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Your maid of honor or matron of honor. The mighty MOH. Maybe you're bound by a pinkie swear you made in first grade with your best friend that you'd be each other's. Or your sister will claim that title. Or you just can't decide – and have a maid AND matron of honor (happens all the time!).
Being a MOH is, indeed, an honor. But she will also need to be your back up, your second in command, your lady in waiting and your main supporter during the planning and at the wedding itself. So make sure that special girl is up to the tasks she'll be assigned before you ask her.
Those tasks are outlined below. Of course, you'll customize them to your unique wedding. But you'll get a good idea of what to ask your MOH to do with you and to take care of behind the scenes.
Maid of Honor / Matron of Honor Duties
The MOH…
- is on call during all your wedding planning joys and stresses
- offers an extra set of hands for addressing invitations, putting together wedding favors and filling out place cards
- makes shopping for your wedding gown fun
- has a great time shopping for her and the attendants' dresses
- spreads the word about where you're registered for gifts
- organizes a wedding shower and a bachelorette party
- takes notes about who gave what gift at the shower
- delegates jobs and tasks to bridesmaids as needed
- is a calm presence at the wedding rehearsal and rehearsal dinner
- helps you get into your dress the day of the wedding
- stands beside you at the ceremony and holds the groom's rings
- takes charge of your bouquet during the ceremony
- keeps an eye on your dress train and veil and adjusts them as needed
- makes it legal with her signature on the marriage license
- gives a hilarious and tear-jerking toast at the wedding reception
- rallies the guests and encourages them to take part in the reception fun
You already know the person who's up to this assignment, don't you? Be sure to ask her in a fun way that pampers her and makes her feel extra special, like sending her flowers with a note asking her the big question, taking her out for a her-and-you-only happy hour in an awesome club or dropping off a gorgeous gift at her house as a surprise.
Then get ready to have a fun wedding adventure together!


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Mark Valeski rallied to beat Right to Vote by 1¼ lengths in the $200,000 Peter Pan Stakes for 3-year-olds at Belmont Park.
Trainer Larry Jones and owner Brereton C. Jones (no relation) had initially planned to run the colt in the Kentucky Derby. They decided on the Tuesday of Derby week that Mark Valeski wasn't as sharp as they would like, so the Derby was out, and the Peter Pan became the plan.
Laying off a blazing pace set by 47-1 Right to Vote, Mark Valeski rallied four wide at the top of his lane for his third win in six starts and first stakes victory.
"We're sure going to look at the Belmont (June 9)," Larry Jones said. "It sure looked like he handled this track well."
Mark Valeski paid $4.70, $3.30 and $2.80 as the 6-5 favorite with Rosie Napravnik aboard. Right to Vote returned $24.60 and $14 while Street Life, who rallied from far back to get third, paid $5.60 to show.
Drill beat American Act by a half-length in the $98,000 Lazaro Barrera Memorial Stakes at Betfair Hollywood Park.
Ridden by Martin Garcia, Drill ran seven furlongs on the synthetic Cushion Track in 1:22.98 and paid $4.40 and $2.80 as the 6-5 favorite for trainer Bob Baffert.
American Act returned $3.20, while Gun Boat, also trained by Baffert, was another half-length back in third.
•Ponzi Scheme drew off in the stretch to win the $75,000 Decathlon Stakes on opening day at Monmouth Park, a race that was marred by a spill on the far turn involving five of the eight horses.
Officials said all the horses and jockeys involved in the spill escaped serious injury. But one jockey, Angel Serpa, was taken to a hospital for X-rays of his right shoulder.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Our kit puts a wonderland of sweet sprinkles and crunchy candies at your fingertips for decorating cookies, cupcakes, cakes, gingerbread houses and more. It includes colorful candy confetti, stars, pearls and sprinkles in classic holiday shapes—from gingerbread men, snowflakes and snowmen to candy canes, holly berries and Christmas trees. They're all organized in a divided container that keeps them neatly separated and easy to spoon out.


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Get caught up on the Sidewise nominees for best alternate history stories
The finalists for the 2009 Sidewise Awards, honoring the best in alternate history, have been announced. And just in case the version of you in this universe hasn't already read the novel and five short stories, here's your primer. »


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Horror is a genre that stimulates the mind more than any other, horror movies create fear and panic within us, yet for some reason we can't resist the urge to watch them (though we regret it at night). Some of the greatest movies ever made have been of the horror genre, and have struck fear into the hearts of audiences for decades. (Read: Best movies of Jackie Chan)
Horror need not be about ghosts and demons, it could even be about human beings. In fact some of the best horror movies do not involve workings of the supernatural, they simply show the dark side of human nature. Here is a list of movies we believe to be the greatest and most terrifying horror movies ever:
1) Psycho (1960)- This is the greatest horror movie ever made. It is also Alfred Hitchcock's most famous movie. It's about a serial killer named Norman Bates who suffers from a split personality, one is his own and the other more dominant one is of his mother who he murdered when she found a lover (Norman killed him too). The movie is quite different from what you'd expect, the girl we think is the protagonist is murdered by Norman half through the film while she's in the shower. (Read: 3 great classic urban legends that we still hear of)
The shower scene (for reasons other than what you may think) is one of the most iconic Hollywood scenes and the screeching tune that plays while Norman stabs Marion has long since been associated with danger and fear. Psycho features no ghosts, nor monsters or zombies, yet it much more terrifying, even today over fifty years after it hit theatres. Hitchcock was the master of horror, and this is considered to be his masterpiece. Norman Bates was voted as the 2nd greatest movie villain by the American Film Institute.
2) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) - This movie, like psycho is not a pure horror movie as such as it falls in the crime- thriller genre as well. The movie is about a cannibalistic serial killer named Dr Hannibal Lecter (now imprisoned) whose expertise an FBI agent Clarice Starling uses to help nab another serial killer named "Buffalo Bill" who kills women and skins them. The American Film Institute named Dr Hannibal Lecter as the No 1 movie villain because he's so scary.
3) The Exorcist (1973) - This is a supernatural horror film about a young girl possessed by a demon and her mother's attempts to save her through an exorcism using two priests. This movie is terrifying in all aspects and should only be watched if you don't mind not being able to sleep properly for at least a week.


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Apr 222011
Field Vision – Entry 3: clay lizards part2! from Nathan Dappen on Vimeo.
In this segment of "Field Vision" one of my field assistants and I report on the results of a clay model predation experiment that we just conducted.
One Response to "Field Vision – Entry 3: clays lizards part 2"
Love it! Please part 3???


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Man suffers fractured nose after assault in Scunthorpe nightclub
Posted: November 13, 2012|
A man has suffered facial injuries after being assaulted at a nightclub in Scunthorpe.
The man attempted to intervene in an altercation between a group of people at Bamboogy, on Scunthorpe High Street, when he was assaulted by an unknown person.
He was taken to Scunthorpe General Hospital, where he was treated for a fractured nose and bruised face.
Police are appealing for any witnesses to the incident, which happened between 4am and 4.30am on Friday, November 9, to call Humberside Police on 101 quoting crime reference 1941024.


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Imax sells digital projector to Japan's T-Joy
Canada's Imax Corp has sold its first commercial digital cinema projector to Japan's T-Joy, an exhibition joint venture backed by a total of 22 companies, including the Toei group.
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My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Wenar Productions Limited Actors Conservatory Theatre, Yonkers, NY, USA
ACT's adolescent troupe performance of All Shook Up is a joyous ,roust about musical of the misadventures of cris-cross forbidden unbridled love. The cast and ensemble group had the audience gyrating and swooning to the50's tune of Heart Break Hotel, Jail House Rock, and Hound Dog. The musical direction of George Croom, choreograph work of Jan Paganelli and stage direction of Jen Langford gives us all the thrills of a Broadway show with what seems to be a seasoned group of youth performers. Kudos to Joe Picard as Dennis whose comedic timing is masterfully done, and also to Olivia Paganelli whose rendition of There's Always Me rocks the house. All voices and performances are in good form, but its Nick Paganelli arousing, robust recreation of an Elvis persona that fuels the audience's engines. The sold out toe tapping laugh rock -a-Billy musical leaves us to wonder whats next, as we can't help to want for more, more, more!! ACT is Yonkers' treasure that never ceases unearthing the precious talents of adolescent theatre.
More Feedback
What I've enjoyed the most about my experience with this nonprofit is...
Their dedication in making it enjoyable for whole families of diverse backgrouns.
The kinds of staff and volunteers that I met were...
excellent people
If this organization had 10 million bucks, it could...
WOW thousands!!!
Ways to make it better...
It should have two weekends of performances.
In my opinion, the biggest challenges facing this organization are...
funding for musicians
One thing I'd also say is that...
How frequently have you been involved with the organization?
About once a year
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?


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Skip Hop Zoo is going green with new reusable snack and sandwich bags
It's still not too late to set your resolutions and goals for 2014 and for me, one of them is to be more earth-friendly. With all the convenience of pre-packaged snacks and drinks, I know that we create so much more waste than we should. This year, we're going to try and make less waste by using reusable bags. Skip Hop just debuted a new reusable sandwich and snack set in five of their most popular animals: ladybug, owl, monkey, dog and bee. For $12 a set, it's the perfect thing for each kid to keep their snacks and lunches safe for the day.
Skip Hop Zoo Reusable Sandwich and Snack Set, $12, at skiphop.com


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Friday, October 12, 2012
© Copyright 2015 Albany Herald
Although Methodism have been established in Georgia for at least 225 years, its continuing presence in Savannah, where I serve the church, is 200 years old this year.
While British warships prowled the Georgia coastline, country Methodist preacher James Russell was appointed to Savannah to build a church. Methodism in 1812 was thriving across the nation, holding 400-500 camp meetings per year with 3 million people attending these dramatic social and religious gatherings. National success notwithstanding, Dr. George D. Smith in his "History of Methodism in Georgia" (1913) described Savannah Methodism in 1812 as a "forlorn hope" consisting of three poor white and four even poorer African-American Methodists.
Brother Russell, a successful backwoods preacher, was ill-suited to the relatively cosmopolitan and educated city folk accustomed to sophisticated preaching from the pulpits of First Presbyterian and First Baptist churches. Russell would not be the last rustic Methodist preacher unevenly yoked with more cultured city cousins. Nevertheless Russell, a determined backwoodsman, cut the timber for the building himself, floated it down the Savannah River on a raft and built the first Methodist church building in Savannah, cutting marsh grass and selling it on the side to support himself and his family.
Some 20 years earlier, Methodist Circuit Rider Hope Hull had preached sanctification in a mechanic shop in Savannah, but was unable to establish a congregation. "The History of American Methodism" (1964) notes that there was "great prejudice against the Methodists ... and continual peril from mobs," probably because early Methodists were rigorous, uneducated, mostly from the poorer classes and in no mood to defer to the more genteel Christians in any given city.
Frances Asbury, Methodism's first bishop, visited Georgia frequently beginning in 1788, once getting lost in the Georgia backwoods for 21 miles, his traveling companion Thomas Coke noting that ticks harassed them along the way.
Asbury was the most recognizable person in the early days of our nation, having spent 45 years, often in poor health, riding on horseback up and down the Eastern Seaboard and crossing the Allegheny Mountains more than 60 times. This chronically penniless cleric slept on dirt floors, rode through rain and snow, crossed dangerously swollen rivers and near the end of his life had such swollen feet from the continual horseback riding that Methodists had to carry him from his horse to the pulpit so he could preach.
No record remains of the sermons Asbury preached in Savannah or elsewhere in Georgia, but Asbury, not known for his eloquence as a preacher, would surely have touched on his favorite themes of the need for daily holiness of heart and life and his warning that Methodists would decline if they ever became prosperous.
Two hundred years later, it's probably too late to turn back the clock on Methodist prosperity, but the Savannah bicentenary gives Methodists the opportunity to rededicate themselves to the calling of personal and social holiness, hallmarks of that frontier faith worth nurturing today.
Contact the Rev. Creede Hinshaw at Wesley Monumental United Methodist Church in Savannah at firstname.lastname@example.com.
More like this story
- CREEDE HINSHAW: Retirees welcome the call to group life ( February 5, 2015 )
- Preaching by any other name ... ( November 17, 2011 )
- CREEDE HINSHAW: 'Watchman' creates furor among Atticus Finch fans ( July 16, 2015 )
- Camp meetings maintain traditions ( July 22, 2011 )
- CREEDE HINSHAW: Most gravitate to certain books of the Bible ( November 21, 2013 )


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I have been looking at sewing/embroidery machines and have gotten totally confused! I am only an advanced beginner so I don't need the top of the line but I do love all the bells and whistles. I also love some of the fun designer stiches like the scissors, needle with thread, cats, etc. So my question is, there is a Viking Designer SE for sale for around 1200 locally with all the fun stiches, about 5 yrs old, vs new Bably Lock Ellure Plus for around 1400 with only ordinary stiches, but of course it's new. Both have computer access. What's your opinion? What I don't want is it to not work, have sloppy stiches etc. Used, new?
That is a good price for the Designer SE.
Which one is easier to use? I would find someone who knows something about embroidery machines and take them to look at the designer with you.
------Rebecca Pitts
Bernina 430
Singer xl-6000
Singer 9960
Babylock Imagine
Babylock Ellisimo
Janome Skyline
Morse Apollo 6400
Buy from a dealer where you will have help. They may have a trade-up for a good price.
Visit as many dealers as you can find.
------"Improvise, adapt and overcome." - Clint Eastwood/Heartbreak Ridge
"Isn�t it a shame in today�s world you can�t tell the truth. If you tell the truth you�re abrasive. If you lie you�re charming." - Bob Huggins/College Basketball Coach
You will have a warranty with a new machine, plus free lessons (usually) and dealer support (so important!).
Try both machines and see which one feels good to you.
Good Luck! Let us know which one you choose!
------Sewing is a passion, so calming and rewarding
Janome Horizon MC15000
Baby Lock Ovation
Baby Lock Melody (travel machine)
Baby Lock Coverstitch
Baby Lock Embellisher
Viking Husqvarna 190 Electronic
Singer 401A
my "little baby" is an Ellure Plus, so I might be a bit biased, but...
If you're thinking of doing a lot of embroidery, and don't have a lot of experience, the new machine might be best. You'll get some lessons with it, and some support from embroidery clubs your dealer may have. And as was stated, when you're ready to move up, you should get a good price and support, again.
If you decide to go used, see how many stitches are on it. It may be a great deal and barely used, or it may be at the point of getting troublesome. Vikings do tend to work well for a very long time, but electronics such as boards can be pricey.
I'm not familiar with the particular Viking model, but think about hoop size. The Ellure Plus will only do 5x7, if the Viking has larger embroidery area, that's a big advantage. I bought a second EM, and kept my Ellure Plus for sewing (which it's great for) to get into a large hoop and direct computer connection.
You are going to need to buy lots of stuff to do embroidery. If the dealer offers classes and discounts on supplies you should consider that. I have never used either model though so take the same design in and see how each machine handles it.
I wouldn't base a decision on what designs are built into the machine as it is easy to buy them. Think about how often you will actually use the built in stitches vs stitch out an embroidery design. If you can see yourself using them go for it.
Most dealers offers classes year round along a theme so see if your local Viking does that. They are about $20-35 each class and build your skills of emb, feet or stitches. Some even offer discounts on the day you attend a class. -- Edited on 7/27/13 6:33 AM --
------sewing brings joy and meaning to my life...
Thanks everyone for your input. Yesterday I met with the owner of the SE at a sewing store.....it was nice. She showed me all the extras she had, we did a few fun stiches that I love, etc. She also has a Viking Ruby and Diamond so that's why she's selling this one. She also said she's had a routine service
every year and never had a problem. Also, at that sewing store, they will give me lessons for $25/hr.
The lady is a customer at that store so that's how the store is involved.
So...I said OK and I'm picking it up this morning! I'm excited
Congrats! Sounds like a good situation-savings of used plus dealer training. Enjoy!
------🌸 Plenty of machines, mostly Berninas 🌸
I also need help. My 20year old Elna Diva's motor burnt out yesterday and I don't think its worth the money to get it replaced. I do want another Elna but want an electronic machine, for sewing only. I don't do embroidery etc. just sewing for myself and the house. I am intermediate and would love any help and are open for any suggestions.
Good luck with your new "baby" hope she serves you well!
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Fresh popcorn. The delicious aroma fills the nose, enriches the soul and conjures visions of melted butter. Popcorn is a frequent treat in Rebecca's house, and she grows it herself, too – nothing pre-packaged here!
Farm to Shelf
Rebecca's a farmer turned organic certifier for Midwest Organic Services Association. She helps people navigate the complicated process of organic certification, both in the office and on the farm. "Going out and doing inspections is great because it keeps you connected to the farms," says Rebecca. So that organic milk and cauliflower in the grocery store? There's a chance Rebecca had a hand in its certification.
Get Growing!
But there was a time when she was on the other side of the stand, selling her fresh produce at local farmers' markets and through her CSA. Though Rebecca's no longer growing for others, she still plants a massive garden just for herself. She can't help it: she just loves growing veggies! Everything from bushels of tomatoes and peppers to armfuls of flowers.
Rebecca doesn't let any of her hard work go to waste either. She dries the flowers to create bouquets and arrangements, and she cans, pickles, dehydrates and freezes the vegetables of her labor. "I really like to make ratatouille, freeze a bunch, then eat it throughout the winter," Rebecca says. "It tastes like summer in the middle of winter. It's lovely."
Colorful Harvest
Rebecca's favorite crop to grow? Popping corn! She plucks the ears off stalks, lets 'em dry, then pulls the tasty kernels off by hand for future popping. This year she planted three varieties: two heirloom (a red and Dakota black) and a hybrid yellow. She also planted more than ever before – "Not a ton, but for one person it's a lot of popcorn!"


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The view from the lookout was great - Picture was taken at the First Look Out
April 2010
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National Anison Translation Month Visit our forum for help on making wallpapers!
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Lyrics: Suzi Kim
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Giveaway: win an Acase Arachne, or Acase F1 for iPad
04/11, 6:18pm
win an Acase Arachne, or Acase F1 for iPad
Carry around an iPad long enough, and chances are pretty good that something will happen to it unless it is in some sort of protective case. The folks at Acase have been designing practical and stylish cases for iPads for years, and currently they have a selection that covers all of the modern iPad models. MacNN has two of these cases to give away to our readers. One is the Acase Arachne for the iPad mini, and the other is the Acase F1 Folio for the current (and previous) Retina iPad and iPad 2. Read on to learn more about these cases, and how you can enter to win.


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Horizon's Exclusive Guarantees
Install Your Heating or Cooling System with 100% Confidence
At Horizon Services, we guarantee everything we do in writing. We don't know of any other heating and air conditioning company in Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey or Maryland that stands so strongly behind its products or is so committed to your long-term satisfaction.
- Workmanship Guarantee
Our heating and air conditioning installation technicians are the best in skill, attitude, and workmanship. They will treat your home with the respect it deserves and complete the job with speed and precision. They wear floor savers, use drop cloths, clean up when they are finished and take personal responsibility for your complete satisfaction. They will not swear or smoke in your home, and they are polite and courteous. If when they are finished in your home, they have not performed in accordance with these high standards, we will do whatever it takes to make it right.
- Price Guarantee
Anyone can make something cheaper by cutting corners and pricing it for less. So it's important to know what is and what is not included in any heating and cooling system you select for your home. Our Price Guarantee is our promise to you that you cannot find a comparable installation for less, or we'll pay you a $100 bonus over the difference. All we ask is that the comparison be "apples-to-apples".
- Exclusive "No-Lemon" Guarantee
We recognize that not every manufactured piece of heating or air conditioning equipment is 100% perfect all of the time. Since our customers should expect to receive 100% of the heating and cooling value they have invested in, we offer an exclusive "No Lemon" guarantee. Simply stated, if the compressor in your air conditioner should fail during the first five years of ownership or the heat exchanger in your furnace should crack in the first five years of ownership, we will remove the "lemon" and install a completely new one.
- Temperature Selection Guarantee
Horizon Services guarantees that when the heating or air conditioning equipment we have installed is maintained and operated in accordance with the manufacturer's operating and maintenance manuals, the system will perform as we have stated and agreed upon. We have promised a temperature of no more than plus or minus 1 degree at your electronic digital thermostat whether heating or cooling your home. If the desired temperature is not achieved, we will make any upgrades, modification or repairs necessary to reach the desired temperature at no charge to you for a period of 5 years.
- 100% Satisfaction Guarantee
We agree to accept responsibility for your complete satisfaction with the materials we use and the workmanship provided by us, and paid for by you. During the first year, if you are dissatisfied with the performance of the heating or air conditioning equipment, our services, our people or for any reason, we will do whatever it takes to make it right and correct the problem to your satisfaction… or you don't pay.
Horizon Services: We're confident that you'll be so pleased with our fast, friendly and professional heating and cooling equipment installations, you'll become a customer for life!
Ready to Install/Replace a Heater or Air Conditioner?
Our friendly and experienced team of Comfort Specialists knows heating and air conditioning systems inside and out. They'll take the time to study your home, understand your heating and cooling requirements, show you all of your options and assist you with finding the quality home comfort system that best meets your family's needs and budget.
Call the numbers below to speak to a Customer Service Representative and schedule a FREE, no-obligation In-Home Energy Analysis with a Horizon Services Comfort Specialist.
- In Wilmington and New Castle County, DE: (302) 442-7607
- In Kent County, DE: (302) 724-6243
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- In Montgomery County, PA: (215) 392-0934
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- In Burlington County, NJ: (609) 526-3098
- In Mercer County, NJ: (609) 608-0815
- In Cecil County, MD: (410) 885-4219
- Request an Appointment Online!
Horizon Services: The only full-service plumbing, heating, air conditioning, drain cleaning and sewer and water line replacement company in Delaware, Southeastern Pennsylvania, South New Jersey, and Northeastern Maryland that guarantees on-time service, up-front pricing and the job done right and clean the first time!
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Horizon Services is a Proud Partner of the Wilmington Blue Rocks, Philadelphia Union and the Camden Riversharks.
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November 30, 2015
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. (AP) - Georgia tailback Knowshon Moreno has been named Southeastern Conference offensive player of the week.
Defensive honors went to Bulldogs linebacker Darryl Gamble while special teams player of the week was Florida's Jeff Demps.
Moreno gained 163 yards in Georgia's win over LSU, including a
68-yard touchdown run. Gamble tied Georgia and SEC records after returning a pair of interceptions for touchdowns. He also had a career-high 13 tackles.
Demps had a blocked punt to set up a touchdown in Florida's win over Kentucky and led the Gators in rushing and receiving. Offensive lineman of the week was Mississippi State's J.C. Brignone while defensive line honors went to Ole Miss's Jeria Perry. Alabama receiver Julio Jones was freshman of the week.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Academy Award-winning writer Frank Pierson, has been re-elected to his fourth term as president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences by the organization's board of governors. Four other incumbent officers were returned to their posts as well.
Pierson, a governor representing the writers branch of the Academy for the past six years, was first elected to the Academy presidency in 2001. According to Academy by-laws, the 2004-05 term will be the last consecutive term he can serve in the office.
Sid Ganis, a public relations branch governor, was re-elected first vp. Directors branch governor Gil Cates was re-elected vp, while music branch governor Arthur Hamilton being elected to the other vp post. Actors branch governor Kathy Bates was named treasurer again and sound branch governor Donald C. Rogers was re-elected secretary.
Ganis has previously served five terms as first vp and three as vp. Hamilton has served four terms as vp and two as treasurer. Rogers has done three terms as vp, one term as treasurer and a total of 10 terms as secretary. Bates has served three terms as vp and a term as secretary in addition to her year as treasurer. Cates serves for the second time as a vp of the Academy.
Academy officers serve one-year terms, with a maximum of four consecutive terms in any one office.


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Kangaroo: The Most Characteristic Animal of the Australian Wildlife
Kangaroo is a marsupial from Australia that belongs to the family Macropodidae, which means "large foot". About 50 different species are part of kangaroo family and their weight range from 0.5 to 90 kilograms. All female have a pouches in which the young kangaroo is raised. The Kangaroo is used as Australian National Symbol and as an icon for different brand.
KANGAROO: the most characteristic animal of the Australian wildlife.
Kangaroo is a marsupial mammal from the islands of Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea. Although mainly species are native of Australia, a few of them are from South America.
Red Kangaroo. (image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo)
Kangaroos belong to the super family Macropodidae that means 'large foot'. The super family is divided into the Macropodidae and the Potoroidae families.
The Macropodidae family includes Red Kangaroo, Grey Kangaroo, Antilopine, Kangaroo Wallabies, Wallaroos, Quokka, Pademelons, and Forest wallabies, while, the Potoroinae family includes many smaller species the Bettong, Potoroo, and Rat-kangaroo.
Tammar Wallabies. (Image source: http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1290)
Kangaroos are herbivorous given that, they eat several plants. They vary greatly in size and weight, ranging from 0.5 kilograms to 90 kilograms.
All Kangaroo species have a distinctive feature from other animals in their long feet and powerful back legs and the typical way they hop on their strong back legs, moreover, they use the tail to balance themselves while hopping.
All female possess a front-opening pouches with four nipples, in which the young kangaroo, is raised until it can survive outside the pouch.
Female Eastern Grey Kangaroo with joey. (image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo)
These marsupials live in a diversity of habitats, for example, Potoroids make nests, while tree-kangaroos live above ground in trees. Larger species of kangaroo have a propensity to refuge under trees or in caves and rock clefts.
Most kangaroos are able to breed all year round since have no set breeding cycle. A kangaroo population can increase fourfold in five years, as they are such prolific breeders, the only problem could be lack of food and water.
1. In the Australian desert there is not car speed limit. It is very harmful for kangaroos, since they can reach speeds of around 50 km/h (31 mph) and are quite heavy, the force of impact with a vehicle can be severe. A collision with a car is able of killing kangaroo and its occupants. As a consequence, "kangaroo crossing" signs are frequent in Australia.
Kangaroo crossing sign and a kangaroo crossing a highway in Australia. (image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo)
2. The Kangaroo is used as Australian National Symbol and as an icon for different brand, including Qantas, the Australia's national airline.
Quantas airplane. (image source: http://www.qantas.com.au/fflyer/dyn/program/welcome)
3. Kangaroo meat contains very little saturated fat relative to other meats and is high in protein, iron and zinc. Kangaroos have been hunted from Australia's Indigenous peoples for both the meat and the skins. Nowadays, Kangaroo skins and furs are exported to a large number of markets in Europe, the USA and Asia.
Kangaroo steak. (image source: www.ezycook.com/meat_kangaroo.html)
4. Kangaroos have developed as element of the Australian ecosystem and, with their soft feet, cause no environmental degradation when they are at natural population levels. However, kangaroo populations have increased considerably due to the use of European farming methods.
Kangaroos in the bush. (image source: www.sydney-australia.biz/victoria/gippsland/)
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Roadrunner Transportation Systems to Open New Service Centers in Florida Business Wire CUDAHY, Wis. -- April 10, 2013 Roadrunner Transportation Systems, Inc. (NYSE: RRTS) today announced it is continuing to expand its less-than-truckload (LTL) outbound capabilities with outbound service from Florida. The expansion provides full outbound service coverage to the entire state of Florida. This launch into Florida follows other successful openings in the past two years. Roadrunner broadened its footprint by opening the New York metro area, Philadelphia, Baltimore and most recently Boston. "Based on the success of our service centers on the East Coast, we are continuing to expand our footprint in strategic locations throughout the country. The new service centers in Florida will enable us to meet the increasing demand from our growing customer base in these regions," said Scott Dobak, President of Less-than-Truckload and Transportation Management Solutions (TMS). About Roadrunner Transportation Systems, Inc. Roadrunner is a leading asset-light transportation and logistics service provider offering a full suite of solutions, including customized and expedited less-than-truckload, truckload and logistics, transportation management solutions, intermodal solutions, and domestic and international air. For more information, please visit RRTS' website, www.rrts.com. Safe Harbor Statement This release contains forward-looking statements that relate to future events or performance. These statements reflect Roadrunner's current expectations, and Roadrunner does not undertake to update or revise these forward-looking statements, even if experience or future changes make it clear that any projected results expressed or implied in this or other company statements will not be realized. Furthermore, readers are cautioned that these statements involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond Roadrunner's control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, risks related to the integration of acquired companies, competition in the transportation industry, the impact of the current economic environment, Roadrunner's dependence upon purchased power, the unpredictability of and potential fluctuation in the price and availability of fuel, the effects of governmental and environmental regulations, insurance in excess of prior experience levels, and other "Risk Factors" set forth in Roadrunner's most recent SEC filings. Contact: Roadrunner Transportation Systems, Inc. Peter Armbruster Chief Financial Officer 414-615-1648 or Vollrath Associates, Inc. Marilyn Vollrath 414-221-0210 email@example.com
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Relatively few studies have been conducted of the association between air pollution and emergency department (ED) visits, and most of these have been based on a small number of visits, for a limited number of health conditions and pollutants, and only daily measures of exposure and response.
A time-series analysis was conducted on nearly 400,000 ED visits to 14 hospitals in seven Canadian cities during the 1990s and early 2000s. Associations were examined between carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and visits for angina/myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmia/conduction disturbance, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory infections. Daily and 3-hourly visit counts were modeled as quasi-Poisson and analyses controlled for effects of temporal cycles, weather, day of week and holidays.
24-hour average concentrations of CO and NO2 lag 0 days exhibited the most consistent associations with cardiac conditions (2.1% (95% CI, 0.0–4.2%) and 2.6% (95% CI, 0.2–5.0%) increase in visits for myocardial infarction/angina per 0.7 ppm CO and 18.4 ppb NO2 respectively; 3.8% (95% CI, 0.7–6.9%) and 4.7% (95% CI, 1.2–8.4%) increase in visits for heart failure). Ozone (lag 2 days) was most consistently associated with respiratory visits (3.2% (95% CI, 0.3–6.2%), and 3.7% (95% CI, -0.5–7.9%) increases in asthma and COPD visits respectively per 18.4 ppb). Associations tended to be of greater magnitude during the warm season (April – September). In particular, the associations of PM10 and PM2.5with asthma visits were respectively nearly three- and over fourfold larger vs. all year analyses (14.4% increase in visits, 95% CI, 0.2–30.7, per 20.6 μg/m3 PM10 and 7.6% increase in visits, 95% CI, 5.1–10.1, per 8.2 μg/m3 PM2.5). No consistent associations were observed between three hour average pollutant concentrations and same-day three hour averages of ED visits.
In this large multicenter analysis, daily average concentrations of CO and NO2 exhibited the most consistent associations with ED visits for cardiac conditions, while ozone exhibited the most consistent associations with visits for respiratory conditions. PM10 and PM2.5 were strongly associated with asthma visits during the warm season.
Numerous analyses have been conducted of the association between outdoor air pollution and mortality, as well as hospital admissions, owing to the wide availability of these data through national vital statistics and health care statistics systems [1-4]. While these studies have been central to establishing the occurrence of adverse health effects of air pollution even at the relatively low levels of exposure now observed in most industrialized countries, these health outcomes are generally believed to occur in a relatively small segment of the population in comparatively poor health. The emergency department (ED) is often the point of entry for those ultimately admitted to hospital. For many cardiac and respiratory conditions, however, less than half (and as few as 10% in the case of asthma) of those seen in the emergency department are admitted to hospital [5]. Thus ED visits reflect impacts in a broader segment of the population.
Since these data are not routinely available, fewer studies have been conducted, and of these, most have been based on a single city and a relatively small number of visits, for a limited number of health conditions and pollutants. Multi-city studies are believed to generate more stable results which are less prone to biases that may affect small studies in individual centers [6]. In addition, most studies have examined only daily counts of ED visits, even though information on time of registration in the emergency department affords the opportunity of examining associations on a shorter time scale. In this study, we set out to examine associations of a comprehensive array of respiratory and cardiac conditions with the full suite of conventional air pollutants in a large multi-center study, using both daily and 3 hour average measures of exposure and response.
Air pollution data were obtained from the National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) system, and weather data from Environment Canada's weather archive. We obtained hourly data on carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter of median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 and 2.5 microns (PM10, PM2.5 respectively). CO, NO2, O3 and SO2 were measured using "reference methods" or "equivalent methods" as designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency [7]. CO was measured using non-dispersive infrared spectrometry, NO2 using chemiluminesence, O3 using chemiluminesence/ultraviolet photometry and SO2 using coulometry/ultraviolet fluorescence. PM2.5 and PM10 were measured using tapered element oscillating microbalance instruments. When data were available from more than one monitoring site in a city, they were averaged as a measure of average community exposure in each city (see additional file 1: monitoring sites and city area). Values were not imputed for missing data.
Additional file 1. Number of monitors by city and pollutant and city surface area.
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Administrative ED visit data are not routinely captured in electronic form from all provinces. Two provinces in this study (Alberta and Ontario) collect some administrative data; however, most ED data are housed in individual institutions [8]. We therefore obtained data from individual institutions which had created their own electronic databases as follows: Montreal (Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital); Ottawa (Ottawa Civic Hospital); Edmonton (Royal Alexandra Hospital, Stollery Children's Health Centre, Sturgeon Community Hospital and Health Centre, University of Alberta Hospital, Grey Nuns Community Hospital and Health Centre, Misericordia Community Hospital and Health Centre); Saint John (Saint John Regional Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital); Halifax (Queen Elizabeth II Health Centre); Toronto (St. Michael's Hospital, Sunnybrook Hospital); and Vancouver (St. Paul's Hospital). There is no children's hospital in Saint John, so all visits by children were included in these data. In the case of Edmonton, data from the children's hospital were included in our data set. The other centers have children's hospitals; however, they were not included in our data.
Emergency visit data were coded for the discharge diagnosis using ICD-9 or 10 by medical records staff at each institution. In addition, data pertaining to demographics (e.g. age and sex) and administrative details (e.g. date and time of visit) were obtained for every ED visit. All visits at each institution were included; they were not restricted to individuals who resided in each city. We defined diagnosis groups as follows (ICD-9 and -10 respectively): angina/myocardial infarction (410–414; I20-I22, I24-I25); dysrhythmia/conduction disturbance (426, 427; I44–I49); heart failure (428; I50); respiratory infection (464, 466, 480–487; J05.0, J10–J16, J18, J20–J21); asthma (493; J45); and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (490–492, 494–496; J40–J44, J47, J67). A control series (anemia, epilepsy, selected nerve disorders (eg. trigeminal neuralgia), selected muscle disorders (eg. muscular dystrophy), selected gastrointestinal disorders (eg. appendicitis), chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, selected gall bladder and intestinal conditions, calculus of lower urinary tract, and hyperplasia of the prostate) was also constructed (280–281.9,345, 350–356, 358–359.5,530–534, 540–543, 560–569, 571,572, 574–578, 594, 600; D50–D53, G40–G41, G50–G52, G54, G57, G58, G60, G70, G71.0–G71.3, G72.1–G72.3, K20–K22, K25–K28, K35–K38, K56–K59, K60–K63, K65–K66, K70, K72.1, K72.9, K73, K74, K75.0, K75.1, K76.6, K76.7, K80–K83, K85–K86, K92.0–K92.2, K92.8, K92.9, N21, N40). ICD-10 nomenclature was introduced at various times at different institutions. The study was approved by the individual research ethics boards at each participating institution and the data were transferred to the Health Canada team following de-identification. No patient contact was made and patients could not be traced.
The daily number of ED visits was modelled as a function of the exponential of air pollution concentrations using generalized linear models in S Plus. The error distribution was specified as quasi-Poisson, where the variance is proportional to the expected response, accommodating over/under dispersion relative to Poisson variation. Natural spline functions of time were employed to adjust for seasonal cycles in air pollution and health outcomes. The number of knots of the cubic polynomials that comprise the splines specify the degree of non-linearity in the spline functions. In order to determine optimal temporal adjustments, natural spline smooths were constructed based on knots placed every n weeks for n = 1 to 52. Optimality of smoothing was judged objectively based on minimization of the Akaike Information Criterion as a measure of goodness of fit, and maximization of the Bartlett's test p-value as a test for white noise. Sensitivity analyses were conducted where associations were statistically significant, employing knots at every 3, 5 and 17 weeks (approximately 17, 10 and 3 knots per year). Indicator functions were also created for day of week and major Canadian holidays (New Year's Day, Good Friday, Victoria Day, St. Jean Baptiste Day, Canada Day, Civic Holiday, Labour Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day). In our analysis of sub-daily effects (see below), we also included indicator variables for time of day (eight 3-hour periods per day).
In order to parsimoniously adjust for effects of weather, we chose temperature and relative humidity as the primary meteorological factors associated with visits. Mean daily temperature and relative humidity with a lag of 0, 1 and 2 days were forced into the model using natural spline functions with 4 degrees of freedom for each lag in order to capture potential non-linearity of the exposure-response.
After making city-specific adjustments for temporal cycles and weather as described above, air pollution terms were added. We examined effects on 2 different time scales. In the conventional analysis, we used single day lags of 0–2 days of the daily average for all pollutants. We also examined effects within a day, by considering 3 hour averages of visits versus 3 hour average pollutant concentrations (e.g. 12 a.m.–3 a.m., 3 a.m.–6 a.m., 6 a.m. – 9 a.m. etc.), lagged up to 12 hours before the time of presentation to the ED. For each lag, regression parameter estimates for each pollutant were pooled among the centers using a fixed or random effects model, depending on the occurrence of statistically significant heterogeneity among effect estimates [9]. Pooled estimates are essentially a weighted average, with results from each city assigned a weight inversely proportional to the sum of within and between city variance. Thus, cities with more precise estimates are weighted more heavily in the pooled estimate. Finally, we calculated the percentage change in visits associated with a change in the pollutant concentration equivalent to the average among all cities. Subgroup analyses were conducted by season (warm season = April to September; cold season = October to March).
Average air pollution concentrations among sites (Table 1) were not widely divergent, with the exception of NO2 concentrations which tended to be lower in Saint John, and SO2 concentrations, which were higher in Halifax and Saint John. While data for the pollutant gases were available for essentially all days with the exception of Halifax (where data were missing for approximately one third of days), particulate matter data were less consistently available. Continuous PM monitors were in the process of being introduced in the late 1990s at most sites meaning that data were often missing early in the time-series. Ozone was often negatively correlated with the other pollutants, most strongly during the cool season. Moderate to high correlations were observed among the other pollutants (Table 2). Edmonton, for which visit data were available for multiple institutions, accounted for nearly 70% of all visits (Table 3). Since visit data were only available from selected institutions in each city, visit counts are not proportional to population. Respiratory infections, myocardial infarction/angina and asthma were responsible for the largest number of visits in all centers, while COPD, heart failure and dysrhythmia/conduction disturbance accounted for the fewest. Visits for heart failure exhibited the largest percentage of visits by individuals 65 years or older (76–90% among the centers), followed by COPD (49–76%), and myocardial infarction/angina (53–68%). Visits for asthma were associated with the smallest percentage of individuals 65 or older (4–20%). Visits by children (under 16 years) for asthma and respiratory infections were most frequent in Saint John (44 and 40% respectively) where there is no children's hospital, and Edmonton (41 and 47%) where data from the children's hospital were available, compared to the other sites (0–8% and 0–6%).
Table 1. Descriptive air pollution statistics by site
Table 2. Pearson correlations among pollutants by site. Cool season above diagonal and warm season below diagonal.
Table 3. Frequency of visits by center and diagnosis group (mean, standard deviation, visits per day)
Associations between daily average air pollution concentrations, lagged 0–2 days, and cardiac and respiratory visits are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Several positive, statistically significant associations were observed with visits for cardiac conditions, while two negative, statistically significant associations were observed. Associations over multiple lags and/or conditions were observed for CO (lag 0 for both angina/myocardial infarction and heart failure), NO2 (lag 0 and 1 for angina/myocardial infarction and lag 0 for heart failure) and particulate matter with myocardial infarction/angina (PM10 lag 1) and heart failure (PM10 and PM2.5 lag 0) as well as SO2 with myocardial infarction/angina (lag 0 and 1). Few statistically significant associations (positive or negative) were observed for respiratory conditions. However, ozone was associated with both asthma and COPD visits (lag 2). Associations of eight hour maximum ozone concentration with asthma and COPD visits were similar or smaller in magnitude than associations based on 24-hour average concentration (results not shown). No associations were observed with control conditions.
Table 4. Percent increase in cardiac visits (95% confidence interval) for specified change in pollutant concentration.
Table 5. Percent increase in respiratory visits (95% confidence interval) for specified change in pollutant concentration.
Effects of CO and NO2 on myocardial infarction/angina and heart failure by city are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Pooled estimates are shown both with and without Edmonton in order to examine the consistency of effects relative to the center with the largest sample size and hence most precise estimates assigned the greatest weight in calculating the pooled estimate. In the case of myocardial infarction/angina, effect sizes in Edmonton and Ottawa were similar in magnitude, while effect sizes in other centers were more variable and less precise. With respect to heart failure, effects in Edmonton and Montreal were closer in magnitude and those elsewhere tended to be more variable and less precise. The effects of ozone on asthma and COPD visits by city are shown in Figure 3. Effect size estimates were consistently less precise in centers other than Edmonton. With the exception of the association between NO2 and myocardial infarction/angina visits, pooled estimates were generally similar in magnitude when Edmonton was excluded, and somewhat less precise. This indicates both that the pooled estimate is not singularly reflecting the estimate from Edmonton and that the pooled estimate can be statistically significant even when effects in individual centers are not, because of the collective power of the pooled sample. There was no evidence of heterogeneity among centers (p > 0.05 for Q-statistic).
Figure 1. Percent increase in emergency department visits for angina/myocardial infarction by center. (Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals are shown, for CO (panel A) and NO2 (panel B)).
Figure 2. Percent increase in emergency department visits for heart failure by center. (Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals are shown, for CO (panel A) and NO2 (panel B)).
Figure 3. Percent increase in respiratory emergency department visits by center. (Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals are shown for asthma (panel A) and COPD (panel B)).
Associations of CO and NO2 with myocardial infarction/angina and heart failure tended to be of larger magnitude during the warm season. CO (lag 0) was associated with a 5.2% increase in myocardial infarction/angina visits (95% CI, 0.4–10.2) per 0.7 ppm, and a 6.8% increase in heart failure visits (95% CI, -0.8–14.9), which were approximately twice the magnitude of the effects seen over the whole year. Similarly, NO2 was associated with a 4.0% increase in myocardial infarction/angina visits (95% CI, -0.5–8.8) per 18.4 ppb, and a 7.2% increase in heart failure visits (95% CI, 0.5–14.4). These effects were approximately 50% larger than those seen over the whole year. Effects of PM2.5 and SO2 on myocardial infarction/angina were weaker in the individual seasons compared to the analysis over the entire year. The magnitude of the association between ozone and COPD visits was nearly twice as large during the warm season as over the whole year (6.2% increase in visits, 95% CI, 0.1–12.7, per 18.4 ppb) and the associations of PM10 and PM2.5 with asthma visits were respectively nearly three- and over fourfold larger (14.4% increase in visits, 95% CI, 0.2–30.7, per 20.6 μg/m3 PM10 and 7.6% increase in visits, 95% CI, 5.1–10.1, per 8.2 μg/m3 PM2.5). No consistent associations were observed between any pollutants and cardiac or respiratory visits during the winter. As shown in Figure 4, the magnitude of effects was generally not sensitive to the number of knots in the natural spline, but associations of SO2 with MI/angina and of CO and NO2 with heart failure were only statistically significant in the base analysis where the number of knots in the natural spline was optimized separately in each city (see additional file 2: natural spline specifications). The effect of ozone on asthma was much larger with knots at every 17 weeks. In a two pollutant model of MI/angina visits, including CO and NO2, the effects of both pollutants were reduced in magnitude and statistical significance. At their mean concentrations, CO was associated with a 0.16% increase in visits (95% CI, -0.60–0.92%, p = 0.68) and NO2 was associated with a 1.18% increase in visits (95% CI, -2.64–5.15%, p = 0.55). There was no evidence of consistent associations between any pollutant and cardiac or respiratory visits on sub-daily time scales (see additional files 3 and 4: 3 hour results cardiac and 3 hour results respiratory).
Additional file 2. Knots were placed every n weeks in the natural spline function of time. n is shown by diagnosis group and site.
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Additional file 3. Percent increase in cardiac visits by pollutant, lag and diagnosis, for change in pollutant concentration equal to mean among all centres. Analysis is based on 3 hour average pollutant concentrations and emergency visits. Effect estimates are pooled among centres.
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Additional file 4. Percent increase in respiratory visits by pollutant, lag and diagnosis, for change in pollutant concentration equal to mean among all centres. Analysis is based on 3 hour average pollutant concentrations and emergency visits. Effect estimates are pooled among centres.
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Figure 4. Percent increase in emergency department visits for selected pollutants, diagnostic groups per mean pollutant concentration. (Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals are shown by number of knots in natural spline functions of time; from left to right, base analysis where number of knots is optimized separately in each city, and knots every 3, 5 and 17 weeks).
We have identified significant effects of air quality on acute cardiac and respiratory presentations in a large, multi-center Canadian study of air pollution and ED visits. Unique features of this study include application of a consistent methodology to, and pooling of results from multiple diverse sites, each with over 10,000 visits, with a total of nearly 400,000 visits; examination of a comprehensive suite of cardiac and respiratory conditions; evaluation of effects over multiple time scales; and assessment of effects at generally lower pollutant concentrations than reported elsewhere. With the exception of a study in Atlanta of approximately 1 million visits for cardiovascular and respiratory disease [10-12], many other recent studies have been based on fewer than 10,000 visits, and have examined single conditions or were restricted to specific age groups or seasons.
Compared to other recent studies in Canada of the same sites, our present results confirm our earlier findings in Saint John of associations between ozone and asthma and COPD visits [13,14]. In contrast, we found no consistent associations in the current study with respiratory infections, despite comprising the largest single diagnostic category. We found significant associations, however, between cardiac visits and CO and NO2, which were not detected in Saint John. As a small city, Saint John does not have large traffic volumes, so it is characterized by low ambient concentrations of these pollutants. Villeneuve et al. [15] also reported associations of CO and NO2 with ED visits for stroke and transient ischemic attacks. Conversely, Saint John has relatively high concentrations of SO2. There was some evidence of an association between SO2 and angina/myocardial infarction in the current analysis, but not with any of the respiratory diagnoses.
Elsewhere, several recent studies have evaluated associations between air pollution and ED visits for respiratory disease. CO exhibited an association with COPD [11,16] and upper respiratory infection (URI) visits [11], as well as all respiratory visits [12]. Associations were observed between NO2 and visits for asthma [17,18], COPD [11], URI [11] and lower respiratory disease [19], as well as all respiratory visits [12]. Ozone was associated with respiratory visits in several studies, including visits for URI [11], asthma [18,20,21], COPD [16], and all respiratory visits [12]. Associations with particulate matter were observed for asthma [18,20], URI and pneumonia [11], as well as all respiratory visits [12]. Finally, SO2 exhibited associations with asthma visits [18,20,21]. A study of CO, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 relative to respiratory visits in Spokane, revealed generally weak and inconsistent associations [22]. The authors also examined associations with hospital admissions and mortality and again results were inconsistent. Fewer studies have examined associations between air pollution and visits for cardiovascular disease. In a study in Atlanta, CO, NO2 and PM2.5 (and specific components) were associated with visits for cardiovascular disease [10,12]. CO, NO2, SO2 and PM2.5 were associated with visits for cardiovascular disease in those 65 years of age or older in Sydney [23]. Only CO was associated with visits for angina or myocardial infarction in a study in Sao Paulo [24].
We observed associations between daily average air pollution concentrations and emergency department visits with lags of zero to two days, but not for three hour average concentrations lagged up to 12 hours within the same day. We previously reported that approximately 30% and 70% respectively of those visiting the emergency department with respiratory or cardiac conditions did so within less than one day of developing the symptoms most responsible for their visit [5]. This is consistent with our current findings of predominant effects of CO and NO2 on cardiac conditions at lag 0, and of O3 on respiratory conditions at lag 2. In contrast, Villeneuve et al. [25] reported significant associations between 6 hour average weather variables such as thunderstorm activity, and visits by children for asthma.
Somewhat larger effects were observed for visits for heart failure compared to myocardial infarction. Individuals with heart failure have been identified as one group at particular risk of air pollution related mortality [26]. Of respiratory conditions, effects of ozone were larger for COPD compared to asthma visits, particularly in the warm season. Individuals with COPD could be considered to have a similar relative degree of frailty compared to those with asthma, as those with heart failure compared to myocardial infarction/angina. Indeed, in all centers in the current analysis, those making visits for COPD were, not surprisingly, older than those with asthma, just as those presenting with heart failure were older than those with myocardial infarction/angina.
We also observed larger effects in the warm season, which is consistent with knowledge of time-activity patterns [27]. These data indicate that individuals spend more time outdoors during warm weather, increasing their exposure to outdoor air pollution and by consequence reducing exposure misclassification of exposures derived from fixed site monitoring stations. This lends additional credibility to the existence of a causal association between exposure and response.
While the pathophysiology of the impacts of air pollution on the respiratory system has been well documented over many years, particularly in relation to ozone and particulate matter, mechanisms of action on the cardiovascular system have received more recent attention. These include effects on arterial vasoconstriction [28], heart rate variability [29,30], blood clotting [31] and formation of atherosclerotic plaques [32]. Several studies have documented an increased frequency of discharges of implantable defibrillators related to short-term increases in exposure to particulate matter, CO and NO2 [33,34]. Peters et al. [35] recently reported an association between exposure to traffic and onset of myocardial infarction.
We relied on diagnostic information provided in administrative data records, which would be expected to be associated with a degree of misclassification. However, in an earlier evaluation of emergency department diagnostic classification for respiratory and cardiac conditions, we observed substantial or better interobserver agreement in diagnostic classification (κ = 0.69 to 0.84 for the categories considered here), respiratory infections notwithstanding (κ = 0.53), and there was no evidence of diagnostic bias in relation to daily air pollution level [36]. Although compared to many recent studies, we had the advantage of a relatively large sample size, our ability to detect effects of particulate matter may have been constrained by the limited availability of data in some centers. Applying a consistent methodology to multiple sites is also advantageous, but one center (Edmonton) had a disproportionately large sample. Nonetheless, sample sizes from other sites, or for specific conditions pooled over multiple sites were still larger than most recent studies of ED visits, and pooled estimates were generally similar, although less precise, when Edmonton was excluded. Since, with the exception of Edmonton and Saint John, data were available only for selected hospitals, these may not be representative of the entire population in a given city. However, in the context of Canada's publicly funded universal healthcare system, large differences between hospitals are less likely. Statistically significant heterogeneity among sites was not detected, probably because of the large within versus between site variance of effects. While we have attempted to focus on effects which exhibited consistency over multiple lags and/or diagnosis groups, we have nonetheless conducted numerous hypothesis tests, increasing the number of potentially false positive results. However, the number of positive, statistically significant associations with visits for cardiac conditions exceeded the number which could be expected by chance alone, and few negative and significant associations were observed.
We conducted a time series analysis of air pollution and cardiac and respiratory emergency department visits in seven Canadian cities, based on nearly 400,000 visits to 14 hospitals. CO and NO2 exhibited the most consistent associations with cardiac conditions, while ozone was most consistently associated with respiratory visits. PM10 and PM2.5 were strongly associated with asthma visits during the warm season. No consistent associations were observed between three hour average counts of cardiac or respiratory visits and three hour average pollutant concentrations lagged up to 12 hours. In addition to their consistency with other results, these results add further weight to arguments regarding the role of air pollution in contributing to adverse health events, and imply that interventions to reduce these pollutants are warranted in an effort to reduce cardio-respiratory ED visits.
CO: carbon monoxide; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED: emergency department; ICD: international classification of diseases; MI: myocardial infarction; NAPS: national air pollution surveillance; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; O3: ozone; PM1: particulate matter of median aerodynamic diameter less than 1 μm; PM2.5: particulate matter of median aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm; PM10: particulate matter of median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm; ppb: parts per billion; ppm: parts per million; SO2: sulfur dioxide; URI: upper respiratory infection.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
DMS conceived of the study, directed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. MS conducted the statistical analysis. BHR participated in study design and directed data acquisition. JAL participated in study design and contributed data. All authors contributed to drafting the manuscript and read and approved the final version.
Drs. Robert Beveridge, Eric Grafstein, Simon Kingsley, Michael Schull, Douglas Sinclair and Bernard Unger provided emergency department visit data. Serge Beaulieu of Atlantic Health Sciences Corporation, Stacey Ackroyd of Dalhousie University, Chris Houston from Information Services, Capital Health and Virginia Willis, from the Emergency Medicine Research Group (EMeRG), assisted with data access. Anne Smith-Doiron assisted with the air pollution data. The study was funded by Health Canada and Environment Canada.
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Stieb DM, Beveridge RC, Brook JR, Smith-Doiron M, Burnett RT, Dales RE, Beaulieu S, Judek S, Mamedov A: Air pollution, aeroallergens and cardiorespiratory emergency department visits in Saint John, Canada.
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Galan I, Tobias A, Banegas JR, Aranguez E: Short-term effects of air pollution on daily asthma emergency room admissions.
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Slaughter JC, Kim E, Sheppard L, Sullivan JH, Larson TV, Claiborn C: Association between particulate matter and emergency room visits, hospital admissions and mortality in Spokane, Washington.
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Jalaludin B, Morgan G, Lincoln D, Sheppeard V, Simpson R, Corbett S: Associations between ambient air pollution and daily emergency department attendances for cardiovascular disease in the elderly (65+ years), Sydney, Australia.
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Lin CA, Amador Pereira LA, de Souza Conceição GM, Kishi HS, Milani R Jr, Ferreira Braga AL, Nascimento Saldiva PH: Association between air pollution and ischemic cardiovascular emergency room visits.
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Villeneuve PJ, Leech J, Bourque D: Frequency of emergency room visits for childhood asthma in Ottawa, Canada: the role of weather.
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Goldberg MS, Burnett RT, Valois MF, Flegel K, Bailar JC 3rd, Brook J, Vincent R, Radon K: Associations between ambient air pollution and daily mortality among persons with congestive heart failure.
Environ Res 2003, 91:8-20. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Leech JA, Nelson WC, Burnett RT, Aaron S, Raizenne ME: It's about time: a comparison of Canadian and American time-activity patterns.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2002, 12:427-432. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Brook RD, Brook JR, Urch B, Vincent R, Rajagopalan S, Silverman F: Inhalation of fine particulate air pollution and ozone causes acute arterial vasoconstriction in healthy adults.
Circulation 2002, 105:1534-1536. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Pope CA 3rd, Hansen ML, Long RW, Nielsen KR, Eatough NL, Wilson WE, Eatough DJ: Ambient particulate air pollution, heart rate variability, and blood markers of inflammation in a panel of elderly subjects.
Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112:339-345. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Wheeler A, Zanobetti A, Gold DR, Schwartz J, Stone P, Suh HH: The relationship between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability differs for individuals with heart and pulmonary disease.
Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114:560-566. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Peters A, Doring A, Wichmann H-E, Koenig W: Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link to mortality?
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Künzli N, Jerrett M, Mack WJ, Beckerman B, LaBree L, Gilliland F, Thomas D, Peters J, Hodis HN: Ambient air pollution and atherosclerosis in Los Angeles.
Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:201-206. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Dockery DW, Luttmann-Gibson H, Rich DQ, Link MS, Mittleman MA, Gold DR, Koutrakis P, Schwartz JD, Verrier RL: Association of air pollution with increased incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias recorded by implanted cardioverter defibrillators.
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Peters A, Liu E, Verrier RL, Schwartz J, Gold DR, Mittleman M, Baliff J, Oh JA, Allen G, Monahan K, Dockery DW: Air pollution and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia.
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Am J Epidemiol 1998, 148:666-670. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text


text:
Darwin, C. R. to Müller, J. F. T.
- +
CD arranging for a translation of FM's Für Darwin by W. S. Dallas.
Summary Add
Down, Bromley, Kent [4 Chester Place]
March 16.
My dear Sir
Your Brother, as you will have heard from him, felt so convinced
that you would not object to a Translation of ``Für Darwin'', that I
have ventured to arrange for a translation. Engelmann has very
liberally offered me ``cliches'' of the woodcuts for 22 thalers;
I am quite indifferent to any loss, as it cannot be large, & if 100 copies are sold to naturalists I shall think any loss well repaid to me by the aid which your admirable work will do towards spreading the views, which we both entertain.—
I shall consult Murray how many copies to print.— I suppose
750 or 1000. Please say how many you w
My dear Sir | Yours very truly | Ch. Darwin
P.S. We are much perplexed about Title for the Translation.— I
proposed ``Für Darwin'', but Murray, Sir C. Lyell, & Dallas were
most strongly opposed, as so unusual: they were, as well as some
others, equally opposed to ``For Darwin'' Sir C. Lyell suggested
``Facts & arguments in favour of Darwin''. I think I like this best;
but I have not as yet heard from M
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- f1 6014.f1CD refers to Hermann Müller and to F. Müller 1864 (see letter from Hermann Müller, [after 23 February 1868]).
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- f2 6014.f2See letter from Hermann Müller, 10 March 1868. CD refers to Wilhelm Engelmann.
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- f3 6014.f3The reference is to CD's publisher, John Murray.
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- f4 6014.f4Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold's work on parthenogenesis in moths and bees (Siebold 1856) was translated by William Sweetland Dallas (Siebold 1857). Dallas also frequently translated articles from German for Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and had produced the index for Variation (see Correspondence vol. 15).
- +
- f5 6014.f5For Müller's corrections and additions, see the enclosure to the letter from Fritz Müller, 22 April 1868.
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- f6 6014.f6According to Murray's ledger book (John Murray Archive), 1000 copies of the book (W. S. Dallas trans. 1869) were printed. Murray received a 10 per cent commission for sales and warehousing. After one year, a loss of £21 2s. 3d. was recorded, but over the next ten years small profits were recorded each year.
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- f7 6014.f7Charles Lyell.
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- f8 6014.f8The English title was Facts and arguments for Darwin (Dallas trans. 1869).


text:
Category Archives: Google Affairs
What Does a website require to be listed in Google Search ?
Do you perceive that why your website is not listed in Google? I have been asked some questions by my readers that they have websites submitted by the website submission software and it's been a long time their websites are not appearing in search results. Even some of the subscribers told me that they have paid for this but no luck. How long it will take to be listed in Google search results? Well, before going to answer your questions, Now this is my turn to ask some questions to you guys. 1. Do you think that automated software can submit a website to the search Engine just like a human does? 2. Did you go through the Google blog and articles about what is the best way to submit a website in the search Engine? 3. Do you think your website is fully compatible with the terms and Full Post


text:
- About Us
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Tag Archives: Become
Burundi hopes to become Africa's leading coffee producer
Burundi is trying to build a reputation as one of Africa's leading coffee producers. The landlocked country's economy is growing and it has seen a rise in di… Video Rating: 5 / 5
Hear Michael Barber talk about how Carytown Burger has become one of the best places for a burger
We did not realize there was an upstairs room, and a courtyard, in addition to the patio. There's more here than meets the eye! Video Rating: 5 / 5 Some of these are vintage, and really add to the experience … Continue reading
Q&A: How did Seattle become the Coffee Capital of America? HELP!?
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How to become a street vendor in Columbus OH?
by The British Library Question by : How to become a street vendor in Columbus OH? For some time I've been wanting to sell my cupcakes to people on a broad scale, and I've decided to take my business public. … Continue reading
Become a Millionaire Selling Coffee !!!
Make good money selling Coffee. A product that 80% of the world drink. Video Rating: 0 / 5 http://www.DietCoffee.org Choosing good coffee beans has a lot more to do with art than with science. And those who know how to, … Continue reading
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LEGAL Retail MARIJUANA Sales Start in COLORADO USA – Could POT Become LEGAL in more U.S. STATES?
PLEASE DONATE BITCOIN or LITECOIN to Support our efforts to waken the masses. BITCOIN: 18TndrqgZfHjPf7vv78jygxKF6vPfGwA7K LITECOIN: LSxSujEYKCG6T78DrDpnpzwD… Video Rating: 4 / 5
What are the equipment I need to become a coffee champion ?
by tonx Question by The Rebel: What are the equipment I need to become a coffee champion ? I want to be a coffe champion. I love Coffee Espresso Americano Iced coffee Frappacccino Well you get the idea What are … Continue reading
How can I become more like Dave Mustaine?
Question by Mr. Grimm: How can I become more like Dave Mustaine? They recently discontinued the Dave Mustaine premium roast coffee. Now I have to settle for Folgers. What are some steps that I can take in order to become … Continue reading
How to become a good boss/leader.?
Question by Shane: How to become a good boss/leader.? I am trying to build up my leadership skills. I was wondering if anyone who is or was a boss or maybe a leader of a certain group. What makes a … Continue reading
Posted in Coffee Tagged Become, boss/leader., good 1 Comment
How do I become a womens clothing distributer?
Question by I: How do I become a womens clothing distributer? Where can i find manufaturing companies in the U.S or International that will allow me to distribute their clothes. I would like to become a Wholesaler?? And sell to … Continue reading


text:
York, PA -
Joe Beltrante, a candidate for mayor of York, will hold a question and answer session later this month to help voters better get to know him.
Beltrante will hold the session at 5 p.m. Saturday at Marcello's Pizza, 7 S. George St., according to a news release.
Beltrante, along with Mayor Kim Bracey and York City Council President Carol Hill-Evans, is running this year on the Democratic ticket.
For more information, search for Joe Beltrante on Facebook.


text:
Hate speech charge laid against LamolaComment on this story
Afrikaner lobby group AfriForum on Monday said it had laid a charge of hate speech against ANC Youth League deputy president Ronald Lamola at the High Court in Pretoria.
"Due to the serious nature of the charge against Lamola… AfriForum decided to submit the charge directly to the North Gauteng High Court in Pretoria (sitting as the Equality Court)," AfriForum's lawyer Willie Spies said in a statement.
The charge was laid with the court because it was the division where Lamola, who is a lawyer, worked.
"AfriForum issued the charge because the use of race as metaphor for the definition of inequalities in the community is extremely dangerous," said Spies.
The charge would be served on Lamola at the beginning of this week, after which he would have the opportunity to respond.
Last month, Lamola was criticised for his comments relating to land ownership. He told a media briefing in Pretoria that section 25 of the Constitution should be amended to allow for a change in land reform policy.
"The only solution is expropriation without compensation."
If white South Africans did not hand land to poor blacks, there could be land invasions like those that took place in Zimbabwe, he warned. He also reportedly said he could not guarantee the safety of "the Van Tonders and the Van der Merwes on farms".
In Durban, Lamola said: "We need an act as forceful as a war to bring it (the land) back to the Africans."
Spies said Lamola no longer spoke on behalf of the poor.
"He has now become an active instigator and champion of lawlessness and violent land-grab actions." – Sapa
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text:
I feel my curse.
It grows and burns.
The joy of others,
Screech of the hearse.
My love short lived,
My hope grows dim.
We dress in black,
To show our gloom.
My lover's face,
My lover's doom.
Her face so pale,
But gorgeous still,
I cry my tears,
Emotional jail.
Happiness gone,
My life is it,
My love is gone,
Into the pit...
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text:
TVW Player
Tuesday September 12th 2000, 6:00PM
State Supreme Court Candidate Forum
LIVE - The Washington State Supreme Court Candidate Forum is moderated by James Bond.
Purchase DVD
PRICES: DVDs are $25.00 for the first DVD and $10.00 for every additional DVD per order.
Note: DVDs not currently available for purchase via the website. Please call (360) 529-5323 to order over the phone.


text:
|Landmark All discussion regarding EQN's world building game
|Thread Tools
|4th February 2013, 01:53 PM
|#21 (permalink)
|4th February 2013, 02:40 PM
|#22 (permalink)
I didn't play much EQ 1 but I played SWG extensively early on and that was almost all sandbox/no themepark (and the parks that were included were really shabby).
Funnily enough, Far Cry 3 recently sorta reminds me (at least in style) of what I like. A directed set of stories I can do if I want and a sandbox the rest of the time where the world is pretty much my oyster.
Surely it can't be so hard to blend the two considering we have over a decade in real time (and probably 100's of man years) of knowledge accrued in the realm of MMO games...
Asmodai aka Saviourself aka Stabbitha aka Azshadoria... or Azsh... Azshaz?
|5th February 2013, 08:49 AM
|#23 (permalink)
There were good reasons for Everquest picking up nicknames like "Evergrind" and "Evercamp". Ironically there weren't a huge amount of quests available in the original game, and those that did exist often involved waiting for rare spawns or farming the same mobs over and over for a rare drop.
And as already mentioned, levelling involved setting up a camp and running out and bring mobs back for the group to kill, often one at a time as heavy AoE was something only raids could make happen unless fighting trivial mobs.
I don't see them resurrecting the old EQ model, the fans more than likely won't want to see another WoW clone either so I'm guessing they will need to do something new and different.
|27th February 2013, 08:17 PM
|#26 (permalink)
EQ1 was my first MMO and I really loved everything about it. I had fun in EQ2 as well even though the magic was a bit gone. Had a wonderful time in VG which was supposed to be EQ3. You will certainly see me in EQ Next when it gets out or even before if I find a door to get in the beta
My games: Landmark (claim on Satisfaction Lagoon) & a bit of minecraft
Watch List: Repopulation: maybe // Camelot Unchained: certainly // EverQuest Next: definitely.
Playing Landmark and EQN with TNV. Other games with TOG ofc
|18th May 2013, 10:59 AM
|#27 (permalink)
Everquest Next gets revealed early August.
SOE Live
WoD Toon : Zukisy
Raid Logs: TASER/SiF WarcraftLogs and TASER/SiF Ask Mr Robot Logs
|22nd May 2013, 03:48 AM
|#28 (permalink)
I'm hoping for immersion. I've been trying to put my finger on what has been missing for me from MMOs since WoW. When I say immersion - I want to feel attached to the world and my character, I don't want to feel like I'm playing a fictional character, in a fictional world made by someone else. I think animations, combat animations, art style, the world itself, help me get immersed.
GW2 is a beautiful game, but I just don't feel any connection to it, or the world. Speaking of EQ, growing up in Freeport as a young Necromancer I was shunned by the locals, I had to find a hidden underground cave to learn my new spells and buy my materials. Being able to become friendly with the Paladins of North Freeport by killing the corrupt guards in Freeport helped immerse me in the game. Day/night cycles help immerse me in the game, the world feels alive, rain, snow.............etc. Being terrified to run through Kithicor Forrest at night, I was actually scared, lol = immersion. Hanging in the Desert of Ro, getting rabies and running around trying to find a cure = immersion. Corpse runs? Not immersion. Being terrified to die and lose your worldly possessions = immersion. There needs to be a risk and reward factor to MMOs, its gone from today's MMOs.
I'm hoping EQ Next brings this level of emotional involvement back to MMOs.
Last edited by Trimethicon; 22nd May 2013 at 03:51 AM.
|22nd May 2013, 04:54 PM
|#29 (permalink)
Like many i also want immersion in a game and EQN could be THE ONE.
SOE is working with Storybricks
The team at Storybricks have been busy since they announced the end of the their original project. At the time they stated that they would be working with other companies to help make MMOs even better. Of course, they didn't release any details as to who they're working with.
But, yesterday Storybricks announced that they have been working with SOE on EverQuest Next. They've been working with them for several months and the announcement states that EQN is "the biggest sandbox ever designed".
Sadly, that's really all the details we have at the moment. But, I think that EverQuest Next being a sandbox is a pretty big announcement on it's own.
Full article - Sony Online teams with Storybricks on EverQuest Next sandbox.
This is what storybricks brings to the project.
We designed and built an emotional intelligence engine in order to breathe life into virtual characters. They have their own goals, moods, they interact among themselves and take decisions on their own. The story no longer revolves solely around scripted behavior: game worlds can now be rich and complex. We wake up every day with the same mission of bringing you worlds filled with living, complex, emotional characters as never seen before. What will change is the way we deliver it."
Full article - Sony Online collaborating with Storybricks on Everquest Next | GamesIndustry International
this next link has heaps of stories about the pairing - the tattered notebook one is a really good read - Namaste Entertainment | Massively
The storybricks boss seems to think the EQN will be the MMO to beat for the next 10 years - I hope that's true, between that and the fun factor wildstar looks like bringing I would be a very happy Togger
|Thread Tools