text:
Bleak House
Cover of first serial, March 1852
Illustration from the New York Public Library Berg Collection
|Charles Dickens
|Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz)
|Cover artist
|Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz)
|Serialized 1852–3; book form 1853
|Bradbury & Evans
|Preceded by
|David Copperfield (1849–50)
|Followed by
|A Child's History of England (1852-–4)
Bleak House, a novel by Charles Dickens, was first published as a serial between March 1852 and September 1853, and is considered to be one of Dickens' finest novels, containing vast, complex and engaging arrays of characters and sub-plots. The story is told partly by the novel's heroine, Esther Summerson, and partly by an omniscient narrator. Memorable characters include haughty Lady Honoria Dedlock, the menacing lawyer Tulkinghorn, the realistic John Jarndyce, and the childish and disingenuous Harold Skimpole, as well as the imprudent Richard Carstone.
At the novel's centre is long-running litigation Jarndyce and Jarndyce, which has far-reaching consequences for all involved. This case revolves around a testator who apparently made several wills. Dickens' satirization of the English judicial system is based in part on his own experiences as a law clerk, and in part on his experiences as a litigant seeking to enforce copyright on his earlier books.
Though lawyers and judges criticised Dickens's portrait of the English legal system as exaggerated, his novel helped to spur an ongoing movement that culminated in the enactment of legal reform in the 1870s. In fact, Dickens was writing just as the legal system was reforming itself, and the need for further reform was being widely debated.[1] There has been some debate as to when Bleak House is set. The English legal historian Sir William Holdsworth set the action in 1827;[2] however, reference to preparation for the building of a railroad in chapter LV suggests a later date, in the 1830s at least.
Sir Leicester Dedlock and Honoria, Lady Dedlock (his junior by more than 20 years) live at his estate of Chesney Wold. Lady Dedlock is a beautiful, haughty woman who is very admired in the social world because of her good looks, fine clothes and regal bearing. Her comings and goings are considered the choicest gossip among the "fashionable intelligence." Unknown to Sir Leicester, Lady Dedlock had a lover, Captain Hawdon, before she married Sir Leicester – and had a child by him, Esther Summerson. Lady Dedlock, believing her daughter is dead, has chosen to live out her days 'bored to death' as a fashionable lady of the world.
Esther is raised by Miss Barbary, Lady Dedlock's spartan sister, who instils a sense of worthlessness in her that Esther will battle throughout the novel. She holds a sort of depressed vigil on Esther's birthday each year, explaining that Esther's birth is no cause for celebration and that she was "her mother's shame." Esther doesn't know that Miss Barbary is her aunt, thinking of her only as her godmother. When Miss Barbary dies, the Chancery lawyer Conversation Kenge takes charge of Esther's future on the instruction of his client, John Jarndyce. Jarndyce becomes Esther's guardian, and after attending school in Reading for six years, Esther moves in with him at Bleak House, along with his wards, Richard Carstone and Ada Clare. Esther is to be Ada's companion.
Esther soon befriends both Ada and Richard, who are cousins. They are beneficiaries in one of the wills at issue in Jarndyce and Jarndyce; their guardian is a beneficiary under another will, and in some undefined way the two wills conflict. No one realises that Esther (as Lady Dedlock's biological daughter) is also connected to Jarndyce and Jarndyce. Richard and Ada soon fall in love, but though Mr. Jarndyce doesn't oppose the match, he stipulates that Richard (who is inconstant) must first choose a profession. Richard first tries the medical profession, and Esther first meets the newly qualified Dr. Allan Woodcourt at the house of Richard's prospective tutor, Mr. Baynham Badger. When Richard mentions the prospect of gaining from the resolution of Jarndyce and Jarndyce, John Jarndyce beseeches him never to put faith in what he calls "the family curse".
Meanwhile, Lady Dedlock is also a beneficiary under one of the wills in Jarndyce and Jarndyce. Early in the book, while listening to her solicitor, the close-mouthed but shrewd Mr. Tulkinghorn, read an affidavit aloud, she recognises the handwriting on the copy. The sight affects her so much that she almost faints, which Tulkinghorn notes and thinks should be investigated. He traces the copyist who turns out to be a pauper known only as "Nemo" who has recently died. The only person to identify him is a street-sweeper, a poor homeless boy named Jo.
Lady Dedlock also investigates the matter disguised as her French maid, Mademoiselle Hortense. She pays Jo to take her to Nemo's grave. Meanwhile, Tulkinghorn is convinced that Lady Dedlock's secret might threaten the interests of his client, Sir Leicester Dedlock, and watches her constantly, even enlisting the help of the maid, who detests her. He also enlists Inspector Bucket to run Jo out of town, so that there are no loose-ends that might connect Nemo to the Dedlocks.
Esther meets her mother at church and talks with her later at Chesney Wold – though, at first, neither woman recognises the tie that binds them. Later, Lady Dedlock realises that her abandoned child is not dead and is, in fact, Esther. She waits to confront Esther with this knowledge until Esther survives an unidentified disease (possibly smallpox, as it permanently disfigures her), which she got from the homeless boy Jo after Esther and her maid Charley attempted to nurse him back to health. Though they are happy to be reunited, Lady Dedlock tells Esther that they must never acknowledge their connection again.
Esther recovers, but her beauty is supposedly ruined. She finds that Richard, having failed at several professions, has ignored his guardian and is wasting his resources in pushing Jarndyce and Jarndyce to conclusion (in his and Ada's favour). Further, he has broken with his guardian, under the influence of his lawyer, the odious and crafty Mr. Vholes. In the process of becoming an active litigant, Richard has lost all his money and is breaking his health. In further defiance of John Jarndyce, he and Ada have secretly married, and Ada is carrying Richard's child. Esther experiences her own romance when Dr. Woodcourt returns to England, having survived a shipwreck, and continues to seek her company despite her disfigurement. Unfortunately, Esther has already agreed to marry her guardian, John Jarndyce.
Hortense and Tulkinghorn discover the truth about Lady Dedlock's past. After a quiet but desperate confrontation with the lawyer, Lady Dedlock flees her home, leaving a note apologising for her conduct. Tulkinghorn dismisses Hortense, who is no longer of any use to him. Feeling abandoned and betrayed by Lady Dedlock and Tulkinghorn, Hortense kills Tulkinghorn and seeks to frame Lady Dedlock for his murder. Sir Leicester discovers his lawyer's death and his wife's flight, and he suffers a catastrophic stroke but manages to communicate that he forgives his wife and wants her to return to him.
Inspector Bucket, who up to now has investigated several matters on the periphery of Jarndyce and Jarndyce, accepts the commission of the stricken Sir Leicester to find Lady Dedlock. He suspects Lady Dedlock, even after he arrests George Rouncewell (the only other person known to be with Tulkinghorn on the night of the murder and to have quarrelled with him repeatedly). Bucket asks Esther to help search for Lady Dedlock. By this point, Bucket has cleared Lady Dedlock by discovering Hortense's guilt, but Lady Dedlock has no way to know this and wanders the country in cold weather before dying at the cemetery of her former lover Captain Hawdon (Nemo). Esther and Bucket find her there.
Developments in Jarndyce and Jarndyce seem to take a turn for the better when a later will is found which revokes all previous wills and leaves the bulk of the estate to Richard and Ada. Meanwhile, John Jarndyce cancels his engagement to Esther, who becomes engaged to Dr. Woodcourt. They go to Chancery to find Richard and to discover what news there might be of the lawsuit's resolution. On their arrival, they learn that the case of Jarndyce and Jarndyce is finally over, since the costs of litigation have entirely consumed the estate. Richard collapses, and Dr Woodcourt determines that he is in the last stages of tuberculosis. Richard apologises to John Jarndyce and dies, leaving Ada alone with their child, a boy she names Richard. Jarndyce takes in Ada and the child. Esther and Woodcourt marry and live in a Yorkshire house which Jarndyce gives to them. In time, they have two daughters.
Many of this intricate novel's subplots deal with the minor characters and their diverse ties to the main plot. One of these subplots is the hard life and happy though difficult marriage of Caddy Jellyby and Prince Turveydrop. Another focuses on George Rouncewell's rediscovery of his family and his reunion with his mother and brother.
Characters in Bleak House[edit]
As usual, Dickens drew upon many real people and places but imaginatively transformed them in his novel. Hortense is based on the Swiss maid and murderess Maria Manning. The "telescopic philanthropist" Mrs Jellyby, who pursues distant projects at the expense of her duty to her own family, is a criticism of women activists like Caroline Chisholm. The "childlike" but ultimately amoral character Harold Skimpole is commonly regarded as a portrait of Leigh Hunt. "Dickens wrote in a letter of 25 September 1853, 'I suppose he is the most exact portrait that was ever painted in words! ... It is an absolute reproduction of a real man'; and a contemporary critic commented, 'I recognized Skimpole instantaneously; ... and so did every person whom I talked with about it who had ever had Leigh Hunt's acquaintance.'"[3] G. K. Chesterton suggested that Dickens "may never once have had the unfriendly thought, 'Suppose Hunt behaved like a rascal!'; he may have only had the fanciful thought, 'Suppose a rascal behaved like Hunt!'". Mr Jarndyce's friend Mr Boythorn is based on the writer Walter Savage Landor.
The novel also includes one of the first detectives in English fiction, Inspector Bucket. This character is probably based on Inspector Charles Frederick Field of the then recently formed Detective Department at Scotland Yard.[4] Dickens wrote several journalistic pieces about the Inspector and the work of the detectives in Household Words, his weekly periodical in which he also published articles attacking the Chancery system. The Jarndyce and Jarndyce case itself is believed to have been inspired by a number of protracted Chancery cases involving real-life wills, including those of Charles Day and William Jennens,[5] and of Charlotte Smith's father-in-law Richard Smith.[6]
Major characters[edit]
- Esther Summerson – the heroine of the story, and one of its two narrators (Dickens's only female narrator), raised as an orphan because the identity of her parents is unknown. Because of her cruel upbringing she is self-effacing, self-deprecating and grateful for every trifle. At first, it seems probable that her guardian, John Jarndyce, is her father because he provides for her. This, however, he disavows shortly after she comes to live under his roof. The discovery of her true identity provides much of the drama in the book: it is discovered that she is the illegitimate daughter of Lady Dedlock and Nemo (Captain Hawdon).
- Honoria, Lady Dedlock – the haughty mistress of Chesney Wold. Her past drives much of the plot as it turns out that, before her marriage, she had an affair with another man and bore his child. She discovers the child's identity (Esther Summerson) and, because she has made this discovery and revealed that she had a secret predating her marriage, she has attracted the noxious curiosity of Mr. Tulkinghorn, who feels himself bound by his ties to his client, Sir Leicester, to pry out her secret and use it to control her. At the end, she dies, disgraced in her own mind and convinced that her aristocratic husband can never forgive her moral failings, even though he has already done so.
- John Jarndyce – an unwilling party in Jarndyce and Jarndyce, guardian of Richard, Ada, and Esther, and owner of Bleak House. Vladimir Nabokov called him "one of the best and kindest human beings ever described in a novel".[7] A wealthy man, he helps most of the other characters out of a mix of disinterested goodness and guilt at the mischief and human misery caused by Jarndyce and Jarndyce, which he calls "the family curse". He falls in love with Esther and wishes to marry her, but gives her up because she is in love with Dr. Woodcourt.
- Richard Carstone – a ward of Chancery in Jarndyce and Jarndyce. A straightforward and likeable but irresponsible and inconstant character who falls under the spell of Jarndyce and Jarndyce. At the end of the book, just after Jarndyce and Jarndyce is finally settled, he dies, tormented by his imprudence in trusting to the outcome of a Chancery suit.
- Ada Clare – another ward of Chancery in Jarndyce and Jarndyce. She falls in love with Richard Carstone, who is a distant cousin. She does not share his fervent hopes for a quick settlement in the Jarndyce case. They later marry in secret.
- Harold Skimpole – a friend of Jarndyce "in the habit of sponging his friends" (Nuttall); supposedly based on Leigh Hunt (but see above). He is irresponsible, selfish, amoral, and without remorse. He often refers to himself as "a child" and claims not to understand the complexities of human relationships, circumstances, and society – but understands them all too well, as when, early in the book, he enlists Richard and Esther to pay off the bailiff who has arrested him on a writ of debt. He believes that in the future Richard and Ada will be able to acquire credit based on their expectations in Jarndyce and Jarndyce and declares his intention to start 'honoring' them by letting them pay some of his debts.
- Lawrence Boythorn – an old friend of John Jarndyce's; a former soldier, who always speaks in superlatives; very loud and harsh, but goodhearted. Esther learns from Mr. Jarndynce that Boythorn was once engaged to (and very much in love with) a woman who later left him without giving him any reason. Esther feels guilty when she learns that the woman to whom he was engaged was, in fact, Esther's aunt. She abandoned her former life (including Boythorn) when she took Esther from her sister to raise her as an orphan. Boythorn is also a neighbour of Sir Leicester Dedlock's, with whom he is engaged in an epic tangle of lawsuits over a right-of-way across Boythorn's property that Sir Leicester asserts the legal right to close; based on Walter Savage Landor.
- Sir Leicester Dedlock – a crusty baronet, very much older than his wife. Dedlock is an unthinking conservative who regards the Jarndyce and Jarndyce lawsuit in which his wife is entangled as a mark of distinction worthy of a man of his family lineage.
- Mr. Tulkinghorn – Sir Leicester's lawyer. Scheming and manipulative, he seems to defer to his clients but relishes the power his control of their secrets gives him over them. He learns of Lady Dedlock's past and tries to control her conduct, to preserve the reputation and good name of Sir Leicester. He is murdered, and his murder gives Dickens the chance to weave a detective's investigation of the murder into the plot of the closing chapters of the book.
- Mr. Snagsby – the timid and hen-pecked proprietor of a law-stationery business who gets involved with Tulkinghorn's and Bucket's secrets. He is Jo's only friend. He tends to give half-crowns to those whom he feels sorry for. He is married to Mrs. Snagsby, who has a 'vinegary' personality and incorrectly suspects Mr. Snagsby of having many secrets against her, such as his being Jo's father.
- Miss Flite – an elderly eccentric obsessed with Chancery. Her family has been destroyed by a long-running Chancery case similar to Jarndyce and Jarndyce, and her obsessive fascination with Chancery veers between comedy and tragedy. She owns a large number of little birds which she says will be released "on the day of judgement".
- Mr. William Guppy – a law clerk at the Chancery firm of Kenge and Carboy's. He becomes smitten with Esther and plays a role in unearthing her true past. He at first proposes marriage to Esther, but withdraws the offer after discovering her much-altered appearance due to her illness. Esther politely refused his proposal in the first place, prior to his withdrawal. Later, after Esther learns that Lady Dedlock is her mother, she meets with Mr. Guppy to ask him to cease his investigation of her true lineage. He feared that she had asked to meet him in order to belatedly accept his offer of marriage (since she has become disfigured and has, as he sees it, no other prospects). He is so over-come with relief when she explains her true purpose that he agrees to do everything in his power to protect her privacy in the future.
- Inspector Bucket – a detective who undertakes several investigations in the course of the novel, most notably the investigation of Mr. Tulkinghorn's murder, which he brings to a successful conclusion.
- Mr. George – a former soldier, serving under Nemo, who owns a London shooting-gallery. He is a trainer in sword and pistol use, briefly training Richard Carstone. The prime suspect in the death of Mr. Tulkinghorn, he is exonerated and his true identity is revealed, against his wishes. He is found to be George Rouncewell, son of the Dedlocks' housekeeper, Mrs. Rouncewell, who welcomes him back to Chesney Wold. He ends the book as the body-servant to the stricken Sir Leicester Dedlock.
- Caddy Jellyby – a friend of Esther's, secretary to her mother, the "telescopic philanthropist" Mrs. Jellyby. Caddy feels ashamed of her "lack of manners", but Esther's friendship revives her, and she falls in love with young Prince Turveydrop, marries him, and has a baby.
- Krook – a rag and bottle merchant and collector of papers. He is the landlord of the house where Nemo and Miss Flite live and where Nemo dies. He seems to subsist on a diet consisting of nothing but cheap gin. Krook dies from a case of spontaneous human combustion, something that Dickens believed could happen, but which some critics of the novel such as the English essayist George Henry Lewes denounced as outlandish and implausible. Ironically, amongst the stacks of papers obsessively hoarded by the illiterate Krook is the key to resolving the case of Jarndyce and Jarndyce.
- Jo – a young and homeless boy who lives on the streets and tries without much luck to make a living as a crossing sweeper. Jo was the only person with whom the deceased Nemo had any real connection. Jo remembers that Nemo expressed a kind, paternal sort of interest in Jo's welfare (something that no human had ever done before). Nemo would share his meagre money with Jo when he could, and would sometimes remark, "Well, Jo, today I am as poor as you," when he had nothing to share. Jo was called to testify at the inquiry into Nemo's death, but it is decided that Jo knows nothing of value to the investigators. Despite this, Mr. Tulkinghorn pays Mr. Bucket to harry Jo and force him to keep "moving along" [leave town] because Tulkinghorn fears that Jo might have some knowledge of the connection between Nemo and the Dedlocks. Jo ultimately dies from a disease (pneumonia, a complication from an earlier bout with smallpox which Esther also catches and from which she almost dies).
- Allan Woodcourt – a surgeon. A kind, caring man who loves Esther deeply. She in turn cares strongly for him but feels unable to respond to his overtures not only because of her prior commitment to John Jarndyce, but also because she fears that her status as an orphan will cause his slightly arrogant mother to object to their connection.
- Grandfather Smallweed – a moneylender. A mean, bad-tempered man who shows no mercy to people who owe him money and enjoys inflicting emotional pain on others. He lays claim to the deceased Krook's possessions because Smallweed's wife is Krook's sister and only living relation, and also drives Mr. George into bankruptcy by calling in debts. Mr. Tulkinghorn is his attorney in both these cases. It has been suggested that his description (together with his grandchildren) fit that of a person with progeria.[8]
- Mr. Vholes – a Chancery lawyer who takes on Richard Carstone as a client, squeezes out of him all the litigation fees he can manage to pay, and then abandons him when Jarndyce and Jarndyce comes to an end.
- Conversation Kenge – a Chancery lawyer who represents John Jarndyce. His chief foible is his love of grand, portentous, and empty rhetoric.
Minor characters[edit]
- Mr. Gridley – an involuntary party to a suit in Chancery (based on a real case, according to Dickens's preface), who repeatedly seeks to gain the attention of the Lord Chancellor but in vain. He threatens Mr. Tulkinghorn and then is put under arrest by Inspector Bucket, but dies, his health broken by his Chancery ordeal.
- Nemo (Latin for "nobody") – is the alias of Captain James Hawdon, a former officer in the British Army under whom Mr. George once served. Nemo is a law-writer who makes fair copies of legal documents for Snagsby and lodges at Krook's rag and bottle shop, eventually dying of an opium overdose. He is later found to be the former lover of Lady Dedlock and the father of Esther Summerson. The novel makes a point of never putting Nemo in the reader's view; he is only presented at a remove, as described or referred to by others.
- Mrs. Snagsby – Mr. Snagsby's highly suspicious and curious wife, who suspects her husband of being Jo's father.
- Guster – the Snagsbys' maidservant; she is prone to fits.
- Neckett – a debt collector – called "Coavinses" by debtor Harold Skimpole because he works for that business firm
- Charley – Coavinses' daughter; hired by John Jarndyce to be a maid to Esther
- Tom – Coavinses' young son
- Emma – Coavinses' baby daughter
- Mrs. Jellyby – Caddy's mother, a "telescopic philanthropist" obsessed with an obscure African tribe but having little regard to the notion of charity beginning at home
- Mr. Jellyby – Mrs. Jellyby's long-suffering husband
- Peepy Jellyby – the Jellybys' young son
- Prince Turveydrop – a dancing master and proprietor of a dancing studio
- Old Mr. Turveydrop – a master of Deportment who lives off his son's industry
- Jenny – a brickmaker's wife. She's mistreated by her husband and her baby dies. She helps her friend look after her own child.
- Rosa – a favourite lady's maid of Lady Dedlock whom Watt Rouncewell wishes to marry. The proposal ends in nothing when Mr. Rouncewell's father asks that Rosa be sent to school to become a lady worthy of his son's station. Lady Dedlock questions the girl closely regarding her wish to leave, and promises to look after her instead. In some way, Rosa is a stand-in for Esther in Lady Dedlock's life.
- Hortense – lady's maid to Lady Dedlock (based on murderess Maria Manning)[9]
- Mrs. Rouncewell – housekeeper to the Dedlocks at Chesney Wold
- Mr. Robert Rouncewell – son of Mrs. Rouncewell and a prosperous ironmaster
- Watt Rouncewell – his son
- Volumnia – a Dedlock cousin
- Miss Barbary – Esther's godmother and severe guardian in childhood
- Mrs. Rachael Chadband – a former servant of Miss Barbary's
- Mr. Chadband – an oleaginous preacher, husband of Mrs. Chadband
- Mrs. Smallweed – wife of Mr. Smallweed senior and sister to Krook. She is in her second childhood.
- Young Mr. (Bartholemew) Smallweed – grandson of the senior Smallweeds and friend of Mr. Guppy
- Judy Smallweed – granddaughter of the senior Smallweeds
- Tony Jobling – aka Mr. Weevle – a friend of Mr. Guppy's
- Mrs. Guppy – Mr. Guppy's aged mother
- Phil Squod – Mr. George's assistant
- Matthew Bagnet – military friend of Mr. George's and dealer in musical instruments
- Mrs. Bagnet – wife of Matthew Bagnet
- Woolwich – the Bagnets' son
- Quebec – the Bagnets' daughter
- Malta – the Bagnets' daughter
- Mrs. Woodcourt – Allan Woodcourt's widowed mother
- Mrs. Pardiggle – a woman who does "good works" for the poor, but cannot see that her efforts are rude and arrogant and do nothing at all to help. She inflicts her activities on her five small sons, who are clearly rebellious.
- Arethusa Skimpole – Mr. Skimpole's "Beauty" daughter
- Laura Skimpole – Mr. Skimpole's "Sentiment" daughter
- Kitty Skimpole – Mr. Skimpole's "Comedy" daughter
- Mrs. Skimpole – Mr. Skimpole's ailing wife who is weary of her husband and lifestyle
Analysis and criticism[edit]
Much criticism of Bleak House focuses on its unique narrative structure: it is told both by an unidentified, third-person narrator and a first-person narrator, Esther Summerson. The third-person narrator speaks in the present tense, ranging widely across geographic and social space (from the aristocratic Dedlock estate to the desperately poor Tom-All-Alone's in London), and gives full rein to Dickens's desire to satirise the English chancery system – though this narrator's perceptiveness has limits, stopping at the outside to describe characters' appearances and behaviour without any pretence of grasping or revealing their inner lives. Esther Summerson tells her own story in the past tense (like David in David Copperfield or Pip in Great Expectations), and her narrative voice is characterised by modesty, consciousness of her own limits, and willingness to disclose to us her own thoughts and feelings. These two narrative strands never quite intersect, though they do run in parallel. Nabokov, after describing the ways Esther's voice changes as the novel progresses, concluded that letting Esther tell part of the story was Dickens's "main mistake" in planning the novel[10] Alex Zwerdling, a scholar from Berkeley, after observing that "critics have not been kind to Esther," nevertheless thought Dickens's use of Esther's narrative "one of the triumphs of his art".[11]
Esther's portion of the narrative is an interesting case study of the Victorian ideal of feminine modesty. She introduces herself thus: "I have a great deal of difficulty in beginning to write my portion of these pages, for I know I am not clever" (chap. 3). This claim is almost immediately belied by the astute moral judgement and satiric observation that characterise her pages, and it remains unclear how much knowledge she withholds from her narration, or why someone who has chosen to relate the story of her life should be so coy about her own central place in it. In the same introductory chapter, she writes: "It seems so curious to me to be obliged to write all this about myself! As if this narrative were the narrative of MY life! But my little body will soon fall into the background now" (chap. 3). This does not turn out to be true.
For most readers and scholars, the central concern of Bleak House is its riveting and insistent indictment of the English Chancery court system. Chancery or equity courts were one half of the English civil justice system, existing side-by-side with law courts. Unlike law courts, which heard actions for legal injuries compensable by monetary damages, Chancery courts heard actions having to do with wills and estates, or with the uses of private property. By the mid-nineteenth century, English law reformers had long criticised and mocked the delays of Chancery litigation, and Dickens found the subject a tempting target. (He already had taken a shot at law-courts and that side of the legal profession in his 1837 novel The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club or The Pickwick Papers). The fame and critical success of Bleak House have led many readers and scholars to apply its indictment of Chancery to the entire legal system, and indeed it is the greatest indictment of law, lawyers, and the legal system in the English language.[citation needed] Scholars – such as the English legal historian Sir William Searle Holdsworth, in his 1928 series of lectures Charles Dickens as a Legal Historian published by Yale University Press – have made a plausible case for treating Dickens's novels, and Bleak House in particular, as primary sources illuminating the history of English law.
Dickens claimed in the preface to the book edition of Bleak House (it was initially released in parts) that he had "purposely dwelt upon the romantic side of familiar things". And some remarkable things do happen: One character, Krook, smells of brimstone and eventually dies of spontaneous human combustion, attributed to his alcoholism and his evil nature. Using spontaneous human combustion to dispose of Krook in the story was controversial. The nineteenth century saw the increasing triumph of the scientific world-view and of technology rooted in scientific advances. Scientific and technological research and discovery were regarded as among the highest forms of human endeavour. Scientifically inclined writers, as well as medical doctors and scientists, rejected spontaneous human combustion as legend or superstition. When the instalment of Bleak House containing Krook's demise appeared, the literary critic George Henry Lewes criticised Dickens, accusing him of "giving currency to a vulgar error".[12] Dickens vigorously defended the reality of spontaneous human combustion and cited many documented cases, such as those of Mme. Millet of Rheims and of the Countess di Bandi, as well as his own memories of coroners' inquests that he had attended when he had been a reporter. In the preface of the book edition of Bleak House, Dickens wrote: "I shall not abandon the facts until there shall have been a considerable Spontaneous Combustion of the testimony on which human occurrences are usually received."
George Gissing and G. K. Chesterton are among those literary critics and writers who consider Bleak House to be the best novel that Charles Dickens wrote. As Chesterton put it: "Bleak House is not certainly Dickens' best book; but perhaps it is his best novel". Harold Bloom, in his book The Western Canon, considers Bleak House to be Dickens's greatest novel. Daniel Burt, in his book The Novel 100: A Ranking of the Greatest Novels of All Time, ranks Bleak House number 12.
Bleak House has been cited as "the first novel in which a detective plays a significant role".[13]
Bleak House, Kent[edit]
Bleak House in Broadstairs (previously called Fort House), on the far northeast tip of Kent adjoining Margate, is where Dickens stayed with his family for at least one month every summer, from 1839 until 1851, when he was becoming established as a successful writer. Fort House, located on top of the cliff on Fort Road, was renamed Bleak House after his death, in his honour.[14]
Bleak House, St Albans[edit]
Dickens locates the fictional Bleak House in St Albans, Hertfordshire, where he wrote some of the book.[15] An 18th century house in Folly Lane, St Albans, has been identified as a possible inspiration for the titular house in the story since the time of the book's publication[15] and was known as Bleak House for many years.[15] [16]
In the late nineteenth century, actress Fanny Janauschek acted in a stage version of Bleak House in which she played both Lady Dedlock and her maid Hortense. The two characters never appear on stage at the same time. In 1876 John Pringle Burnett's play, Jo found success in London with his wife, Jennie Lee playing Jo, the crossing-sweeper.[17] In 1893, Jane Coombs acted in a version of Bleak House.[18]
A 1901 short film, The Death of Poor Joe, is the oldest known surviving film featuring a Charles Dickens character (Jo in Bleak House).[19]
In the silent film era, Bleak House was filmed in 1920 and 1922. The latter version featured Sybil Thorndike as Lady Dedlock.[20]
In 1928, a short film made in the UK in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process starred Bransby Williams as Grandfather Smallweed.[21]
In 1998, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation of five hour-long episodes, starring Michael Kitchen as John Jarndyce.[22]
The BBC has produced three television adaptations of Bleak House. The first serial, Bleak House, was broadcast in 1959 in eleven half-hour episodes.[23] The second Bleak House, starring Diana Rigg and Denholm Elliott, aired in 1985 as an eight-part series.[24] In 2005, the third Bleak House was broadcast in fifteen episodes starring Anna Maxwell Martin, Gillian Anderson, Denis Lawson, Charles Dance, and Carey Mulligan.[25] It won a Peabody Award that same year because it "created "appointment viewing," soap-style, for a series that greatly rewarded its many extra viewers."[26]
Musical references[edit]
Charles Jefferys wrote the words for and Charles William Glover wrote the music for songs called Ada Clare and Farewell to the Old House, which are inspired by the novel.
Original publication[edit]
Like most Dickens novels, Bleak House was published in 20 monthly instalments, each containing 32 pages of text and two illustrations by Phiz (the last two being published together as a double issue). Each cost one shilling, except for the final double issue, which cost two shillings.[citation needed]
|Date of publication
|March 1852
|April 1852
|May 1852
|June 1852
|July 1852
|August 1852
|September 1852
|October 1852
|November 1852
|December 1852
|January 1853
|February 1853
|March 1853
|April 1853
|May 1853
|June 1853
|July 1853
|August 1853
|September 1853
- ^ James Oldham, A Profusion of Chancery Reform, Law and History Review
- ^ Holdsworth, William S. Charles Dickens as a Legal Historian. Yale University Press, 1928.
- ^ Page, Norman, editor, Bleak House, Penguin Books, 1971, p. 955 (note 2 to Chapter 6).
- ^ Site of Dr Russell Potter, Rhode Island College Biography of Inspector Field
- ^ Dunstan, William. "The Real Jarndyce and Jarndyce." The Dickensian 93.441 (Spring 1997): 27.
- ^ Jacqueline M. Labbe, ed. The Old Manor House by Charlotte Turner Smith, Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 2002 ISBN 978-1-55111-213-8, Introduction p. 17, note 3.
- ^ Vladimir Nabokov, "Bleak House," Lectures on Literature. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980. p. 90.
- ^ Singh, V (2010). "Reflections: neurology and the humanities. Description of a family with progeria by Charles Dickens". Neurology 75 (6): 571. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ec7f6c. PMID 20697111.
- ^ "Dickens' London map". Fidnet.com. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ Nabokov, Vladimir, "Bleak House," Lectures on Literature. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980. pp. 100–102.
- ^ Alex Zwerdling. "Esther Summerson Rehabilitated" PMLA, Vol. 88, No. 3 (May 1973), pp. 429–439
- ^ Hack, Daniel (2005). The Material Interests of the Victorian Novel, p. 49. University of Virginia Press.
- ^ Roseman, Mill et al. Detectionary. New York: Overlook Press, 1971. ISBN 0-87951-041-2
- ^ "What the Dickens? Author's Bleak House holiday home up for sale at £2m". London: www.dailymail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ a b c William Page, ed. (1908). "The city of St Albans: Introduction". A History of the County of Hertford 2. London. pp. pp. 469–477. Retrieved 14 November 2015 – via British History Online.
- ^ 'Bleak House', Folly Lane, St Albans St Albans Museums, Photo numberG1087. Accessed September 2013
- ^ Jennie Lee, Veteran Actress, Passes Away. Lowell Sun, 3 May 1930, p. 18
- ^ Mawson, Harry P. "Dickens on the Stage." In The Theatre Magazine, February 1912, p. 48. Accessed 26 January 2014.
- ^ "Earliest Charles Dickens film uncovered". BBC News. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ Pitts, Michael R. (2004). Famous Movie Detectives III, pp. 81–82. Scarecrow Press.
- ^ Guida, Fred (2000; 2006 repr.). A Christmas Carol and Its Adaptations, p. 88. McFarland.
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00801n9
- ^ ""Bleak House" (1959)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ ""Bleak House" (1985) (mini)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ ""Bleak House" (2005)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ 65th Annual Peabody Awards, May 2006.
- Crafts, Hannah; Gates, Jr, Henry Louis (Ed). The Bondswoman's Narrative. Warner Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7628-7682-4
- "Blackening Bleak House: Hannah Crafts's The Bondwoman's Narrative," in In Search of Hannah Crafts: Critical Essays on the Bondwoman's Narrative, eds. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Hollis Robbins. Basic/Civitas, 2004. ISBN 0-465-02708-3
- Calkins, Carroll C. (Project Editor). Mysteries of the Unexplained. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc., 1982.
- Holdsworth, William S. Charles Dickens as a Legal Historian. Yale University Press, 1928. Contains detailed information on the workings of the Court of Chancery.
- Bleak House Map
External links[edit]
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bleak House.
- Bleak House at Internet Archive.
- Bleak House at Project Gutenberg
- Dark Plates The ten "dark plates" executed by H.K. Browne for Bleak House.
- Reprinted Pieces at Project Gutenberg "The Detective Police", "Three Detective Anecdotes", "On Duty with Inspector Field". Last piece first published in Household Words, June 1841.
- Bleak House public domain audiobook at LibriVox
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "article name needed". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.


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Narrow your search
Saving money on gadgets without braving the Black Friday crowds: that's what Cyber Monday is all about. We're tracking the deals right here.
Get an early look at Amazon's 2015 Cyber Monday sales, which will extend the Black Friday online shopping blitzkrieg through December 5.
Wait! Before you fight the crowds to plunk down your hard-earned cash, make sure that a Black Friday deal is really a deal.
The US Navy has christened the first of three cutting-edge Zumwalt-class destroyers. But the next two may have weaponry straight out of science fiction.
Extinction is a very serious issue facing our world. We get that. But when it comes to these extinct animals, we have to admit: We're kinda glad we don't have to face off against them.
These holiday discounts are perfect for getting the best PC experience from Fallout 4, Star Wars Battlefront and other new games.
The day after Turkey Day tends to be mostly hype, but for a select few stores and tech items, Friday should be buy-day.
Lots of models. Lots of prices. Three sizes. Let us help you decide.
The inaugural New West Summit -- devoted to the marriage of pot, tech, business and media -- serves as the site for a kind of passing of the torch. Or should we say a passing of the pipe?
These were some of the biggest embarrassments and snafus in the tech world in the year gone by. How many had a personal impact on you?

subset: commoncrawl


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Steelers rookie RB Batch tears ACL, season likely over
Steelers/NFL Videos
Steelers rookie running back Baron Batch confirmed late Wednesday that he tore his left ACL during practice at St. Vincent College, likely ending his season.
"Friday I was supposed to play my first NFL game. That won't happen. Today I tore my ACL," Batch wrote on his blog. "I'm not sure why I'm writing about this right now except for the fact that God put it on my heart to do so."
Steelers medical staff carted a near-tearful Batch off the field after he pulled up at the end of a run near the end of practice. The injury appeared serious, and Batch was in obvious pain. A popping sound could be heard, and he immediately waved over the Steelers' trainers.
Team officials did not say how severely Batch was injured. Batch was expected to have an MRI exam Wednesday night.
"I probably should be devastated at the fact I won't play my rookie season but… I'm not," Batch wrote on his blog. "After my season ending injury my freshman year of college I promised myself that I would never ask God 'why?' again and I'm not about to start now. It's during the tough times that we are able to grow. I'm excited to hit another growth spurt."
Batch, a seventh-round draft pick out of Texas Tech, was expected to see considerable playing time in Friday night's exhibition opener against the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field in Landover, Md.
The injury happened on turf field the Steelers have been relegated to this week because the regular fields are too wet to practice on.
"It was a very small crease he got through, and he got through quick," quarterback Ben Roethlisberger said. "You never like to see anyone go down. We're family, so I went down to check and see how he was doing.
"I feel terrible. It's a dangerous thing, but from where we were standing it didn't look as if anyone hit him. We'll just see what happens."
Batch, 23, appeared on his way to competing for a roster spot as a backup to Rashard Mendenhall. He vaulted into the spotlight during the backs-on-backers drill during the first week of camp. He positioned himself to battle for preseason playing time along with veterans Mewelde Moore and Isaac Redman, and undrafted free-agent John Clay.
"I told him to stay up," Mendenhall said. "It's early in the preseason, but he's done well with his opportunities. I think he needed a game situation to really show what he can do."
The Steelers have had several injuries this season. At least seven players — including cornerback Bryant McFadden and guard Chris Kemoeatu — will not play against the Redskins.
"It's the ebbs and flows of training camp," nose tackle Chris Hoke said. "These guys are getting banged up all the time, and their muscles are getting fatigued. We're hoping (Batch) doesn't have a serious injury."
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8th June 2012, 4:14pm
Barneveld vs Klaasen Betting: Raymond Barneveld can start his charge for a third UK Open with Klaasen win
The penultimate match on the main stage at the Reebok Stadium in the Speedy Services UK Open on Friday night is an all Dutch battle and a repeat of the 2006 Lakeside World Championship final as Raymond Barneveld plays Jelle Klassen in the last 64 of the competition. Klaasen won that final at Frimley Green back in 2006 but has lost the last seven meetings between the two. He is 4/1 with Boylesports to end that slump in this match.
Raymond Barneveld comes into this tournament as the number one seed. Of course that means nothing now we are underway because it is an open draw but it does mean he was the best player in the qualifying series which shows the potential the five times world champion still has. Barneveld also showed that potential in the Premier League where he played some superb darts but a stack of draws cost him a playoff place.
Jelle Klaasen has slumped a bit in his game in the last year or two. I guess his ultra quick style was always going to make him erratic and inconsistent but to have only made one quarter final of any PDC event since the UK Open last year is very poor for someone who has the talent he has. Klaasen came through against Dyson Parody on the opening night so he has at least won a pressure match this week.
I would be surprised if Klaasen plays well enough for long enough to beat Barneveld. Klaasen's strength is his scoring but that's Barney's strength too and I don't expect Barneveld to miss the sort of doubles Klaasen has the potential to miss. On all known form over the last 6 months at least then this should be a comfortable win for Barneveld. I don't think he'll win it massively easy but I do think he'll win it easily enough to cover the handicap.
Back R.Barneveld (-3.5 legs) to beat J.Klaasen for a 4/10 stake at 1.91 with Paddy Power


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My ancestor was a St Helena soldier
Posted: January 29, 2014|
THE Bugle has published articles concerning my grandfather Jeremiah Durnall and my great-great-grandfather John Malcolm Carter (see Bugles 1048, 1074, 1077 and 1097).
The research that I undertook for these articles was prompted by various photographs which had been retained by members of my family, the identity of the participants in the photographs having long since been forgotten.
Such it was with a photograph of a Victorian soldier which had been mounted in a mirror, and given as a wedding present by my grandmother Edith Durnall (née Cook) to one of my uncles in the 1940s.
The story was that, originally, a portrait existed of this soldier and it was sent for cleaning prior to its being given as a gift. However, on its return the portrait was damaged by over-cleaning and it was decided to photograph the portrait and use this in a mirror. The photo appears to have been hand tinted, a common practice of the day.
Another contributor to the Bugle, Derek Benbow used his knowledge of many years collecting military badges to help me best ascertain the uniform and thus identity of the soldier who I believe to be my great-great-great-grandfather Matthew Carter.
Matthew was born in 1805 in Stanwell, Middlesex, a village that is now in danger of being swallowed by further expansion of Heathrow Airport. He enlisted in the 90th Foot Regiment on 13th April, 1826. This was a Scottish regiment and the uniform in the photo, while poorly defined, indicates this during its Indian service. The regiment served in the Ionian islands at the time Mathew joined and later in Sri Lanka.
I found details of his marriage to Martha Martin at Gosport in 1831, confirming the marriage date in his military record. At that time six men in 100 were allowed to have their wives accompany them overseas.
The 90th were serving in Ireland in 1835 when they were ordered to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Mathew embarked aboard the Sir Charles Malcolm, an Indian Navy merchant ship built of teak by the same shipyard that built HMS Trincomalee, the oldest wooden British warship still afloat, nowadays berthed in the historic dock at Hartlepool.
The ship carried four companies, probably 100 men in each, plus the headquarters staff, maybe another 20, in addition to officers' wives and enlisted men's wives, plus its English crew and possibly the Indian crew as well, which had sailed the ship to England and although not being allowed to sail it back were guaranteed their passage home, so there were maybe 500 souls onboard.
The ship was leaking enough for it to need repairing at Plymouth before its five month voyage to Ceylon, during which time John Malcolm Carter was born. He was given the name Malcolm, I assume, in respect of the ship. The ship was later sold and renamed Adventure, and was used to carry Irish and German folk emigrating to America.
Matthew transferred to the 61st Foot on 1st September, 1837, while in Ceylon and this regiment boarded HMS Jupiter for the return to England in October 1839. In addition to officers and their wives, it carried 399 men, 29 women and 76 children of the regiment.
Most sailing ships from those parts would have returned to England via St Helena. When the ship arrived back at Southampton it could not land due to high winds, and having beat offshore for two weeks it continued on to Cork, collected the remainder of the regiment and was towed to Cowes by HM Steam Frigate Cyclops, landing 14th March, 1840. The regiment then had their first train ride back to barracks.
The 1841 census records Mathew, John, Mathew junior. (born in Kandy) and a soldier's wife, Catherine, at Woolwich Barracks. Apart from the wedding details, I found no further mention of Martha, but both sons had daughters that they named Martha.
About this time it was decided by the British government that instead of garrison troops, some previously supplied by the Honourable East Indies Company, St Helena would have its own British army regiment. All volunteers, the men would have to be of good character to fit into island life and be physically fit as they were used as stevedores, (in 1845 about 1,500 ships called at St Helena).
Henry Simmonds, formerly a major of the 61st was appointed commanding officer with the rank Lieutenant Colonel on the 7th January, 1842. Mathew transferred to this regiment on the 1st February, 1842, being given the distinction of regimental number 1, and they arrived on St Helena in October that year. He completed his five year term and retired from the army in 1847 but in 1850 he was recalled to a parade and given a gratuity and a good conduct medal.
Both of his sons joined the regiment, John at 14 and Matthew junior was under 12. In the 1860s the regiment was disbanded and having been in existence for less than 25 years no official history was completed. A St Helena islander Dave Marr is attempting to correct this omission and I have supplied him with the military histories of the three men plus photos. The St Helena museum is placing the histories in a showcase containing a uniformed model of a soldier of the St Helena Regiment, which is being renamed "No. 1 Matthew Carter". There is a view of the soldier on a Youtube clip uploaded by the St Helena Tourist Board.
Both sons returned to England in the 1860s. Together with his two boys, John brought with him his wife Ann Bertha, who was born on the island in 1839. Her father, through his association with the 66th Regiment, had been one of Emperor Napoleon's guards during his incarceration and death on the island. Grenadiers of the 66th carried the emperor's coffin to his original grave; later his remains were exhumed and returned to France.
Mathew the father, according to parish records for births, had further children on St Helena with his wife Eliza Watson, two girls in 1856 and 1858. On both records his occupation was listed as prison officer at Rupert's Bay military and civilian gaol, which was burned down in one hour by a military prisoner in 1867.
His death record in 1881 states he was a pensioner and groom, the informant being Eliza. She may well have been a freed slave, as a family named Watson had belonged to a prominent family on the island named Meliss and an Eliza of about the correct age was among them.
From 1840 to 1872 St Helena played a pivotal role in Britain's efforts to suppress the slave trade. Over this period it received over 25,000 "liberated Africans" taken from slave ships by Royal Navy patrols. Many thousands did not survive, their last resting place being Rupert's Valley graveyard, the army and prisoners probably assisting in the burials.
A hospital at Rupert's helped in recuperation. In 2008 an archaeological excavation prior to an access road being built for the airport at Prosperous Bay Plain uncovered artefacts from this period which will shortly be on display at the Liverpool Museum of Slavery before being returned to the island. A Youtube slideshow documents some of the excavation.
After a short spell in London where his daughter and my ancestor Susan was born, John Malcolm and his family settled in West Bromwich.
Another local connection maybe that of John Martin, the father of Martha Martin, he is shown living in Gosport in the first half of the 1800s and was born in Eccleshall, Staffordshire, his occupation was Cordwainer or high class shoemaker.
Have you uncovered an interesting ancestor in your family history? Why not tell Bugle readers all about them? Contact dshaw@black countrybugle.co.uk or write to Bugle House, 41 High Street, Cradley Heath, B64 5HL.


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Mr. Luzzi:
You disregard the most logical target of Barack Obama's blame for his gun control defeat...and that would be Barack Obama.
This is a man committed to Socialism, to wealth distribution, to taking from those he deems capable of producing and giving to those he feels incapable of producing. This is a man committed to the slaughter of innocent human lives....before, during and after birth (he's justified circumstances under which ALL are viable candidates for state sanctioned murder).....lest a woman's right to choose, i.e. to snip the spine/inject with saline/evacuate the skulls of the unborn, should be infringed. This is a man who pals around with the likes of Bill Ayers and Jeremiah Wright....2 of the sleaziest of the America-haters. This is a man with such disregard for the four patriots murdered in Benghazi, Libya on September 11, 2012 that he never inquired of his Secretaries of Defense nor State the status of our embassy as it was under siege. He traveled to his Las Vegas fund raiser and concocted another lie for America about a video.
This is a man committed to the destruction of the America for which he has no regard....for its culture, for its leadership, for its excellence, for its liberty....for the America he has never understood and will never understand. He has in mind an America none of us will recognize. It is an America where entitlement is cultivated, where decadence is accepted, where achievement is punished. It is a disgusting America. It is NOT America.
The 12 men to whom you refer are no more guilty of treason for trying to undermine his Marxist policies than are you for expressing support for him. Theirs is a political motivation and God bless them for it. You're entitled to your political views, and they to theirs. They are expected to thwart his efforts, he is their political enemy. But leftists and statists see only their own position as acceptable, disagree and you're guilty of treason. Hopefully his remaining Marxist agenda will fail miserably and he'll leave office with political failures commensurate with the cultural and economic misery he has wrought upon current and future generations of Americans.
The America Obama hates is the America that will not accept his arrogance, his manipulation of the Sandy Hook tragedy, his tawdry political theatrics at the expense of this community. Where was his outrage during Aurora, during Tucson, during Va Tech? His political agenda prevented him from fabricating outrage until after his second term had been secured.
There are so many great things about America, so many things that exist nowhere else in the world...our culture, our freedoms, our founding principles. Obama represents none of it. He is a ghost, a charade created by the 4 pillars of the left....the media, the entertainment culture, academia and the bastions of voodoo science.
No plausible reason exists for entrusting protection of our freedoms to present day Washington. They have spent several decades destroying our liberties and they continue to do so right now. Obama has expressly stated that he views the United States Constitution as a document of negative liberties, a list of what the government CANNOT do....which is exactly what the founding fathers intended. It is Obama's goal to circumvent it in any way he can.
Ensconced in the liberal enclave of the Northeast, it is easy for gun control leftists to feel secure in their vision of a less armed society. But much of the rest of the country doesn't see it your way....they recognize guns as the tool that they are for making bad guys (such as bank robbers, rapists and Marxists) think twice about imposing their will on their victims. You've convinced yourself you have the answers to gun violence. You don't.
God bless the NRA...let's hope their support continues for a long, long time.
Brendan Duffy


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SILVER CITY >> The body that was found in the C Bar Road area south of Silver City by a couple of surveyors in early December has been identified. The body, which had decomposed to only skeletal remains, was that of Steven Q. Sheets, according to the Office of the Medical Investigator.
According to reports, a team of surveyors working on a grant for the U.S. Forest Service found an abandoned campsite with human remains on Dec. 8. They notified the Grant County Sheriff's Department. The following morning, sheriff's detectives, a U.S. Forest Service law enforcement officer, and an OMI investigator met with the surveyors who led them to the scene. The decomposed skeletal remains were lying
supine under a tree, on top of green material. Two backpacks and several personal belongings were found with the remains, including a driver's license and multiple identification cards for Sheets.
Sheets was a military veteran last seen alive in Silver City in July or August 2012, according to the OMI. The remains were collected and sent to OMI in Albuquerque for evaluation.
The OMI found a healing injury from a gunshot wound to Sheets' skull, but OMI determined that it was not the cause of death nor did the wound contribute to Sheets' death. Due to the advanced decomposition of the body, the OMI could not find the cause of death. Investigators for the OMI found no evidence of significant injury.
The Sheriff's Department found more than $1,200 in cash along with other belongings still in tact with the body. The Sheriff's Department does not believe Sheets' death was the result of foul play, according to Sheriff's Lt. Michael Aguirre.
The OMI estimates that Sheets was 61 years old at the time of his death.


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The one good thing about a stock losing 1/3 of its market value is it creates a more-enticing risk/reward balance. That's the situation Best Buy finds itself in.
Citigroup upgrades the big-box retailer to "neutral" from "sell," and boosts its Best Buy price target to $21 from $18. THe firm says the recent stock slump has brought the consumer-electronics company near trough valuations. It sees limited additional downside, in the short term.
While acknowledging plenty of downside risks remain, Citi also posits that TV-pricing declines are flattening, which could boost the company's top line.
Last week Best Buy's founder and largest shareholder, Richard Schulze, abruptly resigned as chairman and a director of the company, and said he was exploring options for his 20% stake. His sudden departure raised the possibility that Best Buy could become a takeover target.
But Citigroup pegged the chances of a leveraged-buyout deal for Best Buy amid its current depressed valuation at less than 20%.
MarketBeat looks under the hood of Wall Street each day, finding market-moving news, analyzing trends and highlighting noteworthy commentary from the best blogs and research. MarketBeat is updated frequently throughout the day, helping investors stay on top of what's happening in the markets. Lead writers Paul Vigna and Steven Russolillo spearhead the MarketBeat team, with contributions from other Journal reporters and editors. Have a comment? Write to firstname.lastname@example.com or email@example.com.


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- Filed Under
The Brandon Board of Aldermen recently voted to revoke a pit bull ordinance after the owner of three pit bulls violated conditions of the ordinance. The variance granted to Andrew Lloyd of Sagewood Drive in August, allowed him to keep three pit bulls on his premises. Two months later, police saw the dogs running loose and one jumped on a neighbor and scratched her leg while she was holding her infant. The dogs also reportedly attempted to attack other dogs through fences. Police captured the dogs and while searching the premises found a fourth pit bull inside the house, along with 15 pit bull puppies and two breeder's certificates. The puppies were sick and euthanized and the others were transported to the Rankin County Animal Shelter.
ALSO: The Mississippi State University Extension Service will focus on food supply safety in free workshops for individuals and businesses in the food industry. The sessions include a 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Wednesday at the Rankin County Extension Office. They target farm owners and managers, feed suppliers, processing plant managers, ingredient suppliers and other support industries. Pre-register at www.fsnhp.msstate.edu, click on link under "Workshops and events" and follow the prompts. Call Anna Hood or Byron Williams at (662) 325-3200.
COMING UP: The Mustard Seed, a Christian community for adults with developmental disabilities, is having an open house 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Saturday at 1085 Luckney Road. It will feature the Bells of Faith handbell choir, ceramics and a bake sale. Call (601) 992-3556 or go to mustardseedinc.org.


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planet-smart blog
Farm Power Northwest and New Resource Bank bring green energy to Tillamook
March 23, 2012
Tillamook County, home to the eponymous creamery cooperative, has over 25,000 cows—and those cows produce a lot of waste. But Farm Power Northwest is about to turn a problem into a solution. Using manure from 2,000 cows, its anaerobic manure digester will generate almost 1 megawatt of electricity—enough to power 600 to 700 homes.
The digester, scheduled to begin production in March 2012, produces energy, reduces odor and makes for easier manure handling. In the process it breaks manure down into nutrient-rich fertilizer and pathogen-free fiber that farmers can use as bedding for their cows.
The Tillamook project is Farm Power's third completed digester; two more are expected to go online later this year. The Skagit County, Washington–based company, founded by brothers Kevin and Daryl Maas, is on a mission to help dairy farming communities thrive and to produce sustainable energy locally.
The right bank is a must
Securing the multimillion-dollar loan it takes to get a digester from construction to operation can be tough with conventional banks, says Kevin Maas. "A progressive bank like New Resource sees the value in alternative energy production and stronger communities," he says. "Other banks ask, 'Do you own the land?' And that's where the discussions break down. They aren't interested in the end product; they just want to know they can take the land if something goes wrong."
But, Maas points out, a digester loan can be more secure than many other loans. Farm Power has an electricity sale contract with a utility agency, in this case the Tillamook People's Utility District, that strengthens its ability to repay the loan. Working closely with New Resource, Farm Power takes advantage of carbon offsets, tax credits and the USDA Rural Energy for America Program (REAP), which provides financial support for agricultural energy projects via loan guarantees and grants.
"We're using a USDA guarantee on this project, which offsets our risk," says New Resource Senior Vice President Rob Holden. "This can enhance the credit of the loan. Understanding how to use that program to mitigate risk is important, as is understanding how local and national energy grants can be used. This is an area where we excel."
Making cash from manure
Given Farm Power's mission, Kevin Maas is focused not on rapid expansion, but on making his current projects a success for the next 30 to 40 years.
Maas and his brother are happy with what they have achieved so far. "We love making payments to our bank every month," he says, "because it means everybody got it right. We're creating cash out of manure."
Photo courtesy Flickr user DrBjorn
Cow manure @ Tillamook electifies 600 homes
Submitted by Meg OShaughnessy (not verified) on April 18, 2012 - 07:17.
I'm thrilled to be involved with New Resource Bank when I learn that this is one of the projects I am supporting. Biodigestion is truly a low hanging fruit!
Hurray to Farm Power for the vision and the business plan.
One word - fantastic! Nice
Submitted by Elise (not verified) on April 18, 2012 - 06:15.
One word - fantastic! Nice work Tillamook. Hope the word spreads fast and farms across the country jump on the bandwagon. Energy from waste makes perfect sense.
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Your Spirits
Ann Morrow
York State Ghosts
David J. Pitkin
Aurora Publications, 364 pages, $19.95
the season for ghosts to be a-stirring. And if youre looking
for supernatural encounters to get you into the spirit of
Halloween, New York State Ghosts undoubtedly has just
the tale. Packed with 120 anecdotal accounts of paranormal
activity, many of them from buildings familiar to area residents,
Ghosts is ideal for bedtime reading, or for the telling
aloud of tales by the fireside. Author David J. Pitkin knows
his unhallowed ground: His previous books include the regional
bestsellers Saratoga County Ghosts (1998) and Ghosts
of the Northeast (2002). His latest edition includes 80
photographs of the sites and (reportedly) undead people that
hes researched, adding that all-important aura of it really
Compiled over a 10-year span, the stories are told to Pitkin
mostly by the participants, and many of them are augmented
by the authors accounts of his own experiences while investigating
the sightings. Understandably, Pitkin doesnt usually work
alone, and his co-investigators include psychics, amateur
ghost-seekers, and sensitives (people with sharpened intuition).
Teamwork helps the author to discover not just where and when,
but why the spirits he hears of remain on this earthly plane,
and his humanism (he has a degree in counseling psychology)
is much in evidence. Where Pitkin really excels is as a folklorist,
and the stories are chock-full of colorful incidents, people,
apparitions, and animals; a giant ghost pig, youll be amused
to know, haunts Spook Hollow down in the valley. Among the
cast of shade characters is a Jamestown nurse who remained
to comfort the worst patients after her death, a Greenwich
embezzler who cant leave an Episcopal rectory, and an Elmira
violinist encamped in the orchestra pit.
Chapters are arranged by topic: Haunted Old Houses is a
cozy companion for do-it-yourself renovators, as many of its
entities are discovered by homeowners fixing up old buildings.
Sometimes past-life residents resent the intrusion, but oftentimes
they take kindly to having their domicile restored by loving
handsand make their appreciation known. In The Schermerhorn
House, set in a run-down Victorian in Schenectady, Pitkin
recounts the travails of its new owners in 1991, whose first
indication that they were being thwarted by an unseen companion
came when they tried to install new wiring through the fire
breaks leading to the attic.
The couple also describe activity by a poltergeist who tips
candles out of candelabras, tickles guests at dinner parties,
stomps its feet along the hallways, and unlocks the lock on
the library door. A biography of the house reveals plenty
of reasons for unquiet memories, among them the alleged 1825
shooting death of John Schermerhorns daughter in the houses
The book presents an impressively teeming mass of energetic
specters, yet the authors stated aim is to enlighten, not
frighten, and readers hoping to be spooked should take heed.
Though Children and Young Adults contains slightly harrowing
incidents from the Adirondacks, and Personal Experiences
borders on the disturbing with its running narrative of visitations
with serious spiritual implications for the percipients, Ghosts
will appeal mostly to those readers who prefer their tales
from the great unknown to be warmed with compassion rather
than chilled by terror.
The most fun chapter probably is Restaurants, especially
the stories on locally known establishments including the
Country Club Motel in Saratoga Springs, and Browns Crooked
Lake House in Sand Lake. Once host to Teddy and Eleanor Roosevelt,
the hotel was the setting for a circa-1890 ghost appearance
that was captured by a photograph. The never-before-published
portrait is reprinted in the book.
History buffs, regardless of their opinion on life after death,
should find Ghosts to be a year-round pleasure. A retired
social-studies teacher, Pitkin incorporates an impressive
amount of history into his investigations, and not all of
it is haunted. A solidly re searched background adds to the
veracity and continuity of each episode, and Pitkins writing
style achieves the proper balance between unexplainable occurrences
and natural phenomena. Doors and windows that open and close
without human intervention, wafting music, booming voices
in empty rooms, detailed descriptions of wraiths, mysterious
visions from long ago, and mischievous spirits playing pranks:
You name it and someone, or something, has done it from beyond
the graves of New York state.


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Impacts of Climate Change on Coral Reefs and the Marine Environment
Creary, Marcia, UN Chronicle
It is estimated that 70 per cent of the Earth's surface area is made up of oceans, (1) the most productive habitat, comprising 75 per cent of all known species. This unique environment, which remains generally unexplored and hidden from the world, plays an important role in regulating global temperature and is the primary producer of oxygen. Coral reefs, which comprise only about 0.5 per cent of the ocean floor, are complex three-dimensional structures built up over thousands of years as a result of the deposition of calcium carbonate skeletons of the reef building coral species. These reefs are often referred to as the "rainforest of the sea". This allegory underestimates the complexity of coral reefs, which have a greater diversity of animal and plant life than rainforests, circulate nutrients through the intricate food web and provide food at all levels of the food chain.
Historically, the sea has served as a major transportation network, a source of food and a favourite recreational area. Most major cities were developed along the coast as trading areas. The growth of these cities is manifested today in the percentage of the world's population (approximately 80 per cent) who live within 100 kilometres of the coast and depend on the sea for their livelihood (approximately 3.5 billion people). (2) In fact, the survival of the world's poorest people depends on their close relationship with the sea. The economic importance of the sea is evidenced in the ecosystem services provided by way of fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, and in its role as a source of raw materials. This dependency on the sea is now threatened by environmental conditions brought on by global climate change.
The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) (2) presented strong evidence that global warming over the last century was largely a result of human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuel, deforestation and the conversion of lands for agricultural use. Temperature records from as far back as 1850 show that the globe has on average warmed by 0.8 [degrees]C, and further analysis has shown that since the 1970s each decade has been warmer. Global concentrations of carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]) have also shown increased levels from an average of 280 parts per million (ppm) in the mid-nineteenth century, at the beginning of the industrial revolution, to approximately 388 ppm at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The global warming trend is expected to continue, as IPCC estimates that the global average temperature will be 2.5-4.7[degrees]C higher in 2100 when compared to pre-industrial levels. (4)
In order to assess the impact of climate change on coral reefs and the marine environment, we need to examine the predicted environmental changes and evaluate the capacity of the marine organisms to adapt to these changes. (5) Climate models indicate that the sea surface temperature is expected to rise by 1 to 3[degrees]C, while the sea level is expected to rise by 0.18 to 0.79 metres. Regional weather patterns are likely to change, resulting in an increase in the severity and frequency of storm events, particularly cyclones. In addition, ocean circulation patterns are expected to be modified and pH is expected to decline as a result of the absorption of CO,. (6)
Despite having taken millions of years to evolve, marine organisms, under today's conditions, must adapt very quickly to new conditions. Marine organisms will be affected by changes in two main aspects of their environs, namely, by changes in the natural habitat and food supply, and changes in ocean chemistry. Marine plants, mainly phytoplankton, are primary producers that form the base of the food chain. …


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Connect With Us
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"The Straight-A Conspiracy"!
Don't want to wait until ALA to get a copy of "The Straight-A Conspiracy"? We're giving one for free to those who found us through Unshelved. Simply fill out the information below and we'll put yours in the mail. Supplies are limited, so get your copy while they are still available!
For centuries, students worldwide have been tricked into making school more difficult, more stressful, and less successful than it needs to be. In reality, they already have the ability to make anything that they do in school easy. From writing essays to mastering any math concept to acing even the most difficult final exam, Hunter Maats and Katie O'Brien's The Straight-A Conspiracy takes students through the simple, stress-free ways to conquer any class in school.
If you're coming to ALA 2014 in Las Vegas, stop by booth #1243 on Saturday, June 28th from 2:00pm - 3:00pm to meet Hunter and Katie and get a signed copy of the book! And if you can't make it, you can still receive a complimentary copy of the book by filling out the form on the right!
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Related: York County chef Jon Scallion takes on 'Hell's Kitchen'
Michael Langdon has been to hell and is now back in the Keystone State.
On a recent afternoon, the Luzerne County resident was watching his kids while fighting a cold.
It was no sweat for the executive chef, who recently did battle on the Fox reality competition "Hell's Kitchen." The 11th season debuted March 12. The field includes 20 competitors, including one chef from York County. A few have already been dismissed by spitfire head chef Gordon Ramsay.
Langdon said he appreciates the "brutal honesty" of Ramsay's outbursts, which can make other competitors and viewers uncomfortable.
"His approach is to fix them or don't be successful," Langdon, 33, said of kitchen mistakes and missteps.
Since he was more familiar with Ramsay's restaurant makeover show "Kitchen Nightmares," Langdon said he tuned into a few old episodes of "Hell's Kitchen" to prepare for the competition in Las Vegas. The attempt was futile.
"Nothing can prepare you," Langdon admitted.
Still, he was confident that he had a background that could propel him far in the show. Growing up, his mother made homemade perogies and sauerkraut. His father kept a garden, and Langdon remembers picking produce with his brother.
"The family supper was a big part of my life," he said. "It planted the idea in my head that (food) was really important. I don't know that I necessarily cook like that now, but it has affected the rustic, from-scratch way I do things."
After high school, Langdon worked in restaurants. Then, he went on to culinary school and received hard knocks from various chefs as he worked his way up in the industry.
"I was used to a high standard and the pressure," he said, adding that he figured that would give him an edge on "Hell's Kitchen." "The one thing I dreaded was Gordon Ramsay's lighting into me. I've been down that road before. It's not fun. I wasn't looking forward to it."
While Langdon can't talk about how far he got in the competition or other specifics while the show airs, he can say that he learned a lot -- both from Ramsay and other competitors. During the show, Langdon went head-to-head with other chefs from the region and state. Contestant Jon Scallion, 27, is a chef de cuisine from York County. While working in Philadelphia a few years ago, Langdon met Zach Womack, another season 11 competitor.
"I felt like I had to push myself (to) the next level to represent my area and my hometown," Langdon said. "I gained more personally out of the experience. You don't realize the little things in life you take for granted."
He said it was hard to leave his wife and two young sons, Aydan, 8, and Maxwell, 2.
"The business itself is so demanding," Langdon said of being a chef. "To be successful you really have to sacrifice a lot. You miss birthday parties and holidays."
The outpouring of community support when this season of "Hell's Kitchen" aired has been humbling, albeit a little strange, he added. Otherwise, it's been back to business for him since the show. He serves as executive chef at the Huntsville Golf Club in Luzerne County, which was recently named the fifth best course in the state by Golf Digest.
"To be honest, I love fish," Langdon said of his favorite ingredient to work with. Halibut and soft-shell crabs are coming into season, and he said his preferred way to serve them is with vegetables and other fresh ingredients.
@FlipSidePA; 771-2051
If you watch"Hell's Kitchen" airs at 8 p.m. Tuesdays on Fox.
For details, visit fox.com/hellskitchen.


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Get up to 20% off your entire TasteBook purchase + free shipping and a tote. See details here.
Banana Layer Cake
Cream butter in a large mixing bowl; gradually add sugars, beating well at medium speed of an electric mixer. Add egg yolks, beating until blended.
Dissolve soda in buttermilk. Combine flour, allspice; add to creamed mixture alternately with buttermilk mixture. Mix after each addition. Stir in mashed banana, and vanilla.
Beat egg whites (at room temperature) in a medium bowl at high speed of an electric mixer until stiff but not dry. GENTLY fold into cake batter, one third at a time.
Pour batter into 2 greased and floured 8 inch round cake pans. Bake at 350° for 30 minutes or until a knife comes out clean. Cool in pans for 10 minutes; remove from pans and let cool completely on wire racks.
Sift the powdered sugar & allspice. Cream butter at medium speed on an electric mixer; gradually add sugar, beating until light & fluffy. Add milk; beat until spreading consistency. Stir in vanilla.
Frost bottom layer and sides. Add top layer and frost top and sides. Pipe frosting in a basket weave on the top. Garnish with almonds.
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30 Dezmon Cole
|Lacey, Wash.
|High School:
|North Thurston HS '03
2007: Listed as a backup at strong-side inside linebacker on preseason depth chart. Moved to linebacker from running back in the spring. 2006: Saw action in six games as a reserve running back. He earned team offensive scout team player of the week honors once. Seven of his 10 carries came against Montana State (9/23/06) when he had 14 yards and had his only pass reception of the season. He was the second-leading rusher in the spring with 71 yards on 21 carries in four spring scrimmages. 2005: Redshirted. 2004: Cole rushed for 199 yards in the first and only start of his career thus far in Eastern's 51-7 victory over Weber State (10/23/04). He carried just 18 times and scored on a 67-yard touchdown run on Eastern's first offensive play of the second half. Told the night before he was getting the starting nod as an injury replacement for Darius Washington, he averaged 11.1 yards per carry and scored two touchdowns en route to the 23rd-best rushing performance in school history. His next-highest game was 28 yards on six carries versus Northern Arizona (10/9/04). His first career touchdown came in Eastern's season opener against Nicholls State (9/2/04) when he scored on a 3-yard run. 2003: Although he didn't letter, Cole rushed 13 times for 56 yards (4.3 per carry) as a true freshman. He made his debut against Southern Utah (9/20/03) when he carried nine times for 41 yards. He played as an injury replacement on the depth chart for senior Darius Washington, who injured his knee against Idaho and redshirted. HS: Graduated from North Thurston HS in 2003. Was named a first team 3A All-State running back by Associated Press as selected by sportswriters. Selected by the Seattle Times as a "White Chip" selection as one of the top 100 recruits in the state of Washington. The Tacoma News Tribune selected him to its All-Area team as a running back. He also earned Olympian All-Area honors and was an All-Pac Nine first team selection as a running back. Selected to play in All-State game. He rushed for 2,041 yards on 184 carries (11.1 per carry) and 30 touchdowns, and had 226 yards and three touchdowns receiving. He also returned a kickoff for a touchdown. His top single-game performances during the year included 289 yards and five touchdowns on 20 carries (14.5 per carry), and 253 yards and four touchdowns on 18 carries (14.3 per carry). Personal: Born 10/15/84 in Tacoma, Wash. Will turn 23 two days after Eastern plays Montana State. Interdisciplinary studies major.


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relative humidity
amount of moisture in air compared to amount needed from saturation at a given temperature
What is sleet?
rain drops that pass through a layer of freezing air near Earth's surface forming pellets
sedimentary rock
rocks formed from sediment derived not only from rock fragments but also from plant and animal remains
metamorphic rock
A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions
Flickr Creative Commons Images
Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com. Click to see the original works with their full license.


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School of Health Sciences
Assistant Professor, Master of Health Sciences
Office Address: Health & Human Sciences Building, Office 442
Email: mailto:emtait%40email.wcu.edu
Phone: 828-227-2657
Research Interests:
- Gerontology, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Helping people age well!
Areas of Expertise:
- Research Methods
- Ph.D., University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Health Services Research
- M.H.S., Western Carolina University, Gerontology
- B.A. University of North Carolina Asheville, Computer Science
Published Research
- "Reasons Why Older Americans Use Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Costly or Ineffective Conventional Medicine and Recommendations from Health Care Providers, Family and Friends," Educational Gerontology
- "Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Physical Performance, Energy, Immune Function, and General Health among Older Women and Men in the United States," Journal of Women on Aging
- "Praying for Health by Older Adults in the United States: Differences by Ethnicity, Gender, and Income," Journal of Religion, Spirituality, and Aging
- "Use of Dietary Supplements for Cognitive Health: Results of a National Survey of Adults in the United States," American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementia.
Graduate Courses Taught Include:
- MHS 510 - Systms and Policy in Health Care
- MHS 530 - Theoretical Foundations Public Health
- MHS 564 - Cost Containment
- MHS 630 - Medicare and Medicaid
- MHS 664 - Legal Environment
- MHS 675 - Research Methodology in the Health Sciences
- MHS 696 - Research Seminar
- MHS 698 - Research Project
Committee Work and Other Interests:
- Aging Projects incorporated - Web based initiative to support people's desire to age in place.
- Advance Directives - Writing/sharing your final wishes with those you love, so those who love you don't have to guess. Trained facilitator to educate the community on the purpose and need for establishing a Health Care POA and written Advance Directives.
- Senior Tarheel Legislators - a Community/College partnership to help the elder community in Swain and Jackson Counties age in place


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- Filed Under
I have to be missing something.
You ever feel like you are not getting the whole story? You ever look at a situation that appears so painfully obvious to everyone else, but for some strange and indescribable reason that other person is just hell-bent on going a different direction? Do you ever wonder if some people take a stand against something for no good reason other than just to be obstinate?
I believe that must be what is going on with the Keystone XL pipeline. It is obvious to everyone that this project is the right thing to do for the country, and I cannot for the life of me figure out what the ...


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Book your room at Prama Sanur Beach Bali (previously Sanur Beach Hotel Bali)
Please enter your travel dates.
Get an overview of this hotelHotel with private beach, full-service spa
Nestled on the beach, this Sanur hotel is 0.5 mi (0.8 km) from Pura Blanjong and 2.9 mi (4.7 km) from Sanur Beach. British Honorary Consulate and Consulate Agency of France are also within 15 minutes.
Hotel Features
Catch some rays on Prama Sanur Beach Bali (previously Sanur Beach Hotel Bali)'s private white sand beach or spend the day relaxing at the full-service spa. Then enjoy a meal at one of the hotel's 3 restaurants.
Room Amenities
All 428 rooms offer free WiFi, balconies, and 24-hour room service. Other amenities available to guests include cable TV, minibars, and coffee makers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Simply walk outside to feel the sun on your face at the white sand beach. Enjoy the umbrellas and sun loungers for a relaxing day at the beach. Pamper yourself with a treatment at the full-service spa and enjoy amenities at Prama Sanur Beach Bali (previously Sanur Beach Hotel Bali) like a water park and an outdoor pool.
Dining is available at one of the hotel's 3 restaurants. Guests can unwind with a drink at one of the hotel's bars, which include 3 bars/lounges, a beach bar, and a swim-up bar. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This luxury hotel also offers a children's pool, an outdoor tennis court, and a fitness center. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- 24-hour front desk
- Airport transportation - pickup (surcharge)
- Free area shuttle
- ATM/banking
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Beach bar
- Beach sun loungers
- Beach towels
- Beach umbrellas
- Pool umbrellas
- Billiards or pool table
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Business center
- Children's club (surcharge)
- Children's pool
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Concierge services
- Conference center
- Conference space
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Fitness facilities
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Full-service spa
- Garden
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Hair salon
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms 5
- Multilingual staff
- Number of bars/lounges - 3
- Number of floors - 4
- Number of meeting rooms - 5
- Number of restaurants - 3
- On private beach
- Outdoor pool
- Outdoor tennis court
- Pool sun loungers
- Poolside bar
- Porter/bellhop
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Shopping on site
- Spa services on site
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Supervised childcare/activities (surcharge)
- Swim-up bar
- Tennis on site
- Terrace
- Total number of rooms - 428
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Water park
- Waterslide
- Wedding services
- Year Built 1971
Family Friendly Amenities
- Area shuttle (complimentary)
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Children's pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- On private beach
- Outdoor pool
- Outdoor tennis court
- Waterslide
Room Amenities
- Access via exterior corridors
- Air conditioning
- Balcony
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Cable TV service
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- In-room safe
- Minibar
- Private bathroom
- Room service (24 hours)
- Shower only
- Turndown service
Where to Eat
Tirta Poolside Restaurant - This poolside restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Lada Restaurant - This beachfront restaurant specializes in Indonesian cuisine and serves lunch and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Basilico Italian - This beach restaurant specializes in Italian cuisine and serves lunch and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Bamboo - This bar is located on the beach.
24-hour room service is available.
Nearby Things to Do
A private beach, an outdoor tennis court, and a water park with a waterslide are featured at the hotel. An outdoor pool and a children's pool are on site. Other recreational amenities include a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
Spa Services
Aroma Spa has 4 treatment rooms including rooms for couples and outdoor treatment areas. Services include massages, facials, body wraps, and body scrubs. The spa is equipped with a spa tub. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including aromatherapy and reflexology.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at Midnight
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is Noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for USD 35 per night.
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- New Year's Eve gala dinner fee
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: between USD 18 and USD 18 per person (approximately)
- Airport shuttle fee: USD 25 per vehicle (one-way)
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 35 per night
We should mention
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. A fee for a mandatory New Year's Eve gala dinner is included in the total price displayed for stays on 31 December.


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McAuley High School's McKenzie Pfeifer runs the 800 meters in the Division I track and field state championships last season. The junior finished 12th in the Division I cross country district B race Oct. 19 at Voice of America Park to qualify for the regional meet Oct. 26 in Troy, OH.
- Filed Under
The defending Division I state champion St. Xavier Bombers looked the part Oct. 19 at Voice of America Park as they took home the district A cross country title.
The Bombers occupied six of top eight spots and Michael Hall led a sweep of the top three positions. Hall finished the 3.1 miles course in 15 minutes, 19.63 seconds followed by Evan Stifel (15:21.24) and Michael Vitucci (15:28.12).
"We're very happy with how we did," St. Xavier coach Mike Dehring told Gannett News Service. "The kids did what we asked them to do. We were hoping to at least match our district score from last year." ...