text:
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA -- Selwyn Resources Ltd. (TSX VENTURE:SWN) is pleased to provide an update on this past year's drilling activities in the Don Valley area of the Selwyn Project. A portion of the diamond drilling in 2008 was focused on the highly prospective 8.0 kilometre length of Active Member between the Don and HC deposits. The drilling was focused on expanding the high-grade zinc-lead mineral potential defined in 2006 and 2007. The location of the drill holes can be found on drill plan maps available at www.selwynresources.com.
- DON-142 intersected 4.24 metres true thickness grading 7.07% zinc and 2.07% lead, including 2.55 metres grading 7.88% zinc and 2.21% lead; the intercept is bound by a fault and is therefore considered to be an incomplete representation of the Active Member at this location.
Don East Underground Target Follow-up
The deep drilling in the adjacent fault panel that hosts the Don East deposit continues to demonstrate significant higher-grade zinc-lead mineralization beneath the expected extent of any conceptualized open pit mining. Only one high-priority target was drilled in Don Valley in 2008 as follow-up to the very encouraging results of DON-131.
From To Thickness Pb Zn Pb+Zn Thickness
Drill Hole (m) (m) (m) (%) (%) (%) (m)
Including 968.50 972.10 3.60 2.21 7.88 10.09 2.55
DON-142, now the deepest intercept of well mineralized zinc-lead Active Member on the Selwyn Project, was designed to further test the continuity of zinc-lead
mineralized Active Member to the southeast of DON-106 and DON-114. The intercept in DON-142 is, located within the fault panel adjacent to the Don East high-grade underground deposit; which is interpreted to host the HC West deposit. In 2007, DON-131 intersected 52.20 metres true thickness of well mineralized Active Member in this fault panel (see January 14, 2008 news release) at a depth of 791.30 metres and confirmed the geological modeling; however, additional drilling is required in the area between the mineralization in DON-142 and the up-dip HC West deposit to confirm the contiguous nature of the zinc-lead mineralization.
The full extent of mineralization in the area of DON-142 is unknown because of a fault structure that cut-off the mineralization; below which, the drill hole proceeded into footwall rocks. DON-142 intersected the Active Member 1,280 metres southeast of DON-106 (see September 4, 2007 news release), 1,288 metres southeast of DON-114 (see November 14, 2007 news release), and 450 metres southeast of DON-131. The following table presents some of the previously released intersections in DON-106, DON-114, and DON-131.
From To Thickness Pb Zn Pb+Zn Thickness
Drill Hole (m) (m) (m) (%) (%) (%) (m)
Including 524.00 542.30 18.30 2.23 11.13 13.35 12.30
Including 524.00 527.00 3.00 2.36 17.48 19.84 2.00
Including 532.50 542.30 9.80 2.37 12.50 14.87 6.60
Including 639.60 647.70 8.10 2.01 8.84 10.84 4.76
Including 668.20 684.30 16.10 2.36 7.23 9.59 9.46
Including 824.40 833.10 8.70 3.01 7.76 10.76 8.00
The new underground target intersected with DON-142 is conceptualized to have an area of 400 by 850 metres that has an average thickness of 5.3 metres with base
metal grades ranging from 9.14% to more than 10.76% combined lead and zinc. This target is conceptual in nature and it is not known whether there has been sufficient drilling to define a mineral resource or whether additional drilling will define a mineral resource. Additional definition drilling may be required prior to defining mineral potential as an accepted NI 43-101 mineral resource classification.
The intersection of mineralization in the fault panel adjacent to the Don East deposit, has confirmed significant mineral potential that extends beyond the area of the 2008 NI 43-101, high-grade underground mineral resources of both Don East and HC West deposits. The Don East deposit possesses a NI 43-101 compliant, high-grade underground, Inferred mineral resource of 11,975,460 tonnes grading 8.59% zinc and 2.3% lead, and the HC West deposit possesses a NI 43-101 compliant, high-grade underground Inferred mineral resource of 2,996,000 tonnes grading 9.73% zinc and 3.00% lead.
Note that all discussion of NI 43-101 compliant Indicated and Inferred mineral resources are referenced in the January 29, 2008 news release that discusses the NI 43-101 compliant mineral resources and the subsequent report written by Independent Qualified Person Cliff Pearson, P.Geo. and Non-Independent Qualified Person John. J. O'Donnell, P.Geo, for the Selwyn Project.
The Selwyn Project exploration program is overviewed by Vice President Exploration, Jason Dunning, M.Sc., P.Geo. The onsite activities for the Selwyn Project are directed by Exploration Manager, John J. O'Donnell, P.Geo. Both Mr. Dunning and Mr. O'Donnell are Qualified Persons within the meaning of National Instrument 43-101. All assay data has been through internal validation of quality assurance and quality control. Selwyn has established a sampling and assay control program with blind insertion of assay blanks, standards and duplicates for the Selwyn Project; however, it should be noted that there is also a quality control and quality assurance program in place at ACME Analytical Laboratories Ltd. ("ACME") that includes blanks, duplicates and standards. Zinc and lead analyses are conducted by a 17-element, four-acid digestion, ore-grade ICP-AES technique.
Selwyn's focus is the exploration of its properties that make up the Selwyn Project in the Yukon, which hosts large tonnages of zinc-lead mineralization. The known deposits have the potential for large scale production of zinc and lead, at a time when major new mines are needed to ensure adequate future zinc mine supply.
This press release may contain forward-looking statements based on assumptions and judgments of management regarding future events or results that may prove to be inaccurate as a result of exploration and other risk factors beyond its control and actual results may differ materially from the expected results. Additional drilling is required to confirm the potential of the new discovery areas and expansions of the current resource areas and the extension of the higher grade deep mineralization to depth. There is no assurance that the resources being defined can be developed as an economically attractive mine, and there are many uncertainties associated with permitting and other factors that could delay such development.
SOURCE: Selwyn Resources Ltd.
Selwyn Resources Ltd.
Dr. Harlan Meade, President and CEO
(604) 801-7240 or Toll Free: 1-888-989-7240
International Toll Free: 1-866-940-5019
Selwyn Resources Ltd.
Jasmin TamDoo, Manager of Investor Communications
(604) 801-7240 or Toll Free: 1-888-989-7240
International Toll Free: 1-866-940-5019
Email: email@example.com
Website: www.selwynresources.com


text:
- Filed Under
Construction spending rose 0.6 percent in August, and the prior month's gain was revised up to 1.4 percent, pointing to solid third-quarter advances in residential and nonresidential construction, economists said Tuesday.
"Fears that this past spring's sudden jump in mortgage rates would derail the housing recovery appear to be misplaced," Mark Vitner, senior economist for Wells Fargo Securities, said in a research report.
The Commerce Department estimated construction spending in August at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of $915.1 billion, 0.6 percent above the revised July ...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Ground Anchor Guy
Call Us At
(204) 290-9432
Pricelist/ Services
Contact Us
In Stock Anchors • Same or Next Day Installation!
City CERTIFIED
Wilson ANCHORS
Certified by the City of Winnipeg
Website Designed
Get a Website
List Your Business
"I am really happy with the work that the guys did today for the ground anchors.
The guys were very professional (introduced themselves and were polite).
They also tried to understand what was going to be setup on the anchors and so they made extra effort to line up the four anchors for the long beam.
I will definitely recommend your services to the neighbors if they decide to do ground supports for their deck.
Thanks again,
If you're looking for high quality and personal service, you've come to the right place. With
Jordy The
Ground Anchor Guy
you'll receive the attention
and personal service you expect and deserve.
Here are a few benefits to working with us...
Reduced Construction Time
No Landscape Damage
Engineer Approved
No Heaving
1/3 Cost of Concrete
Professional Installation
When we do the job, we don't screw around...
We screw them down!
"Hi Jordy,
I was very pleased with the service that your group provided. They took the time to understand where I wanted the screws placed and why and placed the screws in those locations. I tipped the boys a bit for a job well done.
The most important part, is you showed up and did the work for the quoted price. Lots of times in our neighborhood contractors don't show up at all or we only get the Lindenwood's mark up price after a job starts."


text:
Details leak on Samsung 9 Series LCDs
updated 01:10 pm EDT, Thu April 23, 2009
Samsung 9 TV leak
Some information has emerged on Samsung's new 9 Series TVs, a report claims. The sets (not pictured) are expected to replace current A950 LCDs, and use a B9000 designation. Distinguishing the models from other Samsung hardware is said to be LED backlighting with local dimming, as opposed to edge lighting. Local dimming provides better contrast, by removing light entirely from black sections of an image.
The sets should also become a part of Samsung's Touch of Color line, and rely on wireless connections to an external media box, helping to keep thickness down. email@example.com support allows access to services such as YouTube and Yahoo Widgets, as well as streaming media from a USB device or PCs connected wirelessly through DLNA. European versions of the TVs are said to have DVB-T and DVB-C tuners.
The 9 Series should initially consist of just two screens, measuring 46 and 55 inches. Release is expected sometime in the summer or fall; no prices have been rumored.


text:
Manufacturer Part Number:
DreamLine Enigma is a luxury line of shower enclosures completely frameless with an advanced guide rail that allows for an effortless sliding operation. The smooth and low resistance gliding is achieved by a unique top rail assembly design: a stainless steel rod on which four large stainless steel wheels roll. The wheels, which are attached to the sliding door, hold firmly to the top and bottom of the rod thus fully supporting the glass panel. Because of the top rail's supporting role and heavy lifting, the manufacturer recommends attaching its wall bracket directly to a stud or a preinstalled 2x6 wood reinforcement behind the wall. It has to be mentioned that because the enclosures are completely frameless, there is no room for out-of-plumb or out-of-square adjustments. The walls have to be perfectly even and plumb, also they need to be square with the base.
The Enigma enclosures are reversible which means that they can be installed in a left or right corner. They are made out of 1/2" thick, clear tempered glass which has been factory treated with DreamLine's exclusive ClearGlass for superior protection and easy maintenance. The enclosures are 79" tall and their visible hardware comes in two finishes: polished and brushed stainless steel.
To assure a long lasting finish the owner needs to wipe off the metal parts after each use with a soft cloth. Never use abrasive cleaners or cleaning products containing ammonia, bleach or acid. If accidentally used, the surface needs to be rinsed as soon as possible to prevent finish corrosion. After cleaning the shiny finishes, they need to be rinsed thoroughly and wiped dry with soft cloth. When applying stainless steel cleaner or polish never use abrasive sponge or cloth, steel wool or wired brushes.


text:
FSU Home → Facilities Management → Planning and Construction → Bid Advertisements
Solicitation for Bids
Hood Hall- Roof Replacement Project. Pre-bid: November 12, 2013 at 3pm at Facilities Management Building Conference Room.
Addendum 1 (This must be attached with your bid)
Bid opening: November 20, 2013 at 3pm, same location as pre-bid. For more information, click hyperlink above. Contact: Jay Blauser at 910-672-1954 or email@example.com .
Existing building drawings: elevations and roof plan; elevation sheet 2


text:
April 23, 2012
George Zimmerman is seen leaving jail early Monday morning.
Stories this photo appears in:
Zimmerman released from jail
George Zimmerman was released from a Florida jail on $150,000 bail as he awaits his second-degree murder trial.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.


text:
Wednesday, November 25, 2015
Alternate title: The Ballad of Linda
The setting is the beginning of the 20th century in Denmark, underscored by the use of sepia-tinted scenes, and the bride of a villainous mill owner suffers her own existence stoically, until a handsome railroad laborer catches her eye and hope begins to dawn for a relationship based on love rather than endurance. The stilted movements, dialogue, and sepia-soaked scenes were probably meant to create the "look and feel" of an earlier time, though viewers themselves will have to decide on whether or not the technique is successful. ~ Eleanor Mannikka, Rovi


text:
Classic Espresso Toy Box
Find the perfect home for that pile of toys with the Classic Espresso Toy Box from Guidecraft! This elegant piece features aesthetic niceties like scalloped edges and a deep espresso finish. The interior is spacious and the lid thoughtfully protects children with two safety supports, plus cutouts for fingers! This toy box is a winning combination of beauty, safety and functionality! Measures 30"W x 17.5"D x 22.5"H.
From Guidecraft |
Item # G86204 GD DS
- Price:
- $179.95
- Customer Reviews:
- Currently 0/5 Stars.
- Recommended Age:
- 3 years and up
- Availability:
- In stock (guaranteed)
- Available for pre-order
- Temporarily out of stock
- Usually Ships:
- within 3 to 7 business days
- Features a rich espresso-colored finish and a gracefully scalloped silhouette
- Spacious interior, two safety-lid supports and finger hole cut outs to prevent pinching
- Measures 30"W x 17.5"D x 22.5"H
- CAUTION: Adult assembly required.
Developmental BenefitsLearn more
Types of PlayLearn more
Product RatingWrite a review
Average Rating
- Currently 0/5 Stars.


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Boone, NC - International Center for Peace and Well-Being today announced that it would be offering a variety of yoga, meditation, and wellness programs at the 381-acre mountaintop retreat facility in Boone, NC, formerly known as Forest Summit. The International Center will be working under the aegis of Ved Vignan Mahavidyapeeth (Institute for Vedic Sciences), which purchased the property on October 14, 2011.
The International Center will work in collaboration with The Art of Living Foundation, International Association for Human Values, and Ved Vignan Mahavidyapeeth (VVM) to offer programs for all ages including self-development programs for adults, corporate retreats, leadership development for young adults, summer camps for children as well as specialized programs for returning veterans and international cultural events at its new facility.
"Our vision is to create a world class center that will offer holistic programs for physical, mental, and spiritual rejuvenation. We are privileged to have this opportunity at Boone and are committed to working with the local community and the university students. We feel that the students will greatly benefit from the programs not only in their personal life but also in advancement of their professional careers. We are also looking forward to working with the greater Boone community in the days to come," said Mr. Nilendu Srivastava, Director, VVM.
Media Contact:
Seema Kalra
The Art of Living Foundation


text:
Guilty or not guilty?
Waiting for those life-changing words certainly can't be easy for someone who is on trial, but the electric anticipation is also hard to escape for anyone who is in the courtroom to see what a jury's verdict will be.
After observing more than 20 criminal trials in local courtrooms over the years, I am still surprised at the anxiousness that creeps over me whenever I hear the words: "There's a verdict." Onlookers will cram into every available seat in the courtroom, and I notice my hands still start to shake every time as I try to scribble notes or snap a photo that isn't blurry.
Most recently, that suspense built up once again this week as an Oneida County Court jury prepared to announce whether or not Jenise Haddad was guilty of trying to kill her husband. In a case like that, there really is no easy way to rest assured that the verdict would go one way or another. As the clock ticks, reporters and attorneys banter among themselves in armchair speculation, swapping our theories on what moments went well or flopped in disappointment.
We also discuss those intriguing, quirky or bizarre moments that jurors might use to reach a decision that allows them to sleep at night. Such as when Haddad tearfully explained from the stand how she says her husband stabbed her first, there were plenty of whispers afterward about whether Haddad's painful sobbing was genuine, or a desperate and phony attempt to win the jury's sympathy. You'd be surprised to hear what some people had to say, and how easy it was for them to roll their eyes.
Then once the jury has spoken, you let out a deep breath. Maybe there's a gasp in the courtroom, sometimes there's a quick burst of applause, and family members of a defendant are left to either believe that an innocent person has been unjustly convicted or finally accept that their loved one committed a horrible, horrible crime.
Either way, once it's over, my anxiousness is replaced by a lingering and unsettling realization that nobody -- other than the guilty person -- may ever really know the true story behind what happened.


text:
ESSTAC Large Utility/GP Pouch MC:
- Details
- Category: Pouches
- Created: Saturday, 08 July 2006 05:56
Notes: Stiffer than most other GP pouches due to main consturction being 2 layers of cordura, thus a more durable pouch. Special "Lenzip" zipper requires a tug/pull on tab to move, preventing movement when forces stress the zipper in other ways. Comes with Malice Clips.


text:
Tough 9th Cost Nats WinSaturday, September 15th, 2012
Kris Medlen showed why the Braves consider him their ace and stopper on Friday, as the young righty tamed the Washington Nationals, providing seven innings of five hit baseball — and setting up a thrilling last inning Atlanta win, 2-1. Atlanta's victory came on a late throw to the plate that failed to get Andrelton Simmons, who scored the winning run.
"I've got a prayer, basically, with Andrelton Simmons at third," Desmond said of the play following the loss. "Just tried to get it as quick as I could and get rid of it.Ā If I set, he's already sliding in, celebrating. There was a probably 1-in-10 chance, and I didn't get him."
But it was Medlen who wowed the Nationals. The righty threw the game of his season, befuddling Nationals' hitters and registering thirteen strikeouts. "It was just one of those nights where everything just kind of felt like it was working for me," Medlen said. Medlen, who is 8-1 on the season, did not get the decision — but the game lowered his ERA to a snappy 1.62: best among Atlanta starters.
The loss hurt the Nationals, but they remain 7.5 games ahead of the Braves in the N.L. East. Certainly no one in the Nationals' clubhouse is panicking. "This is playoff baseball," right fielder Jayson Werth said. "Every team we play for the rest of the way is in the hunt and hungry, so these are the types of games we're going to play for the next six weeks."


text:
Bertie's Moorings is located in the Gordon's Bay Waterfront. It is a family run restaurant deriving its name from the Bertie Reed, a famous yacht. The restaurant can seat 120 people overlooking the water. Inside is a hand-crafted bar made from an oak barrel by Bertie himself.
Live entertainment is offered on Wednesday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday evenings. Bertie's also shows major sporting events on their big screen.
Cape Town Fish Market is definitely part of the South African vocabulary by now and this family friendly franchise continues to serve up hearty dishes at reasonable prices.
Diners can enjoy great seafood, and a wide variety of it, cooked to their preference. Amazing sushi options are also available and the restaurant even offers take away sushi platters to enjoy at home.
Try the stacked Dorado with prawns, spinach, feta, sun-dried tomatoes and olive tapenade or the simpler, but equally tasty crayfish with lemon butter. For the non fish eater there are options like tender sirloin steak and delicious lamb cutlets. Top this off with a bottle of your favourite wine and a melt-in-your-mouth sticky toffee pudding with ice cream and you are sure to leave satisfied.
Cape Town Fish Market ensures a great dining experience that tends to suit the pocket.
This restaurant is unique in both look and feel. The arty interior and stark colours create a vibrant setting in which diners can enjoy great, unpretentious food that does what its supposed to - just taste good. The restaurant is mainly used as a function venue and caters for weddings, corporate functions, birthdays and pretty much any special occasion. Choose your own menu to complement the special event - slow-cooked traditional goodness is the speciality here.
This unique seafood experience proffers a unique theater experience, enjoyed by families, romantics or festivities.
Die Melkbosskerm offers a true West Coast feast and hospitality, with mouth-watering delights such as mussels with sauce, smoked and grilled fish, Cape lobster, and many more succulent dishes.
Hearty appetites can indulge in potjies with mixed seafood and Waterblommetjie bredie when in season, dunked with fresh home made bread or jams.
Whether it's a romantic dinner for two, a family outing or a bunch of friends chilling, Melkbosskerm is an unforgettable dining experience.
Jimmy's Killer Prawns combines an electric atmosphere with delectable seafood and affordable prices. Situated almost smack bang in the middle of Canal Walk, the restaurant feeds off the bustling shopping crowd and atmosphere around it.
A variety of menu options are available, from traditional fish and chips and spicy prawn curry to the amazing seafood combos. Try the Mozambican Platter with nine medium prawns, peri-peri chicken livers and prego chicken strips or hang out with the Millionaire's Platter with crayfish, two king prawns, six queen prawns, 12 medium prawns, calamari, line fish, mussels and squid heads.
A really awesome feature is the 'Create a Table' option. Choose a few of the 24 delicious starters and mix and match according to taste.
Top this all off with a killer cocktail like a fuzzy navel or a cuba libre and your experience will be complete.
John Dory's specialises in seafood, offering a wide variety of fish, shellfish, calamari, and sushi, as well as a variety of meat, poultry and vegetarian dishes. The atmosphere is family friendly and the portions are generous and affordable.
The restaurant has a main menu, a kids' menu, and a wine menu. Great seafood platters are available for the ravenous guest or for parties to share. Diners can also make up their own party platters with sushi, sandwiches, maki, nigiri and California rolls. A creative sushi train is available on the children's menu.
It is the perfect place for enjoying a family outing with delicious seafood and refreshing wines.
Embracing the Brazilian roots of meat cooking, Mojo's Restaurant tantalizes palates with an assortment of prime meat cuts, cooked on big skewers over open flames.
Alongside meat selections, you can enjoy salads, spicy rice and day potato dishes.
For less appetite driven palates, try the assorted tapas platters, or start the day with a mouthwatering breakfast.
Sundowners seek perfect company with exotic cocktails and live music.
Mojo's is a fun and vibrant dining experience enjoyed by all.
Ocean Basket is a popular South African restaurant offering hearty, fresh seafood at affordable prices. The extensive menu caters for all tastes, and even for the little ones. All main meals come with either stir fry, rice, chips or salad.
The fun, vibrant kids' meals like 'Mermaids Calamari Rings' and 'Captain Hook's Prawns' will make sure your brood is satisfied and healthy. There are also great seafood platters on offer and mouth-watering sushi, maki, sashimi and fashion sandwiches.
Clean, breezy décor and a touch of elegance permeates this little West Coast gem and sits in juxtaposition with the breathtaking surroundings. The ocean is right in front of you and the fresh, crisp sea air and smell fill your senses as you enjoy a laid-back glass of wine. The menu offers mainly seafood and traditional South African cuisine. Try the gorgeous, fall-off-the-bone lamb shank, or an old patriotic favourite, 'melkkos' (milk food), prepared with cinnamon, flour and milk. Some seafood options include fluffy, perfectly cooked hake, deep-fried-as-they-should-be calamari rings, prawns and the rare but wonderful delicacy, crayfish.
Salero is a beautiful, Spanish-style restaurant located in the bustling and popular V & A Waterfront. The restaurant serves creative cuisine and offers an equally imaginative menu.
Diners can enjoy breakfast, lunch and dinner, or just an in between glass of wine accompanied by delicious traditional tapas. All the wines on offer are served by the glass, and the well stocked champagne bar serves local and imported bubbles together with freshly shucked oysters. A wide variety of cocktails are also served.
The wide variety of seafood dishes on the menu all come recommended and the Mediterranean flavours really find a way into your....palate.
The interior is contemporary and cool with just the right amount of romance, and the atmosphere is equally relaxing and elegant.
Salero is open seven days a week from 9 am until 10:30 pm.
Sophisticated and trendy, Seafood at the Marine (Hotel) is an intimate restaurant that specialises in local seafood. Situated in the popular coastal town of Hermanus, this eatery caters for those who desire classic modernity in ever aspect.
The stylish restaurant embraces classic elegance and modernity without effort. The cream colours and neutral palette creates a very relaxed mood. The open plan kitchen allows guests to observe the energy and hustle of the kitchen while meals are being prepared.
The restaurant specialises in fresh fish and seafood form the Walker Bay region. Much of the menu is geared at making the most of fresh, local produce and delivering plates that abound in colour, texture and flavour. The signature "Rich man's Fish and Chips" is a must try.
Delicious SQL for the hungry penguin.
Wharfside Grill, regarded as one of Africa's best seafood restaurants exudes a bustling maritime ambience that transports you onboard the decks of historic ships and their sea-faring days.
Here you can indulge in the taste of exotic seafood such as Lobster, Crayfish and Kingklip while marvelling at nautical artefacts and local sea life. The private deck scattered with umbrellas is the perfect place to relax with a glass of wine while enjoying the stunning scenery and vibrant harbour atmosphere.
The Wharfside Grill boasts seating for 350 hungry shipmates and six intimate and private dining cabins capture the character and flavour of historic ships such as Queen Mary, Union Castle and the infamous Shipwreck who fell victim to ravages of the Cape Storms.
The extensive menu offers an impressive selection of Lobster, Prawns, Calamari and freshly caught fish including chicken and succulent steak while vegetarians can enjoy harvest from the land onboard the Landlubber's Luck.
Alongside the extensive menu, you can explore the excellent variety of Cocktails, Spirits, Beers, Ciders and Wine. The Wharfside Grill is open 7 days a week for breakfast, lunch and dinner and is within easy access from Cape Town, Fish Hoek and Constantia Nek.


text: Sep 02 2012 Happy Sunday A little Sunday treat. Clint and Jo. Gorgeously in love. « Introducing Anne and Alex – Zell Am See, Austria Introducing Ariane and Andy » by admin no comments link to this post email a friend Your email is never published or shared. Required fields are marked * Name * Email * Website Comment Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email.


text:
Narrow your search
The marketplace for buying and selling sports and concert tickets hopes to expand its mission to become a resource for finding and planning for events.
Available in the US since fall 2014, Apple Pay will now roll out to the UK in July. Here are all the banks, apps and businesses that currently accept Apple Pay.
Company reviews site Glassdoor launches new feature that lets people rate and review their employers' benefits and perks -- and some crazy answers are rolling in from the tech world.
This free app puts all your receipts in one place and notifies you of price drops, package delivery, and more.
High-end audio is expensive, but so are high-end cars, watches, wines, and other pricey indulgences.
The online ticket reseller adds a feature to its mobile app that lets Giants fans get tickets beamed to their phone, no printouts needed.
Instead of showing paper tickets, fans can now enter a San Francisco Giants game using their mobile phones. CNET gets a demo from Mats Nilsson, StubHub's director of product, to see how the new scanning technology works.
Further building its ad tools, the online radio service adds stations crafted by major brands to "Stations You Might Like."
The vanguard service in streaming music is broadening its vision with a live-event tickets app, as the field for its primary business grows crowded.
Scammers are out in force online for the Super Bowl, as one California couple discover. They spend $5,900 and all they get is a FedEx and a taunt.


text:
The High Velocity Sports Bar, within the JW Marriott, was recently voted one of the top 10 sports bars in the nation.
- Filed Under
Now that Indianapolis doesn't have Colts to root for, the suspense of Super Bowl Sunday comes down to more basic questions: Where are the best drink specials? And who has the biggest TVs?
Here are 20 great places throughout Central Indiana to watch the Denver Broncos and Seattle Seahawks battle for the 2014 Super Bowl championship.
1. Stacked Pickle, 172 Melody Ave., Greenwood, stackedpickle.com/greenwood ...


text:
November 26, 2015
Crews working to remodel the old Knox County hospital had a big setback this week when thousands of dollars of their equipment was stolen!
Barbourville Police say the thieves got away with items ranging from industrial saws to leaf blowers.
Police say burglars cut the locks of off the entrance gates with bolt cutters.
Some of the stolen items, like industrial saws and hammer drills, are easily identifiable which will help police in their search
The burglarized building is owned by Union College.
Officials at the college there were dissapointed when they heard the news.
They hope police bust the burglars soon so that both the college and construction crews can go back to business as usual.
Barbourville Police say they have increased their patrols around the site.
Police say the construction company has increased as well.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
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|Antibacterial properties of chitosan in waterborne pathogen.
MedLine Citation:
|PMID: 15328699 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE
|The antimicrobial properties of chitosan, a derivative of chitin, were investigated in the solid and liquid culture against bacteria associated with waterborne disease in order to assess the potential for using chitosan as a natural disinfectant. Six strains which included three gram-negative and three gram-positive bacteria were studied. The effects of the deacetylation degree, concentration, and molecular weight of chitosan on antibacterial activities were assessed. Chitosan exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the solid agar. Similar tendency was found when the bacteria were cultivated in liquid broth. The higher deacetylation degree and higher concentration of chitosan cause the higher antibacterial activities. The effect of molecular weight of chitosan on the inhibition efficacy of bacteria is dependent on the species of bacteria. Escherichia coli is sensitive to chitosan during its death phase and logarithmic phase. The antibacterial mechanism of chitosan was illustrated by the surface charge and persistence length. Results indicated that chitosan is potential as a natural disinfectant.
|Yen-Meng Chen; Ying-Chien Chung; Li-Woan Wang; Kung-Tung Chen; Shyh-Yuan Li
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Publication Detail:
|Type: Journal Article
Journal Detail:
|Title: Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering Volume: 37 ISSN: 1093-4529 ISO Abbreviation: J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng Publication Date: 2002 Aug
Date Detail:
|Created Date: 2004-08-26 Completed Date: 2004-09-10 Revised Date: 2009-08-14
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 9812551 Medline TA: J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng Country: United States
Other Details:
|Languages: eng Pagination: 1379-90 Citation Subset: IM
|Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, China Institute of Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan 115, R.O.C.
Export Citation:
|APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex
|MeSH Terms
Chelating Agents
Chitin / analogs & derivatives*, pharmacology*
Disease Outbreaks / prevention & control*
Disinfectants / pharmacology*
Escherichia coli / pathogenicity*
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Pseudomonas aeruginosa / pathogenicity*
Structure-Activity Relationship
Water Microbiology
Reg. No./Substance:
|0/Chelating Agents; 0/Disinfectants; 1398-61-4/Chitin; 9012-76-4/Chitosan
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Your Chrysler Executive water pump may already be flawed-you should check to iron out the trouble in no time and protect your automotive engine from getting too hot. The water pump is operated using a belt and uses centrifugal force in able to distribute coolant around the chamber to always keep the car engine cool. If there ain't enough air getting inside the grille, your ride will possibly get too hot and the interior may not be suitably ventilated.
A high-pitched noise is usually your hint to a faulty Chrysler Executive water pump that has to be restored. Coolant can leak from the pump's weep hole once the gasket is certainly ripped. When the water pump's gasket, pulley, or the pump itself acts up, you should avoid taking your vehicle out for a spin until the busted part is replaced (unless you want to allow the engine to get too hot). To prevent the engine from overheating, it's highly recommended that you repair the busted gasket of your pump or upgrade the whole unit for your own safety. To enjoy stress-free installation and superb overall performance, get a trusty replacement pump that is precision engineered for your vehicle's cooling system.
Parts Train is your most dependable source of first-rate car products available at low, low costs, letting you enjoy amazing promos. Our product listing has a great selection of Chrysler Executive water pump sourced from premium aftermarket labels that include APA/URO Parts, Metrix, and Victor Reinz. We ship parts quickly and ensure excellent customer service you can count on 24/7.
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Snooki at a book signing in August in East Hanover. New Jerseyans are widely painted as brash.
- Filed Under
Snooki is a mom, Chris Christie is looking like presidential material, and we're still paying the highest property taxes in the nation.
Forget Halloween; New Jerseyans have been living in a terrifying state year-round.
But with fear and candy corn in the air, there's no better time to conquer our phobias. ...


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Connect and collaborate with CRYENGINE developers in the official Forums.
Visit the Gallery to share what you have created and be inspired by what others are creating with CRYENGINE.
cwright wrote:Hi Tony,
That's interesting about interaction with the waves. I'll also take a look at that. If there is a method to achieve interaction then I'd definitely want to add it.
Hi Chris
I had a look at the way the CE3 vehicle system implements the boat in CVehicleMovementStdBoat.h/.cpp and it seems complicated 8->. Both the update and the movement methods have wave specific code for adjusting the effect on the vehicle (the update function does this in a transformation matrix but there is a debug code that has the details.)


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International cybermercenaries for hire
A British report describes the mercenaries as "skilled cyber professionals."
The warning over cybermercenaries came in an annual report published by Britain's Intelligence and Security Committee, a watchdog body of senior lawmakers that oversees Britain's spy agencies.
Citing testimony from British eavesdropping agency GCHQ, the report described the mercenaries as "skilled cyber professionals undertaking attacks on diverse targets such as financial institutions and energy companies.
"These groups pose a threat in their own right, but it is the combination of their capability and the objectives of their state backers which makes them of particular concern," it said.
The lawmakers didn't name any specific countries or say how widespread the practice was. The report didn't go into much further detail, but there's long been concern over the proliferation of private companies that profit from developing and distributing offensive software.
The report quoted GCHQ as saying that the electronic threat facing Britain is "at its highest level ever and is expected to rise further still" -- a warning that tracks with longstanding trends relating to the growth of cybercrime and increasing official interest in online espionage. As with past reports, lawmakers singled out Russia and China as two countries alleged to have carried out attacks over the Internet.
The report also covered issues surrounding the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, counterintelligence, and terrorism. It touched on the threat of Islamic radicalism out of Syria, where it said a significant number of British citizens had flocked in order to fight a holy war. It quoted Britain's security services as saying that "individual jihadists in Syria currently represent the most worrying emerging terrorist threat to the UK and the West" and said that there was a risk that the country's stockpile of chemical weapons could fall into the hands of extremists.
Not covered in the report were allegations published by the Guardian newspaper that GCHQ and its U.S. counterpart, the National Security Agency, were engaged in a global surveillance campaign aimed at securing access to as much of the world's communications as technically possible. Some of the revelations raised fears that Britain was swapping data with the United States on its own citizens to get around restrictions on domestic espionage.
Plan for money and meaning in your retirement Briefs: WSU wins CleanTech Alliance award Wave of Chinese investment coming to Western Washington? Popular Ford Escape gets a technology-rich update $160B deal to combine Pfizer and Allergan raises outcry Everyone loves same-day delivery, until they have to pay
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A few months back, when I was fixing up my bike, my nephew asked me if we could ride together once I got my bike working. This posed a bit of a problem as he didn't have a bike and he'd never ridden without training wheels. His father has a bad back, so at 7 the nephew still hadn't ridden without training wheels. That got me thinking so I bought a cheap department store bike to teach him on. So for the last month, I've taken him out every so often and he finally got the hang of it and was riding on his own yesterday for like 3 hours. I didn't count the miles, but I figure just the time I spent riding with him, we probably did about two or three miles on the caldesac. Now I can't wait to get him fit for riding with me on some longer rides.
That brings me to today. My best friend has been thinking of commuting to the bus station to get to work rather than driving. So today we went browsing a shop near his house that was having a sale. He ended up with a 2011 Trek 7.1 and loves it. He's already planning a ride for us on the SART to the beach.
I ended up testing out a Specialized Tarmac and the Trek Madone 4.7 (I think). I like the ride of them both, but tad bit beyond my price range. Besides, I kinda want an LHT or Disc Trucker for my next bike. Riding these two though, makes me want to do a custom build on the Disc Trucker as I like certain features of each. Now if my wallet can keep up, lol.


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Performance golf ball fitting focuses on finding the best ball for your game and lowering your score.
Be the first to hear about product introductions, surveys, promotions, and sweepstakes. Through Team Titleist News we will provide exclusive communication not available in any other forum.
Titleist offers the most precise club fitting experience in the game.
The full-set Titleist Golf Club Trial program provides golfers with an easy way to experience Titleist products on either the course or practice tee to help determine the right equipment for their game.
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By: Patrick O
Posted: April 23, 2014
Stoneybrook East in Orlando, 15th hole about 132 over water into the wind. Grabbed 8 iron, (AP1 714), shot looked good all the way. Hit the left side of the green and kicked right about 8 feet into the hole. The bad thing is with my eyesight I could't see it go in. I knew it was going to be close and then my partner yelled " it went in". Unbelievable feeling and it only took me about 400 rounds to do it! Call me superstitious, but I will never hit another iron that is not Titleist. Couldn't be my swing, had to be the club!
November 23, 2015
November 22, 2015
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Old Brains Learn New Tricks
Page 2 of 2
Edward Callaway, a neuroscientist at the Salk Institute in San Diego, says these new findings are the first clear indication that larger structural changes occur in dendrites. But, he adds, researchers still need to show that these structural changes are linked to changes in the connections between neurons.
Nedivi and colleagues now plan to search for ways to boost the growth and plasticity of neurons, which could eventually provide a new approach to treating spinal cord injuries. They will also determine if such structural changes correlate with changes in learning and behavior, such as might occur after mice are challenged with a more stimulating environment or new tricks.
An additional area of interest, according to David Kleinfeld, a physicist who studies neurobiology at the University of California, San Diego, would be to investigate what happens to neurons in brain regions affected by stroke. "Blood vessels sprout in the 'dead zone' left after a stroke," he explains, "but it's unknown if you get sprouting of neurons at the same time."
The MIT researchers will also look at mouse models of diseases such as Alzheimer's, to figure out if neurons involved in such disorders grow too much, too little, or in the wrong way.
Image on home page courtesy of Elly Nedivi.


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The extraction of salt from seawater by means of coastal solar salterns is a very well-described process. Moreover, the characterization of these environments from ecological, biochemical and microbiological perspectives has become a key focus for many research groups all over the world over the last 20 years. In countries such as Spain, there are several examples of coastal solar salterns (mainly on the Mediterranean coast) and inland solar salterns, from which sodium chloride is obtained for human consumption. However, studies focused on the characterization of inland solar salterns are scarce and both the archaeal diversity and the plant communities inhabiting these environments remain poorly described.
Two of the inland solar salterns (termed Redonda and Penalva), located in the Alto Vinalopó Valley (Alicante, Spain), were characterized regarding their geological and physico-chemical characteristics and their archaeal and botanical biodiversity. A preliminary eukaryotic diversity survey was also performed using saline water. The chemical characterization of the brine has revealed that the salted groundwater extracted to fill these inland solar salterns is thalassohaline. The plant communities living in this environment are dominated by Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) A.J. Scott, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moris) K. Koch, Suaeda vera Forsk. ex Gmelin (Amaranthaceae) and several species of Limonium (Mill) and Tamarix (L). Archaeal diversity was analyzed and compared by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular phylogenetic techniques. Most of the sequences recovered from environmental DNA samples are affiliated with haloarchaeal genera such as Haloarcula, Halorubrum, Haloquadratum and Halobacterium, and with an unclassified member of the Halobacteriaceae. The eukaryote Dunaliella was also present in the samples.
To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first analysis centered on inland solar salterns located in the southeastern region of Spain. The results obtained revealed that the salt deposits of this region have marine origins. Plant communities typical of salt marshes are present in this ecosystem and members of the Halobacteriaceae family can be easily detected in the microbial populations of these habitats. Possible origins of the haloarchaea detected in this study are discussed.
Salts in general, and particularly sodium chloride, have played an important role in human history, not only because of their nutritional value but also because of their applications in several industrial processes and their impact on agricultural practices. Hypersaline lakes, salt marshes, hot springs, saline ponds and salt deposits are distributed throughout the world and constitute natural resources from which salt has been extracted for many centuries. For geologists, some of these environments represent a model system to study salt precipitation and related biogeochemical processes in shallow evaporitic environments [1].
In warm and arid areas, salt can be recovered from seawater thanks to several procedures that involve solar salterns. The solar salterns are filled with seawater that is concentrated gradually by the effects of the wind and temperature. Thus, solar salterns are restricted to areas such as Mediterranean regions, where the climate is characterized by periods during which evaporation exceeds precipitation. This process is especially rapid in summertime when highly salted water flows through an increasingly concentrated pool until ponds crystallize.
In addition to a high salt concentration, the environment of solar salterns is also characterized by its pH (range from 6 up to 11). Although halophilic microorganisms living in these environments are distributed among all three domains of life, it has been extensively reported that members of the Halobacteriaceae family constitute the dominant microbial population, especially in those environments where the NaCl concentration ranges from 20% (w/v) up to halite saturation (< 32% (w/v)) [2-5]. In fact, the red color associated with hypersaline lakes and ponds is mainly due to the pigmentation of halophilic archaea and the eukaryote Dunaliella [6]. However, this does not mean that these are the only inhabitants contributing to the red color of these environments. Populations of halophilic bacteria and other members of Eukarya are also present in saltern ponds [7,8]. To thrive under these conditions, halophilic archaea accumulate potassium ions inside their cells to balance the high salt content of the environment. This ability differentiates them from halophilic bacteria that usually accumulate compatible solutes (betaine, ectoine) to counteract the high external salt concentrations [9-11]. Nevertheless, it has been found that some halophilic bacteria such as Salinibacter use the same strategy as haloarchaea to cope with osmotic stress [7]. Because halophilic archaea are the predominant microorganisms in hot and hypersaline environments, it is possible that they sustain key metabolic cycles under these conditions; indeed the understanding of life under such extreme circumstances has become a key area of research recently [12,13].
By amplifying 16S rDNA sequences directly from environmental samples, halophilic archaea have been detected in different hypersaline environments such as the crystallizer ponds of a marine saltern [10,14], alkaline soda lakes [15] or sediments of hypersaline Antarctic lakes and coastal salt marshes [16,17]. Microbial research in saline environments is important for several reasons: i) there are potential biotechnological applications of halophilic microorganisms [18,19]; ii) knowledge about microbial diversity in terrestrial saline environments may shed light on the properties of salt deposits and saline environments found on Mars [20,21]; and iii) primitive life on earth might have started in this kind of extreme environment, so these systems are ideal to understand the evolution of the biosphere on Earth [22].
Regarding the biodiversity of these halophilic environments, it is also very interesting to analyze the nature of the plant communities because of the various mechanisms that they have developed to cope with such extreme saline conditions. Plant growth is highly limited by salty soil conditions. The soils surrounding solar salterns are characterized by a high salt concentration. This places limitations on plant growth because the soil's osmotic potential is low, making it difficult for the plants to extract water from the soil (hydric stress situations) and in order to get water throughthe roots, the plant's internal osmotic potential must be lower than that of the soil. Consequently, plants have developed mechanisms to adapt to high salt levels in soil.
The exploitation of saltworks has become a very successful industry, with large scale production in southeastern Spain where Solvay developed a method to produce caustic soda from NaCl in 1817 [23]. Salt obtained from plants has been used since the second half of the nineteenth century for the production of glass, dyes and soap. Although these plants are no longer used in industry today, they still have a great environmental value. Some irrigation methods, along with increased desertification in arid and semiarid regions, resulting in increases soil salinization. In response to these phenomena, some scientists have studied halophilic plants as a tool to manage soils that have undergone the salinization processes [24-29].
The United Nations' environmental program focuses on desertification processes and has drawn attention to the use of halophilic vegetation to restore degraded lands, provide food for livestock and fix some atmospheric carbon dioxide. In most cases, the aim is not to remove the salt from the ground so much as it is to allow for some tracts of land to be useful again. Planting halophilic species could be very useful in areas where salinization has been caused by human activities (thus making it impossible to sustain traditional agricultural activities). The most interesting aspect of these halophilic plants is that they can be irrigated even with sea water. In any case, a good vegetation cover protects the underlying soil against erosion, improving its structure and assisting drainage processes against capillary ascent [24-29].
In Alicante County (Spanish Mediterranean coast) there are many examples of well-characterized coastal solar salterns from which salt is extracted for human consumption [30]. However, the inland solar salterns located in this county remain poorly described to this day [31]. In the inland solar salterns, the groundwater interacts with underground salt deposits, resulting in an increase in water salinity. The saline water is then pumped into the ponds, where salt is extracted in a manner similar to that used in coastal solar salterns.
The aim of this study was to describe general environmental aspects of two of the three inland solar salterns located in the municipality of Villena (northwest Alicante County, Figure 1). We have paid special attention to the ecological parameters and the properties of the collected brine; we have also assessed the Archaeal diversity of the crystallization ponds using (PCR)-based molecular phylogenetic approaches. Properties of the plant communities surrounding these inland solar salterns have also been studied in detail. Recently, this area has been catalogued as a "Wetland of interest" in the Alicante province http://www.cth.gva.es/areas/espacios/zonas_humedas/zon/Ficha-35.PDF webcite, as it constitutes an optimum environment for a number of birds and salt marsh plant communities.
Figure 1. Geographical location of the Alto Vinalopó Valley, Alicante, Spain (A). The three salterns are located at the margins of the old lagoon, called "La Laguna": 1, Fortuna; 2, Redonda; and 3, Penalva (B). Scale in panel B is 1:25,000.
Results and Discussion
Description of the region
The valley where the solar salterns are located has an average altitude of 500 meters above sea level, with an approximate surface area of 94 Km2. Geomorphologically, this valley could be considered a corridor from the coast to the central regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Both sides of the valley are delimited by mountain ranges, but it is not crossed by any of these ranges. This results in a corridor valley phenomenon that increases the speed of winds running across the valley, which in turn also increases the evaporation rate in the "artificial shallow ponds". This is an important phenomenon for the salt extraction process, considering that, in the study region, evaporation is the most important contributing factor in the process of salt crystallization.
The valley studied in this work is the coldest, driest, and also the farthest inland in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula. The temperature ranges between -8 and 10°C in winter, and easily reaches 40°C and above in summer. These yearly temperature fluctuations are mainly due to the convergence of two meteorological phenomena in this zone. The first is known as "thermal inversion" and refers to overnight decreases in temperature in atmospheric layers that are in contact with the ground, resulting in dense fog banks that do not disappear until solar radiation heats the bottom layers or the winds are strong enough to disperse the fog [32,33]. The second meteorological phenomenon, known as "rain shadow", is related to the impact of mountain topography on rainfall. The valley is surrounded by mountains, which are low-pressure points that attract cloudy fronts and decrease recorded rainfall to less than 350 mm per year in the valley. Most of that scarce rainfall occurs in autumn and spring [31].
The main geological formations observed in the geographical area of the Alto Vinalopó Valley are calcareous and dolomitic mountain ranges from the Cretaceous and Jurassic periods, whose sedimentation creates a quaternary valley. The valley is crossed by an alignment of Triassic diapires (Keuper facies) composed of red clay and gypsum, which constitute the geological source of the salinity. The diapiric phenomena originated between the Tertiary and Quaternary periods and formed a closed basin. Subterranean wells spilled water within these endorheic basins, forming the old lagoon known as "La Laguna" (Figures 1 & 2), which has a surface area of around 15 km2. It was desiccated in 1803, but nowadays it is possible to distinguish the waterline because of the presence of fine gray salty slime. Most of this area is currently used for agriculture.
Figure 2. A) Aerial view of the old lagoon, showing the locations of the saltern ponds (B, C and D).
Description of the Redonda and Penalva solar salterns
The salterns of Redonda, Fortuna and Penalva are located quite close to the perimeter of the aforementioned old lagoon. They are composed of several artificial shallow ponds and have been used for the last few centuries to obtain sodium chloride for human consumption. The present study focuses mainly on the Redonda and Penalva salterns (Figure 1B, Figure 2). These constitute around 1.25% of the overall area of solar salterns in the Alicante region, and along with the inland solar salterns located in the municipality of Salinas, they are the only inland evaporation systems in this region.
Currently, only the Penalva ponds are being used for NaCl production. The Redonda and Fortuna crystallizing ponds are the oldest in this region, which explains their irregular shapes (Figure 2).
In the Penalva salterns, a distinction can be made between heating and crystallizing ponds. The heating ponds are filled with salty water pumped from ground soil. As previously mentioned, saline water results from the interaction between groundwater and salt deposits, and the salt concentration at the pumping point, as estimated by a Baumé hydrometer, is 10°Bé which corresponds to 10% salt. In summertime (from May to September) especially, the water evaporation process becomes very rapid, resulting in an increased salt concentration. The water then turns into brine, which is driven from heating ponds to crystallizing ponds where NaCl precipitates when the total salt concentration increases to just above 300 g/l.
Physico-chemical characterization of the saline water and brine from the Redonda and Penalva salterns
To shed light on the characterization of these inland solar salterns, we used different approaches, such as physico-chemical characterization of the saline water and brine samples. Several parameters, such as temperature, pH and conductivity, were measured in the field immediately before the collection of water samples from the Redonda and Penalva ponds. The results summarized in table 1 show that, in both cases, the pH is quite close to neutrality and there is no spatial or temporal variation in pH. Samples obtained from the center of the ponds also exhibited the same conductivity and salinity as those obtained from the margins; however, the optical density values of the margin samples were higher due to the accumulation of Dunaliella caused by the winds, as confirmed by optical microscopy analysis. Conductivity and salinity values obtained from the Redonda ponds were similar to those obtained from Penalva. Conductivity, or specific conductance, is a measure of the ability of the solution to carry an electrical current; in general, the greater the salinity, the greater the conductivity. However, this salinity-conductivity relationship is not straightforward because the same conductivity values can be obtained from samples with different ion compositions and concentrations [34]. This is because conductivity is a function of the specific ions present in the solution, as well as the level of concentration of the ions. For this reason, complete chemical analyses of saline water and brine were undertaken.
Table 1. Physico-Chemical characterization of the samples.
Chemical analysis of the saline water samples from Penalva revealed that the main cations were Na+ (121 g/l), Ca2+ (0.6 g/l) and Mg2+ (4 g/l); while Cl- (187 g/l) and SO42- (21 g/l) were the main anions detected. Other trace elements such as potassium and manganese were also found. It is also important to note that non-negligible concentrations of CaSO4 (2 g/l), MgSO4 (22 g/l) and MgCl2 (0.1 g/l) were detected. Similar results were obtained from the Redonda salterns. Hypersaline waters are defined as those with total salt concentrations greater than that of seawater (i.e., >3.5%). On the basis of the chemical composition of the water, saline water can be classified into two categories: Thalassohaline water (derived from seawater, with Na+ and Cl- as the predominant ions) and Athalassohaline (with an ionic composition markedly influenced by the area where the pond develops) [35]. Athalassohaline waters usually contain higher concentrations of bivalent ions such as calcium, magnesium and sulfate, in contrast to the relative dominance of monovalent ions (sodium and chloride) in seawater [22,35]. The results obtained from chemical analysis of saline water samples from the Redonda and Fortuna salterns, which clearly show that Na+ and Cl- are the dominant ions, indicate that these are thalassohaline environments.
Brine samples from the Penalva salterns, which had a pH value of around 7.8, were collected to estimate their inorganic composition, as described in the Methods section. The results obtained showed that 99.8% of the brine salt is NaCl, which has been collected for human consumption. The hypersaline brine obtained had a final composition similar to that reported for brine obtained in coastal solar salterns [35], where calcite (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), halite (NaCl), sylvite (KCl) and carnallite (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O) precipitate out sequentially as evaporation occurs. Therefore, the data obtained from these chemical analyses strongly support a seawater origin for the salt deposits of the Alto Vinalopó Valley.
Analysis of the plant communities
In salt marshes all around the world, halophytic plant communities usually are present low species diversity. This is due to the saline soils, whose osmotic effect inhibits mesophilic plant growth by reducing the ability of the plants to take up groundwater. The effects of excess ion concentration on plant cells have also been very well described [[36]; see also Table 1 in reference [35]].
The studied area has a very dry climate, which is a determining factor in the landscape of the areas around the Penalva and Redonda Salt marshes. In these areas, the landscape shows low-density and high-diversity communities, unlike the salt marshes, where plant communities are dense and present low diversity with a high production rate.
A total number of 20 halophylous taxa were identified. These taxa are members of eight different botanical families. Plumbaginaceae and Amaranthaceae are highly represented, with seven and five species, respectively (Table 2).
Table 2. List of plants found in the studied marshes.
In examining the adaptation strategies of halophytes, we can distinguish two principal approaches.
Some species are able to decrease their intracellular osmotic potential by storing salt or just by synthesizing soluble sugars such as sucrose or glucose which are also stored within the cells [37]. Without these special adaptations, halophytes would not be able to obtain the water that they need to survive. The species displaying such adaptations in the studied locations are: Arthrocnemum macrostachyum; Sarcocornia fruticosa (Figure 3) and Suaeda vera. As a result of this physiological adaptation, these species present a succulent morphology, which allows them to maintain control over the progressive accumulation of salt. Such succulent morphology is only found in plants that live in chloride-rich soils. The storage of chloride ions causes the cytoplasm to swell, giving plants their characteristic appearance (succulence). This succulence could be due in part to the nature of the proteins, which usually are halophilic and present a highly negative surface charge [38,39]. This property makes the proteins more soluble and flexible at high salt concentrations. Nevertheless, the high surface charge has to be neutralized, mainly by tightly-bound water dipoles that probably contribute to the accumulation of water. Halophilic plants living in soils in which chloride is not the main ion do not present succulent morphology. By contrast, these ionic environments exert the opposite effect on cytoplasmic proteins [40].
Figure 3. Succulency of Sarcocornia fruticosa (A). SEM of transverse section of Sarcocornia stem with sodium chloride in the parenchyma (B). Detail of sodium chloride (NaCl) (C). Bar scales are included in the pictures.
In the second type of adaptation, some species are able to secrete salt through leaf glands (e.g., the vesicle hairs on the Atriplex genus or other types of glands found in the Limonium (Figure 4), Tamarix or Frankenia genera).
Figure 4. Leaves of the genus Limonium with salt secretions (A). SEM of salt gland (B). Bar scale is included in panel B.
Before examining the plant communities, it is necessary to consider that plants also adapt to periodic fluctuations in salt concentrations in the soil, and respond differently to different ions. These fluctuations are influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity and the salt concentration and composition. For these reasons, the plant communities observed in the Penalva and Redonda ecosystems are distributed according to the characteristics of the soil.
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum communities grow in drier soils with higher salt concentrations. When the land becomes wetter, Sarcocornia fruticosa communities develop. Both of these Amaranthaceae are succulent species with a high biomass production and represent a very important vegetation cover.
There are some other non-succulent halophilic plants that can grow in the salty soils surrounding the Penalva and Redonda ponds. These plants do not produce a high biomass but they play an important role in biodiversity in this kind of ecosystem. The most important genera are Limonium, Tamarix and Atriplex, all of which present a very high degree of speciation. In both ecosystems (Penalva and Redonda), it is possible to observe seven different Limonium species. (L. supinum, L. thiniense, L. delicatulum, L. cossonianum, L. parvibracteatum, L. caesium and Limonium xeugeniae). All seven Limonium species are restricted to the Ibero-Levantine area and are included in the Plant Red List [41]. It is important to note that other endemic halophilic plants such as Atriplex glauca or Frankenia corymbosa are also present. It is even possible to observe the halophilic parasite Cynomorium coccineum growing close to Suaeda vera, Atriplex glauca or Halimione portulacoides. The most developed plant communities in these analyzed habitats are small forests dominated by Tamarix species (T. boveana, y T. canariensis) (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Effects of soil salinity on the spatial distribution of halophytic vegetation.
Analysis of Archaeal diversity
In view of the archaeal-specific primers used and the repeated isolation of haloarchaea from similar environments, we expected our amplification products to be haloarchaeal. Haloarchaeal sequences were indeed identified from both inland saltern systems (Redonda and Penalva). The BLAST comparisons revealed the existence of several genera belonging to the Halobaceriaceae family, which has colonized these artificial environments.
The phylogenetic tree shown in figure 6 represents phylotypes obtained in this study and their closest relatives. Most of the sequences obtained from the Redonda ponds (1R-5R) were grouped into cluster 1, which showed the highest degree of similarity to Haloquadratum walsbyi (98-99% similarity). However, the highest degree of diversity was found in the Penalva samples. In this case, the 16S rRNA gene sequences were similar to those of the genera Haloarcula (1P, 93% similarity), Haloquadratum (5P, 93% similarity) and Halobacterium (3P, 99% similarity), as well as an unclassified member of the Halobacteriaceae (represented by sequences 2P, 6P-8P; 96-98% similarity). Other haloarchaea such as Haloferax were not detected based on the 16S rRNA sequences. Studies conducted in an Australian crystallizer pond found that, although Haloferax can frequently be isolated on plates, it was not detected based on 16S rRNA sequences, mainly because it is not a dominant group [42]. These results suggest that haloarchaea as well as several halophilic bacteria are the dominant microbial flora in hypersaline waters with near-saturation salt levels [42]. Although this study is does not focus on halophilic bacterial communities, research on this topic should be conducted in inland solar salterns.
Figure 6. Phylogenetic tree inferred from 16S rRNA gene sequences. Sequences from the library clones from the salty water have been included. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap confidence values expressed as percentage of 500 bootstrap replications. Bootstrap values higher than 80% are indicated in the main nodes. Bar, 0.02 expected nucleotide substitutions per site.
In summary, six of the thirteen sequences were identified as Haloquadratum walsbyi. This square-shaped microbe constitutes the dominant fraction of the microbial community in the crystallizers of Santa Pola (on the Mediterranean coast, Alicante region) [43], supporting the idea that this organism constitutes the dominant population in hypersaline environments. Nevertheless, the archaeal communities inhabiting these environments could be very diverse on the basis of the nutrient-enriched source water or weather conditions. For example, H. walsbyi, which has been detected in this study, represents only a minor fraction of the sequences recovered from Adriatic solar salterns [44].
Considering that these ponds are artificial systems, it is quite interesting to look for the origin of the archaeal populations. Several research groups all over the world have isolated microorganisms from rock salt or halite brine that suggest that microorganisms, mainly halophiles, may survive over geological time in evaporite deposits, although they are not necessarily as old as the formations themselves [45,46]. As haloarchaea remain viable within halite crystals for considerable periods of time [35], it is possible that haloarchaea detected in Redonda and Penalva could have been entrapped within fluid inclusions in halite deposits. This possibility has been previously suggested by other authors, who have demonstrated that haloarchaea can remain "alive" within such fluid inclusions rather than within the halite crystal structure [47].
Eukaryotes in general are scarce in environments with greater than 20% (w/v) salt concentrations, with the exception of phototrophic flagellates of the genus Dunaliella or the brine shrimp Artemia salina, which frequently impart pigmentation to brine [48]. Dunaliella cells were harvested from Penalva and Redonda saline water, as described in the Methods section. High concentrations of these organisms were collected in samples from the upwind side of the ponds. The red color that the ponds display mainly in summer is due to carotenoid pigments that protect cells from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light [49] or to the retinal protein bacteriorhodopsin. However, Artemina salina was not detected during the sampling season.
This work contributes to our knowledge of inland solar salterns located in the south-eastern region of Spain. The biodiversity and location of plants were clearly determined by the soil's salt concentration and composition. The adaptations described here allow plant communities to inhabit salterns, raising the possibility of their use in soil bioremediation, which could be of great interest in regions where desertification has become a major problem. The ponds, characterized by their red color in summer, provide perfect ecosystems for the growth of haloarchaea and Dunaliella. Along these lines, the micro-biodiversity described in the Redonda and Penalva ponds is similar to that described in coastal solar salterns. This is an expected result, considering that the saline water was found to be thalassohaline. A most interesting question is whether the halophilic microorganisms isolated from seaside or coastal solar ponds are the descendants of populations that became trapped in salt when the evaporites formed millions of years ago. The survival of haloarchaea or other halophilic microorganisms in a state of dormancy over geological time periods remains to be proven unequivocally, and the salt ponds described here could provide a good model to analyze this important question.
Location of the study region
The salterns of Redonda, Fortuna and Penalva are located in a border zone between the regions of Alicante, Albacete, and Murcia (northwest Alicante Province, Spain; Redonda salterns: 38°39'16.23''N, 00°55'45.77''W; Penalva salterns: 38°36'58.20''N, 00°54'16.12''W).
Collection and physico-chemical analysis of the samples
Water from the center and the margins of six crystallizing ponds in each saltern (Redonda and Fortuna) was collected during July and September 2008; the water was collected in sterile 15-ml flasks and kept aseptically at 4° until analysis. Samples were stored for no longer than 48 hours before analysis. Brine from the Penalva ponds was collected between of August and September 2008. The temperature and pH of the saline water were measured in the field by means of a portable conductimeter (Mettler Toledo, Mod Seven Easy) and portable pH meter (Mettler Toledo, Mod Seven Easy). Measures of the specific gravity of the water were also undertaken in the field, using a Baumé hydrometer. From these measurements, the salt concentration of the samples was estimated based on correlations between Baumé degrees and NaCl concentration for different solutions, taking into account that a hydrometer placed in pure water reads 0°Bé (0% salts). All of the parameters were measured three times to get average values and errors. To analyze the optical density of the samples, water was collected from both the center and the margins of the ponds, as the water in these areas differed in color.
For the chemical characterization procedures, 1 ml from each sample was used to determine the inorganic ion composition and concentration (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-), following UNE standard methods (Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification: http://www.aenor.es/desarrollo/normalizacion/normas/buscadornormas.asp?pag=p webcite): UNE 34204:1981; UNE EN 77041:2002; UNE 34233:1984
DNA isolation
DNA was isolated from environmental samples using the protocol summarized in the Halohandbook [50]: total DNA was isolated from six different samples from each saltern (Redonda and Penalva) by passing 5 ml of each sample through a nitrocellulose filter (0.2 μm, Ministar) and resuspending the organic material in 500 μl of ultrapure distilled water. After incubation at 100°C for 15 min, the samples were centrifuged (13,000 rpm for 5 min). The lysate supernatant was extracted with an equal volume of buffered phenol. This step was repeated twice. Finally, 100 μl of aqueous phase was used for the amplification of 16S rRNA.
PCR amplification and construction of rDNA and clone libraries
Archaeal 16S rRNA genes were amplified using the GenAmp PCR System 2700 system (Applied Biosystems) with the following program: 95°C (5 min) followed by 35 cycles (1 min denaturation at 95°C, 1 min annealing at 54°C and 2 min elongation at 72°C, with a final extension step at 72°C for 8 min). The archaeal-specific primers were: 16SFor (5'-TTCCGGTTGATCCTGCGGGA-3') [51] and 16SRev (5'-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACT-3') [52]. Each reaction (50 μl) contained 200 nM of the primers, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 3 mM MgCl2, 4 μl of PCR buffer, 125 ng DNA and 2 U Taq polymerase. The amplification products were purified from a 1% agarose gel using a GFX kit from Healthcare. Then they were ligated into a pSTBlue-1 Acceptor Vector (pSTBlue-1 Acceptor Vector Kit, from Novagen) and subsequently used to transform E. coli NOVABLUE cells. The resulting clones were screened for 16S rDNA inserts by colony PCR using 20 pmol M13 forward and M13 reverse primers.
16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses
Archaeal 16S rRNA genes were sequenced using M13For (5'-TGTAAAACGACGACGGCCAGT-3'), M13Rev (5'-ATGACCATGATTACGCC-3') and 16Sec (5'-TTATTGGGCCTAAAGCGTCCGTAG-3') primers. The amplified sequences were cloned into a pGEM vector (pGEM®-T Easy Vector kit, from PROMEGA) and sequenced using a Big Dye Sequencing kit ver. 3.1 (Applied Biosystems) and an ABI PRISM 3100 sequencer (Applied Biosystems). The EMBL accession numbers for the nucleotide sequences determined in this work are FN669141 (1P), FN669142 (2P), FN669143 (3P), FN669144 (4P), FN669145 (5P), FN669146 (6), FN669147 (7P), FN669148 (8P), FN669149 (1R), FN669150 (2R), FN669151 (3R), FN669152 (4R) and FN669153 (5R).
Relevant 16S rRNA sequences from halophilic haloarchaea were obtained from GenBank http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov webcite using BLASTN and BLASTP. Alignments of the 16S rRNA sequences were created using CLUSTALW.
Tree topologies were evaluated using the maximum likelihood (fastDNAml) method.
Assessment of the presence of Dunaliella and Artemia in samples
A volume of 0.5 ml from each sample was used to assess the presence of Dunaliella and Artemia by optical microscopy with an Axiostar Zeiss microscope or a magnifying glass, respectively.
Parenchymal images
For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), parenchymal samples from Sarcocornia and Limonium were coated with gold for 5-10 min and examined under a JEOL-840 microscope.
Plants identification
To study the floral community, the traditional botanic system has been used: plants were collected and dried to store them at the herbarium (ABH) [53] located at the University of Alicante. To obtain proper taxa nomenclature, methods proposed by Tutin et al. [54], Castroviejo et al. [55], Bolòs et al. [56] and Mateo and Crespo [57] were followed.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
BZ did the fieldwork, the PCR amplification of rDNA genes, the library construction and the phylogenetic and chemical analyses of the samples. RMME compiled the historical, geological and ecological data related to the Fortuna and Penalva inland solar salterns, and co-wrote the manuscript. MAA was involved in the flora characterization as well as in the description of the habitat. MJB designed the study and co-wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors express their gratitude to the Penalva managers for their help in characterizing the inland salterns. Financial support was obtained from grants CGL2008-05056 (MICINN-Spain), GRE08-P01, BIO2008-00082 (MICINN-Spain, Fondos FEDER) and VIGROB-016 (Universidad de Alicante).
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