as well as the biomagnification potential is therefore an important issue for the environmental and human risk assessment of chemicals and one of the main features in environmental monitoring.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) technical guideline (TG) 305 [1] focuses on the process of bioconcentration and aims at the determination of the bioconcentration factor (BCF), a proportionality constant relating the concentration of a chemical in an organism to its concentration in the ambient water at the steady state between uptake and depuration. Investigations in the aquatic environment have revealed a significant positive correlation between the accumulation of a chemical and the lipid content of organisms, and residue levels thus differ between individuals, species, and size groups depending on their lipid contents [2-4]. Therefore, variations in these data can be reduced when BCF values are normalized by lipid content [5,6]. Furthermore, this facilitates the extrapolation between species and sites.
However, it must be kept in mind that lipids are not a uniform compartment and that different lipid classes, e.g., the relatively polar phospholipids common in cell membranes, the nonpolar triacylglycerols in storage lipids, the neutral steroids, glycolipids, triglycerids, and free fatty acids, have quite different properties. Partitioning of lipophilic substances in the total lipid fraction is most probably related to these differences in polarity [7,8].
Polarity also governs lipid solubility in water and organic solvents and, thus, the extraction of total lipids. Lipid fractions are usually characterized by different ratios of polar and nonpolar lipids, mainly depending on the total lipid content of the animals/tissues. The use of appropriate extraction techniques based on solvent systems with the right polarity is thus essential [8,9]. In addition, other factors, e.g., temperature, pH, light, and oxygen, may influence lipid extractions [5]. In view of these considerations, it is not surprising that up to now, many different extraction methods have been proposed, but no standard method suitable for all tissues/species has been agreed upon.
Bioconcentration guidelines such as OECD TG 305 [1], the United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (U.S. EPA OPPTS) 850.1730, [10] and Japanese Industrial Standards [11] emphasize the importance of lipid normalization; however, a clear guidance on lipid measurement in fish is missing. The results obtained with different extraction methods may differ quite considerably [6,8,9,12-18], leading to over- or underestimations when normalizing BCF values to lipid contents. Therefore, the selection of appropriate extraction techniques using mixed systems of nonpolar and polar solvents is required to ensure the complete extraction of total lipids from fish/tissue samples. In this context, the OECD 305 guideline [1] recommends the use of chloroform/methanol for determination of fish lipid content. The microgravimetric assay for total lipids described by Gardner et al. [19] is given as a key reference. However, a broad range of analytical procedures are available which can be used for lipid measurements as part of bioconcentration studies and thus may have a potential impact on the results obtained. To guarantee the comparability of BCFs obtained in different studies, the analytical procedures should be further standardized. Therefore, in the course of revising OECD guideline 305 [1], lipid determination is one point that needs clarification.
The aim of the present survey was to review current literature to give an overview over lipid extraction methods used in bioaccumulation studies and to appraise each method with respect to strengths and weaknesses in terms of reproducibility, ease of conductance, and robustness. Effects induced by the use of inappropriate lipid measurement methods on the result of lipid normalization are described. Lipid extraction protocols recommended to be included in the updated OECD TG 305 along with a sampling schedule of lipid measurement in fish are provided.
Main text and discussion
Overview and appraisal of lipid extraction methods
The review of methods for lipid extraction and an appraisal of each method are presented in Additional file 1. The focus of this survey is on traditional extraction procedures using organic solvents (e.g., [20-22] or the Soxhlet method [23]); however, also nondestructive instrumental methods based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are presented. Each method currently employed for the determination of lipid content has its advantages and disadvantages, and there is no procedure available which is suitable for all types of lipids.
Additional file 1. Overview and appraisal of lipid extraction methods. A table showing a review of methods for lipid extraction and an appraisal of each method.
Format: PDF Size: 49KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
For choosing suitable methods for preparation of lipid extracts from fish tissues based on solvent extraction, different criteria must be considered. The simplicity and efficiency of the method are of central interest. However, the choice of method used for the determination of lipid content will be dictated to a large extent by the cost and by the urgency with which the results are required. The nondestructive instrumental methods are for instance exceptionally quick and involve very little sample preparation, but expensive and sophisticated equipment is required which might not be widely available. In addition, their degree of accuracy is perhaps less than that of the destructive solvent extraction methods. Finally, the toxicity of the solvents for humans (i.e., lab technicians) and the ease of disposal of the used solvents should be a prime consideration.
The amount of fish biomass sampled during bioaccumulation studies is usually limited due to the small size and low number of animals. Some procedures for solvent extraction might be principally suitable for extraction of lipids from fish tissues, but relatively large sample volumes are required (e.g., [20]). In these cases, a careful adjustment of the extraction procedure to reduced sample sizes is required. Several microgravimetric assays have been described (e.g., [19,24]). The relative merits of the different methods have to be considered when a preferred method for inclusion in the updated OECD 305 test guideline is selected.
Lipid determination in bioaccumulation studies
The vast majority of bioaccumulation data available in the literature have been obtained in the context of environmental monitoring or field studies. Residue levels are usually expressed on wet weight basis or normalized to lipid weight.
Publications of bioconcentration studies according to OECD TG 305 [1] or U.S. EPA OPPTS 850.1730 [10] are rare: Schettgen [25] performed OECD TG 305 studies with Triclosan and some pyrethroid pesticides. Total lipids were determined according to Hara and Radin [22] using a two step extraction with hexane and isopropanol followed by the photometrical determination of the lipid-sulphosphovanillin complex after digestion with sulphuric acid [26]. Fox et al. [27] performed bioconcentration tests on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) according to OECD TG 305, but no details on the methods used for lipid extraction except the solvent combination (hexane/2-propanol) are presented. Yakata et al. [28] studied the influence of dispersants on the BCF of seven organic compounds in flow-through test systems according to OECD TG 305. Lipids were determined using the Bligh and Dyer [21] method.
Other papers report on bioconcentration tests according to OECD TG 305 [1] or U.S. EPA OPPTS 850.1730 [10] without lipid determination being carried out (e.g., [29-32]). The outcome of the literature review with respect to guideline studies and lipid determination methods was thus not satisfactory due to a shortage of data. This is probably due to the fact that the majority of bioconcentration studies according to guidelines are performed in the context of regulatory risk assessment of chemicals. These studies have to be performed according to GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) and are thus of high quality. However, they are strictly confidential and not available to the public and could thus not be reviewed for this report. The literature review was therefore amended by short interviews with laboratories that perform OECD 305 studies in the context of registration and notification.
Eight international laboratories involved in bioaccumulation studies were asked for information about their standard operation procedures used for lipid extraction from fish tissues. Our survey showed that despite the broad range of methods available for lipid extraction, only a small group of techniques is routinely applied in bioaccumulation studies. Five of the eight laboratories interviewed stated that they commonly use solvent extraction methods based on chloroform/methanol according to Bligh and Dyer [21] or Randall et al. [9] which is a modification of the procedure originally described by Folch et al. [20]. Two laboratories commonly use the Smedes method [14] which is based on non-chlorinated solvents. Only one lab mentioned to use a nondestructive instrumental method based on NIR. The results show that most labs follow the current guidelines of OECD 305 [1] where the use of chloroform/methanol extraction techniques is recommended for analysis of fish samples. The Smedes method [14] was developed for the determination of total lipid in fish and extensively compared with the Bligh and Dyer method [21] for different fish and shellfish samples. The results were in agreement with the extraction following Bligh and Dyer [33,34] using chlorinated solvents, and the method is now part of the QUASIMEME Laboratory Performance Studies [35] as a 'low-toxic' method for the determination of total lipid in marine biota. It can be assumed that the results of all seven labs which use solvent extraction procedures for analysis of fish samples are comparable. Also, the values obtained by NIR are most likely in agreement with those obtained by solvent extraction, as described by Darwish et al. [36] and Mathias et al. [37].
In conclusion, the results of our survey indicate that analytical methods commonly applied by governmental, academic, and industrial labs for the determination of lipid content in fish sampled from bioaccumulation studies are of high quality. The estimation of possible impacts of unsuitable extraction techniques on lipid-normalized BCF results might therefore be a rather theoretical issue.
Effect of lipid extraction procedures on lipid-based BCF values
Principally, extraction differences may lead to substantial differences in comparing BCFs across studies and among species of varying lipid composition [9]. However, a critical investigation of different methods for lipid determination with respect to their impact on estimated BCFs is missing. Due to the limited amount of published results from bioaccumulation studies which were carried out according to OECD TG 305 [1], the specific comparison of BCFs estimated for single contaminants is difficult. Geyer et al. [38] described the relationship between the lipid content of fish and their bioconcentration potential of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. This study presents a valuable collection of references of older bioaccumulation studies. For instance, in a study on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), presented by Galassi and Calamari [39], a lipid content of 3.2% was estimated for the newly hatched animals leading to a wet weight-based BCF (BCFW) of 349 (based on lipid weight, the respective lipid-based BCF (BCFL) was 10,906). In a further study on the same species but with bigger animals, a lipid content of 8.3% was determined leading to a BCFW of 1,300 (BCFL = 15,660) [40]. Lipid contents in both studies were determined by the Soxhlet extraction [23]. However, different solvent systems (n-hexane vs. acetone/hexane) and different boiling periods (8 h vs. 24 h) were applied. It can be assumed that in the first study, due to the neutral solvent (n-hexane), only the neutral lipids were removed leading to a lower lipid content and thus a higher BCFL value. In contrast, the lipid content presented in the second study seems to be exceptionally high for animals of the given size.
Whole body lipid content default values for lipid normalization of BCF
Fish lipid content varies according to species, age, sex, season, and location, and it can range from around 0.5% to 20% w/w or more in the wild (e.g., [38]). BCF values for lipophilic compounds estimated on a wet weight basis (BCFW) increase with increasing lipid contents. Normalization of BCF values to lipid content is one way to reduce variability when comparing measured BCF values, for instance, for different species or animals of different life stages. Lipid contents are commonly used to calculate BCF values on a percent lipid basis (BCFL) but can be further used to calculate a normalized whole body BCF assuming a fixed whole body lipid content. A default value of 5% is most commonly used as this represents the average lipid content of the small fish used in OECD TG 305 [1] including the rainbow trout (O. mykiss), bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), zebrafish (Danio rerio), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) ([41,42] cited in the REACH TGD (R.7.10.4) [43]).
No default value is defined in OECD TG 305 [1], and a percent normalization was thus not performed in the published bioaccumulation studies following this guideline [25,28].
Fish lipid contents should be always measured and reported together with the calculated BCF values. The interviews revealed that fish lipid contents are usually measured and reported but that BCFs are not necessarily further normalized on a lipid basis. Only one lab mentioned that BCF values are normalized to a default value of 6% which represents the average lipid content of the bluegill sunfish (L. macrochirus) used in their bioaccumulation studies. A common default value (e.g., 5%, as described above) should be defined in the revised OECD guideline to give a clear basis for the comparison of BCF values across studies and among species.
Differences in residue distribution over different organs and/or lipids
Bioconcentration factors for lipophilic compounds estimated on a wet weight basis (BCFW) increase with increasing lipid content. The generally held view is that neutral storage and membrane lipids are the most important classes for the bioaccumulation of nonpolar and polar residues, respectively. Therefore, apart from the lipid content, also the lipid composition might have an effect on the bioaccumulation potential of an animal. However, with respect to differences in residue distribution over different lipid types, only little data are available. Chefurka and Gnidec [44] found that dichlordiphenyltrichlorethane binds to the relatively polar membrane lipids. Chlorobiphenyls were detected in both the membrane-bound and the unbound lipid fraction in fish [12]. For extractable PCBs, Randall et al. [8] reported about one third to be associated with membrane-bound lipids, whereas two thirds was found in the neutral lipid fraction. Roche et al. [45] found infrequent positive correlations between lipid contents in tissues and contaminant levels: In eel (Anguilla anguilla), muscular γ-hexachlorcyclohexane (Lindan, γHCH) correlated with neutral lipids. In crucian carp (Carassius carassius), muscular γHCH correlated with total lipids and hepatic ΣPCB with phospholipids. In catfish liver (Ictalurus nebulosus), a positive correlation was detected between γHCH and total, as well as neutral, lipids. Generally, the evidence for the role of lipid composition on differences in bioaccumulation potential is missing, and the estimation of BCF values should be better related to total lipid content than to any one fraction.
Lipid concentrations in different organs, namely, filet and liver, can vary leading to differences in residue distribution. For instance, Wu et al. [46] reported that polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and furanes accumulate mainly in the liver and that muscle concentrations correlate with liver concentrations. Variability in muscle concentrations between fish species decreased when concentrations were normalized to lipid content. Several studies describe the residue distribution over different organs (e.g., [31,45,47-53]). However, bioconcentration studies according to OECD 305 [1] are performed to obtain BCF values which - per definitionem - refer to the whole fish, and differences in residue distribution over different organs are thus not essential.
Recommended method for inclusion in the updated OECD 305 test guideline
As stated above, the selection of a suitable lipid determination method should consider the methods' reproducibility, robustness, and ease of use. Furthermore, it should not be too expensive and - ideally - work without toxic solvents. Another crucial point is the applicability to small quantities of samples. Many of the methods listed above were established for samples of 1 to 10 g and have to be modified when working with sample sizes of < 1 g. The chloroform/methanol extraction technique recommended as standard method is well established and accepted. After the Soxhlet method [23], which is considered unsuitable for lipid extraction of fish tissues because of its dependency on conditions which are difficult to control (i.e., no precise determination of extraction cycles due to continuous flow), the Bligh and Dyer method [21] is probably the second most common lipid extraction procedure reported in the scientific literature. Due to the simultaneous use of the nonpolar chloroform and the polar methanol as solvents, this technique is characterized by high extraction efficiency. The lipid obtained can be subjected to further analysis if required. However, the major drawback of this method is the use of highly toxic solvents. We therefore suggest that the Smedes method [14] should be recommended as an alternative technique for the Bligh and Dyer procedure [21]. The Smedes method is characterized by a comparable efficiency of extraction, high accuracy, the use of less toxic organic solvents, and ease of performance. Cyclohexane has a lower density than chloroform and therefore separates at the top of the extraction mixture. Particulate matter which is centrifuged to the bottom of the jar is automatically removed from organic phase. Therefore, no filtration is necessary to remove it as with Bligh and Dyer [21] where tissue residues form on top of the lower chloroform phase. Both techniques are described in detail in Additional file 2. An alternative method for the quantitative extraction of lipids from fish using non-halogenated solvents was described by Jensen et al. [6]. Lipid recoveries comparable to the Bligh and Dyer method were obtained for cod muscle, showing the high potential of this method. However, further validation/calibration approaches as well as an interlaboratory study involving this method are required.
Additional file 2. Extraction and measurement of total lipids in fish. A document describing two techniques for the extraction and measurement of total lipids in fish.
Format: PDF Size: 36KB Download file
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Due to the specific extraction procedures required for the analysis of many test substances, the use of techniques based on NIR or NMR spectroscopy (e.g., CEM Smart trac™, CEM Corporation, Matthews, NC, USA) has high potential for the lipid determination in fish sampled from bioaccumulation studies. However, the lack of intercalibration studies and the limited availability and high cost of equipment are currently the major bottleneck for the use of these techniques.
Standardized sampling schedule for lipid measurement
The OECD 305 guideline [1] states that, if possible, lipid determination and residue analysis should be performed using the same sample. However, analysis of test substances often requires specific extraction procedures which might be in contradiction to the guidelines for gravimetric lipid determination by solvent extraction. In this case (until suitable nondestructive instrumental methods are available), it is recommended to determine the fish lipid content by solvent extraction on independent fish sampled at the start and at the end of the experiment. The amount of fish per tank should be adjusted accordingly. The analysis of fish from the test and control groups at the end of the experiment is important to confirm the equal lipid content of test and control animals. As described in the OECD 305 guideline [1], the lipid content of the fish (as milligrams per kilogram wet weight) at the end of the experiment should not differ from that at the start by more ± 25%.
A broad range of procedures for lipid extraction are available. However, only the use of suitable extraction techniques guarantees the complete extraction of total lipids from fish samples in bioaccumulation studies which is required to ensure the correct lipid normalization of BCF values.
BCF: Bioconcentration factor; BCFW: Wet weight-based BCF; BCFL: Lipid-based BCF; OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; TG: Technical guideline; NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NIR: Near-infrared spectroscopy; PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyls; γHCH: γ-hexachlorcyclohexane.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
CSr participated in the literature search and drafted the manuscript. AF has made a substantial contribution to the literature search. CSf has been involved in revising the manuscript critically. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This paper is based on the result of the literature survey 'Lipid measurement: Contributions to the revision of TG OECD 305' funded by OECD under contract for intellectual services JA00052497. The authors would like to thank the national coordinators and members of the OECD expert group supporting the current revision of this guideline for providing valuable comments on the OECD report.
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text:
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Ballroom/Swing Dance:
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- Filed Under
Officials at the University of Iowa announced Wednesday the Federal Emergency Management Department has determined the university carries ample flood insurance and that higher limits will not be required - bringing to a close a potentially costly issue from the flood of 2008.
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================== Left 4 Dead Spray Pack 2
25/10/08 Version 1.0 by SimmerALPHA
A custom spray pack for Counter-Strike: Source. It features the Hunter and the Tank.
======== Installation
Unzip the .zip file to the following path:
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====== Contact
You can contact me at email@example.com.
===== Credits
Turtle Rock Studios/Valve for developing Counter-Strike: Source and for providing the artwork these sprays are based on.


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Welcome to Absolution!
Absolution is a Final Fantasy XI endgame Linkshell exclusive to the Caitsith server. Our linkshell was created to attain 3 main goals for all players: to build relations between players on the Caitsith server, to advance your character through the most treacherous hurdles offered in FFXI, and last but not least, to get you the gear you've always dreamed of.
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Thank You


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As a fan of PhoneCo and the Febsperanza Brusmetal skins, I really needed, yep, you guessed, a Brushed Metal skin for PhoneCO. So, and even if my art skills didnt evolved much since I was five, I decided to go along and hijacked Febsperanza pics and here it his.
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Get it here...
Unzip to \installdir\Designs\
Copy the BatteryLow1.png and BatteryLow2.png files from \installdir\Designs\Brushmetal\Icons\ to \installdir\Icons .
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Also, to fully use the new phonebook buttons, you have to add to \installdir\PhoneCtl.Config.xml the lines witch activate them.
Hope you like it


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November 24, 2015
A couple who used to be homeless is helping to build a shelter in hopes of helping eastern Kentuckians in need get their lives back on track.
Jake and Patsy Dietrich lost not only their home, but everything they owned in Jackson, Tennessee when a tornado hit in late 2003.
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Since August of 2006, they've volunteered at the Emergency Christian Ministries shelter in Williamsburg.
Now, they are directing the construction of a new homeless shelter in London.
The Dietrich's hope to open the homeless shelter in June.
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