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The importance of behaviour change in improving health is illustrated by the increasing investment by funding bodies in the development and evaluation of complex interventions to change population, patient, and practitioner behaviours. The development of effective interventions is hampered by the absence of a nomenclature to specify and report their content. This limits the possibility of replicating effective interventions, synthesising evidence, and understanding the causal mechanisms underlying behaviour change. In contrast, biomedical interventions are precisely specified (e.g., the pharmacological 'ingredients' of prescribed drugs, their dose and frequency of administration). For most complex interventions, the precise 'ingredients' are unknown; descriptions (e.g., 'behavioural counseling') can mean different things to different researchers or implementers. The lack of a method for specifying complex interventions undermines the precision of evidence syntheses of effectiveness, posing a problem for secondary, as well as primary, research.
We aim to develop a reliable method of specifying intervention components ('techniques') aimed at changing behaviour.
The research will be conducted in three phases. The first phase will develop the nomenclature. We will refine a preliminary list of techniques and definitions. Using a formal consensus method, experts will then define the key attributes of each technique and how it relates to, and differs from, others. They will evaluate the techniques and their definitions until they achieve an agreed-upon list of clearly defined, nonredundant techniques. The second phase will test the nomenclature. Trained experts (primary researchers and systematic reviewers), equipped with a coding manual and guidance, will use the nomenclature to code published descriptions of complex interventions. Reliability between experts, over time, and across types of users will be assessed. We will assess whether using the nomenclature to write intervention descriptions enhances the clarity and replicability of interventions. The third phase will develop a web-based users' resource of clearly specified and nonredundant techniques, which will aid the scientific understanding of, and development of, effective complex interventions. Dissemination throughout the project will be through stakeholder meetings, targeted multidisciplinary workshops, conference presentation, journal publication, and publication in an interactive web-based platform (a Wiki).
The development of a reliable method of specifying intervention components aimed at changing behaviour will strengthen the scientific basis for developing, evaluating, and reporting complex interventions. It will improve the precision of evidence syntheses of effectiveness, thus enhancing secondary, as well as primary, research.
Behaviour change interventions (e.g., to increase physical activity, adherence behaviours, screening attendance) are typically complex, involving many interacting components. We need methods of specifying and reporting complex interventions in order to strengthen the knowledge base required for such interventions to be more effective, replicable, and implementable. The complexity of interventions to change behaviour is determined, in part, by the number of components involved. Components include the techniques to facilitate behaviour change that constitute the active ingredients of the intervention and procedures for delivery of those techniques. Procedures for delivery include who delivers the intervention, to whom, how often, for how long, in what format, and in what context [1]. The UK Medical Research Council's guidance [2] for developing and evaluating complex interventions acknowledges the need for improved methods of specifying and reporting intervention content. The CONSORT statement for randomised trials of nonpharmacologic interventions calls for precise details of the intervention, including a description of the different intervention components [3]. It is important to specify and report both the active techniques and procedures for delivery. This protocol focuses on the former, that is, methods for specifying what is delivered, rather than on how it is delivered. It addresses techniques that target the behaviour of individuals but that may be delivered in a variety of ways (e.g., prompts or reminders delivered by a 'buddy', telephone call from a healthcare professional, postal leaflet, or environmentally, such as hand-washing signs). By technique, we mean a replicable component of an intervention designed to alter or redirect causal processes that regulate behaviour; that is, a technique is proposed to be an 'active ingredient' (e.g., feedback, self-monitoring, and reinforcement). Techniques also have specified criteria for their operationalisation, that is, minimum delivery specifications that would allow identification of that technique (e.g., feedback must involve providing the target audience with information about their behaviour). The identification of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) is critical to understanding how organisational change and national policy changes (including policies around access and price) have their effects on individuals' health-related behaviours.
Despite the considerable investment in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of complex interventions and in systematically reviewing their effects, interventions tend to be poorly described and reported. There is no consensus on terminology, and descriptions of interventions lack the specificity required for replication [2,4-6]. When secondary data analyses are conducted to ascertain which types of interventions are effective, many are too poorly specified to be included [7]; there is no consensus on how to classify content, and, therefore, each analysis develops its own classification system [1,8]. This results in much wasted effort since there is no common method for synthesising the findings of primary studies in a conceptually coherent way. Further, unless we can specify the active BCTs delivered within the standard care or control group, replication and accurate implementation is difficult or even impossible, and effect sizes for new interventions will continue to be uninterpretable [9]. These problems are evident across a wide variety of large, expensive trials of public health [10-12] and implementation interventions [13]. This impedes the accumulation of knowledge and implementation of effective behaviour change interventions [14]. In a 2008 address, the President of the Association for Psychological Science stated, 'For psychological research to flourish and develop into an increasingly cumulative basic science, there are some fundamental requirements. It's essential to develop and use common shared tools and a common language, so that replication, and building on solid work, becomes accepted practice and is valued (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2430 webcite).'
Scientific advance requires an agreed-upon and reliable method of specifying and labeling BCTs [15]. Behavioural science has provided us with myriad potential BCTs [5,15,16], but there is no agreement on how they are labeled and identified. The same technique may be described by different labels (e.g., 'self-monitoring' may be labeled 'daily diaries'), and the same labels may be applied to different BCTs (e.g., 'behavioural counseling' may involve 'educating patients' or 'feedback, self-monitoring, and reinforcement' [17]). Imprecise labeling may lead to misleading conclusions in evidence synthesis. As a result of under-specification, behavioural medicine researchers and practitioners have been found to report low confidence in their ability to replicate highly effective interventions for diabetes prevention [5]. This problem needs to be solved to strengthen behavioural science and improve behaviour change intervention effectiveness.
Despite recommendations for describing intervention components [2,3], no rigorous and widely accepted methodology for doing this has been suggested. We propose to develop a systematic, referenced nomenclature (a system of technical terms used in a science, such as the periodic table of elements in chemistry or the biological classification) of BCTs with fully operationalised definitions to enable replication. This will form the basis of a future hierarchical classification (or 'taxonomy'). Describing behaviour change intervention content by a systematically produced, reliable nomenclature will strengthen the following:
1. Knowledge base: Published reports of intervention studies will be able to provide more detail on the BCTs, making effective interventions easier to replicate in primary research. They will also be able to specify 'standard care', thus ensuring that evaluated interventions are actually different from standard care comparator conditions. Systematic reviewers will be able to use a reliable method for extracting information about intervention content, thus identifying and synthesising discrete, replicable, potentially active ingredients associated with effectiveness. A shared language has allowed us and other reviewers to use an early version of a technique nomenclature to synthesise heterogeneous interventions and use meta-regression to determine which component BCTs are effective [8,9,15,18,19]. For example, a systematic review of 122 evaluations of interventions to increase physical activity and healthy eating [7] found that the technique 'self-monitoring' explained the greatest amount of among-study heterogeneity (13%). Interventions that combined self-monitoring with at least one other theoretically derived technique were significantly more effective than the other interventions (pooled effect sizes of 0.42 vs. 0.26, respectively). Another example of a study using this method reanalysed a Cochrane review of audit and feedback interventions and allowed the investigation of the separate effects of goal setting, monitoring, and action plans [20].
2. Evaluation and implementation: In RCTs evaluating behaviour change interventions, effect sizes will be interpretable in the context of clear specification of both intervention and control groups. Intervention developers will be able to use a comprehensive list of BCTs (rather than relying on the limited set they are aware of) to produce guidelines about how to operationalise the BCTs in protocols for implementation.
Development of a preliminary list of BCTs
As a first stage, we have reliably identified a set of 26 BCTs from 195 published descriptions of behaviour change interventions to increase physical activity and healthy eating [15], demonstrating the feasibility of a method for developing standardised labels and definitions of BCTs included in complex interventions and specifying behaviour change interventions in terms of a defined list of BCTs. We subsequently extended this list to a wider range of behaviours, drawing on systematic reviews [21] and an analysis of relevant textbooks, reliably identifying 54 BCTs [5]. Further work is needed to extend the list to a wider range of types of behaviour and to improve the definitions of approximately 50 additional BCTs that were poorly specified (some similar BCTs were referred to by a variety of labels, and some labels were unclear or overlapping). More recently, we, and others, have extended the list to techniques designed to change other behaviours (e.g., smoking) and populations (e.g., obese patients) [18,19]. At this stage, we are limiting the project to behaviour change interventions targeting individual behaviours because of the time and resources required, while recognising the need to extend this to other types of complex interventions that target different levels of healthcare systems [22].
Anticipating uptake
Few systematic reviews of behaviour change interventions use nomenclature systems [21,23,24]. Our preliminary BCT list, developed and evaluated using systematic methods to assess interrater reliability, has been widely used internationally, within a short period of its publication (2008), to report interventions [17], synthesise evidence [9,18,19], and design interventions [25]. Subsequently, we were invited to write journal editorials that have influenced editorial policy, requiring specification of complex intervention components to be based on reliable methods (e.g., in Addiction and Implementation Science), and a group of 12 international journal editors have built on this to widen the call for developing reporting methods, forming the Workgroup for Intervention Development and Evaluation Research (WIDER, http://interventiondesign.co.uk/?page_id=9 webcite). This evidence of uptake supports the need for, and usability of, a nomenclature system.
Given the impact of our initial work, it is important to extend, consolidate, and enhance the generalisability of this method by building a wider, international consensus and disseminating and evaluating the nomenclature.
Our goals for this project are as follows:
1. To develop a reliable and generalisable nomenclature of BCTs as a method for specifying, evaluating, and implementing complex behaviour change interventions
2. To lay a foundation for
a. a comprehensive methodology that can be applied to many different types of complex interventions, including organisational and community interventions
b. a fully developed, hierarchically organised taxonomy of BCTs
3. To achieve multidisciplinary and international acceptance and use to allow for its continuous development
Our objectives for this project are as follows:
1. Development: Generate an extensive list of clearly labeled, defined, nonredundant BCTs as the basis of the nomenclature (phase 1).
2. Evaluation: Test the reliability and usability of the preliminary nomenclature across different behaviours and populations (phase 2).
3. Prototype nomenclature: Produce a nomenclature with definitions and guidance on its use, evidence of consensus, evidence of reliability, and usability of each BCT, illustrated with examples from effective interventions (phase 3).
4. Implementation and dissemination: Make the nomenclature and its method of development widely accessible through a systematic dissemination plan (cross-phase).
Phase 1: addressing objective 1: consensus development
Phase 1a: recruiting experts and leaders (two months)
We have had an extremely positive response to our invitations to participate: 20 US, European, and UK multidisciplinary experts and six research centers, comprising about 30 experts, are motivated to work with us in developing the nomenclature. We have identified a further 20 leaders in the field of interventions; since we need a total of 74, we will also 'snowball' via our collaborators and research and professional networks. Experts include members of the US National Institutes of Health's Behaviour Change [26] and Health Maintenance Consortia (http://hmcrc.srph.tamhsc.edu/default.html webcite; accessed 25.6.09).
Phase 1b: developing the nomenclature: clarifying and refining the list using a Delphi survey of expert users (eight months)
Our objective for this phase was to refine and clarify the preliminary list of 54 BCTs [5] and develop the nomenclature.
Participants will comprise expert users, including researchers who design and evaluate complex behaviour change interventions, and practitioners who apply the BCTs. Whilst for this method a (homogeneous) panel size of 12 optimises efficiency and reliability [27], we will allow a slightly larger group to ensure representation of a range of disciplinary perspectives. We will also allow for an increase in the number of people surveyed at subsequent stages of the survey as appropriate.
The Delphi method [28], a consensus development method that uses two-way, iterative information exchange, will be used. The study material will be prepared by the project researcher, who will agree with the investigators on initial working definitions for the 54 BCTs reliably extracted from textbooks. We will ask panelists to read the list, identify redundancy in the behaviour change techniques, clarify any remaining techniques that are unclear as far as possible by redefinition or adding or subtracting components, and identify any omitted BCTs. We will then present panelists with the refined list of techniques, with each technique having its key definitional attributes highlighted. In a formal questionnaire survey, we will ask them to rate (on a 1 to 9 scale) the following: (a) for each highlighted attribute within each technique, whether it is necessary; (b) whether there are any attributes that are missing, and if so, what they are; (c) for each overall technique as a whole, whether it is clear, precise, and distinct; (d) if their answers to (c) are ratings of 6 or lower, they will be asked whether their scores on (a) and (b) explain their low score on (c). This will allow us to amend technique definitions. Any technique that is rated by the panel as being appropriately defined, having no missing attributes, and being clear, precise, and distinct (as judged by ratings of 7 or more) will be judged to be defined. The remaining techniques will be elaborated on and/or refined in response to the first round of scoring and will then be sent to the panel again, with the same questions asked. BCTs that are still not viewed as being defined adequately after this second round will be examined to ascertain whether a further round is likely to generate a consensual definition. Techniques with scores from 4 to 9 may be subject to a further round. BCTs that attract a wide range of ratings (particularly in the 1 to 6 range), with no obvious agreement, will be regarded as indefinable. We estimate that this task will take each expert two hours for the first round and one hour for subsequent rounds.
The ratings will allow the key definitional characteristics of each technique to be identified. Group scores of the ratings for clarity, precision, and distinctiveness and indices of spread will be calculated. The investigators will complete further work on poorly understood or poorly defined BCTs to split them into component parts, relabel them, or reject them as indefinable.
The result of this analysis will be a refined list of distinct, clearly and precisely defined BCTs (e.g., 'graded task' might be defined as '1. set easy tasks to perform; 2. set increasingly difficult tasks; 3. until target behaviour is performed'). On the basis of redundancy and overlap in preliminary searches, we anticipate that fewer than 90 BCTs will be defined through this process.
Phase 2: addressing objective 2: evaluating the nomenclature
Phase 2a: nomenclature training resource materials (six months)
Using the results of phase 1, we will prepare the materials needed for phase 2, a preliminary nomenclature manual that includes the list of labels and definitions, and develop the instructions for phases 2b and 2c and training videos for phase 2c.
Phase 2b: decoding/interpreting behaviour change intervention protocols (four months)
This phase will generate empirical data to examine whether the list of BCTs leads to reliable identification of BCTs that can be generalised to a range of behaviours and populations.
Research questions
1. Do researchers agree about BCTs used in published descriptions of behaviour change interventions?
2. Are these judgments reliable over time?
3. Are the proposed labels and definitions acceptable to research users?
Participants will be 48 expert coders (half systematic reviewers, half primary researchers), each coding 20 protocols.
We will use 40 published behaviour change intervention protocols (to allow a range of interventions sampled across health, illness, and healthcare). We will sample protocols from journals that meet the criteria of being interdisciplinary, high profile, including interventions targeting three groups (people who are healthy, ill, and health professionals), and targeting a broad range of behaviours. We propose to include protocols published between 2006 and 2008: BMC Public Health (51 protocols published between 2006 and 2008), BMC Health Services Research (33 protocols published between 2006 and 2008), Implementation Science (33 protocols published between 2006 and 2008), plus protocols from studies published in the Annals of Behavioral Medicine and the British Medical Journal.
Coders will be trained to use the nomenclature and be contacted to discuss any questions raised by it. For each of 40 interventions, each coder will indicate where a technique was used, which technique was used, and rate their confidence that it was used correctly. Coders will be asked to return all materials; one month later, they will be asked to repeat the coding task for the same intervention protocols (this will involve each expert for up to two days). There will be 12 randomly allocated pairs of coders, so that each protocol will be separately coded by 24 researchers, giving 12 sets of interrater reliability statistics for each of 40 protocols. The 480 reliability data points (12 pairs × 40 protocols) generated are sufficient to assess reliability with a 0.2 confidence interval [29].
For each protocol, we will establish whether the two experts agree on which BCTs have been used and whether each expert identifies the same BCTs at a second time point. Agreement will be measured by a series of kappa statistics to assess interrater reliability of technique identification at time 1 and at time 2 and within-rater test-retest reliability (http://www.psychassessment.com.au/ webcite [accessed 5.5.08]). The sample size needed was calculated using the goodness-of-fit approach for sample size estimation [29]. For a null hypothesis of a kappa of 0.6 (i.e., substantial agreement using the Landis and Koch classification [30]) versus an alternative hypothesis of kappa not equal to 0.6, a probability of rating success of 0.1, alpha = 0.05, power = 0.80, the required sample size was calculated to be 51. We will examine reliability ranges across type of coder (primary researcher, systematic reviewer) and type of protocol (target population, behaviour, length, etc.), using intraclass correlations (ICCs). No data are available to allow the calculation of an ICC for coders. However, we anticipate that the impact of clustering, if present, will be small. We will calculate an ICC on the data that we gather in order to inform the interpretation of the data.
Acceptability/usability of the methodology
The experts will rate their experience of using the nomenclature to interpret behaviour change interventions (time taken, level of difficulty, and specific problems encountered) and will use rating scales to rate their attitude towards, confidence in, and intention to use the nomenclature. They will be asked to identify BCT definitions that remain unclear. This information will be used to clarify and refine the presentation and definitions of the nomenclature. Any ambiguities reported by the experts will inform the rewording of the technique descriptions to enhance clarity.
Phase 2c: encoding/writing behaviour change intervention protocols (six months)
Research questions
1. Does using the nomenclature lead to clearer, more replicable protocols?
2. Do experts independently rate the intervention to be the same when different people write the protocol?
3. Is the nomenclature acceptable to users?
We will use three videos showing sections of behaviour change interventions, with two people (practitioner and participant) role-playing a range of BCTs.
Twenty-six expert intervention designers that were not involved in phase 2b will participate: 20 will write, and 6 will rate intervention protocols (estimated time per expert: one day).
The 20 writers will be randomly allocated to use the nomenclature (n = 10) or not (n = 10) and will each be presented with videos of three interventions incorporating a range of BCTs. They will be asked to write a description of each intervention's content in such a way that the intervention could be understood and replicated by others, resulting in 60 descriptions (20 for each intervention). The six raters will each receive a random sample of 20 of the 60 descriptions and be asked to sort them into groups that describe the same intervention using Q sort (this method enables one to detect shared ways of thinking and is especially suited where items are complex and partially overlapping) [31]. Raters will also judge each intervention description on rating scales measuring (a) ease of understanding, (b) adequacy of information required to undertake a replication, and (c) ease of identification of discrete BCTs. Acceptability will be evaluated as in phase 2b.
Analyses of variance will be used for each of the three rating scale outcomes to identify whether (as predicted) availability of the nomenclature leads to better-written intervention descriptions. The Q-sort data will be analysed to ascertain whether there is greater agreement about the similarity of different descriptions of the same intervention in the nomenclature group than in the nonnomenclature group. One hundred and twenty data points (20 writers × three videos × two raters) are adequate for analysis: For analysis of variance, the required number of data points for nomenclature versus no nomenclature and two replications (each protocol is judged by two raters) is 90 for a between-rater correlation = 0.4 (or N = 116 for correlation = 0.8) and power = 0.8, with alpha = 0.05 and medium effect size = 0.25. For Q-sort methods, five raters would give reliability = 0.83, assuming correlation between raters of 0.5 [32].
Phase 3: addressing objective 3: prototype nomenclature (two months)
The outputs of phase 2 will be used to select the BCTs with demonstrable reliability (our preliminary work showed > 90% BCTs were reliable) for both identifying and reporting behaviour change interventions. We will produce a manual including the nomenclature with definitions and guidance on its use, evidence of consensus, evidence of reliability, and usability of each BCT, illustrated with examples from effective interventions. Members of the team have developed this type of manual, with different content, for researchers to use (see http://www.rebeqi.org webcite). This previous manual was disseminated using some of the strategies described below under 'Dissemination and Implementation' and has subsequently been downloaded from the host website over 25,000 times since 1 January 2006.
Cross-phase stream: addressing objective 4: dissemination and implementation of the prototype nomenclature (eight months over the whole three years of the study)
Our goal is to maximise awareness, understanding, and use of the nomenclature in the development, evidence synthesis, and reporting of complex interventions. This will be achieved by disseminating evidence about the benefits of the nomenclature and how to use it, promoting change in current practice, and developing the nomenclature further.
Within the first year, we will convene a meeting/teleconference with representatives from all stakeholders to optimise our implementation and dissemination strategy and build alliances with key initiatives to raise the profile of the nomenclature (e.g., US Society of Behavioral Medicine's Evidence Based Medicine initiative).
International advisory group
We will establish an international advisory group to provide input and advice at key points over the three years of the study. Members will be leading experts in researching behaviour change methods.
Throughout the study, we will increase awareness about the nomenclature and its benefits to researchers, practitioners, policy makers, academic and professional bodies, funders, and journal editors through conference presentations, editorials, and peer-reviewed publications in academic and professional journals and MRC Network. We will also provide updates to stakeholders after each phase.
We will increase understanding and use of the nomenclature among scientists, intervention designers, and practitioners by providing (a) a web-based handbook and resources for skills training (e.g., video recordings of simulated interventions) and (b) training and engagement workshops providing supervised experience and recruiting through charities (e.g., Cancer Research UK, British Heart Foundation), academic bodies (e.g., UK Society for Behavioural Medicine), professional bodies (e.g., Royal College of General Practitioners), and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence's Centre for Public Health Excellence.
We will promote action by funders and journal editors through our personal, professional and scientific networks (e.g., WIDER).
We will promote further development of the nomenclature by upgrading and disseminating relevant evidence and asking the wider complex-interventions scientific community to provide feedback on their experiences of using it on an interactive web-based platform (Wiki) that allows ongoing iterative development by user feedback and interaction.
We have already begun working with journal editors to change editorial policy (e.g., Implementation Science and Addiction) so that detailed specification of intervention content is required for publication [33-36].
We have started the development of a Wiki of BCTs to provide a web-based interactive resource to facilitate future collaboration and consensus development in refining the tools beyond the life of the proposed research. A pilot doctoral project has engaged 21 participants, providing very useful and relevant data (see interventiondesign.eu).
Ethics and research governance
The conduct of the study will conform to relevant ethical and legal guidelines covering consent, confidentiality, and the storage of data. Ethics approval was obtained from University College London (Number: CEHP/2010A/005).
Data preservation for sharing
All data will be preserved and its availability for use by other research teams will be publicised via the website resource and as part of our dissemination work. The data will be suitable for further analysis both in primary research and in meta-analyses. The data will be prepared to allow independent usage. We will institute an automatic registration system to track usage of the database.
Competing interests
MPE is Co-Editor in Chief of Implementation Science. All decisions on this manuscript were made by another editor.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed to the ideas in this protocol. SM led the writing, and all authors contributed to drafts and approved the final version.
The project is funded by the UK Medical Research Council (Grant number G0901474).
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One of daisies & pearls' founding philosophies is a wedding should be a true reflection of the couple. Amalia and Gabe's wedding is a shining example of this attitude. From the moment I first spoke with Amalia, the couple's creativity and fortes were evident. Though I was booked for a prior engagement, I was delighted to be enlisted as wedding planner, assisting Amalia and Gabe along the long, winding and sometimes bumpy road leading up to their big day.
Amalia and Gabe's vision was a vintage inspired, music infused, Maine featured, foodie friendly, DIY, friends and family contribution event, showcasing their love story and life together. The couple met through a mutual friend while attending college in Maine. Though the couple resides in a warmer southern climate they selected Restaurant Grace in Portland as the ideal stage for their production.
Amalia's brother designed the vintage Maine postcard inspired invitations.
In case guests missed the towering circa 1857 Gothic Revival once church now restaurant, a painting of Amalia and Gabe, rendered by a friend, greeted them as they approached the entrance.
Breaking from the norm, cocktail hour took place prior to the ceremony in the Sanctuary. The couple created amusing signature cocktails for guests to enjoy.
Guests were then asked to find their way downstairs to the Great Room for the ceremony to begin. Downstairs was a menagerie of vintage treasures and décor.
Farm fresh and fragrant flowers were grown and bouquets crafted by Stonecipher Farm.
The wedding ceremony itself was a true celebration of Amalia and Gabe. Each member of the wedding party was asked to contribute a song, dance, poem, story or other prose. The couple then affirmed their own heartfelt vows to one another.
After the "I Dos" a wedding parade made their way to Portland City Hall for photos and a special treat, Mark's Hot Dogs.
Once again formulating their wedding day as their own, Amalia and Gabe performed their "First Song" opposed to dance.
Guests relished an evening of delectable food, scrumptious homemade treats, entertaining music and overall exuberance.
Thank you to Amalia and Gabe for being truly one of a kind and inviting me along for the ride.
Venue – Restaurant Grace; Hair & Makeup – Ryan Anderson at Groom; Flowers – Stonecipher Farm; Hot Dog Vendor – Mark's Hot Dogs; Photography – Robbie Kanner

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Christian tradition a description of the new Jerusalem, the holy city coming down from heaven. The fathers have seen Mary personifying the new Jerusalem as Mother of the Messiah
At the General Audience of Wednesday, 13 November, in the Paul VI Audience Hall, the Holy Father commented on Psalm 86[87] which sings of Jerusalem, the city of peace and the spiritual home of the nations. Christian tradition sees in this Psalm a description of the new Jerusalem, the holy city coming down from heaven (cf. Apoc 21,2.10). The Church Fathers have also read the Psalm in the light of Mary, who gave birth to the Incarnate Word and is thus the mother of all the redeemed. May God's children everywhere always turn to the Blessed Virgin in trusting hope as they journey to their true home, the heavenly Jerusalem. The Holy Father draws on a commentary by St Gregory of Narek, an Armenian mystical theologian and poet, born in 950 and died in 1010, whose feast in the Armenian Church is on 27 February. He was the son of Bishop Chosrov the Great; he lived and died in the monastery of Narek in Eastern Armenia. His writings are characterized by the use of mystical imagery. At the end of the audience the Holy Father greeted the pilgrims and visitors and made a forceful appeal for the release of the Colombian Bishop Jorge Enrique Jiménez Carvajal, President of CELAM and the priest who accompanied him, Fr Desiderio Orjuela. As a result of the Papal appeal, the army liberated the Bishop and the priest on Friday. Here is a translation of the Pope's 57th catechesis on the Psalms.
1. The hymn to Jerusalem, city of peace and universal mother, which we have just heard is unfortunately at variance with the historical experience the city is living. But the task of prayer is to sow confidence and give birth to hope.
The universal perspective of Psalm 86[87] can call to mind the hymn of the Book of Isaiah, who sees all the nations converging toward Zion to hear the Word of the Lord and rediscover the beauty of peace, beating their "swords into ploughshares" and their "spears into pruning hooks" (cf. 2,2-5). In reality, the Psalm is placed in a very different perspective: that of a movement, that instead of converging on Zion, goes out from Zion. The Psalmist sees in Zion the origin of all peoples. After declaring the primacy of the Holy City, not for its historical or cultural merits, but only because of the love God poured out on it (cf. Ps 86[87],1-3), the Psalm opens to a real celebration of this universality, which makes all peoples brothers and sisters.
Zion, Mother of all humanity, city of God
2. Zion is sung as mother, not just of Israel, but of all humanity. Such an affirmation is extremely daring. The Psalmist is aware of this and draws attention to it: "Glorious things are spoken of you, O city of God" (v. 3). How could the modest capital of a small nation be portrayed as the origin of peoples who are far more powerful? How can Zion make this immense claim? The answer is given in the same sentence: Zion is mother of all humanity because she is the "city of God"; she is at the foundation of God's plan.
All the cardinal points of the earth are situated in relation with this mother: Rahab, that is, Egypt, the great western state; Babylon, the well-known eastern power; Tyre, which personifies the commercial people of the north, while Ethiopia represents the deep south and Palestine, the central area, also a daughter of Zion.
In the spiritual register of Jerusalem, all the peoples of the earth are registered: three times the formula is repeated "This one was born there; that one [was] born in her" (vv. 4.5.6). It is the official juridical expression which at that time declared that a person was a native of a specific city, and as such, entitled to enjoy all the civil rights of that people.
In Jerusalem all must discover their spiritual roots, meet as members of the same family
3. It is striking to observe even nations considered hostile to Israel going up to Jerusalem and to be welcomed not as foreigners but as "relatives". Indeed, the Psalmist transforms the procession of these peoples towards Zion into a choral song and a joyful dance: they rediscover their "source" (cf. v. 7) in the city of God from which a river of living water flows that makes the whole world fruitful, in line with what the prophets proclaimed (cf. Ez 47,1-12; Zec 13,1; 14,8; Apoc 22,1-2).
In Jerusalem, all people must discover their spiritual roots, feel they are in their homeland, meet again as members of the same family and embrace one another as brothers and sisters who have come back home.
Interreligious dialogue: universal Church in place for gathering all the just
4. A page of interreligious dialogue, Psalm 86[87] sums up the universal heritage of the prophets (cf. Is 56,6-7; 60,6-7; 66,21; Jos 4,10-11; Mal 1,11, etc.) and anticipates the Christian tradition that applies this Psalm to the "Jerusalem above", which St Paul proclaims, "is free and she is our mother" and has more sons than the earthly Jerusalem (cf. Gal 26-27). The Apocalypse says the same when it sings of "Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God" (Apoc 21,2.10).
Along the lines of Psalm 86[87], the Second Vatican Council sees in the universal Church the place in which "all the just from the time of Adam" are reunited, "from Abel the just one to the last of the elect". The Church will be brought to "glorious completion at the end of time" (Lumen gentium, n. 2).
Mary is the living Zion, in whose womb the Incarnate Word was generated, who then regenerates all her children
5. This ecclesial interpretation of the Psalm is open, in the Christian tradition, to a reinterpretation in a Mariological key. Jerusalem, for the Psalmist, was a real "metropolis" that is, a "mother-city", in which the Lord himself was present (cf. Zep 3,14-18). In this light, Christianity sings of Mary as the living Zion in whose womb is conceived the Incarnate Word, and consequently the children of God reborn. The voices of the Fathers of the Church from Ambrose of Milan to Athanasius of Alexandria, from Maximus Confessor to John Damascene, from Chromatius of Aquileia to Germanus of Constantinople agree on this Christian re-reading of Psalm 86[87].
Gregory of Narek
Let us now listen to a teacher of the Armenian tradition, Gregory of Narek (c. 950-1010), who in his Panegyric Address to the Blessed Virgin Mary says to her: "Taking refuge under your most worthy and powerful intercession, we are protected, O holy Mother of God, finding refreshment and repose under the shadow of your protection as if we were protected by a heavily fortified wall: an ornate wall, gracefully inset with the purest diamonds; a wall encircled by fire, therefore impenetrable to the assaults of thieves; sparkling, blazing, insurmountable and inaccessible to cruel traitors; a wall surrounded on all sides, according to David, whose foundations were laid by the Most High (cf. Ps 86[87], 1.5); a mighty wall of the heavenly city, according to Paul (cf. Gal 4,26; Heb 12,22), where you welcome everyone as its inhabitants because through the corporeal birth of God, you made the children of Jerusalem on earth into children of the heavenly Jerusalem. Therefore their lips bless your virginal womb and all profess you as the dwelling place and temple of the One who is consubstantial with the Father. Justly, then, what the prophet said rightly applies to you: 'You were for us a house of refuge and our help against the torrents on the days of anguish' (cf. Ps 45[46],2)" Testi mariani del primo millennio, IV, Rome 1991, p. 589).
L'Osservatore Romano November 20, 2002


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UnderGround Forums >> This Fighting Life: Diorelle and Brooke
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This is the second piece by Underground Blogger DeLeon DeMicoli, whose column is insipred by NPR's "This American Life " and covers in long essay form (that would be a FRAT on the UG :-) fighters and those that train.
If you or somebody you know trains in martial arts and has an interesting story they would like to share, please email email@example.com
DeLeon DeMicoli writes and trains in San Francisco, CA. He is currently writing a novel on Mixed Martial Arts.
This Fighting Life: A Punch by Any Hand Hurts All the Same
When protagonist Ron Burgundy in the movie "Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy" went on a drunken rant about losing his lead anchor job to a "she-devil" that was better than him, the bartender responded by saying, "You know times are changing. Ladies can do stuff now. You're gonna have to learn how to deal with that."
On June 10, 2006 Gina Carano and Leiticia Pestova competed in the first sanctioned women's MMA fight in Nevada. Fast forward to 2010. Although there was a lack of mainstream interest in WMMA (Women's Mixed Martial Arts) due to the absence of its star Gina Carano (who made the transition to movies, most notably in Steven Soderbergh's "Haywire") the division has thus seen a viewership renaissance due to the recent success of the all female MMA promotion Invicta Fighting Championships and Strikeforce fighter Rhonda Rousey.
Some pundits have argued there is no place for women to be fighting professionally. Others view it as the evolution of any sport that has at one time or another been afflicted with discrimination. One thing is for certain as long as there is man excelling at any one thing be it sports or business there will always be a woman standing right beside him having to prove her worth even though a punch by any hand hurts all the same.
This story isn't just about female fighters. It's more than that as you come to meet Diorelle Ramos and Brooke Tibbetts.
On Saturday, June 25, 2011 Diorelle and Brooke woke up with only one thing on their mind – to win gold in their division at the "Best of the Best Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Pro Ams" in Omaha, Nebraska. Before the eight AM weigh-ins both ladies sat in a hotel restaurant eating a light continental breakfast. Brooke was quieter than usual due to nerves getting the best of her. Diorelle wasn't accustomed to pre-fight jitters as she chatted it up with her teammates. Once the tournament got well under way Brooke took bronze in the White/Blue belt 163 lbs. and under division while Diorelle took gold in the White/Blue Belt 118 lbs. and under division.
Then came part two of their challenge – fighting in the absolute division.
"I mean we both knew were gonna do absolute. The tournament organizers asked us if we wanted to do it when we were there. But we already had it in our minds we were gonna do it," said Brooke.
After Diorelle submitted her first opponent via arm bar, the second match she drew was none other than her partner Brooke.
"I knew there would be a time we would have to fight each other and I looked at it as another day in the gym," said Brooke.
Both fighters stepped on the mat ready and determined to give it their all. They never considered holding anything back... But wait, before we get into their match here's how the two fighters met.
"I was out when I was in the fifth grade. That's when I had my first girlfriend."
Growing up in the Philippines it wasn't hard for Diorelle to hide the fact that she was attracted to women.
"People seemed to be more used to seeing gay guys around (in the Philippines) because they're normally hairdressers or artists that helped out a lot in the community. So they're used to that."
After graduating from college with a degree in computer science and dating a few men to appease her mother, Diorelle and her family immigrated to the States in 2004 when she was twenty-one years old.
In 2007 after settling in Stockton, CA she got a job in web development and moved in with a girlfriend. Like most tech nerds (and some MMA fighters on their time off from training) she was hooked on playing "Call of Duty 3" on Xbox online.
"One night I just got a random invite from this girl that said 'Hey do you have a clan?' I said no, what's that?"
In the gaming community "clans" are competitive gaming groups that compete against each other. Diorelle was invited to join an all-girl clan. Once the virtual female gunslingers were off to war against an all-male clan, some guy over the headset asked the ladies, "So are you girls lesbians or something?"
The girl that invited Diorelle to the group responded by saying, "No, not all of us. But I know 'NODV777' (Brooke's game-namer tag) is lesbian." Diorelle butted in and said, "I'm lesbian too."
After the game ended Brooke sent Diorelle a private message asking if she was really lesbian or was she just goading those dudes online. Diorelle typed back that she was for real. That's when Brooke asked if they could be friends on Myspace.
With a stocky build and short blonde hair, Brooke has Midwestern charm you don't see much anymore. Growing up in a conservative household she wasn't able to experience the same openness as Diorelle when it came to her sexuality. Her father didn't approve and she didn't have many lesbian friends she could relate to.
"It was really hard. I dated guys and stuff because that was the norm. I struggled a lot with it up until I met D (Diorelle). She helped me embrace who I was."
After checking out each other's profile on Myspace they began exchanging weekly emails.
"Then she gave me her phone number after a few months of writing to each other," said Diorelle.
A month after their first telephone conversation Brooke invited Diorelle to Minnesota. Diorelle accepted and was greeted at the airport with flowers. The two hit it off over the course of that short weekend. Once Diorelle returned to California they began a long-distance relationship. But it was difficult being apart. That was when Brooke made the decision to move to the West Coast so they could be together.
Brooke had always been a fan of MMA ever since the Pride days. Studying for a career in law enforcement she believed the techniques in the ring (or cage) could be just as useful when it came time to disarming a perp. Diorelle on the other hand didn't share Brooke's sentiment and believed the sport was too bloody. However Diorelle's sister was a MMA enthusiast and when family got together the sisters would wrestle. Diorelle always found herself on the losing end tapping to an arm bar or choke. That was when Diorelle and Brooke decided to purchase the "UFC Undisputed" game for Xbox.
"There were snippets of actual fights you could watch on the game. After Diorelle and I finished playing we would practice some of the moves we watched on each other," said Brooke.
After sparring with her partner in the comfort of their living room Diorelle took more of an interest in the sport. Then while working on web development for a cosmetic company in San Francisco, she was introduced to a colleague that actually trained in no-gi grappling.
"When I met Carrianne at work we would talk a lot about MMA at the office and then she asked if I wanted to come train with her and her husband," said Diorelle.
That led to both ladies taking their first grappling class in a small studio in Berkeley. After that they were hooked. Training turned into a necessity to learn how Georges St. Pierre submitted his opponent with an arm bar or how B.J. Penn transitioned from mount to the back and choked his opponent out. They also began watching PPV events and attending live events whenever they came to Northern California. Life was good, but one thing was missing from Brooke's life – her family. When an opportunity presented itself for her to move back to Minnesota, she took it. But this time she brought Diorelle with her.
Training was put on the back burner as the ladies made the 1800-mile trek cross-country with a U-haul trailer strapped to the back of their car. Once they landed in the "Twin-Cities" Brooke took a gig with a security firm while Diorelle worked as a consultant doing web and software development.
"I was surfing Craig's List for other freelance gigs when I came across a gym looking for help with their website," Diorelle said. "That's how I found Crystal Fight Club."
Diorelle traded her expertise for building and maintaining the gym's website in exchange for Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, no-gi grappling, and wrestling training with local MMA pros Damion "The Wolverine" Hill (155 lbs.), Stephen "Da Killa" Watt (145 lbs.), and heavyweight Bret "The K.O. Kid" Murphy.
For her Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu training she trained at Crystal's affiliate school AMA, or Association of Martial Arts under second-degree black belt Junior Brazil.
After only a few months of training Diorelle was offered a fight.
"When I was asked to compete I remember a fight I got into when I was in high school. The girl was bigger than me and I beat her up. I thought let's see if I can do it again."
Diorelle realized the opportunity to fight in an amateur MMA fight was based on luck and timing rather than experience. She was in the right place at the right time. A lack of talent in WMMA in the Midwest made weight classes null and void in their area.
"The girl I accepted to fight was gonna weigh 140 lbs. I was gonna weigh 122 lbs."
Training in a gym full of men that never once considered taking it easy on Diorelle and Brooke made the weight difference a non-issue. Diorelle was looking to test herself, nothing more, nothing less.
"The game plan was to take it to the ground, that was where I felt most comfortable. I didn't train much for stand-up since the gym being less than a year old at that time didn't have a boxing coach until a couple of weeks before my fight."
Diorelle had an entire year to train for her bout. A few days before the event Diorelle's opponent wouldn't return any of the promoter's phone calls and they had to scrap the fight. But all of her training wasn't for nothing when the promoter called back the next day with good news.
"When Brooke (not to be confused with her partner) accepted the fight I was somewhat relieved because she was closer to my weight," said Diorelle.
Brooke Possehl (record: 1-3) and Diorelle met at Brutaal Genesis in Austin, Minnesota inside a Holiday Inn on June 10, 2011. Standing toe-to-toe you could see a considerable size difference.
At the opening bell Possehl came out swinging for the fences hoping to end Diorelle's night early. Diorelle swung back with wild haymakers but was no match for Possehl's superior striking. Possehl got mount. Diorelle was able to hip out and reverse her opponent. Then she ground n pounded Possehl. The remainder of the round was a back and forth battle with Diorelle almost ending the fight with an arm bar.
Round two was more of the same with Possehl throwing heavy bombs. Diorelle shot in and took the fight to the ground where she proved dominance and attempted one submission after the other.
At the opening of the third round both fighters looked exhausted as they traded leather up against the cage in the clinch. Diorelle looked to secure a standing guillotine choke while Possehl softened up her ribcage with hooks to the body. Once Diorelle pulled guard to sink in the choke, Possehl was able to pull her head out and finish the fight with a barrage of rights and lefts until the referee stepped in.
"That first loss made me realize how s----y my conditioning was. It made me understand that fighting inside the cage is no joke, and that people that boo don't know what the heck it takes to be in there. But most of all I learned I can't go in there with a bad mental game. I want to go in there with confidence but at the same time not be cocky which can be hard to distinguish."
In the parlance of our times where hyping a fight can be as important as the fight itself, Diorelle set the verbal quips aside and let her hands and technique do the talking.
"I'm not one of those people who likes to trash talk so I worry about whether I'm being an ass or not. And that was the problem – I worry too much. I worried about hurting my opponent. I know it sounds dumb. It's a fight. I had to make myself understand that my opponent signed up for it so I shouldn't have the slightest hesitation of doing what I needed to do to get the win."
For being a small package Diorelle realized she could take just as much as she dished out. She never once considered hanging up her gloves and calling it quits just because she lost the fight. Actually it was the complete opposite. She embraced her loss, put more time in the gym and now has three possible fights lined up in August, September, and October.
"For a second it looked like I would never get another fight. But then out of nowhere my coach started getting phone calls from other trainers saying they have a girl looking for a fight and if I was interested."
As WMMA becomes more competitive and the pool of talent increases Diorelle may have a bright future as a fighter. Although her journey was a long one to find the sport, she's grabbing the opportunity by the horns and rolling with it.
Now let's get back to that Saturday in June 2011 when she and Brooke had to fight each other for gold in the "absolute" division.
"We were already giggling at one another when the fight started," said Diorelle.
Brooke immediately latched onto Diorelle's kimono and swept the leg. She fell into Diorelle's guard. There was a back and forth battle of breaking Brooke's posture and opening Diorelle's guard. Once Brooke was able to pass to side control she went for a kimura.
"I was upset the whole time. Besides the huge weight difference she knew how to counter every move. At one point I was like oh my God she is gonna kimura me because she always gets me in a kimura at the gym. But I was watching for it this time. I guess when she figured I was guarding the kimura she took my back," said Diorelle.
Brooke was mere seconds away from securing a rear-naked choke before Diorelle was saved by the bell. That day Brooke took home the gold, but Diorelle looks forward to a rematch.
"After the match we were smiling at each other and hugged," said Brooke.
"I was exhausted," a laughing Diorelle expressed on the couch seated next to her partner.
"I remember I kissed her on the neck, but nobody probably saw it," said a smiling Brooke.
I guess it goes to show you love holds no grudges.
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Stay classy UG
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Authority Figure
Edited: 07/19/12 12:28 PM
Member Since: 7/10/11
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Interesting choice to cover a fighter with so little experience. I guess the back story is supposed to be the angle.
It's weird that I'm most uncomfortable with female fighting at the beginning stage, when I realize they are green. I keep thinking "this can't be good for their reproductive health". But then with more seasoned fighters I can put gender out of the way, or at least briefly. To each his or her own. I guess.
I'm trying desperately to stay classy. So I will end my comments here. lol (high fives self)
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^^^^So you worry about a female's "reproductive health" but not men's?
Seems somewhat counterintuitive considering the male reproductive organs are external and female's are internal, but maybe I'm missing your point...
Personally I'm not a fan of women fighting but I don't think my opinion (or anyone else's for that matter) should stop them from having an equal opportunity to do what they love.
Either way, good read and interesting story.
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Authority Figure
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ILikePsych - ^^^^So you worry about a female's "reproductive health" but not men's?
Yes, I'm more concerned with lady parts at it pertains to fighting and reproduction. Every man will be kicked in the nut sack at some point in his life - and most of us survive it. Maybe a few times. But I know few women that endure the kind of physical punishment that female fighters do even once in life. Whether biased or not I still feel a woman's crowning moment is her ability to birth children. It's like giving up your superpower.
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Blazing Knees
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DoI HAVE to have this national gay agenda shoved in my face at every turn>? Now I've got my favorite mma site marching in lockstep with it. Cmon wtf. This article is designed to create traffic and mission accomplished.
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text: Leroy "Sugarfoot" Bonner, the front man of the Ohio Players, has died. As the lead guitarist and vocalist on many of their biggest hits, including "Love Rollercoaster," "Fire" and more, Bonner was among the most respected and beloved funk men of the 70s and 80s, and he continued to perform well into the 21st Century. He will be missed.


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|Pageant runner-up Joan Dwyer
That ugly incident occurred when Betty Simpkins, 18, was announced the victor of the contest over Joan Dwyer, by a score of 163 votes to 117 in front of 400 people at the Ukrainian Hall on Saturday May 10, 1958.
Local dignitaries were invited on stage and city councillors Adeodat Crompt and MP/Councillor Gerard Loiselle came up, but Councillor Frank Hanley and M. Colette declined, suggesting that they disapproved of the result.
|Councillor Frank Hanley
The organizers were intimidated and agreed to count anew, but when they returned to the ballots they noticed that 100 votes for the winner had gone missing and about 30 young thugs appeared, leading to confusion as people scurried to escape the increasingly ominous gathering.
|Gerard Loiselle
Point St. Charles
MP and City Councillor
Someone tossed a beer into Loiselle's face and stole his wife's fur coat, while the editor of a local paper, M.A. Allard was hurt in a beating as was a cop outside. About 20 more police officers showed up and restored order. The prizes of $1,000 to be distributed among the contestants had been kept in a safe place and were not stolen.
Loiselle later told Alain Stanke of the Petit Journal that his car and house windows had previously been smashed, as had his office equipment and that he had been threatened repeatedly. He said that his wife bas suffered a nervous shock and couldn't stop crying after the pageant.
Councillor Andre Lecourt didn't attend because he had been repeatedly threatened. "For 15 days my family and me have been living under threats, we've been getting phone calls night and day and it's almost impossible for me to go out unaccompanied."
|Councillor Adeodat Crompt
after the beating
Hanley declined to comment on the issue.
Not sure what became of the lovely young Simpkins. We believe she grew up at 2151 Grand Trunk and her father Harold was a foreman at Continental Can, according to Lovells.
Joan Dwyer had a lot of family in the Point, including adults Doug (driver for CN), Jason, a chauffeur for Hydro Quebec and Joan a typist at Northern Electric, all of whom lived at 547 Fortune. She could also have been in the family of Continental Can foreman Harold Dwyer's family at 1773 Grand Trunk, just down the street from the Simpkins residence and right next to the Ukrainain Hall.
(Source: Le Petit Journal "De la casse, des coups mais pas de "Miss" by Alain Stanke May 11, 1958, p. 58)


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- Filed Under
Trinity senior Keegan Raidt and Assumption junior Bailey Davis won the individual titles and led their schools to team championships in the Class 3-A, Region Four cross country meet Saturday at E.P. "Tom" Sawyer Park.
The top three boys' teams and top four girls' teams, along with the top five individuals not on those teams, move on to the State Meet next Saturday at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington.Boys
Raidt and teammate Evan Hancock finished 1-2 as Trinity took the top six spots in the 5,000-meter race. Raidt finished in 16:07.28 and Hancock in 16:10.32. ...


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LIFE@OSU: Larry Landis captures spirit of the university through decades of photos.
Terra Magazine: Intestinal microbes affect our health
Hormone leptin is key
They forage carefully to find the very best.
Plastic microbeads pose risks to water quality, wildlife and resources used by people
OSU will require students seeking to transfer to OSU to disclose whether they are ineligible to re-enroll at an institution they attended in the past seven years due to student conduct reasons.
Researchers have discovered a new approach to ice-free cryopreservation that could ultimately allow a much wider use of extreme cold to preserve tissues and even organs.
Researchers for the first time have attempted to measure all the material leaving and entering a mountain range over millions of years and discovered that glacial erosion can, under the right circumstances, wear down mountains faster than plate tectonics can build them.
A new study has found a link between abrupt ocean warming at the end of the last ice age and the sudden onset of low-oxygen, or hypoxic conditions that led to vast marine dead zones.
The creation and sustainment of "safe spaces" may play a critical role in community-based HIV prevention efforts by providing social support and reducing environmental barriers for vulnerable populations, a new study from an Oregon State University researcher has found.
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Come back to Beaver Country. Events will include a performance by country music rising start Jackson Michelson. more information
"The Last Supper", a project that translates Julie Green's feelings into a public statement.
Three childhood friends—living in 2 different towns—banded together with meager savings, a love of craft brewing and cider to launch 2 Towns...
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New, more powerful solar energy technologies could help reduce carbon emissions, but it will take a revolution in advanced materials to achieve...
When the remnants of a Pacific typhoon approached the West Coast of North America in October 1962, it had already weakened.
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The University of Wisconsin Law School offers you a top-notch legal education
with access to the impressive resources of an internationally renowned university.
Find out more about us at one of the many regional forums or by visiting us in beautiful Madison, Wisconsin.
Open Houses, Regional Forums & Visits
- Regional Forums — Locations & Schedules
- Fall Open House
- Wisconsin Statewide Pre-Law Diversity Day
- Admitted Students Weekend
- Campus Map — We are located near Bascom Hall
Visiting the UW-Madison Campus
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Directions to the UW Law School & Parking


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The Office of Professional Experiences in the Russ College offers resources to find your career path and sharpen your professional skills.
For more info. on these services or to schedule an appointment, contact Director of Professional Experiences Dean Pidcock at 740.593.0894.
The Career and Leadership Development Center is Ohio University's central gateway to full-time jobs for students and alumni alike. They can help you with major and career exploration, résumés and cover letters, interview prep, networking, career fairs, mock interviews, graduate school planning and more.
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Scandalizing John Howard Yoder
In the years following, some say preceding, the 1972 publication of his monumental The Politics of Jesus, the celebrated Christian ethicist John Howard Yoder emotionally manipulated and sexually violated numerous women.[1] Yoder's conduct troubles us on multiple levels. Because these behaviors strike us as profoundly dissonant with the ways in which his thought has deeply influenced us, we spent the last year attempting to find out all we could about his actions and to reflect... Read More
A Religion of Losers: Dissenting Voices in Church History
The 1930s debate between Emil Brunner and Karl Barth has come to have iconic status in the history of Christian theology. It has been said that if you understand what's at stake in that debate over natural theology, then you understand the situation of Christian theology in the first half of the twentieth century. Stanley Hauerwas recounts that when he was being interviewed for his first seminary field placement, he was only asked two questions: Do you have a car? And what side... Read More
Overcoming Lamech: Lament as Antidote to Violence
"I wanted then, as I do now, revenge for what happened. Bring me the head of Osama bin Laden" wrote Washington Post columnist Richard Cohen two years ago. Cohen was in lower Manhattan on 9/11 and isn't shy about acknowledging his desire for revenge. At the root of his foreign policy, he declares (with complete seriousness), is his desire to grab bin Laden "by the throat and tear out his Adam's apple."1 Cohen's sentiment finds a counterpart in the early pages... Read More
Call to Revival: A Review of Tim Suttle's An Evangelical Social Gospel?
Tim Suttle. An Evangelical Social Gospel? Finding God's Story in the Midst of Extremes. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2011. Theological work is like children gathered around a table, playing with blocks—collaboratively erecting certain structures, contemplating them, and then tearing them down to their foundations and starting all over. It is like children working joyfully, modestly, and imaginatively. This playful metaphor is how Tim Suttle opens his book An Evangelical Social... Read More
The Emperor's New Clothes: A Review of Defending Constantine
The tale of "The Emperor's New Clothes" turns on the question of how to see the emperor: is he clothed in garments befitting someone of his noble station, or is he parading in nothing more than his birthday suit, exposed as vain and conceited? Likewise, Peter Leithart's Defending Constantine turns on the question of how to see Emperor Constantine: is he the best thing to happen to Christianity since Christ, or is he a problematic figure who begins a pattern of collusion... Read More
The Singularity of Jesus and the Mission of the Church: An Interview with Nathan R. Kerr
In this interview, Nathan R. Kerr reflects on some of the conversations that have emerged in the last two years since the release of his book Christ, History, and Apocalyptic: The Politics of Christian Mission. In particular, he explores the connections between Christology, the nature and task of theology, and the mission of the church in our contemporary world. These reflections clearly illustrate the challenge that his work poses to contemporary theological discussions... Read More
How (Not) to Change the World
James Davison Hunter. To Change the World: The Irony, Tragedy, and Possibility of Christianity in the Late Modern World. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010. 368 pages. $20.12 hardcover (Amazon). It's hard to resist the spectacle of the Wachowski brothers' film Speed Racer. Their visual evocation of a kind of live-action anime hovers and wavers between surrealism and camp. For those of us raised on G-Force, the allure of this aesthetic is palpable yet unexplainable. But... Read More
Just War Is Not Christian Discipleship: A Review of Daniel Bell Jr.'s Just War
Daniel M. Bell Jr., Just War as Christian Discipleship: Recentering the Tradition in the Church rather than the State. Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press, 2009. 272 pages. $16.49 paperback (Amazon). Click here or on the image to purchase Just War as Christian Discipleship from Amazon.com and help support The Other Journal. Since the tragic events of September 11, 2001, we have been told by both sides of the partisan fence that we now live in an "age of terrorism." What... Read More
Between Sojourners and the Simple Way? Rethinking Radical, Evangelical Politics in '08 with John Howard Yoder
So here we are: The children of the moral majority have finally grown up and moved out of the house. Many of us are now questioning our evangelical subculture's take on morality and whether being in the majority is something to be desired. We saw that many of our fellow church members got what they wanted when George W. Bush became President in 2000, but are dismayed at the fruit of this victory: a greater disparity between rich and poor, a unilateral war that has cost hundreds... Read More


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Baked lemon & vanilla rice pudding
Cooking timePrep: 5 mins Cook: 1 hr, 35 mins
Skill levelEasy
ServingsServes 4 - 6
The uplifting zing of lemon zest cuts through the richness of this creamy and comforting classic
Nutrition and extra info
Nutrition per serving (6)
- kcalories
- 309
- protein
- 6g
- carbs
- 27g
- fat
- 20g
- saturates
- 12g
- fibre
- 0g
- sugar
- 10g
- salt
- 0g
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- Heat oven to 140C/120C fan/gas 1. Put the milk, cream, zest and vanilla pod in a saucepan. Gently bring to a simmer, then stir in the caster sugar and rice.
- Transfer mixture to a shallow ovenproof dish and dot the butter on top. Bake for 30 mins, then stir well and cook for 1 hr more until the pudding is soft and creamy, and a golden skin has formed on top. The depth and type of dish you use will affect the cooking time, so if the pudding seems too loose, return to the oven and check every 10 mins or so. Once cooked, rest for 10 mins before serving.
Recipe from Good Food magazine, February 2012
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Comments, questions and tips
Made this today. I let it cook for about 2 and a half hours. After an hour and a half it was still pretty runny so I added two small egg yolks to thicken the milk (like you do with custard). An hour later and it was the perfect consistency. The lemon gives a really lovely delicate flavour, and I sprinked ground nutmeg on to give the traditional skin. A very easy, delicious desert which was just as tasty the next morning cold.
Made this for the first time today - I've been looking for recipes hot gluten-free puddings and only just thought of rice pudding. This was a very lovely flavour, loved the lemon. Next time I'll scrap the seeds out of the vanilla pod (perhaps this is what 'split' means - I just cut down the side). I thought 100g rice seemed low and chucked a bit more in, which made it too stodgy, so next time I'll try following the recipe! I couldn't get pudding rice so used risotto rice... since seen another recipe that said spanish paella rice is a good substitute too. All my guests wanted a blob of raspberry jam with theirs. Definitely doing this again.
I made this with a combination of double cream and semi skimmed milk as that's what was available in my fridge. Loved the freshness that the lemon brought to it. Cooked it in the roasting oven of my Aga whilst it was in slumber mode and 4 hours later we had the most deliciously creamy rice pudding. Couldn't resist a dollop of raspberry jam with, for a touch of school days nostalgia. :-).
Lovely recipe, the whole family loved it. I made a shopping error and bought a 280ml carton of double cream, so used this and then made up the difference with milk (I used semi skimmed) and didn't have a vanilla pod so used 1 tsp of vanilla extract.
I agree with the other reviewers and say that it makes nowhere near enough to serve 6 people!


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One Maryland, One Book Program Comes to Maryland Prison
Author and New York Times reporter to host book discussion Monday, Sept. 27 at 2 p.m.
TOWSON, MD (September 22, 2010) --- During a unique literacy promotion for correctional libraries, inmates from the Division of Corrections (DOC) Jessup Correctional Institution will meet Monday, September 27 with author and New York Times reporter Warren St. John. The inmates, and many Marylanders, have read St. Johns book Outcasts United: An American Town, A Refugee Team, and One Womans Quest to Make a Difference. The book was chosen this year for the One Maryland, One Book program run by the Maryland Humanities Council.
One Maryland, One Book is designed to bring together diverse people through the experience of reading the same book and participating in book group discussion. This is the first time the program has brought the author of the selected text to a Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services (DPSCS) prison library.
Media is invited to the 2 p.m. book discussion group. Inmates will be available for interviews after the event. Please RSVP to Erin Julius above if planning to attend.
Education while in prison to include independent reading and library use supports an offenders successful re-entry and re-integration into the community.
Most of these offenders return to society. We must educate them so they have the tools to make different choices, to find employment and choose a different path than the one that brought them here, DOC Commissioner J. Michael Stouffer said.
For the many offenders who come to prison illiterate, the correctional education program begins with basic literacy classes. The Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation (DLLR) oversees the education function at DPSCS institutions. Inmates have the chance to earn their GEDs, and then enroll in advanced education, occupational skills and workforce development programs. In Fiscal Year 2010, 87% of available academic slots for DOCs inmate population were filled.


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Sharks stomp Coyotes in home opener
HP PAVILION — In their long-delayed home opener, the Sharks scored four straight goals to come back from a two-goal deficit to beat the Phoenix Coyotes 5-3.
Despite the hiatus created by the lockout, Sharks fans got their money's worth in the first game played at the tank in nine months.
Patrick Marleau continues to score at a torrid pace, knocking home a pair of goals and has six in three games played. Captain Joe Thornton had a goal and three assists and has racked up nine points. Goalie Antti Niemi made 32 saves for the 3-0 Sharks.
Captain Thornton was also Captain Obvious when asked about the 3-0 start:
Post-Game Audio: Sharks Captain Joe Thorntonhttp://sfbay.ca/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1-24-Joe-Thornton.mp3|titles=Joe
"Well it's a good start, it's better than being 0-3. We've got a lot of things to work on but it's going pretty well right now. You want to be consistent but it's still early on. It's still a work in progress and we still got a lot of improving to do."
Tied 3-3 with 1:53 left in the third period, Marleau skated ahead and took a perfect pass from Joe Pavelski then quickly got the puck from his backhand to his forehand. His wrist shot beat goalie Jason LaBarbera to give the Sharks the lead for good.
Thornton said of Marleau's second goal:
"The last goal he scored was just a pure goal-scorer's goal. He just picked the spot and he's seeing the net really good and you've got to ride him when he's this hot."
Thornton finished with a power play goal scored on the Coyotes' empty net to ice the game.
In three games, the Sharks have scored a total of 15 goals. Sharks head coach Todd McLellan said it's a good start, but:
Post-Game Audio: Sharks Head Coach Todd McLellanhttp://sfbay.ca/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1-24-Todd-McLellan.mp3|titles=Todd
"We'll see where it's all said and done when we get into games 10 and 15 and everybody's banged up and the fatigue factor. We've been able to come from behind in two of the three games, Calgary and here so those are good signs as well."
The Sharks came out on fire, outshooting Phoenix 13-3 in the game's first ten minutes. During that time, San Jose had a 5-on-3 power play but were not able to light the lamp.
San Jose took advantage late in the first period after the Coyotes' Derek Morris took a penalty for cross checking Justin Braun into the boards.
Off the faceoff, Joe Pavelski ripped a shot just inside the point. Logan Couture — with his back facing the net near the crease — redirected the puck beating LaBarbera.
Post-Game Audio: Sharks Center Logan Couturehttp://sfbay.ca/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1-24-Logan-Couture.mp3|titles=Logan
The Sharks had to kill off a four minute minor when T.J. Galliardi was penalized for high-sticking, a double minor since a Phoenix player was cut.
Shortly after, it was Andrew Desjardins joining his teammate in the sin bin for clipping Morris in the forehead with his stick.
After a few big saves by Antti Niemi, it was Steve Sullivan's wrister near the left goal line that beat Antti Niemi on the blocker side low.
To open the third period, the Sharks had a golden opportunity when Sullivan was penalized for interference on TJ Galliardi, and two more minutes for unsportsmanlike conduct.
But Phoenix on a shorthanded chance by Lauri Korpikoski was skating in on a breakaway. Joe Thornton tried to stop him but in the process was whistled for hooking, negating the man advantage.
On a broken play, the Coyotes took the lead. The first was a delayed shot off Justin Braun. Then a harmless looking shot made its way past Niemi's glove side. But replays showed that Niemi was interfered with and pushed back into the net.
Post-Game Audio: Coyotes Forward Zbynek Michalekhttp://sfbay.ca/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1-24-Zbynek-Michalek.mp3|titles=Zbynek
Phoenix then took a two goal lead when the wrist shot from the left circle by Korpikoski just went inside the left post and trickled past Niemi.
Down 3-1, Joe Thornton with a nice centering pass to Patrick Marleau who shot at a wide open net for his fifth goal of the season. On that play, rookie Matthew Irwin was given the second assist for his first career NHL point.
Post-Game Audio: Sharks Forward Patrick Marleauhttp://sfbay.ca/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1-24-Patrick-Marleau.mp3|titles=Patrick
The Sharks tied the game with 6:54 remaining. Martin Havlat tipped in the rebound off a shot from the top of the left circle by Ryane Clowe.
The Sharks continue the six-game homestand with a matinée against the Colorado Avalanche on Saturday at 1 p.m.
After the game, Couture praised the offense:
We scored five goals tonight, we scored six the other night and four the first game so we're scoring goals. …Offensively we're playing well. A good character win tonight. You get down two goals there in the third period, fight back and find a way to win."
The Sharks had a video tribute for original owner George Gund III who died earlier this month from cancer. … F Scott Gomez, signed to a one-year deal by the Sharks did not dress. Coach McClellan will decide whether or not to play him over the weekend when the Sharks host the Avalanche and the Canucks.
Post-Game Audio: Coyotes Head Coach Dave Tippetthttp://sfbay.ca/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1-24-Dave-Tippett.mp3|titles=Dave


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Technology in Motion is a company committed to add value to your business. We provide skills and resources to meet your expectations by (1) identifying and scoping the problem, (2) analyzing and developing the best business strategy, and (3) giving you the tools and help required to execute and implement the solution.
In Technology in Motion we validate, design and execute technology commercialization strategies to capitalize your intellectual property. We've gathered a suite of tools to perform patent analysis, valuation and promotion of your Intellectual Property.
Our services include consulting, training, couching, as well as, implementation of software solutions and Web development. Our customers include university OTTs, entrepreneurs and corporations looking for ways to monetize their intellectual capital.
Throughout our office of technology transfer in Mexico and China, we offer a reach that very few can. Technology in Motion is proudly member of the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce in Austin Texas, as well as the Asociación de Empresarios Mexicanos.


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Learn more about Salmon and Steelhead:
Learn more about big streamers and how to throw sinktips:
Steelhead and Salmon on Streamers
First of April until Mid May is prime Spring Steelheading, with plenty of fish in the river getting one on a streamer is very possible. To pursue Salmon mark your calendar for mid-August until October 15th. Starting in mid October and ending around November 15th is the prime time to look for aggressive streamer eating fall steelhead. All these time frames have common factors that come together to give you a chance to drill a King Salmon or Steelhead on a streamer. Water temps are in the high forties to low fifties making the fish active. These large migratory great lakes fish are used to eating baitfish from their days in the big lake. Salmon are baitfish eaters so when they first show up they will be the most aggressive. But females protecting the nest and males just pissed off at the world will crash a properly presented fly later in the run. The spawn migration kicks in the hormones for the males to step up dominance, so striking at big bright objects is second nature. Also during the spring you will have a larger percentage of drop back steelhead available, drop backs feed aggressively looking to rejuvenate their bodies after the spawn. King Salmon fry and parr are easy meals, along with sculpins and planter rainbow trout.
The method isn't difficult, just go strip streamers. If you can handle a 200-300 grain sink tip on a 7-9 weight rod you can start searching those likely runs and pools. My favorite set up is an eight weight Orvis T-3 with a large arbor reel, like the Mach or Vortex loaded with a 300 grain sink tip. I attach 3 feet of 20 pound fluorocarbon and tie on a fly. My favorite patterns are large flies that have a lot of movement when stripped. The steelhead pictures here (below and to the right) ate an olive and white sculpin pattern of my own design called the Nutcracker. (learn to tie the Nutcracker here)
The combination of a long rabbit strip tail and lots of marabou give this fly great action. The more wiggle and movement the better your chances for a hook up. They need to be fished slowly to entice or irritate these fish into a strike. The salmon pictured at the top of the page ate a Mad Pup fished near her redd. They will often move ten feet to drill a fly, you won't believe it until you see it.
Many anglers just don't have the patience to pursue a steelhead or salmon on a streamer. It might take days of fishing to catch one of these trophies so why should you consider doing it? Look below and you will see why!
Brown Trout! While you are looking for that steelhead that is a "player" you get to catch brown trout. We are talking maybe your biggest trout of the year. The big resident browns are doing the same thing the aggressive steelhead and salmon are doing. They are hungry and aggressive. Spring and Fall triggers them to eat, they want a big meal and that's where your streamer comes into play.
Steelhead are going to be hiding the same place the browns are, little pockets and runs where they can ambush their prey. Also look for Brown trout and steelhead behind the salmon redds gobbling whatever gets washed over the gravel.
Most of the time it's eggs and nymphs, but how do you think an egg sucking leech got started? The fish holding in the dark water are the "player" fish. These are the fish that have moved up and want to eat whatever they see. The Salmon are creating the food source, sculpins, and baitfish will get pushed around in this dark water and then they are an easy meal for the hungry trout and steelhead waiting in the depths behind the gravel. In other words, you will be fishing where browns are. The only real requirement to catch a steelhead or salmon on a fly is the ability to float by fish on gravel and throw streamers into the dark water. Think about catching big aggressive fish that are eating, let everyone else try to catch spawning fish.
Any river that has steelhead and brown trout in it is acandidate for steelhead and salmon on streamer flies. My favorites are the Muskegon, Pere Marquette and the Manistee. All three rivers are prime water for both species. Spend a couple of days with Hawkins Outfitters trying to nail one of these trophies. Even if you don't get a steelhead or salmon I'll bet you have some memorable trout fishing.