text:
Wednesday, November 11, 2009
when i worked retail, i was lucky enough to have a boss who hated christmas music as much as i did. though, i'm sure some of my co-workers played it when i wasn't working. i also fought with the staff about putting christmas decor up before december 1st. it's just a thing i have. i failed by choice at the whole "hyping up christmas to make customers spend more" thing.
that said, i'm surprised that i'm thinking about purchasing holiday cards in november. this goes against my rules. but these are so nice, and i want to start sending real mail instead of email (in general- i don't send e-holiday cards!)
they are from a store called bailey doesn't bark, via decor8
i'm not sure how many people appreciated my hand-drawn reindeer skull cards with black envelope i made a few years ago.
10 comments:
- styleodyssey said...
pretty cards. no wonder you went ahead and bought them.
i could not agree more about too-early holiday decorating. as an American living abroad, i notice no one here goes 'all out', and certainly no one decorates in november! i do believe it's a quintessentially American thing to do (sorry to say, but it seems to be).
further, it's that whole "get shoppers to spend heavily by forcing Christmas down their throats" that i find annoying and greed-ridden. i too, worked in retail; too many retail Christmases almost ruined it for me. fortunately, i've almost recovered. ;)
- November 11, 2009 at 12:40 PM
- THE BRICK HOUSE said...
oh god, i was lamenting the invasion of christmas on my blog today as well. even the thrift stores started pumping it before halloween.
i just try and hide the whole season. the music, the decor, the tv specials - everything kills me.
my sister-in-law got pissed a few years ago that i hand made toys instead of buying the kids stuff on their "list". bah-humbug. now i make sure to hand make all my gifts, buy vintage or support other independent designers.
i can't wait till it's all over.
- November 11, 2009 at 1:25 PM
- -h said...
i HATE HATE HATE christmas music too.
the cards are nice, they are not the typical "christmas" card, and i like that they say happy holidays.
but i would like to see your reindeer card!
- November 11, 2009 at 1:33 PM
- decor8 said...
Oh I agree, I nearly died when the Christmas candy and decorations came out here in Germany TWO WEEKS ago. In October. Not kidding. My German husband died. I'm American and so I thought it was normal then I remembered all my past vacations here and how I never saw it until end of November (not October).
I guess even countries here are changing in Europe... I heard it's also out in the Netherlands and Austria too according to my expat friends there.
I don't hear holiday music yet though...
And the Christmas markets outdoors start here in just a few weeks. I think 3rd of 4th week of November. That is typical here. And they're gorgeous so I'm not complaining.
But the whole Christmas in October thing felt really, really annoying.
But other than Christmas, we don't have Thanksgiving or Halloween here, they try with some decor here and there but not really as these are American holidays... and there is no July 4th... so here in Germany the big holidays are really Christmas, New Year's and Easter from what I can see.
In the states there is a holiday each month now in stores, right? Too much pressure to shop.
- November 11, 2009 at 2:35 PM
- minor keys said...
Definitely know what you mean; radio stations play the same few songs (ie Mariah Carey all I want for Christman) on repeat for a month...
The cards are so beautiful; detailed and very elegant. I would feel very nice giving that out!
- November 11, 2009 at 3:54 PM
- Ammu said...
Gorgeous cards!
- November 12, 2009 at 12:53 AM
- Stephanie said...
styleodyssey- i think i've almost recovered from the christmas-ruined-by-retail-work syndrome too! i give it a few more years.
thebrickhouse- i like buying handmade or vintage/antique for friends who i know will appreciate it too.
-h: i'll have to try and fine one!
decor8- wow that's early! do you know if there are any markets around for new years? i'll be in berlin. i wish we had more outdoor markets (even if they are christmas markets) here. i went to an amazing one in paris a few years ago (it was mostly food-related though- yum!)
minorkeys- oh mariah! i will be so happy if i can avoid hearing her xmas songs this year.
- November 12, 2009 at 11:16 AM
- Pennerad said...
we are of a similar mind. i absolutely DESPISE this early advertising business. it's so upsetting. the LIGHTS, and window displays, and the MUSIC. i mean, it's not even thanksgiving yet! i get so infuriated by this. totally understand your almost-violence. i'm actually beginning to hate christmas because it's a capitalist holiday vs the christmas of years past (perhaps in my own head) when it was about the time spent together (read: THE FOOD). bah humbug, indeed. stupid xmas music...
- November 16, 2009 at 8:39 AM
- One.Twenty.Fifty.Two said...
Ha ha. you grinch.
that was an entertaining post though.
- November 18, 2009 at 1:14 AM
- Andrea said...
I'm with you on Christmas music. However, I recently listened to "Monocle" magazine Winter series and they had Emilia De Poret sing some Christmas tunes and they are definitely the best thing I've heard this season. Worth listening to: http://www.monocle.com/WinterSeries/edition3.aspx
- January 9, 2010 at 2:29 AM


text:
- Filed Under
They started in Coshocton County in 2012, but most local residents still ask the question: What is a quarter auction?
Jessie Tubbs, a local auction organizer, describes the craze as the newest 5K as far as fundraising goes.
"It's more like a raffle with hopes of winning for that one quarter," she said. ...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Amati ready to taste freedom
PITTSBURGH -- Standing before a federal judge, suspended District Justice Ron Amati made a soft plea for his release from prison.
"Judge, I've spent 28 months in the system," Amati said. "I want to go home."
Amati will get that opportunity at 5 p.m. today when he will be released from a federal prison.
During a resentencing hearing Thursday before U.S. District Judge Gustave Diamond in Pittsburgh, Amati's sentence was reduced to 32 months. With credit for time served without incident, Amati was ordered released this afternoon.
On Feb. 5, 2001, Amati was convicted in U.S. District Court on one count each of criminal conspiracy to operate an illegal gambling business, operating an illegal gambling business and conspiring to obstruct state or local law enforcement.
Late last month, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Amati's 42-month sentence was too harsh, suggesting 21 to 27 months. A new sentencing hearing was ordered held in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania.
The ruling also left the door open for the lower court to revisit whether Amati perjured himself when he took the stand Jan. 26 and 29 during the trial. The trial ran from Jan. 4 to Feb. 5, 2001.
Diamond, in concluding Thursday that Amati had committed perjury during the trial, said the sentencing guidelines should be 22 to 33 months.
With a 32-month sentence, Amati would be eligible for release today. He would have been eligible for release Nov. 1 if the judge had ordered a new sentence of 33 months.
"Actually, the range we have is two weeks," Diamond said with a smile.
Efram Grail, representing Amati, made a plea for release now rather than in two weeks. He said Amati desired to be home for his son's birthday later this month.
"He is a different man than the one who stood before this court in May 2001 (when he was originally sentenced)," Grail said. "He has been impacted by the prison system. It has had its intended impact."
Amati recently wrote to Diamond, expressing remorse.
"I've done a lot of charitable and positive things in prison," Amati said, adding that he has counseled other inmates, avoided any malfeasance, took craft classes and played in a prison softball league.
While Assistant U.S. Attorney Jim Wilson said he had serious disagreements with the Third Circuit Court opinion, he had "no problems" with the 32-month sentence.
"I'm satisfied the system has nothing else to gain by incarcerating Mr. Amati any longer," Diamond said. "There's nothing society can gain by two more weeks."
Upon his release, Amati will be under supervised release for two years. He must report to a probation officer within 72 hours of his release. He cannot possess a firearm or possess or use any controlled substance.
He was ordered to pay the $6,500 balance of his $7,500 fine within a year.
Although he will be released from prison, Amati's future remains in doubt. As a convicted felony, he likely won't be permitted by law to serve the six-year district justice term he was elected to in 1999. He remains on suspension without pay status.
On April 23, 1999, the state Supreme Court ordered Amati "relieved of all judicial and administrative responsibilities until further order of this court." Amati, however, continued to receive his salary.
In Washington County, district justices received salaries of $55,027 in 1999 and $56,348 in 2000. The salary rose to $57,475 in 2001.
He was suspended without pay shortly after a U.S. District Court jury found him guilty on all charges.
Despite his suspension in late April 1999, Amati was nominated for re-election on the Democratic ticket in May 1999. Less than a month after he was indicted on federal gambling charges, Amati was overwhelmingly re-elected to a new, six-year term.
Although he was sworn in at the end of 1999, Amati has never taken the bench.
As Amati was being led from the courtroom, Amati was asked by The Valley Independent if he was permitted to comment. A U.S. marshal escorting Amati sternly replied "no."
Amati smiled and said, "My attorney will talk to you."
Grail said Amati was "looking forward to ending his prison term."
"Mr. Amati is grateful for the court's actions," Grail said.
Grail said he and Amati have discussed his future plans, but his future employment was not discussed. Up until the higher court's ruling late last month, Amati was looking at a prison term that would not end until the summer of 2004.
"Besides the obvious, spending time with his family and friends, he said he wants a good cup of cappuccino and to sit down outside and watch the world for a few minutes," Grail said.
Show commenting policy
TribLive commenting policy
You are solely responsible for your comments and by using TribLive.com you agree to our Terms of Service.
We moderate comments. Our goal is to provide substantive commentary for a general readership. By screening submissions, we provide a space where readers can share intelligent and informed commentary that enhances the quality of our news and information.
While most comments will be posted if they are on-topic and not abusive, moderating decisions are subjective. We will make them as carefully and consistently as we can. Because of the volume of reader comments, we cannot review individual moderation decisions with readers.
We value thoughtful comments representing a range of views that make their point quickly and politely. We make an effort to protect discussions from repeated comments either by the same reader or different readers.
We follow the same standards for taste as the daily newspaper. A few things we won't tolerate: personal attacks, obscenity, vulgarity, profanity (including expletives and letters followed by dashes), commercial promotion, impersonations, incoherence, proselytizing and SHOUTING. Don't include URLs to Web sites.
We do not edit comments. They are either approved or deleted. We reserve the right to edit a comment that is quoted or excerpted in an article. In this case, we may fix spelling and punctuation.
We welcome strong opinions and criticism of our work, but we don't want comments to become bogged down with discussions of our policies and we will moderate accordingly.
We appreciate it when readers and people quoted in articles or blog posts point out errors of fact or emphasis and will investigate all assertions. But these suggestions should be sent via e-mail. To avoid distracting other readers, we won't publish comments that suggest a correction. Instead, corrections will be made in a blog post or in an article.
Most-Read Stories
- Police charge New Florence man in St. Clair officer's killing
- Penn State coach fires offensive coordinator
- Travelers advised to arrive 2 hours early for flights from Pittsburgh International Airport
- New Kensington man killed in North Buffalo crash
- Police officer fatally shot in New Florence; suspect in custody
- Indiana Twp. liver transplant recipient, 2, takes steps toward normal life
- Aliquippa wins 16th WPIAL title, ends South Fayette's 44-game winning streak
- Four downs: Steelers might still be Adams' best bet
- Zatkoff's, Malkin's heroics not enough as Oilers down Penguins in shootout
- Thomas Jefferson uses defense, running game to capture WPIAL title
- Central Catholic wins 5th WPIAL football title


text:
Posts tagged import car insurance
The Chinese are Coming …
Dec 21st
After lots of Eastern promise over the last few years, there hasn't, as yet been much sign of the influx of Chinese cars we have been promised. There have, of course, been hundreds of Chinese bikes, and Bikesure has been offering Chinese Scooter Insurance for years, but cars have been distinctly thin on the ground.
Now, though, there has been confirmation that at least one Chinese marque has secured a distributor. Great Wall have confirmed that they have done a deal with independent distributors IM Group, who also look after the smaller Japanese brands Isuzu, Daihatsu and Subaru. Cars will be on sale in the UK from 2011.
So what can we expect from the Great Wall range? Well up to now they have been best known for trucks, but they caused quite a splash at the Shanghai motor show. A big failing up to now with Chinese cars is that few have reached the exacting safety and emissions standards now demanded in the EU, but Great Wall are confident that their 6 launch models (well 5 plus a 4×4 version of 1) will secure type approval.
First up is the Great Wall Peri, which has an engine from Mitsubishi, looks suspiciously like a Fiat Panda, and also comes in a 4×4 variant! In fact, that is going to be the main problem, as Fiat have currently secured an injunction preventing its import into the EU…
Then there is the i7, aka Great Wall Phenom. Apparently they couldn't decide whether to name it after an Intel or AMD processor! These have engines developed in house and are being positioned at a higher price point making it a 'sort of premium' hatch.
The Xuan Li, or Great Wall Florid, is another smallish hatchback. Apparently the name in Chinese sounds confusingly similar to 'Yaris,' and by a huge coincidence the front end styling appears remarkably similar to that of a Toyota Yaris, which has led to further legal issues!
The Great Wall Cowry is a compact MPV fitted with a 2 litre Mitsubishi engine. There are three trim levels, the highest of which – Super Luxury – is equipped with a KARAOKE PLAYER! Again some have detected styling influence from the Toyota Scion Xb.
The final model is another MPV which looks even more like the aforementioned Scion, the mystifyingly named Great Wall Cool Bear. This spacious model with its angular design is likely to abstract sales from the Kia Soul and Nissan Cube, especially as the price could be lower than £9,000.
In short there are still obstacles to overcome, mostly to do with intellectual property, but if these can be surmounted, the Chinese car could take off in a big way. In the absence of a dealer network, you'd be a brave soul to import a Chinese car privately, but if you do, you can count on Adrian Flux to offer competitive import chinese car insurance.
The Indian Job
Dec 19th
No, it's not another post about Norwich Union's Indian call centres!
Apparently Bollywood is all set to do a remake of the Italian Job, which is going to literally be an all singing and dancing affair, and may even be filmed outside India.
Now, everyone knows that the real stars of the original Italian Job were the cars. Not just the Minis – who can forget the Lambo Miura, the two E-Type Jaguar cars and the Aston DB4, which all had great supporting roles, as well as the Land Rover, the Alfa Romeo Giulia police cars, the numerous Fiat 500s and Dinos, not to mention the Pakistani ambassador's Daimler and the Morris Minor van that got more than its bloody doors blown off.
So for me, at least, the big question is, which Indian cars are they going to use to replace the Mini Coopers. Let's have a look at the contenders.
First up is Tata – their Indica is the most popular new car in India, but they don't appear outside of the subcontinent too often. Probably more likely that Tata would use the forthcoming £1,200 Tata Nano, which Tata hope to export all over the world. It certainly has cute looks, but the really small wheels might get in the way of some stunts.
An Indian car (technically a quadricycle) that already does appear abroad, and is very common in London already is the Reva G Wiz – even tinier than the Nano, the electric power plant might make for some quiet chase scenes, and you'd have to hope the batteries lasted back to the Autostrada. On the plus side, you'd have no trouble fitting these onto a bus – in fact they'd probably fit in the buggy space.
The San Storm on the other hand is a two seater convertible, built on a Clio chassis. It nearly got sold here as a revival of the Reliant Scimitar name, but the deal fell through. With a shell made entirely of fibreglass, might not be too useful for a film involving as many scrapes and bumps as the Italian Job.
The Maruti A-Star is a rebadged Suzuki Alto – and the Works versions of those cars were pretty sporty. Maruti also sells a rebadged Suzuki Swift, which has certainly built up a worldwide cult following, so may be in with a shot.
Finally, and an outside bet, how about the Hindustani Ambassador? Based on the 1957 Morris Oxford Mk III, this car is still in production, and although it is a bit big it's the definitive Indian motor – Hindustani really made it their own. You can get a version with a turbocharged 1.8 Isuzu engine under the hood too.
Officially or not, all of these cars are available to buy in the UK, but some insurance companies will be left scratching their heads if you try and insure one. Fortunately, Adrian Flux can help, whether you need electric car insurance or Indian import car insurance, so if you fancy an Indian car, make sure you give us a call for a quote on 08000 83 88 33.
The trouble with aggregators…
Aug 27th
If you have anything slightly unusual is that they can be completely unhelpful. Seeing that GoCompare had added a few specialists to their panel, like A-Plan, Express and Sureterm, I though I'd run through a quote on a lightly modified Nissan Silvia, to see what their prices were like.
Unfortunately, although it happily lets you fill in all your details, it then brings up the supremely unhelpful list below. None of their panel, specialists included, could quote it. Nice one GoCompare!
It just goes to show that if you want a quote on something even a little bit out of the ordinary, you are currently still best off leaving the aggregators for Mondeo man and giving a genuine specialist broker a call. (Our number is 08000 83 88 33)
I think some people thought I was having a pop at either GoCompare or the specialists currently on their panel. My point was really that the aggregator model, whilst very useful in many circumstances is not any help in the many cases where there is anything even slightly unusual.
I have recommended elsewhere on this blog that customers should always try to include a mixture of aggregators, direct writers and brokers when they are shopping around – If you have a classic, modified, imported or kit car, or if you are a younger driver, have convictions, female or mature, brokers can ask the questions that aggregators can't or don't – and that even includes the ones I listed.
IT Department try their hand at modelling.
Oct 19th
Having seen the photos from the flux babes photoshoot, the IT department here at Flux fancied their own shot at glamour modelling stardom.
Here is the video from their very own photoshoot!
Buying a Skyline? Best check with the wife first …
Oct 11th
The R34 Nissan Skyline GT-R is an awesome car. And if you've maxed it out with a ton of performance modifications, taking it up to 420bhp in the process, it can probably knock spots off of most supercars you could mention on any track.
Sadly, though for one Jap Import fan, the joys of owning this fearsome beast of a car have come to a premature and unhappy end.
As the clearly disgruntled seller discovered, if you're in a relationship, your dreams may be cruelly dashed:
Reason for Selling: Purchased without proper consent from the wife. Apparently "do whatever the F**K you want" does not mean what I thought.
So there you are. If you want to purchase the car and give it a good home, just make sure you check with the missus first.
Although as the owner points out insurance for a Nissan Skyline can be a tad expensive and, if you're young, difficult to even find. Fortunately, Adrian Flux can fix you up with some modified Nissan Skyline insurance, or indeed insurance for any japanese import.
Left hand drive insurance
Jun 19th
Unlike a lot of insurers, we love left hand drive cars.
Whether you need modern or classic american car insurance, european import car insurance, or something exotic, like supercar insurance.
So if you want left hand drive insurance, for your left hooker there's no need to resort to this:


text:
Dispersal and gene flow determine connectivity among populations, and can be studied through population genetics and phylogeography. We here review the results of such a framework for free-living marine nematodes. Although field experiments have illustrated substantial dispersal in nematodes at ecological time scales, analysis of the genetic diversity illustrated the importance of priority effects, founder effects and genetic bottlenecks for population structuring between patches <1 km apart. In contrast, only little genetic structuring was observed within an estuary (<50 km), indicating that these small scale fluctuations in genetic differentiation are stabilized over deeper time scales through extensive gene flow. Interestingly, nematode species with contrasting life histories (extreme colonizers vs persisters) or with different habitat preferences (algae vs sediment) show similar, low genetic structuring. Finally, historical events have shaped the genetic pattern of marine nematodes and show that gene flow is restricted at large geographical scales. We also discuss the presence of substantial cryptic diversity in marine nematodes, and end with highlighting future important steps to further unravel nematode evolution and diversity.
Keywords:Connectivity; Cryptic species; Dispersal; Gene flow; Life history; Marine nematodes; Population genetics; Phylogeography
Marine nematodes are amongst the most abundant and diverse Metazoa in marine sediments [1,2]. Estimates of species diversity, including terrestrial and parasitic species, vary widely and range from 105[3] to 108[4]. This huge taxonomic diversity encompasses a wide variety of feeding strategies and life history characteristics, but has at the same time hampered ecological studies because species identification is difficult. Consequently, ecological studies on free-living nematodes typically pool species into functional groups based on different feeding strategies [5], tail shape [6], body size [7], life history [8], or a combination of several of these parameters [9]. Next to these ecological studies, considerable work has been done over the last decades to provide an evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda [10,11], with a special focus on terrestrial [12], marine [13,14] or parasitic nematodes [15]. These studies show that convergent evolution is a frequent phenomenon for nematode morphology, feeding strategy and habitat. In contrast, there are only few studies on the importance of micro-evolutionary processes (gene flow, genetic drift and selection) for nematode evolution, even for parasitic nematodes [16]. Defining the scales of connectivity among marine populations and identifying the barriers to dispersal and gene flow are however crucial to understand the ecological and evolutionary properties of populations and the dynamics and persistence of populations under environmental changes.
Gene flow describes the exchange of genetic information between populations through migration, whereas dispersal is defined as the movement of individuals from one genetic population to another [17]. Consequently, from a population genetics perspective and for species where individuals rather than eggs or propagules are the mechanism for dispersal, dispersal and gene flow are synonyms [18]. Both terms are used throughout this review. For the marine environment, barriers to gene flow are not always obvious, and factors influencing connectivity among marine populations are roughly divided into physical (e.g. ocean currents, habitat characteristics) and biological (e.g. predation, behaviour) [19]. Retention of organisms in their native area [20] or water currents [21] can strongly limit marine dispersal, which may lead to structured populations [22].
In what follows, we aim to provide a state of the art on dispersal and gene flow at ecological (i.e. one to a few generations) and evolutionary time scales (i.e. hundreds of thousands of generations), and the factors that may influence them (such as life history, habitat and historical events), for marine nematode populations. We also discuss the current knowledge on cryptic marine nematode diversity and end by identifying key questions for future population genetic studies of marine nematodes.
Dispersal in free-living marine nematodes at ecological time scales
Dispersal is one of the most important life history traits for species evolution and persistence. Dispersal allows organisms to escape unsuitable environmental conditions, avoid competition and increase their distribution range. Dispersal distance is generally correlated with the presence and duration of pelagic larval stages in the water column [23], but there are many exceptions [24], with dispersal being species, season and location specific. Free-living marine nematodes do not have planktonic or pelagic larvae, eggs are generally deposited in situ, and their body size is so small that active dispersal over large distances is likely to be limited. Nevertheless, nematodes are able to actively move in the sediment [25,26], while others can actively emerge into and swim in the water column [27]. Large-bodied nematodes of the family Oncholaimidae rapidly colonize carcasses of fish and macrofauna, probably at least in part by active swimming [28]. They, and other nematodes, may use a variety of chemical cues in their environment to direct their movement towards particular patches [29,30], although it is unclear over what distances such chemotaxis can occur. Some nematode species form non-feeding dauer larvae which are resistant to many environmental stresses [31,32] and which in some species are often found attached to other invertebrates [33]. Such vector associations are known for terrestrial species and may account for dispersal over considerable distances [34], but their role for dispersal of marine nematodes is less documented (a list of commensal marine nematodes in Crustacea is provided by Sudhaus [35]). Passive dispersal of marine nematodes can occur through the ballast water of ships [36], but probably more importantly, through hydrodynamic forces [37]. The presence of nematodes in the water column is largely determined by their vertical distribution and abundance in the sediment [38]. Different nematode genera can also show different vertical distributions in the water column [39] as well as differential abilities to settle back to the sediment [40]. Next to hydrodynamic forces, species-specific traits such as feeding ecology [41,42], behaviour [40], or body morphology [42] influence dispersal ability of marine nematodes. Similar active dispersal abilities have been observed in the deep sea [43-45], but here nematodes are far less abundant in the water column than in shallow-water habitats. The complex interactions between habitat, hydrodynamics and species-specific traits lead to high variation in dispersal patterns through space and time [41,46], which in turn may lead to a high degree of patchiness in nematode community composition [45,47].
Only limited information is available on the effects of dispersal at ecological time scales on population genetic structure in free-living marine nematodes. Litoditis marina typically frequents decaying and standing macroalgae in the intertidal, which form a rather transient habitat with frequent local extinctions when algae are decomposed. In such temporal habitats, the ability to disperse enables them to survive the strong fluctuations in habitat availability. L. marina produces dauer larvae, and due to its high reproductive capacity and short generation time it is an efficient colonizer that can establish populations from one or a few gravid females. To investigate the effect of colonization dynamics of L. marina on neutral genetic variation within and among patches in close proximity (≤ 1 km) to each other, Derycke et al. [48] performed a field experiment in which the genetic diversity of L. marina on newly colonized algae was surveyed during one month at two contrasting sites in an intertidal salt marsh: in one site, defaunated algae were incubated amongst permanent algal stands that can act as a source population, while no algal stands were present in the second site [48]. Algal deposits near the permanent algal stands were more rapidly colonized, reached a fivefold higher density of nematodes and had a higher genetic diversity than algal deposits ca 1 km away from the source population (Figure 1). Nevertheless, L. marina colonized these distant patches within 10 days, showing that dispersal of this nematode at this scale is substantial. In these distant patches, mtDNA haplotypes that were rare in the source population of the permanent algal stands were abundant suggesting that founder effects and genetic bottlenecks structured these populations (Figure 1). Hence, dispersal at ecological time scales clearly influences the genetic variation within and between patches. Since these colonization dynamics are likely to be related to the ephemeral nature of the habitat and the high reproductive output of L. marina, knowledge on the biology and ecology of nematode species is crucial to correctly interpret population genetic data and make conclusions on gene flow and population connectivity.
Figure 1. Genetics of colonizing Litoditis marina. MtDNA haplotype composition of the developing L. marina populations during the course of the experiment for each patch separately. A1A3 refer to the three patches in site A that were incubated amidst permanent Fucus stands, while B1B4 refer to the four patches in site B that were incubated in the absence of permanent algal stands. Distance between algal deposits within a site averaged 2 m, while site A and B were approximately 2 km apart. A-W represent different haplotypes. Note the late colonization and the low number of haplotypes of patches B2-B4, and the dominance of different haplotypes among B1-B4 (Figure from [48]).
Dispersal in free-living marine nematodes at evolutionary time scales
Dispersal in the marine environment can be studied by capture-recapture studies [20] or by determining geochemical signatures in calcified structures (otoliths, shells), but these techniques cannot be applied to minute invertebrates lacking calcified structures. Therefore, dispersal has frequently been estimated indirectly from mathematical modeling or genetic data. The genetic structure is the result of the simultaneous action of evolutionary processes (gene flow, genetic drift and selection, Table 1) across thousands of generations, whereas field studies are restricted to ecological time scales spanning a limited number of generations.
Table 1. Evolutionary processes leading to an increased or decreased genetic differentiation between natural populations of species
Population genetic studies typically look at allele frequencies which are used to calculate Fst values [49,50] and related statistics, to infer to what degree genetic drift has driven groups of individuals towards fixation of alternative alleles. Therefore, these statistics are suitable to infer genetic structure caused by genetic drift, which is very often correlated with dispersal estimates [51], but processes other than gene flow may also be responsible for this structuring [52]. It is, for example, possible to have perfectly isolated populations between which Fst can be comparatively low, simply because both populations are not fixed for alternative alleles [53-55]. Especially when highly variable markers such as microsatellite loci are used, additional statistics such as D or F'st can more adequately reveal genetic differentiation between populations [56,57]. Obviously, one should not blindly look at Fst values to infer gene flow, but also explore the raw data (e.g. whether alleles are shared or not between populations). Next to these theoretical aspects, the genetic structure of marine species can be influenced by a variety of biological (e.g. life-history [58-60]) and physical (e.g. water currents [61]), as well as by the interplay between biological and physical factors [62]. In what follows, we review the effects of life history, habitat characteristics and long-term history on the population genetic structure of marine nematodes measured by Φst (which is similar to Fst, but also takes sequence divergence into account, whereas Fst is based on allele frequencies only [63]).
The importance of life history for population genetic structure in marine nematodes
Life histories are known for only a limited number of marine nematode species [e.g. [1,64-66]. Bongers et al. [31] categorized the expected colonizer characteristics of marine nematode genera based on ecological and biological information. This colonizer-persister (cp) scale varies between 1 (extreme colonizers with short generation times and high reproductive output) and 5 (extreme persisters with long generation times and few offspring). Nematode species with cp = 1 are expected to show little genetic structuring because of their ability to rapidly colonize new habitats, while species with cp = 5 are expected to show more pronounced genetic structuring. On the other hand, genetic structuring of marine species with substantial differences in life history and taxonomy can be very similar [67].
Litoditis marina and Halomonhystera disjuncta have very short generation times and a high reproductive output [25,68], enabling them to rapidly colonize new habitats [48]. Both species are abundant on decomposing and standing macroalgae in the intertidal, and have a cp value of 1 [31] or 2 for H. disjuncta if the presence of a dauer stage is taken as a prerequisite for a cp-score of 1 [69]. Both morphospecies are actually complexes of cryptic species [70,71] and population genetic structure in the most abundant species of the L. marina species complex (PmI) within the Westerschelde estuary was low but significant (Φst = 0.075, p < 0.0001, data recalculated from [70], Figure 2). In view of the ephemeral habitat and strong colonization dynamics of L. marina[48], changes in the genetic diversity are likely to occur over time. When sampled in four consecutive seasons, 11% of the genetic variation within each of the five locations in the Westerschelde could be attributed to differences among seasons (Φsc = 0.11, p < 0.0001, [72]). This confirms that genetic composition of populations changes over time in L. marina[72]. Although a significant genetic differentiation was observed among populations within seasons (Φsc = 0.14, p < 0.0001), there was no significant differentiation among populations when the four seasons were pooled by locations (Φct = 0.01, p = 0.262). Since L. marina populations are highly unstable over time, this result suggests that the genetic differences caused by extinction-colonization dynamics become unimportant or balance each other when several time points are taken into account. Similar patterns of genetic structure have been observed in the dominant species (GD3) of the Halomonhystera disjuncta species complex in the Westerschelde ([71], Figure 2). Four locations were sampled in two different seasons, and a low but significant genetic structuring was observed among locations within seasons (Φsc = 0.086, p < 0.001, recalculated data from [71]), and temporal differences in genetic differentiation were observed within locations (Φsc = 0.086, p < 0.001). Again, when the genetic data from the two seasons were pooled within locations, no significant spatial differentiation was observed within the Westerschelde estuary (Φct = −0.0042, p = 0.48). Although colonization-extinction dynamics can lead to genetic structuring at small geographical scales, such effects are no longer observed at time scales covering several generations.
Figure 2. Genetic structuring in marine nematodes at small geographic scale (<100 km). The sampling area encompasses the Westerschelde estuary and the Oosterschelde in The Netherlands, and two Belgian coastal locations. The strength of differentiation is based on [53]. Black arrows: Litoditis marina; Green arrows: Halomonhystera disjuncta; Red arrow: Bathylaimus assimilis.
If life-history characteristics are important in determining the genetic structure of nematode populations, pronounced differences in genetic structure would be expected in nematode species with a very long generation time and low number of offspring, because they have much smaller chance of colonizing new habitats than species with short generation times and high reproductive output. The nematode Thoracostoma trachygaster lives in holdfasts of kelp along the Californian coast [73], and the genus Thoracostoma has a cp value of 5 [31]. Although passive dispersal can still be significant in T. trachygaster because of its association with algal holdfasts, intuitively its very long generation time (probably only one or two generations per year) and few offspring would render successful establishment in new habitats less likely compared to L. marina and H. disjuncta. To exclude effects of well known biogeographic barriers, such as Point Conception and the Los Angeles Region, we investigated the genetic structure of T. trachygaster using populations that were continuously distributed along the coast with exclusion of these two barriers, and at a geographical scale of less than 100 km, to be comparable with the geographic scale of the sampling in the Westerschelde (data recalculated from [74]). When taking into account mtDNA allele frequencies and mutations, no genetic structuring was observed within the southern Californian Bight (Φst = 0.035, p = 0.16; Figure 3). This may suggest that K-strategists do not necessarily have a strong genetic structure. Similar results have been observed for K-strategists in other phyla [75]. At fine geographical scales (< 300 km), shared environmental drivers such as water currents or habitat characteristics may cause similar genetic patterns in species with quite different life histories [67].
The importance of habitat characteristics for population genetic structure in marine nematodes
Bathylaimus assimilis is an endobenthic nematode species that in contrast to L. marina, H. disjuncta and T. trachygaster, is not associated with macroalgae. Dispersal through rafting is therefore unlikely for B. assimilis. Moreover, several endobenthic nematode species show vertical migration in the sediment [76], and possibly avoid in this way erosion and resuspension in the water column. Therefore the passive dispersal potential of B. assimilis is expected to be lower than that of L. marina and H. disjuncta. Because B. assimilis is a less efficient colonizer than L. marina and H. disjuncta, and because it has an endobenthic life style, its population genetic subdivision in the Westerschelde is expected to be more pronounced than that of L. marina and H. disjuncta. Yet, a COI sequence analysis of 173 specimens from four locations in the Westerschelde suggested only a weak, but still significant structuring (Φst = 0.044, p < 0.0001; Figure 2). Although B. assimilis lives in the sediment, it can occasionally be observed in the water column [42], increasing its potential for passive dispersal. In conclusion, at small geographical scales of 50 km, population genetic structuring does not seem to depend on whether a nematode is an epiphytic or endobenthic species (but see section on suggestions for future research).
Although gene flow in marine nematodes seems to be quite substantial at scales of 50 km, adding two nearby coastal locations to the Westerschelde data generated Φst values that were an order of magnitude larger than the values obtained for the Westerschelde populations alone (Litoditis marina PmI: Φst = 0.12 – 0.28, p < 0.0001, data recalculated from [72]; Halomonhystera disjuncta GD3: Φst = 0.11 – 0.13, p < 0.0001 [71]; Figure 2). The stepping stone model assumes that dispersal declines with geographic distance, resulting in an increase in genetic dissimilarity between populations that are more distant from each other [77]. Such isolation by distance (IBD) is supported when there is a positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance [78]. Since there are no obvious barriers to gene flow between the Westerschelde and coastal locations, the more pronounced genetic structuring observed may be caused by geographic distance. However, no significant correlation was observed between genetic and geographic distances for the most widespread species of the H. disjuncta complex [71]. For L. marina, IBD was found in only one season [72]. In several cases, significant pairwise genetic differentiation was observed between close populations, while no significant differentiation was observed between distant populations. This 'chaotic genetic patchiness' pattern is quite common for the marine environment [67], and can be explained by the nonlinear movement of organisms due to turbulent and nonlinear water currents. Taking into account water currents [61] and other environmental data [67] is therefore essential to interpret population genetic data and connectivity in the marine environment. Next to the estuarine and coastal locations, L. marina was also sampled in the Oosterschelde, a semi-estuarine environment that is partly closed from the sea by a storm surge barrier, which may provide a higher level of isolation. The habitat type (coastal, estuarine or semi-estuarine) had an impact on the genetic patterns observed within L. marina (PmI): 11.15% of the variation could be explained by habitat type (Φct = 0.11, p < 0.0001), but a comparable amount of variation (13.09%) was observed by differences between populations within each habitat type (Φsc = 0.14, p < 0.0001, data recalculated from [72]. As shown for marine invertebrates with larval dispersal stages [61,67,79,80], these results indicate that water currents and ecological characteristics of the habitat may be equally important drivers for the genetic structure of marine nematodes than geographic distance or life history characteristics alone.
The importance of geological history for population genetic structure in marine nematodes
Quite a number of marine nematode species show a widespread geographic distribution [81-83], indicating that long distance dispersal can also occur. Next to life history and habitat, historical events such as land mass drift, sea level rises and glacial cycles have influenced the current distribution and population genetic structuring of many marine invertebrates [84]. For the North Atlantic, the quaternary glacial cycles have had dramatic impacts on species distributions, with many species being forced to migrate to the south during glacial periods, followed by recolonization of the northern areas during interglacial periods. These distributional changes have left a genetic imprint, with northern populations being genetically less diverse, and southern populations being genetically richer [85]. Phylogeographical studies in the marine environment have also pinpointed refugial areas e.g. [84], recolonization routes and genetic breaks in a variety of marine organisms. Such genetic breaks can ultimately lead to speciation.
All species of the L. marina species complex sampled on a pan European scale showed strong genetic structuring (Table three in [81]), demonstrating that gene flow at larger geographical scales is restricted. When integrating historical processes that have shaped the distribution of temperate species in the North Atlantic with the observed genetic patterns in the L. marina complex, the evolutionary history of the species complex becomes visible. For the two most widespread species of the complex (PmI, PmII), a genetic break along the British Isles was observed, and two possible postglacial recolonization routes of northern areas were suggested, one around the British Isles, and one through the English Channel [81] (Figure 4). The Southern Bight of the North Sea acted as a secondary contact zone between these routes. These results illustrate that the quaternary ice ages have influenced the genetic pattern of marine nematodes. Moreover, several population pairwise Φst values were non-significant, despite populations being separated by obvious geographical barriers (e.g. Baltic and Mediterranean). This illustrates again the chaotic genetic patchiness and suggests that additional ecological factors are influencing the genetic structure of marine nematodes.
Figure 4. Distribution of haplotypes and haplotype groupings in the NE Atlantic of Litoditis marina (PmII). A. Relationships among mtDNA haplotypes based on statistical parsimony network. Haplotypes are divided into three groups, corresponding to their geographic distribution and relationships. Haplotypes of group 1 are coloured in black-grey-white, haplotypes of group 2 in red-pink-purple and haplotypes of group 3 in green. Haplotypes found in one location are coloured white, pink or dark green, haplotypes that are shared between locations have a shaded grey, pink or green colour. B. Distribution of haplotypes in the NE Atlantic. Group 1 haplotypes are continuously distributed from the Bay of Biscay over the English Channel and the British Isles into the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Second haplotype group co-occurred with group 1, but was absent from the Baltic Sea and the most northern locations in the NE Atlantic. Most haplotypes of group 3 were restricted to the English Channel and the North Sea (Figure from [81]).
Next to glacial cycles, well known biogeographical barriers often coincide with genetic breaks between populations on either side of the barrier [86,87]. Thoracostoma trachygaster was sampled along the Californian coast [74], where Point Conception (PC) [88] and Los Angeles Region (LAR) [59] are well-known biogeographic barriers. PC is associated with genetic breaks in high dispersal species, while LAR coincides with genetic breaks in low dispersal species [59,89]. T. trachygaster showed a strong genetic structuring along the Californian coastline (Φst = 0.28, p < 0.001), with a significant amount of this variation being explained by differences between populations north and south of PC and, within the Southern Californian Bight, between populations north and south of LAR (Figure 3, [74]).
Clearly, these studies illustrate that historical processes and biogeographic barriers have strongly affected the genetic variation of marine nematode populations. Furthermore, since these historical events are still detected in the present day genetic composition of marine nematodes, gene flow in marine nematodes must be restricted at such large geographical scales.
'Collateral' outcomes of population genetic studies: cryptic species
Population genetic and phylogeographic studies typically investigate a large number of specimens from several populations across a species' geographic range. The majority of known species are however based on descriptions of small numbers of specimens from single or just few localities [90], thereby ignoring the extent of natural variation. Furthermore, the widespread distribution of nematodes is in contrast with their limited dispersal abilities at large geographic scales. This so-called "meiofauna-paradox" [91] may be explained by the presence of cryptic species within what were previously thought to be generalist species [92]. The term "cryptic species" refers to taxa that are morphologically similar, but that belong to different gene pools. Such cryptic diversity occurs in a variety of metazoan taxa and biogeographical regions [93], and may be particularly abundant in the marine environment [94]. This may be because many marine species rely on chemical cues for mate choice and gamete recognition [22,95,96], as well as for ecological interactions [97]. Chemotaxis is used by free-living nematodes to detect food sources [98,99] and parasitic nematodes are able to detect conspecifics in hosts [100]. It is therefore likely that taste and smell are also important for mate recognition in marine nematodes, but no data are currently available to confirm this.
Morphological similarity can be the result of strong divergent selection on non-visual mating signals [101], or, alternatively, morphological stasis may be the result of ecological constraints, where adaptive evolution favors similar phenotypes over and over again [102]. Whatever the speciation process, leaving cryptic diversity unrecognized will bias the interpretation of biogeographical and ecological patterns [101].
Nematode morphology is generally thought to be conserved, leading to speculations on the presence of substantial cryptic diversity in this taxon [101]. However, in a meta-analysis of animal cryptic diversity, cryptic species were not more common in nematodes than in other metazoan taxa [93]. Our population and phylogeographic studies of marine nematodes have revealed the presence of cryptic diversity in various degrees: 10 cryptic species were found in Litoditis marina[103], five in Halomonhystera disjuncta[71] and three in Thoracostoma trachygaster[74,104]. These different numbers of cryptic species may be explained by different sampling efforts, with L. marina having been sampled most intensively during four seasons [72] and at a paneuropean scale [81]. When looking at just one season and at the scale of a single estuary (the Westerschelde), two to three cryptic species were found in L. marina and H. disjuncta. These numbers are quite high considering a geographical scale of less than 50 km, and one might wonder whether this is typical for fast-growing, opportunistic species with rapid reproduction and high numbers of offspring. Preliminary results for the endobenthic monhysterid Theristus acer in the Westerschelde show three deeply divergent clades in the COI gene (Derycke, unpublished data). Assuming that these lineages represent cryptic species, the presence of cryptic species seems therefore not to be correlated with life history traits. Instead, the prevalence of cryptic diversity in species with different life histories and from different areas suggests that it is a common phenomenon for marine nematodes. Nevertheless, we did not find any indications of cryptic species in the endobenthic enoplid Bathylaimus assimilis within the Westerschelde (Derycke, unpublished data), so caution is needed when making such generalizations based on the limited data available.
Species in species complexes were delimited using the phylogenetic species concept with reciprocal monophyly of nuclear and mitochondrial gene trees. For nematodes, this approach is well-suited [105]. Subsequent detailed morphological studies have shown that the cryptic taxa in these complexes do differ in morphometric characteristics [103,104,106]. However, such differences in morphometry may at least partly be related to environmental conditions such as food availability and temperature, and are thus less suited to delineate or describe species. Detailed morphological studies may however also find diagnostic characters between cryptic species [104,107]. In this way, genetic studies can pinpoint groups that deserve closer morphological study, and can greatly enhance taxonomic studies in small organisms lacking easily observable morphological characters.
Despite the substantial increase of the discovery of cryptic species over the last decade [101,108], only little autecological information is available for cryptic species. For estuarine invertebrates, cryptic species can, for instance, show different tolerances to salinity which can explain their partly overlapping distribution ranges [92,109]. The field distribution of the cryptic nematode species shows that several species tend to co-occur [70,71,74,81], and that temporal fluctuations in species abundances are pronounced [71,72]. Furthermore, at a paneuropean geographical scale, several cryptic species seem to have restricted distributions [81], which may point to differential ecological tolerances/preferences for abiotic factors. Laboratory experiments have shown that two of the four cryptic L. marina species (PmI and PmIII) from the Westerschelde show a faster population development at a salinity of 15 psu than at a salinity of 25 psu [110]. Furthermore, when the four species of L. marina were combined in a multi species treatment, interspecific interactions reduced the population development of species PmII and even led to the total extinction of species PmIV. These interspecific interactions were also clearly affected by salinity, suggesting that fluctuations in abiotic factors may at least in part drive the coexistence of cryptic nematode species at local scales [110].
Where to go from here?
Nematode population genetics with multiple markers
The population genetic data of marine nematodes are exclusively based on COI, the usefulness of which has been well-documented [87,111]. Although mtDNA is usually treated as if it evolves in a neutral manner, recent studies suggest that selection may also be acting on the mtDNA [112]. Therefore, using independently evolving loci will enhance the correct interpretation of the processes responsible for the observed genetic patterns. Microsatellite loci (see e.g. [113,114] for a background) have become tremendously popular for population genetic studies because of their high intraspecific variability, which allows investigation of contemporary gene flow at small geographical scales. Yet, although microsatellite loci have been used in population genetic studies of parasitic nematodes [115-117] and in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans[118,119], no such data are currently available for marine nematodes.
Understanding the role of ecology in nematode population genetics
Life history, morphology, behavior and habitat-associated traits all contribute to dispersal ability, but hitherto their relative importance for the genetic structure in marine nematodes remains largely unknown. Comparing the genetic structure between several species differing in one of these traits can contribute to unravel the relative importance of these traits for micro-evolutionary processes [51]. For instance, by including additional nematode species isolated from the same geographic area but with life histories that differ from that of efficient colonizers such as L. marina and H. disjuncta, the effects of life history on population structure and nematode evolution can be explored. Similarly, including species with different habitat preferences should highlight habitat related effects on genetic structure. Since both L. marina and H. disjuncta occur on macroalgae, they are likely to have substantial passive dispersal capacity, and their dispersal ability may thus be much larger than that of typically endobenthic nematode species. Although for the time being this is not confirmed by our data on Bathylaimus assimilis, one would expect that if an endobenthic life style restricts dispersal in marine nematodes, then one should find higher Φst values in these species.
Unravelling the importance of environmental drivers for nematode dispersal through sea scape genetics
Next to species-specific ecological characteristics, dispersal in marine nematodes may be driven by environmental parameters. The genetic structuring in marine nematodes so far does not seem to correlate with geographic distance, but instead shows chaotic genetic patchiness: population pairwise Fst values are often significant between populations in close proximity, while they are not for populations that are further apart. This pattern may well be caused by the hydrodynamic currents in the study area, as well as by other ecological factors. Coupling hydrodynamic [61,120] and other environmental data [67] with genetic structuring, the so-called sea scape genetics approach [121], can help to sort out the causes of spatial patterns in marine population genetics.
Investigating the importance of selection for population differentiation in nematodes
Next to the analysis of neutral genetic variation, understanding the importance of selection on genetic structuring is essential for predicting how populations will respond to changing environments and to understand evolutionary diversification. Neutral loci across the genome will be similarly affected by demography and the evolutionary history of populations, while loci under selection will often behave differently and therefore reveal 'outlier' patterns of variation [122]. Next generation sequencing (NGS) makes it more feasible than ever to identify genes underpinning adaptive evolution in non-model organisms. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP's) are very common and distributed across the genome, and can be screened for many individuals from different populations through Restriction site Associated DNA sequencing (RADSeq) [123,124]. RADseq tags digested DNA from a large number of individuals, which are then pooled and sequenced using Illumina. The resulting sequence reads can be analysed without a reference genome by aggregating identical reads into unique sequences. Subsequently, unique sequences with only a small number of mismatches are clustered, and SNP's can be scored between alleles at the same locus [125]. In this way, RADSeq generates thousands of genetic markers in a large number of specimens at a reasonable cost [125]. By choosing populations living in e.g. different temperature or salinity conditions, which are amongst the most important forces for local adaptation in marine invertebrates [126], and comparing the genetic differentiation between these populations at different genomic regions, it becomes possible to pinpoint those genomic regions that are under selection.
Investigating the influence of genome evolution on population genetic patterns in marine nematodes
The advance in sequencing technology has generated an unprecedented amount of genome and transcriptome data from, mainly parasitic, nematode species [127,128]. Horizontal gene transfer is a common phenomenon in plant parasitic nematodes [129,130], but has not been reported in free-living nematodes [130]. Comparative genomics between the free-living Caenorhabditis elegans and C. briggsae have revealed extensive intrachromosomal rearrangements, but remarkable conservation of chromosome organization and synteny [131]. Comparison of mitochondrial genomes across parasitic nematode species has revealed a large number of gene rearrangements, large duplications, and the use of both DNA strands to encode genes [132]. Furthermore, the presence of minicircular [133] and multipartite mitochondrial genomes has been documented [134]. The effect of these genomic differences on population genetic patterns and nematode dispersal is unknown. Clearly, genome sequences of marine nematodes are urgently needed to investigate the prevalence of these phenomena in marine nematodes and their effect on interpreting population genetic patterns.
Experimental field studies have demonstrated that dispersal of marine nematodes at ecological time scales (i.e. < 10 generations) is substantial in the estuarine environment. The use of genetic data revealed that colonization dynamics strongly affect the genetic composition of local patches, with founder effects and bottlenecks causing strong differentiation among nearby patches. At deeper time scales, these genetic differences seem to disappear and populations become homogeneous. Consequently, gene flow in the marine nematodes analysed so far is substantial at geographical scales of 50 km, but is strongly restricted at larger geographical scales (several 100's of kilometers). This scale is tentative, and depends on a variety of environmental factors. Our data suggest that life history (short generation time and high reproductive output vs. long generation time and low reproductive output) and habitat preference (algae vs. sediment) may be less important drivers for dispersal in marine nematodes, but additional analyses of the genetic structure in other nematode species are required to confirm these observations.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SD conceived and wrote the manuscript, and analysed the data. TB and TM critically reviewed the manuscript and improved its intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
S.D. acknowledges a postdoctoral fellowship from the Flemish Fund for Scientific Research (F.W.O.). This research was financially supported by the F.W.O through the project 3G040407 and by Ghent University through the BOF project B/07778/02. Annelien Rigaux and Mylene Collin are acknowledged for their help in the molecular analyses.
Heip C, Vincx M, Vranken G: The ecology of marine nematodes.
Oceanography and Marine Biology: an annual review 1985, 23:399-489.
Lambshead PJD: Marine nematode biodiversity. In Nematology: Advances and Perspectives Vol 1: Nematode Morphology, Physiology and Ecology. Edited by Chen ZX. UK: CABI Publishing; 2004:436-467.
Coomans A: Nematode systematics: past, present and future.
Nematology 2000, 2:3-7. Publisher Full Text
Lambshead PJD: Recent developments in marine benthic biodiveristy research.
Moens T, Vincx M: Observations on the feeding ecology of estuarine nematodes.
J Mar Biol Assoc UK 1997, 77:211-227. Publisher Full Text
Thistle D, Lambshead PJD, Sherman KM: Nematode tail-shape groups respond to environmental differences in the deep sea.
Vanaverbeke J, Soetaert K, Vincx M: Changes in morphometric characteristics of nematode communities during a spring phytoplankton bloom deposition.
Bongers T, Bongers M: Functional diversity of nematodes.
Appl Soil Ecol 1998, 10:239-251. Publisher Full Text
Schratzberger M, Warr K, Rogers SI: Functional diversity of nematode communities in the southwestern North Sea.
Mar Environ Res 2007, 63:368-389. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Blaxter ML, De Ley P, Garey JR, Liu LX, Scheldeman P, Vierstraete A, Vanfleteren JR, Mackey LY, Dorris M, Frisse LM, et al.: A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda.
Nature 1998, 392:71-75. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Holterman M, van der Wurff A, van den Elsen S, van Megen H, Bongers T, Holovachov O, Bakker J, Helder J: Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades.
Mol Biol Evol 2006, 23:1792-1800. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Holterman M, Rybarczyk K, Van den Elsen S, Van Megen H, Mooyman P, Santiago RP, Bongers T, Bakker J, Helder J: A ribosomal DNA-based framework for the detection and quantification of stress-sensitive nematode families in terrestrial habitats.
Mol Ecol Resour 2008, 8:23-34. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Meldal BHM, Debenham NJ, De Ley P, De Ley IT, Vanfleteren JR, Vierstraete AR, Bert W, Borgonie G, Moens T, Tyler PA, et al.: An improved molecular phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007, 42:622-636. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bik HM, Lambshead PJD, Thomas WK, Lunt DH: Moving towards a complete molecular framework of the Nematoda: a focus on the Enoplida and early-branching clades.
BMC Evol Biol 2010, 10:14. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Nadler SA, Carreno RA, Mejia-Madrid H, Ullberg J, Pagan C, Houston R, Hugot JP: Molecular phylogeny of clade III nematodes reveals multiple origins of tissue parasitism.
Parasitology 2007, 134:1421-1442. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Plantard O, Porte C: Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii.
Mol Ecol Notes 2003, 3:139-141. Publisher Full Text
Allendorf FW, Luikart G: Conservation and the genetics of populations. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
Slatkin M: Gene flow in natural populations.
Hohenlohe PA: Limits to gene flow in marine animals with planktonic larvae: models of Littorina species around Point Conception, California.
Biol J Linn Soc 2004, 82:169-187. Publisher Full Text
Jones GP, Planes S, Thorrold SR: Coral reef fish larvae settle close to home.
Curr Biol 2005, 15:1314-1318. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Ayata SD, Lazure P, Thiebaut E: How does the connectivity between populations mediate range limits of marine invertebrates? A case study of larval dispersal between the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel (North-East Atlantic).
Palumbi SR: Genetic divergence, reproductive isolation, and marine speciation.
Annu Rev Ecol Syst 1994, 25:547-572. Publisher Full Text
Siegel DA, Kinlan BP, Gaylord B, Gaines SD: Lagrangian descriptions of marine larval dispersion.
Shanks AL: Pelagic larval duration and dispersal distance revisited.
Biol Bull 2009, 216:373-385. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Jacobs LJ: Monografische studie van de Monhysteridae de Man, 1876 (Nematoda). PhD dissertation: Ghent University, Biology Department; 1988.
Schratzberger M, Whomersley P, Warr K, Bolam SG, Rees HL: Colonisation of various types of sediment by estuarine nematodes via lateral infaunal migration: a laboratory study.
Jensen P: Phyto-chemical sensitivity and swimming behavior of the free-living marine nematode Chromadorita tenuis.
Lorenzen S, Prein M, Valentin C: Mass aggregations of the free-living marine nematode Pontonema vulgare (Oncholaimidae) in organically polluted fjords.
Huettel RN: Chemical communicators in nematodes.
J Nematol 1986, 18:3-8. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
Riemann F, Ernst W, Ernst R: Acetate uptake from ambient water by the free-living marine nematode Adoncholaimus thalassophygas.
Mar Biol 1990, 104:453-457. Publisher Full Text
Bongers T, Alkemade R, Yeates GW: Interpretation of disturbance-induced maturity decrease in marine nematode assemblages by means of the maturity index.
Mayer MG, Sommer RJ: Natural variation in Pristionchus pacificus dauer formation reveals cross-preference rather than self-preference of nematode dauer pheromones.
Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci 2011, 278:2784-2790. Publisher Full Text
Poinar GO (Ed): The natural history of nematodes. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall; 1983.
Kuhne R: Relations between free-living nematodes and dung-burying Geotrupes spp (Coleoptera: Geotrupini).
Sudhaus W: Nematoden (insbesondere Rhabditiden) des Strandanwurfs und ihre Beziehungen zu Krebsen.
Radziejewska T, Gruszka P, Rokicka-Praxmajer J: A home away from home: a meiobenthic assemblage in a ship's ballast water tank sediment.
Palmer MA: Dispersal of marine meiofauna - a review and conceptual-model explaining passive transport and active emergence with implications for recruitment.
Eskin RA, Palmer MA: Suspension of marine nematodes in a turbulent tidal creek - Species patterns.
Biol Bull 1985, 169:615-623. Publisher Full Text
Boeckner MJ, Sharma J, Proctor HC: Revisiting the meiofauna paradox: dispersal and colonization of nematodes and other meiofaunal organisms in low- and high-energy environments.
Hydrobiologia 2009, 624:91-106. Publisher Full Text
Ullberg J, Olafsson E: Free-living marine nematodes actively choose habitat when descending from the water column.
Commito JA, Tita G: Differential dispersal rates in an intertidal meiofauna assemblage.
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 2002, 268:237-256. Publisher Full Text
Thomas MC, Lana PC: A new look into the small-scale dispersal of free-living marine nematodes.
Guilini K, Soltwedel T, van Oevelen D, Vanreusel A: Deep-sea nematodes actively colonise sediments, irrespective of the presence of a pulse of organic matter: results from an in-situ experiment.
PLoS One 2011, 6:e18912. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Guidi-Guilvard LD, Thistle D, Khripounoff A, Gasparini S: Dynamics of benthic copepods and other meiofauna in the benthic boundary layer of the deep NW Mediterranean Sea.
Gallucci F, Moens T, Vanreusel A, Fonseca G: Active colonisation of disturbed sediments by deep-sea nematodes: evidence for the patch mosaic model.
Bostrom C, Tornroos A, Bonsdorff E: Invertebrate dispersal and habitat heterogeneity: expression of biological traits in a seagrass landscape.
Gingold R, Ibarra-Obando SE, Rocha-Olivares A: Spatial aggregation patterns of free-living marine nematodes in contrasting sandy beach micro-habitats.
J Mar Biol Assoc UK 2011, 91:615-622. Publisher Full Text
Derycke S, Van Vynckt R, Vanoverbeke J, Vincx M, Moens T: Colonization patterns of Nematoda on decomposing algae in the estuarine environment: community assembly and genetic structure of the dominant species Pellioditis marina.
Limnol Oceanogr 2007, 52:992-1001. Publisher Full Text
Genetics 1921, 6:111-178. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Wright S: The genetical structure of populations.
Bohonak AJ: Dispersal, gene flow, and population structure.
Q Rev Biol 1999, 74:21-45. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Whitlock MC, McCauley DE: Indirect measures of gene flow and migration: FST not equal 1/(4Nm + 1).
Heredity 1999, 82:117-125. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Wright S: Evolution and the genetics of populations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1978.
Van den Broeck H, Breugelmans K, Hans DW, Backeljau T: Completely disjunct mitochondrial DNA haplotype distribution without a phylogeographic break in a planktonic developing gastropod.
Raybould AF, Clarke RT, Bond JM, Welters RE, Gliddon CJ: Inferring patterns of dispersal from allele frequency data. In Dispersal Ecology; the 42nd symposium of the British Ecological Society. Edited by Bullock JM, Kenward RE, Hails RS. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2002:89-110. PubMed Abstract
Jost L: GST and its relatives do not measure differentiation.
Mol Ecol 2008, 17:4015-4026. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Meirmans PG, Hedrick PW: Assessing population structure: FST and related measures.
Mol Ecol Resour 2011, 11:5-18. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Riginos C, Douglas KE, Jin Y, Shanahan DF, Treml EA: Effects of geography and life history traits on genetic differentiation in benthic marine fishes.
Ecography 2011, 34:566-575. Publisher Full Text
Pelc RA, Warner RR, Gaines SD: Geographical patterns of genetic structure in marine species with contrasting life histories.
J Biogeogr 2009, 36:1881-1890. Publisher Full Text
Bradbury IR, Laurel B, Snelgrove PVR, Bentzen P, Campana SE: Global patterns in marine dispersal estimates: the influence of geography, taxonomic category and life history.
Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci 2008, 275:1803-1809. Publisher Full Text
White C, Selkoe KA, Watson J, Siegel DA, Zacherl DC, Toonen RJ: Ocean currents help explain population genetic structure.
Proc R Soc B-Biol Sci 2010, 277:1685-1694. Publisher Full Text
Sivasundar A, Palumbi SR: Life history, ecology and the biogeography of strong genetic breaks among 15 species of Pacific rockfish, Sebastes.
Holsinger KE, Weir BS: Genetics in geographically structured populations: defining, estimating and interpreting F-ST.
Nat Rev Genet 2009, 10:639-650. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Tietjen JH, Lee JJ: Life-history and feeding habits of marine nematode, Chromadora macrolaimoides Steiner.
Oecologia 1973, 12:303-314. Publisher Full Text
Singh R, Ingole B: Life history of a free-living marine nematode Daptonema normandicum reared in laboratory.
J Environ Biol 2011, 32:147-152. PubMed Abstract
Moens T, Vincx M: Temperature, salinity and food thresholds in two brackish-water bacterivorous nematode species: assessing niches from food absorption and respiration experiments.
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 2000, 243:137-154. Publisher Full Text
Selkoe KA, Watson JR, White C, Ben Horin T, Iacchei M, Mitarai S, Siegel DA, Gaines SD, Toonen RJ: Taking the chaos out of genetic patchiness: seascape genetics reveals ecological and oceanographic drivers of genetic patterns in three temperate reef species.
Mol Ecol 2010, 19:3708-3726. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Vranken G, Heip C: Calculation of the intrinsic rate of natural increase, Rm, with Rhabditis marina Bastian 1865 (NEMATODA).
Nematologica 1983, 29:468-477. Publisher Full Text
Bongers T, De Goede RGM, Korthals GW, Yeates GW: Proposed changes of c-p classification for nematodes.
Derycke S, Remerie T, Vierstraete A, Backeljau T, Vanfleteren J, Vincx M, Moens T: Mitochondrial DNA variation and cryptic speciation within the free-living marine nematode Pellioditis marina.
Derycke S, Backeljau T, Vlaeminck C, Vierstraete A, Vanfleteren J, Vincx M, Moens T: Spatiotemporal analysis of population genetic structure in Geomonhystera disjuncta (Nematoda, Monhysteridae) reveals high levels of molecular diversity.
Mar Biol 2007, 151:1799-1812. Publisher Full Text
Derycke S, Backeljau T, Vlaeminck C, Vierstraete A, Vanfleteren J, Vincx M, Moens T: Seasonal dynamics of population genetic structure in cryptic taxa of the Pellioditis marina complex (Nematoda: Rhabditida).
Genetica 2006, 128:307-321. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Hope WD: Free-Living Marine Nematodes of Genera Pseudocella Filipjev 1927, Thoracostoma Marion 1870 and Deontostoma Filipjev 1916 (Nematoda - Leptosomatidae) from West Coast of North America.
Trans Am Microsc Soc 1967, 86:307. Publisher Full Text
Derycke S, De Ley P, De Ley IT, Holovachov O, Rigaux A, Moens T: Linking DNA sequences to morphology: cryptic diversity and population genetic structure in the marine nematode Thoracostoma trachygaster (Nematoda, Leptosomatidae).
Zoologica Scripta 2010, 39:276-289. Publisher Full Text
White TA, Stefanni S, Stamford J, Hoelzel AR: Unexpected panmixia in a long-lived, deep-sea fish with well-defined spawning habitat and relatively low fecundity.
Mol Ecol 2009, 18:2563-2573. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Steyaert M, Herman PMJ, Moens T, Widdows J, Vincx M: Tidal migration of nematodes on an estuarine tidal flat (the Molenplaat, Schelde Estuary, SW Netherlands).
Slatkin M: Isolation by distance in equilibrium and non equilibirum populations.
Evolution 1993, 47:264-279. Publisher Full Text
Bohonak AJ: IBD (isolation by distance): a program for analyses of isolation by distance.
J Hered 2002, 93:153-154. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Perrin C, Wing SR, Roy MS: Effects of hydrographic barriers on population genetic structure of the sea star Coscinasterias muricata (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) in the New Zealand fiords.
Mol Ecol 2004, 13:2183-2195. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Ayre DJ, Minchinton TE, Perrin C: Does life history predict past and current connectivity for rocky intertidal invertebrates across a marine biogeographic barrier?
Mol Ecol 2009, 18:1887-1903. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Derycke S, Remerie T, Backeljau T, Vierstraete A, Vanfleteren J, Vincx M, Moens T: Phylogeography of the Rhabditis (Pellioditis) marina species complex: evidence for long-distance dispersal, and for range expansions and restricted gene flow in the northeast Atlantic.
Mol Ecol 2008, 17:3306-3322. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bik HM, Thomas WK, Lunt DH, Lambshead PJD: Low endemism, continued deep-shallow interchanges, and evidence for cosmopolitan distributions in free-living marine nematodes (order Enoplida).
BMC Evol Biol 2010, 10:389. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Bhadury P, Austen MC, Bilton DT, Lambshead PJD, Rogers AD, Smerdon GR: Evaluation of combined morphological and molecular techniques for marine nematode (Terschellingia spp.) identification.
Mar Biol 2008, 154:509-518. Publisher Full Text
Maggs CA, Castilho R, Foltz D, Henzler C, Jolly MT, Kelly J, Olsen J, Perez KE, Stam W, Vainola R, et al.: Evaluating signatures of glacial refugia for North Atlantic benthic marine taxa.
Ecology 2008, 89:S108-S122. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Hewitt GM: Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation.
Teske PR, McQuaid CD, Froneman PW, Barker NP: Impacts of marine biogeographic boundaries on phylogeographic patterns of three South African estuarine crustaceans.
Avise J: Molecular markers. Evolution: Natural History and; 1994.
Wares JP, Gaines SD, Cunningham CW: A comparative study of asymmetric migration events across a marine biogeographic boundary.
Evolution 2001, 55:295-306. PubMed Abstract
Dawson MN: Phylogeography in coastal marine animals: a solution from California?
J Biogeogr 2001, 28:723-736. Publisher Full Text
Coomans A: Present status and future of nematode systematics.
Nematology 2002, 4:573-582. Publisher Full Text
Giere O: Meiobenthology, the microscopic fauna in aquatic sediments. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1993.
Vanelslander B, Creach V, Vanormelingen P, Ernst A, Chepurnov VA, Sahan E, Muyzer G, Stal LJ, Vyverman W, Sabbe K: Ecological differentiation between sympatric pseudocryptic species in the estuarine benthic diatom Navicula phyllepta (Bacillariophyceae).
J Phycol 2009, 45:1278-1289. Publisher Full Text
Pfenninger M, Schwenk K: Cryptic animal species are homogeneously distributed among taxa and biogeographical regions.
BMC Evol Biol 2007, 7:121. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Knowlton N: Molecular genetic analyses of species boundaries in the sea.
Hydrobiologia 2000, 420:73-90. Publisher Full Text
Lonsdale DJ, Frey MA, Snell TW: The role of chemical signals in copepod reproduction.
J Mar Syst 1998, 15:1-12. Publisher Full Text
Stanhope MJ, Connelly MM, Hartwick B: Evolution of a crustacean chemical communication channel - Behavioral and ecological genetic evidence for a habitat-modified, race-specific pheromone.
J Chem Ecol 1992, 18:1871-1887. Publisher Full Text
Hay ME: Marine chemical ecology: chemical signals and cues structure marine populations, communities, and ecosystems.
Annu Rev Mar Sci 2009, 1:193-212. Publisher Full Text
Hockelmann C, Moens T, Juttner F: Odor compounds from cyanobacterial biofilms acting as attractants and repellents for free-living nematodes.
Limnol Oceanogr 2004, 49:1809-1819. Publisher Full Text
O'Halloran DM, Fitzpatrick DA, Burnell AM: The chemosensory system of Caenorhabditis elegans and other nematodes. In Chemical Ecology: From Gene to Ecosystem. Volume 16. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Ur Frontis Series; 2006:71-88.
Grewal PS, Lewis EE, Gaugler R: Response of infective stage parasites (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) to volatile cues from infected hosts.
Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I: Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation.
Trends Ecol Evol 2007, 22:148-155. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Wellborn GA, Broughton RE: Diversification on an ecologically constrained adaptive landscape.
Mol Ecol 2008, 17:2927-2936. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Derycke S, Fonseca G, Vierstraete A, Vanfleteren J, Vincx M, Moens T: Disentangling taxonomy within the Rhabditis (Pellioditis) marina (Nematoda, Rhabditidae) species complex using molecular and morphological tools.
Zool J Linn Soc 2008, 152:1-15. Publisher Full Text
De Oliveira DAS, Decraemer W, Holovachov O, Burr J, De Ley IT, De Ley P, Moens T, Derycke S: An integrative approach to characterize cryptic species in the Thoracostoma trachygaster Hope, 1967 complex (Nematode: Leptosomatidae).
Zool J Linn Soc 2012, 164:18-35. Publisher Full Text
Adams BJ: Species concepts and the evolutionary paradigm in modern nematology.
J Nematol 1998, 30:1-21. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
Fonseca G, Derycke S, Moens T: Integrative taxonomy in two free-living nematode species complexes.
Biol J Linn Soc 2008, 94:737-753. Publisher Full Text
Sudhaus W, Kiontke K: Comparison of the cryptic nematode species Caenorhabditis brenneri sp n. and C. remanei (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with the stem species pattern of the Caenorhabditis elegans group.
de Leon GPP, Nadler SA: What we don't recognize can hurt us: a plea for awareness about cryptic species.
J Parasitol 2010, 96:453-464. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Chen G, Hare MP: Cryptic ecological diversification of a planktonic estuarine copepod, Acartia tonsa.
Mol Ecol 2008, 17:1451-1468. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
De Meester N, Derycke S, Bonte D, Moens T: Salinity effects on the coexistence of cryptic species: a case study on marine nematodes.
Mar Biol 2011, 158:2717-2726. Publisher Full Text
Hellberg ME, Burton RS, Neigel JE, Palumbi SR: Genetic assessment of connectivity among marine populations.
Ballard JWO, Melvin RG, Katewa SD, Maas K: Mitochondrial dna variation is associated with measurable differences in life-history traits and mitochondrial metabolism in Drosophila simulans.
Evolution 2007, 61:1735-1747. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Toth G, Gaspari Z, Jurka J: Microsatellites in different eukaryotic genomes: survey and analysis.
Genome Res 2000, 10:967-981. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Selkoe KA, Toonen RJ: Microsatellites for ecologists: a practical guide to using and evaluating microsatellite markers.
Ecol Lett 2006, 9:615-629. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Wielgoss S, Taraschewski H, Meyer A, Wirth T: Population structure of the parasitic nematode Anguillicola crassus, an invader of declining North Atlantic eel stocks.
Mol Ecol 2008, 17:3478-3495. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Villate L, Esmenjaud D, Van Helden M, Stoeckel S, Plantard O: Genetic signature of amphimixis allows for the detection and fine scale localization of sexual reproduction events in a mainly parthenogenetic nematode.
Mol Ecol 2010, 19:856-873. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Plantard O, Porte C: Population genetic structure of the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii: a gonochoristic and amphimictic species with highly inbred but weakly differentiated populations.
Mol Ecol 2004, 13:33-41. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Sivasundar A, Hey J: Population genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans: the paradox of low polymorphism in a widespread species.
Genetics 2003, 163:147-157. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Barriere A, Felix MA: Temporal dynamics and linkage disequilibrium in natural Caenorhabditis elegans populations.
Genetics 2007, 176:999-1011. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Galindo HM, Pfeiffer-Herbert AS, McManus MA, Chao Y, Chai F, Palumbi SR: Seascape genetics along a steep cline: using genetic patterns to test predictions of marine larval dispersal.
Mol Ecol 2010, 19:3692-3707. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Galindo HM, Olson DB, Palumbi SR: Seascape genetics: a coupled oceanographic-genetic model predicts population structure of Caribbean corals.
Curr Biol 2006, 16:1622-1626. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Luikart G, England PR, Tallmon D, Jordan S, Taberlet P: The power and promise of population genomics: from genotyping to genome typing.
Nat Rev Genet 2003, 4:981-994. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Baird NA, Etter PD, Atwood TS, Currey MC, Shiver AL, Lewis ZA, Selker EU, Cresko WA, Johnson EA: Rapid SNP discovery and genetic mapping using sequenced RAD markers.
PLoS One 2008, 3:e3376. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Hohenlohe PA, Bassham S, Etter PD, Stiffler N, Johnson EA, Cresko WA: Population genomics of parallel adaptation in threespine stickleback using sequenced RAD tags.
PLoS Genet 2010, 6:e1000862. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Davey JW, Blaxter ML: RADSeq: next-generation population genetics.
Brief Funct Genomics 2010, 9:416-423. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Sanford E, Kelly MW: Local adaptation in marine invertebrates.
Ann Rev Mar Sci 2011, 3:509-535. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Elsworth B, Wasmuth J, Blaxter M: NEMBASE4: the nematode transcriptome resource.
Int J Parasitol 2011, 41:881-894. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Blaxter M, Kumar S, Kaur G, Koutsovoulos G, Elsworth B: Genomics and transcriptomics across the diversity of the Nematoda.
Parasite Immunol 2012, 34:108-120. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Sommer RJ, Streit A: Comparative Genetics and Genomics of Nematodes: Genome Structure, Development, and Lifestyle. In Annual Review Genetics. Volume 45. Palo Alto, USA: Annual Review of Genetics; 2011:1-20.
Mitreva M, Blaxter ML, Bird DM, McCarter JP: Comparative genomics of nematodes.
Trends Genet 2005, 21:573-581. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Hillier LW, Miller RD, Baird SE, Chinwalla A, Fulton LA, Koboldt DC, Waterston RH: Comparison of C. elegans and C. briggsae genome sequences reveals extensive conservation of chromosome organization and synteny.
Hyman BC, Lewis SC, Tang S, Wu Z: Rampant gene rearrangement and haplotype hypervariation among nematode mitochondrial genomes.
Genetica 2011, 139:611-615. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Gibson T, Farrugia D, Barrett J, Chitwood DJ, Rowe J, Subbotin S, Dowton M: The mitochondrial genome of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines.
Genome 2011, 54:565-574. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Armstrong MR, Blok VC, Phillips MS: A multipartite mitochondrial genome in the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida.
Genetics 2000, 154:181-192. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text


text:
Seventh Generation is an eco-conscious household products company. They make green cleansers and laundry detergent, recycled toilet tissue and paper towels, even disposable diapers. In North America, they simply dominate the niche market for natural home products.
And now, they're going big time, beginning to compete for shelf space in the major supermarket chains. In this interview CEO Jeffrey Hollender (author of What Matters Most) talks about doing business with Walmart, building an online database of corporate accountability ratings and internalizing the true costs of your products:
Q: In comparing costs between more sustainable products and conventional products, I've heard you say, "Fair trade and organics should actually cost less than conventional products." Can you explain why?
A: Well, the reason conventional products cost less is because they are able to externalize so much of the costs. So if you were going to grow conventional coffee with pesticides, for example, and you had to pay to clean up the soil and the soil erosion, and all of the other environmental impacts that using those pesticides created -- what if that had to be rolled into the price of the coffee? And why shouldn't it be? I mean, who is going to clean up the mess? If that was rolled into the price of the coffee, organic would be dramatically cheaper. When paying workers salaries they can't live on, they have to rely on government subsidies. They have to keep their kids out of school so they can work on the farm. All of those things have costs to the society that you are not paying for when you pay for coffee that is that cheap. So in a sense, it's an artificially lower price. Now today, unfortunately, we are in this perverse world where it costs more to be organic, it costs more to be fair trade, and you have to convince consumers to pay extra money for something that really should be cheaper.
Now, Seventh Generation is essentially a marketing firm -- they don't actually design or make any of their own products -- and not a particularly "bright" green one at that. But it seems to me that they're also on the sharp edge of a big change, a change involving the mainstreaming of high expectations on corporate behavior. Today diapers and hybrids, tomorrow the world.


text:
How many of you find the 80/20 lifestyle to work. By that I mean eat good and exercise 80% of the time, eat bad 20% of the time. I had a health professor in college talk about this and said if you follow that then you won't have weight issues.
Any thoughts?


text:
Registrations received after the deadline will not be accepted.
Bots & Bling #2-Helena (Grades 4-12)
Join us for your very own overnight science adventure at ExplorationWorks museum in Helena! Learn to build and program your own robot, then create your own electrified take-home craft project.
The adventure begins at 6 PM with an introduction to the museum and a pizza party. Then start your exploration of technology. One of your activities will involve using the LEGO NXT robotic brick to build and program your own robot. Start with simple commands, and then learn more about motion and sensors to create an interactive robot.
The second activity will teach you the magic of circuits and switches that will allow you to incorporate lights and motors into your own craft project. The best part is that you get to take your project home!
Finish off the night with a movie and popcorn, then sleep over at the museum with your fellow Scouts! Breakfast the next morning is included. This will be a fun troop trip event so girls from all over the council are invited to attend!
This event is open to girls in grades 4-12 and supervising adults.
Registration deadline: November 8
Girl min/max: 30/50
Adult min/max: 5/7
Email to a Friend
Save to Your Calendar
Google Calendar
iCalendar (iCal)
vCalendar (Outlook)


text:
I'm a single susessful businessman whom I have built myself up from bottem. I have a child who dose not live with me. I appreciate life and use it to the max. Happy today, will talk about tommorow, tommorrow. Do not look at the past, but learn what I could've done to make adifference. I love people, I value relationshfip and stay loyal when I make friendship. I love to travel see the beauty of the nature. I like indoor activity as well as outdoor activity, enjoy fine dine & wine, explore beauty of nature. I am drama free, emotionally & financially seure, best place in my life.
Join OkCupid
Find better matches with our advanced
Find better matches with our advanced
matching system
—% Match
—% Enemy
55 • Livermore, CA • Man
I'm looking for
- Women
- Ages 34-50
- Near me
- Who are single
- For new friends
My details
- Last online
- Nov 25
- Orientation
- Straight
- Ethnicity
- Other
- Status
- Single
- Height
- 5' 8" (1.73m)
- Body Type
- Athletic
- Smoking
- No
- Drinking
- Socially
- Drugs
- Never
- Sign
- Leo
- Education
- University
- Offspring
- Has kid(s) and doesn't want more
- Speaks
- English, Farsi, Turkish, English, Spanish (Somewhat)
My self-summary
Write a little about yourself. Just a paragraph will do.
What I'm doing with my life
Don't overthink this one; tell us what you're doing day-to-day.
I'm enjoying my life, mean while looking for honest and long lasting relationship.
The first things people usually notice about me
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
I'm real, genuine, full of energy.
The six things I could never do without
Think outside the box. Sometimes the little things can say a lot.
love, friendship, music, good food, enjoying nature, stay healthy.
On a typical Friday night I am
Netflix and takeout, or getting your party on — how do you let loose?
I'm around with friends, or watching movie, or doing something that I enjoy it.
The most private thing I'm willing to admit
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
When I make friendship, I remain loyal to the end.
You should message me if
Offer a few tips to help matches win you over.
If you are looking for real, loyal, long lasting relationship even if we do not agree on some issues. I'm open minded value your openion, that is how it makes us to grow and achieve in life.
Report this photo
How does this violate our Photo Rules?
You must be in the photo! Full nudity, extreme close ups, pets, cars, baby photos, artwork, images you've added yourself to, etc. are not allowed.
Photos in albums are meant to showcase other aspects of your life, and may include pets, cars, baby photos, artwork, etc. Full nudity and offensive content are not allowed.
Thanks! We'll look into the issue soon.
Flagging inappropriate content keeps OkCupid awesome. You're now eligible to be a flag moderator!
Connect your existing OkCupid account
Sign in
Welcome Back!
Restore your account to continue
meeting new people.
Reset your password
We'll email you a link to reset it.
Email sent!
An email is on its way to .
If you don't see it, try checking
your Spam folder.


text:
BURLESON, ANDREW BELL (1830–1874). Andrew Bell Burleson, Confederate officer, was born in Fayette, Tennessee, on June 10, 1830, the son of John Shipman and Sarah (Bell) Burleson. Burleson married Martha Ann Collins on April 24, 1850. The marriage produced two children. In 1860 Andrew worked as a farmer near Webberville in Travis County. That year he reported $14,000 in real estate and $7,000 in personal property, including the ownership of five slaves. Between April 1860 and May 1861, Burleson served as a captain in the Texas Rangers.
In August 1861 Burleson worked among the citizens of Ellis County to begin organizing companies of cavalry for service in the Civil War. These companies and others were organized into the Twelfth Texas Cavalry and mustered into service in the Confederate Army on October 28, 1861, and Burleson was appointed adjutant of the regiment. On September 11, 1861, Burleson was elected as a lieutenant colonel in the Twelfth Texas Cavalry regiment. Burleson served with this unit in campaigns in the Trans-Mississippi theater of war, including actions in Arkansas in 1862, the Little Rock Campaign of 1863, and the Red River campaign in 1864. Burleson was in service with the regiment when the Trans-Mississippi Department surrendered on May 26, 1865. He was paroled on July 27, 1865, after which he returned to Travis County.
In 1870 Burleson had returned to work as a farmer and lived with members of his extended family and his only son, John C., who had become a Texas Ranger. Burleson died on April 21, 1874, in Austin.
Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Texas, National Archives and Records Service, Washington.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Aragorn Storm Miller and Matthew K. Hamilton, "BURLESON, ANDREW BELL," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbual), accessed November 28, 2015. Uploaded on April 11, 2011. Modified on April 18, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Get Texas history everyday,
with day by day
Each day's email tells a little bit more of the story of Texas and links to our collection of more than 27,000 articles