text:
The Future of International
Nuclear Material Control
Panel Chairman:
Ambassador Linton F. Brooks, Administrator,
National Nuclear Security Administration and Under Secretary
for Nuclear Security
BROOKS: Dr. Lehman currently heads the Center for Global Security
Research at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
He's also the Chair of the Governing Board of
the International Science and Technology Center, which
is an effort to take the brainpower of Russian scientists
and turn it to peaceful uses, not exclusively in the
nuclear area, but heavily in the nuclear area.
He has a long career in
government. He was the Director of the Arms Control
and Disarmament Agency, where I worked for him. He was
a Senior Director and Special Assistant in the White
House in the Reagan administration, where I worked for
him. And he was the chief negotiator for the Start One
Treaty where I replaced him and has served in the Pentagon
as Assistant Secretary, has served in the Armed Services
Committee in the Senate and has been on more boards
than you would care to hear.
LEHMAN: When I was first asked to speak, I was asked to speak
about international fissile material controls. And I
said, "Well, actually, the topic is broader. It
ought to be "International Nuclear Controls.""
I notice on the program Bob Pfaltzgraff and his team
got it right and I notice on my first viewgraph I got
it wrong. So, I begin by apologizing.
Let me say that in preparing
my remarks, I'm going to draw from a number of
our annual Futures Roundtables that we held out at Livermore
over the last few years, but most particularly from
this year's project, which is not surprisingly,
"Atoms for Peace after 50 Years." Many of
the participants in the various workshops in Europe
and Japan are in this audience. So, I don't presume
to speak for them. Indeed, I don't presume to
speak for any entity with which I am now, or have been,
or might likely in the future be associated. These are
my own views.
And since my basic theme
is that we are dealing with a great deal of uncertainty,
it may well be that when the day is done, these may
not even be my views. So, with that caveat, let me begin.
Since I speak last, I work on the assumption that there
will be no time available and everything I want to say
has already been said. I think neither of those is actually
true. But, nevertheless, to prepare for that contingency,
I thought I would begin at the end with the conclusion,
which is that we already have a huge legacy of stockpile
overhang and, in fact, it's already being deal
with in many ways, in a highly international way.
I won't repeat what
Lint and Paul and Larry have already, and Philip, have
already said about many types of international cooperation
and activities that are involved in this process. But
what I do want to suggest is that in our discussions,
in our roundtables, around the world, it is quite clear
that there are a lot of ideas, that people think that
more can be done in this area and that the time for
making those decisions is here, not simply because it's
the 50th anniversary, but also because the objective
conditions have changed.
My thesis today is really
very simple, that the future of international fissile
material control depends on the future of international
fissile material, which depends on the future of what
we mean by international, which seems to be determined
by what is going to happen in terms of technology, politics
and economics of nation states and non-state entities.
In short, there are certain objective conditions out
there that are going to shape the decision space.
And so in our efforts,
what we've tried to do is identify what are the
trends, the forces, the drivers, the motors of change.
If something is fundamentally unchanged and important,
we wanted to identify it. But if there are things new,
such as the end of the Cold War, we wanted to understand
what were the implications of those. I'm going
to selectively pick some of these themes because, in
part, many of them have already been mentioned.
One is that in our group
I think there is a strong feeling that in advanced western
industrialized societies, the big decisions on things
like nuclear power will be made based on certain economic
realities. But there was quite a bit of difference of
opinion as to what value should be placed on externalities
and what should be done about it. Should there have
been compensation? Should there have been a leveling
of the field? But there was a recognition that many
of these externalities are terribly important.
I remember, not too long
ago, going to visit the IAEA in Vienna. I met with the
safeguards people and in that era their view was they
were not interested in proliferation resistant technologies
because they had a mandate to do a certain job and they
were quite confident that they could do that job. The
interesting thing was it was the nuclear energy side
that was most interested in proliferation resistant
systems. And when you asked why was that so, the answer
was because this was an externality, this was a political
problem for the advancement of nuclear power. It was
a box to be checked and somebody had to do that.
In our discussions, what
seems to have changed is, that the vision of safeguards
and securing material has become much broader and deeper,
in particular as a result of, not only the concern about
proliferation from nation state but concern about non-state
entities and terrorism. And, indeed, what one has seen
and later I will talk about some of the IAEA views,
a much broader vision of how you secure material. There
was a lot of discussion in our groups about whether
or not the objective conditions mean that nuclear energy
is going to expand.
You've all heard
the discussions of climate change, environment, hydrogen
economies, a lot of discussion of those issues. At the
same time there is a recognition, and I thought Dr.
Wagner was quite eloquent in describing, that on the
one hand the public still has an aversion to radiation
when it is associated with nuclear power. One only needs
to have watched the Discovery Channel's program
on Three Mile Island last night to understand how public
think about that.
On the other hand, the
reality is in the United States that nuclear medicine
is a bigger industry impacting in many ways on many
people's lives more intrusively, more profoundly
and more positively and you get an entirely different
attitude. So many of the participants in the workshops
are saying things like, "Why can't we explain
to the public a new form of risk benefit analysis. And
yet we run into this dilemma, which is that it is precisely
in the nuclear community, where people have done best
practices and risk benefit analysis, and it doesn't
Now, maybe that is just
a moment in time. So for example, in Sweden, the first
effort to educate the public on the risk benefits on
nuclear power resulted in a backlash against nuclear
power and it was later, over time, in a broader political
context that things advanced in that area. Those are
some of the trends that we're looking at, all
of which have implications for how we think about international
fissile material control.
But, as I said, for the
most part, the drivers that were impacting on international
fissile control in our working group, partly because
of the kind of participants we had, was the international
security dimension. And that, too, is transformed. The
Cold War is over and yet, a lot of concern about what
is international governance with the end of the Cold
War? Is there some kind of new world order with a common
core of values or are we headed towards spheres of influence
and regional balances that may turn out to have regional
economies and regional approaches to dealing with regional
threats and do you organize how you deal with nuclear
material and nuclear risks in that way or some other
I think one of the most
important things to emerge having to do with fissile
material out of all of this, is the recognition that
it's not just that nuclear is dual-use, double-edged
sword. It's the feeling that the latency of weapons
capability is becoming more pervasive and that you're
now dealing with incremental movement towards weapons
capability that takes place in such small steps that
the international community and even nations can't
respond in an effective way, like the frog in the pot.
The temperature rises so slowly that we're going
to get cooked before we ever react to something that
should have been seen as inevitable.
This is made more dangerous
by the fact that some of the trends in proliferation
by the actual proliferators have been to become increasing
networked, to go offshore, to exploit the miniaturization
and agile manufacturing and modern technology and to
have just-in-time break out capability.
So, for example, we did
a study on verifying the agreed framework in Korea and
everybody wanted to know, "Well, how do you shore
up the IAEA's ability to deal with diversion?"
Well, what we found is there are some scenarios that
are a problem. But there are actually relatively easy
fixes to those scenarios. The problem is not diversion
from the IAEA. The problem is covert facility, third
country help and breakout. And the nonproliferation
regime has not figured out how effectively to deal with
those issues.
The bottom line, in terms
of the implications of all of this security is the need
to develop a system in which you recognize that you
not only have to have a routine control of the material,
but you have to deal with the question of the abuse
and use of the material in a breakout scenario. So that
has been driving a lot of consideration.
How bad is this problem
of the spread of technology? I would like to just highlight
a couple of points that have come out on perspectives
on the spread of nuclear capability. President Eisenhower,
as was pointed out, said that, "The knowledge
that will eventually be shared by others, possibly all
others." It has spread widely, obviously not to
all of the 194 countries that signed treaties. But it
is important to remember that 75 countries today either
have reactors, had them recently or are about to have
them. And there were only 60 members of the UN when
Eisenhower gave his speech.
I mean you can quibble
but the reality is the technology associated with nuclear
power and the potential for nuclear weapons has spread
widely. Many people have focused on Kennedy's
speech in 1963 and he said that perhaps 15 or 20 nations
might have nuclear weapons by the year 2000. Clearly
if you take a look at it from the point of view that
we also had some rollback countries, 13 nations probably
acquired nuclear weapons before the turn of the century.
And Mohamed ElBaradei and his Economist article that
you may or may not have seen this week, in which he
lays out a proposal I will mention, says there are 35
or 45 countries in the know and points out the problems
of 50 countries who have spent fuel.
I'm going to skip
this chart. It just simply lists the number of countries
that are involved. But I wanted to put the context of
fissile material control in the context of strategic
thinking by the participants in our workshops. And,
basically, we asked the question, "Will the significance
of civilian applications be less, the same, or more
in the future and will the significance of military
applications be less, the same, or more in the future?"
We discovered we had participants who believed that
all of these possibilities-- I mean we had a participant
who would support each of these as the most likely possibility.
And some even advocated those positions.
And the key for that
group was international control of fissile material,
for many of them. Likewise, there was another group
that said, "The risk from nuclear weapons and
terrorism is so great that we must not only not see
expansion of civilian applications, we ought to actually
see a contraction. And, ironically, many of those who
were often etiologically quite different believed that
we needed greater international control of materials.
Of course the other schools
were more of everything or less of everything but I
think a sizeable group wanted to emphasize the most
important point again, which is we are already in this
world given the overhang of materials that already exists.
We had a number of recommendations in general that are
coming out of this report. All of them involve getting
more confidence in how we deal with fissile material.
Eisenhower's speech in many ways has become the
foundation for thinking about this problem in our group.
His basic proposal was fairly straightforward. It was
the superpowers would take the material out of their
stock on an incremental pragmatic basis and make it
available for peaceful uses. But he had a broader context,
which involved political change in addressing the security
Mohamed El Baradei has,
in this week, in The Economist put forth a proposal.
From the fissile material point of view there are three
major steps that he proposes. One is to put reprocessing
enrichment under multi-lateral control, without explicitly
stating what he means by multi-lateral control. He also
emphasizes the application of proliferation resistant
technologies in the future but he really thinks the
time has come to consider multi-lateral approaches to
the management and disposal of spent fuel and radioactive
He, like Eisenhower puts
this in a broader framework, which some may like and
others may not. But one of the most important points
he makes, that I think is in contrast in some ways with
Eisenhower, even though they both had a bold vision,
that Eisenhower thought you started small with those
particular parties of specific concern and you expanded
to make progress. Mohamed ElBaradei is talking about
starting anew, bringing everybody together in something
of a grand bargain. So this is going to be a very interesting
time to debate the question of international control
of nuclear materials.
I want to conclude by
simply raising some important questions about this.
We do not yet know what we mean by international. Do
we mean global or regional? Do we mean multi-lateral,
transnational? Can it be private companies or does it
have to be inter-governmental or does it have to be
actually an international organization? Is it the IAEA
or is it some other vehicle for internationalization?
What about these very
important cooperative threat reduction efforts? How
do they fit into the project? A second big question
is what is to be internationalized? Are we really just
talking here about storage, some improvement in competence
in accounting? Are we actually talking about international
protection and management or are we talking about ownership?
We need to ask the question, what is the value sought
by internationalization? In many cases what is sought
is legitimacy. In other cases what is sought is confidence.
But what different players
are seeking from internationalization is different and
I think we need to sort that out. We have to deal with
the question of, to what degree do uniform norms address
very different economic and political security circumstances.
And, of course, the questions of, are international
organizations up to all of these tasks that some people
want them to have? Is an international bureaucracy in
a distant capital necessarily the best place to run
a sensitive facility with safety and security concerns?
A lot of issues there--
How urgent is the internationalization?
Is this something that takes place over a long period
of time or is it something that has to take place first
in order for all of the positive events to happen. And,
finally, quite candidly, does it supplement, amend,
or replace the current NPT regime? What has been interesting
to see is that the traditional view is that the NPT
provides the core around which some differences-- Everyone
is building the foundation for peaceful cooperation
in the future.
On the other hand, there
is an argument increasingly being made across the etiological
spectrum that a new bargain is necessary, a bigger bargain
is necessary and that some of the elements inherent
in the NPT are not sufficient to deal with countries
outside the NPT and countries that feel that they are
inadequately served by being in the NPT. So let me stop
there and say, it's a volatile time. We've
got a lot of questions and I hope the audience has the
answers. Thank you.
Question and Answers:
BROOKS: We now turn to the part of the program where you get
to ask the questions. I'm going to stand for this
because I can't see that half of the room from
where I'm sitting. I would ask that you identify
yourself and, no matter how piercing you think your
voice is, wait until the microphone gets to you. And
I think we start with a question in the back.
NEFF: I'm
Tom Neff from MIT. I have a question for Larry Scheinman.
First I want to correct one of the things that Phil
Sewell said. ...(Inaudible) receives about $425 million
dollars from USEC for the enrichment services and I
think the company profits by about $100 million dollars
a year. Phil was right. This is money that should go
into pockets of the sensitive nuclear workers that protect
this material.
My question for Larry
was Iran. We have gone from a period of a week ago,
in which we were being very tough on Iran and we've
gone now to where three countries are now promising
cooperation in helping Iran with its civil nuclear program.
Larry, could you comment a little bit about this switching
of gears and where you think this comes out in the perspective
of history?
SCHEINMAN: Well,
I think it is enormously comforting to see that Iran
has, in fact stepped away from what looked like a very
conflictual and contentious approach. But I would worry
about what kind of an outcome we get in the following
If it were true that Iran
would be prepared to completely dismantle its enrichment
activities in exchange for some kind of a guarantee
for long-term fuel supply from outside, presumably the
European Union from what I understand to be the case,
and that this could be done in the context of an additional
protocol with all of the bells and whistles of transparency
that that could bring-- We may need even more. Then
I see this going in a very, very constructive direction
because I think this would be a bell weather for how
other countries would have to try to treat this approach
to their fuel cycle desires in the future.
Iran is a real test case
in this regard. If on the other hand, what looks to
is to take a leaf from Ron's book, some kind of
a multi-nationalization of an Iranian enrichment program
sitting on Iranian territory, that becomes more problematic
and I would be concerned about that, although I must
say that, if I think about some of the questions that
Ron just raised in his run down of the issues of what
do we mean by this, that, and the other, there's
no need for us to be uniform in how we approach this.
I think we can take this region by region or country
set by country set as long as we stay within the parameters
of the arrangement that brings about the outcome that
we desire, which is avoidance of further proliferation.
BROOKS: I had a question over here
and then we'll go over there.
HORNER: Dan Horner from McGraw Hill Nuclear Publications. I
think that you just made a-- I'll pose this question
as a devil's advocate question and then ask the
panelists to respond. In Paul Longsworth's presentation
he mentioned, as part of the U.S. nonproliferation efforts,
the effort with regard to the U.S. supplied research
reactor overseas and converting those reactors and bringing
back the HEU fuel. But wasn't the supplying of
those reactors a direct outgrowth of the Atoms for Peace
Program and, in that respect, isn't that a proliferation
downside of the Atoms for Peace Proposal and wouldn't
your job have been easier if that aspect hadn't
taken place?
If Paul could respond
to that initially and maybe some of the other panelists
then could jump in. Thanks.
LONGSWORTH: You
know, it's not, and I'm going to give you
a strange answer here. It's not, because the original
deal was that the spent fuel from those reactors would
come back to the U.S. and I think, even in 1953 when
they kicked that program off as the-- We realized that
obviously we needed to repatriate the nuclear material.
It is a strange answer because we are going to complete
about half of the fuel that we've identified in
an environmental impact statement by-- In the next few
years we will have only addressed about half of the
fuel that, again, we designated to come back to the
United States.
So we are about halfway
there in fulfilling our commitment from 1953. But I
think we are going to continue to work on that and get
that stuff back. But, no. I think it was part of the
original bargain that that stuff would come back to
the U.S.
INDUCI(?): Joseph Induci at the Brookhaven Laboratory. There used
to be something called the Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty,
which I thought had potential to bring in a few countries
that aren't currently covered and now I hear nothing.
Would one of the panel members be willing to enlighten
the group on just what happened there?
BROOKS: Ron?
LEHMAN: The Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty was initially envisioned
as sort of either of two things, one was a universal
treaty open to all parties, the other was something
that one would do, maybe on an interim basis or a regional
basis, but primarily focused on South Asia and perhaps
the Middle East, i.e., the non-parties as well as the
weapon states. Interestingly enough, there was a UN
resolution in the General Assembly co-sponsored by both
the United States and India, supporting a fissile material
cutoff. And all the P-5 have said that they can live
with it.
Having said that, it is
in the conference on disarmament. It's caught
up on linkages, by and large issues such as Pakistan's
concern about making sure that it deals with residual
stocks. It is not enough to cut off the production for
weapons purposes; they want to deal with the existing
stocks. There's linkages to India by the issue
of a time bound framework for disarmament. In short,
there's been maybe some flexibility on each of
those, at least expressed by the parties. But the process
seems bogged down in the CD.
ElBaradei in his Economist
article raises the question that others have raised
before of whether or not this could be the basis either
for a new restraint regime or an additional restraint
regime. But thus far people have not been able to break
it away from these linkages.
BROOKS: I would like to
just add that as the community thinks about the future,
the Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty is a good example
of the limitations of formal multi-lateral arms control.
It's it's one of the reasons why we probably
need to spend more time thinking about, as Ron said
in his presentation, whether "international"
means the same sort of thing that it has always meant
or whether there are commercial international agreements
a la the USEC Agreement that are, at least part of the
We had a question down
__: Question for Mr. Sewell,
I was intrigued by his suggestion with regard to the
government sponsoring a reactor, the intent of which
is to get rid of the, let me call it, surplus nuclear
materials in Russia and, perhaps, even our own defense
programs. We are not only having the problem with uranium
235, we also have a problem with regard to plutonium
239. And if the real objective is to get rid of those
materials-- There have been people said, "Well,
you just bury them."
But if you really want
to get rid of them and get a new reactor into being,
you would design the reactor core, which initially would
burn straight 235 or straight 239. And if you do that,
in the case of the 235 rather than using low enriched
uranium, you don't make any more plutonium, which
you would in your scenario, and the people would jump
on that, the anti's, saying we're really
not doing what we want to do.
So initially these reactors,
which you are suggesting, could be designed to burn
straight 235 or straight 239 and really get rid of all
this surplus E-2(?). Economically, and for the long
run, it doesn't make any sense, but at least politically,
if that's the objective, it would succeed. Thank
BROOKS: Bill,
do you want to respond?
BILL: I can't correct you at all, I don't think.
That is a very good suggestion. The only thing I could
say is that most reactors today are designed to use
low enriched uranium and that's the concept that
we were trying to do so that we wouldn't have
to be any major investments in a nuclear infrastructure
for commercial basis. But conceptually, the concept,
the idea that you propose is valid.
And the idea that we put
forward, in terms of government support in burning basically,
nuclear materials, is just that. It's an idea
of the government and industry to grasp and design in
a way that's optimum, optimum in terms of meeting
policy objectives by the government and the world community
and also in a way that will help provide incentives
to build a new nuclear reactor that will get things
started, with respect to the increased use of nuclear
power that has so many benefits.
That incentive, again,
would be one in which the government doesn't have
to pay anything in the end. It's merely a backup
incentive that would be paid back and looking in a way
that several different objectives can be accomplished
at once and that's the main idea in concept. And
your concept and idea is just as valid and I just applaud
them all. It's good for mankind, good for the
world. That's what we're proposing today.
BROOKS: Let
me just point out a third concept that's actually
what we're doing. Some of the defense HEU is,
in fact, being burned in U.S. reactors -- TVA reactors.
In addition, at a galacticly slow pace, we are working
with the Russian Federation to the elimination of 34
tons of weapons plutonium in each country through conversion
into MOX fuel. It doesn't make any economic sense
either but it does allow us to take advantage of existing
We had a question over
KEEN: My name is Linda Keen and I'm President of the
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. My question is for
either Ambassador Lehman or for Mr. Longsworth. Can
you see in the future a safeguard regime for countries
who are committed to peaceful use, who have put in extensive
safeguards but is more risk based than the blanket program
that we see now?
LEHMAN: I'll go first and buy you some time. The classic
issue is the cookie cutter problem. One size does not
fit all. And there are tremendous inefficiencies and
actually drawbacks in trying to make one size fit all.
The result is that we spend a tremendous amount of money
verifying things that are low risk and many of our arms
control efforts but then can't apply what is needed
to deal with areas that are of higher risk.
In 1991, our approach
to dealing with North Korea, for example, was not only
to have them be parties to the NPT and have an IAEA
safeguards agreement, but there was the North-South
Denuclearization Agreement, which would have provided
for no processing, no enrichment, North or South, and
for separate bi-lateral inspection regime, the idea
being that North Korea was a greater risk. This was
a way to enhance things.
The problem is that in
many of the international fora, the question of a common
standard and universality of membership drives much
of the debate, much of the question when you deal with
India, for example, it has to do with their desire to
have a common standard for everybody which would be
fine if you could create those conditions but, in fact,
things aren't the same everywhere.
However, what I have experienced
is, when you get more into the, I'll use the generic
phrase, cooperative threat reduction and constructive
engagement, you start to deal with practical problems
that inevitably have to deal with the specific differences.
And in many cases, I think the great debate about the
future of arms control, international constraint and
cooperative threat reduction is really the great debate
between how much emphasis you put on standardization
of norms and how much emphasis do you put on engagement,
constructive engagement.
LONGSWORTH: You
know there are so many nuances with how safeguards work
actually gets done at facilities and I'd just
like to parrot what Ambassador Lehman said. Inspections
are the tool to the end not the objective. And I think
everyone would agree that the IAEA probably spends a
lot of money inspecting facilities that are not really
a proliferation risk. For example, in the U.S., I don't
think anybody has accused the U.S. of selling plutonium
or weapons on the open market. But because inspections
are a tool and because of the universality principle,
I think we allow inspectors to come in and we fully
support that but it is a problem because it does take
limited IAEA resources and the UN is inspecting facilities
that don't pose a great proliferation risk. But
it is the way you get other countries to open up their
facilities. So it is a tool to the end.
BROOKS: Back
LYMAN: Hi. I'm Ed Lyman with the Union of Concerned Scientists.
I wanted to ask a follow-up question to Dan Horner's
question on research reactors. With all due respect,
I don't think you really gave a complete answer
to the question of whether exporting HEU research reactors
all over the world was the best idea or not and, in
fact, the other part of the answer you left out, is
that not only are we taking the spent fuel back but
we are persuading reactors that we had shipped that
only used highly enriched uranium to convert so they
no longer need to use highly enriched uranium but can
use low enriched.
And that was a flaw in
the original regime that we're trying to play
catch up on. In that respect, I'd just like to
ask you, it would be a terrible legacy, 50 years after
Atoms for Peace, if our own export control law was to
be significantly weakened, yet that's exactly
what's going on in Congress right now, where's
there's an attempt to modify the U.S. HEU export
control laws to make it easier for certain countries
to receive highly enriched uranium without any obligation
to work with the US to convert.
And I am just wondering
why the administration is not, to my knowledge, going
on record and said anything about this particular question,
which I think is quite important and something that
my organization is fighting very hard for. So, thank
LONGSWORTH: Let me start at the beginning of your question and work
through it. It wasn't possible to build reactors
at the time with low enriched fuel to achieve what you
needed to do for science, medicine, agriculture and
other purposes. I wouldn't describe it as a flaw
in the original approach because I think the United
States took the best course available to it at the time
was, we'll send the fuel out and we'll take
it back. And it's taken 50 years to start doing
that but we're making progress on that.
I do want to point out,
on behalf of Ambassador Brooks, it is not his program
or mine that is responsible for taking those back. It
is another part of DOE, but (laughter) so, for the record--
But now low enriched fuels are becoming available and
it is possible to have the same nucleonics in a reactor
and get the same performance with difference kinds of
fuels, low enriched fuels, and we're beginning
to do that.
One of the programs that
we carry out is to convert these reactors as I mentioned
in my remarks. With regard to the Burr, Schummer, depending
on which one is being debated in the energy bill, you
know, interestingly enough, we were unaware that that
provision was in there. I believe we are opposed to
it. Frankly, I may get in a lot of trouble here, but
I think we were opposed to the Schummer amendment because
we have all of those authorities that Schummer, which
was the underlying provision that was amended, that
it required us to take a lot of steps that aren't
necessarily appropriate to have in the statute.
And so I don't know if
we agree with either provision, the underlying Schummer
amendment or the Burr amendment, which you refer to
would weaken the Schummer provision. So I think we are
opposed to the Burr, but we are also opposed to the
underlying Schummer amendment, which was being modified.
BROOKS: There
was a question over here but I lost where it was. Yes,
POMPER: Miles
Pomper from Arms Control Today. A question for either
Ambassador Brooks or his Deputy-- You mentioned the
additional protocol and that it might come up before
the Senate in the next few weeks, what's been
holding it up? It's been held up for close to
a year now and my understanding is that it is infighting
in the administration between the State and Defense
LONGSWORTH: President
Bush has sent it to the Senate so it is pending action
by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. While they
are doing that, we are having discussion within the
administration on exactly how we would implement it.
But it think the next step is for the Senate to hold
hearings and provide its advice and consent or not provide
its advice and consent.
BROOKS: The President has made it very clear on wanting to see
the additional Protocol brought into effect. As to what's
holding up hearings, you're talking to the wrong
branch of the government when you are talking to Paul
and I.
More questions. Yes, sir.
Down here--
__: I was glad to hear
of Mr. Sewell's proposals for cost-benefit to
the public of expanding nuclear power to burn up some
of these materials. It doesn't stretch my imagination
very much to think that the public would also accept
a certain amount of public funds going to try to purchase
this material and keep it out of the hands of terrorists,
if it is only a few billion dollars a year, when the
public supports hundreds of billions for defense, if
the public was just explained the affect of not doing
this compared to the effect of the 9/11 incident on
our country.
Could somebody answer
why we don't have the government proposing to
spend some taxpayers' money on this in advance
to get this material and then put it in reactors as
we build them?
BROOKS: Well, I'll answer it. Secretary Abraham proposed
and his Russian counterpart agreed well over a year
ago to a parallel program that would create a strategic
uranium reserve. We would purchase basically whatever
the Russians would chose to sell us and the quantity
is still being debated. Right now it is only a few tons
a year. Blend it down and make it sort of the uranium
equivalent of the strategic petroleum reserve. It would
just sit there minding it's own business, but
it would be in a form that would be suitable for energy
us and unsuitable for weapons use.
There is dispute on the
hill as to whether that is good use of public funds
and I'll let you know when I see the appropriations
act. But the idea is one that the President thought
of a year ago and it's basically a good idea.
We're also purchasing, and this is small amounts,
I mean small amounts in the Russian context but large
amounts in anybody else's, HEU from Russia for
the handful of U.S. research reactors that have not
yet been converted to low enrichment fuel. They'll
be burning Russian HEU here very shortly, once again,
the will of the funders permitting, and I'm pretty
sure it will.
Did you have a question
down here? [pause] Can we get a microphone down front?
__: Firstly,
I would like to make one historical remark. Indeed,
historically, all technologies have become, as they
were introduced ...(inaudible) technologies, and all
have proliferated in the past. So, what we're
trying to do here is historically, totally, unprecedented
and, therefore, one should not be surprised that it
is extremely difficult. I mean that is one remark. In
that sense, Administrator Longsworth gave a list of
the program achievement and his note was certainly quite
optimistic. And there are, indeed, many achievements
to be proud of.
But I think it is a matter
of the glass either being half full or half empty, namely,
there have been developing many impediments and the
time scale in which some of these programs have been
proceeding have slipped really extremely badly. I mean
the plutonium disposition has slipped very badly that
one is now talking about 17 years, or whatever the number
is. There have been glitches in the HEU Purchase Agreement.
There are major problems in the MPC&A [Material
Protection, Control and Accounting] improvement in Russia
due to, on the Russian side, them not giving access
sufficiently, on the American side, due to the insistence
on liability protection for the American participants.
These are problems that
we don't let the Americans to attend various conferences
and so on and so forth. And I was wondering, whether
one of the panelists can give some comments, whether
there are really some major efforts being made to try
to re-accelerate some of the lost time on some of these
BROOKS: Let
me, because I think that is really a question that is
addressed to those of us who are in government. I can
tell you that Secretary of Energy has been more active,
as far as I'm concerned, than any Secretary in
history in trying to accelerate programs and remove
roadblocks I can tell you that the President has been
active in pushing these. I can tell you that it was
discussed with President Putin at Camp David. And so
we are trying to accelerate but I think the honest answer
is, it is a very slow process and a very difficult process.
I think that is going
to have to be the last question. As I listen to your
comments and the comments of the panel, I came to sort
of three broad conclusions that I will leave with you.
One is that the international regime that grew out of
President Eisenhower's vision, hasn't done
everything, but it's done a lot. The second is
that there are lots of good ideas for the future and
we ought to explore those, but all those good ideas
are going to take time. And, therefore, I guess, the
third is that redoubling our efforts at material protection
is probably pretty important in the near term.
With that, I think what
is next on your schedule is a break until four, but
before you do, I wonder if you would join me in thanking
our panel.
Copyright © 2007-2011 - The 2003 Atoms For Peace Conference and ifpaenergyconference.com.


text:
November 27, 2015
FRANKFORT, Ky. (AP) - A legislative ethics hearing into accusations that former Rep. John Arnold sexually harassed legislative staffers has been postponed while his lawyer looks into whether Arnold might be suffering from dementia and uncontrollable behavior problems.
The Legislative Ethics Commission was scheduled Tuesday to hear the case regarding the 69-year-old former Democratic lawmaker from Sturgis. The Lexington Herald-Leader says Arnold's lawyer, Steven Downey, won an indefinite postponement on Monday, saying he needs to interview Arnold's doctors and study test results.
Arnold, who had served in the House since the mid-1990s, has denied the sexual harassment allegations but resigned from the House last year.
Downey said Arnold has suffered in the last three years from worsening cognitive and behavioral problems.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Get the latest Flash player
Date: 2 years ago
Runtime: 5:08
Views: 3,630
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text:
Cynopsis: DIGITAL
Good morning. It's Tuesday, February 28, 2012, and this is your first early morning digital briefing. If you would like to read this or any other Cynopsis editions online, click here.
In a keynote address at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Facebook CTO Bret Taylor made a couple of announcements in regards to the monetization capabilities of its own platform, as well as setting an industry standard for the mobile web and apps. First, Facebook announced that it is working with wireless operators to introduce a billing service directly through the social network's mobile platform. This will allow Facebook to offer paid content, apps and services directly through mobile devices. Among the first wireless carriers to sign on to this new service include AT&T, T-Mobile, Softbank, Vodafone and Verizon. Second, Facebook is partnering with over 30 phone manufacturers to establish a standard for mobile browsers, focusing specifically on HTML5. This new group, dubbed W3C Mobile Web Platform Core Community Group, which includes the likes of AT&T, Verizon, HTC, Nokia, Netflix and Zynga, is push the adoption rate of HTML5 in an effort to combat the mobile dominance of Apple and Google. With that in mind, Facebook has launched Ringmark, a mobile browser test suite that enables developers to test out how their app would work on different devices and browsers.
TBS has launched a second-screen tablet app for fans of Conan O'Brien's late night show on the network. Using automatic content recognition (ACR) technology, Team Coco provides users exclusive, synced content in real-time as they watch the show. Each episode of CONAN will feature up to 25 different pieces of bonus content, including video clips, photos and slide shows, background info on guests, polls and quizzes, facts and trivia, memorable quotes and more. The app is also integrated with Facebook and Twitter. AT&T is the launch sponsor for the app, which is available for free on both the iPad and Android tablets.
As part of Universal Sports' multiyear distribution deal with DISH Network, DISH subscribers will be able to stream some of the network's sports content on multiple screens, including the web via DISHOnline.com, smartphones and tablets. Financial terms of the deal were not made available.
AOL has unveiled a new self-service technology platform for the customization, delivery and management of premium display ads. The new offering provides marketers an easy-to-use interface to manage all of their brands' assets and deliver them across the web. "Think of Pictela Enterprise as a content management system for ads," said Greg Rogers, SVP of premium formats at AOL and CEO of Pictela. Pictela Enterprise is certified to serve its display ad units across AOL, Advertising.com and "most major online publishers." Digitas and Mindshare have signed on as launch partners for the beta release.
The Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) has unveiled the five winning mobile ad concepts of its "Mobile Rising Stars" competition. The IAB Mobile Rising Stars are a product of the IAB Rising Stars initiative that aims to "create new canvasses for brand advertising on digital platforms." Winning submitters included The Weather Channel (submitted the "Drifter" concept in the Slider category), AOL, Google, Jivox, Microsoft and more. IAB says it will now collaborate with the winners over the next 90-120 days to build detailed specs for the ad units to run across multiple screens and operating systems. The winning formats:
- Filmstrip: A scrollable, multi-panel ad unit similar to the one used in display ads.
- Slider: An overlay unit that enables users to slide the entire page over to reveal a full-page interactive experience.
- Adhesion Banner: A standard banner that "adheres" to its start position when a device is rotated or when the screen is altered (for example, magnified).
- Full Page: An ad experience that takes up the entire screen in either landscape or portrait mode; "an ideal creative canvas" according to the IAB.
- Push: A bottom- or top-page banner that expands to full screen.
LinkedIn has launched a "Follow Company" button, allowing a business to embed a button on their websites and online marketing materials that will give users easy access to that business' LinkedIn company page. Once followed, updates from the company on the professional social network will immediately be published to the user's profile page. LinkedIn says the introduction of the button is just the first phase of its new "follower ecosystem strategy," which will be unveiled over the coming in weeks, that will enable brands to evolve their social communications efforts on the platform. Per a member research survey it recently conducted, LinkedIn finds that 67% of LinkedIn users believe it is a more appropriate social environment for business-to-business interactions, while 60% say they expect industry insights and news from the companies they choose to follow.
Mottert Systems has introduced new internet buying software designed with the requirements and budgets of small- to medium-sized agencies in mind. The offering is similar to traditional media buying software in the way it supports planning, authorizing, buying, ordering and reporting on internet ad campaigns. Among the features available through the solution include post analysis of click-through rates and an Exposure Analysis system that estimates the reach, average frequency and frequency of distribution for any media, including internet schedules. Mottert says versions of the software are available for purchasing online ad impressions, views and clicks on a weekly or monthly basis.
Marketron has announced that over 1,200 new radio stations have licensed its Marketron Mobile advertising platform in the past year, bringing its total to over 1,950. Marketron says that stations using its platform can offer advertisers a scalable mobile service that can integrate into all types of ad channels, including traditional spot, web display, social media and more, thus ensuring that it effectively reaches targeted audiences. The platform runs over 18K ad campaigns per month for clients such as ESPN, Microsoft, Lincoln Financial Media and more.
Unilever and Nielsen have signed a pact for the use of Nielsen Online Campaign Ratings reach, frequency and gross rating point (GRP) measurement for all Unilever brand internet ad campaigns in the U.S. The deal will cover measurement for all 2012 digital campaigns across Unilever's portfolio of nearly 40 brands, which Unilever says it will then use to enhance its online campaign media planning and buying. Nielsen Online Campaign Ratings launched last August with Media Rating Council-accredited GRP for online ad campaigns of any size with metrics similar to those used for TV advertising; an effort to enable cross-media planning and analysis. Since then, Nielsen says the service has powered more than 350 campaigns for over 50 brands across more than 400 websites. Nielsen is planning to expand the service to the U.K. later this year.
Trendrr has published its social TV breakdown for the 84th Oscars, covering total social activity from social networks and applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Get Glue, Miso and Viggle. According to the data, the Oscars doubled its total social activity in 2012 when compared to the 2011 ceremony. In terms of gender, 56% of socially active viewers were female. In terms of sentiment, 62% of socially active viewers had a positive opinion of the ceremony (22% negative). In terms of geography, NY and LA were the two most socially active cities, followed by Chicago, San Francisco and D.C. The web was responsible for 59% of social activity surrounding the awards, while mobile took care of the remaining 41%. Taking a more in-depth look at second screen apps, Trendrr found that 224K users checked-in to Get Glue, while 88K checked-in to Viggle. For the latter, 85% of Viggle users watching the Oscars participated in a live interactive experience through the app.
Here's more Oscar data, courtesy of Mass Relevance, a member of the group of start-ups that have been given access to the Twitter Firehouse. The Academy Awards generated a total of over 4.1 million mentions on Twitter, which includes terms (hashtagged or not) such as #oscars, "the academy awards" and @theacademy, as well as several variations of those terms. The top five most mentioned celebs were Meryl Streep, George Clooney, Angelina Jolie, Billy Crystal and Octavia Spencer. The two top tweets per minute moments (TPM) of the night were when Hugo won its fifth Oscar (Best Visual Effects) and Octavia Spencer's win for Best Supporting Actress. The data covers the time between 1pm and 1am ET. Mass Relevance has worked on other projects on Twitter for the likes of the Obama Twitter Town Hall, the NY Giants, NBC's The Voice and more.
Gannett has appointed Mary Murcko to be its new President of Sales, where she will be responsible for growing national advertising revenue across Gannett's publishing and digital businesses. Specifically, she will oversee sales for USA TODAY, Gannett Digital and U.S. Community Publishing's national efforts. Murcko will report to Gannett's senior vice president and chief marketing officer Maryam Banikarim, and will be based out of New York City.
AOL's chief technology officer Alex Gounares is stepping down, according to AllThingsD. He had joined the company in March of 2010 after serving as VP of advertising research and development, as well as CTO of the Online Services division at Microsoft. The report cites sources that say Gounares is leaving the company in order to return to the Seattle area.
LiveRail, a provider of a real-time online video ad platform, has made three new additions to its online video advertising team. Marc Gaccione has joined as Executive Director of Publisher Services, a position at which he will lend a hand in maintaining and developing new relationships with top video publishers. Ward Flock joins the company as Senior Director Publisher Development, while Christine Pereira has come on board as the new Senior Director of Demand Services.
Daytime Emmy® Awards: Before the Ballot Special Editions
A 4-part series publishing from March 8 April 19, 2012
We explore the major Categories before Nominees are determined
Space is limited!
To advertise contact Mike Farina – email@example.com, 203.218.6480
Today, some entertainment for a good cause: Backstage Drama is a web series, from Fubble Entertainment, about a man who is placed into the witness protection program as a janitor in a small town community theater. It also happens to be raising funds for independent and community theaters in the U.S. The first two episodes of the series are available for free online, after which the entire series can be purchased for $9.99, for a whole year. 30% of the money raised goes directly to a community theater, while the rest is earmarked for producing more episodes, meaning more job opportunities for people working in the arts. Starting with a soft launch, the series has recently picked it up in terms of subscriptions, enabling Fubble to cut checks to several theaters across the country. Fubble has also partnered with the American Association of Community Theaters to launch the series in theaters spanning the country. Give it a look; it's not a bad way to support the arts, especially if you were once a theater kid.
Later – Sahil
Sahil Patel, Associate Reporter for Cynopsis Digital
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Andy Carroll Ready to Figure Prominently for Both Newcastle United and England
The off-field activities of 6` 3″ Newcastle striker Andy Carroll have been well documented in the press in recent weeks. However, this appears to have had no detrimental effects on the footballing performances of the powerful front man.
Newcastle United
21 year-old Carroll, a classic "no. 9″ centre forward, with superb strength, powerful shot and superb in the air, has already received favourable comparisons to Alan Shearer, the club`s record goalscorer.
Blackpool manager, Ian Holloway, …
Newcastle United Got a Fairly Good Result in the Battle of the Champions
Today's Premier League match has been the encounter of two champions from different league. Chelsea as the last season Premierships champion and Newcastle United who won the Championships league.
As one of the Toon Army I hope we can win the game, and the signs for it emerged when Carroll took the advantage from the Blues poor defending, it was the moment of joy from this game and nothing is called luck there, it's pure …
Newcastle United Still On the Right Track
Honestly, I don't know where to start, the whole things are totally screwed up and huge disappointments are mounting everywhere after last night disastrous result against Bolton. But, one thing that I always keep in mind is to think positive and always see from both sides.
This Newcastle team is still in progressing, and only time will tell where we will be ended at the final season next year, which I hope we will stay …
Newcastle United Lack of Quality Midfielder in the absence of Joey Barton
A hard won point against a very well organised team. I couldn't fault the effort, but the plain facts are that without Ben Arfa and Barton we lack creative quality in midfield.
We struggled to establish any measure of control in midfield, and although we got on top for spells in the 2nd half, a draw was probably a fair result. Both keepers made a couple of good saves, and Fulham hit the bar.
Nolan …
Newcastle United is Considering Bringing Slovenian Striker Tim Matavz to St. James Park
Chris Hughton's Newcastle squad recently has four players in position to score goals for the Toon. With two home boys Andy Carroll and Shola Ameobi as his first team choice, Hughton still has Leon Best and Peter Lovenkrands lurking in their chance to shine for the Magpies.
But in my honest opinion, it's hardly to see Leon has his Best to leap pass the Toon strong duo, while Lovenkrands is slightly has the better chance …


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As Tax Credit Pinch Starts, Top 10 States for Clean Energy Jobs in Third Quarter to be Highlighted
Impact of Imminent Loss of Production Tax Credit Seen; Environmental Entrepreneurs (E2) to Detail 10,800+ New Clean Energy Jobs in CA, IL, MN, NC, NM, NY, NV, OR, TX, WA, Other States
Category: Investment, Renewable Energy
News about Environmental Entrepreneurs (E2)
WASHINGTON, D.C. - November 8, 2012 (Investorideas.com renewable energy newswire) Even as congressional inaction on the Production Tax Credit (PTC) puts a real squeeze on the clean energy industry, more than 10,800 jobs were announced in the clean energy industry and related sectors during the third quarter of 2012, according to a report from Environmental Entrepreneurs (E2), the national group of business leaders who advocate for sound economic and environmental policies.
The E2 report will be unveiled during a live, phone-based news conference at 11 a.m. EST Thursday (November 8, 2012).
E2 also will unveil a new online tracking tool that can be used by the members of the media to search for clean energy job announcements by sector and by state.
Congress is scheduled to return to Washington next week (Nov. 13). If it does not extend the PTC before it expires in December, the wind energy industry estimates more than 37,000 Americans will lose their jobs.
Ten states were the big winners during the third quarter of 2012, landing the bulk of the nation's new clean energy jobs. In alphabetical order, the top 10 states to be ranked in the latest E2 report are California, Illinois, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas and Washington.
E2 members and leaders will be able to discuss how the PTC threat is already affecting the wind industry, in various parts of the country, and what could happen if Congress lets the PTC expire.
WHEN: Thursday (November 8, 2012).
TIME: 11 a.m. Eastern Standard Time.
MEMBERS OF THE MEDIA CALL: Members of the media dial toll free: (888) 503-8169 (US/Canada). Ask for conference title: 3Q Clean Energy Jobs Report or conference ID# 1023774
Bob Keefe, email@example.com or (202) 289-2373; and Leslie Maloy, email@example.com, or (703) 276-3256.
Environmental Entrepreneurs is a national community of business leaders who promote sound environmental policy that builds economic prosperity. E2 is the independent business voice for the environment. Go to http://www.e2.org/ for more information.
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The Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania
Ultima Vez Modificado: 18 de noviembre del 2013
General thyroid cancer information and support:
ThyCa: Thyroid Cancer Survivors' Association: provides education and support for people with thyroid cancer, funds research into the disease.
Sep 9, 2014 - The incidence of renal cancer and thyroid cancer is increasing among children and adolescents in the United States, according to research published online Sept. 8 in Pediatrics.
Nov 30, 2015
Nov 30, 2015
Nov 30, 2015


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402 Apartments for Rent in Patterson Heights, PA
Of the 402 apartments in the Pittsburgh metro, we found exactly 1 apartments for rent in Patterson Heights and 28 apartments nearby. Refine your search by using the filter at the top of the page to view 1, 2 or 3+ bedroom apartments for rent in Patterson Heights as well as cheap apartments, pet friendly apartments, apartments with utilities included and more. Use our customizable guide to refine your options for apartments in Patterson Heights and find exactly what you want during your Patterson Heights, Pennsylvania apartment search.
Personalize your search to find your perfect apartment.
Freedom Crossing500 Franklin Blvd Freedom, PA 1504240.680966898799 -80.154715105891- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Located in Freedom Pa, Freedom Crossing offers 1, 2, and 3 bedroom ranch style floorplans. Amenities include central a/c, high speed internet access, ample closet space, vaulted ceilings, intrusion alarms, and multiple cable and phone outles in each room. There are also private front patios, full washer and dryer in unit, full size kitchen with a breakfast bar, and attached and detached garages. Freedom Crossing is a gated community with an onsite professional management team.
- Central A/C
- High Speed Internet Access
- Ample Closet Space
- Private Front Patio
- Full Size Washer and Dryer In Unit
- Full Size Kitchen with Breakfast Bar
- Intrusion Alarms
- Gated Community
- On Site Professional Management Team
- Vaulted Ceilings
- Multple Cable and Phone Outlets Per Room
- Attached and Detached Garage Included
Chatham Commons of Cranberry5000 Stein Drive Cranberry Township, PA 1606640.703974887729 -80.141440853477- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Brand new Chatham Commons of Cranberry apartments in Cranberry Township, PA offers spacious 1, 2 and 3 bedroom apartments for rent. Our apartments have vaulted ceilings as well as walk in closets. The community has a state of the art fitness facility as well as sparkling outdoor swimming pool. Integral Garage spaces are available starting only at $80 a month.
- Integral Garage Spaces Available
- Storage Units Available
- In-Suite Washer/Dryer Available
- State-of-the-Art Fitness Facility
- Outdoor Swimming Pool
- Stainless Steel Appliances
- Vaulted Ceilings in Select Apartments
- Beautiful Clubhouse
- Large Walk In Closets
- Scenic Atmosphere with Courtyard
- 2 Balconies in Select Apartments
- Walking Trail throughout Community
York Square Apartments275 Braden School Rd (Chippewa) Beaver Falls, PA 1501040.760261535645 -80.359634399414- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
The quiet life - In a serene country setting, you'll enjoy home-like single story living, an inviting living space with a vaulted ceiling and generous storage space including your very own attic storage.
- Single Story With Private Entrance
- Private Patio
- Washer/ Dryer Connection
- Attic Storage With Floor And Lighting
- Wall To Wall Carpet
- Minutes From Shopping & Restaurants
- Easy Acess To Major Highways
- Apartment Award Winner 14 Years in A Row
- On-Site Resident Manager
Berkley Manor90 Berkley Manor Drive Cranberry Township, PA 1606640.6805891 -80.137899192086- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Berkley Manor Apartments are located north of Pittsburgh in Cranberry Township, convenient to I-279, PA Turnpike and downtown Pittsburgh. Unique 1, 2 & 3 bedroom apartments for rent feature spacious floorplans, walk-in closets and private exterior entrance. This gated rental community offers heated outdoor pool, 24-hour fitness center and fire pit.
- Elegant Clubhouse
- Cozy Fireplaces
- Oversized Patios or Balconies
- Tanning Bed
- 24-Hour Fitness Center
- Business Center
- Gated Entrance
- Cable Modem Option
- Fire Pit
- Private Exterior Entrance
- Heat Outdoor Pool
- Spacious Walk-in Closets
Laurelwood Apartments & Townhomes401 Collingwood Court Cranberry Township, PA 1606640.699316 -80.113491- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Laurelwood Apartments and Townhomes are located north of Pittsburgh in Cranberry Twp. featuring fully equipped kitchens, patio or balcony, skylights, central air and crown molding. This distinct rental community welcomes cats and provides a pool & playground, extra storage and laundry facilities. Convenient to Cranberry shopping and dining.
- Disability Access (selected units)
- Cats Allowed
- Washer/Dryer In Unit selected
- Washer/Dryer Hookup
- Laundry Facility
- 24 Hour Maintenance
- Fully Equipped Kitchens
- Patio/Balcony and Skylights
- Reserved Parking and Intercom System
- Pool and Playground
- Corporate & Furnished Apartments Available
- Cable TV Available
Timberbrook Court TownhousesRoute 68 West Zelienople, PA 1606340.7735 -80.163141- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Timberbrook Court Townhomes are located north of Pittsburgh with easy access to I-79, Cranberry, Pittsburgh International Airport and downtown Pittsburgh. 2 & 3 bedroom townhomes for rent feature fully equipped kitchens, ceramic flooring, wall-to-wall carpeting, washer & dryer connections, spacious closets and basement storage areas. This pet friendly (call for details) rental community offers large yards, laundry facilities and garages. Short term leases are available.
- Modern 2 & 3 Bedroom Townhomes
- High Speed Internet
- Integral Garage
- Basement Storage
- Patio and Deck
- Over 1200 Square Feet
- Wall-To-Wall Carpeting
- Ceramic Floor In Entrance Kitchen & Bath
- Fully Equipped Kitchens
- Large Yards
- Washer/Dryer Hook-Ups
Pineloch EstatesSt. Martinique Drive Beaver Falls, PA 1501040.739499 -80.332994- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Pineloch Estates contemporary townhomes are located in the Beaver Falls suburb of Patterson Heights, convenient to Pittsburgh International Airport and major highways. Luxury 2 & 3 bedroom apartments for rent feature custom oak staircases, vaulted ceilings, relaxing jacuzzi bathtubs, deck or patio, fireplaces, skylights and huge closets. These townhouse-style apartments for rent offer a swimming pool, tennis court, clubhouse and picnic area equipped with gas grills. Short term leases are available.
- Deck Or Patio
- Whirlpool Tub
- Catheral Ceilings
- Fireplaces
- 2 & 3 Bedroom Townhomes
- Pool/Tennis Court
- Fully Equipped Kitchen
- Skylights In Bedrooms
- Clubhouse/Pool/Basketball/Tennis
- Decks or Patios Available
- Integral Garages
- Cathedral and Vaulted Ceilings/Lofts
Brodhead North3335 Brodhead Road Aliquippa, PA 1500140.642181396484 -80.310844421387- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Brodhead North apartments are located west of Pittsburgh in Center Township, Beaver County, PA. We are convenient to the Pittsburgh International Airport and the Beaver Valley Mall. We are a pet friendly community, call for details.
- Two Bed/Two Bath
- Jacuzzi Tub
- Cathedral Ceilings
- Balcony/Patio
- Garage
- Pool
- Newly Remodeled
- Washer/Dryer Hook-Up
- Jacuzzi Tubs
- Private Patio or Balcony
- Short Term Available
- Air Conditioning and Cable Ready
Forest Park102 Holly Drive Cranberry Township, PA 1606640.700788 -80.139877- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Forest Park is located north of Pittsburgh, PA in Cranberry Township. 2 or 3 bedrooms and 2 bath homes for rent offer off-street parking, playgrounds, on-duty security officer and is close to shopping and restaurants.
- 2 and 3 Bedroom/2 Full Baths
- Off-Street Parking
- Minutes to I-79 & I-76
- 30 Minutes to Pittsburgh
- Close to Shopping & Restaurants
- Security Officer on Duty
- Brand New Homes Available For Rent
- Washer/Dryer Hookups
- Fully Equipped Kitchens
- Low Taxes
- Trash Included
- Playgrounds
Barclay Estates63 Nicholas Drive Brighton Township, PA 1500940.693127 -80.392159- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Located in Brighton Township, Barclay Estates offers 3 bedroom townhomes. These townhomes have 3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, a loft, and a two car integral garage. Amenites include fully equipped kitchens with granite countertops, gas stove, dishwasher, and microwave. There is also a full size washer and dryer, vaulted ceilings, a fireplace, and extra storage.
- Fully equipped kitchens
- Full size washer and dryer
- Vaulted ceilings
- Extra Storage
- 2 car integral garage
- 3 bedrooms with 3 baths
- Gas stove, dishwasher, and microwave
- Granite countertops and upgraded appliances
- Fireplaces
- Air conditioning
- Open floorplan with loft
- Located in Brighton Township
Darlington Court101 Darlington Drive Beaver Falls, PA 1501040.740718841553 -80.334869384766- Near Patterson Heights, PA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Exquisite custom built town homes by award winning builder in Patterson Township. 3BR, 3FB, 1st floor master & laundry room, a step into luxury from the 2 stall garage. Gourmet kitchen, high end SS appliances, vaulted tray ceilings and staircase that leads to spacious loft overlooking gas FP. Second floor master suite w bath and add'l 3rd BR and full bath. Storage galore + attic. Enjoy the walk-out patio with professional landscape. PRE-WIRED FOR HDMI (CAT 6) SMART SWITCH REMOTE SCENE LIGHTING!
- Fully Equipped Kitchens
- 2-Car Integral Garage
- Full Size Washer and Dryer
- Extra Storage
- 3 Bedrooms with 3.5 Baths
- Hardwood Floors and Tile Floors
- Open Floorplan
- Fireplaces
- Vaulted Ceilings
- Blackhawk School District
309 7th St Ext309 7th St Ext Patterson Heights, PA 1501040.73808 -80.32426
Hemlock Square
701-739 Hemlock Square | Zelienople, PA See Other John C.R. Kelly Realty Inc Communities
Sunnyhill Apartments
130 Sunnyhill Drive | Beaver Falls, PA See Other MJC Properties Communities
Caymus Estates
3348 Brodhead Road | Aliquippa, PA See Other C.J. Betters Communities
Cranberry Village
100 Treesdale Drive | Cranberry, PA See Other United Mobile Homes Communities
Sebastian Estates
3410 Brodhead Road | Aliquippa, PA See Other Communities
139 McDonald Dr139 McDonald Dr Cranberry Township, PA 1606640.68496 -80.12086
118 CHESTNUT RIDGE DRIVE118 CHESTNUT RIDGE DRIVE Beaver Falls, PA 1501040.67312 -80.29825
2409 Second Avenue2409 Second Avenue Koppel, PA 1613640.83538 -80.32578
To see more Apartments, try broadening your search.
402 Pittsburgh Metro apartments
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Pennbrook Place ApartmentsRiverview, MIPennbrook Place rental apartments in Riverview, Michigan offer ...Timberbrook TownhomesZelienople, PATimberbrook Townhomes are located north of Pittsburgh within ...
Pennbrook Place rental apartments in Riverview, Michigan offer spacious 1 and 2 bedrooms for rent. Each completely renovated apartment offers fully equipped kitchens, washer and dryer, heat and water included. The rentals at Pennbrook Place apartment community are centrally located ...
Timberbrook Townhomes are located north of Pittsburgh within the Seneca Valley School District with easy access to I-79, Cranberry, public transportation, downtown Pittsburgh and a community park complete with swimming pool, ball fields and playgrounds. 2 & 3 bedroom townhomes ...


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Best I Ever Had chords by Vertical Horizon, added: March 12th, 2009
Profile History
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Capo 6th Fret
C Key
Intro-C-Dm7-F-C-G (x2)
Verse one:
C Dm7
So you sailed away
Into a grey sky morning
C Dm7
Now I'm here to stay
Love can be so boring
Dm Am
Nothing quite the same now
Dm Am G
I just say your name now
Chorus 1:
C Dm7
But it's not so bad
F C G Am
You're only best I ever had
Am Dm
You don't want me back
F C G Dm F
You're just the best I ever had
Verse 2 (same as Verse 1)
So you stole my world
Now I'm just a phony
Remembering the girl
Leaves me down and lonely
Send it in a letter
Make your self better
Chorus 2(same as chorus 1)
But it's not so bad
You're only best I ever had
You don't want me back
You're just the best I ever had
And it may take some time to
F C Dm
Patch me up inside
Bb C
But I can take it so I
F C Dm
Run away and hide
Bb C
And I may find in time that
F C Dm
You were always right
Am F G
You're always right
Verse 3(same as verse 1):
So you sailed away
Into our grey sky morning
Now I'm here to stay
Love can be so boring
What was it you wanted?
Could it be I'm haunted?
Last Chorus (same as first chorus):
But it's not so bad
You're only best I ever had
I don't want you back
You're just the best I ever had
C, Dm7, F, C, G (x2)… end on C


text:
- Filed Under
? Green Bay Habitat for Humanity is seeking volunteers to help build hope in the community. People with basic construction knowledge are needed, with additional training provided. Also needed are Site Support Hosts/Hostesses to greet and register volunteers, preparing paperwork, organizing and cleaning the site, and assisting with meals and beverages. Contact Eileen Wesener at (920) 593-3921 or email@example.com.
? Parent PALS are matched with parents who are receiving services from the Child Protective Services Unit. They provide long-term guidance to families that want to develop better parenting skills, create a more nurturing and safe environment within the home, connect to community resources, etc. Help a child by helping their parent. Volunteer mileage reimbursement and monthly volunteer support meetings are provided. Contact Glen Tilot at (920) 448-6023 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
? The Einstein Project's Science Resource Center needs volunteers (age 14 or older) to repair, count and measure various items and to unpack, clean and organize science materials. Some lifting required. Contact Chris or Cathy at (920) 884-8800 or email@example.com.


text:
Iatrogenic right diaphragmatic hernia is very rare. We report the first case of a patient who had a diaphragmatic hernia after laparoscopic fenestration of liver cyst. A herniorrhaphy of the diaphragmatic defect was carried out after reducing the herniated organ. The postoperative course was uneventful. Diaphragmatic hernias are not as common as the traumatic type. Surgeons can easily miss diaphragmatic injuries during the operation especially after laparoscopy. Late diagnosis of iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernias is frequent. Ct scan is helpful for diagnosis. Surgery is the treatment of diaphragmatic hernia at the time of diagnosis, even with asymptomatic patients. The incidence of iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia after surgery may be reduced if the surgeon checks for the integrity of the diaphragm before the end of the operation. A review of the literature is also performed regarding this rare complication.
Keywords:Diaphragm injury; Iatrogenic right diaphragmatic hernia; Laparoscopic Fenestration of liver cyst; Central tendon of the diaphragm
Liver cysts are benign congenital malformations resulting from isolated aberrant biliary ducts [1]. Laparoscopic fenestration is the treatment of choice for symptomatic simple liver cysts. The indication for surgery should be limited to symptomatic, which involves 5% to 10% of all liver cysts [2]. Acquired diaphragmatic hernias are generally the result of blunt or penetrating thoraco-abdominal trauma or iatrogenic injury [3]. Postoperative iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia right is very rare. We describe a iatrogenic right diaphragmatic hernia after laparoscopic fenestration of right liver cyst.
Case report
A 61-year-old female with a past medical history of laparoscopic fenestration, one year ago, of a huge right liver benign cyst (Figure 1) presented to our department with right upper abdominal and thoracic pain without vomiting. Chest x-ray showed an elevated right hemidiaphragm. Abdominal examination was normal. Computed tomography CT- scan showed a right posterior diaphragmatic hernia and passive atelectasis due to an ascent of the colon with corresponding mesos and Omentum in the chest cavity (Figures 2 and 3). Laboratory tests showed no abnormality. After coeliotomy through right subcostal incision and reduction of the herniated organs, a defect 10 cm in diameter was found at the central tendon of the right diaphragm. Direct herniorrhaphy of the diaphragmatic defect was easily carried out. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery and the thoracic drain was removed on the second postoperative day. The patient was discharged on the seventh postoperative day.
Figure 1. CT scan showing the 20 x 14 cm simple liver cyst.
Figure 2. CT scan Transversal computed tomography (CT) showing the loop of colon in the right-sided diaphragmatic hernia.
Figure 3. CT scan Transversal computed tomography (CT) showing the loop of colon in the right-sided diaphragmatic hernia.
Surgery is the mainstay of therapy in benign liver cyst. Lin and al [4] first described the technique of fenestration or deroofing of the cysts in 1968 and laparoscopic fenestration was first reported in 1991. Many complications have been reported such as bile leakage, ascites and pleural effusion [5]. In our knowledge, a right diaphragmatic hernia after laparoscopic fenestration of a liver benign cyst had never been reported in the literature review. It's the originality of our case.
The diaphragmatic hernia is a herniation of abdominal structures within the thoracic cavity. It can be either congenital or acquired. Diaphragmatic acquired defects are most commonly traumatic in origin, followed by iatrogenic lesions and spontaneous defects [3]. These are usually on the left side, attributed to the cushioning effect of the liver protecting the right hemidiaphragm [3]. Right-sided traumatic diaphragmatic hernias are more often related to penetrating injuries, but may also occur as a complication of surgery. Iatrogenic right diaphragmatic hernias have been reported after laparoscopic cholecystectomy [6], laparoscopic hepatectomy [7], splenectomy [8], laparoscopic gastric banding [9] splenopancreatectomy [10], gastrectomy [11] and after living donor liver transplant [12,13]. Mostly, this complication has been known to develop after esophagectomy and nephrectomy [14-17] (Table 1).
Table 1. The characteristics of the reported cases of iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia
A late presentation of a iatrogenic hernia diaphragm was reported in 5%–62% of cases in different series, with the longest reported delay of 35 years [18].
Grasping instrument and electrocautery and dissection near of the diaphragm may cause diaphragmatic injuries after surgery. The energy generated by these instruments especially the ultrasonic activated scissor can provoke a weak point in the diaphragm [11].
That's why surgeons must be careful handling the instruments, thermofusion and ultrasonic dissector during laparoscopy [6,19]. A small diathermy injury may not be observed during surgery; any such defect in the diaphragm is likely to increase in size as a result of the gradient of pressure between the abdominal and pleural cavities. This is what probably happened in our patient who had a 10 cm defect.
Patients with large diaphragmatic defects can have critical problems shortly after surgery due to cardiorespiratory disturbances. Unexplained pain in post operative is not specific but should suspect this complication. Other patients may be asymptomatic or have vague symptoms, which may delay the diagnosis. Our patient presented pain one year after the first surgery. The diagnosis of a cyst recurrence was suspected firstly but not the diagnosis of a diaphragmatic hernia.
The clinical features are usually chronic symptoms such as upper abdominal and lower chest pain, nausea, dyspnea, and reflux after meals, which may develop into an acute presentation with severe epigastric pain, vomiting, and intestinal obstruction [11,19].
The radiological diagnosis is often complex and includes several imaging modalities [18]. Chest radiograph is a good screening examination, but only 50% of patients show an abnormality [18,19]. CT scan is the best imaging modality to diagnose diaphragmatic hernias. Its sensitivity is high but specificity is only 50% for the right side [20,21]. Surgery is the treatment of diaphragmatic hernia at the time of diagnosis, even in asymptomatic patients.
Some authors think that the thoracotomy is the elective surgical approach that can correct anatomical restoration of the chest and abdominal cavity especially when it is the approach during the initial surgical procedure [22-24]. Though patients who had a thoracotomy approach had the longest length of stay with a higher need for postoperative mechanical ventilation than those undergoing an abdominal approach after diaphragmatic hernia repair. Paul et al. found that the thoracotomy approach is an independent predictor of the development of a pulmonary embolism [25]. We think that laparotomy through a right subcostal incision is a more efficient approach into the abdominal cavity.
Treatment by laparoscopy is feasible with a shorter length of stay. This approach is especially used in left diaphragmatic hernia repair [11,26].
Because of liver bulk, right side hernia is not amenable to laparoscopic repair, with a high level of conversion. However some authors described this approach with success [27]. In our patient, the hernia was in the right side of hepatic vein, this was the reason we preferred a laparotomy approach.
Herniated contents are reduced, the muscular defect is treated and an endothoracic drain is placed [28]. In some cases a bowel resection might be needed in case of ischemia. The mortality following emergency surgery for these cases rises between 20% and 80%. [14,15].
The majority of these defects can be repaired safely with non-absorbable sutures without the need for a prosthetic mesh [21,28]. With an increase in the number of laparoscopic surgery performed, it is likely that this complication will increase. It is therefore important that surgeons be aware of this potentially serious complication by looking to the diaphragm in the end of each surgical procedure [29]
Iatrogenic herniation of abdominal contents after laparoscopic fenestration of liver cyst is a rare complication. Iatrogenic diaphragmatic injury can be missed during surgery. Surgeon must take precaution to avoid it by precise dissection when using the instruments during surgery. The incidence of iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia after surgery may be reduced if a final look of diaphragm is systematically realized at the end of each laparoscopic operation.
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images.
CT: Computed tomography.
Competing interest
All Authors does not have any financial relationship with any organization. No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. All authors have the full control of all primary data and that they agree to allow the journal to review their data if requested. All authors contributed to the realization of this manuscript. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All of the authors were involved in the preparation of this manuscript.MS write the manuscript coordinated the team, and helped in literature research. HM was an assistant surgeon and made substantial contributions to conception and design. YPL performed the operation and edited the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Perwaiz A, Mehta N, Mohanka R, Kumaran V, Nundy S, Soin AS: Right-sided diaphragmatic hernia in an adult after living donor liver transplant: a rare cause of post-transplant recurrent abdominal pain.
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Hawxby AM, Mason DP, Klein AS: Diaphragmatic hernia after right donor and hepatectomy: a rare donor complication of partial hepatectomy for transplantation.
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De Meijer VE, Vles WJ, Kats E, den Hoed PT: iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia complicating nephrectomy: top-down or bottom-up?
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