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Professor Porter on advances in Defence medicine
Professor Porter on advances in Defence medicine
www.mod.uk Department of defence UK
Professor Sir Keith Porter, Honorary Professor of Clinical Traumatology at the University of Birmingham, charts the remarkable progress of modern military care since the Cold War.
Professor Sir Keith Porter
[Picture: Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham]
More than 60 years after the Cold War, a landmark Defence review and key studies, it is clear that military medicine has been transformed in its advances of world-class medical care for military patients.
It has been a long journey. By the mid-1990s, dedicated military hospitals were closed down and military secondary healthcare was switched to bustling NHS hospitals such as Frimley Park, Northallerton and Plymouth. Military command and control was effective through the MOD and the MOD Hospital Units (MDHUs) were established within NHS hospitals.
In an article originally published in Aesculapius - Journal of the University of Birmingham Medical and Dental Graduates Society, Sir Keith documents the extraordinary progress made in providing military clinical care.
He describes how, during military operations, serious casualties receive first aid at the point of injury and are evacuated and treated at several echelons of care, which are normally described as `Roles`. Role 1 is integral to a unit, ship or station. Role 2 provides a higher level of care, Role 3 is a field hospital and Role 4 refers to definitive care at the home base. Following the closer of dedicated military hospitals responsibility for providing acute Role 4 care was passed to the NHS.
Back in 1998, in the wake of the Laurence Report, mounting concerns over training standards, maintaining capability for deployment and staff retention, the Government announced a new strategy for Defence Medical Services which included setting up a Centre for Defence Medicine (CDM), recognising that military medicine was a distinct discipline in its own right.
The centre would provide professional leadership, a centre of training and develop a centre of excellence for research. From the beginning, it was recognised that the CDM should be developed in partnership with a civilian centre of excellence, preferably a teaching hospital.
Medical staff at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine in Birmingham treat an officer following his injury in Afghanistan (stock image)
[Picture: Stuart Bingham, Crown Copyright/MOD 2008]
It didn`t make sense to sustain the relatively tiny number of military patients in a dedicated military hospital. Following an extensive tendering process, it was announced in late 1999 that the University Hospital Birmingham was selected for its strong academic and clinical partners.
Royal Assent was granted in 2000, and later that year it was announced that the Royal Defence Medical College would move from Fort Blockhouse (Gosport) to Birmingham. In October 2000, a Service Level Agreement confirming the partnership arrangement to cover the next 20 years was signed.
Early aspirations
The joint vision of MOD and its partners was that, by 2010, the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (RCDM) would be a world-renowned centre of excellence for all UK military medicine. It would be a teaching focus for cutting edge military medical research, training and education.
Professor Porter is doubtlessly proud that these aims have been achieved. It is a fact that the unpredictable clinical workload generated by conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan has produced significant clinical enhancements with the RCDM being part of a chain of highly successful clinical care.
The RCDM Research Centre integrates the Medical Director, Defence Professors and the Military Director of Research. The unit maintains strong links with the Defence Scientific Technical Laboratories (DSTL) at Porton Down, particularly in relation to its Combat Casualty Care Programme. A strong educational link has been established at undergraduate level with Birmingham City University for the delivery of nurse training and health professionals.
Clinical care is delivered by a hybrid model where battle casualties are initially treated and evacuated through a military medical chain, repatriated to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, before returning to the military chain for rehabilitation, either at the Defence Medical Services Rehabilitation Centre at Headley Court, Surrey, or at regional rehabilitation units.
"From the outset, it was recognised that Service personnel, and particularly battle casualties, should be nursed together wherever possible..."
Professor Sir Keith Porter
Professor Porter writes:
"From the outset, it was recognised that Service personnel, and particularly battle casualties, should be nursed together wherever possible, initially at Selly Oak Hospital and now at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham where a military-managed ward was established."
An increase in military staff allowed the RCDM to cater for casualties who must be cared for on a different ward or hospital (for example, the Birmingham Midland Eye Centre) with sufficient military staff, including psychological care, welfare and support to create a `military bubble` around patients.
Landmark developments
Sir Keith also describes how many important developments have evolved in Role 4 care. They include: an increase in specialist military staffing; (anaesthesia, trauma and orthopaedics, plastic surgery) to meet increasing demand to cater for critical care beds (sometimes up to five patients on a single military repatriation flight) and extended theatre operating times.
Professor Porter writes:
"A further key step was the establishment of a robust military ward round/multi disciplinary team (MDT meeting), involving relevant specialty consultants including a rehabilitation consultant from Headley Court, junior doctors, nurses, allied health professionals, mental health and trauma nurse practitioners and trauma audit personnel."
A dedicated phone conference provided comprehensive military feedback to Afghanistan and supporting services, such as the aero medical evacuation team. Furthermore, critically injured patients are reviewed in the operating theatre between two and four hours of arrival at QEHB with up to six key specialty consultants present.
Two severely injured servicemen discuss prosthetic limbs at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine in Birmingham (stock image)
[Picture: Stuart Bingham, Crown Copyright/MOD 2008]
A further improvement was establishing a team to handle the demand and logistics of theatre requirements. This includes the reception of up to nine patients in a single cohort. These extensively injured patients require frequent visits to theatre; one patient recently required 37 visits to theatre, totalling 75 hours and 15 minutes operating time.
Other important developments include:
� An evolving understanding of the microbiological challenges and the needs in relation to patient care
� A full understanding of the specific critical care challenges of military trauma, particularly on blast injury
� Services delivered mostly by consultants.
Professor Porter notes that the key weakness to date has been an inability to exploit clinical achievements, largely due to unrelenting work load pressures. However, the recent establishment of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Centre, which will focus on surgical reconstruction, medical microbiology, regenerative medicine and rehabilitation, will address this deficiency. The centre is underpinned by a strong four-way agreement between the University of Birmingham, MOD, University Hospital Birmingham and DoH providing £20m of funding over five years, to provide a catalyst for world-class research and outputs.
The QEHB and the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine are proud of gaining recognition as the leading hospitals for trauma in the UK and of their world-class reputation. The strong civilian-military partnership is a role model for co-operation, co-ordination and achievement. The recent recognition and selection of the QEHB, MOD and the University of Birmingham as a partnership in establishing the NIHR centre is recognition of clinical excellence and academic capability that will generate world-class research.
Professor Sir Keith Porter is an Honorary Professor of Clinical Traumatology at the University of Birmingham based at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham.
Based on an article originally published in Aesculapius - Journal of the University of Birmingham Medical and Dental Graduates Society.
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
Professor awarded knighthood for service to military healthcare
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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Department of Defence UK | https://www.gov.uk
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ThriftyPetSupply is closing out the week as promised with one last housebreaking tip. We are also talking about feeding your puppy along with submissive urination. ThriftyPetSupply would love to hear about your puppy housetraining experiences.
By George Denehy
The MobiPetTags ID Suite kicks the Pet ID industry into the21th century. Using the Microsoft® Tag app and the unique capabilities MobiPetTags, Pet Parents can have quick access to their pet's information whenever and wherever it's necessary.
By ThriftyPetSupply
ThriftyPetSupply is continuing our education week with tips in housetraining puppies. For this post we are sharing different ideas using crates when houstraining your puppy. ThriftyPetSupply would love to hear about your puppy housetraining sucesses.
By ThriftyPetSupply
This week ThriftyPetSupply is going to be offering some great methods for housetraining your puppy. This week we will be sharing different ideas on houstraining puppies. ThriftyPetSupply would love to hear about your puppy housetraining sucesses.
By Cheryl Cardamon
New web name www.islanddoghawaii.com more accurately reflects company's personality and alignment with key audience
By Aliksandco, LLC
PuppiesAdoption.net is a comprehensive online guide to the pet adoption, offering content and animal resources, news, advice for pet lovers.
By Jason Horvath
Natural Paws announced a contest calling for people to tell their dogs' stories, emphasizing how the Natural Paws products they use have impacted their quality of life. The winner will receive a decadent spa foot care basket from RD Alchemy.
By Puppysmic
Combine tons of dog breed profiles, training tips for you and your dog, an interactive breed matcher, reputable breeders and other dog professionals that have been reviewed by their customers and you have Puppysmic.com - a fresh new dog site.
By GAIA Enterprises Safe Paw
Five safety cautions for pet owners during the holidays and throughout the winter: plants, decorations, frigid weather, holiday guests and holiday treats.
By Thrifty Pet Supply
Puppy Package, bring your new puppy home to a Complete Puppy Package. From toy to bed enjoy a single Puppy Package purchase to make your Puppy feel at home. The Complete Puppy Package is all new at ThriftyPetSupply.com
By PRMG
Bring your favorite four-legged friend down for a special blessing!
By Lauren Swern
Fundraising Event called Petcasso to help homeless pets. Live auction, silent auction, pet paintings and more.
By thepet.net
BONE LOOK BACK IN ANGER - Dog-loving Rock Legend Liam Gallagher helps UK's Dogs
By The Kennel Club
Dog lovers are invited to come along and enjoy the experience of seeing over 10.000 entries in the Welsh Kennel Club Championship Dog Show being held at the Royal Welsh Showground, Builth Wells, Powys.
By Susan W. Morgan
Home Buddies by Camp Bow Wow® Opens in Los Angeles County!
By Robert
Training your Pit Bull is easier than training other dog breeds. One of the reasons that this is so is because Pit Bulls are among the smartest and the most willing participants when it comes to dog training
By Robert
At the annual British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation (BVA AWF) Discussion Forum delegates voted for the most important animal welfare priorities, which the new Defra ministerial team should focus on.
By Robert
Exotic Pets and Babies are nontraditional animals a good idea around babies and toddlers?
By The Kennel Club
Hearing Dogs for Deaf People and the Kennel Club have a long and happy association. It was at Crufts in 1982 that the Hearing Dogs scheme was launched in the UK.
By The Kennel Club
Kerry Blue Terrier, Rokoko last weekend was placed top in the Terrier Group at the Southern Counties Canine Association Show.
By Keith Sanderson
Will be on hand with other pet friendly companies and organizations.
Page updated every 10 minutes

subset: commoncrawl


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We often see that the terms wedding and marriage are used interchangeably at different places. While most of us think that both of these mean the same, this isn't quite true. What is the difference between wedding and marriage? Wedding is the … [Read more...]
IELTS – Basic Facts
Any acclaimed and internationally accepted English language test requires learners to spend a great amount of time preparing for it. The same goes for the IELTS, one of the most popular and genuine tests of this type. Therefore, if you are planning … [Read more...]
Punctuate properly – the five killer mistakes
Do you have to write formally sometimes? Maybe send out a resume or a business letter? If so, you need to make sure that you don't make any of the common mistakes that let people down and create a poor impression. At the same time, most mistakes … [Read more...]
English grammar refresher: commonly misused words
The English language boasts more words than any other language, but such an amazing feat doesn't occur without its drawbacks. Because the English language is in a constant state of flux, even native English speakers can fail to grasp basic practices. … [Read more...]


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AMID accusations that government prosecutors renege on their responsibility to communicate with crime victims, the Attorney General's Office has revised its standard operating procedure for crime victims advocacy.
The new SOP provides improved general guidelines for victim advocates in protecting the rights of crime victims by contacting them as required by the law.
Copies of the new SOP will be distributed to victim advocates once approved by the Legislature.
According to Carlina Charfauros, AGO spokesperson, the revised SOP is a two-pronged model – one for the plea bargain agreement and another for case dismissal.
Under the Crime Victims Right Act of 2004, victims and/or surviving immediate family members have the right to be immediately informed by the AGO of the final disposition of the criminal case against their perpetrators.
Additionally, the victim or the surviving immediate family member shall also be consulted and advised about plea bargaining.
Charfauros said the updated SOP is now in the final process and will be submitted soon to members of the 32nd Guam Legislature.
Although the AGO has an existing procedure for contacting the crime victims, the prosecutors' office committed to submit a renewed and updated SOP in reaching out to crime victims during a roundtable discussion with lawmakers last March.
The roundtable discussion was called after the mother of a victim of a near-death brutal beating in March 2012 aired her concerns about the AGO prosecutors' failure to inform her of changes to plea agreements for her son's assailants.
Vice Speaker Benjamin J.F. Cruz said the AGO failed Cameron Masnayon and his family because they were not informed by the AGO that a lesser plea was offered to one of the defendants and was accepted by the court.
The public's attention was drawn to the AGO once again when another crime victim, Monique Baza, complained that she was not informed about the dismissal of the kidnapping and robbery charges against her suspected attackers.
Attorney General Leonardo Rapadas later met with Baza and assured her that the most culpable suspect in fact has not been released. "And we will not agree to any release."
"We also had a good, long, wide-ranging discussion not only about her case, but about improving the current system," Rapadas said. "We discussed current legislation and working with the Legislature on passing mandatory minimum sentencing on certain classes of crimes."
AGO updates procedures on crime victims advocacy
AMID accusations that government prosecutors renege on their responsibility to communicate with crime victims, the Attorney General's Office has revised its standard operating procedure for crime victims advocacy.


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McAfee Data Protection has pledged to invest heavily in social engineering and so-called 'wetware' (meaning human-focused) technologies in order to protect users from a continual increase in social network-based spoofing and false link fraud.
When asked at McAfee's FOCUS 12 conference in Las Vegas today if the company has staff dedicated to the behavioural and human side of cybersecurity, CTO Michael Fey replied that while itself doesn't have specialists in psychology, the company has "individuals who do nothing who look at nothing at the patters and behaviours of individuals."
"But what we have is a plan around that," Fey added, cryptically.
"We really see behavioural and situational awareness as one of the next big things in security, and we plan to be a very big leader in that part of the market," concluded Fey.
McAfee Co-president Michael DeCesare added that this team is "600 people strong," meaning McAfee has "the whole human side of this and analytics figured out."
"We have people who can rip that apart in labs, but as the cybercriminals get more advanced with social engineering, it's important to start recognising the patterns that go on and spot the anomalies," said DeCesare.
Referring back to this morning's keynote, in which DeCesare talked of hardware-integrated endpoint security, Fey reiterated that McAfee wishes to "make it so users don't have to make a decision; so you can seamlessly move through the internet safely and conduct business, and buy safer without having to make those decisions to use secondary authentication and other items."
"If we start focusing on how to make usability and security one and the same process, we can handle some of the challenges in that 'wetware' area. That is an area we find very exciting," said Fey.
Upon McAfee's acquisition by Intel in 2011, DeCesare was asked for a "five year plan" by its new parent company.
"We had to look at each other and see if we had a five year plan," said DeCesare. "Most tech companies run at such a fast pace that you tend to look at the next one to two years versus a longer period."
But, said DeCesare, "Intel is known for innovation, if you look back at the history of Intel from the very beginning, it has time and again shown this, and we want this same DNA to play a much more active role in McAfee."
As a case in point, McAfee unveiled an industry-first method for protecting print devices at the conference today.
Partnered with Xerox, the solution uses McAfee 'Embedded Control' software to prevent printers becoming victims to malware attacks - a phenomenon that became only too evident in June's widespread "printer bomb" malware attack which caused thousands of printers to churn out hundreds of pages of gibberish.


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While the Golden Globes last week failed to deliver a sequel to their 2012 vegetarian offerings, the upcoming Screen Actor's Guild Awards are moving in the opposite direction – following up their veg dish from last year with a full-on vegan option for the January 27th event.
Celebs such as Jessica Chastain, Woody Harrelson, Anne Hathaway, and Joaquin Phoenix will chow down on: Roasted beets and blood oranges with mint and black olives, Cauliflower couscous with pomegranate salsa, and Farro with kale, young broccoli, currants and pine nuts.
Actually the SAG Awards generally rock the sustainability scene when it comes to awards shows – with most all grub sourced locally from family farms (11 this year) and other purveyors.
"We know the people we get everything from," chef Suzanne Goin told The Hollywood Reporter. "It's not just a stockpile of food that you're ordering from."
As we mentioned last week, this year's SAG Awards will reduce its carbon footprint by planting native trees with its partner, the for-profit reforestation company Patagonia Sur.
"Patagonia Sur is planting 3,400 trees — two for each of the 1,700 guests at the Post SAG Awards Gala hosted by People magazine and the Entertainment Industry Foundation. In their gala gift bags, guests will find a code enabling them to log on to patagoniasuroffsets.com/SagAwardsForest/ where they will be able to affix their names to the trees being planted in their honor within a part of Chilean Patagonia, now called the SAG Awards Forest. Viewers inspired by these efforts can also evaluate their personal carbon footprint by going to the same website."
About Michael dEstriesMichael has been blogging since 2005 on issues such as sustainability, renewable energy, philanthropy, and healthy living. He regularly contributes to a slew of publications, as well as consulting with companies looking to make an impact using the web and social media. He lives in Ithaca, NY with his family on an apple farm.
View all posts by Michael dEstries →


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- Filed Under
The U.S. Kids Golf Alexandria Summer Tour will kick off May 18 at 2 p.m. at Links on the Bayou.
Throughout the summer, U.S. Kids Golf will head to fourof the finest courses in the area.
U.S. Kids Golf Local Tours provide boys and girls, ages 5 to 14, the opportunity to advance their golf skills in age-appropriate competition without having to take the time and incur the costs of having to travel long distances. ...


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Henrik Zetterberg scores 2, lifts Red Wings over Canucks 5-2
Zetterberg ends slump with 2 goals, Abdelkader adds 2 in Wings' 5-2 win
Published On: Mar 17 2013 01:12:54 AM EDT Updated On: Mar 17 2013 01:25:22 AM EDT
Henrik Zetterberg and Justin Abdelkader both scored two goals, and the Detroit Red Wings surged past the Vancouver Canucks 5-2 on Saturday night.
Zetterberg broke out with his first goals in 11 games, dating to the Red Wings' 8-3 rout of Vancouver in Detroit on Feb. 24.
Daniel Cleary also scored for the Red Wings (14-10-5), who earned their second road win in two nights.
Alex Burrows scored both of Vancouver's goals. His first, which came just 6 seconds in, was the fastest opening goal in Canucks history.
Vancouver, which outshot Detroit 35-26, allowed one power-play goal in three chances, but the Canucks were 0-for-6 on their advantages.
The Canucks lost for the first time in three games.


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|Utilization of surface electromyography during the feeding of term and preterm infants: a literature review.
MedLine Citation:
|PMID: 19909308 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE
|AIM: To evaluate studies that have used surface electromyography (sEMG) during feeding for term and preterm infants. METHOD: Studies published between 1996 and 2009 were identified through databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and SciELO) and divided into groups: term infants, preterm infants, and other situations with infants aged from 0 to 12 months. RESULTS: Five studies were found for suckling in term infants, two evaluating muscular activity during feeding in preterm infants, and one dealing with other situations. Some studies revealed striking differences in activity of the masseter muscle between breastfed and bottle-fed term infants (action diminished in bottle-fed infants). For preterm infants, authors evaluated sucking and sucking bursts and pointed out an effective means of evaluating muscle behaviour during feeding. There is evidence of a similarity in activity between cup feeding and breastfeeding. INTERPRETATION: Studies found in this literature review show the importance of using sEMG as a method of feeding assessment for term and preterm infants. For term infants, the masseter muscle presented greater muscular activity during breastfeeding and reduced activity during bottle-feeding. It was not possible to make comparisons between studies of preterm infants because of differences in methodological design.
|Cristiane F Gomes; Zuleika Thomson; Jefferson R Cardoso
Related Documents :
|8791228 - Effects of sweet taste stimulation on growth and sucking in preterm infants.
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15332438 - Parental experiences of feeding problems in their infants with down syndrome.
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Publication Detail:
|Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review
Journal Detail:
|Title: Developmental medicine and child neurology Volume: 51 ISSN: 1469-8749 ISO Abbreviation: Dev Med Child Neurol Publication Date: 2009 Dec
Date Detail:
|Created Date: 2009-11-13 Completed Date: 2009-12-11 Revised Date: -
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 0006761 Medline TA: Dev Med Child Neurol Country: England
Other Details:
|Languages: eng Pagination: 936-42 Citation Subset: IM
|Centro Universitario de Maringa, Parana, Brazil.
Export Citation:
|APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex
|MeSH Terms
Bottle Feeding
Breast Feeding
Facial Muscles / physiology
Feeding Behavior / physiology*
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Premature / physiology*
Masseter Muscle / physiology*
Sucking Behavior / physiology*
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Previous Document: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension.
Next Document: Somatosensory mismatch negativity in healthy children.


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After 12 years of staging live shows by both local and nationally known musicians in Santa Rosa's Railroad Square, the Last Day Saloon will close.
Its final live show, an afternoon concert by the Gold Coast Jazz Band, is set for May 5.
Owner Dave Daher has put the club (and the building) up for sale, and he's throwing his own retirement party April 28, with live music by country rocker Commander Cody and others.
After owning and running the original Last Day Saloon in San Francisco from 1973 to 2005, and the Santa Rosa version of the club since 2001, Daher said he's ready for a rest.
The future of the Santa Rosa venue is uncertain, depending on how Daher's efforts to sell it turn out. But Daher said he's through with the day-to-day business of running nightclubs, and will close the club.
"There may be other musical endeavors in my life, but not on the scale it has been," said Daher, who turns 65 in July.
Over the years, the Santa Rosa club has hosted blues guitarist Elvin Bishop, Geyserville harmonica virtuoso Charlie Musselwhite and the now-famous Texas blues and rock band Los Lonely Boys — "before they got big," Daher said.
During the years Daher ran his San Francisco club, he booked Richie Havens, Huey Lewis, James Cotton, Buddy Guy and many others.
"I got John Lee Hooker to come out and play again when he didn't even want to," Daher said. "Bighead Todd (head of the rock band The Monsters) signed his first record contract in my kitchen at the Last Day Saloon in San Francisco."
Local musicians will mourn the loss of a large venue for live music, said Josh Windmiller, director of North Bay Hootenanny, an event production company that has been putting on shows at the Last Day Saloon for the past two years.


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I. Permission to Heal
Publication of volume 4 of Verapo Yerapei, the Torah journal of the Einstein Medical School Synagogue, and the occurrence of the title in last week's Torah portion started me thinking about the obligation to heal (on which Jonathan Ziring's article in the journal touches). The Gemara (Bava Kamma 85a-b) deduces from the obligation of an assailant to pay for his victim's medical treatment that a doctor has permission to heal those in need. However, elsewhere the Gemara (Sanhedrin 73a) considers healing a form of returning a lost object, returning the patient's body, which is obligatory. The contradiction between healing as a permitted activity and a requirement begs for resolution.
One possible approach is that without the permission there can be no obligation. Why do we need any permission to heal? Is there not a fundamental requirement to save life because of piku'ach nefesh and a prohibition to stand by idly as someone dies (Lev. 19:16)? Rashi (Bava Kamma, ad loc., sv. nitenah) states that medical treatment ostensibly undermines God's plan. If God wants someone to be ill or die, absent permission we would be restrained from defying His will. However, once medicine becomes permitted by the Torah, it becomes obligatory.
Ramban (Toras Ha-Adam, Sha'ar Ha-Sakanah 6; Commentary to Lev. 26:11) offers two reasons why the Torah needs to permit healing. The second follows Rashi, as above. This approach is entirely consistent with Ramban's comments elsewhere, requiring people to submit to God's plan even absent a specific halakhic obligation (see this post: link).
II. Dangerous Healing
However, Ramban's first answer is entirely different. Medical treatment is inherently risky and uncertain. Even proven treatments sometimes encounter complications that threaten the patient's life. Without Torah permission, we would be unallowed to endanger a patient with risky procedures. Despite the piku'ach nefesh mandate to save life, without this permission we would not be allowed to potentially cause more harm, such as hastening death, in trying to save life.
With Ramban's second answer, we can explain why the Torah had to give permission and to obligate healing. We could answer as we did above for Rashi: once treating a patient becomes permitted, it becomes obligatory. But perhaps we can take a different approach. The risks of different medical treatments are dissimilar. Some are very risky, some less, some nearly without any risk at all. Would it really be forbidden to give someone an aspirin for a headache when the risk of negative reactions is minimal. While there is still some risk, it pales in comparison to the everyday risks we regularly take in the course of our lives. Perhaps we can say that the Torah permitted, but never obligated, risky medical procedures (however that may be defined). Treatment with little risk is obligatory. And what about piku'ach nefesh? The permission and obligation include even non-lethal illness while piku'ach nefesh and associated obligations only apply to life-threatening situations (see Tzitz Eliezer vol. 5 Ramas Rachel no. 20).
III. Different Levels of Healing
An alternative explanation that I have not seen elsewhere can take an opposite approach. Perhaps the obligation to heal only applies to illnesses that threaten permanent functioning. The source of this obligation is returning a lost body, just like a lost item. If you have to return someone's watch, you certainly also have to return his arm or leg. But this teaches us nothing about healing an illness that does not permanently threaten bodily function. (Although nowadays, with our knowledge of the lethal threat posed by infection, the distinction is largely, but not entirely, theoretical. See Nishmas Avraham vol. 1 328:49)
If the above is correct, we are required to restore, or prevent loss of, someone's life or limbs. However, medical treatment for temporary ailments are permitted but not obligatory. We can also explain why either of these Talmudic derivations are necessary when we have a clear obligation to save lives. Piku'ach nefesh only applies to healing life-threatening illness. For all lesser threats we need other sources for the obligation to heal.
Maharatz Chajes (Glosses to Bava Kamma 85a) notes that Rambam cites the obligation to heal from the mitzvah to return a lost object (Commentary to Nedarim 4:4; Mishneh Torah, Hilkhos Nedarim 6:8) but never quotes the "permission" to heal. Torah Temimah (Ex. 22 n. 148) infers that the Rambam sees these two derivations as contradictory. Either we are permitted or obligated to heal, not both. To the Rambam, all medical treatment is a requirement, regardless of severity. We are required to help others and dismiss thoughts of any divine plan.
14 Responses
First, thank you for the shout out. Second, a source that I do not cite in my article, though one that makes a similar point to yours, is found in the comments of R. Shlomo Kluger (Chochmat Shlomo Choshen Mishpat 426:1). He argues that if there is non-life threatening case, one done not have to save another person if will cause him degradation, as that is an exemption by the laws of Hashavat Avedah. However, when there there is potential loss of life involved, Lo Taamod (which functionally is similar to pikach nefesh)also applies which has no such exemption. [The Achronim dispute the implications of this piece.]
Shulchan Aruch, Chelek Orach Chaim, Siman 230, Sif 4:
Before undergoing a medical procedure or before taking a medicine, say [this prayer]:
"May it be Your Will, HaShem my G_d,
that this thing should be for me a healing,
because you heal for free."
After a medical procedure or medicine, say [this thanks]:
"Blessed be the One Who heals the sick."
IN HEBREW: Baruch Rofeh Cholim.
The Bair Haitiv commentary ( Sif Katan 5) points out that even though a strictly literal reading of this Shulchan Aruch refers to an obsolete medical procedure known as blood-letting, the true intention of the text refers to any medical procedure or medicine.
The Mishnah Berurah commentary ( Sif Katan 6) repeats the words of Bair Haitiv and then teaches that you should not believe that the medicine is what really heals, but instead you should believe that healing comes from G_d, and through this prayer we establish our trust in Him and request from Him that it [the medicine] should accomplish healing.
The Kaf HaChaim commentary ( Sif Katan 18) points out that G_d heals for free, which is not true of human [doctors].
Did you pick winners for books yet?
Worth mentioning is the Ibn Ezra's opinion. Only visibile or external injuries are permitted to be treated. Systemic or internal illnesses should be left to God.
"The Kaf HaChaim commentary ( Sif Katan 18) points out that G_d heals for free, which is not true of human [doctors]."
Of course forgotten is that like Rabbonim. physicians are NOT allowed to get payed for sechar limud.
Most doctors I know go into great debt for their primary limud
I would phrase it not only in terms of risk, but also in terms of specific prohibitions that are 'vioalated' in order to heal. For example surgery in a different context is chavala. Giving medicine in a different context is poisoning. There are issues of yichud and erva. Therefore, although there is an obligation to save lives, it is necessary to have permission to 'violate' these issurim.
In addition, the patient has an obligation to seek and follow medical advice- u'shmartem nafshoteichem me'od. Halacha has a very paternalistic approach to medicine/ healing, with personal autonomy applying only within certain parameters.
I think it's important to mention the gemorah which essentially says that doctors are killers, and the last thing you want to be in life is a doctor. Personally, I think that changes the conversation entirely.
Medicine has gone a long way from being the toss of a coin to being a bit more reliable. However, I recently was reading about the fact that most drug studies today do not follow good scientific procedure.
Thanks. I am aware of the various shitot but my impression is that the obligation to seek healing is the majority opinion. (And certainly the one that would keep me the busiest). Is the article online?
I fail to understand the supposed distinction between promoting the healing or alleviation of a possibly transitory condition vs. a permanent injury. In both cases, the restoration of the subjects health is achieved or quickened. The analogy (via a kal vachomer)to the return of a lost object still holds. If I find my neighbor's animal wandering, I am obligated to bring it back to the owner even if I can anticipate that the animal will ultimately find its way home, or that the owner will exert himself and locate the animal.
"recently was reading about the fact that most drug studies today do not follow good scientific procedure."
Link please
" Abba's Rantings on February 14, 2013 at 8:28 am
Most doctors I know go into great debt for their primary limud"
I am just quoting halacha.
Since you opened the door -name a field where the payoff per dollar spent on education is even in the same ballpark as that for medical field. I do not believe this type of discussion is appropriate for Hirhurim. A discussion of the ethics to treat those who can't maybe-but not income of a lay profession.
Abba's rantings
The rest of the blog is worth reading too. Interesting stuff.
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'Sports' Archives
Boys Basketball Notches First Victory of 2010
Spartans edge Northridge 59-57 By Dan Karpiel Sports Writer The Berthoud Spartan boys basketball earned their first victory of the young 2010-11 season in thrilling fashion on Friday night in the Berthoud High gym. The Spartans rallied from a six-point halftime deficit to top the Northridge Grizzlies 59-57. The win improves the Spartans to 1-4 on the season and 1-1 in the Spartan Basketball Invite with the rubber match Saturday night versus Thompson Valley. The Spartans came out with plenty of ... Full Story
This Week in College Football History: Dec. 13 –
FEATURED MOMENT: December 19, 1980- No. 14 BYU mounted an enormous comeback to stun No. 19 SMU, 46-45, in the Holiday Bowl in San Diego. Prolific tailbacks Craig James and Eric Dickerson combined to rush for 335 yards and four touchdowns to build a 45-25 Mustangs lead with 4:07 to play. College Football Hall of Fame coach LaVell Edwards' Cougars then sprung to life, with the help of an onside-kick recovery and a blocked punt, to put BYU within six points with three seconds left. ... Full Story
Girls Basketball Falls to Thompson Valley
Berthoud drops second-straight 28-54 By Dan Karpiel Sports Writer Thursday night in the Berthoud High School gym the Spartan girls basketball team dropped their second consecutive game to a 4A team from Loveland. Tuesday night it was a 46-27 loss to Mountain View and on Thursday night the girls fell to Thompson Valley 54-28. The loss drops the Spartans to 3-2 on the year with one game remaining in the Spartan Basketball Invite. Thompson Valley took control of the game early by capitalizing ... Full Story
Berthoud High Boys Basketball Fall to Roosevelt 74-45
Loss drops Spartans to 0-4 on the season By Dan Karpiel Sports Writer The Berthoud High boys basketball team began their leg of the three game Spartan Basketball Invite on Wednesday evening with a 74-45 loss to the Roosevelt Roughriders. Berthoud entered Wednesday evening's contest having lost all three of their games in the Frederick Tournament held last week. The loss drops the Spartans to 0-4 on the young 2010-11 season. Thanks to back-to-back three-pointers from senior Sam Hardy, ... Full Story
Lady Spartans Drop Home Opener to Mountain View
Berthoud High girls basketball suffers first defeat of 2010 By Dan Karpiel Sports Writer The Berthoud High girls basketball team lost their first game of the young 2010-11 season on Tuesday night. The Lady Spartans fell to Mountain View by a score of 46-27 in the Berthoud High gym. Tuesday evening's contest was the opening game of the Spartan Basketball Invite, a weeklong tournament where the Lady Spartans will face off with Mountain View, Thompson Valley and Northridge. The Mountain ... Full Story
Broncos fire McDaniels, name interim head coach
Eric Studesville Interim Head Coach Where do the Broncos go from here? By Dan Karpiel Sports Writer It wasn't the decision that was the big surprise, but rather the timing. In case you have not heard the news, on Monday afternoon Denver Broncos President and CEO Pat Bowlen announced his decision to relive embattled Head Coach Josh McDaniels. McDaniels' firing was not surprising given the nearly constant turmoil that has surrounded the 34 year old head coach, and de facto Football Czar, ... Full Story
Final BCS Standings
The National Football Foundation & College Hall of Fame announced the final standings in the Bowl Championship Series. There were no changes in the top six from the previous week as Auburn, Oregon and TCU remain unbeaten while once beaten Stanford, Wisconsin and Ohio State round out the top ranks. Nebraska's loss dropped the Cornhuskers five slots to number 18 and Hawaii and Central Florida moved into the top 25 listings.
Berthoud Wrestling Falls in Season Opener
Spartans drop season opener 49-21 By Dan Karpiel Sports Writer The Berthoud Spartan wrestling team kicked off their 2010 season on Friday night with a non-conference match against the Thompson Valley Eagles in the Berthoud High gym. Thompson Valley won the team event by a score of 49-21. Despite the team loss, five Spartan wrestlers – Robby Workman (135lbs), Alex Sadlo (140lbs), Cory Ellis (160lbs), J.T. Pickert (215lbs) and Josh Atkinson (275lbs) – won their matches. "Let me first start ... Full Story
Bowl Championship Series: Week 7
Three undefeated teams top the rankings. Auburn and Oregon switched places in the top two positions. TCU remained at #3 while Stanford replaced Boise State at the #4 slot. West Virginia and Northern Illinois made their way into the top 25.
Air Force falls to 12th-ranked Denver, 3-1
DENVER, Colo. -- Denver scored two power play goals and then added an even-strength goal with a minute left as the 12th-ranked Pioneers beat Air Force, 3-1, in the championship game of the 19th annual Denver Cup college hockey tournament, Saturday, Nov. 27, at Magness Arena in Denver. Air Force, who earned its first ever win in the Denver Cup last night against Clarkson, placed second in the tournament with a 1-1 record. Air Force fell to 5-7-1 overall while Denver improved to 10-4-2. Denver ... Full Story


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AdrenaStim™-SE by Apex Energetics is a cream that may work to maintain healthy adrenal function. This is important because your adrenal glands are responsible for producing hormones that regulate stress response' metabolism' and other bodily functions.
In contrast to oral adrenal supplements' AdrenaStim™-SE uses a transdermal delivery system that can bypass the gastrointestinal tract and liver. As a result' its ingredients may be able to reach your bloodstream more easily.
The herbal extracts in this supplement—including licorice root' avena sativa' and giant sequoia—may help address certain symptoms associated with adrenal fatigue' such as trouble sleeping or mild muscle aches.
AdrenaStim™-SE may be well-suited to people with aroma or topical sensitivities; unlike the standard AdrenaStim™ formula' this one doesn't contain essential oils.
Apply one pump of cream to the affected area in the morning and one pump at noon. Each container of Apex Energetics' AdrenaStim™-SE provides 1.6 ounces of cream.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are not meant to diagnose' treat or cure any disease or medical condition. Please consult your doctor before starting any exercise or nutritional supplement program or before using these or any product during pregnancy or if you have a serious medical condition.
Tyrosine' Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract' Phosphatidylserine' Eleutherococcus Senticosus (Siberian Ginseng)' Avena Sativa (Oat)' Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)' Arnica Montana' Medicago Sativa (Alfalfa)' Matricaria Recutita /9German Chamomile)' Ribes Nigrum (Black Currant)' Betula Pubescens (White Birch)' Quercus Robur (English Oak)' Sequoia Giganteum' Holly Flower Water' Impatiens Flower Water' Clematis Flower Water' Oak Flower Water' Olive Flower Water' Elm Flower Water' Hornbeam Flower Water' Vervain Flower Water' Lavender Oil' Grapefruit Oil' Sweet Orange Oil. Cream Base: Aqua (Deionized water) Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil' Alcohol' Glycerine' Citrus Fruit Extract' Glyceryl Stearate' Polyethylene Glycol' Searic Acid' Cetyl Alcohol' Stearyl Alcohol' Tromethamine Polysorbate 80' Sorbic Acid' Carbomer.
Apply one pump topically in the morning and at noon' or as directed by your healthcare professional. Pump may require multiple presses upon first use. Seal pump with plastic plug after each use.
If pregnant' nursing' have elevated blood pressure or have a history of cardiovascular conditions. consult your healthcare professional before use. If irritation develops discontinue use. Avoid eye area. Do not use if safety seal is broken or missing. Keep out of reach of children. Store in a cool dry place. Use within 120 days of opening. For topical use only.
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If you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medications or have any medical condition, consult your doctor before use. Your healthcare professional is the best source for guidance before beginning an exercise or nutritional supplement program.


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St. John's Serves Up 3-0 Sweep Over Fordham
BRONX, N.Y. - The St. John's volleyball team swept crosstown rival, Fordham, 3-0, Tuesday night at the Ram's Rose Hill Gymnasium. The scores of the match were 25-18, 25-22 and 25-17. With the win, the Red Storm improves to 5-3 on the season, while the Rams fall to 6-3.
Senior Valeria Kovaleva came just two assists shy of a triple-double as she registered a match-high 10 kills, 8 assists and 12 digs. Senior Lena Yee led all players with 19 digs and classmate Wioleta Leszczynska equaled the match-high with 23 assists while picking up six digs. Senior Chen Chen and sophomore Kun Song each contributed eight kills in the win, and senior Casie Brooks had a .500 hitting percentage which was a match-high. Freshman Darlene Ramdin was a blocking force for the Red Storm, as she put up a match-high six total blocks.
Fordham jumped out to a quick 3-1 lead to start the first set, but the Red Storm fought right back to tie the score 4-4 and eventually take a 6-5 lead on a kill by Kovaleva. STJ used its first timeout when the Rams came within three points at 11-8 on a block. Two kills by Kovaleva gave the Red Storm five-point leads twice at 15-10 and 16-11. St. John's reached the 20-point mark first, at 20-14, on a kill by Kovaleva, forcing the Rams to call their first timeout. STJ built up its lead to 23-17 on a Leszczynska kill and Fordham used its second timeout. After the breather, Fordham picked up a kill but a pair of errors ended the set in St. John's favor, 25-18.
St. John's scored four straight points to start the second set and held the lead until Fordham tied the score, 7-7, on a kill. The Rams took their first lead of the set at 9-8 on a Red Storm attack error. The score remained close until Fordham took a 15-13 lead on a kill and a STJ ball-handling error, forcing St. John's to call its first timeout. After the break, the Red Storm fought back to tie the score twice at 17-17 and 19-19. A kill by Brooks and a Ram attack error gave STJ a 21-19 lead and Fordham used its first timeout. The Red Storm picked up two more points quickly after the breather, but Fordham came within one point at 23-22 after scoring three straight points. St. John's held off the rally to take the set, 25-22, winning it on a Ram attack error, and the Red Storm went into the lockers leading the match two games to none.
The Red Storm built up an 8-4 lead to begin set three and forced the Rams to burn their first timeout. Kovaleva increased the lead to 13-7 after two straight service aces, but Fordham fought back to within three points at 15-12 on a St. John's attack error and STJ used its second and final timeout. The Red Storm rode out a 10-5 run to end the match, led by Song who had two kills during the span, including the set- and match-winner. St. John's won the set, 25-17, taking the match in the minimum three sets.
For the Rams, senior Katherine Burrel recorded a double-double with 23 assists and 13 digs. Sophomore Jenna Hart had a team-high six kills, while junior Jolanda Gunning-Snowden and sophomore Christi Griffiths each recorded five kills and a team-high three blocks.
The Red Storm returns to action on Friday, Sept. 12, at the Ameritas Players Challenge, hosted by the University of Nebraska. STJ will take on New Mexico in the first match at 4:30 p.m. EST.
Article courtesy of St. John's athletics.


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Be it from stress, lack of sleep or a rushed morning, we've all had those days where a midday glimpse in the mirror causes a minor shock. All of a sudden you find yourself faced with an unforeseen beauty emergency, like a surprise zit or severe undereye circles. Luckily, these are hiccups that can be fixed—and fast.
Above, Nordstrom beauty stylist Enisa Sabovi shares her best tips on how to remedy any surprise beauty situation like a pro.


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Urban Politics #18: Good Shepherd Center (Gsc) Leased For 77 Years
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By City Councilmember Nick Licata.
Urban Politics (UP) blends my insights and information on current public policy developments and personal experiences with the intent of helping citizens shape Seattle's future.
- Good Shepherd Center (Gsc) Leased For 77 Years
- Westlake Park Pedestrian Improvements?
- Lobbying Ordinance Still A Problem
Good Shepherd Center (Gsc) Leased For 77 Years
Ted Jonsson, Vice Pres. of the Wallingford Senior Center and it's representative on the GSC Advisory Board, discovered last month that the City Council, without a public hearing, had passed an ordinance last June extending Historic Seattle's lease over the center's grounds for another 77 years.
Subsequently, representatives from both the Senior Center and the Wallingford Community Council have succeeded in getting the 43rd District Democrats and the Seattle Community Council Federation (SCCF) to pass a resolution asking the Council to withhold the lease until a public hearing can be held. Jorgen Bader, SCCF President, has written, "No notice whatever was sent to the Senior Center and none was posted on the premises…" The original conveyance of GSC to Historic Seattle, requires the public be given notice and a reasonable opportunity for comment before change of use occurs. The extended lease was a result of introducing 6 low income housing units into the center.
The center was acquired by Historic Seattle to be maintained as a playground and a self-sustaining multipurpose center. Housing was not included and was only added with last June's ordinance. The groups do not necessarily oppose the low- income house. In fact Jonsson supported them because they were originally intended to simply recognize the live-in artist spaces already there.
There are only two of the original community tenants left in the building. Helen Wilson, President of one of the original tenants, the Wallingford Community Senior Center, says their center pays the highest rent in the city for a senior center located in a city facility. Historic Seattle also rents out public space at market rates, not giving any cost breaks to community groups.
Both the Community Council and the Senior Center feel that Historic Seattle is using GSC as a cash cow and not properly maintaining the building. According to them the roof leaks and the building is a fire hazard. They would like to see the net revenue that the facility generates plowed back into building's upkeep and the current rents subsidized for local community groups so that GSC becomes more of a functioning community center. Contact Sue Donaldson, (email@example.com; phone: 684-8806) City Council Park Committee Chair, to express your concerns.
Westlake Park Pedestrian Improvements?
Peter Steinbrueck, of the former group Friends of Westlake Park and past member of the Pine Street Advisory Task Force, testified before City Council (3/25) that the $ 1 mill. HUD Special Grant did not go for pedestrian improvements as the voters had been led to believe when they voted to re-open Pine St. for vehicles in '95. The voters pamphlet specifically said that the HUD money would be used "…to enhance Pine Street's pedestrian potential and to enhance Westlake Plaza as a central civic gathering place." Instead, the funds were spent repaving the road and moving its curbs to narrow traffic flow.
The Task Force had been told that the City would not have any additional funds beyond the HUD money to go towards park improvements. Turns out that after the Downtown Seattle Association pushed for a separate management scheme for the park, $75,000 was allocated in the city's upcoming budget for improving the park. Now that the City Council is taking a second look at the privatization of the park, it's unclear who will decide how this money will be spent.
Aside from money issues, Council Member Charlie Chong said the decisions to date were being made by "top down planning", noting that the 13 member composition of the Westlake Park Management Review Task Force, consisted of 10 downtown business people and 3 city employees.
Hopefully now that the city is willing to slow down and evaluate how to best manage the park and improve its maintenance, there will be an opportunity to allow more citizens to help shape the parks future. Not only public access needs to be guaranteed, but there are many good suggestions that came out of the Pine St. Task Force that can still be pursued to make Westlake Park more of a civic center.
Contact Council Member Jan Drago (email@example.com , phone: 684-8801) Community Development Committee Chair to express your concerns.
Lobbying Ordinance Still A Problem
Although the Elections Commission removed some of the more egregious requirements placed on citizens and community groups for talking to their elected officials, there are still some elements remaining which would hamper citizen involvement in government.
The Civic Foundation recently sent out a flyer noting the following examples.
An organization may be required to file detailed financial statements with the city and county governments even if it employed no one and was strictly a volunteer organization. This requirement could be triggered if an organization spent $200 in one month on "a program addressed to the public" a "substantial portion of which is intended" to "influence legislation".
Furthermore, the City may require someone to file as a "lobbyist" if that person made 12 phone calls or wrote 12 letters to elected officials or their staff about legislation in a 3-month period while the person was on paid work time.
Receiving any compensation would make a person a "paid lobbyist" if their employer was simply concerned about a bill that could affect their business. This would not only affect small businesses but also labor unions.
Attorney Clifford Freed, who represents The International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers, Local No. 17, reviewed the pending ordinance. Local 17 represents more City employees than any other labor organization. He noted that the Local 17's participation in the Labor Management Leadership Committee, which is set up by City charter, would trigger disclosure and reporting under the proposed ordinance. He wrote, "The burden of reporting would unlawfully interfere with the rights granted under the Public Employees Collective Bargaining Act." The Seattle Ethics and Elections Commission has scheduled a public hearing on April 2nd at 4 PM in the Municipal Building, 600 4th Ave. Room 221. If you cannot attend, then email or fax your comments on the proposed regulations directly to the Commission. The Commissions phone number is 684-8500, fax: 684-8590, and email: firstname.lastname@example.com In addition, King County is also considering a similar ordinance, under bill no. 97-184. Please call Sandy Johnson at 296- 1691 to find out when their public hearing is scheduled.
Posted: April 1st, 1997 under Government, Parks, Planning and Land Use
Tags: Good Shepard Center, Historic Seattle, Leasing Zones, Lobbyist Registration Ordinance, UP, Westlake Park


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I create; therefore, I am.
Ayodele Nzinga is a multi-talented West Coast based art visionary, who in the tradition of the Black Arts Continuum, uses performance as a method of inter-intra group communication. Nzinga, also known as "The WordSlanger" has worked with some of the most talented performers in the Bay Area in various capacities to bring life to a long list of creative endeavors.
She is the original Artistic Director of Recovery Theater, and it's cult classic Marvin X's "One Day in the Life," billed as the longest running African American Theater Production in North America.
Nzinga is the creative driving force of The Lower Bottom Playaz and was the founding director of The Sister Thea Bowman Memorial Theater. The Sister Thea was built to facilitate Nzinga's desire to use theater as a form of engagement for the community of West Oakland, has housed Nzinga's troupe since the theater was founded in 22001. Nzinga continues to focus her artistic practice on underserved audiences in West Oakland CA.
A bright and consistent energy on the cutting edge of the East Bay cultural arts scene Nzinga's Lower Bottom Playaz sustain themselves by holding annual auditions for new members. The troupe has been a launching pad for artistic careers and has encouraged members to pursue degrees in the arts.
Nzinga nurtures future performers with her innovative Summer Theater Day Camp a summer program that offers free artistic training and "first" performance opportunities to local youth from underserved areas. Nzinga also conducts a series of inter-active arts workshops that are popular on high school and college campuses throughout the San Francisco Bay Area.
Multifaceted Nzinga, acts, directs, writes, lecturers, conducts workshops, teaches acting privately, and performs as a featured spoken word artist in Northern CA. She is a member of The Black Apes Project, a multi-media company, that specializes in Ed-u-tainment art. She is the CEO of We Inhale Production and Publishing an independent micropublishing and production company in West Oakland CA. She has served as the Literary Artist-in-Residence and Resident Dramaturge for the Prescott-Joseph Center for Community Enhancement. She has consulted, served residencies, and created programming for various art concerns and schools including The University of California at Berkeley, Opera Piccola, Asa Academy, St. Martin De Porres School, The Beacon Outlet, The Leo Center, and A.L.I.C.E.
Awards, Recognition, Support
Serpent Source Grantee
California Playwrights Association
Theater Bay Area
City of Oakland Cultural Arts Department
Alameda County Cultural Arts
San Francisco Foundation
New College Writers
Clorox Foundation
The East Bay Foundation
The Mayors Office of Oakland CA
National Endowment for the Arts
Prescott Joseph Center for Community Enhancement
Oakland Public Library; Photos & Text
For Brothers Only- Documentary, We Inhale
Call the Village-Docu-Drama, Black Apes Media
Down Here- Music Video, 360 Films
We dying down here- Music Video, Black Apes Media
Freedom- Music Video, Black Apes Media
- Don't Call Me – J. Definitely
- Bigger Picture- Inspire
- Hood Affair- Playa Righteous
- Look n the Glass-Playa Righteous
- WordznBulletz-We Inhale
- Freedom-Hairdoo
- Pocket Full of Cowries- Wolf Hawk Jaguar
- Lower Bottom Playaz Hood Mix- Compilation-We Inhale
- The SorrowLand Rebellion-Black Apes Music
Environmental Terrorist
Inglis House Anthology
Journal of African American Poetry
ChickenBones, A Journal
Oakland Tribune
Oakland Local
San Francisco Bay View
International Conference Of Arts & Humanities