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NAME : Florence T. Koment AGE:92 yrs HOME ADDRESS: Cornwall NY PLACE OF DEATH: St. Lukes Cornwall Hospital â" Cornwall NY DATE OF DEATH: 2/25/2010 OCCUPATION: Bookkeeper with Lindi-Die â" New Windsor nY SPOUSE: Late John Koment who passed away Oct. 1997 DATE OF BIRTH: 3/31/1917 Manhattan NY PARENTS: Antonio Mancuso /Angelina Abate Mancuso SURVIVORS: Son: John Koment â" Woodstock MD, Daughters: Ann Grodnick- Montgomery NY, Janet Pizzo- Cornwall-On-Hudson NY , Barbara Garay- Williamburg VA, Nancy Sylcox- Montgomery NY, Lori Morosky- Erie PA, brother Will Castelli â" Cornwall NY , Grandchildren : Barbara Natkiel, Karen Harnecker Stephen Grodnick, Jodi Dalesandro, Michael Pizzo, John & Eric Garay, Edward & Christopher Sylcox, Lauren & Emily Morosky Also several Great grand children . Organizations: Catholic Daughters of America Court Patricia # 195 Sacred Heart Church- Newburgh NY , Past Grand Regent. Member of St. Thomas of Canterbury Church and Choir & early founder of St. Thomas Bingo- Cornwall â"On- Hudson NY VISTITATION: 2â"4 & 7â"9 PM Wednesday 3/3/2010 on At Quigley Bros. Funeral Home, 337 Hudson St. Cornwall â"On-Hudson NY 12520 Catholic Daughter of America will meet at 3 PM on Wed. 2/3/20010 FUNERAL SERVICE: 10 AM Thursday Mass of Christian Burial will be at St. Thomas of Canterbury Church- Cornwall-On-Hudson NY. Burial to follow in St. Thomas Cemetery â" Cornwall NY Contribution to COVAC, POB 151, Cornwall NY 12518. ARANGEMENTS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF: Kevin Quigley of Quigley Bros. F/H Inc.337 Hudson St. Cornwallâ"On-Hudson NY 12520. TO SEND CONDOLENCES OR DIRECTIONS VISIT www.quigleybros.com
Jody Formisano Clark
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subset: commoncrawl


text: > View Product Details Please select the size of the product. Please enter valid quantity. Armani BABY navy corduroy straight leg pants overview details Retail: $110.00 Reduced: $39.97 10% Off : $35.97 color : We're sorry. This style is sold out. Navy Nothing can compare to the fun styles and fashionable designs that Armani Junior has to offer your children. Color: Navy Lightweight soft cotton blend corduroy Zip fly with snap closure Belt looped elasticized waistband with interior elastic button adjustment Five-pocket construction with crystal studs and metal logo plate at rear pocket Glossy logo tag at back waistband Straight leg 6�'' rise 8'' rise Approximate measurements taken from a size 9M, and may vary by size 73% Cotton / 27% Polyester; Machine Wash; Imported; style#318044501


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Click here to email Dr. Goodale directly.
Ronda Goodale is a licensed educational psychologist and certified school psychologist who earned her doctorate in educational psychology at Boston College. She has worked in the Boston Public Schools for over 30 years where she supervised school psychologists, served as a program advisor for litigation, private placement, as well as facilitating support teams, and acting as a literacy coach for the Boston Public Schools for students with severe emotional/behavioral disorders. She currently works for Wediko Family Services as a consultant to the Malden schools in special education and RTI, as well as a consultant to the McKinley school in Boston, that serves a K-12 population of students with severe emotional/behavioral disorders. Her particular expertise is in behavior management, consultation, RTI, and CBM. She is also an adjunct faculty member in the Department of Special Education at University of Massachusetts, Boston and Northeastern University's Graduate School of Education.


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The Nine Levels of Work Hell
Dante's got nothing on the endless loops of interruptions, overwhelming emails and pointless formalities that plague workplaces. Here's how to break free.
Mind-numbing meetings, overflowing inboxes and urgent projects that require you to drop everything—do ever feel like parts of your workday are a personalized form of hell? If you're frustrated by ineffective work processes—and complaining to coworkers over drinks—you're not alone.
Fifty-four percent of employees have felt frustrated about work and 40% say they don't understand the company's vision or have never seen it, according to "America's Workforce: A Revealing Account of What U.S. Employees Really Think About Today's Workplace," a 2013 survey by Kelton, a Los Angeles-based research firm.
"A company's biggest investment is in its people, but organizations are often disconnected and don't use this resource appropriately," says Bryan Nielson, chief marketing officer of AtTask, a Utah-based software firm that creates work management tools for business teams. "Optimizing knowledge workers is how companies succeed."
After surveying approximately 1,000 AtTask.com users, Nielson identified nine levels of "work hell," those things that irritate people most. He shares the levels and offers solutions for eliminating the suffering:
1. The Hell of Too Many Open Tabs
The average person uses 13 different tools or methods to manage their day, says Nielson, and anytime you utilize multiple tools to do one thing, you become inefficient. For example, you probably use a tool like Microsoft Word for documents, email for feedback and a spreadsheet for managing workflow and approvals.
"All that toggling back and forth creates challenges and fragments work experience," he says. Nielson says the fix is to consolidate tools, using one or two that are easily accessible by everyone. Select a task-management tool, such as Producteev, BaseCamp, or AtTask, that allows collaboration and document storage in one place.
Get feedback on tools before you roll them out; 92% of employees continue to use email even if there is a work management system in place, according to a 2012 Harris Interactive Study. Also, implement best practices for the team, so everyone uses the same processes.
2. The Hell of Duplicating Work
Workers spend 14% of their day duplicating information, and 25% to 40% of project budgets are wasted as a result of rework, says Nielson.
"The cause for this is disconnect; workers aren't getting the right information from those who request the work," he says.
Before a new request is taken, take plenty of time to gather information upfront. Also, get stakeholders involved at every stage by managing feedback and approvals in a central location.
3. The Hell False Urgency
The average organization spends about half of its time on unplanned, urgent activities, says Nielson. The first step is to understand the root cause—is it poor planning or lost email requests?
To eliminate this type of work hell, build time in project schedules for these sort of fire drills so they don't disrupt timelines. Communication also needs to be improved, says Nielson. "Encourage workers to give feedback on requests such as, 'I can take this urgent project, but it will cause these four other things to slip. Are you okay with that?'" he says.
4. The Hell That Is Silos
More than half of workers say departmentally "siloed" information is their top challenge in managing data, says Nielson. Cross-team interaction is often limited, and the bigger the organization, the bigger the chance that is happening.
"The problem is not having complete alignment," he says. To get out of silo hell, companies need to eliminate needless formalities, such as going through proper channels; instead, allow direct collaboration, says Nielson. Consider diversifying project teams and rotating job responsibilities, and organize staff meetings by project instead of department.
5. The Hell of Constant Updates
From spreadsheets to presentations to memos and reports, the amount of paper organizations generate can be overwhelming. Managers gather information for meetings and to justify their jobs, says Nielson, but the collection method is often outdated.
Instead, he says companies should create a communication plan that will identify who needs to get updates, what information they need, when they need it, where the data will be stored and how it will be distributed. Then create a process that automatically distributes information to the right people.
6. Meeting Hell
Nielson calls meeting hell "the prison of the working dead."
"Fifty percent of meetings are considered a waste of time, and 74% of workers do other work while in meetings," he says. That's because most meetings aren't collaboration meetings, they're status updates."
Eliminate status meetings by using a work management system that gives real-time visibility on projects. Before scheduling other meetings, ask yourself if the meeting is necessary, or if there is a faster way to get information to people. If the meeting is necessary, clearly define the purpose beforehand so participants can prepare.
7. Interruption Hell
It takes 10 to 15 minutes to get back on track when interruptions occur, and the average worker spends two hours recovering from distractions each day, says Nielson. While it's hard to eliminate all interruptions, you can reduce the amount you get each day. Categorize the common types of disruptions you get each day and plan for them, says Nielson.
Choose a location where coworkers can submit requests, such as a special email address or a paper tray. Monitor requests and prioritize them with existing projects. And when someone stops by your desk, remind them of the process.
8. Email Hell
It takes 16 minutes to refocus after handling incoming email, and 94% of workers feel overwhelmed by the amount of information they receive each day, says Nielson.
"Email is overwhelming organizations," he says. "We get hundreds each day. It's impossible to get through them all, but we're expected to. We end up doing email at all hours of the day."
The solution is to displace email as a management, collaboration status update, feedback and document-sharing tool, says Nielson. Use a project management tool instead. This will significantly decrease the amount of email you receive, and put communication within the proper context.
9. Collaboration Hell
Collaborating is like working on a big puzzle, but with teams often spread across offices and time zones, problems can arise, including missed deadlines, budgets or expectations. The solution is to centralize correspondence, says Nielson, giving the whole team visibility into each other's work and feedback.
"Chat or instant messengers are great for real-time, but those conversations are lost when the window is closed," says Nielson. "True work collaboration needs to be documented, visible and easy to track."
[Image: Wikipedia]
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5 Comments
I totally identify 7 and 8, Interruption and Email Hell. Nice to see I'm not the only one ;)
Great points! Having worked in both small and large businesses, there really is no 'sweet spot' for eliminating these collective pains in the neck.
As much black ink as exists on building your perfect culture, little is offered in erasing the unwanted trash! This list would be an outstanding topic for a number of Lean Workouts, to strip the non value-add out of virtually every office. Though, I did work for a gentleman who used to get copied on emails between team members sitting 10 feet from each other. He called an impromptu meeting, where all he said was "...get off of your backsides and talk to each other!" Problem solved!
I really loved this article. It's a clever approach and spot on. I'm sure many people can related to these particular topics as being in work hell.
Your agents sound just like me. I worked in customer service for over 20 years, and I love helping all of my customers (most were friends). A lot of times it was hard to get my lunch when I ate in the lunch room, as my customers would come in and refused to let anyone else help them, and my boss would call me back to care for them. When I was transferred to a branch, they followed me there to have me help them, I would find out what they wanted to do and then have a customer specialist (I was head teller and my job was to supervise and run the office), then the customer and I would go to lunch. I really missed working closely with the customer service where I worked closely with the customers. Now I am desperately in the need of a job, but I am a young 73 and I do not receive replies to the resumes I have submitted. I do have a few medical problems that make it challenging to go back to a regular job, even if I can get one. What I need is to work from my home.
Hi Stephanie.
Thanks for the information. I love the reference to Dante's Inferno. It is such a great context setting piece. I know exactly what you're talking about. I can feel it.
I'm really interested in information, conversations or thoughts you have around helping people change their behaviour, especially around knowledge sharing and removing silos. Adapting to new technologies and work processes is tough. Adapting to new ways of being, from closed to transparent is really tough.
That's the world I work in. I'd be really interested in finding other resources and hearing other's perspective on the behavioural aspect of this kind of change.
Thanks so much, Sharon


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You're familiar with the scenario: You've been traveling all day, from one airport to another to a conference room here and a car service there. The whole way, you've been fielding calls from the home office and sending back requests for data you need on this important client call. But before you know it, you're out of juice: All that time, you never had a chance to plug in and recharge your cell phone, and now you're stuck. Here are a few simple tips for extending your cell phone battery over the long haul, so that when you do recharge -- it lasts.
Tip: Charge Up Less Often
It's a habit, especially for travelers: Get into the hotel room, search for the nearest available outlet and plug up all rechargeable electronics before settling in. Unfortunately, according to a T-Mobile spokesman, this very practice can drain life from your cell phone battery. Cell phones, iPods, and other rechargeable electronics have so-called battery memory. When first bought, your cell phone is prepped to charge fully each time you plug it into an outlet. Repeatedly charging your phone when it has, say, half power actually lowers the capacity of the battery. It gets used to holding only half a charge.
Solution: Charge every other day. The average cell phone charge lasts about three days. Unless you're a risk taker, it's probably not a good idea to wait until the third day (after all, this isn't an exact science). A more realistic goal is to plug in your phone every other day.
Tip: Monitor Cell Phone Temperature
Most people don't have business in Antarctica or the Sahara, but leaving the phone in a hot summer car or a cold office will hurt battery life, too. "A common mistake made by cellular phone users is to leave their battery pack in their vehicle during the heat of day," Motorola warns.
Solution: If it must be stored, keep it away from sunlight during summer. In winter, keep the phone well-covered in a case or your bag.
Tip: Turn Your Phone Off at Night
The beauty of cell phones is that, dead zones notwithstanding, we can be reached at any time. We tend to leave them on all day and all night, and complain when they break down from exhaustion. What people don't realize is that cell phones, like computers and other technological gadgets, need a little rest. Downtime allows your phone to cool down, while turning on the phone anew will refocus its coordinates (which may help you get better reception).
Solution: Turn it off. Shut it down periodically, ideally at least once daily. Fives minutes will do. At the very least, when you go to bed at night -- let your phone get a little rest, too.


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props to Drake for still repping KOTD after the embarrassment he had to watch that was BO3
manik vs. detour World Domination 5 day 3 filmed off King Fly's blackberry
set it up Ganik
and im guessing the only reason you're battling dirt at voicebox is because he skipped on your shitty ass event and the funds were probably already...
implying i keep up with your shitty, nonrelevant battle rap career you fucking neckbeard
detour ill be honest ive barely seen any of your battles and you're definitely not the worst ive heard. not saying youre that great either tbh
dead at everyone here riding Fresco's dick with his new album and then bash this album lmao smh
Black Skinhead, Blood of the Leaves, and Bound 2...
will buy 20 shirts if u give Arcane a wedgie
clips n dna's 3rd round was fucking hilarious
ice never lost
so i be in the club dancing to big meech and larry hoover
you be at home fucking with big bleach and stain remover
been saying serius vs. pat needs to happen. its so perfect in so many ways.
I feel like he tries too hard sometimes to get camera time but can't deny he brings excitement to battles and you can tell he genuinely enjoys this...
Sketch Menace (should just stick to hosting)
Tech 9
quit duckin Foreman
Dirt vs. Bender and a new Rio battle >>>>
Good shit iBattle
Real Deal @RealDealPGH 1h
RapMusic trolls are so relentless that it can become sad. An opinion is one thing but an obsession is another.
just imagine Fresco/Rone and The Saurus/DNA with a Don't Flop or the old school GT crowds
Canadians stay losin
Is this RBN league Pen's new shit? Hes not with URL anymore?
cant remember the last battle of his i watched without cutting it mid first round. maybe SMP?
Separate names with a comma.


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Tactical Nuke strike in Syria? This happened in Homs a few days ago! What do you make of this?
August 8th, 2013
August 8th, 2013
Tags: homs, syria, tactical nuke strike, uranium
This entry was posted on Thursday, August 8th, 2013 at 4:52 am and is filed under Dictatorship, Education/Mind Control, Fascism, Film/Video, NWO, Syria, War/Draft, WMD, World War III. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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When you go to the hospital you expect to get better, but far too often that's not what happens. Every year, inadequate hospital care contributes to the deaths of thousands of patients.
A 2010 government report finds mistakes and other medical harm contribute to an estimated 1,500 deaths each month. And that's just among Medicare patients. The figure is conservative. Many of the medical mistakes that occur in hospitals are not reported, so we know about only a fraction of the problems that occur.
How safe is your hospital? Consumer Reports analyzed data from more than a thousand hospitals in 44 states and gave each hospital a safety rating in several categories, including:
- Avoiding infections
- Readmissions after discharge
- Clear communication about drugs and discharge
- The overuse of CT scans
The ratings show that even the best hospitals have room for improvement.
No hospital got a top score for preventing patients from being readmitted, or for communicating with patients about discharge instructions and new medications.
Hospitals are not required to make all their safety data available, and many don't, so the ratings cover only about one-fifth of American hospitals. The advocacy arm of Consumer Reports has called for a nationwide system to track medical errors and report them to the public.
The best hospital in Consumer Reports' Hospital Safety ratings is Billings Clinic in Billings, Montana, with a safety score of 72. The worst is Sacred Heart Hospital in Chicago with a score of 16.
As for Florida, the best in the state is Florida Hospital Memorial Medical Center in Daytona Beach with a 67 safety rating. Not far behind is the Mayo clinic Jacksonville with a 61 rating.
Memorial Hospital Jacksonville was given a 52, followed by Orange Park Medical Center with a 51.
By the way, the hospital with the lowest ranking in the state is Central Florida Regional Hospital in Sanford with a safety rating of 35.
This report is based on an article in the current August 2012 issue of Consumer Reports magazine. The issue will be on newsstands from July 10.


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Wednesday, January 01, 2014
2 comments
So today I weighed in at 5 pounds down. I am pleased with that amount, I still feel so angry that I gained so much weight back but I am taking it 1-2 pounds at a time and five lost is a great start!
My goals for this week are to get my 10,0... Read more
Tuesday, December 31, 2013
2 comments
So I gained almost all of what I lost last year back. I have been avoiding the scale (denial) since May when I got back from my cruise 12 pounds up. I lost half of that weight within a week but then I just stopped weighing, I guess I remembered ... Read more
Wednesday, April 03, 2013
2 comments
Ok so the Easter Bunny hit my plan HARD... we had friends come from out of town for the weekend...which meant beer and wine and chips. and I did NOT track. I had been trying to switch to intuitive eating and it was going fine, I was still losing... Read more
Friday, March 08, 2013
2 comments
Tomorrow my dentist says I can start working out again WOOOOT! I had dental surgery last weekend and was instructed to do no heavy activity for 7-10 days. Tomorrow marks seven days and I am feeling great so I can get back with the plan! there we... Read more
Thursday, February 21, 2013
2 comments
So two of my three kids came down with stomach flu yesterday. the pukes started at 3AM with my four year old, and then my 6 year old started puking at school at 10AM. No one wanted to use a bowl, only four pukes made it 100% into either a bowl o... Read more
Monday, February 18, 2013
5 comments
These were the goals I set for the period of January 12-February 12:
Keep tracking
take care o... Read more
Sunday, February 17, 2013
5 comments
Hi to all the Wave Runners (and everyone else!) This is my about me post, can't wait to read everyone else's!
I am a 33 year old stay at home mom to three young kids (two boys ages 6 and 4 and one daughter age 2). I am starting university t... Read more
Friday, February 08, 2013
4 comments
So I got a LOVELY surprise on the scale this morning, for the first time ever I saw a number in the two-teens!
The reason I have never seen a number in the teens is, in 2005 I made a HUGE mistake.
I had worked for WW for years and I s... Read more
Monday, January 28, 2013
6 comments
So I placed an Old Navy order because my son needed new pants and they had some good deals in the clearance. I added a few shirts for myself, a bathing suit, and a pair of non-stretch jeans in a 16 to be my size judgement jeans. I have always be... Read more
Friday, January 25, 2013
4 comments
Today I hit that amazing milestone of 50 pounds down from my highest. To celebrate... Read more
Monday, January 21, 2013
12 comments
I can't believe this, when I got on the scale I had dropped down to 224.4! 0.4 of a pound and I am 50 pounds down from my highest weight four years ago. It just seems so shocking, I had started to believe that I would never get down to prepregna... Read more
Monday, January 14, 2013
2 comments
Saturday the 12th was my two month recommitment anniversary, time to reflect on my lifestyle changes and successes AND set some goals for the next month!
From Dec 12 to January 12th I:
continued to track my food and activity Read more
Friday, January 11, 2013
7 comments
Well, I thought I had blasted through my plateau yesterday when I saw "new territory" on the scale after playing around with the same couple of pounds for two weeks...and when I got on today I was down another 2.4! I am in shock, and I will full... Read more
Sunday, January 06, 2013
1 comments
Dear Scale,
I have done the best I could under the circumstances, and really, I ate in a much healthier way over new years than I would have in the past.
I would have really liked to see something encouraging this morning. Even thoug... Read more


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1991 Cadillac DeVille Base 4dr Sedan
Mechanic Q: catalytic converter?
I've always used premium fuel (as recommended), but have been told that Giant Eagle's Get Go gas is inferior & can cause catalytic converter failure. If this is true, what would be the approximate cost of that part (not counting labor)? Their comment was based on a "lean" smell to the exhaust. Is there a hook up spot to get a computer diagnosis code?
Mechanic Q: something is draining the battery?
What can be checked when there is a drain on a new battery? It will start if done every day but won't start if it sits for 2 days. No lights are left on & radio & auto air/heat is off. Under hood light has been disconnected.
A: something is draining the battery?
Thanks, I'm asking my mechanic if he did this test.
Mechanic Q: antilock light stays on?
It's been this way for several years & doesn't seem to affect braking by antilock mechanism. Is this just an "idiot" light problem or what can I check for something more specific?


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- Iron and ironing board
- In-room safe
- Non-smoking/smoking guest rooms available
Complimentary additions with this room
- Complimentary breakfast at The Club at Marina Bay Sands
- Access to the stunning Sands SkyPark Infinity Pool
- Free in-room Wi-Fi (1 Mbps)
- Complimentary garment pressing (1 item/day)
- Entry to award-winning Banyan Tree Fitness Club
Receive access to The Marina Bay Sands Club
- For exclusive use of The Club Room, Grand Club Room, and Suites guests (Daily, from 6:30am - 7pm)
- Club access has been personalised for 2 guests per room; additional guests are welcome to use all of our offerings at a supplementary fee. Children below the age of 6 enjoy complimentary access
- Complimentary Afternoon Tea, Cocktail & Canapé Hour, non-alcoholic beverages
- Complimentary internet, international newspapers and magazines
- Laptops, MacBooks and iPads for use in The Club
- Complimentary local calls.
- Complimentary Wi-Fi (Daily, from 6:30am - 7pm)
No booking or cancellation fees
- Cancellations must be made 2 days prior to your arrival date by 4pm local time. Online exclusive offers are non-refundable and cancellable/non-amendable. See the full hotel terms and conditions.


text:
11 May 2012
New Photo Trick Up My Sleeve
34 comments:
- Sunray Gardens said...
It's always fun learning new things. Looks like a decent program.
Cher Sunray Gardens
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Rustic Vintage Country said...
I love PicMonkey, been using it for some time along with Photoscape. I like what your doing to the buildings, no worse than the touch ups the famous get! x
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Ariana said...
I have never used a photo editing program before, but now I will definitely have a look and see what I can do! I really love the results on your last photo. Thanks!
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- miss b said...
Interesting - the difference in the last photo is amazing. Will check this out - thanks.
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Denise at Forest Manor said...
Hi Laura,
Thanks for the info! Coincidentally, I just posted a tutorial earlier this week about editing your old photos with Picasa. I used my pictures from our trip to Ireland (and a few from England) to demonstrate what you can do. I'm planning to do some posts later this summer about our trip to England. I hope you'll try to check them out. It was a short, but fun trip.
Are you enjoying your new home? I'm sure you're looking forward to summer in England. That must be the best time of year there. And this year you've got the Olympics and the Diamond Jubilee. Enjoy!
Have a great weekend.
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Priscilla said...
I've been using the monkey, too. Between the PGTips monkey and this one, my live has become a ZOO
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Chelsey said...
Oh, did you just fall in love with Stockholm? <3
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Pondside said...
I've looked at Pic Monkey but haven't had time to play yet - but what fun it seems to be. That second photo says it all.
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Laura said...
I'm so jealous that you got to go to Sissinghurst! I think I could just spend a lifetime mooching around the gardens there! Love the beefed up shot and thanks for the Monkey tip. Lx
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- ZielonaMila said...
Fantastic place. I am greeting
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Down by the sea said...
That looks like fun amazing the difference in the Sissinghurst picture! I will have to give it a go.
Sarah x
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
love it...go-to girl x
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Emma said...
Wow! I am impressed! Will definitely investigate photo editing sites today! x
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Filipa said...
Back in 2008 I almost went to Stockholm... but then work didn't let me.. :(
Hope I can visit soon.
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- greenthumb said...
Like what your doing with your photos.
- Friday, 11 May, 2012
- Me said...
THanks for this - really appreciate the apps you suggested. Love what you have done with the photos - good work !
Thanks again and have a great weekend !
- Saturday, 12 May, 2012
- barefoot mama said...
I really miss picnik:(( thank you soooooo much for the suggestions!!
- Saturday, 12 May, 2012
- Happy Homemaker UK said...
Popping over now to see your post :) Yes, this year is very busy with Union Jacks everywhere!
- Saturday, 12 May, 2012
- Happy Homemaker UK said...
It was LOVELY!!! And the people were the friendliest!
- Saturday, 12 May, 2012
- Jane said...
Loving your work, Sweetheart! I'm also trialling iPiccy which is promising imminent integration with Flickr which would be my dream. Fingers crossed! J x
- Saturday, 12 May, 2012
- Happy Homemaker UK said...
I forgot about that one. I'll need to trial it too! Thanks for the reminder :)
- Saturday, 12 May, 2012
- laurak@forestwalkart said...
NICE!! i'll check out your suggestions!!
have a happy weekend & mom's day!
- Saturday, 12 May, 2012
- likeschocolate said...
I will have to revisit them again! I did when they first came out, but wasn't as impressed as I was with picnik. Great photo edit!
- Saturday, 12 May, 2012
- Beth said...
I'm just starting to get to grips with picmonkey and so far I like what I see. Your last shot just shows the power of a bit of editing. Great stuff.
- Monday, 14 May, 2012
- Privet and Holly said...
Wow, Mrs. M, that
is SUPER cool!
I love Picmonkey and
it is now my go to for
editing. Wish I had more
time to play, like this!
xo Suzanne
- Tuesday, 15 May, 2012
- GirlSprout said...
I miss Picnik. It was so easy to use. I'm trying Picasa now, but it doesn't have the breadth. GIMP and Fotoflexer were also suggested to me. I'll add Pic Monkey to my list of options.
- Thursday, 17 May, 2012
- Happy Homemaker UK said...
I'm going to add Fotoflexer to my list. Thank you :)
- Thursday, 17 May, 2012
- Tina @ Girl Meets Globe said...
I recently discovered pixlr.com. I have a thing for photo filters and they have a nice selection of them.
I'm going to enjoy looking through your blog as we anticipate moving to England in February!
- Thursday, 17 May, 2012
- Happy Homemaker UK said...
Good luck on your move! Email me if you have any questions ;)
- Thursday, 17 May, 2012
- Kate and Russ said...
PicMonkey is my favorite so far, too. It doesn't totally replace my beloved Picnik, but it's the closest I've found so far.
- Saturday, 19 May, 2012
- Brenda @ Mira Narnie said...
wow that editing software is amazing! I'm currently doing a photography course so will check it out pronto! xx
- Thursday, 31 May, 2012
- Jane said...
You know how much I adored this post, Laura. Just stunning, you clever minx - what a transformation you created! Thanks so much for sharing it with us at the POTMC ☺. J x
- Friday, 01 June, 2012
- Catherine said...
You've done a great job on editing that photo is so much brighter. It's such a pretty photo too. :)
- Friday, 01 June, 2012
- Gina said...
I've discovered Picmonkey too but you have used it in a far more exciting way than I have managed so far! I love the blue window in your edited photo. Really stunning!
- Wednesday, 06 June, 2012


text:
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Date: 3 years ago
Runtime: 13:34
Views: 5,128
Penis and Butt Plugs In My Cock and Ass
Naked fun with a giant black butt plug deep and hard in my ass and fucking my penis with another plug at the same time
cock, dildo, penis, amateur, balls, buttplug, plug, bizarre, shaved, sounding, extreme, stretch, gape, analdildo, penisplug, hugedildo
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Oh Yes - mmmmmmmmm more - want mine like yours ! ronnie
I used love to plsy with you so badly, or at least see you get fisted by someone else
You're always a Delight!!


text:
The stepson of a Spring Garden Township man accused of staging a fake robbery to delay paying a gambling debt has pleaded guilty for his role in the incident.
Darren T. Haines, 26, pleaded guilty last month to conspiracy to make a false report and criminal mischief/damage to property, according to the office of District Judge Walter Groom.
The case against his stepfather, Dennis Charles Schaller, is still pending. Schaller is charged with making a false report to police and conspiracy to commit that offense.
Haines, of Friendship Avenue in Hallam, accidentally shot Schaller while helping him pull off the caper, according to Spring Garden Township Police. Haines was not charged for the accidental shooting.
Dropped gun: When Schaller confessed to police, he initially told them he shot himself in the lower back before he and his stepson staged the robbery, according to police.
But while being questioned by detectives, Haines admitted that prior to arriving at the site of the faked robbery, he dropped his gun in Schaller's car and it went off accidentally, hitting Schaller in the back, according to police.
"(Schaller) has not refuted Haines' statement that it was an accidental shooting," township police Chief George Swartz has said.
Schaller has fully recovered from his wound, according to his defense attorney, Brian Perry.
The allegations: Police said after being accidentally shot, Schaller went forward with his plan and drove to a building at 630 Loucks Mill Road shortly before 8 p.m. Jan. 13. Inside was someone Schaller owed money to, as well as a group gathered for a regular poker game, police said.
The debt was for football gambling, Perry confirmed.
Video surveillance from outside the business showed Schaller approaching the door, at which point Haines came into view, police said.
Haines shoved Schaller, then fired a gun into the surveillance camera and the glass door of the business before running away, police said.
Schaller later confessed he wanted people inside to think he'd been robbed and shot, to give him more time to pay off his debt, charging documents allege.
He also made sure the staged robbery was caught on camera, according to police.
Restitution: Haines pleaded guilty May 7 to the two third-degree misdemeanor charges, but his case was not closed until May 20, records state.
That's the day he paid $1,417.68 at the district judge's office. Haines paid $837.58 in restitution and $580.10 in court costs, according to Groom's office. There was no prison time ordered in the case.
Haines' defense attorney, Korey Leslie, declined comment.
Perry said Schaller, 51, of Rockhill Lane, has applied for the county's Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition diversionary program, which allows first-time nonviolent offenders to avoid possible convictions by instead completing a set of court-ordered requirements.
"We are hoping he will be accepted into the ... program," Perry said.
Defendants who successfully complete ARD can petition the court to have their criminal cases expunged.


text:
|Primary meningeal lymphoma presenting solely with blindness: a report of an autopsy case.
MedLine Citation:
|PMID: 8762816 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE
|A 64-year-old woman was admitted because of progressive paraplegia. She had a history of unexplained blindness which had developed gradually 1 year earlier. The contrast-enhanced CT showed a small mass at the sella turcica. The funduscopy showed merely atrophic discs. The lumbar puncture revealed marked pleocytosis (cell count: 10.4 x 10(9)/l) and a diagnosis of meningeal lymphoma was made by the cytology of the cerebrospinal fluid. No lymphomatous lesions were detected outside of the central nervous system (CNS) and the patient received whole brain irradiation together with intrathecal chemotherapy. However, there was no improvement in vision or other neurological activities. Eventually the patient died of interstitial pneumonia 2 months after admission. The autopsy revealed a residual B-cell lymphoma existing only in the leptomeninges of medulla oblongata. The optic nerves were atrophic macroscopically and massive gliosis was seen microscopically. In addition, cytomegalovirus infection was observed in the lungs and adrenal glands but not in the CNS. This patient must have had a primary meningeal lymphoma. The mechanism of the visual loss of this patient is discussed.
|C Sakai; T Takagi; S Wakatsuki
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Publication Detail:
|Type: Case Reports; Journal Article
Journal Detail:
|Title: International journal of hematology Volume: 63 ISSN: 0925-5710 ISO Abbreviation: Int. J. Hematol. Publication Date: 1996 Jun
Date Detail:
|Created Date: 1996-09-19 Completed Date: 1996-09-19 Revised Date: 2004-11-17
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 9111627 Medline TA: Int J Hematol Country: IRELAND
Other Details:
|Languages: eng Pagination: 325-9 Citation Subset: IM
|Division of Hematology and Chemotherapy, Chiba Cancer Center Hospital, Japan.
Export Citation:
|APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex
|MeSH Terms
Blindness / etiology*
Combined Modality Therapy
Fatal Outcome
Gliosis / etiology, pathology
Lung Diseases, Interstitial / etiology
Lymphoma, B-Cell / complications*, drug therapy, pathology, radiotherapy
Medulla Oblongata*
Meningeal Neoplasms / complications*, drug therapy, pathology, radiotherapy
Middle Aged
Optic Nerve / pathology*
Paraplegia / etiology
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Previous Document: Vascular thromboxane formation in hemostasis mechanism: correlation between bleeding time and vascul...
Next Document: Effect of lomefloxacin on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and adhesion of leukocytes


text:
December 1, 2015
MONTGOMERY, AL (AP) -- The Alabama House has passed a bill that requires certain cold medications that contain ingredients used to make methamphetamines only be sold in pharmacies.
The bill also limits the amount of the medication that a person can buy. It did not go as far as some wanted and require a prescription for the medication that provides needed relief for some allergy sufferers.
The bill by Rep. Blaine Galliher, R-Gadsden, required that the medicines, such as the common cold medication, Sudafed, only be sold in pharmacies.
Some have pushed the Legislature to adopt legislation that would only allow purchase of those types of medication with a prescription. But Galliher argued that would punish honest citizens who need the sinus clearing medications.
The bill now goes to the Senate for debate.
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text:
RuneScape: Best Guide to 99 Summoning
Here's a guide I made to get you from whateer your summoning level is, to level 99! Of coarse this is one of the hardest and expensive skill to train, but this guide will help to cut your budget and get you there faster. There are some little flaws in this guide, and I'm currently trying to work them out.
OK, first, forget the attack scrolls, they're a waste of time, just focus on the pouches.
Level 1-4
This is by far the hardest…not really…anyways…all you got to do is finish the quest called Wolf Whistle.
Level 4-16
After completing Wolf Whistle, you will get 275 gold charms as a reward, use those charms to make dread-fowl charms. When all your charms are used up, you should get to level 16…or perhaps higher, I don't really remember.
Level 16-20
Make granite crabs pouches, the ingredients shouldn't be hard to obtain, but starting now, you need to kill some more stuff to get your charms, i recommend goblins, you might think it's stupid, but actually, it's because they drop charms at about an average of one per three drops. You can kill them really fast and they keep re-spawning west of Lumbridge castle.
Level 20-32
Now you need to make Spirit Scorpion pouches, this might take some time…
Level 32-46
Keep going! Now you should make honey badgers, they give quite some experience.
Level 46-49
Now it's time for pyre-lord pouches, this is quite cheap.
Level 49-52
This should be pretty cheap, all you need is beef to make bloated leeches.
Level 52-64
Make terror bird pouches, this might get costly, but soon it'll be over.
Level 64-75
Okay, disregard what i said about it being over, this is also going to be a little costly, but you'll level up really fast. Just make stranger plant pouches. You can buy bagged plants for 1000GP each from the falador gardener.
Level 75-85
Get ready and buy a bunch of red flowers because you're off to make praying mantis's.
Level 85-88(almost there! just a few more levels!)
Make swamp titans.
Level 88-92
Make unicorns.
Level 92-95
Make wolpertingers.
Level 95-96
Make iron titans.
Now for the last part!!! Level 96-99
All you got to do is make pack yaks!
Congratulations!!! You just made it through the most horrifying skill ever!!! Level 99 summoning! What are you waiting for?! Get that skill cape and go make yourself some steel titans!!! Show that noob who used to call you a noob who's boss! Pound him with your army of titans! Happy Summoning!
Note to saving more money: Sell all your pouches, the ones that don't sell on the grand exchange, use them to gain more experience to save you some money.
nice guide! thanks
i dont have my gold charms any more can u help i need like 262 i have 10 tho im level 72 with full rune with granite shield and a dragon dagger p++ help?
yeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeessssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss ive spent a year getting charms and making money. naw ive used thousands of charms and millions of gp and gotten 99 summoning. thnx for the guide
hey i need to get summoning lvl 40 something for bull ant….
will it take alot of time and be exspensive ?
Please give me some tips
wow worst way how ever i killed 50 goblins and only got 1 charm.
how do you turn the charms in to dread fowl charms
Get shards and an empty puch and infude it at an oblesik
Ever want to be a rs mem? never had the money, well here's ur chance….prizerebel will get u easy runescape mem, and all u hav to do is complete a few easy offers, and its 100% legal
Go to this website to get started
wow…i spent 80m and a year getting 99 summoning but i got that back in a week so its totally worth it!
I killed a lot of goblins and got… 2 charms.. I don\'t have my charms anymore cause I got them a long time ago.. now i\'m level 101 with 5 summoning… what do I do. I do slayer all the time, but i\'m on a time limit for this.?
Hey all you runescape lovers! Want to get membership but your parents dont want to pay, well here's your chance, its really easy and simple to earn points for your membership. click on the link below and sign up.


text:
Welcome! The Trek BBS is the number one place to chat about Star Trek with like-minded fans. Please login to see our full range of forums as well as the ability to send and receive private messages, track your favourite topics and of course join in the discussions.
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|Gaming Non-Star Trek Gaming
|Thread Tools
|May 1 2013, 12:25 PM
Rear Admiral
Location: UK
Re: How would you adapt Mass Effect into a movie?
Also keep in mind that the game slowly immerses you in the word, drip feeding background information here and there and even provides a whole codex of information for further details. A movie doesn't have the luxury of time to do it that way (nor of course is the codex an option. )
Actually, let's take a look for ourselves: -
So we go from an out of context conversation about Shepard, to a text crawl, to a nice building musically supported crescendo showing off the Normandy and out main character which, to be fair you probably just spent upwards of 5 minutes creating (not so if this were a movie.)
Next, after Nihlus's introduction it's established that he's not part of the crew but an observer from something called the council. There is implicit distrust regarding this arrangement. Then we get a conversation about how mysterious our assignment is. Spectres are mentioned twice.
After a brief audio only introduction to Anderson, we're told to meet him down in the comm room. What follows are two optional conversations (I actually had a hard time finding a video clip that actually includes them!) that tells us about Turians, the First Contact War, Spectres, Normandy's function as a stealth ship, Spectres, some vague background about Anderson, more paranoia about the mission, Spectres, the council, Spectres, Shepard's background, Spectres, C-Sec, Spectres, Spectres, Spec--seriously, you could make a drinking game out of how often Spectres are mention in the first 10 minutes!
So yeah, we haven't even gotten to the comm room yet and already we're half way up to speed on the ME universe. Speaking of which, our conversation with first Nihlus then Anderson covers Eden Prime, humanity's rapid expansion, the fact their newcomers to the galaxy and the true nature of our mission (that mystery lasted all of 3 minutes!) Then things really ramp up and we're told about protheans their technology & sudden mysterious extinction, mass relays, the citadel, the beacon, the Mars archive, the attican traverse, the terminus systems...oh and hey, spectres!
Cut to plot twist #1 and our first glimpse of a reaper then we're off to Eden Prime....
Now don't get me wrong, it's a good intro that sets the tone very well and introduces the main character as well as Joker & Alenko, capturing their nascent personalities quite well. However, half it's purpose is to intoduce the player to the conversation wheel and movement controls (BTW, I really wish ME3 had done this.) As and interactive experience a game player is more inclined to go at their own pace as they get to grips with everything around them. Try doing this in a movie and all you'll get is a bunch of talking heads and a very bored audience.
Star Trek Logos - Dark Knight Adventures - DeviantArt
|May 1 2013, 01:01 PM
Re: How would you adapt Mass Effect into a movie?
Mass Effect is an example of video games SURPASSING cinema, in my humble opinion.
Any movie version of it would just make me want to go play the game instead of watching an on rails, live version of it
|May 1 2013, 05:21 PM
Vice Admiral
Location: Star Trekkin Across the universe.
Re: How would you adapt Mass Effect into a movie?
And as for Mass Effect 2
I vote for keeping the surviving characters from the previous game seeing as their going to be back in next film anyway and adding any necessary new characters from Mass Effect 2.
|May 2 2013, 09:14 PM
Rear Admiral
Re: How would you adapt Mass Effect into a movie?
|May 3 2013, 09:58 PM
Rear Admiral
Location: I'm in your ___, ___ing your ___
Re: How would you adapt Mass Effect into a movie?
The Complete Illustrated Guide to Starfleet - Online Now!
|May 4 2013, 05:48 AM
Rear Admiral
Re: How would you adapt Mass Effect into a movie?
|mass effect, mass effect 2, mass effect 3
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Brighton Funeral Homes
Brighton is located at 39°58′27″N 104°48′36″W / 39. 97417°N 104. 81°W / 39. 97417; -104. 81 (39. 974184, -104. 809926). Though it lies somewhat outside of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area , it is often considered a suburb of Denver. 1 square miles (44 km), of which 17. 1 square miles (44 km) is land and 0. 1 square miles (0. 26 km) (0. 29%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 20,905 people, 6,718 households, and 5,058 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,224. 1 people per square mile (472. 6/km²). There were 6,990 housing units at an average density of 409. 3 per square mile (158. 0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 76. 91% White, 0. 99% African American, 1. 47% Native American, 1. 10% Asian, 0. 04% Pacific Islander, 16. 29% from other races, and 3. 20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 38. 22% of the...
The official website for the city of Brighton is http://www.brightonco.gov/.
There are currently 3 funeral home listings for the city of Brighton, Colorado. Looking for Brighton cemeteries?
Closest other cities near Brighton offering funeral optionsCommerce City | Thornton | Denver | Broomfield | Fort Lupton | Aurora | Parker | Arvada | Lafayette | Northglenn | Boulder
Interesting Facts
Some of the notable people born here have been: Dillon Serna (football player), Douglas Busby (camera operator and actor), and Matt Sauter (actor).
Obituaries for residents might be found in these newspapers: Carbon Valley Farmer & Miner.
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Tabor Rice Funeral Home
In January of 2000, Pat and Christine Tabor opened Tabor Funeral Home because they strongly felt it was time for the community to have a locally and family owned funeral and cremation service to work with.
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Archdiocese of Denver Mortuary Located 20 miles from Brighton
The Archdiocese of Denver Mortuary was established by the late Archbishop James V. Casey in 1981 on the grounds of the Mt. Olivet Cemetery. As we enter our 30th year in the funeral ministry, the mortuary continues to serve families in their...
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Bostick Funeral Home Fort Lupton Mortuary
806 Denver Ave Send flowers
Brighton, CO 80601
Elmwood & Fairview Cemeteries
14800 Brighton Rd Send flowers
Brighton, CO 80601
Tabor Rice Funeral Home
75 S 13th Ave Send flowers
Brighton, CO 80601
Facts about Brighton, ColoradoBrighton is a Colorado municipalities#Home Rule Municipality Rule Municipality in Adams County, Colorado and Weld County, Colorado counties in the U.S. state of Colorado, and the county seat of Adams County. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the city population was 30,723 in 2007.
Brighton Obituaries
It was reported by Greeley Tribune on December 15th, 2014 that Della L miss Mansees died in Brighton, Colorado. Mansees was 43 years old. Send flowers to share your condolences and honor Della L miss's life.
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Brighton Funeral Home News
Mass. Funeral Home Questioned Over Bodies Mix-Up
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Son wants apology, refund for grave error
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Theater review: Vintage's smaller-scale "Angels in America" still succeeds
The company's commitment in staging Tony Kushner's two plays ... Part One: Millennium Approaches" opens with an elderly rabbi (Michelle A. Grimes) presiding over the funeral of Sarah Ironson, an Eastern European immigrant, who "carried the old world on her ...
Poets book launch a fundraiser for Huron Valley Council for Arts
Since 1974, Lynch and his family have operated Lynch & Sons Funeral Directors; its Milford and Brighton offices serve the local community ... eater and inseminator, says his publisher, W.W. Norton & Co. Faux-bardic and mock-epic, deft at lament and ...
Funeral - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying, or remembering the life of a person who has died. Funerary customs comprise the complex of beliefs and ...
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Tabor-Rice Funeral Home, Inc. : Brighton, Colorado (CO)
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Listing all funeral homes in Brighton, Colorado so you can easily send flowers to any location (same day delivery) or find any funeral service.


text:
Recent advances in sociogenomics allow for comparative analyses of molecular mechanisms regulating the development of social behavior. In eusocial insects, one key aspect of their sociality, the division of labor, has received the most attention. Age-related polyethism, a derived form of division of labor in ants and bees where colony tasks are allocated among distinct behavioral phenotypes, has traditionally been assumed to be a product of convergent evolution. Previous work has shown that the circadian clock is associated with the development of behavior and division of labor in honeybee societies. We cloned the ortholog of the clock gene, period, from a harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis) and examined circadian rhythms and daily activity patterns in a species that represents an evolutionary origin of eusociality independent of the honeybee.
Using real time qPCR analyses, we determined that harvester ants have a daily cyclic expression of period and this rhythm is endogenous (free-running under dark-dark conditions). Cyclic expression of period is task-specific; foragers have strong daily fluctuations but nest workers inside the nest do not. These patterns correspond to differences in behavior as activity levels of foragers show a diurnal pattern while nest workers tend to exhibit continuous locomotor activity at lower levels. In addition, we found that foragers collected in the early fall (relative warm, long days) exhibit a delay in the nightly peak of period expression relative to foragers collected in the early spring (relative cold, short days).
The association of period mRNA expression levels with harvester ant task behaviors suggests that the development of circadian rhythms is associated with the behavioral development of ants. Thus, the circadian clock pathway may represent a conserved 'genetic toolkit' that has facilitated the parallel evolution of age-related polyethism and task allocation in social insects.
Recent advances in sociogenomics, namely the ability to characterize molecular pathways in non-model organisms, provide novel opportunities to address questions concerning the evolution of social behavior in an ecological context by comparing taxonomically relevant species [1,2]. This evo-devo approach to behavior promises to be particularly successful in understanding the most extreme form of social organization, eusociality [3]. Eusocial species exhibit cooperative brood care, overlapping generations of individuals living together, and a division of labor in which one or few individuals monopolize reproduction. The Hymenoptera, including the ants, bees, and wasps, are ideally suited for comparative studies of social behavior as species in this group display a diversity of forms of social organization and represent multiple independent evolutionary origins of eusociality [4]. Research in the behavioral genetics of social insects reveals that molecular pathways associated with behaviors in social species include behavioral genes expressed in solitary species [reviewed in [5-9]]. To date, we have little information on whether genetic mechanisms are conserved across eusocial species or whether derived social phenotypes are a product of convergent evolution driven by alternative molecular pathways.
In a eusocial insect colony, behaviors must be coordinated or synchronized among potentially thousands of individuals at any point in time. In addition to a reproductive division of labor, non-reproductive workers in highly derived eusocial species also display a division of labor among adult workers who perform specialized colony tasks [4]. The success and survival of the colony depends on a variety of tasks; some tasks occur inside the nest, such as brood care and nest construction, while others occur primarily outside the nest, such as nest maintenance, nest defense, and foraging for food.
Task allocation, the coordination of behaviors in eusocial insect colonies, often occurs without any central or hierarchical command [10]. Individuals can display plasticity in their propensity to perform these behaviors throughout their lifetime [11]. In some highly derived eusocial species, individuals display age polyethism, i.e. they progress through sequences of several tasks in a development-dependent manner [1,4,12]. A recent review article by Toth and Robinson [1] highlighted comparisons between honeybee and harvester ants to illustrate potential scenarios explaining the independent evolution of age polyethism in eusocial insects. Age-related polyethism in ants and bees could either arise as a result of convergent evolution of behavioral phenotypes [1] or as a result of parallel evolution of behaviors via a conserved molecular mechanism shared by a common ancestral phenotype [1,13].
Efforts to determine the physiological and genetic bases for behavioral task development in non-reproductive eusocial workers have thus far focused on pathways involved in the development of nurse bees and foragers in honeybees [6,14-18]. One promising candidate pathway involves the role of the circadian clock in regulating age-dependent rhythmicity [14,16,19,20]. Honeybee foragers, which likely benefit from coordinating an internal clock with timing of nectar production and availability or sun-compass navigation, exhibit behavioral rhythmicity and a daily oscillation in the clock gene, period [14]. In contrast, nurse bees, which provide brood care inside the nest, exhibit arrhythmicity in locomotor behavior, and lower overall levels and weaker cyclical expression of period mRNA [14,16]. The results from honeybees suggest a link between foraging behavior, up-regulation of the period gene, and onset of circadian rhythms [14,16,20]. Given that age polyethism is a derived state in eusocial insect colonies [1,4], we ask whether foraging behavior is associated with the developmental regulation of circadian clock in the harvester ant, a species that evolved eusociality and age-related polyethism independently of bees [4,21].
The seed-eating harvester ants, genus Pogonomyrmex, are the behavioral model for task allocation in ants [1,10,12,22]. Large colonies of harvester ants (10,000–12,000 workers) inhabit the desert floors of the southwestern United States and the organization of these colonies runs, well, like clockwork. Young harvester ant workers tend to remain deep inside the nest with the single queen and perform tasks related to brood care, while older workers perform nest maintenance and patrolling tasks at the nest entrance and foraging tasks outside of the nest [12,23]. In P. barbatus, the species best characterized for behavior, foragers have specific behavioral patterns that relate to daily temperatures and environmental conditions [12]. In summer months, they emerge from the nest early in the morning and the majority of foraging occurs during the morning hours until the sun rises and temperatures increases. By late morning, most foraging activity has ceased, although some activity occurs again in the late afternoon. During the winter months, harvester ant colonies show little activity outside of the nest. Like honeybees, harvester ant foraging activity is dependent on light and temperature, but the developmental timeline of workers is vastly different between bees (0–20 days) and ants (months – year). Thus, we are interested in whether the association of foraging behavior and circadian rhythms is conserved across diverse developmental time scales.
We cloned a harvester ant ortholog to the period gene, PoPer, from a closely related species that is easily maintained in the laboratory, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis. We analyzed the expression of PoPer in brains isolated from individual workers in field-collected colonies housed under controlled light and temperature conditions in the laboratory. We show that P. occidentalis workers display a daily oscillation in period mRNA expressed in the brain and that this oscillation is endogenous. We compare the expression patterns of nest workers with foragers and show that differences in daily expression patterns correspond to differences in locomotor activity. In addition, we show that patterns of daily oscillations in period mRNA in foragers differ across seasons.
PoPer expression in 12:12 LD cycle
In the colonies collected in the fall (F06), foragers displayed a significant oscillation in PoPer mRNA expression with levels peaking in the late evening and the lowest levels occurring in late morning hours (Figure 1; F = 3.879, df = 5,11, p = 0.049).
Figure 1. Expression of PoPer mRNA in fall foragers in LD and DD conditions. Relative expression of period mRNA in individual forager brains from experimental colonies of P. occidentalis collected in the early fall (w/SE). Colonies were entrained in controlled environmental chambers in either a 12:12 hr LD regime (light bars, n = 5 colonies) or a 24 hr DD regime (dark bars, n = 3 colonies). Bars represent the averages of colony means (four individuals sampled per colony at six time points for both light regimes; SE calculated from colonies). The diagonal stripes in the horizontal bar at base of the plot represent the actual (LD) or subjective light phase (DD) and the solid stripe represents the dark phase. All individuals were collected for analysis in dark conditions.
A similar pattern can be seen in foragers collected in the spring (S06) with the exception that there is a shift in maximum/minimum RNA levels (Figure 2; F = 3.519, df = 5,17, p = 0.023). In S06 colonies, the peak of mRNA expression occurs at least 4 hours earlier than the fall colonies and the lowest expression levels occur at 8:00 AM. Differences in PoPer mRNA levels across time points were not significant in spring nest workers (Figure 2; F = 1.453, df = 3, 11, p = 0.298), suggesting no oscillation in period expression levels in nest workers. Nest workers were found to have significantly different PoPer mRNA levels than foragers across time points (Table 1).
Figure 2. Expression of PoPer mRNA in spring nestworkers and foragers (LD conditions). Relative expression of period mRNA in individual worker brains from experimental colonies of P. occidentalis collected in the spring (w/SE). Colonies were entrained in controlled environmental chambers in a 12:12 hr LD regime. Foragers were collected at six time points (dark bars, n = 4 colonies) and nest workers were collected at 4 time points (light bars, n = 4 colonies). Bars represent the averages of colony means with three nest workers and three foragers sampled per colony (SE calculated from colonies). The open stripe in the horizontal bar at base of the plot represents the light phase and the solid stripe represents the dark phase. All individuals were collected for analysis in dark conditions.
Table 1. Results from two-way ANOVAs on light condition and task.
Although foragers from different colonies do vary in PoPer expression levels, no significant differences in expression patterns were observed among colonies across time points in F06 (F = 0.836, df = 5, 183, p = 0.559) or S06 (F = 1.042, df = 4, 172, p = 0.406).
PoPer expression in 24 DD cycle
In DD conditions, PoPer mRNA expression levels were significantly different across time points in F06 foragers (Figure 1; F = 5.75, df = 5,67, p < 0.001). Patterns of expression were not significantly different between LD and DD F06 foragers (Table 1). A similar pattern occurs in the spring – S06 foragers in DD conditions have a significant increase in evening levels of PoPer mRNA (Figure 3; F = 7.32, df = 5,18, p = 0.0007). Overall differences in PoPer expression between 24 hr DD foragers and 12:12 hr LD foragers were not significant, but there was a significant interaction between time and light regime (F = 2.85, df = 5, 34, p = 0.0297).
Figure 3. Expression of PoPer mRNA in spring foragers (DD conditions). Relative expression of period mRNA in individual forager brains from three experimental colonies of P. occidentalis collected in the spring and entrained in a 24 hr DD regime (w/SE). Bars represent the averages of colony means with three foragers sampled per colony (SE calculated from colonies). The gray stripe in the horizontal bar at base of the plot represents the subjective light phase and the solid stripe represents the dark phase in DD conditions.
Behavioral analyses
Forager activity levels during the projected daytime were two times greater than activity levels in the projected evening (Figure 4a). Nest workers typically showed a brief peak of locomotor activity early in the projected morning and lower, variable levels of activity throughout the day and projected evening hours (Figure 4b). Significant differences in activity levels were found between nest workers and foragers (F = 32.24, df = 1, 54, p < 0.0001) and across time points (F = 13.36, df = 5, 54, p < 0.001), and a significant interaction was found between worker task and time point (F = 20.36, df = 5, 54, p < 0.0001).
Figure 4. Average locomotor activity of P. occidentalis workers in DD conditions. Average levels of locomotor activity in individual P. occidentalis workers differ by task in DD conditions. Bars represent average values of locomotor activity in two-hour increments (w/SE, n = 5 foragers (A); n = 6 nest workers (B)). The gray stripe in the horizontal bar at base of the plot represents the subjective light phase and the solid stripe represents the dark phase in DD conditions. Forager activity levels (A) during the projected daytime were two times higher than activity levels in the projected nighttime. Nest workers (B) typically showed a brief peak of locomotor activity early in the projected morning and lower, variable levels of activity throughout the day and projected evening hours.
The daily behavioral rhythms of harvester ant foragers suggest a role of the circadian clock in mediating foraging behavior. Here we find that the expression pattern of period mRNA in forager brains is characterized by a strong diurnal fluctuation and that this oscillation is endogenous. PoPer mRNA is present in brains of young nest workers, but overall expression levels are lower than levels seen in foragers and there is no evidence of a diurnal cycle. Locomotor activity patterns of workers correspond with expression patterns – foragers show a diurnal cycle in activity levels while young nest workers show relatively continuous locomotor activity. Observed task-specific differences in period gene expression and behavioral activity levels suggest that nest workers are arrhythmic with respect to daily light regimes but foragers experience strong circadian rhythms in behavior. Our results indicate that the age-related division of labor in ants may be associated with both changes in the expression of a clock gene and the onset of behavioral circadian rhythmicity.
The association between oscillations in period expression and foraging behavior in ants parallels the pattern seen in honeybees. In bees, period expression levels are high in foragers relative to young nurse bees and strong, consistent oscillation in per mRNA levels are typically seen in foragers [14,16,20]. Nurse bees show greater variation in per levels, perhaps suggesting variation in developmental changes in anticipation of foraging behavior [20]. In harvester ants, young nest workers also had highly variable expression levels of per relative to foragers. Two alternative explanations exist for the absence of significant oscillation pattern in young harvester ant nest workers – difficulty in assaying significant changes in mRNA levels due to lower overall amounts of mRNA compared to foragers, or arrhythmicity among pooled individuals (the clocks of nest workers are operational, but not synchronized to other individuals). Due to the design of real-time PCR experiments on gene expression in brains, the sampling of individuals over time is not possible. However, the finding that the signature increase in forager period mRNA levels during the dark phase is not evident in the nest workers suggests that the diurnal fluctuations in period mRNA associated with clock function are not present in young ants. Thus, a similar mechanism of developmental regulation of a clock gene in social species may extend across different developmental time scales: bees develop from nurses into foragers in approximately 7–20 days, whereas ants develop into adult foragers over the course of months.
Both honeybees and harvester ants show higher overall levels of period mRNA in foragers, suggesting that there may be a functional significance to the increase of per during behavioral maturation. The difference between tasks is small (2–5 fold) but small changes in gene expression levels have been shown to have big effects on behavior, eg. [24]. In addition, recent work on suites of genes differentially expressed in honeybee nurse and worker tasks have revealed that many genes exhibit differences within this range [6,18]. It is not yet known whether the magnitude of differences in per mRNA levels translates into significant differences in Period protein in ants, but results from honeybees suggest that relative levels of Period protein correspond to daily fluctuations in per mRNA [25].
An important question is whether the circadian clock indeed functions to regulate behavioral maturation in social insects or whether the division of labor regulates the development of the circadian clock. Although the division of labor in ants and bees are associated with circadian plasticity and developmental regulation of per expression in ants and bees, it is difficult to directly infer functional causality because these traits are not measured in the same individuals. As molecular techniques in manipulating genomes of non-model organisms improve, direct tests of these hypotheses are necessary.
A related question that must be addressed is whether the development of clock function is associated directly with age, body size, social experience, or some other factor linked to task behavior. For example, circadian rhythms are associated with a size-dependent division of labor in bumblebees [26]. In honeybees, there is also evidence for reversals of behavioral rhythms in foragers that revert to brood care [27], suggesting that there is flexibility in systems of age polyethism [23]. In harvester ants, behavioral phenotypes are not limited to nest worker and forager tasks but include other specialized tasks both inside and outside of the nest [22]. Determining when the development of circadian rhythms and cyclic expression of period mRNA occurs in the intermediate tasks between young nest workers and old foragers will provide critical clues to understanding whether circadian rhythms are limited to foragers, involved in behavioral maturation of ants and/or due to behavioral experience outside of the nest.
Finally, our results suggest a link between seasonal variation in behavioral patterns of harvester ants and circadian clock gene expression. Circadian clock pathways respond to both light and temperature and it is thought that these two factors work in coordination to allow the clock mechanism to adapt to seasonal changes in photoperiod and temperature [28]. In Drosophila, per is rhythmic under light and temperature entrainment, but at low temperatures, there is a phase difference at transcript level (but not protein) level. An advance in per expression coupled with temperature sensitive splicing at the 3' UTR of the gene is thought to enable the fly to seasonally adapt to cold, short days perhaps by increasing activity levels earlier in the day to combat early nightfall [29,30]. Seasonal variation in behavioral rhythms (free running period or FRP) exist in other organisms, including honeybees from colonies sampled in different months of the year [31]. Harvester ant colonies experience a seasonal dormancy during the colder months of year, with very low or no external foraging activity outside of the nests. In this study, we see an advance in the timing of daily per upregulation in foragers collected in early spring (cold, short days) relative to foragers collected in early fall (long, warm days). Thus, our results are consistent with results from studies of seasonal variation in per expression patterns in fruitflies [29,30]. The advance in timing of high per expression levels in harvester ants in the spring relative to early fall may function to increase the activity of foragers earlier in the day when more light is available and temperatures are less extreme. Further work will elucidate whether the advance in per expression is directly related to seasonal behavioral patterns of foragers in field colonies and what mechanism drives the shift in the expression cycle of per mRNA in ants.
The circadian clock pathway has emerged as an intriguing potential mechanism involved in the division of labor in social insects. The conservation of circadian clock functions across diverse taxa contrasts sharply with new evidence of the surprising degree of divergence in the underlying molecular pathways, especially in insects [32,33]. Particularly exciting is the recent discovery that features of honeybee circadian clocks resemble mammalian clocks more than Drosophila clocks [33]. Given the potential diversity of pathways, the association of diurnal or nocturnal locomotor activity with the cyclical expression pattern of the period gene has remained one of the most conserved components of the circadian mechanism. Our results and future studies will help elucidate how the ancient system of molecular clock function has been co-opted for similar functions in social insects, providing a fascinating link between chronobiology and sociobiology.
Ants and sampling
Laboratory colonies of harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis) were established by collecting field colonies in Hurricane, Utah in February/March 2006 (S06, 4 colonies) and September 2006 (F06, 4 colonies). Colonies were transferred to individual plexiglass nest boxes (15 cm wide × 30 cm long × 10 cm high) connected to open-air foraging arenas (25 cm W × 60 cm L × 15 cm H) by short Tygon tubing (2 cm diameter × 10 cm long). Nest box floors had a 3 cm layer of plaster with built-in irrigation system to keep colonies moist. Nest boxes were covered in double layers of red cellophane and had removable lids for ease of observation and collection. Colonies were kept under stable conditions of light, temperature and humidity in controlled environmental chambers (lights on in LD conditions at 6 AM). Laboratory colonies did not contain queens, but did contain some larvae. For both spring and fall experiments, original colonies collected in the field were divided into two queenless laboratory colonies of at least 400 workers that were then subjected to the different entrainment regimes. In the S06 study, each of four colonies were divided into two laboratory colonies and entrained in either 12 h:12 h light-dark (LD) conditions (4 colonies) or 24 h dark-dark (DD) conditions (4 colonies) at 15/12.5°C with ~70% relative humidity. Collection of S06 time point samples occurred in DD conditions at a constant temperature of 14.5°C. In the F06 study, each of five colonies were divided into two laboratory colonies and entrained in either 12 h:12 h light-dark (LD) conditions (5 colonies) or 24 h dark (DD) conditions (3 colonies only) at 19/16°C with ~80% relative humidity. Collection of F06 time point samples occurred in DD conditions at constant temperature of 19°C.
Foragers were identified as ants that were observed on the food in the foraging arena and were labeled using a dot of acrylic paint during the day. Nest workers were identified as ants that remained in the covered nest box and were never observed in the foraging arena. Exact ages of the foragers and nest workers were not known, but nest workers are typically younger than foragers [23,34,35]. We expect there may be seasonal differences in the age of nest workers – in the spring, a burst of brood production [34] yields nest workers that are likely to be younger than their fall counterparts. We do not expect seasonal differences in the ages of foragers. Thus, comparisons between nest workers and foragers were conducted in the spring.
We collected multiple ants (6–10) at each timepoint and reported sample sizes are the RNA samples successfully extracted from these collections (either 3 or 4 individuals per colony and 3–5 colonies per time point, depending on season). In the S06 study, RNA samples from three ants were collected from each colony per time point of collection; in the F06 study, RNA samples from four ants were collected from each colony. All sampling was done using dim red light in dark conditions. Ants were collected from each colony at six time points: 4:00, 8:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, and 24:00 hours. Individual ants were immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70°C until dissection. Brain dissections were performed in 50 uL 1× PBS and 5 uL RNAlater® under a dissecting microscope. RNA isolation was done using the RNeasy Plus Mini Kit according to manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen) and isolated RNA was stored at -70°C. In the spring study, RNA was purified from 144 individual brain dissections, 432 cDNA reactions were amplified and 864 qPCR reactions were analyzed for the two genes. In the fall study, RNA was purified from 192 individual brain dissections, cDNA was amplified in triplicate for each RNA sample (n = 576) and 1152 qPCR reactions were analyzed.
Quantitative real-time PCR
Conserved blocks of amino acid sequence from known period genes in Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera, Bombus ardens, and Formica japonica were identified with the CODEHOP program [36,37]. Degenerate primers (see Additional file 1) were designed to amplify the ant ortholog to period (ABI Big-Dye Sequencing technology on an ABI 377 instrument) from genomic DNA and cDNA. Harvester ant-specific primers were designed from exon-coding regions to amplify a 90 bp region for qPCR analyses. Percent nucleotide/amino acid similarity to known eusocial insect per sequences was estimated using MacVector® (F. japonica, 92/93%; A. mellifera, 76/82%; B. ardens, 74/78%). Real time primers (PoPerF: 5'-TCCTTCAGGTCGAAGCCGT-3'; PoPerR:5'-TGATAAAGGACGACCACTCGG-3') and Taqman probe® (PoPerT:5'DFAM-CAGATTCGCCGTGCAGAACGGG-3'DTAM) were designed using Primer Express® software (ABI).
Additional file 1. Degenerate cloning primers and procedure. This file outlines the procedure for obtaining PoPer and RPII clones from P. occidentalis and includes the degenerate and real-time primers used in the study.
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cDNA was synthesized from extracted total RNA preps using ABI TaqMan Reverse Transcriptase reagents and an oligo-dT primer. Reactions were performed in triplicate for each individual brain. All reactions were run at 25°C for 10 minutes, 48°C for 30 minutes, 95°C for 5 minutes, and then stored at -80°C until quantitative PCR. For each cDNA replicate, expression of PoPer was assayed on an ABI 7900 HT instrument using ABI Taqman Gold reagents. To standardize period expression, an ant homolog of the RNA polymerase II 512 kD (PoRPII) subunit was used as a control [38] for each cDNA replicate (see Additional file 1). Real-time PCR reactions for Poper and PoRPII were performed under the following conditions: 2 min 50°C, 10 min 95°C, 15 sec 95°C, 1 min 58°C, for 45 cycles. Data was analyzed using SDS 2.1 software and quantification of relative mRNA levels was calculated using the ΔΔCt method. Three (S06) or four (F06) individual brains were pooled to calculate a colony value per time point. Colony values were averaged at each time point for comparisons across a 24 hr period. Differences in relative levels of PoPer expression over time were analyzed for each task and condition using one-way analysis of variance tests. Differences in expression levels between foragers in LD and DD conditions (S06 & F06) and between foragers and nest workers (S06 only) were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance tests. Differences between colonies (S06 & F06) were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance tests. All analyses were performed using SPSS software.
Analysis of P. occidentalis locomotor activity
We observed daily activity patterns of individual nest workers and foragers from colonies of P. occidentalis in the absence of social interactions and light stimulus. Colonies were collected in April and entrained for five days in 12:12 LD conditions. Individual nest workers (n = 6) and foragers (n = 5) were removed from colonies and placed in Petri dishes with a simple line bisecting the bottom of the dish. Ants were placed in separate environmental chambers under constant temperature (18°C) and humidity (80%) conditions with a DD light regime for 24 hours. On the second day in DD conditions, ants were videotaped using infrared technology (Sony Handycam) over 24 hour periods and activity was measured via manual inspection as the number of times an individual crossed the line per hour by observers who were blind to the experimental conditions. Activity levels of individuals were averaged over two-hour intervals for each task (Figure 4). In addition, four-hour 'bins' were constructed to correspond to the six time points in the RNA analyses by averaging values per individual (eg. 6 AM-10 AM values represented the 8 AM time point). Differences between nest worker and forager daily activity patterns over the six time points were analyzed with a two-way repeated measures ANOVA.
Authors' contributions
KI conceived of the study, participated in molecular genetic work and statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. SK and ML participated in the design of the study, the molecular genetic work and statistical analyses. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank J. Abrahams, S. Merrill, S. Dolan, and L. Janson for assistance with the molecular and behavioral data, A. Fawcett for assistance with field collections, D. McHugh and N. Shult for comments on an earlier version of this manuscript, and the National Institutes of Health (NIGMS-NRSA to KI) and the US National Science Foundation (NSF-MRI to KI) and Colgate University for providing the funds necessary to conduct this research.
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It's Two Weeks Until Valentine's Day
Posted By mindy On January 30, 2011 @ 4:52 pm In Happenings | Comments Disabled
February 14th – Valentine's Day – is just around the corner. Consider your romantic getaway for anytime during the month of February 2011 for special rates!
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