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The number of immune cells, especially dendritic cells and cytotoxic tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), particularly Th1 cells, CD8 T cells, and NK cells is associated with increased survival of cancer patients. Such antitumor cellular immune responses can be greatly enhanced by adoptive transfer of activated type 1 lymphocytes. Recently, adoptive cell therapy based on infusion of ex vivo expanded TILs has achieved substantial clinical success. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are a heterogeneous population of effector CD8 T cells with diverse TCR specificities, possessing non-MHC-restricted cytolytic activities against tumor cells. Preclinical studies of CIK cells in murine tumor models demonstrate significant antitumor effects against a number of hematopoietic and solid tumors. Clinical studies have confirmed benefit and safety of CIK cell-based therapy for patients with comparable malignancies. Enhancing the potency and specificity of CIK therapy via immunological and genetic engineering approaches and identifying robust biomarkers of response will significantly improve this therapy.
The presence of cytotoxic
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The cellular characteristics of CIK
CIK cells are generated by in vitro expansion of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) using anti-CD3 antibodies and IL-2. Short-term culture of human PBLs with IL-2 allows for proliferation and development of effector NK and nonspecific T-cells, with lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity [6,7]. LAK activity enables lysis of fresh tumor targets in a non-MHC restricted manner in vitro and also exerts in vivo anti-tumor effects. Nonetheless, using LAK cells as a tumor immunotherapy has not achieved much success clinically and is hampered by both the limited expansion of LAK cells in vitro and low cytolytic activity in vivo[8-10]. The human clinical extrapolation from murine immunotherapy models suggests that as many as 2 × 1011 human LAK cells may be necessary to allow adequate anti-tumor responses [11]. It is not practical to obtain such a large number of LAK cells for immunotherapy in humans. In addition, LAK-based therapy was limited by high toxicity due to the required in vivo infusion of IL-2. A solution for this problem was to induce more potent cytotoxic activities in harvested T cells. For this purpose, agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CD3 and IL-2 have been added to the PBMC culture. In such culture, more than 1000 fold expansion of cells can be achieved over 21-day in vitro culture. In addition, these cultured cells have potent cytolytic activity and can lyse tumor cells [11]. The lytic activity of these cells can be further increased by adding other cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-1β [11]. The original culture conditions defining CIK activity was modified by adding IFN-γ 24 h before addition of anti-CD3 mAb and IL-2, and the term CIK cell was used to distinguish them from conventional IL-2 activated LAK cells [12]. With a substantial increase in cytotoxicity on a per cell basis and a higher proliferative response, CIK cells had a more than 70 fold increase in total cytolytic activity per culture when compared with standard IL-2-stimulated LAK cell activity [12].
Among expanded CIK cells, the cells with the greatest cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines express both the T-cell marker CD3 and the NK cell marker CD56. CD3+CD56+cells are rare in uncultured PBLs [13], consistent with the phenotype of resting naïve and memory T cells. When PBLs are cultured under CIK conditions for 21 days, more than 90% of the cells expanded are CD3+[14]. They are constituted by about 70% CD8+ and 30% CD4+ cells. The percentage of CD3+CD56+ cells also greatly increases and reaches a plateau after approximately 21 day of culture to more than 20 to 30% of the CIK cells, consistent with the generation of effector T cells in these cultures. Most of the CD3+CD56+ cells co-express CD2, TCRαβ, and CD8 but are negative for CD4, the helper T cell marker and CD16, an NK cell marker. The cytotoxicity mediated by CD3+CD56+ cells does not depend on MHC, similar to that mediated by NK cells. Interestingly, antitumor activity is restricted to the CD3+CD56+CIK and alloreactivity against HLA-mismatched PBMC is restricted to the CD3+CD56− CIK [15]. These cells differ from NK cells because they do not mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). CD3+CD56+ cells expanded under these culture conditions are derived from CD3+CD56-T cells and not from CD3-CD56+NK cells [16]. Following culture, CD3+CD8+ but not CD3+CD4+ T cells express high levels of CD56. This is consistent with the fact that effector CD8 T cells possess high levels of cytotoxic activity [16]. In addition CIK cells are CD45RA+, CCR7, CD62L weakly positive, CD11a+, CD27+, CD28+, macrophage inflammatory protein 1a+, perforin+, Fas ligand+, suggesting these are largely terminally differentiated memory T cells [16]. Furthermore, the Vβ repertoire in CIK cells at the end of culture is of polyclonal pattern. Thus, the CIK culture condition generated a heterogeneous population of effector CD8 T cells with diverse TCR specificity but possess non-MHC-restricted cytolytic activities against tumor cells.
Molecular triggers of CIK cytolytic activities
CIK cells possess potent cytotoxic activities against a number of tumor cell lines or freshly isolated tumor samples, including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia and B lymphoma cells [16-19]. Besides hematopoietic cancer cells [20], CIK cells exert potent in vivo antitumor effects on human solid tumors including liver cancer [21], gastric cancer [22], lung cancer [23], glioma [24] and others. In contrast, CIK cells demonstrate little or no cytolytic activity against normal bone marrow or spleen cells in vitro, with substantial specificity for tumor cells [24,25].
Although CIK cells are capable of undergoing degranulation upon stimulation with either agonistic anti-CD3 mAbs or susceptible target tumor cells, the molecules on malignant cells that stimulate cytolytic activities of CIK cells do not involve MHC-TCR interaction. Tumor cell-triggered cytotolytic activities in CIK can not be inhibited by neutralizing CD3 or HLA-class I mAbs. In addition, cyclosporin (CsA) and FK506 inhibit anti-CD3-mediated degranulation, but do not affect cytotoxicity of CIK cells against tumor target cells [26]. CIK cell binding to target cells and formation of cellular conjugates with tumor cells are required for CIK-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines [27]. Cell surface adhesion molecule leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) is known to participate in effector/target recognition and stable conjugate formation. CIK cells express LFA-1 and the most susceptible tumor cells express LFA-1 ligands such as ICAM-1, -2, and −3. CIK-tumor cell conjugate formation and cytotoxicity against tumor cells are strongly inhibited by anti–LFA-1 mAb, suggesting that LFA-1 has a critical role in binding to target as well as in enabling the cytotoxicity mediated by CIK cells [26,27]. Besides adhesion molecules, CIK cells express activating NK receptors, including NKG2D, DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1), and low levels of NKp30. The NKG2D ligands such as MIC A/B and ULBPs are highly expressed on tumor cells [28]. Cell signaling through NKG2D, DNAM-1, or NKp30 results in CIK cell activation leading to degranulation and cytotoxicity. Neutralization of DNAM-1, NKG2D, and NKp30 by antibodies confirms that these molecules are involved in the TCR-independent tumor cell recognition and killing by CIK cells [26,27,29].
Preclinical studies
The severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model has been used for testing non-MHC-restricted antitumor effects with adoptive transfer of human CIK cells [12]. CIK cell infusion significantly prolongs survival of SCID mice injected with human lymphoma cells when compared with control animals injected with tumor cells alone or animals treated with LAK cells. Thus CIK cells seem to have superior in vivo antitumor activity in SCID mice, when compared with cells with LAK activity [16]. Using the SCID model, CIK cells have been shown to have in vivo antitumor effect against a number of hematopoietic and solid tumors [30].
Mouse CIK cells also possess anti-tumor cytolytic activities. When murine spleen cells are cultured under CIK culture conditions for 21 days, the majority of the cells are TCRαβ+ CD3+ CD8+ T cells [31]. Interestingly, approximately 20% to 50% of the cells express the NK markers NK1.1 and DX5, consistent with the phenotype of effector CD8 T cells. Cytotoxicity is greatest among cells expressing either NK1.1 or DX5. Expanded CD8+T cells produce high levels of TH1-type cytokines such as IFN-γ and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α.
The availability of murine CIK cells allows testing their antitumor functions in immune-competent inbred mice. Thirty minutes following intravenous injection, CIK cells can be detected in the lungs, followed by distribution of the cells to other sites including the liver and spleen, within the next 16 hours. By 72 hours, significant numbers of transferred CIK cells are found in cells infiltrating tumor. CIK cells remain at the tumor site for more than 9 days. In addition, transferred mouse CIK cells demonstrate potent antitumor effect against both allogeneic and syngeneic transplanted tumor [32].
Clinical studies
CIK cells have been evaluated as an adoptive cell immunotherapy for cancer patients in a number of clinical trials (summarized in Table 1). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated by apheresis. T cells were then activated, expanded, and differentiated by anti-CD3 in the presence of cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-1α, and IL-2 for 14 to 21 days to generate CIK, which were subsequently infused into patients (Figure 1). In the first phase I clinical study, autologous CIK cells transduced with the interleukin-2 gene were infused in patients with metastatic renal cancer, colorectal cancer and lymphoma [33]. Transfected CIK cells could be detected for up to 2 weeks following infusion by analyzing expression of the IL-2 transgene. Six patients progressed, three patients were stable, and one patient with lymphoma developed a complete response. In three patients, WHO grade 2 fever was observed, and no major side-effect was observed despite the use of the IL-2 transgene in CIK cells.
Figure 1. Procedure for CIK preparation and infusion. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are isolated by apheresis. T cells are activated, expanded, and differentiated by anti-CD3 in the presence of cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-1α, and IL-2 for 14 to 21 days. These T cells, commonly called CIK, are then infused into patients.
Table 1. Published CIK cell clinical studies
CIK clinical studies were done on hematologic malignancies. A Phase I trial of autologous CIK cells for the treatment of patients with relapsed Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was carried out on nine patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease (n=7) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n=2), who had relapsed after an autologous transplantation. Two patients had partial responses, and another two patients had stabilization of disease. Toxicity was minimal [14]. In another study, 6 advanced lymphomas were enrolled. One patient had CR with a median follow-up of 33 months [38]. Significant antitumor activity was reported against hematologic malignancies after hematopoietic cell transplant. A phase I study of allogeneic CIK cells in six leukemia patients relapsing after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was done. Acute GVHD (grade I and II) was observed in four patients. One patient had stable disease, one had hematologic improvement and three achieved complete responses [35]. The feasibility of CIK in patients with relapsed hematologic malignancies after allogeneic HCT was explored in another study. Eighteen patients were given CIK cell infusions at escalating doses. Acute GVHD grade I-II was seen in 2 patients, and 1 patient had limited chronic GVHD. Five patients had longer remissions. The therapy was well tolerated and induced a low incidence of GVHD [40]. These phase I clinical studies have yielded encouraging results and demonstrated the safety of using CIK cells as immunotherapeutic approach.
We (JJ and CW) reported the effects of autologous CIK cells together with chemotherapy on patients with advanced gastric cancer (stage IV) [34]. Fifty-seven patients were nonrandomly divided into two groups: those receiving chemotherapy plus CIK biotherapy and those treated with chemotherapy alone. Following CIK cell infusion, serum levels of tumor markers were significantly decreased, and the short-term curative effect and the quality of life (QOL) were improved in the patients treated by chemotherapy plus CIK cells when compared with patients treated by chemotherapy alone. Moreover, the 2-year survival was prolonged in the group treated by chemotherapy plus CIK cells when compared to the group treated with chemotherapy alone. Our follow-up study with a larger cohort of 156 patients further confirmed the benefit of CIK therapy [39]. In another report, we evaluated the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy when applied in combination with CIK cell therapy compared to chemotherapy alone [36]. Fifty-nine advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were randomly divided into two groups, chemotherapy alone (group A) and chemotherapy plus CIK cell transfusion (group B). Autologous CIK cells were induced from the patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. We found that the QOL was improved in the patients treated by chemotherapy plus CIK biotherapy when compared with the patients treated by chemotherapy alone. The overall response rate (ORR) was 43.3% and 44.8% in groups A and B, respectively. The time to progression was 4.67 months in group A and 6.65 months in group B and the median survival time was 11.0 months in group A and 15.0 months in group B. Compared to patients in group A, the patients in group B had significantly longer
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Two studies reported positive outcome for CIK therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. A clinical trial of postoperative adjuvant CIK immunotherapy following radical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma was reported. 127 patients were divided into 3 groups. After radical resection of the tumor, immunotherapy with CIK cells was performed for 3 courses in 41 patients (CIK-I group) and 6 courses in 43 patients (CIK-II group). The other 43 patients received no postoperative adjuvant therapy with CIK (the control group). The disease-free survival rates were significantly higher in the CIK-I group (p=0.001) and CIK-II group (p=0.004) than in the control group. In a separate study, adoptive CIK immunotherapy was also evaluated for reducing the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following minimally invasive therapy. 85 HCC patients after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation therapy were randomized to the immunotherapy group and the no adjuvant therapy group. The 1-year and 18-month recurrence rates of the CIK group were 8.9% and 15.6%, compared with 30.0% and 40.0% of the control group (both p values<0.05).
CIK has also been tried on renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The results of randomized study of autologous cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy in metastatic renal carcinoma have been reported recently [41]. 148 patients with metastatic clear cell RCC were randomized and assigned to two groups: i.e. autologous CIK cell immunotherapy (arm 1, n=74) and interleukin-2 treatment in combination with IFN-α-2a (arm 2, n= 74). The 3-year PFS in arm 1 was significant greater than that in arm 2 (18% versus 12%, p=0.031). And the 3-year OS in arm 1 was also significantly greater than that in arm 2 (61% versus 23%, p<0.001). The median PFS and OS in the CIK arm were significantly longer than those in the control arm (PFS, 12 vs. 8 months, p=0.024; OS, 46 vs. 19 months, p<0.001). In another study, 5 metastatic kidney carcinoma patients were enrolled. One patient had CR and two patients had SD with a median follow-up of 33 months [38]. The studies suggested that CIK cell immunotherapy could improve the prognosis of metastatic clear cell RCC with minor side effect.
Recently, the international registry on CIK Cells (IRCC) has been established to collect data worldwide and set standard criteria to report results from clinical trials performed with CIK cells [42]. 11 clinical trials with CIK cells were identified. Of the 384 patients, where clinical response information was available, 24 patients showed a complete response, 27 patients showed a partial response, 40 patients showed a minor response. The total response rate (RR) was 91/384 reported patients, 161 patients had a stable disease, 129 patients had progressive disease. Side effects of CIK cell treatment were minor. Disease-free survival rates were significantly higher in patients treated with CIK cells than in a control group without the CIK treatment.
We have recently reviewed the results published in Chinese in a separate paper [43]. We collected results from 24 clinical trials. Among these trials, 936 patients were treated with CIK cells, including 525 men and 246 women. In five studies, CIK cells were co-cultured with dendritic cells (DCs). The total number of CIK cells used ranged from 6×106 to 1.5×1010. Of the 563 patients, where a clinical response was reported, 40 had CR, 126 had PR, 125 had MR, 135 had SD, 58 had PD. The total response rate (RR) was 51.7% (291/563). The toxicities were minimal. These results demonstrate that CIK cell treatment is a promising and safe modality for treating solid tumor.
Improving CIK therapy for epithelial cancer
The total antitumor cytolytic activity within cell culture has been used as the sole marker for the success of CIK generation [11,12]. This is influenced by T cell proliferation as well as the development of effector function. Most of the studies use T cells cultured for 14 to 21 days. Cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-12 have been evaluated for their ability to promote the CIK generation [12,44-48]. According to the standard CIK culture condition, IFN-γ is added at the beginning of the culture and 24 h before the addition of anti-CD3 mAb and IL-2 [12]. This is likely due to its role in promoting IL-12 production by antigen presenting cells as well as its ability to promote generation of autophagy and antigen cross-presentation. In contrast, IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-12 can directly promote T cell proliferation/survival and development of cytolytic effector functions. Other pro-proliferative cytokines such as IL-21 and IL-23 need to be tested separately or in combination with the cytokines currently used in the CIK culture to examine whether they can further promote CD8 T cell proliferation. In addition to IL-1, other members of the IL-1 protein family such as IL-18 and IL-33 promote CD8 and Th1 effector functions [49,50]. These cytokines should be tested in CIK cultures to determine whether they can promote cytolytic activities of CIK cells. Furthermore, co-stimulatory molecules such as CD28 and 4-1BB may also promote the efficient production of CIK cells.
The existence of anti-tumor-specific T-cells in cancer patients has been well documented. A potential mechanism of action for CIK is enhancement of a recall antitumor response by CD45RO+ memory T-cells. It is possible that spontaneous tumor-specific T cells are expanded with other non-specific T cells during CIK culture. Study on CMV-specific T cells showed that the percentage of CMV tetramer+ T cells did not significantly change from the beginning to the end of the culture, suggesting that CMV tetramer+ T cells expanded with similar efficiency with the total CD8 T cells [27]. Thus, tumor-specific components of CIK cells might be responsible for the clinical benefit observed in some cancer patients [51].
Besides spontaneous antitumor cellular responses, some chemotherapy regimens can induce tumor-specific T cells in cancer patients by inducing the immunogenic death of tumor cells or by engaging immune effector mechanisms [52]. Consistent with this idea, our previous studies showed that CIK following chemotherapy significantly prolonged the survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer [34,36,39]. The underlying mechanism needs to be further studied in order to improve the combined therapy. Future studies should focus on determining which chemotherapy regimen has the greatest synergy with CIK and the associated mechanisms. A recent study showed that autophagy is required for immunogenicity of tumor under chemotherapy. This is due to the fact that suppression of autophagy inhibits the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a key danger signal, from dying tumor cells [53,54]. Thus, thermotherapy that enhances autophagy in cancer cells might synergize with CIK therapy.
CIK cells can be rendered tumor antigen-specific by transduction with the retrovirus vectors encoding either high affinity T cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antibody-T cell receptors (CAR) which recognize tumor antigens [55]. Patients with melanoma have been treated with T cells engineered to express high affinity TCRs specific for melanoma antigens MART-1, gp100 and NY-ESO-1 [56-58]. Objective clinical responses have been reported, although some patients experienced autoimmune responses, suggesting TCRs need to be carefully selected [56,57]. CARs consist of the variable region of a tumor specific monoclonal antibody fused to an intracellular domains CD3 zeta and CD28. Autologous activated T cells genetically engineered to express the anti-CD19 CAR have been effective in treating patients with lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) [59-62]. The side effect of this approach includes elimination of normal B cells in these patients. Besides the genetic engineering approach, tumor targeting can also be made specific using a bi-specific antibody with one part recognizing a surface tumor antigen and the other part binding to a T cell membrane protein [63-65]. The clinical efficacy of such approach remains to be evaluated.
It was originally reported that CIK cells could be ex vivo expanded up to 1000 fold with standardized conditions. However, it is a practical clinical problem that individual variability exists in expansion rates. This is likely due to immune suppression in cancer patients. Myeloid derived suppressor cells contaminated in the PBMC preparation or defective antigen presenting cells might inhibit T cell expansion [66]. In addition, T cells in cancer patients might be in a stage of anergy and exhaustion [67]. Many new approaches should be tested including using autologous dendritic cells (DC-CIK) or allo-antigen presenting cells [68].
Due to their abilities to migrate to tumor site, CIK cells can also be used to deliver bio-therapeutic agents to the tumor site. One study combined CIK cells with an oncolytic viral therapy and achieved directed delivery to, and regression of, tumors in mouse models [69]. The CIK cells retained their ability to traffic to and to infiltrate the tumor effectively before releasing the virus and the modified vaccinia virus remains inactive until the CIK cell encounters with the tumor. These results highlight the idea that CIK cells can be used as a vehicle for delivering biologic drugs directly to the tumor microenvironment. In addition, finding ways to limit induction of autophagy and resistance to immune-mediated effectors are also promising strategies to couple with adoptive transfer of CIK cells [70-72]. Trafficking of CIK cells is hard to investigate in cancer patients. One approach to further study the trafficking is to use various humanized mouse models [73]. In vivo trafficking can also be studied by tracking genetically engineered T cells upon infusion [74].
The survival of adoptively transferred CIK cells needs to be further studied in patients and humanized mouse models. CIK cells are composed of a mixture of effector and central memory T cells. Effector T cells, although possess potent immediate cytotoxic activities, produce a large amount of IFN-γ and express high levels of NKG2D, are known to be prone to apoptosis. Central memory T cells and memory stem T cells, although require restimulation in vivo to gain effector functions, are more resistant to apoptosis than effector T cells [75-78]. Therefore, studying the in vivo survival of distinctive subsets of CIK cells and its relationship to clinical outcome should help improve this therapy.
So far there is no reliable biomarker for estimating clinical responses and predicting outcomes of CIK therapy. Among many changes in the blood, it has been shown that CD4/CD8 ratio and percentage of NK cells are significantly increased in patients infused with CIK [34,36]. Whether this or other markers correlate with clinical outcome is not known [34,36]. The frequency of tumor antigen-specific T cells should be studied in future clinical trials to examine whether it is associated with better patient outcome. In addition to blood marker, immunosuppressive molecules that are expressed in the tumor microenvironment, such as members of B7 family, should be further studied to determine whether they can serve as prognostic markers for the CIK therapy [79,80].
Current clinical studies suggest that CIK is a promising and safe modality for treating malignancies. Multicenter clinical trials are warranted to further establish the validity of this therapeutic approach and optimize the CIK treatment protocol. This therapy should be further improved through increasing the specificity of CIK cells via immunological and genetic engineering approaches and identifying robust predictive biomarkers for patient stratification. In addition, we believe combining chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other immunotherapy approaches with CIK will further improve cancer therapy and prolong survival of cancer patients.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
JJ: drafted the manuscript. CW: drafted parts of the manuscript. BL: drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors thank Drs Michael Lotze, Lisa Butterfield, and Stephen Thorne for critical reading of the manuscript. This research project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (81171653 and 30972703) and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2011246 and BK2011247), and Jiangsu Provincial Innovation Award BC2012093 by the Bureau of Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province. The project was supported by the National Institutes of Health through Grant Numbers UL1 RR024153, UL1TR000005 and R21CA167229.
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Haematologica 2007, 92:952-959. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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Hematol Oncol 2009, 27:130-139. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Jiang JT, Shen YP, Wu CP, Zhu YB, Wei WX, Chen LJ, Zheng X, Sun J, Lu BF, Zhang XG: Increasing the frequency of CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy may decrease risk of death in gastric cancer patients.
World J Gastroenterol 2010, 16:6155-6162. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
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Clin Cancer Res 2012, 18:1751-1759. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Hontscha C, Borck Y, Zhou H, Messmer D, Schmidt-Wolf IG: Clinical trials on CIK cells: first report of the international registry on CIK cells (IRCC).
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011, 137:305-310. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Li X, Xu B, Wu J: Review of Chinese clinical trial trials on CIK cell treatment for malignancies.
Zoll B, Lefterova P, Ebert O, Huhn D, Von Ruecker A, Schmidt-Wolf IG: Modulation of cell surface markers on NK-like T lymphocytes by using IL-2, IL-7 or IL-12 in vitro stimulation.
Cytokine 2000, 12:1385-1390. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Li Y, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Wu YF, Huang SL, Wei J, Fang J, Huang K, Zhou DH: Optimized protocols for generation of cord blood-derived cytokine-induced killer/natural killer cells.
Anticancer Res 2010, 30:3493-3499. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Rettinger E, Kuci S, Naumann I, Becker P, Kreyenberg H, Anzaghe M, Willasch A, Koehl U, Bug G, Ruthardt M: The cytotoxic potential of interleukin-15-stimulated cytokine-induced killer cells against leukemia cells.
Zoll B, Lefterova P, Csipai M, Finke S, Trojaneck B, Ebert O, Micka B, Roigk K, Fehlinger M, Schmidt-Wolf GD: Generation of cytokine-induced killer cells using exogenous interleukin-2, -7 or −12.
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1998, 47:221-226. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Helms MW, Prescher JA, Cao YA, Schaffert S, Contag CH: IL-12 enhances efficacy and shortens enrichment time in cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy.
Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010, 59:1325-1334. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Okamura H, Tsutsi H, Komatsu T, Yutsudo M, Hakura A, Tanimoto T, Torigoe K, Okura T, Nukada Y, Hattori K: Cloning of a new cytokine that induces IFN-gamma production by T cells.
Nature 1995, 378:88-91. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Yang Q, Li G, Zhu Y, Liu L, Chen E, Turnquist H, Zhang X, Finn OJ, Chen X, Lu B: IL-33 synergizes with TCR and IL-12 signaling to promote the effector function of CD8+ T cells.
Eur J Immunol 2011, 41:3351-3360. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Gold JE, Ross SD, Krellenstein DJ, LaRosa F, Malamud SC, Osband ME: Adoptive transfer of ex vivo activated memory T-cells with or without cyclophosphamide for advanced metastatic melanoma: results in 36 patients.
Eur J Cancer 1995, 31A:698-708. PubMed Abstract
Galluzzi L, Senovilla L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G: The secret ally: immunostimulation by anticancer drugs.
Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012, 11:215-233. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Butterfield LH, Vujanovic L: New approaches to the development of adenoviral dendritic cell vaccines in melanoma.
Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2010, 11:1399-1408. PubMed Abstract
Michaud M, Martins I, Sukkurwala AQ, Adjemian S, Ma Y, Pellegatti P, Shen S, Kepp O, Scoazec M, Mignot G: Autophagy-dependent anticancer immune responses induced by chemotherapeutic agents in mice.
Science 2011, 334:1573-1577. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Stroncek DF, Berger C, Cheever MA, Childs RW, Dudley ME, Flynn P, Gattinoni L, Heath JR, Kalos M, Marincola FM: New directions in cellular therapy of cancer: a summary of the summit on cellular therapy for cancer.
J Transl Med 2012, 10:48. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Morgan RA, Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Hughes MS, Yang JC, Sherry RM, Royal RE, Topalian SL, Kammula US, Restifo NP: Cancer regression in patients after transfer of genetically engineered lymphocytes.
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Johnson LA, Morgan RA, Dudley ME, Cassard L, Yang JC, Hughes MS, Kammula US, Royal RE, Sherry RM, Wunderlich JR: Gene therapy with human and mouse T-cell receptors mediates cancer regression and targets normal tissues expressing cognate antigen.
Blood 2009, 114:535-546. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Robbins PF, Morgan RA, Feldman SA, Yang JC, Sherry RM, Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Nahvi AV, Helman LJ, Mackall CL: Tumor regression in patients with metastatic synovial cell sarcoma and melanoma using genetically engineered lymphocytes reactive with NY-ESO-1.
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Blood 2011, 118:4817-4828. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Feldman SA, Wilson WH, Spaner DE, Maric I, Stetler-Stevenson M, Phan GQ, Hughes MS, Sherry RM: B-cell depletion and remissions of malignancy along with cytokine-associated toxicity in a clinical trial of anti-CD19 chimeric-antigen-receptor-transduced T cells.
Chan JK, Hamilton CA, Cheung MK, Karimi M, Baker J, Gall JM, Schulz S, Thorne SH, Teng NN, Contag CH: Enhanced killing of primary ovarian cancer by retargeting autologous cytokine-induced killer cells with bispecific antibodies: a preclinical study.
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Thakur A, Lum LG: Cancer therapy with bispecific antibodies: clinical experience.
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Choi BD, Cai M, Bigner DD, Mehta AI, Kuan CT, Sampson JH: Bispecific antibodies engage T cells for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Dugast AS, Haudebourg T, Coulon F, Heslan M, Haspot F, Poirier N, Vuillefroy de Silly R, Usal C, Smit H, Martinet B: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells accumulate in kidney allograft tolerance and specifically suppress effector T cell expansion.
J Immunol 2008, 180:7898-7906. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Haymaker C, Wu R, Bernatchez C, Radvanyi L: PD-1 and BTLA and CD8(+) T-cell "exhaustion" in cancer: "Exercising" an alternative viewpoint.
Oncoimmunology 2012, 1:735-738. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Todorovic M, Mesiano G, Gammaitoni L, Leuci V, Giraudo Diego L, Cammarata C, Jordaney N, Carnevale-Schianca F, Gallo S, Fagioli F: Ex vivo allogeneic stimulation significantly improves expansion of cytokine-induced killer cells without increasing their alloreactivity across HLA barriers.
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Thorne SH, Negrin RS, Contag CH: Synergistic antitumor effects of immune cell-viral biotherapy.
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Tang D, Kang R, Livesey KM, Zeh HJ 3rd, Lotze MT: High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) activates an autophagic response to oxidative stress.
Antioxid Redox Signal 2011, 15:2185-2195. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Amaravadi RK, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Yin XM, Weiss WA, Takebe N, Timmer W, DiPaola RS, Lotze MT, White E: Principles and current strategies for targeting autophagy for cancer treatment.
Clin Cancer Res 2011, 17:654-666. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Tang D, Kang R, Livesey KM, Cheh CW, Farkas A, Loughran P, Hoppe G, Bianchi ME, Tracey KJ, Zeh HJ 3rd, Lotze MT: Endogenous HMGB1 regulates autophagy.
J Cell Biol 2010, 190:881-892. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Rettinger E, Meyer V, Kreyenberg H, Volk A, Kuci S, Willasch A, Koscielniak E, Fulda S, Wels WS, Boenig H: Cytotoxic capacity of IL-15-stimulated cytokine-induced killer cells against human acute myeloid leukemia and rhabdomyosarcoma in humanized preclinical mouse models.
Front Oncol 2012, 2:32. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Rivera Z, Ferrone S, Wang X, Jube S, Yang H, Pass HI, Kanodia S, Gaudino G, Carbone M: CSPG4 as a target of antibody-based immunotherapy for malignant mesothelioma.
Clin Cancer Res 2012, 18:5352-5363. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Sabbagh L, Kaech SM, Bourbonniere M, Woo M, Cohen LY, Haddad EK, Labrecque N, Ahmed R, Sekaly RP: The selective increase in caspase-3 expression in effector but not memory T cells allows susceptibility to apoptosis.
J Immunol 2004, 173:5425-5433. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Joshi NS, Cui W, Chandele A, Lee HK, Urso DR, Hagman J, Gapin L, Kaech SM: Inflammation directs memory precursor and short-lived effector CD8(+) T cell fates via the graded expression of T-bet transcription factor.
Immunity 2007, 27:281-295. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Lugli E, Dominguez MH, Gattinoni L, Chattopadhyay PK, Bolton DL, Song K, Klatt NR, Brenchley JM, Vaccari M, Gostick E: Superior T memory stem cell persistence supports long-lived T cell memory.
Lu B: The molecular mechanisms that control function and death of effector CD4+ T cells.
Immunol Res 2006, 36:275-282. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Hirano F, Kaneko K, Tamura H, Dong H, Wang S, Ichikawa M, Rietz C, Flies DB, Lau JS, Zhu G: Blockade of B7-H1 and PD-1 by monoclonal antibodies potentiates cancer therapeutic immunity.
Cancer Res 2005, 65:1089-1096. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Kobori H, Hashiguchi M, Piao J, Kato M, Ritprajak P, Azuma M: Enhancement of effector CD8+ T-cell function by tumour-associated B7-H3 and modulation of its counter-receptor triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2 at tumour sites.
Immunology 2010, 130:363-373. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text


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Monster a-Go Go (1965)
TV-PG | | Sci-Fi, Horror | July 1965 (USA)
Ratings: 2.3/10 from 6,166 users
Reviews: 110 user | 43 critic
A space capsule crash-lands, and the astronaut aboard disappears. Is there a connection between the missing man and the monster roaming the area?
Directors:Bill Rebane, Herschell Gordon Lewis (uncredited)
Writers:Jeff Smith (screenplay), Dok Stanford (screenplay), 2 more credits »
Stars:Philip Morton, June Travis, George Perry | See full cast and crew »

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Frank Butler
Frank Butler has studied and taught Chinese Daoist meditation and Qigong since 1978, and has been practicing Chinese medicine since 1990. Frank received a master's degree in TCM and completed a seven-year apprenticeship with internationally renowned traditional Chinese "bone-setter," Ken Ark Fun Gong (Kenny Gong).
Frank has studied internal medicine and medical massage with some of the most famous TCM masters of the 20th century, including: Jiao Shu-de (Internal Medicine), Chen Rui-Chun (Shang Han Lun), Wu Bing-Cai (Wen Bing and Jing Gui Lao Ye), Hong Guang-Xiang (Respiratory Disorders), Wei Ja (Acupuncture), Wu Bo-Ping (Internal Medicine), Zang Fu-Ke (Tui Na).
Co-founder of Zheng Gu Tui Na (ZGTN), Frank is also founder of the Global Alternative Healthcare Project (gahpworks.org) an international relief organization that delivers TCM healthcare to poor populations all over the world. GAHP regularly arranges trips for groups of dedicated volunteers to travel to remote regions to do outreach using Chinese medicine and Tuina.
Frank's unique apprenticeship training, coupled with his strong history of martial arts, has given him an in-depth understanding of trauma medicine. Frank has a practice in New York City, where he specializes in injury and musculo-skeletal pathology. His clients include many professional athletes. Frank has treated players of the LA Rams, NY Yankees, NY Mets, as well as many Olympic athletes.
Frank has taught both Chinese medicine and martial arts all over the world. He began practicing martial arts in the late '70s, and has dedicated the last 20 years to improving his mediation and Chinese medicine skills through practicing and teaching various aspects of the internal art of Xing Yi Chuan. His current focus is on the transformation of the body through Qigong and mediation practices.
His reputation and skill have earned him features in several publications and television shows; Cosmopolitan, Vogue, NPR, Extra and Fox News.
Frank's work has also been featured in two documentaries: "Journey to the West: Chinese Medicine Today" and "The Walking Hospital".


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My company uses a company called Choose-Your-Gift. THEY ARE AWFUL. DO NOT EVER USE. Employees are waiting 6 months just to get a gift card, even though the company has paid them upfront. I repeat THEY ARE AWFUL. DO NOT EVEN THINK OF USING!!!!
My wife worked for a company which had a wonderful perk. Every employee got a half day off for their birthday and $50 in cash (this was 15 years ago) to spend on it. People loved it. And the boss didn't have to deal with in office birthday parties.
The only time I was in a job which lasted long enough for a service award (5 years), I got a wall clock. It's a nice clock.
All I got were pins...
It'd be great to see some commentary on the taxability of such gifts. It seems like these have been popped into my taxable comp depending on the type of the anniversary gift and sometimes not.
Mine have been company logo merchandise, gift cards, AMEX certificates, and credit at am online shop for anniversary gifts.
Most of the items out of any of the gift catalogs are just crap. Cheap chotskies that are offered and given without any thought. I value the letter that somebody took the time to write over perusing through the cheapo gift catalog.
I worked for a large company and they recognized service anniversaries every 5 years, with the employee getting a choice of gifts from a catalog. When I retired with 27 1/2 years I chose a Trek bicycle which was probably valued $300-$400, not bad but a long way from a gold watch like they used to give. Companies just don't want to fool with a lot of expensive gifts because they can be considered taxable income so either the employee gets squeezed for taxes or the employer has to gross up the value and give the employee some money for taxes which just creates more work for everyone.
We also had instant recognitions where your supervisor could award you with a $200 AMEX gift certificarte for a meal, that was well received and the spouse got to share in the recognition.
If you want a "fair and balanced" look at employee recogntion programs, you can find plenty of different views on it at http://www.awardemployees.com. The type of awards you mention in this article are only way of looking at awards in the industry.
After 20 years, I got $1,000 worth of vouchers (to spend at Amazon, other retailers), and a heavy hunk of engraved perspex with an unreliable clock affixed. The funny thing is: It wasn't really 20 years. They were going by the date I had randomly chosen when filling out my HR documentation.
To Perks: Re - taxability. I specifically asked about that when given the $1,000. My employer took on the liability.
My company just started an Employee Recognition program. I received 500 points. I thought great I will go get a dozen golf balls. I log in and low and behold it takes 7000 points for 12 golf balls. It also states that the taxes will be taken out of your paycheck. WONDERFUL. This after I have been told no raises this year because I am capped out. GREAT. I have been doing my superiors work the last 12 months, Company just reported record earnings,raised guidance,raised quarterly dividend 30%. Over 10 years with company,time to move on. Thanks for letting me rant..
what Steve implied I'm taken by surprise that a person can earn $8321 in one month on the internet. did you see this web link..MakeMonyDaily20.NotlonG.CoM
On my ten year anniversary I selected a shop-vac. Eight years later it's still going strong.
My late father-in-law chose a woman's Movado watch for his 25 years as a machinist--he gave it to me in honor of the birth of his first grandchild. It's a very special watch to me, because it represents his years of devotion to his work and family. When I was a paralegal, I received a jar of candy and a mug on my employment anniversary--also a nice touch, given that employers don't HAVE to do any of this. Speaking for myself and my family, these gifts are appreciated and often mean a lot to the employee and family.
At one time the company I worked with gave Rolex watches to its retirees. I retired after more than 30 years and was offered choices from a gift catalog of junk that was work well under $100, nothing that I wanted. It's a large computer company that's become infamous cheating its employees out of long-promised pensions and retirement medical benefits.
My company gives a certificate and paperweight with company logo at 5 years, a preset group of gifts in the $500 range for 10 years (usually you can't get much with that from the choices even it it is a nice amount), a certificate at 15 years as well. Some folks get a party and cake to go along with these and some don't. Than some get set free and let go. The corporate world is not one for long term folks anymore.
I can choose between a lattee maker, a screen tent, sunglasses, etc.. for hitting 25
think the value is around $175 or $7 a year
Every time I hit a 5 year mile stone the gifts are worse. At first we had the catalog and a plaque. At 15 years it was just a plaque. I'm coming on 20 years and won't be getting anything. The company has cheaped out.
My company gives a pin with a diamond chip in it for the 5th year, and every additional 5 years another diamond chip is added to that pin. After 10 years of service, I am still not sure how I feel about it. Some of my co-workers laugh about and others think it is really nice. I don't wear the pin, but I haven't tossed it out either.
Michael C. Fina offers more than traditional jewelry and business-themed items for Service Anniversary gifts. In the early 1980s we actually introduced the now-standard offering of lifestyle gifts into traditional service anniversary programs.
A one-gift-fits-all solution has never worked despite shifts in workforce demographics, and this holds especially true with today's multinational organizations. What appeals to employees in the US may not be so appealing elsewhere in the world. Not only does the gift selection need to be varied enough to offer a healthy choice for employees of all generations, it also must be culturally appropriate. For instance, a branded crystal gift piece as a long-service award may be considered passé in the States, but it is still a coveted prize to workers in China.
20 years of service. I got a box of chocolates that cost nine dollars at a big box store.
5 years of service, I got a 3 inch statue of the University's team mascot.
On one of my former jobs I received some very nice Air Canada luggage for my 5 year anniversary. The funny thing was that my boss at that time was handling a very large lawsuit against Air Canada. For my 6th anniversary I got downsized out the door.


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KPMG shares essential knowledge of transfer pricing practices through frequent thought leadership publications, including transfer pricing policy studies, sector-specific reports and China-related newsletters.
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Transfer Pricing Forum, one of BNA International's special publications, provides detailed practical guidance on technical and often highly contested transfer pricing issues.
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The KPMG name, logo and "cutting through complexity" are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.
KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International") is a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. No member firm has any authority to obligate or bind KPMG International or any other member firm vis-à-vis third parties, nor does KPMG International have any such authority to obligate or bind any member firm.


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UHV assistant professor studies how literature bridges cultural divide
International relations and decades-old literature are topics that, for many, might not correspond. But, as one University of Houston-Victoria assistant professor recently learned, an open book can make a big difference.
Armando Chávez-Rivera completed a research endeavor in August with the University of Texas at Austin Harry Ransom Center, thanks to support from the Alfred A. and Blanche W. Knopf Fellowship and The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Research Fellowship Endowment.
There, he spent two months poring over archives, delving into books and searching for the effects the works had on the relationship between the U.S. and Latin America.
He said that access to the archives was enlightening.
"The research center is one of the best archives in the U.S. and even the world," he said. "You can find original papers by Shakespeare, Voltaire, T.S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf. It was an amazing experience."
Through his work, Chávez-Rivera said he learned that one publishing house, Knopf Inc., played a major role in bridging the cultural divide.
The company's decision to publish books by writers such as Alejo Carpentier, Ernesto Sábato and Arturo Uslar Pietri, as well as its correspondence with the nation's movers and shakers, eased tensions and improved relationships between the countries.
"Many of these books were already famous in Latin America and Europe, but they became famous in the U.S. after Knopf published them," Chávez-Rivera said. "It made an incredible impact."
He currently is working on his fifth book, which compiles much of the information he learned from that summer fellowship. New articles and additional research opportunities also are on the horizon.
Chávez-Rivera, a native Cuban, earned his bachelor's degree in journalism from Cuba's Universidad de La Habana and spent 15 years as a news correspondent. Throughout his time in the industry, he traveled to Peru, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay and other countries, reporting on Latin American literature and local issues.
The world traveler went on to earn a master's degree in Latin American integration from Argentina's Universidad Nacional de La Plata and a second master's degree in Spanish American literature from New Mexico State University. A doctorate in Hispanic literature from the University of Arizona in Tucson followed in 2011.
UHV started a new Bachelor of Arts in Spanish this fall. Chávez-Rivera, an assistant professor of Spanish, and Spanish instructor Salomé Chavarria teach the classes. Chávez-Rivera teaches the language in ways that students can use worldwide, from Spain to Latin America, and on into Mexico. He incorporates Ibero-American cinema, theater, literature and more into the classroom experience.
"That's the best way to learn a language," he said. "You want to try to understand the culture and enjoy the culture. That's important."
The Faculty Feature is an online feature highlighting faculty members from each of the University of Houston-Victoria's four schools. To nominate a faculty member, contact Paula Cobler, UHV interim director of marketing and communications, or call 361-570-4350.
The University of Houston-Victoria, located in the heart of the Coastal Bend region, offers courses leading to more than 65 bachelor's and master's degree
programs and concentrations in the schools of Arts & Sciences, Business Administration, Education & Human Development, and Nursing. UHV provides face-to-face
classes at its Victoria campus as well as teaching sites in Fort Bend and Harris counties, and online classes that students can take from anywhere. Since its
founding in 1973, UHV has provided students with a quality university education from excellent faculty at an affordable price.


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- 7 a.m. to 7 p.m., Monday through Friday
- 7 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday and Sunday
A representative will be more than happy to answer your questions.
Last updated on 10/6/2014.


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You are Invited!
On behalf of the California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB), I am delighted to invite you to attend the 2009 Conference "Golden Opportunities: Building Bridges Between Federal, State, Corporate, and Local Environmental Leadership." The Conference will be held at the Hyatt Regency in Sacramento, California from November 2nd through the 4th.
We are living in unprecedented times, facing challenges in our programs and communities. We are encountering challenges that require new ways of thinking as well as refined skills and abilities. For this reason, educational plenary and workshops are planned to examine our role and impact on the current environment and economy. You will return from the conference with ideas and information that you can apply daily to increase your level of public service and efficiency.
As always, CIWMB will continue its tradition of offering an abundance of education, information-sharing and networking tools to help you manage ongoing concerns and issues in today's complex environment. Workshop sessions are designed to incorporate interaction and skill building in nature. Sessions will explore a variety of environmental topics current to our field, while investigating a shift in our services and programs as we enter into an entirely new economy.
I strongly encourage you to attend this year's CIWMB conference in Sacramento and contribute to the collaboration that helps us maintain our standards of excellence and pursue our goals in household hazardous waste, and used oil/filter collection. If you are a Used Oil Block Grantee, you may charge authorized expenses related to your participation to your Block Grant. I want to assure you that as a conference attendee, you will benefit from a valuable and worthwhile educational experience in a stimulating setting. You will return to your community inspired with new information and motivated to overcome the challenges of tomorrow. I can guarantee that you will find attendance very worthwhile. I hope to see you there!
Kristin Yee
Branch Manager


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Welcome to the website of the UMass Amherst English Graduate Organization (EGO). Below you will find recent news, announcements, and events. Please note that the site is still under construction.
2016 EGO Conference CFP Announced! Presenting: Forms of Feeling
The Ego Conference Committee, co-chaired by Saumya Lal and Patricia Matthews, is pleased to announce the Call for Papers for the 2016 EGO Graduate Conference, to be held on the UMass Amherst campus, April 2, 2016.
The 8th annual interdisciplinary conference title is "Forms of Feeling: Navigating the Affective Turn." From the CFP:
Sibling rivalry, team camaraderie, Islamophobia, migrant nostalgia, outrage against state brutality, mourning sickness, FOMO, human-animal bonding, blushing, crying at the movies — feelings are everywhere. As the ongoing "affective turn" in the humanities and social sciences emphasizes, it is imperative to investigate the operations of affect in order to better address the complexities of our world(s). That the definitions of the terms affect, feeling, and emotion remain contested reveals one of the greatest challenges of such explorations: the nebulous, ineffable nature of feelings. Yet, like bodies animating a pride parade or the virulent rhetoric of hate speech, feelings do take forms — however transient or dynamic they may be.
For our 8th annual interdisciplinary conference, the English Graduate Organization at the University of Massachusetts Amherst invites submissions that explore different forms of affects, feelings, and/or emotions as they are experienced, expressed, and theorized in and across historical periods and cultures. We are particularly interested in the forms of feelings that emerge in and transform human encounters with other human beings, animals, environments, machines and technologies, cultures, ideas, and social/political events. How — and to what ends — do social, cultural, political, aesthetic, and rhetorical formations structure and articulate feelings? Further, how might an enhanced critical awareness of affective forms and forces necessitate the rethinking of practices of interpreting, understanding, and knowing?
Submission deadline is January 25, 2016.
To see the complete CFP and submission guidelines, please see here.
Posted in Uncategorized
EGO's 2015 Graduate Conference Program is Here!
You've already marked your calendar for April 4 — now it's time to figure out your conference schedule! The full program guide for the 2015 UMass EGO graduate conference is here:
Download (pdf) the 2015 conference program.
You won't want to miss the Roundtable Session, from 1:00-2:30 pm, in the Integrated Science Building, room 135:
To Build Worlds with Words : Lived Realities and Scholarship
Moderated by Nirmala Iswari and Joy Hayward-Jansen
Asha Nadkarni (UMass-Amherst, English and American Studies)
Heather Love (University of Pennsylvania, English)
Priscilla Page (UMass-Amherst, Theatre)
Deak Nabers (Brown University, English)
Registration starts at 8am — with coffee and a light breakfast — in the atrium of the Integrated Science Building (ISB) on the UMass-Amherst campus.
Registration is $10 and includes coffee (all day), breakfast, lunch, and after-conference reception.
Join us!
Posted in Conference, Event
Tagged conference, Graduate Conference
CFP Deadline: February 10th!
UMass EGO's annual interdisciplinary graduate conference is accepting submissions for panels and papers through February 10th.
"Bodies that Sell: Commodification and Cultural Marketplaces," the 7th annual graduate conference hosted by the English Graduate Organization at the University of Massachusetts, will be held on the UMass-Amherst campus on Satruday, April 4, 2015.
Read the full call for papers and learn more about the conference here: http://umassego.com/conference/.
Posted in Conference
Tagged CFP, conference
EGO is using Google Docs for Meeting Minutes
For the 2014-15 academic year, we will be keeping meeting agenda and notes on a google doc. To maintain our privacy, EGO members (graduate students in English at UMass-Amherst) should email EGO (umassego (at) gmail) so that the doc can be shared with you. Or, you can go directly to the doc and request access there.
Posted in Minutes
CFP Announced for 2015 EGO Conference: Bodies that Sell
The EGO Conference Committee, co-chaired by Joy Hayward-Jansen and Nirmala Vasigaren, is pleased to announce the Call for Papers for the 2015 EGO Graduate Conference, to be held on the UMass-Amherst campus, April 4, 2015.
The 7th annual interdisciplinary conference title is "Bodies that Sell: Commodification and Cultural Marketplaces." From the CFP:
We make assumptions based on bodies all the time: what bodies are normative, strange, dangerous, fragile, familiar, foreign, and so on. The bodies we see are always-already constructed and commodified within various cultural marketplaces. Bodies function as currencies, some of which have more cultural capital than others. This cultural capital lends visibility to some bodies, while rendering others invisible.
For example, as the Bring Back Our Girls campaign entered the U.S. activist lexicon, the cultural capital of the kidnapped Chibok schoolgirls become visible only as 'victims'. In the context of this campaign, the girls' bodies lend cultural capital to bodies who participate in the campaigning process and identify as progressive. As such, the campaign constructs two kinds of bodies : progressive American bodies and the less culturally valuable Nigerian schoolgirls' bodies. This is but one example of the ways in which cultural marketplaces construct various kinds of bodies.
For our 7th annual interdisciplinary conference, the English Graduate Organization at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst invites submissions that examine the ways in which cultural marketplaces construct, produce, erase, value/devalue bodies.
Submission deadline is January 20, 2015.
To see the complete CFP and submission guidelines, please see here.
Posted in Conference
Tagged Call for Papers, CFP, Graduate Conference, The EGO Conference Committee
First EGO Meeting of Fall 2014
Sometimes you just need some cheese. And wine. Good thing it's that time of year: when we kick off our monthly EGO meetings that always include a healthy dose of wine, cheese, crackers, grapes, and other tasty sundries. Oh yes, there will also be discussion of important issues, ideas, and news for the English graduate students at UMass.
So join us!
When: Monday September 8th, 2pm
Where: Bartlett 308
Posted in Event
New UMass EGO Facebook Page!
We know you spend all your time there, so we thought we'd make it easier to bring your worlds together: EGO now has an actual page (not just a fake person you can friend!) you can keep up with. Like it, follow it, and share your English Graduate student news and musings with us.
Other useful things you can do with UMass EGO on Facebook:
- Ask questions of your peers about important upcoming UMass administrative deadlines
- Find out where that EGO meeting was supposed to be (since you're in Bartlett and vaguely remember that there was a wine and cheese meeting today)
- Give a shout-out to your colleague who will be speaking at an upcoming conference
- Ask for help painting your walls in your new apartment
- Coordinate rides to Quarters
- Remind your peers about a CFP deadline you think sounds really good
No, really: we want this to be a useful resource for your graduate student life at UMass. Join us!
Posted in Uncategorized


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Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, 235 Long Hollow Pike, Goodlettsville
- Filed Under
Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Inc. hopes that lightening up its menu will help fatten its bottom line.
The Lebanon, Tenn.-based restaurant chain is testing several new menu items that contain fewer calories than comparable items. The goal: to attract health-conscious diners who otherwise bypass the chain famous for its traditional fare of fried chicken, sugar-cured ham, cornbread and other Southern staples.
Cracker Barrel said the new menu category, called Wholesome Fixin's, will feature breakfast meals with fewer than 500 calories and lunch/dinner meals with fewer than 600 ...


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Originally posted by Bill Boyle: From the Windows 2000 command line, is there a way to open up a new command prompt?
Now for the java question. From a java program can I open up a new command prompt? I want to run a client/server program. I want to type: java myApp
Originally posted by Joel McNary: Also, if you're lazt like me, "start" works just as well as "start cmd"


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STREATOR, Ill. (DTN) -- The U.S. Senate Finance Committee will consider reinstating tax incentives for two years for biodiesel and other advanced biofuels in a markup scheduled Thursday, April 3.
The committee, chaired by Ron Wyden, D-Ore., released a description Tuesday that includes four biofuel-related extensions of credits that expired Dec. 31, 2013, that would be retroactive to the start of this year and extended for two years.
The biofuels incentives, all of which would be extended to Dec. 31, 2015, include:
-- The incentives for biodiesel and renewable diesel, which provide a $1 per gallon tax credit.
-- The ...


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SINGAPORE, Sept 22, 2012 (AFP) - China's Ma Qinghua was hopeful of securing another Formula One outing with HRT after coping with a tough practice session on a wet, floodlit Singapore Grand Prix street circuit.
Two weeks after becoming the first Chinese driver to race in a Formula One practice session, when he placed last in Italy, Ma again trailed the field on Friday evening.
But the 24-year-old slim Shanghai native said he was learning fast after swapping the fast, traditional Monza circuit for tight and twisty Singapore, dampened by an afternoon downpour.
"It was very difficult," Ma said, after clocking a best time of 1min 58.053sec around the 5.1km (3.2 miles) course.
"For me it was the first time to drive a Formula One car in wet conditions, the first time to drive a Formula One car on a street circuit and also the first time to drive a Formula One car at night.
"So it's a very big challenge but we've done well."
China hosted its first grand prix in Shanghai in 2004, but the country -- the world's biggest car market -- is yet to produce a successful Formula One driver or team.
Ma, last year's Chinese Touring Car champion and a previous competitor in Formula Renault, A1 Grand Prix, Formula Three and Superleague, fits the bill as a trailblazer for Chinese drivers in Formula One.
He said he hoped for more opportunities with HRT, where he was temporarily deputising for India's Narain Karthikeyan.
A team official said they would take Ma's development "step by step".
"We'll see what happens in the future. But actually we did a very good job this time," Ma said.
"It's good -- I learned the circuit and the times were getting faster, but the important thing for me is to get used to driving at night with different vision and get used to street racing," he added.
"I have one-and-a-half hours but actually we have to do a lot of car checks to prepare for the session.
"So in that short time, first of all I need to check the car for the team and I need to learn the circuit and also I need to prepare myself, so one-and-a-half hours is really tight."


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Click on any title below to see product details ...
Click on any picture to see a larger, more detailed image.
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"Why Get A Job When You Can Have Fun Making Money And Work From Home Doing Something You Love And Enjoy? €ť


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Report claims Apple's Jonathan Ive talked up iWatch [u]
updated 09:50 am EDT, Thu September 4, 2014
Designer claims device means Swiss watch industry is in trouble
(Corrected for proper focus) Apple designer Jonathan Ive is -- privately -- talking up the iWatch, according to a new report. "According to a designer who works at Apple, Jonathan Ive, Apple's design chief, is bragging about how cool he thought the iWatch was shaping up to be, gleefully said Switzerland is in trouble -- though he chose a much bolder term for 'trouble' to express how he thought the watchmaking nation might be in a tough predicament when Apple's watch comes out," writes the New York Times. Apple has yet to formally reveal the iWatch, and typically refuses to confirm or deny unannounced products beyond saying that a particular category might be of interest.
The report is difficult to take on its face, despite sourcing from the NYT, as members of Ive's design team who would have access to have heard such a remark would not disclose it to the press, both for fear of being fired and because Apple zealously discourages any talk of unannounced products. Ive is known for joking around, however, leaving the possibility that the remark is genuine but taken out of context.
It's believed that Apple may introduce the iWatch at its September 9 press event. If so, though, the company may only be prepared to tease the device. No parts leaks have emerged so far, and indeed recent rumors have suggested that the watch is only in engineering verification testing, which could mean it's still several months from shipping.
The Times article claims that one of the main obstacles to smartwatch adoption has been fashion design, which it says Apple is in a position to change. Indeed, Apple has been hiring a number of people from the fashion industry during the past year, including its new retail head, former Burberry CEO Angela Ahrendts.


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Product Information
Product Information
Lighted Market Umbrella - 11 ft. - Green
This 11 ft. octagon shaped umbrella is perfect for home or hotel resort use. It provides over 49% more shade than a 9 ft. umbrella and is easy to open, close and tilt. Accessorize your patio dining set or your barbeque island. Featured in a beautiful green color, this market umbrella matches today's most popular patio furniture. <p> <b>Note: Base is sold separately.</b>
SHOP.COM ReviewsWrite a Review
This product has not yet been reviewed. Be the first to write a review.


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One of my favorite things about blogging is the community we are creating. I simply adore that many of you take a moment to share a comment. As for answering, I have gone back and forth between e-mailing you directly or commenting back here on the blog. This post from Hayley at the Tiny Twig got me thinking about how I handle comments.
I don't just write for me.
I write for you.
I blog for us.
If you'd like to leave a comment, just click the green link below the post that says xx comments (xx is the number of comments that have been already left on that post.) A new page will open up for you to leave your comment.
I want to reply when needed, to offer kind words or suggestions. I also want everyone to feel included. Feel free to join in the discussion. You just might have a great answer to someone's question. You can reply directly to that person by clicking the word reply below their comment. If you are waiting to hear back about a question you have, please check back.
Maybe you've been reading here for a while, or maybe you are new. Either way, I want you to feel included. Stop by here and say hi. Introduce yourself and feel free to leave a link to your blog, your facebook or your twitter. Let's all make some new friends online!
happy new friendships!
image source: marie francesca x on tumbler from shining like firework via fairy candles via andee eve on pinterest


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I was reading another lovely post by my friend Valerie at Ask A Zombie Housewife Blog and she inspired me to think about my New Years Art Goals. Take a look at her post at the link and the lovely artwork she has featured as well.
Setting New Years Resolutions has never been my thing. My goals and aspirations seem to change so much throughout the year that it just doesn't make sense to me to state huge sweeping goals that I might not even care about in a few months.
I like Valerie's idea of setting smaller goals instead of sweeping resolutions. That definitely works better for me.
One of my Art Goals for the new year is to learn more about creating graphic designs. Not everyone realizes that this is a passion of mine along side my painting. When I compare my designs to some other graphic design artists, I realize I have a ways to go before I am satisfied. Here are a few of my graphic and digital designs from recently and in the past.
Vintage Art Vintage Woman Ad She Longs For The Day Print by Itayasdesigns
Look for more office art at zazzle.com
Floral Bouquet Abstract - Print Poster by Itayasdesigns
Check out Prints & Posters online at Zazzle.com
Icons - Retro Grunge Collage - Poster Print by Itayasdesigns
Browse other Icons Posters
A Stroll In The Park Medium Art Print Painting by Itayasdesigns
Browse other Painting Posters
Abstract Art Vintage Woman She Remembers Large Poster by Itayasdesigns
Make a poster from a picture online at Zazzle.


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Some time ago something happened to me that changed my life forever. I just wish I had known then what I know now…
I had been suffering from a severe form of allergies. My parents did everything they were told. After two surgeries, pills, countless drugs, and finally keeping me cooped up inside, I was still only at best getting temporary relief. I was missing out on the things I enjoyed most, camping, hiking and playing tennis. Needless to say I was frustrated and worried that this would be my future. Then, something happened that changed my life forever. A friend convinced me to see a Chiropractor.
The Chiropractor did an exam, took some films, and then "adjusted" my spine. The adjustment didn't hurt, it actually felt good, like a big pressure release. He talked about what was causing my problem and not merely ways I could mask it up. I noticed a difference almost right away. Under his care my allergies all but disappeared. I was so excited about this approach, it worked so well that it changed the coarse of my entire education and I went to Chiropractic school myself. Looking back, it's clear to me that meeting this Chiropractor was a turning point of my life.
Chiropractic Education
Dr. Ennis began his pre-chiropractic education at the University of Colorado where he studied the basic sciences such as inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, biology, along with basic physiology and anatomy courses.
After completing his study there, he was accepted at Los Angeles College of Chiropractic in Whittier, CA. During his four years at LACC, courses included biochemistry, a major emphasis on anatomy and human physiology, X-ray, diagnosis, chiropractic adjusting techniques and patient care in the LACC Public Clinic. After graduating in 1992, Dr. Ennis practiced in Southern California for a little while before moving to Houston.
He moved to Houston after he and his wife Reeneea discovered they were expecting a new addition to their family. It was important to them to be near family as they raised their children. He now has two children, Brandon and Linda, both of which have received Chiropractic care since they were born.
"We love skeptics" smiles Dr. Ennis. "I still remember the concerns and apprehension I had when I went to the Chiropractor for the first time. So we make it a point to explain everything in advance, answer questions and attempt to over communicate. Patients appreciate that.


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advice on which board
View Single Post
Posts: n/a
advice on which board
Hey everybody hows it going? I'm in the market for a new board and was just curious what the snowboarding community here would recommend. This is my first post so please excuse any noobish mistakes. Info about me is as follows:
gender: male
age: 18
weight: 170lbs
boot size: 10.5 mens us
height: 5'11''
years snowboarding: 8
skill level: intermediate/advanced
I usually like to freeride, go fast, hit the steeps, go off into the trees, hit powder, and take a few runs through the park. Basically what I am looking for is a board that will hold its edge really well on all conditions, float in the powder, be stable at speed, go edge to edge quickly, be nimble and just be awesome to ride. Kind of a all mountain/freeride/backcountry board. Ideally it would be durable and tough, but I do not want a board that is so heavy it is tough to spin with. I have a dedicated park board (rome graft) so the new boards ability to ride in the park and do jibs is not a big deal.
I have been researching which board to buy for several months now and have tentatively narrowed it down to the following six as possible choices:
burton custom x
never summer premier
never summer heritage
rome anthem
k2 zeppelin
atomic alibi
I have read many reviews and have heard good things about all the boards, I am just unsure which one would suit me best. I am kinda leaning more towards the NS Premier, but nothing is certain. I am open to boards and brands not on my list, it is just from my research I picked these as the best candidates. I also don't really care what year the board is, so it doesn't have to be the newest version on the market. Any advise is greatly appreciated.


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Hello All
My first post here.
I have done some freelance gigs on New jersey Cultural events, primarily music concert and dance performances. Every now and then in my mind comes a thought, is it that how you handle your video camera during recording a show becomes important, or the actual content or the subject matter is the prime focus.
What I feel when I am shooting a music concert, where 2 and more people are sitting and performing, I feel it is a dvisable to keep your camera fixed most of the time, apart from getting odd medium and closeup shots (I am talking about a single camera setup).
Since the main purpose of the whole event was cultural (thats primary Audio), I think one has to concentrate getting the best possible audio feed, and then in post, package the complete audio/video as a unique presentation.
The point I want to make in this post is to understand the basic purpose of the content being shot, and then go about our service rendering to the client. Any thoughts/critics are welcome.


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Printed from http://www.macnn.com
Apps: KnowledgeTank, OmniWeb, FileMatic, iTunesSaver
updated 07:45 am EDT, Tue May 4, 2004
KnowledgeTank, OmniWeb
- ]
- Synchronize Pro 3.4 ($100 for first year) updates Qdea's file synchronization and backup utility with an improved Files To Copy window (and better display controls), the ability to view the path to any existing file/folder, new criteria for including/excluding specific files (including partial names), and the ability to automatically prune old archived files by age. [form]
- OmniWeb 5.0b6 ($30) brings a new demo mode; adds Spring-loaded behavior to bookmarks windows, browser windows, and the bookmarks toolbar icon; includes a preview of a new faster text rendering engine; can open all bookmarks as tabs; has improvements to page caching; and more. [4.9MB]
- FileMatic 1.0 ($25) automates tedious file tasks with nine Operations, including AppleScript Runner, Archiver, Disc Burner, Finder Operations, Mailer, Permissions, Rename, Split And Join, and Type Creator. Users also can add third-party Operations using the graphical script builder or leverage the FileMatic SDK (due in early June) for creating new functionality.
- xBack 3.1 ($10) allows you replace your desktop with a screen saver or xPak, allowing users to "bring your desktop to life." Users can start/stop the desktop screen saver, configure screen saver preferences from the menu bar, etc. It now doesn't hide the desktop screen saver when using Expos�. [675KB]
- iTunesSaver 2.3 (donationware) is a basic screensaver that displays the artwork (if available) and track information of the current iTunes track. It supports a range of features, such as fixed positioning, scalable artwork, and automatic starting of iTunes. Version 2.3 removes some debug messages and offers smoother text movement. [92KB]
- iWatermark 1.2 ($20) updates Script Software's tool for watermarking artwork, digital photos and other images; it can also create thumbnails. Version 1.2 supports different text styles (shadow, outline, normal), can repeat the watermark across the image, adds a high quality JPEG and PICT export options, and other interface enhancements. [1.9MB]
- You Control 1.2 ($70) adds a new Quick Start menu to assist first time users create menus. Version 1.2 of the custom menu utility also adds updated Weather, News Reader, and Stocks modules with automatic wake-from-sleep checking, an updated File System Module, hot key support to User Switching, and an improved iTunes module. [3.3MB]


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by Diana Dozier
The Oakcliff International 2011 has been announced by Oakcliff Sailing.
Oakcliff - North American GRAND SLAM Match Racing Series
This event will be the final of the Grand Slam match race series which consists of the Detroit Cup, the Chicago Match Race Center grade two Invitational, The Knickerbocker Cup and the Oakcliff International - the first of the series for the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) to meet the points requirement for grade two status.
'The entire series has stimulated the growth of match racing and helped continue our goal to elevate the level of sailing in the US and the world,' said Dawn Riley Oakcliff Executive Director. 'We're thrilled to be hosting the culmination of this competitive and exciting series.'
So far this year, Oakcliff's match racing events included Saturday grade five regattas, the ABC qualifiers and the Spring Clinegatta, all of which were oversubscribed.
As a result, Oakcliff has increased the invited teams for the Oakcliff International from ten to twelve to better accommodate. To date, the accepted skippers include: Reuben Corbett, William Tiller, Taylor Canfield, Laurie Jury, Dave Perry, Oli Pekka Lumijarvi, Nicolai Sehested, Robbie Allam and Michael Buckley.
Two spots are being held for the winners of feeder events, including Nevin Snow who won the June Double Header at the Chicago Match Race Center, and the winner of the Evo Sport Clinegatta. This clinegatta is a two day clinic followed by a weekend grade three regatta, held at Oakcliff this July 28-31. Competitors will be coming from Canada, Bermuda, California and Maine to compete. Two spots also remain for the Evo Sport Clinegatta.
'We're honored to be a part of the Grand Slam Series and the Oakcliff International. For the winner of our event to go on and be able to compete against some of the best national and international teams is truly exciting,' said Stephen Gourlay, the President and Owner of Evo Sport Fitness Club.
The Oakcliff International is Oakcliff's inaugural ISAF grade two Open Match Race, and is scheduled for August 30 to September 3. There will be a cash purse, and the winner of The Grand Slam series earns a spot at the Congressional Cup.
Oakcliff Sailing website