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News about Mushrooms, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Mushroom Essences and More Thanksgiving Helpers
A guide to manners, where to find turducken, toting with Roy Lichtenstein, mulberry gin and gravy ladles that don't burn your fingertips.
November 18, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON MUSHROOMS AND: Thanksgiving Day , Cooking and Cookbooks , Mushrooms , Gin (Liquor) , Lichtenstein, Roy
Sex, Death and Mushrooms
Contemplating mortality during a fungus-hunting expedition in a forest moving toward winter.
November 8, 2015, Sunday
MORE ON MUSHROOMS AND: Mushrooms , Fungi , Sex , Death and Dying , Forests and Forestry , Food Contamination and Poisoning , Food
Bill Cunningham | Changing Colors
The spectrum of grays and earthen colors in the mushrooms were reflected in fashion.
October 25, 2015, Sunday
MORE ON MUSHROOMS AND: Fashion and Apparel , Mushrooms , Union Square (Manhattan, NY)
How to Find Truffles
Avoid the daytime. Learn from your dog.
October 18, 2015, Sunday
Another Hazard for Migrants in Europe: Poisonous Mushrooms
Hospitals in Germany have reported poisoning cases among migrants who ate death-cap mushrooms, not knowing they are highly toxic and can cause fatal liver and kidney damage.
September 18, 2015, Friday
MORE ON MUSHROOMS AND: Middle East and Africa Migrant Crisis , Mushrooms , Food Contamination and Poisoning , Germany , Europe , Hanover Medical School , Poisoning and Poisons
Morels and Peas Are Pasta's Springtime Companions
Pair morels with pasta, peas, Parmesan and butter for a fast and satisfying meal.
June 3, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON MUSHROOMS AND: Cooking and Cookbooks , Mushrooms , Peas
Mushrooms That Glow to Continue the Species
The green light emitted by some species attracts insects that help spread the mushroom's spores.
March 24, 2015, Tuesday
MORE ON MUSHROOMS AND: Insects , Mushrooms , Current Biology (Journal) , Fungi
Can Mushrooms Treat Depression?
This psychoactive chemical isn't just for hippies.
November 30, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON MUSHROOMS AND: Mushrooms , Mental Health and Disorders , Depression (Mental) , Research , Journal of the Royal Society Interface
Learning From Fungi
Each medical case, like each mushroom, is a diagnostic puzzle.
October 5, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON MUSHROOMS AND: Mushrooms , Fungi , Medicine and Health , Doctors
If Liver Doesn't Strike Fear in Your Heart
Chicken livers with morels create a creamy pasta sauce.
May 28, 2014, Wednesday
MORE ON MUSHROOMS AND: Cooking and Cookbooks , Recipes , Pasta , Mushrooms
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IDW Star Trek Ongoing...
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November 24 2012, 02:16 AM
The Wormhole
Re: IDW Star Trek Ongoing...
Part 1 of the Mirror Universe story was pretty good, even if it feels like a retread of Enterprise's MU two-parter. I'ma bit annoyed at how Nero's presence is just glossed over. This should be huge. Where did he come from? Is he from the traditional MU, and is there a chance that MU Nimoy Spock could show up?
Artwork goofs, however:
-The aforementioned TMP-TUC Constitution design being on page 1, which is set in the main Abramsverse.
-Page 3 which features a drawing of Scotty Prime has him wearing an Abramsverse uniform.
-The Enterprise's registry number is NCC-1701-D.
-The Enterprise's bridge stations have 24th century LCARS display. Oddly enough, they did this in the Tribble story too.
"Internet message boards aren't as funny today as they were ten years ago. I've stopped reading new posts." -The Simpsons 20th anniversary special.
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Press Release Distribution
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By Launching Pad
New Indoor Fun Center Promises Entertainment for Kids and Adults Starting in November
By America's Action Territory Family Fun Park Geneva
February Thursday Night Special. Unlimited Laser Tag AND Bumper Cars for $5 bucks! 4-9pm. Walk in no RSVP needed. $5 Buck Thursdays through February. Fun and safe for the whole family to enjoy. Kid Friendly event, Field Trips, teen party
By Las Vegas Mini Gran Prix
Visit Las Vegas Mini Gran Prix for family fun with go karts for kids and adults, an arcade, restaurant, rides and more.
By America's Action Territory
America's Action Territory's go kart track was MADE FOR RACING and is one of the fastest around. A multi-level track weaves around featuring Grand Prix action and hairpin turns for thrilling, fast-paced racing for the whole family.
By Bounce Realm
Bounce Realm, a Minority locally owned and operated family run business is proud to announce their Fiesta Friday, on May 4th from 2:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. at 4595 South 27th Street in Milwaukee.
By Danny Gruening - Creative Works
This new family entertainment center with bowling, arcade, mini golf and more opened in November 2011
By Danny Gruening - Creative Works Theme Factory
Creative Works recently installed a Battle-themed laser tag attraction at a location in San Diego, CA.
By Danny Gruening - Creative Works Theme Factory
Creative Works ventured to Australia to install a Lazer Frenzy and a 9-hole Cosmic Golf course at Xtreme Play Zone in Australia. This is a new facility that is located in northern Sydney, just 10 miles from the Tasman Sea.
By Kimberly Schilling - Facilitator of Fun
Lanes, Trains & Automobiles Entertainment Depot in Murfreesboro, Tennessee commissioned Creative Works, the world leader in designing and building laser tag arenas, to add a uniquely themed arena to their center.
By Kimberly Schilling - Facilitator of Fun
Scottie's Fun Spot (Scottie's Skateland) has a long history in the family entertainment industry. Creative Works was fortunate enough to be a recent part of this rich history and add some great new attractions to the center in Quincy, Illinois.
By Kimberly Schilling - Facilitator of Fun
Creative Works' Theme Factory recently installed their first laser tag arena in the country of Poland. They added a 3,000 square foot arena to a laser tag center called Fantasy Park located in the city of Bytom.
By Kimberly Schilling - Facilitator of Fun
Todd Hannon from Peachtree City, Georgia recently opened a family entertainment center called Urban Jungle that includes rock climbing, Lazer Frenzy lazer maze, and a laser tag arena. Creative Works helped provide the WOW Effect for this new center.
By Kimberly Schilling - Facilitator of Fun
Creative Works adds a laser tag arena to a fitness center in Lubbock, Texas called Bodyworks.
By Kimberly Schilling - Facilitator of Fun
Creative Works recently installed an exciting new theme - Earth Quest - within the Branchburg Sports Complex in Somerville, New Jersey.
By Kimberly Schilling - Facilitator of Fun
Creative Works, the world leader in designing and building themed laser tag experiences recently announced a new theme to its portfolio called Earth Quest that builds upon the "Avatar" movie.
By Kimberly Schilling
After years of research and analysis, the Incredible Pizza Company chose to add laser tag to their corporate sites and partnered with Creative Works to design and build their arenas.
By Kimberly Schilling – Facilitator of FUN
Although most people have to travel thousands of miles to see ancient Greek ruins, those in the Halifax Region of Nova Scotia will get a small taste of them within an unlikely venue – Alpha Strike Laser Tag, thanks to Creative Works Theme Factory.
By Kimberly Schilling - Creative Works
Creative Works' Theme Factory has recently installed a pirate themed Lazer Frenzy lazer maze at Pietro's Pizza in Milwaukie, Oregon.
By Kimberly Schilling
The award winning Lazer Frenzy lazer maze made its debut in Mississippi last month when it was installed at the Extreme Skate Zone in Hattiesburg, MS. More information about this product can be found on www.lazerfrenzy.com .
By Kimberly Schilling - Creative Works Theme Factory
Creative Works Theme Factory and Astro Carpet Mills came together to create a new product specifically for the laser tag industry. The product developed is a specialty carpet called DuraTAG to stand up to heavy foot traffic and fog/haze residue.
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text: We are excited to announce that Spotlight is now Emerge Dance Academy under new ownership. Over the years Spotlight has become one of the top studios in Cincinnati. Emerge is just the next step in that evolution to offer the very best to dancers looking for both recreational and competitive dance. We look forward to the future and hope you will stop by and check us out soon. Visit us at Emerge-Dance.com.


text:
Hide and Seek Puzzle Pieces
Source: Babycenter Community
Mom Rating
Ages: 3-5 years
Instructions:This can be done by taking a childs puzzle (big peice puzzle- maybe 10 peices) and hiding it in various places in their play area. Give them hints to find the peices and when they have all of them gathered-They get to put it together.
Similar activities:Hide and Seek, Hide and Seek, Huckle, Buckle, Beanstalk, Valentine Countdown Hide and Seek, Come a Little Closer, Book: Hide and Seek Turkeys, Button, Button, Whose Got the Button?, Sardines, Book: Where is Baby's Mommy?, Building a Fort ...or Something Else, Barney Brithday Party, Backwards Birthday Party, Barbie Fairytopia Birthday Party
Tags: creative
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Activities for babies (first 12 months)
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Activities for kids (5- to 8-year-olds)


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It's almost that time!!! You can prepare, print, and e-file your Income Taxes for FREE with H&R Block or Turbo Tax this year! With e-file you can get your return in as little as 6 days too! Both of these companies guarantee your biggest tax refund with 100% accurate calculations, up to date tax laws to help ensure your taxes are done right! Even if you are not ready to file, you can create an account and snag this offer so that when you are ready, you will have the free offer.
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*If you prefer, you can also get the deluxe versions of H&R Block or Turbo Tax on SALE!
- H&R Block Deluxe Federal AND STATE 2011 (Regularly $44.99): $19.99
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I'm planning on linking to this in tomorrow's Big Picture, but the car junkie in me found it just so fascinating I had to post early: Virtual Tour of VW's Transparent Factory
Its way cool, despite the abysmal pun the editors threw in; "We visit this glass house, home of the new Phaeton. Sure enough, nobody¹s throwing stones." I guess (sure enough) the Eds couldn't help themselves.
Source: Car and Driver
Here's an excerpt from the article:
In a bid to prove to customers that this luxury car is indeed different from all the others, the company has set up a factory, at a cost of some 186 million euros (roughly $208,000,000 at current exchange rates) that is unique in all the world. The building is located in the heart of Dresden, Germany, an 800-year-old city known for its arts and craftsmanship. The factory's walls are made almost entirely of glass — over 290,000 square feet of it. Its floors are covered entirely in Canadian maple. And its layout is visitor-friendly, set up to receive, per day, 250 tourists (by advance reservation at 5 euros each), customers, or prospects (gratis). There are no smokestacks, no loud noises, and no toxic byproducts. Parts arrive, and luxury cars depart . . .
Hat tip: Linkfilter
Update: January 7, 2005 4:32 pm
There is a terrific collection of photos here:
A photo tour of the Transparent Factory in Dresden http://forums.vwvortex.com/zerothread?id=1837641
Please use the comments to demonstrate your own ignorance, unfamiliarity with empirical data and lack of respect for scientific knowledge. Be sure to create straw men and argue against things I have neither said nor implied. If you could repeat previously discredited memes or steer the conversation into irrelevant, off topic discussions, it would be appreciated. Lastly, kindly forgo all civility in your discourse . . . you are, after all, anonymous.
2 Responses to "Transparent Factory"
Talk about the Substance of Style, eh?
My reaction when I saw the picture, before reading the article past the title was "oh, neat!"
transparency is good for companies
ok, so this isn't quite what you might expect, but what a great tangent….) as i was wandering, i ran into barry ritholtz – and he points to an interesting example of how transparency is working for at least one…


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DNA methylation and demethylation are important epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in eukaryotic cells and, so far, only partially understood. We exploit the minimalistic biological ciliate system to understand the crosstalk between DNA modification and chromatin structure. In the macronucleus of these cells, the DNA is fragmented into individual short DNA molecules, each representing a functional expression and replication unit. Therefore, long range epigenomic interaction can be excluded in this system.
In the stichotrichous ciliate Stylonychia lemnae, cytosine methylation occurs in a small subset of macronuclear nanochromosomes expressed only during sexual reproduction. Methylation pattern shows similarity to that observed in fungi and Drosophila. Cytosine methylation correlates with gene activity and chromatin structure. Upon gene activation, cytosines become demethylated and a redistribution of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) takes place. Evidence is presented that the formation of a permissive chromatin structure in the vicinity of the 5meCs precedes cytosine methylation and is probably a necessary prerequisite for their demethylation. Shortly after demethylation of cytosines occurs, the parental macronucleus degenerates, a new macronucleus is formed from a micronuclear derivative and the specific methylation pattern is transmitted from the germline micronucleus to the new macronucleus.
We show that very few, or even only one, discrete methylated cytosines are required to assign regulatory functions at a specific locus. Furthermore, evidence is provided that a permissive chromatin structure is probably a necessary prerequisite for the demethylation of specific cytosines. Our results allow us to propose a mechanistic model for the biological function of cytosine methylation in the ciliate cell and its regulation during the cell cycle.
Keywords:Cytosine methylation; Chromatin structure; Demethylation; Ciliates; Macronucleus
There is general agreement that differential molecular signatures of both the DNA and the proteinous contents of chromatin, such as histones, above the primary DNA sequence encode epigenetic information that are prerequisites for the spatiotemporal control of gene expression in a potentially heritable way. On the molecular level these signatures include DNA methylation at carbon number five in the pyrimidine ring of cytosines (5meC) [1], covalent post-translational modifications (PTMs) of all types of histone proteins, mostly at their N-terminal tails [2], and very probably the incorporation of specific histone variants into nucleosomal arrays [3]. DNA methylation has been frequently observed at symmetric CpG motifs in humans and many other organisms [4,5] as well as at asymmetric motifs (CpNpG and CpHpH), depending on the species and the developmental stage of an organism [6,7]. Cytosine methylation is mostly associated with transcriptional repression, possibly by direct blocking of transcription factor binding or by recruitment of histone deacetylases, thus impeding the decondensation of higher order conformations [1]. But it is now evident that cytosine methylation is more dynamic than previously thought [8].
The next level of epigenomic regulation of gene expression above the level of DNA modifications is the compaction of the 10 nm chromatin fiber, in which the DNA is wrapped around nucleosomes. This 10 nm fiber becomes further compacted by the interaction with linker histone H1 and other proteins [9]. Through altering the degree of chromatin compaction, PTMs of histone tails create chromatin structures favorable either for activation or repression of genes, depending on the genomic context and the combination of modifications at a given site [2]. Modifications found at distinct residues of the histone protein N-termini include - among others - lysine acetylation, lysine and arginine methylation as well as serine and threonine phosphorylation.
A crosstalk between DNA methylation and demethylation and chromatin structure has been assumed for a long time. In fact, histone modifications and DNA methylation could be mechanistically interconnected in various organisms. There are descriptions of DNA methylation directing histone modifications at specific loci in mammals [10-12] but only a limited number of examples have been reported in which histone modifications direct DNA methylation [13-17]. Demethylation processes are even more intricate as only one recent report shows that in Arabidopsis, a histone acetyltransferase regulates active DNA demethylation [18].
To contribute to the debate on how the crosstalk between different levels of the epigenomic signature is mechanistically involved in the regulation of differential gene expression, we decided to exploit the minimalistic nature of ciliate macronuclear nanochromosomes, each representing an independent functional genetic unit [19]. Therefore, long-range epigenomic interactions can be excluded in this system, allowing us to directly analyze the relation between the different epigenetic modifications. Each ciliate cell contains two different types of nuclei, somatic macronuclei and germline micronuclei. All transcripts required for vegetative growth are derived from macronuclear DNA while the transcriptionally inert micronuclear DNA is organized into heterochromatin [20]. During sexual reproduction (conjugation) a new macronucleus (macronuclear anlage) differentiates from a micronuclear derivative while the old macronucleus becomes degraded in exconjugant cells after sexual reproduction. During macronuclear differentiation, dramatic DNA reorganization and elimination processes occur (Figure 1) resulting in a new macronucleus in which DNA is organized in short molecules, the nanochromosomes, ranging in size from between 0.4 to over 20 kb in stichotrichous ciliates. Each of these nanochromosomes usually contains only one open reading frame and all sequences required for expression and replication [21]. Conjugation is accompanied by a short-termed boost of differential expression of numerous genes [22]. The differential expression of selected genes (mdp1 and mdp2) at the onset of sexual reproduction, which are repressed during vegetative growth, is a prerequisite for the regulation of subsequent developmental genome reorganization processes. Differential patterns of post-transcriptional histone H3 modifications were recently investigated in some of these genes, and these analyses revealed that gene activation leads to a relocalization of specific PTMs. In the transcriptionally repressed state, accumulation of active markers such as (H3K14ac, H3K4me3, H3K4me1) has been observed at its 3′-end, whereas those active markers relocate to the 5′-end during the activation of the gene [23].
Figure 1. Macronuclear differentiation in the stichotrichous ciliate Stylonychia lemnae. (A) Schematic diagram of macronuclear differentiation. Time points at which DNA or RNA was isolated are indicated by an arrow. (B-F) Nuclear events during macronuclear differentiation and behavior of the developmentally expressed Mdp1 (Piwi) protein. (B) In the two conjugating cells, Piwi accumulates in the parental macronucleus (p). (C-D) During formation of polytene chromosomes, Piwi relocalizes from the parental macronucleus (p) to the developing macronucleus (a1-3). (E, F) During chromatin elimination in the anlage (e) and subsequent formation of the vegetative macronucleus (m), Piwi is no longer present. (G) Expression of the genes mdp1 and mdp2 during vegetative growth and at the onset of macronuclear differentiation. While no expression of these genes takes place during vegetative growth, they become transcribed approximately 30 hours after the onset of sexual reproduction. IES: sequences interrupting macronuclear-destined sequences in the micronuclear genome. MDS: macronuclear-destined sequences in the macronuclear genome.
Although cytosine methylation in the ciliate genome has been described as being potentially involved in DNA processing during macronuclear differentiation [24,25], a potential role in the regulation of gene expression has so far not been demonstrated. To address this issue, we analyzed the occurrence of 5-methyl cytosine in either constitutively expressed macronuclear genes or genes only activated during sexual reproduction. We provide strong evidence for a pivotal role of the DNA methylation status of specific cytosines for the regulation of differential gene expression and propose that site-specific cytosine methylation may be involved in long-term silencing of a sub-fraction of developmentally regulated genes. This methylation pattern seems to be transmitted from the micronucleus to the macronucleus during macronuclear differentiation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the creation of a permissive chromatin structure above the methylated cytosines precedes cytosine demethylation and may be a necessary prerequisite for this process.
The majority of macronuclear nanochromosomes are continuously expressed during vegetative growth of the cell. However, recently we showed that at the onset of sexual reproduction, ten hours post-conjugation a sub-fraction of nanochromosomes becomes developmentally expressed during early macronuclear development (Figure 1A, stage a1) while they are silent in the vegetative macronucleus. According to a recent microarray analysis, less than 1% of the nanochromosomes (approximately 100 nanochromosomes, most of which are not yet characterized) present in the macronucleus are developmentally expressed [22], for example, nanochromosomes encoding some histone variants or proteins involved in programmed DNA elimination show developmentally regulated expression.
When analyzing the distribution of PTMs typical for active chromatin on the well-characterized developmentally expressed nanochromosomes mdp1 and mdp2, it became obvious that upon activation of gene expression, a redistribution of these PTMs takes place as has already been described [23]. While in the silenced state, these PTMs accumulate at the 3′-end, after activation they accumulate at the 5-′end. In addition, we now show that H3K9me3/K27me3, a PTM typical for repressed chromatin is found at the 5-′end in the silenced state but becomes removed upon activation (see below, Figure 2).
Figure 2. Localization of different histone PTMs in parental macronuclei (p) and micronuclei (m) of exconjugant cells shortly after separation. (A-C) In situ staining using antibodies directed against H3K9me3/K27me3 (A, hot magenta), H3K4me (B, hot blue), H3K9ac/K14ac (C, yellow). DNA counterstaining with To-Pro-3 (red). (D, E) Distribution of these PTMs on the 5′- and 3′-subtelomeric regions of mdp1 as well as mdp2 nanochromosomes during vegetative growth and in exconjugant cells.
In the macronucleus, 5meC is associated with some genes in their silent state and becomes removed upon activation
To find out whether there is also a possible link between cytosine methylation and gene expression, we tried to determine whether any cytosine methylation occurs in macronuclear DNA and whether this DNA modification differs between genes permanently expressed in the macronucleus from those which are transcriptionally repressed during vegetative growth and only activated during sexual reproduction.
For a long time it was believed that no cytosine methylation is present in the ciliate genome, and only recently has cytosine methylation in the micronucleus and the developing macronucleus been described as being associated with DNA sequences becoming eliminated during further development [24,25]. In RP-HPLC analyses of macronuclear DNA, no cytosine methylation could be detected [24] (data not shown) suggesting that it is present only in very low quantities (below 0.2%) and in very few genes in the macronucleus. The most likely methylated genes should be those silenced during vegetative growth in macronuclear DNA but activated only during sexual reproduction. We therefore decided to look for cytosine methylation in those genes silenced in the vegetative macronucleus and compare them to constitutively expressed genes. To establish the 5-methyl cytosine status, macronuclear DNA from vegetative cells and from cells during an early stage of macronuclear development (exconjugant cells) was subjected to bisulfite treatment. Five specific macronuclear nanochromosomes (Figure 3A) were amplified by PCR using primers specific for bisulfite-modified DNA and cloned. Between eight and eighteen clones were sequenced for each analysis. Three of the analyzed nanochromosomes encode genes constitutively expressed in the macronucleus, actin I [GenBank accession number DQ108616], β tubulin [GenBank accession number AF10208.1] and histone H4 [GenBank accession number X16018], the other two, mdp1 [GenBank accession number AY261996] and mdp2 [GenBank accession number GU111958] belong to the most prominent genes expressed only during sexual reproduction. The expression of these two genes during vegetative growth and the onset of sexual reproduction is shown in (Figure 1G). Furthermore, the redistribution of PTMs typical for active chromatin was shown before for both nanochromosomes [23]. Mdp1 encodes a Piwi/argonaute family protein that is involved in a transnuclear crosstalk and the metabolism of small RNAs [26]. Its spatiotemporal localization is shown in Figure 1B-F. During conjugation Piwi/MDP1 accumulates in the parental macronucleus fragments (Figure 1B), and at later stages it relocalizes from the parental macronucleus to the new developing macronucleus (Figure 1C-E), but is no longer present during the second round of DNA amplification in the new macronucleus (Figure 1F). Thus, it behaves as expected from the scanRNA model for the control of macronuclear differentiation in which small RNAs associate with Piwi are involved in specifying the processing of the micronuclear genome during macronuclear development [21]. MDP2 is functionally less characterized, but homology searches suggest that it contains an Alba protein domain and therefore may be a cytoplasmic RNA binding protein [27]. Silencing expression of both of these genes during sexual reproduction leads to an arrest in macronuclear differentiation in the early polytene chromosome stage (Figure 1A, stage a2).
Figure 3. Macronuclear nanochromosomes studied and DNA methylation pattern of developmentally expressed genes during vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. (A) Actin, tubulin and histone H4 are constitutively expressed genes; mdp1 and mdp2 are only expressed during sexual reproduction in exconjugant cells. Red shaded areas show the open reading frames of the nanochromosomes. Cytosines are methylated at positions 28, 35 and 38 in mdp1 and at position 44 in mdp2 (red stars). Black dashed lines: amplicons analyzed for cytosine methylation; blue lines: amplicons used for ChIP analyses. (B, C) DNA methylation pattern in mdp1 (B) and mdp2 (C) during vegetative growth (mdp1/mdp2 repressed) and in exconjugant cells (mdp1/mdp2 expressed).
Analyses of bisulfite-modified macronuclear DNA revealed that in the genes constitutively expressed (actin I, β tubulin, histone H4) no cytosine methylation can be detected in either vegetative cells or in exconjugant cells. In contrast, in DNA isolated from vegetative cells, cytosine methylation was observed in the 5′-non coding region of both mdp1 and mdp2. In mdp1, three methylated cytosines were found at positions 28, 35 and 38 in the sequence context CAG and CG. In mdp2, only one methylated cytosine could be found at position 44 in the sequence context CTG (for statistical significance see Additional file 1). In both cases the methylated cytosines are upstream of the putative TATA boxes. No sequence homology between mdp1 and mdp2 in the regions in which these methylated cytosines were located could be found except that both sequences are very AT rich. In both cases the first cytosine(s) downstream, the telomeric sequence was methylated while no cytosines further downstream were modified (Figure 3B, C). Remarkably, although the enormous multiplication of both mdp1 and mdp2 expression in exconjugant cells strongly indicate that both genes are silent during vegetative growth (Figure 1G), we could find a significant subset of mdp2 nanochromosomes unmethylated (Figure 3C; Additional file 1), suggesting that at least for some genes, DNA methylation alone is not sufficient to induce repression of their expression.
Additional file 1. 5meC quantification in mdp1 and mpd2.
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In DNA isolated from exconjugants at a time point where mdp1 and mdp2 are expressed, no cytosine DNA methylation could be observed, suggesting that they are actively demethylated (Figure 3B, C). Thus, demethylation of very few, or in the case of mdp2, even only one methyl group at a specific cytosine correlates with activation of gene expression. Interestingly, it has been reported that induced CD4+ T-cell activation leads to demethylation of a single CpG site in the promoter-enhancer of the human IL2 gene, and that this change is necessary and sufficient to enhance transcription of a reporter plasmid [28].
DNA methylation signatures of mdp1 and mdp2 nanochromosomes are reminiscent of their micronuclear patterns
We made an attempt to understand how this specific methylation pattern is introduced into these developmentally expressed nanochromosomes. For this, we isolated DNA from micronuclei and early macronuclear anlagen in the precursor sequences of mdp1 and mdp2. As shown in micronuclear DNA as well as in DNA from the differentiating macronucleus, the same cytosines are methylated as in the vegetative macronucleus. Our data therefore suggest that the methylation pattern of the germline micronucleus is preserved and transmitted to the new macronucleus. In contrast, in the nanochromosomal precursor sequences, macronuclear-destined sequences (MDSs) of either the micronucleus or the developing macronucleus of the constitutively expressed β tubulin, no methylation was found in either the micronuclei or macronuclear anlage (see Additional file 2).
Additional file 2. DNA methylation patterns of A. mdp1, B. mdp2 and C. alpha-tubulin in differentiating macronuclei (anlagen).
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Repressive chromatin markers become relocalized in a subset of genes which are activated at the onset of sexual reproduction only
We have recently shown that activation of mdp1 and mdp2 correlates with a redistribution of histone modifications typical for active genes. While in the silenced status, these PTMs accumulate at the 3′-end of the gene they are enriched at the 5′-end upon activation [23]. In this former study the distribution of modifications typical for repressed chromatin was not included. In fact, no signals are obtained when macronuclei of vegetative cells (data not shown) or fragments of parental macronuclei are stained in situ with an antibody directed against H3K9me3/K27me3 (Figure 2A), suggesting that these PTM do not occur or only in minor concentrations in the macronucleus; a very similar situation to that of the methylated cytosines. Notably, unlike in many animals studied so far, a functional discrimination between H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 has not been demonstrated in ciliated protozoa to date [20,29]. Using ChIP experiments we now analyzed the distribution of these repressive markers in combination with PTMs typical for active chromatin (H3K4me in Figure 2B, H3K9ac/K14ac in Figure 2C) on the mdp1 and mdp2 nanochromosomes either in their silenced or active state (Figure 2D, E). In the silenced status we observe an enrichment of the active marker at the 3′- end similar to those observations reported for other PTMs typical for active chromatin [23], but interestingly, enrichment of H3K9me3/K27me3 could be detected on the 5′-end of both mdp1 and mdp2 nanochromosomes at a similar position to that where we also find methylated cytosines (Figure 2D and E, vegetative growth phase). Upon activation, the concentration of H3K9me3/K27me3 at the 5′-end is greatly reduced while H3K4me and H3K9ac/K14ac relocalize from the 3′- to the 5′-end. No H3K9me3/K27me3 associated with constitutively expressed genes could be found, while the distribution of active PTMs was similar to those expressed in mdp1 and mdp2 (data not shown) [23]. Thus we conclude that PTMs typical for repressive chromatin are involved in the regulation of a small sub-fraction of macronuclear genes which exhibit short-term expression during sexual reproduction but are repressed during most of the cell's life cycle.
Inhibition of HAT activity impedes DNA demethylation as well as activation of mdp1 and mdp2 expression
It is generally assumed that there is a crosstalk between cytosine methylation and chromatin structure, determined by PTMs and other proteins. To elucidate this mechanism in our biological system, we used specific drugs which either inhibit histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. C646 is a p300 histone acetyltransferase inhibitor. Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) p300/CBP is a transcriptional co-activator implicated in many gene regulatory pathways with acetyltransferase activity. It was shown that C646 suppresses histone H3 and H4 acetylation in mouse fibroblast cell lines [30]. Trichostatin A (TSA) belongs to the class of histone deacetylase inhibitors that have broad activity spectra. TSA selectively inhibits members of the mammalian class I and II HDAC families, whereby it can alter gene expression by interfering with the removal of acetyl groups from histones, and thereby changes the accessibility of transcription factors to the DNA. At the concentrations used in this study, both inhibitors show no effect on vegetative cells but exhibit a phenotype in exconjugant cells. Macronuclear development is slightly delayed during the first DNA amplification stage and is arrested in the polytene chromosome stage of the macronuclear anlage (Figure 1A). Upon TSA treatment, IES (internal eliminated sequence) excision is defective [31] and incubation of cells with the C646 inhibitor at the beginning of sexual reproduction largely prevents the accumulation of H3K9ac/K14ac at the 5′-end of this stage (Additional file 3). Furthermore, we observed that methylated cytosines at both nanochromosomes mdp1 and mdp2 remained present during macronuclear development, whereas after incubation with TSA the DNA remained unmethylated (Figure 4A, B). We also investigated the effect of C646 on the expression of mdp1 and mdp2. For normalization, we included expression analyses of the two housekeeping genes actin I and β tubulin. As shown in Figure 4C, we observed very low level mdp1 and mdp2 expression when compared with untreated cells at the conjugation stage. Hence, we concluded that both genes remained silenced upon inhibition of acetyltransferase, pointing to a crosstalk between PTMs and methylation status.
Figure 4. Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase. (A, B) Effect of histone acetyl transferase inhibitor C646 and histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA on the DNA methylation pattern of mdp1 (A) and mdp2 (B). (C) The effect of histone deacetylase inhibitor C646 on the expression of these nanochromosomes during sexual reproduction was analyzed by qPCR. In both cases a dramatic decline in expression is observed after treatment with C646.
Additional file 3. Effect of C646 on the distribution of H3K9ac/K14ac on A. mdp1 and B. mdp2.
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Until very recently it was believed that cytosine methylation does not occur in ciliated protozoa, or only at a defined stage of development [32]. Here we show that this DNA modification occurs also in a small subset of macronuclear nanochromosomes developmentally expressed during sexual reproduction (Figure 3), while no such DNA modification is observed in constitutively expressed nanochromosomes. Therefore, as in other organisms, cytosine methylation also correlates with transcriptional activity in the ciliate cell. Surprisingly, only very few, or in the case of mdp2, only one methylated cytosine are found in the 5′-subtelomeric regions of the nanochromosomes upstream the TATA box, and removal of these singular methyl groups correlates with activation of expression. This indicates that only very few and discrete methylated cytosines are required to assign regulatory functions to a specific locus. Such a low level of methylated cytosines is below the detection limit of the standard RP-HPLC used in this study which could explain the failure of cytosine methylation detection in vegetative cells in former studies [24]. While in mammals methylated cytosines are preferentially found in the CpG context, we find them also in the CAG or CTG context, somehow similar to what has been described in Neurospora, plants or Drosophila[8,33,34]. The presence of methylated cytosines correlates with the distribution of histone PTMs on the nanochromosomes. While in nanochromosomes active throughout the cell's life PTMs typical for active chromatin accumulate at the 5′-end and no PTMs typical for repressed chromatin are found, active PTMs accumulate at the 3′-end of the nanochromosomes in the presence of 5meC and a PTM typical for repressed chromatin is present at the 5′-end above the methylated cytosines (Figure 2). Upon activation of expression, not only cytosines become demethylated but PTMs also redistribute on the nanochromosome. H3K9me3/K27me3, typical for repressed chromatin becomes removed and the active PTMs, H3K4me and H3K9ac/K14ac, are removed from the 3′-end and accumulate at the 5′-end or at least are equally distributed along the entire nanochromosome as in the case of mdp2 (Figure 2) [23]. The combined presence of 5meC as well as H3K9me3/H3K27me3 at the 5′-end of nanochromosomes could be relevant regarding the effectiveness of gene silencing. This could explain our observation that a significant subset of mdp2 nanochromosomes without 5meC was present in vegetative cells, whereby no expression of this gene above threshold could be detected. To understand the relationship between cytosine demethylation and chromatin context, we either inhibited histone acetylation or histone deacetylation. Until very recently, such a relationship remained unclear but now it has been shown in Arabidopsis that H3 acetylation creates a chromatin environment permissible for 5-methyl cytosine DNA glycolysis [18]. Our results suggest a similar mechanism, that is, after inhibition of acetyl transferase, which prevents the accumulation and redistribution of H3K9ac/14ac at the 5′-end, thereby creating a permissive chromatin structure, demethylation cannot be observed. But these observations do not completely exclude the possibility that the drugs applied may affect other pathways involved in DNA methylation or demethylation. A relevant question is how a specific methylation pattern is established in a small subset of nanochromosomes. We show that a similar methylation pattern has already been observed in the macronuclear precursor sequences in the micronucleus and the developing macronucleus. Shortly after activation of the genes developmentally expressed during sexual reproduction, the old macronucleus degenerates and a new macronucleus is formed by a micronuclear derivative and it seems reasonable to assume that the specific methylation pattern is transmitted from the germline micronucleus through macronuclear development towards the mature, vegetative macronucleus. As such, no specific de novo methylation has to occur. Taking all presented results together allows us to propose a mechanistic model for the biological function of cytosine methylation in the ciliate cell and its regulation throughout the life cycle of these single cell eukaryotes. The presence of the methylated cytosines correlates with gene activity and suggests that very few, or even a single methylated cytosine mark, is sufficient for long-term repression of gene expression, thus adding one further example of a specific cytosine correlating with gene expression [28]. Upon gene activation, a relocalization of histone PTMs takes place and assembly of a permissive chromatin structure above the methylated cytosines, a necessary prerequisite for subsequent demethylation takes place. This mechanism has also recently been suggested for Arabidopsis. Shortly after this demethylation event, the old macronucleus disintegrates and the specific methylation pattern is transmitted from the micronucleus to the vegetative macronucleus during nuclear differentiation.
We introduce a biological model system, ciliated protozoa, whose minimalistic nature of macronuclear genome organization seems to be especially suited to analyze the crosstalk between different levels of epigenomic regulation. Macronucleus DNA is fragmented into small nanochromosomes, each representing a functional, transcriptional and replicational unit. We show that a low level of cytosine methylation occurs in the subtelomeric region of a small subset of macronuclear nanochromosomes only expressed during sexual reproduction, and this specific methylation pattern seems to be passed on from the germline nucleus to the vegetative macronucleus. Upon gene activation these cytosines become demethylated, demonstrating that only very few and discrete methylated cytosines are required to assign regulatory functions at a given locus. Cytosine methylation and demethylation also correlate with chromatin structure. Upon gene activation, a permissive chromatin structure is formed prior to cytosine demethylation and may be a prerequisite for this process. Results obtained in this study may not only be relevant for ciliated protozoa but for eukaryotes in general.
Growth of Stylonychia, synchronization, administration of drugs
Growth of Stylonychia lemnae and isolation of macronuclei, micronuclei or macronuclear anlagen were performed as described previously [32]. DNA contamination of other nuclear types was avoided by purification of macronuclear, micronuclear or macronuclear anlagen DNA by electroelution from agarose gels. Purification was always repeated twice. To set up conjugation, cells of different mating types were mixed. Conjugation efficiency was between 90 and 95%. Cells from various stages of macronuclear development as well as vegetative cells were used to isolate total RNA, DNA and chromatin.
Inhibition of histone deacetylase and histone acetyl transferase
In some experiments, ciliates were treated with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) (final concentration 0.4 μM, administered during conjugation), or histone acetyl transferase (HAT) inhibitor C646 (Calbiochem, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) (final concentration 3 μM, added two hours prior to conjugation set up). RNA and DNA from such treated cells were isolated 30 hours post conjugation.
Purification of nucleic acids and cDNA synthesis
Isolation of DNA was performed as described [24]. RNA was isolated from exconjugant cells harvested 30 hours post conjugation. Total RNA was isolated using InnuSOLV RNA reagent (Analytik Jena, Jena, Germany) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. From obtained RNA, genomic DNA was removed using RNase-free DNase I (Fermentas, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). 2 μg of RNA were used to synthesize cDNA with InnuSCRIPT reverse transcriptase (Analytik Jena, Jena, Germany).
Analyses of gene expression
200 ng of cDNA were used for each quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) reaction using a Light Cycler instrument (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) as described previously [23]. To generate standard curves, undiluted input DNA of known concentration or serial dilutions (1/10; 1/100) were analyzed at least in triplicates. Actin I and α-tubulin were used as housekeeping genes in order to determine the relative amount of expression of genes of interest. We performed qPCR using the following primers (see supplementary material Table 1): Initial denaturation was carried out for 5 minutes at 95°C and subsequently 45 cycles were performed (95°C for 10 seconds; 60°C for 15 seconds), then a final elongation at 72°C for 30 seconds was allowed.
Table 1. Macronucleus specific primers for the N-ChIP analyses
Bisulfite sequencing
Bisulfite treatment was performed with 1 μg macronuclear DNA using EpiTect (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to manufacturer's recommendations. Bisulfite converted DNA was amplified using conversion specific primers (see supplementary material Table 2) designed with the Kismeth software (http://katahdin.mssm.edu/kismeth webcite), considering potential cytosine methylation in any sequence context (CG, CHG, and CHH). (For bisulfite primer amplicons, see Figure 3). Amplicons were sequenced (Eurofins MWG Operon, Ebersberg, Germany), constructs were aligned using Geneious v5.6 software (Geneious, Auckland, New Zealand) and the Clustal W algorithm (See Figures 3 and 4 for aligned sequences).
Table 2. Macronucleus specific primers for bisulfite analysis
Chromatin isolation and ChIP
Chromatin isolation and ChIP analyses were carried out as described [23]. Antibodies used for ChIP were directed against H3K9me3/K27me3, H3K4me or H3K9ac/K14ac (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). The specificities of these polyclonal antibodies on ciliate histone modifications are well documented [20].
Confocal laser scanning microscopy
Sample treatment for immunofluorescence and subsequent analyses by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was performed using a protocol, antibodies and dyes, which are described in detail in [20]. Images were assembled using ImageJ (Rasband, WS, ImageJ, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/ webcite, 1997–2004) and Adobe Photoshop CS5 software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA, USA).
CLSM: Confocal laser scanning microscopy; HAT: Histone acetyltransferase; HDAC: Histone deacetylase; IES: Internal eliminated sequences; MDS: Macronuclear-destined sequence; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; PTM: Posttranslational modification; RP-HPLC: Reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography; TSA: Trichostatin A
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
AB, JP, AF and FJ performed and designed experiments. GR and HJL made the overall design and coordination of the study. HJL, in collaboration with all authors, wrote the manuscript which was approved by them all.
This work was supported by grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to HJL and GR.
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text: These little guys showed up today courtesy of Butcher Block crew! So It's a 2 pack of 100 % Halloween Be@rs produced by Medicom Toys and designed by Dr.Romanelli and Butcher Block. The "Visible" be@r is the DRx one it's all about veins and guts the other brother is Butcher Block's first be@r featuring their logo on the front, mad paint splatters on all over, menacing skull on the back of the head. The boxes are all soaked in blood and very fitting into Halloween Theme. But wait that's not all. There is also a 400 % DRx "Visible" Be@r. It's made out of clear plastic so you could see all the inner workings of 400% be@r, like little springs and gears. If you are looking for a set good luck! The Be@rs are only sold on Halloween Eve in mad limited quantity. Congratulations to Butcher Block, DRx and Medicom Toys this is probably the freshest Halloween Release yet. Visit www.drromanelli.com for more pretty pictures and details. Oh and be on the look out for Butcher Block in the future it'll blow your lid off.


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St. Louis Encephalitis Antibody, IgG by IFA, Serum (INACTIVE as of 10/30/14: See Ordering Recommendations)
Ordering Recommendation
No alternative testing available in the U.S. See Inactivation Notification.
Semi-Quantitative Indirect Fluorescent Antibody
Tue, Fri
1-5 days
New York DOH Approval Status
This test is New York DOH approved.
Submit With Order
Specimen Required
- Patient Preparation
- Collect
- Serum separator tube.
- Specimen Preparation
- Separate serum from cells ASAP or within 2 hours of collection. Transfer 1 mL serum to an ARUP Standard Transport Tube. (Min: 0.05 mL) Parallel testing is preferred and convalescent specimens must be received within 30 days from receipt of the acute specimens. Mark specimens plainly as acute or convalescent.
- Storage/Transport Temperature
- Refrigerated.
- Unacceptable Conditions
- Contaminated, hemolyzed, or severely lipemic specimens.
- Remarks
- Stability
- After separation from cells: Ambient: 48 hours; Refrigerated: 2 weeks; Frozen: 1 year (avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles)
Reference Interval
Less than 1:16
Interpretive Data
A positive result for IgG may suggest current or past infection.Antibody to any of the Flavivirus group (Group B viruses) will react quite strongly with the St. Louis encephalitis viral antigen and, therefore, cannot be differentiated further. The specific virus responsible for such a titer must be deduced by the travel history of the patient, along with available medical and epidemiological data, unless the virus can be isolated.
Serum specimens drawn within the first two weeks after onset are variably negative for IgG antibody and should not be used to exclude the diagnosis of arboviral disease. Seroconversion between acute and convalescent sera is considered strong evidence of recent infection. The best evidence for infection is a significant change (fourfold difference in titer) on two appropriately timed specimens, where both tests are performed in the same laboratory at the same time.
CPT Code(s)
|Component Test Code*
|Component Chart Name
|St. Louis Encephalitis Ab, IgG, Serum
- St. Louis encephalitis IgG, Serum


text:
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New York Yankees pitcher Andy Pettitte delivers the ball to the Seattle Mariners during the second inning of a baseball game Thursday, May 16, 2013, at Yankee Stadium in New York. (AP Photo/Bill Kostroun)
- Filed Under
How many injuries can the Yankees withstand?
Two more players went down on Thursday night, leaving a 3-2 loss to the Mariners overshadowed by lingering concern about Andy Pettitte and Chris Stewart.
Pettitte left the game in the fifth inning with a tight left trapezius, a muscle in the upper back. The 40-year-old missed one start earlier this season because of lower back spasms and said this initial diagnosis was essentially the same. It's uncertain whether he'll miss any more time. ...


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John Brennan is no Chuck Hagel. That much was clear from the confirmation hearings on Brennan's nomination to head the CIA. Unlike Hagel, who stumbled and mumbled through his performance, Brennan demonstrated a deep knowledge of his brief and answered (or gamely parried) tough questions with great self-assurance and forcefulness.
But several of Brennan's answers before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence were problematic. Indeed, his three and a half hours of testimony raised important questions on two issues central to his nomination: the politicization of intelligence and the Obama administration's approach to fighting radical Islam. Brennan will face additional questions in both areas at a closed hearing on his nomination on February 12. He should.
During the hearing last week, several senators asked Brennan about the enhanced interrogation techniques (EITs) used by the CIA during the Bush administration. In a 2007 interview, Brennan offered a broad defense of the program. "There [has] been a lot of information that has come out from these interrogation procedures that the agency has in fact used against the real hardcore terrorists," Brennan said. "It has saved lives," he continued. "And let's not forget, these are hardened terrorists who have been responsible for 9/11, who have shown no remorse at all for the deaths of 3,000 innocents."
In the same interview, however, Brennan criticized waterboarding as "inconsistent with American values" and "something that should be prohibited." That wasn't good enough for many Democrats, who not only believed that EITs were immoral but also desperately needed them to be deemed ineffective, even if the evidence demonstrated otherwise. So Democrats on the intelligence committee undertook a "study" of EITs in an effort to discredit them further. Not surprisingly, the report questions the practices' effectiveness.
When Brennan was asked for his thoughts on the 350-page executive summary—again, prepared only by Democrats—he testified that it had changed his mind. "I must tell you, senator, that reading this report from the committee raises serious questions about the information that I was given at the time and the impression I had at that time. Now I have to determine what, based on that information as well as what CIA says, what the truth is."
So Brennan trusts a partisan report produced by senators whose conclusions were announced before the study was even commissioned as much as his own firsthand, contemporaneous knowledge of the effectiveness of the program while he was at the CIA? As Senator Saxby Chambliss pointed out, Brennan received more than 50 emails on the results of interrogations of Abu Zubaydah, one of three al Qaeda leaders to be waterboarded. Brennan's predecessors who have spoken about the issue publicly—Michael Hayden and Leon Panetta—have acknowledged that EITs produced valuable information. And a close look at the CIA inspector general's report on EITs leaves readers with one inescapable conclusion: They worked.
If Brennan's apparent change of heart on EITs causes concern about his ability to put analysis ahead of politics, his comments on Ali Harzi, a suspect in the Benghazi attacks last fall, raise questions about the Obama administration's approach to radical Islam and—more immediately troubling—Brennan's veracity.
Did John Brennan lie under oath? The answer appears to be yes.
Here's the backstory. Senator Marco Rubio asked Brennan about Harzi, who was detained in Tunisia and eventually released by the Tunisian government. When Rubio asked why the United States couldn't prevent Harzi's release by the Tunisians, Brennan responded that the United States must respect Tunisian law and traditions. "The Tunisians did not have a basis in their law to hold him." And when Rubio pushed further, Brennan dismissed his concerns and made a claim that simply isn't true.
"We didn't have anything on him, either," Brennan said. "If we did, we would have made a point to the Tunisians to turn him over to us, but we didn't have that."
We didn't have anything on him?
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Country artist Clint Black will visit Ruby Diamond Concert Hall on September 25.
- Filed Under
The Seven Days of Opening Nights Festival has announced that it will host country artist Clint Black at 7:30 p.m. on September 25 at Ruby Diamond Concert Hall.
The prolific singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist has long been heralded as one of country music's brightest stars. The New Jersey-born and Texas-raised artist has written, recorded and released more than 100 songs, 13 of which have reached number one on the Billboard Country charts. Black has sold more than 20 million albums worldwide.
In addition to his success as a musical artist, Black has recently been seen on television in NBC's "Celebrity Apprentice" and PBS's "History Detectives."
Tickets prices range from $35 to $75 and are available now at tickets.fsu.edu or by calling 644-6500.
The full season of Seven Days events will be announced on August 6.


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- 17:51, November 20, 2010 ChiefjusticeDS (talk | contribs) deleted page User:Multiliteralist/Summit of Spin/RandomMan (content was: "#REDIRECT UnBooks:The approximate adventures of RandomMan" (and the only contributor was "Multiliteralist"))
- 17:36, November 20, 2010 Multiliteralist (talk | contribs) moved page User:Multiliteralist/Summit of Spin/RandomMan to UnBooks:The approximate adventures of RandomMan (such a masturpeace must not be left in my sordid userspace!)


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Does the job
14 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2764634 on Aug 24, 2010
This stuff serves it function. The only criticism is that it contains fructose and sorbitol. Stevia would be a better sweetener. Still, as far as I know the Now methyl B12 is more natural than the other methyl B12 on offer. Not to mention that Now Foods is a GMP certified company with a reputation for not cutting corners. Keep the lid on tight though, as this product is notorious for absorbing moisture.
Brain B12
7 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer1717876 on Jan 26, 2007
This is an excellent product but difficult to find on iHerb, (must search under methylcobalamin.) Dissolves well under tongue for quick absorption. Considered most bioavailable form of B12. I have read that B12 and folic acid help regulate sleep patterns. I have known people who have found B12 helpful for migraines.
I like this product, BUT ......
5 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer1651341 on Sep 29, 2008
I like this product. BUT, this product always gets damaged by moisture AFTER couple months. ( It is always properly stored and any other products are fine. )
Mom likes it!
4 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer3065769 on Mar 16, 2010
I bought this for my mother in law. She says that it makes her feel more energized. Sometimes she takes two. She says that it tastes like candy. A good purchase!
good b12 product
4 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer1246513 on May 24, 2007
this form of b12 (mthylcolamin) is much more bioavailable than others at high dosage levels. Now products a good product, that contains as described. It is extremely difficult to find on the iherb site however


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Comedian Paula Poundstone will be slinging wit in her one-woman stand-up comedy act at 7:30 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 24, at the Strand-Capitol Performing Arts Center, 50 N. George St., York. Tickets: $31-$41. Information: (717) 846-1111 or www.mystrandcapitol.org.
The National Circus of the People's Republic of China's "Cirque Chinois" marries music, dance, acrobatics, feats of balance, tumbling and more into a an elaborately outfitted and choreographed show at 7:30 p.m. Tuesday, Nov. 27, at the Strand-Capitol Performing Arts Center, 50 N. George St., York. Tickets: $29-$38. Information: (717) 846-1111 or www.mystrandcapitol.org.
The annual Christmas Magic: A Festival of Lights features a half-mile walking trail with new and classic displays of Christmas lights, animated scenes, trains and more as well as food and live music at Rocky Ridge County Park, 3699 Deininger Road in Springettsbury Township. The display opens Friday, Nov. 23, and runs through Dec. 31 (closed Christmas Eve and Day). Hours are 6 to 9 p.m. weekdays Admission: $5-$8. Information: (717) 840-7443 or www.yorkcountyparks.org.
The Log House Christmas Crafts Show, presented by the East Berlin Historical Preservation Society, runs from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Friday, Saturday and Sunday (Nov. 23-25) in the Log House behind the post office on Third Street in East Berlin.
The show features handmade crafts and floral arrangements. Admission is free. Information: (717) 259-0822 or ebhpspa.org.
Meet raptors and learn about their habits during the Birds of Prey Day program from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 24, at Nixon County Park, 5922 Nixon Drive, Springfield Township. Registration is required for the free, all-ages program. Information: (717) 428-1961 or www.yorkcountyparks.org.
Bring on Play's Plaza Palooza presents an animals theme from noon to 4 p.m. Sunday, Nov. 25, in front of Sovereign Bank Stadium. The playground, ice skating, games, crafts and more will be open to families with children 12 and under. Special events include a safari adventure, animal visitors, bird feeder crafts and other animal-themed fun. Admission: $4. Information: (717) 849-2287 or www.yorkcity.org/bop.
The 31st annual Greater York Toy Extravaganza features two halls full of dealers in toys and pop culture, trains, dolls, action figures and more from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Sunday, Nov. 25, in Memorial Hall at the York Expo Center, 334 Carlisle Ave., West Manchester Township. Admission: $5 for adults, free for children under 12. Information: (717) 424-4004 or www.yorkexpo.com.
The Marshall Tucker Band will give a concert at 7:30 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 29, at the Pullo Family Performing Arts Center, 1031 Edgecomb Ave. on the Penn State York campus. Driving Vegas will open the show. Tickets: $35-$50. Information: (717) 505-8900 or pullocenter.yk.psu.edu.
Roots rockers Hoots & Hellmouth are back for a CapLive concert at 8 p.m. Friday, Nov. 23, at the Capitol Theatre, 50 N. George St., York. The Vinegar Creek Constituency will open the show. Tickets: $14. Information: (717) 846-1111 or www.mystrandcapitol.org.
There are three York-Adams League teams left in the District 3 football playoffs. West York will play host to Susquehanna Township at 7 p.m. Friday in a District 3-AAA semifinal. Bermudian Springs will face Wyomissing at 7 Friday night at Hersheypark Stadium in the District 3-AA title game. Also at Hersheypark Stadium, Delone Catholic will meet Steel-High at 1 p.m. Friday in the District 3-A championship game.
The York College basketball teams will compete in a doubleheader at Gettysburg College on Sunday afternoon. The women's game is slated for 1 p.m., followed by the men's game at 3 p.m.
Tickets for the annual Holiday Choral Concert by the York Symphony Orchestra Chorus are on sale now. The concert will feature a complete performance of Handel's "Messiah" at 3 p.m. Sunday, Dec. 2, at First Presbyterian Church, 225 E. Market St., York. Tickets are $15 for adults and $10 for students. Call (717) 846-1111 or visit www.mystrandcapitol.org to purchase tickets.
The Ralphie May: Too Big To Ignore comedy show originally scheduled for Nov. 1 has been rescheduled for 8 p.m. Sunday, April 21, 2013, at the Pullo Family Performing Arts Center. Tickets are on sale now for $32.50 to $42.50. Call (717) 505-8900 or visit pullocenter.yk.psu.edu to purchase tickets.
Tickets for the annual German-American Society of York/Alpenrose Weihnachtstanz (Christmas dinner dance) are on sale now and must be purchased by Thursday, Nov. 29. The dance, featuring music by The Continentals, will be from 2 to 8 p.m. Sunday, Dec. 16, at the Valencia Ballroom, 142 N. George St., York. Tickets are $35 for members and $40 for non-members. Call Al Langis at (717) 235-4455 for details.


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|Efficacy of Hylan G-F 20 and Sodium Hyaluronate in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee -- a prospective randomized clinical trial.
MedLine Citation:
|PMID: 18430574 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE
|In this independent prospective randomized trial, we compared the clinical effectiveness, functional outcome and patient satisfaction following intra articular injection with two viscosupplementation agents - Hylan G-F-20 (n=199) and Sodium Hyaluronate (n=193) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. All patients were prospectively reviewed by blinded independent assessors at pre injection, 6 weeks, 3, 6, 12 months. Knee pain and patient satisfaction were measured on a visual analogue scale. Functional outcome was assessed using WOMAC, Oxford knee score and EuroQol EQ-5D scores. Knee pain on VAS improved from 6.7 to 3.2 by 6 weeks (p=0.02) and was sustained until 12 months (3.7, p=0.04) with Hylan G-F 20. In the Sodium Hyaluronate group, pain improved from 6.6 to 5.7 at 6 weeks (p>0.05) and to 4.1 at 3 months (p=0.04) but was sustained only until 6 months (5.9, p>0.05). Improvement in the WOMAC pain subscale was significantly superior in the Hylan G-F 20 group at 3 months (p=0.02), 6 months (p=0.01) and 12 months (p=0.007). There was no significant difference in the EQ-5D scores at 6 weeks and 3 months between the two groups. The numbers of treatment related adverse events were higher (39 vs. 30) in the Hylan G-F 20 group. One patient in the Hylan G-F 20 group who had a serious adverse event was also included in the final analysis. Although both treatments offered significant pain reduction, it was achieved earlier and sustained for a longer period with Hylan G-F 20. From this study, it appeared that the clinical effectiveness and general patient satisfaction are better amongst patients who received Hylan G-F 20.
|R Raman; A Dutta; N Day; H K Sharma; C J Shaw; G V Johnson
Related Documents :
|15995414 - Development and early results of a new patellofemoral arthroplasty.
18004544 - The self-aligning knee prosthesis: clinical and radiological outcome and survival analy...
6692614 - Preliminary results with abrasion arthroplasty in the osteoarthritic knee.
20802414 - The application of biofeedback exercises in patients following arthroplasty of the knee...
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22993644 - Prognostication for body contouring surgery after bariatric surgery.
Publication Detail:
|Type: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial Date: 2008-04-21
Journal Detail:
|Title: The Knee Volume: 15 ISSN: 0968-0160 ISO Abbreviation: Knee Publication Date: 2008 Aug
Date Detail:
|Created Date: 2008-06-27 Completed Date: 2008-12-03 Revised Date: 2009-01-19
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 9430798 Medline TA: Knee Country: England
Other Details:
|Languages: eng Pagination: 318-24 Citation Subset: IM
|Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, HU2 3JZ, United Kingdom. firstname.lastname@example.com
Export Citation:
|APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex
|MeSH Terms
Biocompatible Materials
administration & dosage,
therapeutic use*
Follow-Up Studies
Hyaluronic Acid / administration & dosage, analogs & derivatives*, therapeutic use*
Middle Aged
Osteoarthritis, Knee / drug therapy*
Patient Satisfaction
Prospective Studies
Range of Motion, Articular
Recovery of Function
Treatment Outcome
Reg. No./Substance:
|0/Biocompatible Materials; 125935-84-4/hylan; 9004-61-9/Hyaluronic Acid
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Previous Document: No carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency in skeletal muscle in 18 malignant hyperthermia suscept...
Next Document: Petiolins A-C, phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum pseudopetiolatum var. kiusianum.


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News & Updates
United Way Mumbai Helpline has been awarded special recognition
United Way Mumbai Helpline (UWMH) has been honoured with the Special Recognition award for its 'Continuity and Recovery Initiatives in the Public Interest', at the prestigious BCI Continuity and Resilience Awards 2011. These awards have been instituted by The Business Continuity Institute, UK (BCI) in association with KPMG in India. This is the third year that BCI has organized this pioneering event in India for recognizing Business Continuity Management (BCM) Professionals , and those working towards building a resilient India, and the second year in running that United Way Mumbai Helpline has received an award from BCI and KPMG.
It was the unique initiatives of UWMH such as Disaster Response and Management Trainings for city stakeholders, Hospital Emergency Disaster Preparedness Training, citywide campaigns on environmental issues such as cleanliness and greenery, which ensured UWMH won the award. We at United Way Mumbai Helpline would like to express our sincere gratitude to all our supporters, partners, volunteers and donors for the support and encouragement extended to us in our efforts towards making Mumbai City cleaner, safer and a better place to live in !
Media Sections
Media Archive


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Articles tagged "Bleacher Report"
Bloodsport: Andrew Luck-Russell Wilson Battle Today On CHFF Radio
The chubby little fists will fly today on CHFF Radio when Potentate of Pigskin Kerry J. Byrne challenges Indianapolis Colts reporter/blogger and CHFF nemesis Nate Dunlevy to a winner-take-all Luck vs. Wilson statistical battle royale (hopefully with cheese).
Quick Outs
- Quality Stats Super Bowl Breakdown: Patriots vs Seahawks
- Super Bowl XLIX Prop Bets: Full List
- Super Bowl 49 Game Capsule: Patriots @ Seahawks
- Awesome: Must-see Super Bowl Hall of Shame Infographic
- Referee Bill Vinovich Gets The Nod For Super Bowl 49 -- Balls
- 2014 NFL Divisional Playoffs Most-Watched Evah!
- CHFF's Pat Imig Talks Stan Kroenke & The Rams on Sportsnet 590 Toronto
- NFL 2014 Playoff Seeds and Schedule
- Cold Hard Football Facts Quality Stats: Perfect 4-0 In Wild Card Weekend
- Vegas Win Totals For Each NFL Team
Team Pages


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An Easy Trick To Boost Your Mood And Reduce Daily Stress In a modern world of fast paced activities, everyday life sometimes can become overwhelming. This can cause you lots of stress and bring your mood down. Over the years I myself have dealt with numerous instances of large amounts of stress and I can tell you it isn't at all fun. There are lots of great ways and strategies to make yourself feel better in no time. The best part is they don't cost a thing. I'm going to share with you one of … [Read more...]
Get More Done The Easy Way – Simple Productivity Strategies
Get More Done The Easy Way - Simple Productivity Strategies Have you ever wondered why some people just seem to get more done than others? I know I have. I like to watch and learn from people who are extremely productive and see how they do it. Sometimes I even make some mental notes on ways I can improve. Here's a list of some great ideas and suggestions. Don't Waste Motion Wasted motion is an energy waster. If you put to much extra motion in simple tasks like washing the dishes, you waste … [Read more...]
Solve Your Negative Mindset | Fact Opinion Method
Solve Your Negative Mindset | Fact Opinion Method Negative mindsets are a constant topic that I write about. In my opinion they are the root cause of most people's problems. Negative mindsets need to be eliminated and replaced with ones of optimism and positive thinking before you can really get to the next level. How To Solve a Negative Mindset Using The Fact Opinion Method One of the best tricks I've learned to solve a negative mind is to learn the difference between a fact … [Read more...]
3 Rules To Feel Good When Your Sick and Get Better Sooner
3 Rules To Feel Good When Your Sick and Get Better Sooner So I've been sick for the past 3 days and it really stinks. I feel like I get hit by a truck and various other ailments such as a sore throat, nausea, runny nose, etc. What I want to share with you is something I learned a few years ago about getting sick with things like the flu or a cold that might make your life a little easier. Rule 1: Avoid The Negative Your already feeling under the weather so why beat yourself up … [Read more...]
Money Isn't Everything – Overcome The Greedy Mindset
Money Isn't Everything - Overcome The Greedy Mindset Money is the root of all evil. It can ruin families, friendships, and the whole world for that matter. It cause us much grief and pain. If we could learn to reduce our dependence on money and replace that with some great new habits, then we would be in for a world of change. Why Money Shouldn't Control Your Life Focusing on getting material things and acquiring money could possibly be the cause of all your problems and stress. Why is it … [Read more...]
When Things Seem Bad Just Take A Step Back
So many times a situation arose out of nowhere and appeared at first to be just horrible. I have found myself in the middle of several of these, and it feels like the walls are just coming down. From my experience and lessons I have learned this is almost never the case. Most of the time after just a few hours or the next day everything that seemed really bad wasn't that big of a deal at all. The problem is how to realize this when it's happening and identify ways to fix it. Think about you … [Read more...]
Can Anyone Have Luck? How To Have More Of It and Become Successful
Can Anyone Have Luck? How To Have More Of It and Become Successful Are you one of those individuals who just seem to have all of the luck? Or maybe you are on the opposite end and don't ever have luck. Some people believe in lucky charms. I believe if you believe in them they will work, but it's only a parlor trick and has more to do with your mind thinking it works. Well either way you are the reason for your luck or the lack of. There are so many things you can do to improve it and … [Read more...]
Let Things Be and Give Problems Some Time
Let Things Be and Give Problems Some Time When you are faced with a problem or stressful situation most of the time the immediate response is to react in some way. You may face the problem head or run away. Whatever you decide to do, you are still reacting. Most people think that they have to react to a problem in order for it to get solved, but I want to share with you a different approach to problem solving. The let it be approach. Just because you have a problem come into your life … [Read more...]
How to Stop Losing Things
How to Stop Losing Things Losing things can be a pain, especially if it's something you need to find in a hurry like your car keys before work. I personally have struggled with this and can tell you from my own experience that your life will be so much easier when you figure out the secrets to stop losing things. Losing stuff isn't because you're not as smart as someone else, or even because your memory isn't as good, it's because you don't have a system in place to put things where they go. … [Read more...]
Quit Smoking Strategies and Advice That Works
Quit Smoking Strategies and Advice That Works I myself was a smoker in the past. Like everyone else who smokes it can be very difficult to actually put down that final cigarette and say "I'm Done." There are so many obstacles to actually quitting that it seems like it would be better just to keep smoking and not worrying about quitting. Well I did successful quit for over a year and now I'm so glad that I did. I was a smoker for several years smoking over a pack per day. I tried all kinds of … [Read more...]
Clean & Declutter Your House One Habit at a Time
Clean & Declutter Your House One Habit at a Time Have you ever just looked around your house and noticed that it was a mess, or maybe it was just a little messier than you would like it. Things are scattered everywhere and there really isn't the kind of organization you would like. Well good news for you is that you can change all of this in 28 days with minimal effort. Steps To Getting Your House Clean Make your bed in the mornings after you get up Keep all tables, counters, … [Read more...]
Time Can Be The Answer To Your Problems
Time Can Be The Answer To Your Problems Have you ever had a problem and you sit there and just can't solve it? Many times have I had ran into a road block solving a simple problem and tried for hours with no success. How did I eventually solve it? I just walked away, waited and came back. There is great unexplained science behind this that there is no way that I could explain. But it works. I guess it might have something to do with the fact that your brain is stuck in a certain mode and … [Read more...]


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Breaking: Video Shows Judge Roll Saving Rep. Giffords' District DirectorBy
I and others have suggested that Judge John Roll, one of the Arizona shooting victims, was an exemplary Catholic. I've even personally contended that Judge Roll modeled heroic virtue in the ordinary, saint-making sense of living Christian virtue to a high degree of excellence in his daily life.
Reports this morning suggest that Judge Roll lived heroism in the extraordinary sense as well.
The Wall Street Journal reports this morning that security footage of the shooting clearly shows Judge Roll pushing one of Rep. Giffords' staff out of the way of oncoming bullets. That bystander, Ron Barber, is Rep. Giffords district director. He was shot but he survived, and was even released in time to come to Judge Roll's funeral last Friday, which I was honored to attend.
The WSJ interviews Chris Nanos, a captain with the Pima County Sheriff's Department who has viewed the video.
As the shooting starts, the video shows Judge Roll pushing another man, Rob Barber, onto the ground, Mr. Nanos said. "It looks to us as though he is pushing against Ron Barber to move him out of the way." Both men fall to the ground; both are shot. The judge was shot in the back and died.
"It's pretty evident to me that Judge Roll was a hero … if Judge Roll had not pushed Mr. Barber his wounds might have been fatal," Mr. Nanos said. "Judge Roll's actions are of a man trying to save another man's life."
There were many acts of heroism amidst the tragedy of the Tucson shooting. But it does not surprise me that, like many extraordinarily virtuous Christians throughout the ages, Judge John Roll's life of high character manifested itself in a dramatically heroic fashion in his final moments.
UPDATE: Ed Whelan at NRO's Bench Memos also points to a report about this video from the New York Times:
Describing the video, Mr. [Richard Kastigar, the investigative and operational bureau chief of the Pima County Sheriff's Department] said the judge was "intentionally trying to help Mr. Barber," adding, "It's very clear to me the judge was thinking of his fellow human more than himself."
The judge guides Mr. Barber to the ground, shields him with his body, and then tries to push himself and Mr. Barber away from the gunman, who was no more than three to four feet away as he fired, Mr. Kastigar said.
"He pushes Mr. Barber with his right hand and guides him with his left hand. The judge was on top of him and is covering up Mr. Barber, literally lying on top of him, and his back was exposed," Mr. Kastigar said.
The judge was shot in the back.


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- Filed Under
Monmouth County
Neptune: Warming center at Senior Center, 1607 Corlies Avenue. For more information, call the Senior Center at 732-988-8855.Ocean County
Lakewood: Four town churches usually open on a rotating basis and volunteer members of the CERT Team (Citizens Emergency Response Team) will often staff them. Churches include: Father Draesel's All Saints Episcopal Church; Pastor Simpson's Church on Arlington Avenue; Reverend ...


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Endellion is the name of an early saint who was a daughter of King Brychan and goddaughter of King Arthur whose life is commemorated by the Cornish village of St. Endellion. This intriguing ancient name was brought into modern usage by British Prime Minister David Cameron, who used it as one of the middle names for his fourth child.
The Latinized form of the name is Endelienta.


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by Sam Joseph
For the very first time, Plymouth will host a stopover in next year's La Solitaire du Figaro. 'Britain's Ocean City' was named as the only non-French port for the 45th edition of the race. The announcement was made by race organisers, Pen Duick in Paris this evening (Thursday 5th December).
Sam Goodchild celebrates 'Best of British' victory at La Solitaire Du Figaro 2013
The race will start in Deauville on 8th June, then on to Plymouth, Roscoff and Les Sables d'Olonne before finishing in Cherbourg.
For Sam Goodchild this will be his fourth Figaro season. In 2013 the 24 year old achieved the best British result since the race became one-design, after finishing 11th overall. He's looking forward to bringing this tough, French-dominated race to the UK.
Sam Goodchild, sailor: 'To have the Solitaire du Figaro come to Sutton Harbour in Plymouth is fantastic news, to be able to sail home in the key event of the season will be exciting. I really hope we can use it as a springboard to increase the awareness of short-handed sailing to the general public in the UK.'
Sam Goodchild, skipper du Figaro Shelterbox-Disaster Relief - Solitaire du Figaro-Eric Bompard cachemire 2013 - Bordeaux le 27/05/2013
Sam Goodchild Racing's team has been working with a number of organisations in Plymouth under the banner, 'A Future in Sailing'. Winning the bid to host the Solitaire in Sutton Harbour is the first major project for the consortium that sees Destination Plymouth, Plymouth University, Royal Western Yacht Club, Plymouth Waterfront Partnership, Horizons Children's Sailing Charity, Plymouth City Council and Sam Goodchild Racing all working together to promote marine projects in the city.
Amanda Lumley, Chief Executive, Destination Plymouth 'Working with our 'A Future in Sailing' local consortium partners we will host an exciting and engaging event in partnership with Sutton Harbour Holdings PLC. With its historic backdrop and vibrant shops, bars and restaurants Sutton Harbour is the perfect location for this event. We anticipate upwards of 30,000 people will attend the event during the days it is here from 11th to 14th June and there will be activities for the whole community including music, entertainment and opportunities to view the yachts up close.
Plymouth's extremely proud of its maritime history, the home of many international yachting events and host to seafaring adventurers.
Jason Schofield, Chief Executive, Sutton Harbour Holdings PLC. 'From the Pilgrim Fathers to Drake to Chichester, Sutton Harbour has for centuries celebrated endeavour, enterprise and industry and this event will once again firmly place Sutton Harbour and the city on the global sailing map.
The organisers behind Plymouth's stopover are hoping the inshore race at the start of Leg 2 will pull in the crowds as the America's Cup did in 2011. The city's natural amphitheatre will offer a fantastic view of the close, competitive racing by these top solo sailors.
Event website