text:
May 23 , 2005
The Merced College Agriculture Division, Pacific BanCorp Financial Services, and Yosemite Farm Credit are excited to present the 3rd Annual Merced College Aggie Classic Golf Tournament on Friday, June 10, 2005 at Pheasant Run Golf Club in Chowchilla.
Last year's tournament was a huge success and your support is needed again to insure the continuation of the Agricultural Ambassadors Program at Merced College. All net proceeds from this event will benefit the Ambassadors in their pursuit of awarding scholarships, attending leadership conferences, promoting the agriculture industry and higher education.
The tournament format is a four-person scramble for up to 36 teams. Registration begins at 11:00 a.m. and the shotgun start is at 1:00 pm. The Grand Prize this year will be a golf foursome at Pebble Beach. This prize has a market value of over $1,600 and was graciously donated by Pacific BanCorp Financial Services in Merced. Both men and women will enjoy prizes donated by Blue Diamond Growers for the Longest Drive and Closest to the Pin contests.
At the completion of the tournament, there will be a special drawing with all proceeds going toward the Sage Gilbert Memorial Scholarship Fund. Prizes for the drawing range from gift certificates and complimentary dinners to tickets for sporting events, gift baskets, and hotel accommodations. The cost of the tournament is $100 per golfer. This tax deductible donation includes green fees, a golf cart, dinner, a goodie bag, and guaranteed FUN!
The Agricultural Ambassador Program began in 1997 to provide superior leadership training for Merced College students pursuing careers in the agricultural industry. This elite group of students serves as role models for the Merced College Agriculture Division as they promote higher education and the agricultural industry. Agricultural Ambassadors host leadership workshops for 4-H and FFA students, travel to local high schools to promote higher education and serve as a voice for the Agricultural Industry.
The Agricultural Ambassadors invite all to come out to Pheasant Run Golf Club on Friday, June 10 to have a tremendous time, good wholesome fun, and to support a worthwhile local youth program.
To sign up to golf, contact Kim Donaher-Oh at the Merced College Ag Division,


text:
Women & Psoriasis
Diet & Psoriasis
Women & Psoriatic Arthritis
Info Kit
For many living with psoriasis, stress can be an all too familiar trigger. However, scientists have yet to pinpoint how and why stress impacts psoriasis. During this educational webinar, you'll hear from a researcher who is working to change that. Dr. Theoharis Theoharides, a professor of pharmacology at Tufts University School of Medicine, received a National Psoriasis Foundation Translational Grant to study how stress contributes to psoriasis, and how molecules derived from chamomile might interrupt this psoriasis-stress connection. Join this webinar to hear about his latest study results—and what it means for you and others with psoriasis.
Questions? Contact Kathleen Carter, Outreach Manager, at email@example.com or 800.723.9166, ext. 361.
The views and opinions expressed in the webcast are those of the speaker. The speaker's views and opinions are not endorsed by the National Psoriasis Foundation or its sponsors.
Get the latest research news and tips to control your psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Level :Certificate | Stream :Arts | Subject :Spoken English
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27 Mar 2011 07:45 PM in Colleges in India:Colleges in India
IGlobal University Offers Academic Merit Scholarship - Scholarship Notification : May 30, 2014 - May 31, 2015
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Form Available from :November 4, 2012 | Form Submission deadline :December 31, 2012 | Exam Date :April 8, 2013
"Symbiosis National Aptitude (SNAP) Test is a common written test for the admission processes of postgraduate institutes of Symbiosis International University [SIU]It is a mandatory written test for admission..."
Exam Date :December 16, 2012
"IELTS(International English Language Testing System) tests the ability of the applicant to communicate in English. IELTS results are used by organisations to assess language skills of a candidate who wants..."
Exam Date :September 26, 2009
"TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) uses a multiple choice and essay format to measure student's ability to understand North American English required to communicate in colleges and universities...."
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Bangalore College Of Engineering And Technology - Bangalore
The Worst Engineering College
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text:
Holy cow, I wrote a book!
Life was simpler back in the old days.
Back in the old days,
processes were believed to be in control of their threads.
You can see this in the "old fashioned" way of exiting a process,
namely by exiting all the threads.
This method works only if the process knows about all the
threads running in it and can get each one to clean up
when it's time for the process to exit.
In other words, the old-fashioned theory was that when
a process wanted to exit, it would do something like this:
Of course, that was before the introduction of programming
constructions that created threads that the main program didn't know
about and therefore had no control over.
Things like the thread pool, RPC worker threads,
DLLs that create worker threads
(something still not well-understood even today).
The world today is very different.
Next time, we'll look at how this simple view of processes
and threads affects the design of how processes exit.
Still, you learned enough today to be able to solve
this person's problem.


text:
SARASOTA, Fla. -- It's a bad feeling: the red and blue lights of law enforcement in your rear view mirror. But imagine if the officers stopping you were not officers at all. That's what happened to a Sarasota family over the weekend.
"Anyone that would intentionally lead others the think they're law enforcement personnel would be very concerning to us," said Captain Paul Richard of the Sarasota County Sheriff's Office Patrol Bureau.
Captain Richard said the men dressed in sheriff's office t-shirts at first looked and sounded real to the family they pulled over.
"Their car was equipped with some type of strobe fashion light that would lead others to believe that they would be some type of emergency vehicle, and they had some clothing that indicated they were law enforcement officers, and it was reported to us as well they were armed with firearms," said Richard.
The three black males that appeared to be in their 20's or 30's took the driver to the ground, wielding two wooden stock shotguns and a gold semi-automatic handgun with a black grip. But when a second victim, a female in the car, was ordered out of the vehicle, she noticed some front end damage. She told the three fake deputies their police car didn't look legit and they took off.
Pablo Esteban lives in a neighborhood filled with kids across the street from where the couple was stopped. He worries it could happen again.
"It could be potentially dangerous if they pull over a family," said Esteban. "I mean, I don't know what these people's intentions were, but it obviously wasn't good."
Sarasota County sheriff's deputies urge anyone with information on the case to contact the Sheriff's Office Criminal Investigations Division at 941-861-4900. Those who wish to remain anonymous can provide tips through the Crime Stoppers line at 941-366-TIPS (8477).
The sheriff's office said motorists who are concerned about being pulled over by an unmarked vehicle should call 911 to let the call taker know what is going on. Give your location and they can confirm if you are being pulled over by a legitimate law enforcement officer, and if you are not, dispatch units to that location immediately.


text:
William Elias, a licensed realty broker, said he did not know the reason for the FBI's visits. / 2012 photo by PATRICIA BECK/DFP
FBI agents on Wednesday raided the real estate offices of William Elias, the self-described "Short Sale Expert" of metro Detroit whose operations came under regulatory scrutiny late last year.
The FBI executed search warrants at both Livonia and Brighton locations of Elias Realty and Elias Financial, seizing paperwork and computers. No arrests were made.
Detroit FBI spokesman Simon Shaykhet declined to comment on the morning raids, noting that documents in the case had been sealed.
In an interview with the Free Press Wednesday, Elias, a licensed realty broker, said he did not know the reason for the FBI's visits, but said agents sought files on 23 properties that his firm helped sell in short sales.
"The warrant says that it's sealed so I don't really know what they're investigating," he said.
A short sale is when a bank allows a homeowner to sell a house for less than is owed on the mortgage. The bank then writes off all or most of the debt.
Elias, 38, was until this fall a familiar presence on local radio and television, where he advertised his real estate services with a showman's flair. He encouraged frustrated homeowners who were underwater on their mortgages to erase their debt by dialing 877-CALL-WILL.
The ads went off the air soon after Elias received notice in October that the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp., known as Freddie Mac, would add his businesses to its "Exclusionary List" of agents and lenders with which it will not do business because of alleged unsavory practices.
Elias, who hired former state Attorney General Michael Cox to contest Freddie Mac's claims, said being on the list has all but killed his business.
"They basically took away my ability to make a living," Elias said Wednesday. "It's wild that they can do something like this."
Elias said FBI agents visited him at his Canton home Wednesday morning and said he couldn't go into work because investigators were executing the search warrant.
"They required everyone (in the offices) to leave and they wouldn't let me in," Elias recalled. "They said they felt threatened because I have a concealed weapons permit ... even though I wasn't carrying."
A former Realtor with Remerica in Livonia and past employee of defunct subprime lender Direct Lending, Elias started his own real estate business in 2011, focusing on short sales.
Elias Realty grew fast, helping with nearly 1,500 short sales and employing as many as 100 workers and agents before the blacklisting, Elias said. He hopes to reopen his offices today.
"I haven't been charged, but the problem nowadays is that once this kind of thing happens, people automatically assume you're guilty," Elias said.
In its October letter, Freddie Mac cited several reasons for adding Elias Realty to its exclusionary list, including a claim that Elias Realty employees instructed Freddie Mac borrowers to secretly buy a new home before applying for short sale assistance on their current home's Freddie Mac mortgage.
Freddie Mac also alleged that Elias's short-sale consulting business -- Taxfaster -- charged "attorney fees" that were actually seller taxes that should have been paid to Freddie Mac.
Freddie Mac spokesman Brad German declined to comment on the situation.
Elias sued Freddie Mac in January in U.S. District Court, claiming his businesses were wrongly and unjustifiably blacklisted and have lost 500 clients and more than $2 million in revenue. He denied all of Freddie Mac's claims.


text:
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Owning certain stocks can save you thousands
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of
approximately US$71.5 million, or approximately US$82.9 million if the
underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full, after
deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and the estimated offering
expenses payable by us.
The primary purposes of this offering are to create a public market for our
shares for the benefit of all shareholders, retain talented employees by
providing them with equity incentives and obtain additional capital. We intend
to use the net proceeds from this offering for the following purposes:
• approximately US$15.0 million to invest in our voice and video technology
and infrastructure, including purchasing servers and leasing more
bandwidth to support our expanding user base and further enhancing user
• approximately US$15.0 million to expand our product development and
services offerings, including through the hiring of additional research
and development personnel and the further development of Mobile YY;
• approximately US$15.0 million to expand our sales and marketing
activities, including the hiring of additional sales and marketing
personnel; and
• the balance for other general corporate purposes, including working
capital needs, potential acquisitions, partnerships, alliances and
licensing opportunities.
The amounts and timing of any expenditures will vary depending on the amount of
cash generated by our operations, and the rate of growth, if any, of our
business. Accordingly, our management will have significant flexibility in
applying the net proceeds of the offering. If an unforeseen event occurs or
business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently
than as described in this prospectus.
In utilizing the proceeds from this offering, we are permitted under PRC laws
and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through loans or
capital contributions, and only if we satisfy the applicable government
registration and approval requirements. We cannot assure you that we will be
able to meet these requirements on a timely basis, if at all.
Pending use of the net proceeds, we intend to hold our net proceeds in demand
deposits or invest them in interest-bearing government securities.
We face competition in several major aspects of our business, particularly from
companies that provide online social networking, internet communication and
online games. We also compete for online advertising revenues with other
internet companies that sell online advertising services in China.
Social connectivity and communications. We are not aware of any other company
that offers a live voice- or video-enabled online social platform of similar
scale as ours in China. In relation to voice-enabled communication tools, there
are several internet voice communication service providers in China, including
iSpeak, Tencent's QQtalk and Dudu, and leading international internet voice
communication service providers, such as Skype, that are expanding in the China
market. In addition, some other leading Chinese internet companies have
announced the launch of internet voice communication services. We compete with
other internet companies that provide voice and video services to Chinese
internet users. However, we do not believe any of these companies have the
capacity to handle large group multi-party voice- and video-enabled live
interactions like we do, and we do not believe they can compete directly with us
on the number of users we can support concurrently on our voice- and
video-enabled platform. The internet voice and video communication industry in
China has become increasingly competitive, and some of our potential competitors
are adopting aggressive measures to gain market share and may challenge our
leading market position in the future.
We may also face potential competition from global social networking service
providers that seek to enter the China market, whether independently or through
the formation of alliances with, or acquisition of, PRC domestic internet
companies. However, we do not believe these companies pose direct competition to
us as they do not currently offer voice- and video-enabled technology on a large
The barriers to entry are comparatively high in this field, because of the
technical challenges facing the delivery of voice and video data through
frequent unstable internet connections in China. In addition, unless a
competitor has reached a certain size, we believe it would be difficult for such
competitor to economically and efficiently resolve the practical operational
difficulties that arise when a platform hosts large numbers of concurrent users.
This in turn would lead to inability to timely resolve technical issues as they
arise, which would impact user experience and make it difficult, we believe, to
challenge our current dominance in the market for the provision of platform and
services for voice- and video-enabled live online social group gathering.
Online game media and hosting. We have various competitors in the online game
media market in China. Duowan.com's primary competitor among game media websites
is 17173.com. For web game hosting, our competitors include other major internet
companies that host web games, such as Tencent, Qihoo 360 and other private
YY is a revolutionary rich communication social platform that engages users in
real-time online group activities through voice, text and video. YY Client, our
core product launched in China in July 2008, has attracted 400.5 million
registered user accounts as of September 30, 2012. We achieved
10.0 million peak concurrent users and approximately 70.5 million monthly
active users on YY in August 2012. Because we do not operate our platform on a
real name basis, however, certain metrics may overstate the number of unique
individuals using or paying for our products and services.
People are social creatures with a fundamental desire to connect, interact and
communicate with each other. YY empowers users to create and organize groups of
varying sizes to discover and participate in a wide range of online activities,
including online games, karaoke, music concerts, education, live shows and
conference calls. We believe that our proprietary technology infrastructure was
the first to develop the capacity to support simultaneous communication among
millions of concurrent users in a single channel. YY's scale, social features
and high quality voice and video make it popular among internet users in China,
as evidenced by the 393.0 billion voice minutes that users spent on YY Client
in the first nine months of 2012. "Voice minute" means a minute in which the
user is using our voice- or video-enabled services, such as listening to or
talking on YY channels.
Our platform consists of YY Client, the YY.com and Duowan.com web portals and
Mobile YY. YY Client is our personal computer, or PC-based user software that
provides real-time access to online activities groups, which we refer to as
channels. Although online communication tools such as instant messenger and
social networking services existed when we introduced YY Client in July 2008,
these tools and services were confined to text or limited-scale voice or video
communications. YY Client has transformed online social communications by
enabling large-scale group activities through our platform. In 2011, we held an
approximate 84.2% market share in the real-time online group voice
communications market in China in terms of user time spent, according to the
iResearch Report. On average, each active user spent approximately 51.7 hours
on YY Client in September 2012. YY Client is available to download for free
from YY.com, our online portal and guide to channels, events and content
available across our platform. We also operate Duowan.com, which provides
access to and interactive resources for online games, and was ranked the No. 2
game media website in China in terms of monthly unique visitors in the eight
months ended August 31, 2012 according to iResearch. To increase the
accessibility and usage of YY Client, we introduced our mobile application,
Mobile YY, in September 2010. To make YY more easily and widely accessible, in
October 2012, we launched web-based YY, a version of YY Client that enables
users to conduct real-time interactions on the web using a flash plug-in
without requiring any downloads or installations.
Delivering superior user experience is our core focus, which in turn relies on
our proprietary technology and industry know-how. A single YY channel can
currently have from only a handful to approximately 1.4 million concurrent
users. YY enables users to continually create new channels to engage in
activities on our open platform designed to make offline group activities more
effective and efficient online. YY is supported by our highly scalable
infrastructure throughout China, and our proprietary algorithms enabling low
latency, low jitter and low loss rates in delivering voice and video data.
While the basic use of our platform is currently free, we monetize our user
base through internet value-added services, or IVAS, and online advertising.
Currently, revenues from IVAS are primarily generated through sales of virtual
items and game tokens that our users may purchase for use in online activities
on our platform, including online games, which are all web games, and YY Music,
our music channels on YY Client. Online advertising revenues are primarily
generated from sales of different forms of advertising on Duowan.com. Although
we do not currently derive revenues from Mobile YY, we have plans to monetize
it by selling virtual items on Mobile YY in the future. We believe that we will
be able to capitalize on the large and highly engaged user base of our open
platform by exploring additional monetization opportunities and diversifying
our revenue sources.
We have achieved significant growth in recent years. Our total net revenues
increased from RMB32.7 million in 2009 to RMB128.3 million in 2010 and to
RMB319.7 million (US$50.8 million) in 2011, representing a CAGR of 212.6% from
2009 to 2011. For the nine months ended September 30, 2012, our total net
revenues grew to RMB553.2 million (US$88.0 million), representing a 167.6%
increase from RMB206.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2011.
We had a net loss of RMB47.1 million, RMB238.9 million and RMB83.2 million
(US$13.2 million) in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively, and in the nine months
ended September 30, 2012, we had a net income of RMB56.0 million (US$8.9
million). Our adjusted net loss, a non-GAAP measure, decreased from RMB10.6
million in 2009 to RMB1.9 million in 2010, and in 2011, we had an adjusted net
income of RMB51.8 million (US$8.2 million). In the nine months ended September
30, 2012, our adjusted net income amounted to RMB130.7 million (US$20.8
million) compared to an adjusted net income of RMB19.3 million in the same
period in 2011. Our adjusted net (loss) income excludes non-cash share-based
compensation expenses.
The PRC government extensively regulates foreign ownership of, and the
licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies that provide
internet-based services such as our YY platform. To comply with these
restrictions, we conduct our operations primarily through our consolidated
affiliated entities in China. We face risks and uncertainties associated with
our corporate structure, as our control over these consolidated affiliated
entities is based on contractual arrangements rather than equity ownership.
Our principal executive offices are located at Building 3-08, Yangcheng
Creative Industry Zone, No. 309 Huangpu Avenue Middle, Tianhe District,
Guangzhou 510655, People's Republic of China. Our telephone number at this
address is (+86 20) 2916 2000. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is
located at the offices of Codan Trust Company (Cayman) Limited of Cricket
Square, Hutchins Drive, P.O. Box 2681, Grand Cayman, KYI-1111, Cayman Islands.
Our agent for service of process in the United States is Law Debenture
Corporate Services Inc. Our website is www.yy.com.
We commenced operations in April 2005 in China. In November 2007, we established
Duowan Entertainment Corp., or Duowan BVI, in the British Virgin Islands.
Through its wholly owned subsidiary, Duowan BVI entered into a series of
contractual arrangements with certain PRC consolidated affiliated entities and
their shareholders through which it exercises effective control over the
operations of these PRC consolidated affiliated entities. Our current holding
company, YY Inc., was incorporated in July 2011 as a limited liability company
in the Cayman Islands. Through a share exchange in September 2011, the
shareholders of Duowan BVI exchanged all of their outstanding common and
preferred shares in Duowan BVI for common shares, meaning common shares with a
par value US$0.00001 per share, and preferred shares, meaning series A, B, C-1
and C-2 preferred shares with a par value of US$0.00001 per share, of YY Inc.
on a pro rata basis. No additional consideration was paid in connection with the
share exchange. As a result, Duowan BVI became a wholly owned subsidiary of YY
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text:
Singersroom Presents: The Rhythm Effect Featuring Epic's Brandon Hines (NYC)Tue, Apr 24, 2012 News, Tours Gigs & EventsComments
Cultivated in Motown, Brandon Hines and his refreshingly natural singing talent have campaigned for legendary status. His smooth, baritone vocals command the attention of the ladies and his relatable lyrics are magnetic for the gentlemen. Not only does he offer a soundtrack and a sexy backdrop, Brandon Hines provides an experience. And he wants you to make love…Music that is.
That's what Hines and his independent debut, Love Music: Fallin in Fallin Out, have been doing since 2006. Hines has a strong following among the younger crowd, but a classic appeal that transcends generations. Writing his own lyrics since he was young, Brandon Hines developed a knack for composing songs that evoke emotion. The art of storytelling mixed with his carefully placed rifts and background vocals, result in the no-holds-barred medleys that are edgy and honest. As he blazes trails with his debut project, The Rhythm Effect is proud to showcase Mr. Brandon Hines' first debut performance in N.Y.C. as an Epic records artist.
Who: Brandon Hines/Epic Records
What: Singersroom Presents: The Rhythm Effect
When: May 1st, 2012
Where: Drom (NYC) -- 85 Avenue A New York, NY 10009 (Directions)
Price: $10 at Door (Click Here to Purchase Ticket(s))


text:
BATON ROUGE - Shreveport Rep. Barbara Norton says the House Education Committee chairman conspired to delay debate of her bill to ban paddling in public schools but the House refused Tuesday to order the committee to conduct a special hearing on her bill.
Earlier that afternoon, the committee ran out of time while debating HB571 and told her to come back next week to finish. If the committee approves it then, it would have only about a week to get through the House, a Senate committee and the full Senate to have a chance of becoming law.
Norton, D-Shreveport, complained to the House that she has requested Chairman Rep. Austin Badon, D-New Orleans, five times to schedule a hearing on her bill and Tuesday was the first time it was on the agenda. She said she sat in the committee from 9 a.m. until 1:40 p.m. until it was called for debate. But because the House was to convene at 2 p.m., she could not get a full hearing.
"He called everybody he could, except me," she said on the House floor. "Even the Department of Education gave a report."
Rep. Frank Hoffmann, R-West Monroe, vice chairman of the committee, acted as chairman until Badon arrived at about noon.
Norton said Hoffmann told her she was next in line but Badon ignored that and called on several other legislators to present their bills. She said she had people from New Orleans and other parts of the state to testify in favor of her bill but they never got the chance.
Her plea to force the committee to have a special meeting failed with a 39-41 vote.
At the committee hearing, Norton said corporal punishment is not working in schools and some school officials go too far enforcing the existing law. In most school systems, parents are allowed to choose whether their children would be subject to corporal punishment.
"If it was working, there would not be three lawsuits right now," she told the committee.
"There's a responsibility for you as a parent to raise your children," Norton said. "Schools are not set up to raise your children. You're not supposed to take your child to school and say 'raise my child.' Schools are for educating your child."
Rep. James Armes, D-Leesville, said he disciplined his children and "when he got in trouble at school, they knew all they need to do was call me. I took care of the butt tearing-up when we got home." He said his older son was spanked so hard in kindergarten that it left bruises, so he agreed that schools sometimes went too far.
Rep. Herbert Dixon, D-Alexandria, said he believed the option of administering corporal punishment should remain.
"Do you keep in your tool box this threat of corporal punishment?" he asked. "I believe you have to."
"You can't threaten kids year after year," Norton said. "It's not working. Sooner or later you threaten them and they're going to turn around and threaten us. They can get a gun. They can go and get one in the blink of an eye."
Rep. Thomas Carmody, R-Shreveport, said he agrees with Norton in part. "I share your concern and don't want to see abuse. As a parent of a little girl, I don't want anyone to touch her."
However, he said he gave her school "permission to discipline her when she needs it. She understands that" and hasn't misbehaved.
"I'd rather have children learn at an early age, not to learn later, that there are consequences if you don't do what's right."
Carmody proposed an amendment to have schools report any disciplinary actions but the time ran out in committee before a vote was taken.
Norton said she opposes the amendment and "you should at least exempt children with autism and disabilities. I can't see how a person could paddle someone with autism and other disabilities."
Badon said the committee will resume the hearing on Norton's bill June 16.
The session ends June 25.


text:
Resolution: standard / high
Figure 8.
Colchicine modulates MSU-induced IL-8 secretion in human neutrophils. Neutrophils were incubated in colchicine (10 µM) (+) or DMSO (-) for 30 min at 37°C prior to adding MSU (1 mg/ml) or buffer to the neutrophil-colchicine mixture and incubating it for a further 3 h at 37°C. The quantity of IL-8 in the supernatant was determined by ELISA. A compilation of the data from three independent experiments is shown (n = 3).
Gagné et al. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2013 15:R73 doi:10.1186/ar4250


text:
Cancer Prevention Overview (PDQ®)
The Burden of Cancer
In 2015, an estimated 1,658,370 people will be diagnosed with cancer in the United States, and an estimated 589,430 people will die of cancer. Cancer incidence and mortality help to define the scope of the burden that cancer imposes on society, but these indicators do not fully characterize the impact that cancer has on cancer patients and their families. In addition to the physical morbidity caused by cancer, cancer is frequently associated with emotional distress and an overall reduction in quality of life. Cancer has also been observed to be a financial stressor. In a population-based study in western Washington, 197,840 cancer patients were matched with an equal number of controls by age, sex, and zip code. Cancer patients were 2.6 times more likely to file for bankruptcy than the cancer-free controls (P < .05).References:
- American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures 2015. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2015. Available online. Last accessed October 30, 2015.
- Faller H, Schuler M, Richard M, et al.: Effects of psycho-oncologic interventions on emotional distress and quality of life in adult patients with cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 31 (6): 782-93, 2013.
- Ramsey S, Blough D, Kirchhoff A, et al.: Washington State cancer patients found to be at greater risk for bankruptcy than people without a cancer diagnosis. Health Aff (Millwood) 32 (6): 1143-52, 2013.
Description of the Evidence
Prevention is defined as the reduction of cancer mortality via reduction in the incidence of cancer. This can be accomplished by avoiding a carcinogen or altering its metabolism; pursuing lifestyle or dietary practices that modify cancer-causing factors or genetic predispositions; medical intervention (e.g., chemoprevention); or early detection strategies that can result in removal of precancerous lesions, such as colonoscopy for colorectal polyps.
About the PDQ Cancer Prevention Summaries
The PDQ cancer prevention summaries are primarily organized by specific anatomic cancer site to facilitate consideration of the unique characteristics of specific malignancies. In this section, an overview of cancer prevention strategies is provided, including a summary of evidence for selected preventive strategies used in the prevention of a broad spectrum of malignancies. The strength of evidence and magnitude of effects of these strategies, however, may vary by cancer site. Other PDQ cancer prevention summaries address the prevention of specific types of cancer and provide more detailed descriptions of the evidence.
There are many common beliefs or speculations about causes of cancer. However, putative causes of cancer for which there exist very little scientific evidence, positive or negative, are not considered in these summaries. Therefore, absence of an environmental, dietary, or lifestyle factor from these summaries implies insufficient evidence for detailed consideration and not necessarily absence of effect. Many such factors are deserving of research regarding their potential roles in cancer, but if that research does not exist, has not been published, or the Editorial Board judges the research to be of poor quality, then they are not addressed in these summaries.
Carcinogenesis refers to an underlying etiologic pathway that leads to cancer. Several models of carcinogenesis have been proposed. Knudson proposed a "two-hit" model requiring a mutation in both copies of a gene resulting in cancer. Expansion of this concept has resulted in other widely cited models of carcinogenesis including those of Vogelstein and Kinzler and Hanahan and Weinberg. The model of Vogelstein and Kinzler emphasizes that cancer is ultimately a disease of damaged DNA, comprised of a series of genetic mutations that can transform normal cells to cancerous cells. The genetic mutations include inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes. Compared with cancers arising in the general population, individuals with a major inherited predisposition to cancer are born with inherited (i.e., germline) mutations in genes involved in cancer causation, giving them a head start on the pathway to cancer. Similar mutations would be expected to result in cancer progression among all individuals; however, in those without a major inherited cancer predisposition, the mutation would occur as a somatic mutation later during their lifetime.
The model of Hanahan and Weinberg focuses on the hallmark events at the cellular level that lead to a malignant tumor. In this model, the hallmarks of cancer include sustained angiogenesis, limitless replicative potential, evading apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signals, and insensitivity to antigrowth signals, leading to the defining characteristics of malignant tumors by giving them the ability to invade and metastasize. This model highlights the fact that malignant tumors arise and flourish within the environment of a whole organism. The tissue organizational field theory, posits that carcinogenesis is better conceptualized at the level of tissues rather than cells. This theory is based on the dual premise that carcinogenesis is driven by defects in tissue organization and that all cells are inherently in a proliferative state.
Models of carcinogenesis such as these are purposefully simplistic but, nevertheless, illustrate that carcinogenesis requires a constellation of steps that often take place for decades.
The complexity of carcinogenesis is magnified when one considers that the specific details of the carcinogenic pathway described by these models would be expected to have unique characteristics for each anatomic site. Under these circumstances, the risk factors and clinical characteristics of malignancies exhibit considerable variation by anatomic site and by different tumor types within the same anatomic site. For these reasons, human cancer is really not a single disease but is a family of different diseases.
Risk Factors
The promise for cancer prevention is derived from observational epidemiologic studies that show associations between modifiable lifestyle factors or environmental exposures and specific cancers. For a few exposures, randomized controlled trials have tested whether interventions suggested by epidemiologic studies and leads based on laboratory research result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality.
Risk factors causally associated with cancer
Cigarette smoking/tobacco use
Decades of research have consistently established the strong association between tobacco use and cancers of many sites. Specifically, cigarette smoking has been established as a cause of cancers of the lung, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach, cervix, and acute myelogenous leukemia. The body of epidemiologic evidence confirming these associations is substantial. Further support is demonstrated by the lung cancer death rates in the United States, which have mirrored smoking patterns, with increases in smoking followed by dramatic increases in lung cancer death rates and, more recently, decreases in smoking followed by decreases in lung cancer death rates in men. As a single exposure that is relatively easy to measure accurately, this extensive body of evidence has led to the estimation that cigarette smoking causes 30% of all cancer deaths in the United States. Smoking avoidance and smoking cessation result in decreased incidence and mortality from cancer. (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Lung Cancer Prevention; Lung Cancer Screening; and Cigarette Smoking: Health Risks and How to Quit for more information.)
Globally, infectious agents have been estimated to cause 18% of all cancer cases. The burden of cancers caused by infections is much greater in developing nations (26%) than in developed nations (8%). Infection with an oncogenic strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered a necessary event for subsequent cervical cancer, and vaccine-conferred immunity results in a marked decrease in precancerous lesions. Oncogenic strains of HPV are also linked with cancers of the penis, vagina, anus, and oropharynx. Other examples of infectious agents that cause cancer are hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (liver cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt lymphoma), and Helicobacter pylori (gastric cancer). If an infectious agent is truly a cause of cancer, then efficacious, anti-infective interventions would be expected in most instances to be effective cancer prevention interventions. This is the expectation with vaccines that protect against infection with oncogenic strains of HPV. An example in which this principle would not hold true is that in the setting of antibiotic resistance, the use of antibiotics may not prevent carcinogenesis from cancer-causing bacteria. (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Cervical Cancer Prevention; Cervical Cancer Screening; Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Prevention; and Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening for more information.)
Radiation is energy in the form of high-speed particles or electromagnetic waves. Exposure to radiation, primarily UV radiation and ionizing radiation, is a clearly established cause of cancer. Exposure to solar UV radiation is the major cause of nonmelanoma skin cancers, which are by far the most common malignancies in human populations.
Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from their orbits, causing atoms to become charged or ionized. Ions formed in the molecules of living cells can go on to react with and potentially damage other atoms in the cell. At low doses (e.g., those associated with background radiation), the cells repair the damage rapidly. At moderate doses, the cells may be changed permanently or die from their inability to repair the damage. Cells changed permanently may go on to produce abnormal cells when they divide, and in some circumstances, these altered cells may become cancerous or lead to other abnormalities (e.g., birth defects). Defects in ability to repair damage caused by ionizing radiation may influence the impact of radiation exposure on cancer risk.
There is extensive epidemiologic and biologic evidence that links exposure to ionizing radiation with the development of cancer, and in particular, cancer that involves the hematological system, breast, lungs, and thyroid. The National Research Council of the National Academies, Committee to Assess the Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII report, the most widely cited source on the topic, concluded after a comprehensive review of the medical literature that no dose of radiation should be considered completely safe, and attempts should be made to keep radiation doses as low as possible. In this report, three lines of evidence were cited documenting the association between ionizing radiation exposure and cancer. The first line of evidence comes from studies of the development of cancer among Japanese atomic-bomb survivors. Even at low doses of radiation, atomic-bomb survivors were at a significantly increased risk of developing cancer. The second line of evidence comes from epidemiological studies of medically irradiated populations who were irradiated for both malignant and benign diseases. Following high-dose radiation therapy for malignant disease, the risk of secondary malignancy is high. The relatively common use of radiation for benign disease between 1940 and 1960 resulted in a substantial relative risk (RR) of developing cancer. The third line of evidence comes from an increased risk of cancer-specific mortality associated with exposure to medical ionizing radiation, for both the recipients of diagnostic x-rays and x-ray personnel.
The major sources of population exposure to ionizing radiation are medical radiation (including x-rays, computed tomography [CT], fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine) and naturally occurring radon gas in the basements of homes. Limiting unnecessary CT scans and other diagnostic studies, as well as reducing radiation exposure doses, are important prevention strategies. (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Breast Cancer Prevention; Breast Cancer Screening; Skin Cancer Prevention; and Lung Cancer Prevention for more information.)
Exposure to ionizing radiation has increased during the last 2 decades as a result of the dramatic increase in the use of CT. Exposure to ionizing radiation associated with CT is in the range where carcinogenesis has been demonstrated. Repeat exposure to radiation from medical imaging will further increase cancer risk, because risk is proportional to exposure. One study found that half the subjects who were exposed to radiation from medical imaging underwent repeat imaging within 3 years. Overall, 0.2% of the nearly 1 million subjects followed for 3 years received doses above 50 mSv.
One approach to estimate the potential contribution of exposure to ionizing radiation from medical imaging is to develop statistical models based on the estimated cancer risks associated with a range of dose levels. For example, one estimate of the CT scans performed in the United States in 2007 predicted that 29,000 (95% uncertainty limits of 15,000–45,000) cancers might result in the future. One-third of the projected cancers were caused by CT scans done on individuals aged 35 to 54 years. This estimate was derived from risk models based on organ-specific radiation doses from national surveys, frequency of CT scans in 2007 by age and sex from survey and insurance claim data, and the National Research Council's "Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation" report.
Data are now emerging from studies large enough to directly estimate the cancer risk associated with CT scans. For example, in a cohort of 10.9 million Australians, electronic medical records were used to document the diagnostic CT scans of youths who received the CT scans when they were aged 0 to 19 years. This cohort was then linked to the National Death Index and Australian Cancer Database. Compared with those who did not have a CT scan, those who had at least one CT scan were statistically significantly more likely to be diagnosed with cancer as they were followed into young adulthood (RR, 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–1.29; average follow-up in those who had a CT was 9.5 years). A statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed, with cancer risk increasing with each additional CT scan. Thus, the findings of cohort studies with directly measured CT scans now substantiate the statistical models and document the real-world cancer risks associated with exposure to ionizing radiation via medical imaging.
Medications that suppress the immune system, commonly used, for example, in patients undergoing organ transplantation, are associated with an increased cancer risk.
Risk/protective factors with uncertain associations with cancer
Estimates concerning the potential contribution of diet to the population burden of cancer have varied widely. In contrast to the epidemiologic evidence on cigarette smoking and cancer, evidence for the influence of dietary factors and cancer is uncertain. An assessment of the potential role of diet entails measuring the net contribution of diets, comprising factors that may protect against cancer and other factors that may increase cancer risk. Measuring an individual's usual diet and its direct relevance to cancer risk also poses challenges.
An assessment of the overall evidence of diet in relation to cancer prevention published by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) was based on systematic reviews of the epidemiologic evidence. With respect to dietary factors that may protect against cancer, the greatest consistency was seen for fruits and nonstarchy vegetables. In the WCRF/AICR report, conclusions were reached that both fruits and nonstarchy vegetables were associated with "probable decreased risk" for cancers of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. Fruits, but not nonstarchy vegetables, were also judged to be associated with "probable decreased risk" of lung cancer. Thus, even for the two classes of dietary exposure that the current evidence suggests may have the greatest cancer prevention potential, the evidence was judged to be less than convincing and was applicable to only a few malignancies.
Examples in which the type of study design led to substantively different results further illustrate the complexities of the relationship between food and nutrient intake and human cancer risk. Observational epidemiologic studies (case-control and cohort studies) have suggested associations between diet and cancer development, but randomized trials of interventions provided little or no support. For example, on the basis of population-based epidemiologic data, high-fiber diets were recommended to prevent colon neoplasms. However, a randomized, controlled trial of supplemental wheat bran fiber did not reduce the risk of subsequent adenomatous polyps in individuals with previously resected polyps. Ecologic, cohort, and case-control studies found an association between fat and red meat intake and colon cancer risk, but a randomized, controlled trial of a low-fat diet in postmenopausal women showed no reduction in colon cancer. The low-fat diet did not affect all-cancer mortality, overall mortality, or cardiovascular disease.
Life-long dietary patterns or dietary intake during specific life stages may be important in inducing or preventing cancer but would not be detected by relatively short-term, randomized, clinical trials.
With respect to dietary factors that may increase cancer risk, the strongest evidence in the WCRF/AICR report was for drinking alcohol. The evidence was judged to be "convincing" that drinking alcohol increased the risk of cancers of the mouth, esophagus, breast, and colorectum (the latter in men). Further, the evidence was judged to be "probable" that drinking alcohol increased the risk of liver cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) (the latter in women).
In relation to human cancer, diets reflect the sum total of a complex mixture of exposures, as demonstrated by the examples of fruit/vegetable intake and alcohol consumption. No dietary factors appear to be uniformly relevant to all forms of cancer. (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Breast Cancer Prevention; Breast Cancer Screening; Colorectal Cancer Prevention; and Lung Cancer Prevention for more information.)
Physical activity
A growing body of epidemiologic evidence suggests that people who are more physically active have a lower risk of certain malignancies than those who are more sedentary. In the WCRF/AICR report, the evidence was judged to be "convincing" that increased physical activity protects against CRC. The evidence was also judged to be "probable" that physical activity was associated with lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer and endometrial cancer. As with the dietary factors described above, physical activity seems to play a more prominent role in selected malignancies. The inverse associations observed for selected malignancies make this a promising area for cancer prevention research, particularly since causal associations have not been established. The excess risk of many cancers seen with obesity, in combination with evidence to suggest that physical activity is inversely associated with at least a few cancers, raises the hypothesis that energy balance may influence cancer risk. (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Breast Cancer Prevention; Colorectal Cancer Prevention; and Endometrial Cancer Prevention for more information.)
Obesity is being increasingly recognized as an important cancer risk factor. The WCRF/AICR report concluded that obesity is convincingly linked to postmenopausal breast cancer and cancers of the esophagus, pancreas, colorectum, endometrium, and kidney. Furthermore, the WCRF/AICR report judged body fatness to be a probable risk factor for cancer of the gallbladder. A prospective study of nationally representative cohorts that examined obesity in relation to cancer mortality emphasizes that factors associated with cancer do not uniformly apply to all human malignancies. The study results revealed that obesity was associated with an increased risk of dying from obesity-associated malignancies, but obesity was not associated with overall cancer mortality. If the associations between obesity and the cancers mentioned above are causal, which has yet to be established, the current increase in the prevalence of obesity in the United States and elsewhere poses a severe challenge to cancer prevention efforts. Furthermore, weight loss has yet to be shown to reduce risk of obesity-associated malignancies. (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Breast Cancer Prevention; Colorectal Cancer Prevention; Endometrial Cancer Prevention; and Lung Cancer Prevention for more information.)
Interventions With Proven Benefits
Chemoprevention refers to the use of natural or synthetic compounds to interfere with early stages of carcinogenesis, before invasive cancer appears. Chemoprevention trials have had some positive results. Daily use of selective estrogen receptor modulators (tamoxifen or raloxifene) for up to 5 years reduces the incidence of breast cancer by about 50% in high-risk women. Finasteride (an alpha-reductase inhibitor) lowers the incidence of prostate cancer; this finding was complicated by a greater cumulative incidence of high-grade cancers in the finasteride-versus-placebo-group. Further analysis suggests this was caused by finasteride's ability to shrink the prostate but not the cancer, thereby increasing the ability to diagnose high-grade cancer without contributing to progression of prostate carcinogenesis. Dutasteride has also been shown to reduce the incidence of prostate cancer. The impact of finasteride on prostate cancer mortality is uncertain.
Other chemoprevention candidates include COX-2 inhibitors and aspirin. COX-2 inhibitors inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzymes involved in the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins. There is evidence to suggest that COX-2 inhibitors prevent colon and breast cancer, but the possibility of increased cardiovascular events may preclude their usefulness. In secondary analyses of pooled data from seven randomized, placebo-controlled trials whose primary endpoints were vascular events, aspirin taken daily for 4 or more years was associated with an 18% reduction in overall cancer deaths (odds ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70–0.95). Whether or not aspirin would have the same impact in reducing cancer incidence remains an open question, but the evidence for colon cancer suggests that it may. Also, assessment of the risk-benefit profile needs to account for the effect of aspirin on the risk of bleeding. (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Breast Cancer Prevention; Colorectal Cancer Prevention; and Prostate Cancer Prevention for more information.)
Interventions With No Proven Benefit
Vitamin and dietary supplement use
Some have advocated vitamin and mineral supplements for cancer prevention. Many different mechanistic pathways for anticancer effects have been invoked. A commonly tested hypothesis is that antioxidant vitamins may protect against cancer, based on the premise that oxidative damage to DNA leads to cancer progression. Hence preventing oxidative DNA damage would prevent progression to cancer. However, the evidence is insufficient to support the use of multivitamin and mineral supplements or single vitamins or minerals to prevent cancer. Beta carotene is an antioxidant that was thought to prevent or reverse smoking-related changes leading to lung cancer based on the results of several observational epidemiologic studies examining either dietary intake of beta carotene from food sources or blood levels as a marker of dietary intake. However, two prospective, placebo-controlled trials found that smokers and former smokers who received beta carotene supplements had increased lung cancer incidence and mortality.
Other unanticipated adverse events have been documented for dietary supplement use. A meta-analysis of 11 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of daily doses of calcium greater than or equal to 500 mg/day versus placebo documented that calcium supplements were associated with a significantly elevated risk of myocardial infarction (RR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.01–1.59). Dietary calcium intake has not been observed to be associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. The discrepancy in findings between calcium in the diet versus high-dose supplementation raises questions about the value of dietary supplements compared with dietary intake. The Iowa Women's Health Study, an observational study that enrolled over 40,000 women aged 55 to 69 years in 1986, examined the association between dietary supplement use and mortality. Statistically significant excess mortality risk was observed with the use of multivitamins, B6, folic acid, iron, magnesium, zinc, and copper. Only calcium users were associated with a statistically significant reduction in mortality rates compared with nonusers.
Research into the potential anticancer properties of vitamin and mineral supplements is ongoing, and the results continue to reinforce the lack of efficacy of vitamin supplements in preventing cancer. The extended follow-up results of the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) found a statistically significant excess risk of prostate cancer associated with vitamin E supplementation (400 IU/day of all rac-α-tocopherol acetate) compared with placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 1.17; 99% CI, 1.0004–1.36; P = .008). The absolute increase in risk of prostate cancer with vitamin E use was 1.6 per 1000 person-years. Selenium did not reduce the risk of prostate cancer (HR, 1.09; 99% CI, 0.93–1.27).
The results of the Physicians' Health Study II demonstrated that supplementation with vitamin E and/or vitamin C had no benefit compared with placebo in preventing either prostate cancer incidence or total cancer incidence.
The results of the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study indicated that, compared with placebo, supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E, or beta carotene was not efficacious in reducing total cancer incidence. In this same study, daily supplements containing folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were compared with placebo; this intervention was not efficacious in reducing the overall risk of developing cancer. An exploratory analysis of pooled data from two Norwegian randomized controlled trials showed an increase in both cancer incidence and cancer death in patients treated with folic acid and vitamin B12 versus those receiving placebo or vitamin B6 alone. (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Breast Cancer Prevention; Colorectal Cancer Prevention; Lung Cancer Prevention; Prostate Cancer Prevention; and Prostate Cancer Screening for more information.)
Vitamin D has also generated interest as a potential anti-cancer agent. Sources of vitamin D include cutaneous synthesis upon exposure to sunlight, dietary intake, and supplements. Evidence on the efficacy of vitamin D supplements with or without calcium in preventing cancer incidence is available as a secondary endpoint from randomized controlled trials, with a summary of the results from three trials providing evidence of lack of efficacy. A fourth randomized, controlled trial further corroborates this lack of cancer chemopreventive effect. Presently, the overall body of experimental evidence in humans indicates that at the doses studied (range: 400–1,100 IU daily), vitamin D supplements do not reduce the overall risk of cancer. This is a topic of ongoing interest, and a large-scale randomized trial of vitamin D (2,000 IU/day) and marine omega-3 fatty acid is under way that includes cancer as a primary endpoint.
None of the randomized controlled trials mentioned above studied multivitamin supplements as commonly taken by the general U.S. population; however, a separate arm of the Physician Health Study (PHS) II directly studied this question. In the PHS II, 14,641 male physicians were randomly assigned to receive either a daily multivitamin supplement or a placebo for a median of 11 years. Multivitamin supplements were associated with an 8% relative decrease in cancer incidence (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86–0.998; P = .04). The overall reduction in cancer risk was more pronounced in men who had been diagnosed with cancer before the study began (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50–0.88) than in those with no history of cancer (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.87–1.03), suggesting that the small benefit of multivitamins in reducing overall cancer incidence largely stemmed from the prevention of second primary cancers. This puzzling result, along with the weak association and multiple statistical comparisons made for many different trial endpoints, diminishes the strength of evidence provided by the PHS II trial. Of note, no significant association between multivitamin use and total mortality was observed in the PHS II (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88–1.02; P = .13), suggesting neither a negative nor positive effect on life span. This finding differs from the positive association observed in the observational Iowa Women's Health Study.
Environmental Exposures and Pollutants
The relationship between environmental pollutants and cancer risk has been of long-standing interest to researchers and the public. When estimates of the potential burden of cancer have been calculated for different classes of exposure, the factors described earlier, such as cigarette smoking and infections have represented much greater proportions of the cancer burden than have environmental pollutants. Nevertheless, some associations between environmental pollutants and cancer have been clearly established. Perhaps because the lung is most heavily exposed to air pollutants, many of the most firmly established examples of pollutants and cancer relate specifically to lung cancer, including secondhand tobacco smoke, indoor radon, outdoor air pollution, and asbestos for mesothelioma. Another environmental pollutant linked with cancer is highly concentrated inorganic arsenic in drinking water, which is causally associated with cancers of the skin, bladder, and lung. Many other environmental pollutants, such as pesticides, have been assessed for risk with human cancer, but with indeterminate results. There are challenging methodological issues to address in these studies, such as accurately measuring exposures for long periods, which often make it difficult to clearly establish an association between an environmental pollutant and cancer.
The list of topics considered above is not exhaustive. Other lifestyle and environmental factors known to affect cancer risk (either beneficially or detrimentally) include certain sexual and reproductive practices, the use of exogenous estrogens, and certain occupational and chemical exposures.
In this summary, factors were selected that appear to impact the risk of several types of cancer and that have been identified as being potentially modifiable. These include cigarette smoking, which has been conclusively linked with a wide range of malignancies; avoidance of cigarette smoking has been shown to reduce cancer incidence. Other potential modifiable cancer risk factors include alcohol consumption and obesity; physical activity is inversely associated with the risk of certain cancers. More research is needed to determine whether these associations are causal and whether avoiding risk behaviors or increasing protective behaviors would actually reduce cancer incidence.References:
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Susanne Walker
©2013 Bloomberg News
Nov. 6 (Bloomberg) - Treasury 10-year note yields fell from almost the highest level in three weeks as Federal Reserve officials highlighted a lack of strength in the U.S. economy before data this week forecast to show expansion slowed.
The difference between the yields on the five-year and 10- year notes widened to the most in more than two years on speculation the Fed may keep the target rate lower for longer when it starts stimulus cuts. Benchmark 10-year debt rose as Fed Bank of San Francisco President John Williams said yesterday recent economic expansion has fallen short of projections, while Richmond Fed President Jeffrey Lacker said he doesn't see a pickup in growth this year.
"You'll get these ebbs and flows as the market digests various sentiments as to the Fed-tapering debate," said Adrian Miller, director of fixed-income strategies at GMP Securities LLC in New York. "The market had initially moved rates higher. We've reached some kind of equilibrium."
The benchmark 10-year yield fell two basis points, or 0.02 percentage point, to 2.65 percent at 10:04 a.m. New York time, according to Bloomberg Bond Trader prices. The 2.5 percent note due in August 2023 rose 6/32, or $1.88 per $1,000 face amount, to 98 23/32. The yield climbed to 2.68 percent yesterday, the highest level since Oct. 16.
Yield Curve
The yield curve measuring the difference between five-year and 10-year notes widened to 1.31 percentage points, the most since August 2011.
"If the Fed reduces the threshold for the unemployment target, they will lock in zero rates for longer," said Ian Lyngen, a government-bond strategist at CRT Capital Group LLC in Stamford, Connecticut. "The amount required by an investor to hold that five-year Treasury security will also be lower. Lower rates for longer may eventually spur inflation, which would lead the 10- and 30-year sectors to underperform."
The argument for a lower unemployment goal is supported in papers this week from Fed officials. The level of slack in the economy justifies an accommodative stance and the policy of seeking to drive down the U.S. jobless rate is effective, according to two separate papers by central-bank officials.
The strategy of not raising rates if unemployment is above 6.5 percent has provided effective stimulus, and an even lower threshold could be helpful, wrote William English, head of the Division of Monetary Affairs. A paper by David Wilcox, the research and statistics chief, said slack in the economy argues for loose policy at a time of contained inflation expectations.
Fed Studies
The papers were posted on the International Monetary Fund's website before a conference starting tomorrow in Washington. Senior staff members at the Fed write the briefing materials for Federal Open Market Committee meetings and draft the central bank's policy options.
The Treasury announced it will sell $30 billion in three- year notes, $24 billion in 10-year debt and $16 billion in 30- year bonds on three consecutive days starting Nov. 12. The $70 billion total is down from $72 billion the previous quarter.
The department said Nov. 4 it will borrow about 13 percent more this quarter than it projected three months ago to boost the nation's cash balance on Dec. 31.
Issuance of net marketable debt will be $266 billion in the October-to-December period, compared with $235 billion initially forecast on July 29, the department said in Washington. At the end of December, the Treasury will have $140 billion in cash, versus $80 billion projected before.
Debt Sales
Treasury said it will sell $10 billion to $15 billion of floating-rate notes Jan. 29. The floating-rate note sales would be the first added U.S. government debt security since Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities were introduced in 1997.
Treasuries gained 1.1 percent from Sept. 17 through yesterday, according to Bloomberg World Bond Indexes. That was the day before the Fed unexpectedly refrained from reducing stimulus and said it needed more evidence of lasting improvement in the economy. U.S. government securities have still declined 2.4 percent this year, the indexes show.
"Tapering will happen later than the market is currently expecting and we think it's March with a bias toward a later commencement," said Michael Leister, a senior rates strategist at Commerzbank AG in London. "For the time being, we expect a sideways movement with a downside bias in yields."
The Fed buys $85 billion of bonds each month to put downward pressure on borrowing costs.
Economic Performance
Gross domestic product grew at a 2 percent annual rate in the third quarter after a 2.5 percent pace from the previous period, according to a Bloomberg survey before the Commerce Department report tomorrow. Employers added 120,000 jobs in October, economists predicted before the Labor Department data on Nov. 8. Employment increased 148,000 in September.
"Up until recently, I was thinking we would start seeing more of that self-powered growth in the second half of this year," the San Francisco Fed's Williams said to reporters yesterday. "Unfortunately, that's not really been happening," and "we haven't seen a real pickup."
Lacker told reporters in Charlotte, North Carolina, yesterday his "baseline doesn't have a pickup in growth next year" and he expects just a 2 percent expansion in 2014.
-Editors: Paul Cox, Greg Storey
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Harriett Wakeman Neale, 83, of Walton passed away on Saturday, March 31, 2012 at Mountainside Residential Care Center in Margaretville, following a long illness.
Harriett was born October 2, 1928 in Walton, NY the daughter of the late John and Esther (Bartlett) Wakeman.
On June 10, 1951 she married Bruce G. Neale at the First Baptist Church in Walton. She was a Registered Nurse at the Roscoe Nursing Home for many years. In her spare time she enjoyed doting on her grandchildren; she was always involved and interested in what they were doing. She also enjoyed scrapbooking, collecting things from the English Monarchy especially Queen Elizabeth and Princess Diana memorabilia, and watching old movies starring Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracey, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, and Gene Kelly.
Harriett is survived by her children, Karen (Steve) Ball of Walton; Glenn (Kitty) Neale of San Antonio, Texas; Brian (Debra) Neale of Walton; her grandchildren, Ryan (Kanako) Ball, Jeff (Christina) Ball and their son Johnny, Eric Ball, April (Brian) Scharfstein and their sons, Jake and Matthew, Bradley (Kristina)Neale and their children, Hunter, Natalie, and Logan, her brother and sister in law, Richard and Ruth Wakeman of Webster, Florida, and seveal nieces, nephews and cousins.
Friends and family are invited to call on Tuesday, April 3, 2012 from 11 AM to 1 PM at the New Hope Community Church, 45 Stockton Ave., Walton where services will be held at 1 PM, with the Rev. Jay O'Connor officiating. Burial will follow in Walton Cemetery.
Memorial contributions in Harriett's memory may be made to the First Baptist Church Building Fund, 9 Pine Street, Walton, NY 13856.
Condolences to the family may be made online by visiting our website at www.courtneyfh.com


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A bus caught fire inside the Sumner Tunnel on Tuesday evening, according to Massachusetts State Police.
State police said no injuries were reported as a result of the minor fire.
The tunnel was temporarily closed to remove the bus from inside, but has since been removed.
The tunnel was reopened a short time later.
No other information was immediately available.
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Terry Farrell to advise on Thames Gateway - and masterplan Kent
Terry Farrell has bagged two more design guru roles: as guide on future development in the Thames Gateway and masterplanning advisor for Kent County Council
The twin appointments come just days after London Mayor Boris Johnson named Farrell on the board of the Outer London Commission – the capital's new suburban 'task force'.
The 69-year-old has been asked to draw up a 20-year vision for the Kent 'encompassing regeneration, transport, housing, landscape and economic growth'.
Farrell, who lives in Kent, is already design champion for the Medway towns and the Thames Gateway Parklands. He commented: 'While Kent is home to some of the biggest drivers of the national economy, such as the Channel Tunnel, it also has patches of great deprivation.
'I am keen to work with Kent County Council to produce a vision of regeneration that will help Kent secure a prosperous future as one of this country's finest and most successful places.'
In a separate development, Bob Kerslake, Chief Executive of the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA), today announced Farrell has been appointed to advise him personally on future development in the Thames Gateway.
In addition to this appointment, Kerslake has also tasked Farrell and his practice to lead work on a core vision for the Thames Gateway, to guide the economic and social development in the region.
Speaking at the Thames Gateway Forum, Farrell said: 'I am thrilled by this appointment. I am particularly pleased that Sir Bob and the HCA recognise that my work up to now on the Thames Gateway Parklands has established clearly that landscape and environmental infrastructure is integral to the core vision for the Thames Gateway.
'I am delighted that Sir Bob has recognised the value of what my practice and I have achieved, and has consequently extended my role as a strategic advisor to him and that of my practice in developing and articulating our vision for the physical, economic and social development of the Thames Gateway.'
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Spiny Shroopa
The Spiny Shroopa is the Shroob version of the Spiny which is found in the Vim Factory during the events of Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time. A Spiny Shroopa has a purple shell with pink spikes. Unlike Spinies, Spiny Shroopas stand on their hind legs. Small, gray arms stick out the front of a Spiny Shroopa's shell. A Spiny Shroopa's head is not visible; only its glowing yellow eyes are visible. To move, Spiny Shroopas use their hind legs to move from place to place.
In battle, a Spiny Shroopa attacks by charging into its enemy. To counter-attack, Baby Mario and Baby Luigi can hit the Spiny Shroopa with their Hammers. Sometimes, a Spiny Shroopa's charge attack can poison a Mario Bro. Furhermore a Spiny Shroopa charge attack may be knocked to where they attack and not end unlike others and thus this means that if done with correct timing, it will take double damage from the hammer. If Baby Mario and Baby Luigi aren't present during the battle with the Spiny Shroopas, the Shroopa will, rather than leaping at one of the adults, roll into its egg shape and roll toward Mario where it is dodged by jumping. Spiny Shroopas are also featured in the hammer attack tutorial.
Names in other janguages[edit]


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I have been writing up some narrative around research that I have done, so that instead of just a nice collection of names and dates, there is a story as well.
So, today I used Trove to look for a picture of one of my immigrant ships, the Ophir.
And I found more than I had hoped for!
First I found out that the Ophir was later refurbished and used to convey their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later King George V and Queen Mary) on their 1901 tour of the British Empire. Their tour included Malta, Ceylon, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Newfoundland. And that meant there were LOTS of photos.
But I wanted a picture from before that, as Elizabeth Wardley (nee Rufford) had travelled in 1895 with her three daughters Alice, Clara and Mavis, and her younger brother Henry Alfred Rufford. Arriving just over 120 years ago on 9 March 1895. Her husband Charles Wardley was already settled in Carrington, near Newcastle. He paid deposits for their passage on 11 October 1894, enclosing a recommendation from Mr J.L. Fegan MP, his local Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.
Amazingly, Trove came up trumps. I found a picture held by the National Maritime Museum, from the Ophir's first voyage to Sydney, originally clipped out of the Illustrated Sydney News.
|Maker - Illustrated Sydney News 1892, THE NEW ORIENT LINER "OPHIR", http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/167746437
So, what did I do next? I headed back to Trove to see if I could find the original newspaper the image was clipped from.
And there it was. Online. Just waiting to be discovered.
With a brilliant description of the ship!
|1892 'THE NEW ORIENT LINER OPHIR.', Illustrated Sydney News (NSW : 1881 - 1894), 13 February, p. 6, viewed 24 March, 2015, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article64030279
Next, I thought I would see if I could find any notices relating to the precise voyage that my family came on.
|1895 'ARRIVAL OF THE R.M.S. OPHIR.', The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954), 11 March, p. 6, viewed 24 March, 2015, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13992659
And this article names all those travelling in style - my family were in the "other classes".
|1895 'THE R.M.S. OPHIR AT ALBANY.', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931), 4 March, p. 5, viewed 24 March, 2015, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article25751952


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Members of Congress are looking to regain some sense of trust from the American people, as they have proposed rules that would subject themselves to tougher penalties for insider trading and a requirement to disclose stock transactions within 30 days, The Associated Press reported.
According to the news outlet, a procedural vote this week would allow the Senate to pass a bill prohibiting members of Congress from using nonpublic information for their own person benefit or "tipping" others to inside information that they could use for trading.
Senator Scott Brown (R-Mass.) and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) co-wrote a bill that would subject any member of Congress who violates the ban on insider trading to investigation and prosecution by the Justice Department and regulatory agencies, the AP reported.
"We can start restoring some of the faith that's been lost in our government by taking this common-sense step of making members of Congress play by the exact same rules as everyone else," Gillibrand said of the bill put forth by her and Brown. "We must make it unambiguous that this kind of behavior is illegal."
The Hill reported that Representative Nancy Pelosi's (D-Calif.) minimum net worth skyrocketed by almost $14 million in 2010 because of smart stock plays and real estate investments by her husband.


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Why $\cos(-\theta)$ gives positive values while in case of sine it is negative?
I mean
$\cos(-\theta) = +\cos(\theta)$
$\sin(-\theta) = -\sin(\theta)$
$\tan(-\theta) = -\tan(\theta)$
and please explain General Angles in simple worlds?
Why $\cos(-\theta)$ gives positive values while in case of sine it is negative?
I mean
$\cos(-\theta) = +\cos(\theta)$
$\sin(-\theta) = -\sin(\theta)$
$\tan(-\theta) = -\tan(\theta)$
and please explain General Angles in simple worlds?
Changing the sign of $\theta$ corresponds to going around in the other direction. Because $\theta$ is measured from the positive $x$-axis, all this does is to flip the endpoint over the $x$-axis, as shown below.
Since cosine is the $x$-component of $P$, and sine is the $y$ component, flipping over the $x$-axis will negate $\sin \theta$, but not $\cos \theta$. Hopefully this makes it clear why sine and cosine behave the way they do.
With tangent, just recall that $\tan \theta = \frac{\sin \theta }{\cos \theta }$, and since only one part of the fraction gets a $-$ sign, the tangent gets one as well.
The series expansipns of cos and sin are:
$cos (x)= \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac {(-1)^nx^{2n}}{(2n)!}=1-x^2/2+x^4/4!\pm...$ and
$sin (x)= \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac {(-1)^nx^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}=x-x^3/3!+x^5/5!\pm...$
Notoce here that changing the sign for cos makes no difference, (as we have all even powers of x) but changing the sign for sin does (since we have all odd powers of x).
Also $\tan (-\theta)=\frac {sin (-\theta)}{cos (-\theta)}\frac {-sin (\theta)}{cos (\theta)}=-tan (\theta)$.
Well cosine takes values from 1 to -1 in interval of $[0,\pi]$ while sine takes values from 0 to 1. I don't know what you mean by General Angles in simple words.
Remember, that angles are measured from the positive $x$-axis. Draw a line to form an angle $\theta$ with the positive $x$-axis. This line has intersects the unit circle at $(\cos\theta,\sin\theta)$ and has equation $y=x\tan\theta$.
For the angle $\alpha=-\theta$, everything is mirrored around the $x$-axis. The reflection of a point $(x,y)$ about the $x$-axis is the point $(x,-y)$. The reflection of our original line about the $x$-axis will therefore cross the unit circle at $(\cos\theta,-\sin\theta)$ and have formula $y=-x\tan\theta$.
So if the line forming the angle $\alpha$ intersects the unit circle at $(\cos\alpha,\sin\alpha)$ and has equation $y=x\tan\alpha$, we have
$$\cos\alpha=\cos(-\theta)=\cos\theta$$ $$\sin\alpha=\sin(-\theta)=-\sin\theta$$ $$\tan\alpha=\tan(-\theta)=-\tan\theta$$
Trigonometric functions were introduced to do computations about triangles. Consider the following picture:
and set $a=BC$, $b=AC$, $c=AB$. Set also $h=CH$ and $d=AH$. Then you can say $$ b^2=d^2+h^2,\qquad a^2=(c-d)^2+h^2. $$ If we subtract the two equalities, we get $$ b^2-a^2=d^2-(c-d)^2=-c^2+2cd $$ or $$ a^2=b^2+c^2-2cd. $$ But now, by definition, $d=b\cos\alpha$, so we obtain the cosine law for acute angles.
In ancient times sines and cosines were not attributed a "sign"; they were just defined with ratios using right triangles, so they made sense only for acute angles. For an obtuse triangle the figure is
With the same notation as before, we get the relations $$ b^2=d^2+h^2,\qquad a^2=(c+d)^2+h^2 $$ and subtracting gives $$ b^2-a^2=d^2-(c+d)^2=-c^2-2cd $$ or $$ a^2=b^2+c^2+2cd. $$ Now, if $\bar\alpha$ denotes the supplementary angle of $\alpha$, we can write the cosine law for obtuse triangles: $$ a^2=b^2+c^2+2bc\cos\bar\alpha. $$ When negative numbers became less suspicious, people started to realize that one could define the cosine of an obtuse angle as the negative of the cosine of the supplementary angle, so that only one cosine law could be written: $$ a^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos\alpha. $$ A similar reasoning based on the sine law makes it clear that the sine of an obtuse angle should be the same as the sine of the supplementary angle.
Sines and cosines were later defined for any angle; the extension can be justified with the trigonometric circle and it became clear that one had to define them so that $$ \sin(-\alpha)=-\sin\alpha,\qquad \cos(-\alpha)=\cos\alpha $$ just by looking at the trigonometric circle.