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America's Pastime Does Not Reflect America:
The Lack of Participation in Baseball by African Americans
Andrew Whitlow
Christopher Newport University
Summer 2010
Dr. Linda Baughman
Acknowledgements: Thanks to my Mother and Father for everything throughout my time in college
"For some reason it seems like African American kids decided that the game of baseball just wasn't fun or wasn't cool, or wasn't something hip to be doing" (Mills, personal communication, June 14, 2010). The topic of this paper is the lack of African American participation in baseball and how that operates to reinforce the structuration theory. My study examines how societal influences cause African Americans to shy away from the game of baseball. The affects this has on the game of baseball is that the number of African American major league baseball players is extremely low and the involvement at the youth level is also. Ogden and Rose suggest, "Research has shown that African American youth have numerous facilitators to playing basketball and numerous constraints to playing baseball" (Ogden & Rose, 2005, p. 235). These facilitators most commonly are the African American community and culture, racial elements, and the media. These societal influences on participation are best explained by Jarvie who said, "People are free to participate in sport at different levels but only within certain limits that are in many ways relatively set by social divisions" (Jarvie, 2006, p. 302). In writing this paper, I analyze three interviews for their recurring themes and elements that serve to reinforce the structuration theory and compare my findings to what the scholars are saying.
This project is significant because of the impact of societal influences on African Americans and their sport choices. Ogden claims, "When you exclude opportunities for families to get involved in sports, kids aren't automatically going to buy into what's been inculcated in our culture, and that goes also for baseball" (Ogden, 2001, p. 206). Through the African American community and culture baseball is not taught and is not popular. Therefore every generation is pushed towards other sports by their parents and baseball is slowly forgotten by one race. Turman (2007) says that "examining the social system has found connections between parent involvement and child sport participation" (p. 153). What is created is a bad image for baseball among an entire race and the game loses its diversity that was worked so hard for when the MLB was finally desegregated. This study relates to the field of communication because of its cultural impact and because the structuration theory can be used to analyze many other societal influences on activity choices. There are tremendous impacts on the African American youth by their community and many of them were not visible, such as feeling welcome in a sport, before the in-depth interviews. By studying this topic I will reveal how baseball and culture impact participation choices.
Many scholars have studied societal impacts on African Americans participation choices. Two scholars who studied this, Ogden and Rose (2005), found that "economic factors, social encounters, and mass media compel African American youth toward sports more easily played in the urban core (such as basketball)" (p. 227). This is important because the African American youth are bombarded with so many influences to play a certain sport that they almost don't have a choice in the matter. They go on to say that culture itself steers African Americans away from sports like baseball that require more time from the participant (p. 227). Even though it is a community issue some scholars believe it may be more of a race issue. In Entine's (2000) Taboo he states, "It noted sky-high black participation rates in other sports, then quoted a scout as predicting that 'African Americans would soon disappear from the game'" (p. 21). Scholars such as Karen and Washington (2001) think the problem is racism. They state, "Studies of current opportunities for participation in sports document persisting patterns of institutional racism in sports organizations" (p. 193). This participation in other sports and racism lead to a dropping number in baseball. Ogden poses another theory about what exactly in society is driving African Americans away from baseball. "The Welcome theory proposes that certain groups feel as if they don't have a sense of belonging in sports venues or in certain sport and leisure activities" (Ogden, 2004, p. 115). There are scholars that believe a reason for the drop in participation is the media. According to Fortunato and Williams (2010) one big reason that baseball is not popular among African Americans is the lack of marketing and advertising to that culture (p. 79). Without the proper media outlet for the black players, their culture does not see themselves represented well in that sport. According to numerous scholars (Ogden 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005; Karen & Washington 2001; Entine 2000; Delaney and Madigan 2009) mostly basketball and sometimes football are the sports that African Americans are influenced to play over baseball. Scholars argue that what is needed is a better African American representation in youth and Major League Baseball. The main topics and themes I explore throughout this paper are all evidenced within communication scholarship. It has been established, from these collected scholars, that the influences and representations of culture, race, and media within the communication field are sets of norms that shape human action in a social structure.
The purpose of my study is to find the reasons for the low number of African Americans in baseball based on the structuration theory. Three in-depth interviews will serve as the basis of my supporting data in supporting my claims about participation in baseball. My research question is: what is the relationship between societal influences and the current participation of African Americans in baseball? To answer this question I conducted three in-depth interviews, one Caucasian and two African Americans, that seek to find sports history and factors that affect participation in baseball. What I found was that basketball and football are the main focus for African American youth and their parents and culture influence them to play those. Baseball does not have near the influence in African American communities due to factors such as race and media coverage/advertising of black players. This paper contains a review of related scholarly literature, a methods section that provides an outline for my data analysis, and my analysis of the in-depth interview transcriptions.
Literature Review
"'People see dark faces out there, and the perception is that they're African', Los Angeles Angels center fielder Torii Hunter says. 'They're not us. They're impostors'" (Nightengale, 2010). This quote is from a roundtable discussion about Major League Baseball that was published in a USA Today article. This quote from Hunter is referring to the lack of African American players in the MLB. More specifically, he references how dark skinned Hispanic players are sometimes wrongly labeled as black. These players are not black but are pointed to when we ask, where are all the black players? This issue exists not only in the majors, but in baseball participation in general for African Americans. America's pastime seems to be losing the battle to bring in black players and it shows.
For this project, I will conduct a study on the lack of participation in baseball from African Americans. Focusing on baseball as a young child all the way up to the MLB, I examine what cultural factors and what media factors play into the decisions not to participate in this sport and/or not have interest to be a fan of this sport. I do this study because I agree with Ogden and Rose (2005) when they state, "Economic factors, social encounters, and mass media compel African American youth toward sports more easily played in the urban core (such as basketball)" (p. 227). My research question is: What is the relationship between African American's participation in baseball and the steroid and post-steroid eras?
For this literature review I examine the following areas: The relationship between African Americans and baseball; baseball in United States culture and society; the media's portrayal of baseball and steroids. I studied the relationship between race and baseball because scholars have already found many contributing factors to the low percentages of African American diversity in baseball and in Major League Baseball. Because more and more people are noticing this downward trend in participation this subject is becoming more and more critical to the success of a historic sport. By examining African Americans in baseball, I use race as a starting point in examining baseball and its impact in American culture. For my next category it is important to know what role baseball plays in the U.S. today and how baseball can be compared to the U.S. itself. It obviously reaches certain cultures more than others but as we can see with the Ogden and Rose (2005) statement it is the culture itself that steers African Americans "…away from sports requiring more time, space, and facilities (such as baseball)" (p.227). The last section is important because the media's portrayal of baseball has much to do with people's opinion of the sport and the media covered the steroid era. This era and just media portrayal in general can shape a whole cultures view of something. Why my study is important is said best by these 3 questions posed by Early (2000). "So what happened to baseball in African American life? What did baseball mean to African Americans, and why does it no longer mean what it did?" (p. 33).
The Relationship of African Americans and Modern Baseball
The percentage of African Americans in the major leagues is in decline and has been for over 10 years. In "The 2009 Racial and Gender Report Card: Major League Baseball," Lapchick (2009) finds, "The 2008 season was the first season there was an increase of African American players in MLB over the previous season since 1995" (p. 3). This means that every season from 1995 to 2007 there was a steady decline in the number of African Americans on Major League rosters. According to Ogden (2001) this dilemma may be directly linked back to youth baseball and the involvement of African Americans in baseball as young children (p. 200). "…despite data showing the importance of sports to African American youths and parents, those youths get little exposure to baseball" (Ogden, 2001, p. 200). Basketball also seems to be the main competitor with baseball in African American communities and culture. Black children are more likely to play basketball than any other sport. "Research has shown that African American youth have numerous facilitators to playing basketball and numerous constraints to playing baseball" (Ogden, 2005, p. 235). In Entine's (2000) Taboo, he discusses black dominance in the other popular sports and the lack of it in baseball. "It noted the sky-high black participation rates in other sports, then quoted a scout as predicting that 'African Americans would soon disappear from the game'" (p. 21).
This topic is not a new development either. Ogden (2001) also notes in this same article that all the way back in 1992 Ebony magazine reported on the low number of black players in the majors; 143 to be exact. This shows that even eighteen years ago research was being done on the decline of this race in this sport. The study was then done again by the same magazine in 1999 and the number of black players was down to 108 (Ogden, 2001, p. 203). With the topic of race and baseball many scholars are just speculating on why there has been such a decline with the African American race. "Studies of current opportunities for participation in sports document persisting patterns of institutional racism in sports organizations" (Karen and Washington, 2001, p. 193). They tell of how, "…mobility outcomes for minority group communities have been exaggerated" (p. 194). These scholars speculate that racism and overwhelming odds for advancement are two main reasons for the lack of racial diversity in the game of baseball.
Ogden relates to the concept of racism preventing participation but takes it deeper by applying a theory to this. "…the Welcome Theory proposes that certain groups feel as if they don't have a sense of belonging in sports venues or in certain sport and leisure activities" (Ogden, 2004, p.115). Along with other scholars (Delaney & Madigan, 2009) Ogden list various reasons that may lead to African Americans choosing one sport over another. Some of these reasons are influence of family and friends, available facilities, mass media, and just the culture around them in general. Delaney & Madigan (2009) state, "…young people have become upset by the overt commercialization and obsessive rule-orientation of many sports…" (p.48). Baseball is extremely commercialized and has many rules to learn. Sports such as basketball and football seem to appeal more to African American youth not only because of rules but because of ease of play.
The integration of Major League Baseball and the collapse of the Negro Leagues took away the "blackball" which was something African Americans could call their own in a struggling time in the U.S. (Ogden, 2005, p. 239). Once MLB was integrated with black players and the Negro leagues were non-existent the black players faced a hard time. They still faced segregation and separate facilities within the Majors and also it seems as if the history of "blackball" was lost. "…the integration of Major League Baseball has usually been told as if the Negro Leagues never existed" (Lomax, 2008, p. xviii). Integrating the MLB and erasing the memory of the Negro Leagues is hardly a fair trade. The African American players and fans went from a game that was something they could believe in to another form of the unfairness that black people have always experienced in this country. Entine (2000) is one of the scholars that disagree with the notion of racism. He believes that factors other than racism push African Americans away such as cultural differences. "Americans so reflexively expect black domination that anything less than an NBA or NFL-sized black majority is taken as a sign of renewed discrimination" (Entine, 2000, p. 21). The role of baseball in society and culture today is a huge contributor to scholarly theories about waning participation in baseball.
Baseball in U.S. Culture and Society
Scholars in general seem think the main reason for the lack of participation in baseball is the African American culture and community (Ogden 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005; Early 2000; Rein & Shields 2007). The influence one's culture and society has on them is difficult to get away from. The factors of status and ability to play the game have almost equal roles in guiding the decision to play ball (Ogden, 2003). "People are free to participate in sport at different levels but only within certain limits that are in many ways relatively set by social divisions" (Jarvie, 2006, p.302). These divisions hold many children back from being able to play baseball and one big reason is cost. Due to the fact that it is such a costly sport "the system of select youth baseball makes it difficult for boys from low-income families to compete" (Ogden, 2003, p. 94). But Ogden questions what Major League Baseball has really done to spread the game to these cultures and communities that do not have the resources to increase interest in the game. "…questions linger about how much progress baseball has made in making the game inclusive of all U.S. cultures" (p. 94).
The evolution of society with its cultures and communities are all related to class in a way and they play a big part in decision making for the younger members of these groups. An African American's financial status within society may keep them from having the means to play baseball. Karen and Washington (2001) talk about Hoberman's suggestions on the perception of black athletes and how it is a distortion of what their cultures and communities actually face due to their perceived class. "…suggested that the astronomical social mobility of many black athletes…distort public perceptions of opportunity structure for blacks" (p. 189). He goes on the talk about how this causes whites to think that discrimination is non-existent in sports. Their culture may not embrace the sport, their community may not even play that sport, and society may discourage their participation in a predominately white sport. All these terms can be grouped together under the heading of social divisions. "Social division however is a much wider term than just social class since it has the potential to place an emphasis on many forms of division" (Jarvie, 2006, p.302). These differences in the black culture compared to that of the white culture when it comes to social division can contribute to lack of participation in certain things. "…social differentiation, a general term used to describe the increasing complexity of specialize roles and relationships that are evident as societies grow in size" (Jarvie, 2006, p.302). The relationships African Americans have within their culture influence their decisions and as the culture and society grow in size the influence becomes even greater.
One of the most influential parts of the African American community on the youth, or of any culture on the youth, is the parents. "Examining the social system has found connections between parent previous involvement and child sport participation" (Turman, 2007, p. 153). Therefore if the parents did not participate in a certain sport then the child is most likely not to participate either. The last two decades have seen the biggest decrease in African American involvement in baseball and obviously that will translate over to the children of the people not playing. "Family and parents are influential in determining sport involvement of young children" (p. 153). Once again the former Negro leagues come into play here. African Americans alive during the time these leagues were disbanded were obviously angry that their league was basically taken from them. "The whites profited from black baseball further aggravated those black Americans who viewed their leagues as the sole respite from Caucasian hegemony" (Regalado, 2003, p. 301). This anger can be transferred from generation to generation resulting in a lack of blacks in the game today. It was a stronghold in the community back then and now it is gone. "…loyalty to their black leagues was an important factor in preventing the black community from being 'torn asunder' by opportunistic and financially driven whites (Regalado, 2003, p.301). Ogden (2003) also comments on this change in fandom from the Negro leagues to MLB. "And there was a carryover effect after that of blacks going to major league games to follow those players from the Negro Leagues" (p. 89). He goes on to say that once the former Negro leaguers retired the black fans stopped coming to games and even stopped being fans period because they had no one of their culture and community to root for. This ultimately is going to lead to a lack of role models in baseball for African American youth to look up.
Not only are there not many African American players to look up to but even the front offices of MLB is lacking diversity. "In 2009, there were five minority GMs (General Managers), including three African Americans" (Deubert & Wong, 2010, p. 110). This means that the percentage of African American GMs and the percentage of African American players are both right around ten percent and the majority is white males. Derek Jeter is a perfect example of what Angels' Outfielder Torii Hunter was quoted as saying earlier in this review. At first glance Jeter may seem to be African American but in reality he is a mix of 3 races. "Jeter appears to be of indeterminate race" (Newman, 2009, p. 71). As a very high profile player who many think is African American this can be devastating to young black children that find out he is not. Another example of the lack of role models is Barry Bonds. At first glance seemed to be a great player and was then caught up in steroid allegations and tax evasion. The black professional ball players that are good are lifted onto a pedestal because they are few and far between. And when they fall from greatness it has a tremendously negative result on the youth in their culture. Much of the harmful exposure of the black players can be attributed to the media.
The Media's Portrayal of Baseball
The media today covers anything and most importantly everything that a star does. "The difference is that today there are many more channels and that the reporters and the media capture a more complete dimensionality of the star" (Rein & Shields, 2007, p. 65). According to Rein and Shields (2007) the fan can now have access to the stars of the sport in a way that they never had before. This access came to the forefront with the mass media and steroids in baseball. According to Haigh (2008) in an analysis of the 2003 Bay Area Laboratories Co-Operative (BALCO) steroid scandal coverage, "Results revealed articles had a negative tone toward the baseball industry, and sources were depicted as knowledgeable but lacking character" (p. 15). He examines how the players had to repair their image for themselves and the fans sake by blaming others, not taking responsibility and just saying they were sorry. Rein and Shields (2007) go into how fans experience the game through media today and through the steroid scandals. They mention the four main players under steroid allegations and one of them was the prominent black star Barry Bonds. "The accused steroid foursome has drawn the ire of sports fans everywhere and created a general distrust of many of the game's players" (p. 65). They also go into how baseball is under more intense watch by the media because it is the pastime of America.
Although there is access to baseball and some to the African American stars that play there are not many advertisements with them. According to Ogden (2005), "African American baseball players…have a meager presence in such advertisements and in that way, mass media may act as a constraint" (p.236). Fortunato and Williams (2010) believe that the one big reason that baseball is not popular in African American culture is because of the lack of marketing. Also the lack of media coverage of the few African American stars that there are. Most of the MLB's games are not on regular cable and therefore low income houses are not going to be able to watch. "MLB needs to provide more games available on free, over the air television because of low cable penetration into the African American community" (p. 79). He goes on to say that not only does the mass media not portray black players on T.V. but they do not portray black fans on television. In a crowd shot analysis from broadcast baseball games Ogden (2005) shows that "the crowd shots give the impression that few African Americans spend leisure time at baseball parks" (p. 236). Regalado (2003) agrees with Ogden in a sense by saying "television as detrimental to a game that throughout most of its history had maintained a sense of kinship with its aficionados" (p. 305). When talking about the media and how African Americans see the game Ogden (2003) says "African Americans experienced the game through their flawed Americanism…and this is why they are somewhat alienated or distanced from the game today" (p. 94).
Overall all of these scholars had the same general idea on what exactly is keeping African Americans out of baseball and from being fans of the game. Whether it is the community and culture, racial issues, other sports or just bad marketing we can only speculate. Ogden (2001, 2003, 2004, 2005) is the main scholar that studies this specific topic and he has done a similar study to this. In summary of his ideas and what he has taken from others, "…the roles of family and friends, access to facilities, and social messages delivered through mass media and other communication forms should not be underestimated" (Ogden, 2005, p.240).
The method that I chose to use for my senior research project is in depth interviewing. This is the most effective way to collect the data needed for my subject on the lack of and decline of African American participation in baseball. According to Boyce and Neale (2006) in-depth interviews involve "…conducting intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular idea" (p. 3). They go on to state that interviews are used to provide the bigger picture that goes along with data a researcher has already collected. The method I will use in my in-depth interviews will be the open ended interview. According to Berry (1999), "researchers using this approach prepare a set of open-ended questions" (p. 1). "The goal of the interview is to deeply explore the respondent's point of view, feelings and perspectives. In this sense, in-depth interviews yield information" (Guion, 2009, p. 1). The in-depth interviews will are done in the following way. First clarify the purpose of the interview to the interviewee, then ask the proper questions for the topic, and finally listen and guide the person through the interview. According to Guion (2009) the most important aspect of the interview is to put the subject at ease and establish a good first impression. After the interview is over it is time to analyze the data collected.
The analysis of the interviews will be based mostly on the structuration theory which focuses on an individual's surrounding, culture, and community in relation to the choices they make in life and their views on different subjects. "Structuration theory has the potential to integrate all of these disparate influences on leisure activity in a rich and revealing way" (Ogden & Rose, 2005, p. 226). When analyzing the data gathered from the interviews it is important to look for repeated subjects and words used by the different interviewees. According to Boyce and Beale (2006) the interviewer should look at the statements that the subject gave with more emphasis more closely than the ones that were just one word answers. (p. 7). Guion (2009) describes the four main steps after the interview as transcribing, analyzing, verifying, and reporting. The analyzing stage is the most important because the patterns found in the interviews can unlock information that can be monumental to the study. When it comes to comparing it to another study I will use Ogden's study (2005) on the lack of African American participation in baseball. The interview sessions for these individuals will be conducted in a relaxed setting so that the participants will feel comfortable opening up about the subject. It is important to assure the participants of anonymity and confidentiality. Also the questions asked should be "…formulated in language that is familiar and comfortable to participants and that is appropriate for respondents' educational, social, and ethnic backgrounds" (Webber & Byrd, 2010, p. 1)
For my in-depth interviews I interviewed three people, two black and one white, at my roommate's parent's house. I asked each participant a set of questions and then asked them to go into more detail if the answers were short or vague. After each question was asked I had prepared sub-questions to play off the original question in order to get more information. The sessions lasted for approximately twenty minutes and were recorded with a video camera for documentation and analysis. My population for this study is African Americans mainly and the one Caucasian person was there to compare the answers. The sample of people I picked was not chosen because of their background with the sport baseball but for their race. The questions I asked were divided into subjects in order to find certain themes about my study. The themes that I was looking for include community and culture influence, racial influence, media influence, and how baseball compares to basketball and football.
The goals of this study were to answer my research question: what is the relationship between societal influences and the current participation of African Americans in baseball? Other factors could play a part in influencing African Americans to play certain sports but I focused on societal influences. By conducting these interviews I was able determine that a person's culture and community teach them values and exactly what they should and should not participate in. Specifically the African American culture in general does not promote baseball to their children as they do other sports such as basketball. Therefore there is a steady decline in the number of black children playing baseball which correlates to the extremely low number of African Americans in Major League Baseball today.
In my analysis of the in-depth interviews with my three participants I identified reoccurring themes and elements that serve to reinforce the structuration theory and the idea of social structures determining actions of the individuals within society. According to Ogden and Rose (2005), "Individuals are portrayed as being knowledgeable actors, but they are not necessarily fully aware of all the implications of their actions" (Ogden & Rose, 2005, p. 228). This analysis will answer my research question: what is the relationship between societal influences and the current participation of African Americans in baseball? These reoccurring themes were found in the answers about influence on sports participation by a person's community and culture, by racial elements, by the media, and in comparison to the basketball and football. By asking questions about sports participation, fond memories, racial impact, media and advertising, and just general interest in baseball I found that African American children are not influenced into participating in baseball by the family or friends. Other sports take precedence to baseball in African American culture and society and aspirations by African American athletes seem to be different from that of Caucasians. Comfort level in baseball by African Americans is low compared to that of basketball and football. Whether it is a community influence, amount of media coverage, or just overall comfort, the idea that African Americans are disappearing from the diamond is reinforced through various avenues.
Community and Culture
The first major finding in the three separate interviews was the element of community and culture influence on participation in sports. From my participants, Tom Lane (Caucasian), Denis Arthur (African American), and Kevin Mills (African American), I found that everyone had played multiple sports and that they were influenced by their parents to play. All three had played organized football and basketball in their lifetime while Lane and Mills were the only ones that had played organized baseball, although Mills did say he only experimented with it. The results of a question asked about their parent's sports history revealed that all three participants come from an athletic background. When asked if the beginning of their sports participation was influenced by family or friends all of the participants said that their parents influenced them to play. From the fact that neither of the African American participants had a parent play baseball I determined that the parents would influence them to play other sports and leave baseball out. Kevin Mills claimed, "My dad put a basketball in my crib when I was four months old. That was the end of that." Smith's father was already influencing his son to play a sport when he was still and infant by putting a basketball in his crib. Denis Arthur claimed that his parents influenced him to play sports by just signing him up. He stated, "I was too young to realize what sports was back then." These parents within this culture just decided for their child on what sport he would play and baseball was not one of them.
The African American community has basketball in their culture as a distinct norm, but lacks baseball as one, which reinforces the structuration theory by showing that the norms are what control actions (Ogden & Rose, 2005). The communities' role is to set up a norm that can determine exactly what its members will do and this trickles down from parent to child. When Arthur was asked if baseball was a popular thing about his family and friends he simply replied "Nope" (personal communication, June 14, 2010) without any hesitation. Tom Lane did play baseball however and was influenced mostly from people outside of his family. Lane's culture is different from the other two participants but was still influenced by it to play baseball. "I was really the first um…person actually in my entire family, to ever play baseball," he stated about his influence, later saying, "…it was very popular among my friends." Even though Lane is of a different culture and race than the other two participants he still had an opinion on the low number of African Americans that play baseball currently. Racial influences and cultural influences tended to overlap in this study because both can be applied so this quote can be looked at as evidence for either. Lane stated, "I think African American parents don't influence the kids to play baseball. I think they would rather them play basketball or football." For this analysis I considered money or income as a cultural element because the participants mentioned it often. Lane and Arthur both commented on the amount of money it costs to play baseball and how African Americans as a culture tended to have less of it. Arthur on two separate occasions talked about how African Americans had less money on average than Caucasians. He cites this as a reason that there are not more black players in Major League Baseball and as a reason there are not more children playing. All three participants did agree that baseball is a more expensive sport that football and basketball but Arthur said that his interest could have been sparked to participate in baseball if he had known from a younger age how much money professional players make.
Lastly within communities there are coaches and they too can influence the choice of sport a person plays. From the African American participants I got mixed feelings on coaches. Arthur said that "no coach has ever influenced me," with a tone that was very determined and Mills said that his coaches "built my love for the sport," in a very humble tone. This tells me that Mills' coaches got him hooked and baseball steadily faded away and that Arthur was mostly just influenced by his parents and parents alone. Coaches in the MLB also have influence on their players. I described an interview with a major league player to my three participants about the lack of black players in the majors and the reasons some players have for this. Orlando Hudson, a pro player, said that the coaches think that black players have bad attitudes so they don't sign them. I asked my participants what they thought of this and Mr. Mills' answer fits right in with the structuration theory and how the African American culture views attitude in sports. He states, "it's a problem in society that black, the black family has for years been raising their kids to think that their greater than the team." This is an inside look at the African American culture and a value, that according to Mills, many black families teach their children. Baseball is a very team oriented sports more about playing as a unit and not individual success. This value is a reason that African American children do not see baseball as an attractive option when picking their sports.
Racial Elements
Race is always a touchy issue and these interviews were no exception. Any question about race got an unsure answer and any answer involving race was littered with ums. My findings on this topic were that race ultimately does play a part in influencing African Americans into other sports and away from baseball but no one is comfortable saying that is one of the reasons. The fifth question I asked to each participant was about race. Did the race of other people your age playing a certain sport influence your decision to play that sport? The three answers could not have been more different. Lane said that he didn't try out for basketball in high school because he thought being white hurts his chances. He talks about just sticking with baseball for that reason. Arthur said he grew up in a mostly white neighborhood so it did not influence him. That just points more and more to the fact that race did not influence Arthur but his parents and culture did. I should quote Mills' whole answer to this question because it is so eye opening. He stated, "I wouldn't necessarily call it race is the reason that I played basketball but I think that has something to do with the reason I never saw a hockey puck." He goes on to say that he doesn't think he played basketball and football because he is black but he doesn't think that he didn't play other sports because there weren't many other African Americans doing that. These answers reinforce the idea that a person's culture determines their actions but also that the majority race playing a sport influences the other races that play that sport. Well at least when it comes to white and black.
Another question I posed to them was about racism influencing decisions to play certain sports because Ogden and Rose (2005) had mentioned racism as a deterrent to African Americans. Although he may have found this to be the case not one of the participants said that racism never played a part in deciding on what sports to participate in. Throughout the rest of the interview race comes up many times in regards to African Americans not participating in baseball. To summarize Lane's view on race and baseball here are highlights of his statements. Lane talks about how African Americans just don't start playing ball at a young age. He goes on to say that there is a dominance by black players in the National Basketball Association and National Football League but does not mention baseball. Also he mentions that the NBA and NFL have more advertising with black athletes than the MLB does. Arthur and Mills both agree with Lane's opinion about the dominance of the sport and of the advertising by African Americans and the lack of both of these in the MLB. Lane goes on to say that we need to educate all children about baseball and try to spread the interest among all races.
Arthur's has many informative answers also. As I stated in the previous section he talks about how African Americans on average tend to be poorer than Caucasians. He also says that he does not understand how a Hispanic player could be mistaken for a black player and thinks that is a bad thing for renewing interest in the game. Mills' answers about race were the most informative ones. He said that he does not think there is a problem with the low number of African Americans in the MLB. He talks about how baseball is not as flashy as football and basketball and how Africans Americans like that style opposed to the calmness of baseball. The following answer was the most helpful in determining that race plays a part in influencing the decision to play. Mills states, "for some reason it seems like African American kids decided that the game of baseball just wasn't fun, or wasn't cool, or wasn't something hip to be doing." He also talks playing basketball and football because there were and lot of people that "looked" like him but not playing other sport because there weren't any kids that looked like him. In conclusion for this section there are many racial elements that come out of African American culture and society and although racism doesn't, many of the other elements do have an influence on African Americans' participation in baseball.
The Media
Media is another societal influence that falls under the structuration theory. Forms of media from advertisements, to player press conferences, to sports networks are all factors that can influence a person's decision to play a sport. Advertising in sports is obviously going to sway some opinions especially if baseball is not advertised as much as the other big sports. I asked all three participants what sport they see advertised the most. All of them answered football or the NFL with basketball or the NBA as their second choice. They said that baseball is overshadowed by all the advertising the other two leagues do. I also asked what sport they see with the most black athletes in the ads. The unanimous answer was the NBA. The NFL was second and baseball was not mentioned. Once again according to my participants the MLB is not catering to African Americans with their advertising and it is having a negative effect on participation and on fan numbers.
Steroids and baseball have been a topic in the game from the early 90's up until present day. The media covered that entire time and could shape people's view of baseball or sway their interest away. The entire scandal was painted in a negative light so I asked all three participants if the scandal made them more or less interested in baseball. Surprisingly, the one white participant, Lane, said that he lost a lot of interest in the game that he had actually liked playing in his life. His reason for his decline in interest was the fact that the scandal tainted the great players of the game and what they had accomplished. Arthur, when asked the same question, replied with an increase in interest. The coverage of that era swayed his view back towards the game. But he did emphasize his opinion that steroids did not have anything to do with the players playing better. Lastly, Mills replied to the same question with kind of a confused answer. He said that when he was watching the 1998 home run race between Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa it really got him into watching baseball as a fan. Mill's goes on to say that he did not know at the time that this season would be the most infamous season associated with steroids. This season was a media frenzy and could have easily drawn in more fans because hitting home runs is exciting. As I stated before, Mills gave the most in-depth answer by far and really opened my eyes to the African American way of thinking on baseball. The media obviously had a very big imprint on him with baseball and actually was the reason that he became a fan of baseball. He says that he first got "hooked" from the 1998 season and then became a huge Yankees fan in when they won their three championships in a row from 1998 to 2000. As we can see here the media broadcast all of the games, the press conferences, and the advertisements for the Yankees so therefore we can assume the media in his culture within our society influenced his decision to become a fan of the game. Mills goes on to give his opinion of other black people and how they became fans of baseball. He stated, "I think the emergence of the long-ball in the 90's brought a lot of people around and just from that point on I got my education of the game up easily by watching Sportscenter." Once again the "long-ball" or homerun in the 90's was credited to steroids and therefore the media coverage of this sparked many interests in the game and brought in new African American fans. His mention of Sportscenter is also important because in the present day ESPN and its shows are cross-cultural successes that have a huge impact on what viewers watch.
As I mentioned earlier all three participants were asked for their thoughts on two separate interviews of black Major League Baseball players. In these interviews Torii Hunter and Orlando Hudson broadcasted their opinions on the lack of black players in the MLB. The participants all seemed to side with the players even though when these interviews came out in the spring the comments by the players had been called something like outlandish. All of my participants said that the players had every right to be a little angry. This shows that even though the media tried to label these comments as a bad thing from these players my one white and two black participants all said that the players needed to be angry or nothing would get done in the direction of change.
In conclusion of the media section I found that all three participants agreed on almost all the media questions. It seems that the only part of media and baseball that had an effect on popularity of the game with African Americans was the steroid scandal. In a very surprising turnaround actually gained the interest of many African Americans. In the advertising aspect of baseball the other two sports, basketball and football, are advertised more so the media of baseball in this situation does not influence African Americans to play the game. Rather the NBA and NFL advertising overshadow the MLB and therefore just win out by blocking out baseball. The participants all sided with the angry black pro players in their interviews which was not very surprising because any sympathetic human would have. In my analysis I found that media does not directly influence the choice to play baseball but it does have adverse effects on the viewers and therefore can bring in new fans.
Basketball and Football
One last thing that I wanted to mention in my analysis was the pure mention of basketball and football compared to that of baseball throughout the interviews. Basketball and football were mentioned by all three participants as sports they played in their lifetime. Two of the three, Lane and Mills, had parents that played one of the sports. I asked each a question about their fondest sports memory and then directly after asked them about their fondest baseball memory. All three told me about a basketball memory as their fondest and the two African American participants, Arthur and Mills, gave a football one as well. Lane had an answer for the fondest baseball memory about hitting a homerun in high school. His answer was very vague and he stumbled through a lot with ums so it made me think that maybe he was just making up that memory to sound better in the interview. Arthur directly just said he did not have a baseball memory but then changed his tune and vaguely said "catching with one of my friends that played baseball." This also made me think he just made this up because he was on the spot with the camera and interview. Mills had a baseball memory but it did not involve playing only watching it on T.V. This shows me once again that he was not influenced in his culture to play baseball and the only reason he became a fan was the media coverage of steroids and the Yankees. Going into these interviews I thought that being mostly about baseball would mean the answer would be mostly about baseball. I was wrong in that in all the answers given through the three interviews baseball was mentioned only 23 times where basketball and/or football were mentioned 27 times. If I had counted the two sports individual it would have been a much higher number.
In conclusion I found that basketball and football became the main subject of my interview with the two African American participants and the one white participant mentioned baseball a great deal more than them. I can now say that basketball (NBA) and football (NFL) are most definitely the main sports focus for African Americans and their community and culture. The influences of baseball are just not strong enough compared to these other two sports. As a result of this and many other factors within society, African Americans are pushed away from America's Pastime and from a game that desperately needs them to survive.
From my research and analysis I found that the participation of African Americans in baseball is a prime example of the structuration theory at work. The societal influences on African American youth make their decisions for them on what sport they play. There are numerous factors that influence the youth and some, such as family involvement, were more evident than others. I found that with all three of my participants, Tom Lane (Caucasian), Denis Arthur (African American), and Kevin Mills (African American), they played the sports that their parents influenced them to play. All of them came from sports oriented families and all three played basketball and football. I asked the participants directly if they were influenced by their family or friends to play their first sports and all three answered family or parents. Mills claimed, "My dad put a basketball in my crib when I was four months old. That was the end of that" (personal communication, June 14, 2010).
I also found that the African American community has basketball as a distinct cultural norm but lacks baseball as one, which reinforces the structuration theory. The communities' role is to set up a norm that can determine exactly what its members will do and this trickles down from parent to child. Neither one of the black participants had any experience with baseball and I found out from Mills that many African American parents raise their kids to think they are greater than the team. I found that many racial elements, such as feeling more comfortable around your own race, came into play with decision to participate. But I also discovered that racism is not a deterrent to play sports nor has it ever been. With the participants it was obvious that they all saw the NBA and NFL as more media friendly to the black athlete. In a surprising twist the black participants actually said that steroids increased their interest in the game when I surely thought it would decrease interest due to the scandal.
Potential anomalies for this study could be any African American youth that grew up with baseball in their family and felt very welcome in playing baseball. Other anomalies could be experiencing racism in sports and extensive media coverage of black baseball players. My idea fits in with the multiple studies done by Ogden (2001, 2003, 2004, 2005) the best. We both used the structuration theory to explain the drop in African American participation in baseball. When drawing his conclusions he states, "African Americans use basketball routines and associated identities as means of understand their place in the world" (Ogden, 2005, p. 240). Ogden goes on to say that the structures that produce basketball as the African American identity are just the ones that I found in my study. He finds that "the roles of family and friends, access to facilities, and social messages delivered through mass media" are the reasons that African American youth choose basketball over baseball almost every time. Also, in regards to parental influence on sports participation, Early (2000) found "parents relied more heavily on their expertise with the sport to encourage continued sport participation" (p. 164). My findings indicated that the participants parents did not have expertise in the first sport that participant tried as a child. A big part of my findings that paralleled Ogden's were the effect youth participation in baseball has on the major league level. Ogden (2001) claims, "the number of African American players in Major League Baseball and in college will continue to dwindle as long as youth participation does" (p. 206). I found the same thing in terms of my information received about the African American community and culture from my two black participants. The numbers will only go down if more parents and communities do not try to spark interest in the game.
Within the communications field societal influences on decision making is a central concept to many scholar's studies. Whether it is with race, gender, or class there is always going to be discussions on what structures within society are the norms that shape our actions. Jarvie (2006) emphasizes social division as one. He claims, "Social division however is a much wider term than just social class since it has to potential to place an emphasis on many forms of division." He also states that "social differentiation, a general term used to describe the increasing complexity of specialize roles and relationships that are evident as societies grow in size" (Jarvie, 2006, p. 302). The ways certain societies divide and grow determine the actions of its inhabitants and how their lives will pan out.
Another one of those societal influences discussed by scholars is that of the media. Rein and Shields (2007) discuss how people now have access to inside information like never before. They say that when comparing the media of the past and today "the difference is that today there are many more channels and that the reporters and the media capture a more complete dimensionality" (Rein & Shields, 2007, p. 65). This can be detrimental to the person being reported on and the person listening to the report. The media can make us think whatever they want and obviously they can shape the way our youth view certain aspects of life or activities. On a broader level, scholars within the communications field may interpret my data for its social structure implications and racial divide in sports.
Limitations for my study include time (summer class), number of interview participants, and the lack of this study among numerous communications scholars. The limitation of time could not be helped because this is a summer course but if I had more time I may have been able to find more studies similar to my own. If I had more time I could have also interviewed more people and gotten a broader sample or even done a focus group. I would have asked more questions and made the interviews longer. One more limitation I had that I would fix is the focus on only one race. If I could do the study again I would focus on African Americans, Hispanics and Caucasians and the relationship to participation in baseball.
To build upon my research, I could use multiple races in the relationship to baseball participation and I could have analyzed what factors from each culture influence the decision to play or not. Another future research project I could do would be to find out exactly what caused the number of African Americans participating to start dropping. I could research the history of desegregation in baseball and find the roots of it. Also I could study not only the players but minority races within the office jobs in MLB. I might even consider doing a quantitative study where I find the statistical data about minorities and baseball.
This work attempts to answer my research question: what is the relationship between societal influences and the current participation of African Americans in baseball? Early (2000) poses three questions on this topic that need to be answered eventually if baseball is to ever get back to where it was historically with African Americans. His questions are, "So what happened to baseball in African American life? What did baseball mean to African Americans, and why does it no longer mean what it did?" (p.33). Personally, I want to know where it all began going downhill and why nothing was ever done to reverse the trend. Why did the United States as a society let this happen and what does this say about how welcome certain races feel around one another. When African Americans decide that a game isn't appropriate for their children to play because of cultural differences, something is wrong. Self-segregation is just as bad if not worse than actual segregation because there is a choice involved. We should all be able to play any sport together no matter the social, political, cultural, or racial differences.
Berry, R.S.Y. (1999, September 2). Collecting data by in-depth interviewing. Retrieved from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/000001172.htm
Boyce, C., & Neale, P. . (2006, May). Conducting in-depth interviews: a guide for designing and conducting in-depth interviews for evaluation input. Retrieved from http://www.pathfind.org/site/DocServer/m_e_tool_series_indepth_interviews.pdf
Delaney, T., & Madigan, T. (2009). Sports: why we love them!. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc.
Deubert, C. & Wong, G.M. (2010). Major league baseball general managers: an analysis of their responsibilities, qualifications, and characteristics. NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture, 18(2), 74-121. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/nine/v018/18.2.wong.html
Early, G. (2000). Why baseball was the Black national pastime. In T. Boyd & K.L. Shropshire (Eds.), Basketball Jones (pp. 27-50). New York: New York University Press.
Entine, J. (2000). Taboo. New York: PublicAffairs.
Fortunato, J.A., & Williams, J.D. (2010). Major league baseball and African American participation: is free television part of the solution. Journal of Sports Media, 5(1),
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The 6 step E-6 Tetenal kit is a 5L kit. Same as Kodak. I always use it to the maximum capacity that Kodak indicated on their own kit (500ml to dev 4 rolls of 120). Never had a problem, even as the kit ages.
I got it here:
WebbCam LLC
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Philadelphia, PA 19107-1722
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subset: commoncrawl


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Radical By Design: The Primus Eta Spiderby Liz Weiss
Radical By Design: The Primus Eta Spider Read the full epic review.
"6 Camping Essentials for a More Comfy Experience"by Seth Lofgreen
The Primus Profile Dual Stove and Brunton Resync 9000 are featured on Fit Bottomed Girls, a women's health and fitness blog.
Fitness Magazine Getaway Guideby Kjirstin Kinman
Fitness Magazine features DWB 1894 compass in getaway guide.
Eta Express Name Top Choiceby Seth Lofgreen
April 2014, Consumer's Digest recently listed their best buys in stoves and listed our Eta Express as the top choice in the Premium category.
Eta Lite Named Best New Gear in Backpacker!by Seth Lofgreen
April, 2014 – Primus Eta Lite is listed among 2014's Best New Gear in the Backpacker Gear guide. Noting its patented burner and stability. Read the review here.


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Resolution: standard / high
Figure 9.
Exon counts per gene transcript. A comparison of the number of exons per transcript and coding exons per transcript in the GENCODE annotation of the 31 test regions and in the predictions. Blue bars show the average number of coding exons per coding transcript for each of the programs in categories 1, 2, 3, and 4; the blue line shows this for the GENCODE annotation. The number of all exons per transcript in the GENCODE annotation is shown with a red line. Those programs that predict non-coding exons are noted with red bars. Programs marked with an asterisk predict multiple transcripts per gene locus.
Guigó et al. Genome Biology 2006 7(Suppl 1):S2 doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-s1-s2


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Small IDEA complaint. Workaround?
Gregg Bolinger
GenRocket Founder
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Joined: Jul 11, 2001
Posts: 15302
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Feb 16, 2004 21:59:00
I don't think IDEA 4 has a way of adding existing files to an existing project. For example, let's say I have a project setup and I decide I need to add Hibernate to the mix. So I need to put the hibernate.jar file in my lib folder. As it is right now, I have to go outside of the Editor, open the path to my project and copy that lib folder.
Granted then IDEA finds the newly added file and it shows up in the project view. But the fact is I had to leave the editor just to add a file to the project. Am I missing something here or is this the way it is.
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Ernest Friedman-Hill
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Joined: Jul 08, 2003
Posts: 24199
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Feb 16, 2004 22:45:00
In the settings "Paths" dialog, you can add a JAR to the project wherever it lives on your machine; it won't get moved, however. IDEA will just use it in-place. If you want to move it to the project directory, I suppose you're right, there's no way built into the IDE to do this.
Honestly, this behavior is one of the things I
about IDEA. If I added a JAR to a project, and the IDE copied the JAR to project/Build/jars/ or whatever (like Visual Studio used to do) it would drive me nuts. Part of the charm of IDEA is that it does only what it needs to do, nothing more. If you want to manage files, then you ought to use a file manager, not the IDE. That's the way they designed it.
On my machine I have a /home/ejfried/lib/java directory full of JAR files, and these are the ones I add to IDEA projects. There's only one copy of each, which makes upgrades easy.
[Jess in Action]
Gregg Bolinger
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Feb 16, 2004 22:53:00
To me, File Management is important in the IDE.
I know what you are saying about the JAR files being copied. But I don't mind this. I know you don't use
, but if you did you would realize that adding a Folder full of JARS that are unique to your project to your WEB-INF/lib folder when creating your WAR is a lot easier than adding and/or excluding individual JAR files from a global JAR folder in your ANT script.
I always have a [b]lib[/url] folder in every project where I keep JAR files specific for my web app, even if some of those JAR files carry over to other projects.
Jeroen Wenting
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Posts: 5093
Feb 17, 2004 02:38:00
should be possible to write something that updates your ant buildscript when you add something to your project classpath.
Best of both worlds
Matthew Phillips
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Joined: Mar 09, 2001
Posts: 2676
Feb 17, 2004 15:31:00
This is something that annoyed me at first, but I am growing to like it. When I was using Eclipse, I would use the import feature frequently. I absolutely hated the interface though. Windows Explorer is just a better interface for moving files around IMO. The fact that IDEA recognizes that is a bonus.
Matthew Phillips
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Brides Toast Outdoor Weddings as Fruit Growers Fret Forecast
Above-normal U.S. temperatures that have depressed natural gas prices and threatened some crops are being celebrated by brides with outdoor ceremonies and cocktails in March.
A streak that led to the fourth-warmest U.S. winter on record will continue for the next three months, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said. States in the south, mid-Atlantic and New England regions will have at least a 33 percent chance of warm weather from March through May, NOAA said.
Unseasonable spring temperatures mean Washington's cherry trees may reach their peak bloom before planners of the capital's National Cherry Blossom Festival expected. Crops such as apples and apricots could be damaged by frost. In the winners column are brides-to-be who book weddings during the less-expensive off-peak month of March while enjoying May-like weather.
"Two years ago we had a snowstorm in March," Tara Buchanan, a wedding planner with EBE Events and Entertainment in Philadelphia, said in an interview. "Now these brides are over the moon that they're able to have outdoor ceremonies and cocktail parties in March."
Temperatures around the U.S. have been as high as 35 degrees Fahrenheit (19.4 Celsius) above normal in the past week, with 400 record highs set on March 14, said Laura Furgione, deputy director of the National Weather Service. Temperatures in Detroit reached 75 degrees this week, 30 degrees above normal, according to the National Weather Service office in White Lake, Michigan. Last March 14 temperatures reached 39.
`May-like Warmth'
"We're already feeling May-like warmth in parts of the country this week," Furgione said yesterday in a conference call by U.S. weather agencies with reporters.
Expenditures for natural gas, the primary fuel used to heat about half of U.S. homes, are on track to be the lowest in nine years, primarily because of warm weather, the Energy Department said. The average household is expected to pay about $629 to heat with natural gas this winter, down 13 percent from last winter and the lowest since the 2002-2003 season.
NOAA's forecast for March, April and May calls for temperatures about one degree above normal with one or two extreme temperature events over the period, according to Ed O'Lenic, chief of the operations branch of NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. Though demand for power during the spring typically wanes, temperature spikes could present challenges for utilities if air conditioners get switched on, according to Paul Patterson, a New York-based analyst for Glenrock Associates LLC.
Power Plants
"There are a large number of units taken down for regular maintenance," Patterson said in an interview. "If you have a situation where you have a strong increase in demand, it can have a disproportionate impact."
Natural gas for April delivery fell 0.5 cent, or 0.2 percent, to settle at $2.279 per million British thermal units on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The futures, which are down 24 percent this year, fell to $2.204 on March 13, the lowest intraday price since Feb. 15, 2002.
In New Jersey, February averaged 38.5 degrees, 4.7 degrees above the 1981-2000 normal, according to the Office of the New Jersey State Climatologist at Rutgers University in New Brunswick. Vegetation is two to three weeks ahead of typical bloom, and magnolias, cherry trees and spring bulbs are nearing peak in some areas of the Garden State.
Cherry Blossom Festival
Office workers in the New Jersey Statehouse turned on window air conditioners March 14 as temperatures reached 74 degrees, 4 degrees short of the record set in 1990, according to NOAA. The normal high is 51 degrees.
Unseasonably warm temperatures are vexing organizers of the Cherry Blossom Festival in Washington. The festival begins March 20 and planners were expecting blossoms along the Tidal Basin and around the Jefferson Memorial to peak between March 24-31.
Now, the National Park Service is predicting the Yoshino cherry trees peak bloom, when 70 percent of the blossoms are open, to be between March 20 and 23. The average peak bloom occurs on April 4.
This winter in the contiguous U.S. was the warmest since the record winter of 2000, the climate center said. Meteorologists designate winter as being from Dec. 1 to Feb. 29. The calendar start to spring is based on the equinox.
Crops Confused
Crops such as apples and apricots are also confused by the warmer-than-normal weather, according to David Wolfe, a plant and soil scientist at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Buds that start opening earlier than normal become vulnerable to frost damage that can ultimately reduce fruit yields.
Farmers watch such trends and adjust planting schedules annually, Wolfe said. Peaches typically grown in Georgia may someday be an option for New York while apples may flourish in Canada.
"We're really worried about frost damage this spring because if temperatures get anywhere back to near normal, we're likely to have a few frost events," Wolfe said in an interview. "The longer this warm period in the middle of winter gets, the more vulnerable they get."
A warm spring means a shorter season for East Coast ski resorts that have already suffered at the expense of warmer winter temperatures. In four of the last five years, the Sugarbush ski resort in Warren, Vermont, has been open through the first week of May, according to Winthrop Smith Jr., a former Merrill Lynch & Co. executive whose company, Summit Ventures, owns the resort.
Spring Skiing
"If the NOAA forecast is accurate, that's probably unlikely this year," Smith said in an interview. "It does make a difference. Right now the spring skiing is fabulous."
The bad news for skiers is good news for brides who are increasingly taking advantage of warmer winter and early spring weather, Buchanan said. February or March weddings, which are now more likely to include outdoor options, can be as much as 25 percent cheaper than May or June affairs, Buchanan said.
"It used to be that you could never do anything outside after October," Buchanan said. "I had an outdoor ceremony in December."


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NEW! Introductory Price for a Limited Time -- Now Just $0.99 -- Baker's Dozen Holiday Breads -- Kindle Version
I have been missing out for most of my life. I rarely if ever used curry powder and recently I have begun to cook with it rather frequently. It really changes up a plain meal. While I'm content with pork and vegetables with butter, adding curry spice turns it into something else altogether.
- 3 thick pork chops
- bacon grease, or your favorite good fat (butter, lard, coconut oil)
- 1 small onion, sliced thin
- 12 ounces fresh baby spinach
- 1 small head cauliflower, cut into small pieces (about 2 cups)
- 3 ribs celery, chopped
- 1 head garlic, chopped into large chunks
- 1 small red bell pepper, sliced thin
- 1 large green bell pepper, sliced thin
- 8 ounces coconut milk
- 2 Tablespoons curry powder
- 1 teaspoon hot chili pepper flakes, optional
- Salt to taste
Beginning by heating the grease in your skillet at medium-heat. When it's nice and hot, add the strips of pork. In a separate skillet, add more fat and heat until nice and hot, and add in the onions and bell peppers. Stir the pork occasionally, and stir the bell peppers and onions occasionally. Continue to chop and slice the other vegetables. When the meat is done, at about twenty minutes or so, add in the garlic chunks and and celery continue cooking. You may need to add in some water to deglaze the pan if it begins to stick. Just pour in about 1/4 cup water and using a heavy spatula gently scrape the skillet until it is clean. Continue stirring occasionally and cooking the pork and garlic chunks and celery.
When the bell peppers and onions begin to look translucent, dump them into the big skillet with the pork and garlic. Continue stirring and cooking. Now use the skillet you had been cooking the bell peppers to cook the cauliflower and spinach. Add about 1/2 inch of water to the bottom of the pan, add the chopped cauliflower first, then put the spinach on top and place a lid on top. Cook for 15 minutes.
Turn down the heat on the other skillet and continue stirring occasionally. When there is about five minutes left for the cauliflower and spinach, add the 8 ounces of coconut milk to the skillet with the pork and other vegetables. Add in the curry powder and the hot chili pepper flakes. Bring to a boil and stir frequently. After a few minutes the curry powder and coconut milk will thicken and turn a darker brown color. When the spinach and cauliflower are done, dump into the skillet and mix all together. Add more coconut milk if there isn't enough "gravy" and more curry if you like more spice in the dish. Salt to taste! In hindsight, I think pineapple would have been sensational in this dish.
As always, you'll have to let me know if you try this!
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Barbara Finazzo, a volunteer with Special People United to Ride, or SPUR, leads Avery to the mounting block for Teddy Dieterman, a seventh-grader at Collier Middle School, to ride.
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Teddy Dieterman sat tall in the saddle Thursday as he rode one of Sunnyside Equestrian Center's horses through an obstacle course in a Lincroft paddock.
Dieterman, a seventh-grader from Hillsborough who has autism, and a group of his classmates from Collier Middle School in the Wickatunk section of Marlboro spent the sunny morning watching and riding the horses as part of Sunnyside's Equine Environment for Learning. The program provides horse-based therapies for children with disabilities.
Students from Collier Middle School - which serves children with emotional and behavioral ...


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In an attempt to escape their painfully dull 9-to-5 jobs, four ingenious office workers invent BLAM! – an imaginary game where ordinary life is put through the shredder. In this hilarious and explosive show, the mundane workplace is transformed into a world populated by aliens, superheroes and classic blockbuster movie villains. With neckbreaking stunts, breathtaking physical feats, exhilarating parkour and heaps of attitude, BLAM! takes you on an extraordinary and riotous adventure.
Neander is a physical theatre company that has toured worldwide under the artistic direction of critically acclaimed performer and director Kristján Ingimarsson. Neander's productions display limitless physical expression along with boundless curiosity.
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★★★★★ 'Every festival has one totally unexpected hit and at Edinburgh it is Blam!' The Independent
★★★★★ 'Glorious movie-based mayhem' The List
This smash-hit show, will arrive fresh from its UK premiere at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. BLAM! mixes narrative theatre, acrobatics and daring physical stunts. A wordless performance, it offers an imaginative, action-packed and highly entertaining experience, taking physical theatre to new heights of innovation.
Portugal Street, Kingsway
Seating plan
Running time:
22 Oct 2013 – 16 Nov 2013
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Google Play Books Can Now Sync Notes to Google Drive
Google Play Books has been our top pick for ereader on Android for a while. Now, it's getting a little better. The newest version of Play Books allows you to sync your notes, highlights, and bookmarks to a separate folder in Google Drive.http://lifehacker.com/5875516/the-be... »


text:
Remembering 9/11
We set our
eyes upon that sight
on the flames and tears all burning bright.
As the towers crumbled to the ground,
on our knees we stumbled down
crying, praying for those who passed
all because of a terrorist attack.
Some were fortunate, others were less
as the departments did their best.
Now we ask ourselves to why,
why did the good had to die?
The question rests unanswered
as our hearts lay still and battered.
And the tears come rushing down your cheeks
And you regret for what you did not speak
But do not fret; just raise your hands up high
and remember how they all had lived, not how they all had died.
Remember the good times when it happens,
but also remember the day of 9/11.
| Email this Poetry
| Add to reading list


text:
I have a Babylock Diana. I am trying to do a 5 thread cover chain stitch hem on the legs of some medium to heavy weight fleece fabric I picked up at JoAnn Fabrics. After testing and testing I can't seem to get through a small piece of test fabric without it jamming. I've tried every level of presser foot tension setting and thread tension setting I can think of, plus a few extreme settings just to see if the would work. I have verified that it is threaded properly as well.
I mostly work with industrial machines that handle this fabric with ease. I am hoping I don't have to buy one for my home projects though.
I've created a web page if you wish to view the images larger. Web Page Link
Meanwhile, here are some smaller images to show what I am running into:
Any suggestions would be appreciated.
------Nobody cares how much you know until they know how much you care.
How does it work with thinner fabric? It could be that the needles are not large enough for the thicker fabric.
See if there is an adjustment for the presser foot pressure. The manual should explain how to adjust according to fabric thicknesses.
------"Improvise, adapt and overcome." - Clint Eastwood/Heartbreak Ridge
"Isn�t it a shame in today�s world you can�t tell the truth. If you tell the truth you�re abrasive. If you lie you�re charming." - Bob Huggins/College Basketball Coach
Since you use and are used to commercial machines, sounds like you already do know they can often sometimes sew through some much thicker stuff than some home ones, and I think you might be onto something with that, at least in your very first picture where you got the whole bunch of and looks like more and thicker layers than the other pictures. I have a Baby Lock Evolve and I'm not sure I with it, could really sew though that stuff in your very first picture always without jamming up either.
To get the very best chance of it though, I think I would use the very longest stitch length I could, to have the least amount of stitches in it per inch traveled and have the pressure foot adjustment adjusted for thickest of fabric possible. Also my knives the very sharpest possible as a dull knife might not be helping any.
How can you get a "5 thread cover chain stitch hem " ? I think if coverstitching with 2 needles that would make it a 3 thread stitch, with 2 threads for needles and one for chainstitch looper and instead if using a 3 needle coverstitch, then that would just make it a 4 thread stitch using, 3 needles threads and one looper thread, so where is that 5th thread coming in?
I guess you might be able to run a two thread chain stitch next to a 3 thread cover stitch, and have 5 threads that way though, (not seeing that in your needles in your photo's at all though) but just because you could maybe do in that, does not mean it would work for all fabrics and all thickness of fabric.
So I think you have just sort of hit or exceeded the limits of the machine, if changing your stitch types, and opening up your stitches, and making pressure foot as loose as possible, all does not make it better. Also if just too thick in one place, you could aways try just very carefully only turning the fly wheel by hand just in those places maybe. Maybe you really needed a more commercial kind of overlocker, to go with all those other more commercial machines even. Or maybe just turn under hem and straight stitch it down with a lockstitch sewing machine, using real long stitches instead, I do see that done on real thick fleece in the stores even, lots of times.
I think synthetic Polar fleece dulls your knife blades really fast, much faster than just sewing though some natural fiber cotton or such, so I would for sure switch out at least that softer top knife blade for a new one, as an experiment too, as maybe that might help some, particular if you have been sewing a whole lot of Polar Fleece on it. If that makes no difference you have not wasted a knife blade at all, just put old one back in and save the other one as a spare for later.
-- Edited on 4/30/13 4:08 PM --
If you got any scratches or dings from your needle hitting a stitch pin or plate or something like that, and it snags some thread, that might also be able to make your stitches catch and pile up like that and it even harder for all to move through the machine too. If so maybe smooth them off. -- Edited on 4/30/13 4:43 PM --
Thank you both for your responses!
I did put new needles (sizes 14, 16 and 18) and it didn't help. As I noted in my post I also tried every presser foot adjustment I could - from the lightest to the heaviest it didn't make any difference.
Excellent advice on the blade Beauturbo - I replaced the blade as well. I forgot to include that detail in my post.
I just got back from taking it to my local Dealer (another advantage of buying local) and we ended up having to pull the fabric through at the start in order to get it to work on both their demo and my machine. The problem in doing this resulted in the stitches at the start, where the thicker crossing seam is located bunched up a bit and it was very noticeable. Just for kicks we then tried it on the Evolution and it sewed through it several times without any problem at all. Therefore, I am now a proud new owner of a new Baby Lock Evolution. LOL!
Now, I need to get it unpacked and finish off what I started this morning. After that I'll have time to play a bit to see all the new things I can do with this puppy. ;)
I forgot to answer your question.... it worked fine with thinner fabrics. It just refused to sew the thick fleece.
Does it work with just a plain coverstitch?
When I sew thick fleece I lock the blade on my serger.
This was recommended in the my Elna machine's manual when sewing very thick fabrics.
That works for me.
------Wellington, NZ
Congrats on your Evolution. Mine has got stuck on a few bulky seams a few times over the years but have always been able to clear it and correct it to serge through. I know you will enjoy it- especially looper threading.
------sewing brings joy and meaning to my life...
------ iPad's auto-correct is my enema.
Sally - I didn't try a cover stitch.
Skye - that is a great tip. Thank you so much!
Sandi - thank you. I am sure I'll enjoy it.
Doris - sorry, that was a typo on my part. I should have read my own dang post. UGH!
The stitch I used was a 4-Thread Chain Stitch-2-Thread Overlock. I had 5 spools on my machine and I guess that through me off when I was typing. ;)
Thanks to all of you! So far I am enjoying the new machine. The jet air threading is going to really save me some serious time for sure. Seems I never sit down without having to change things up when I sew at home. Plus, the auto tension really amazes me. I did a test strip of fabric and I went from soft thin silk to 2 layers of denim and the tension was perfect.
Funny thing though, I'll still test before I sew on something I am going to wear or sell. Seems like machines sew perfect when you are testing and playing around on scraps. However, that all changes when you put an expensive finished fabric in them.
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text:
Robert Perry is a member of the Intellectual Property Practice Group and Managing Partner of the New York Office. His practice covers all facets of intellectual property litigation and counseling, with a particular emphasis on patent litigation. More specifically, Mr. Perry litigates most frequently in the areas of electronics, semiconductors, networks, telecommunications including wireless technology and software.
Mr. Perry has substantial experience representing clients (as plaintiffs or defendants) in patent infringement lawsuits throughout the country. His experience covers an array of technical subject matter, including three dimensional scanning, communications protocols for computer systems, internet protocols and systems, wireless telephony, consumer electronics, software storage control systems and integrated circuits. Mr. Perry has also been involved in litigation in the chemical arts including technologies such as polyethylene foams and paper mill by-product processing systems.
In addition to his litigation capabilities, Mr. Perry regularly provides advice to clients, whether they are emerging or well established companies, on a wide variety of Intellectual Property issues. Mr. Perry also counsels clients with respect to due diligence issues relating to Intellectual Property as well as patent portfolio reviews and clearance opinions. In addition, Mr. Perry has spoken on current topics in Intellectual Property law, including topics such as "Strategies for Successful Markman Hearings."
Prior to joining King & Spalding, Mr. Perry was a partner at Kenyon & Kenyon. Mr. Perry received his Bachelors Degree in Electrical Engineering from Manhattan College, along with a Masters Degree in Business Administration from Seton Hall University, followed by his J.D., magna cum laude, from Seton Hall Law School.


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Adam Weinberg is the new president of Denison University.
- Filed Under
Liberal arts colleges like Denison University must step up and prepare students for an increasingly challenging world, new Denison president Dr. Adam Weinberg believes. He also thinks Denison has long been a leader in that regard, and must remain at the forefront.
"In my view, Denison has always been one of the leading liberal arts colleges in the country," Weinberg, in his third day on the job last week, said. "Denison needs to lead the way, coming up with solutions and demonstrating to others what the path forward is, what liberal arts really need to look like."
Weinberg succeeds Dale Knobel ...


text: On Thu, Jul 19, 2001 at 08:29:36AM -0700, Brett Mueller wrote: > Albert Martinez wrote: > > Thanks ppl for the advice. Intel nics seem to be the most popular, so, funds > > permitting, that's what I'll get. > > folks were complaining bitterly about Intel's lack of cooperation and support > for supplying hardware data so that solid, reliable drivers could be written > DEC chip based or compatible nics are the most popular ones using dc or de drivers, although DEC network chip division was bought out by Intel, which changed Intel's own chip quality a lot. Just to clear the confusion, only recent 8255x based Intel chips (designed after acquiring DEC network, so go figure) are worth buying. Some early Intel network chips were pretty funny. Regarding attitude, I dont think Wintel gang would turn around the table easily uless defeated.


text:
|Losartan vs. amlodipine treatment in elderly oncologic hypertensive patients: A randomized clinical trial.
MedLine Citation:
|PMID: 20569998 Owner: NLM Status: In-Data-Review
|Elderly neoplastic patients frequently may show hypertension and hyperuricemia, before and after chemotherapeutic treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of losartan which is an antihypertensive drug with uricosuric properties vs. amlodipine in hypertensive neoplastic elderly patients. This was an open-labeled, randomized, comparative trial. The study was performed as a 30-day study. Seventy patients with cancer were randomly assigned to receive losartan or amlodipine. Blood pressure (BP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, creatinine, serum and urinary uric acid, creatinine and uric acid clearance were determined before and after chemotherapy. One day after chemotherapy in losartan group vs. amlodipine group we observed a significant difference in urinary uric acid (p<0.001) of 18mg/24h vs. 40mg/24h. Thirty days after chemotherapy we observed a significant difference in azotemia of 0.0mg/dl vs. 3.8mg/dl (p<0.001), serum uric acid of 0.05mg/dl vs. 0.49mg/dl (p<0.001), urinary uric acid (p<0.001) of 23mg/24h vs. 0.0mg/24h, GFR of 2ml/min/1.73m(2) vs. -8ml/min/1.73m(2) (p<0.05) and systolic BP (SBP) of 3.6mmHg vs. 0.8mmHg (p<0.05). The findings of the present study support the effective role of losartan compared to amlodipine in treating hypertension and hyperuricemia in elderly patients under chemotherapeutic treatment.
|Massimo Motta; Cristina Russo; Marco Vacante; Rocco Luca Emanuele Liardo; Francesca Reitano; Lisa Cammalleri; Mario Costanzo; Giuseppe Benfatto; Paola Frazzetto; Enrico Mondati; Michele Malaguarnera; Giovanni Pennisi
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Publication Detail:
|Type: Journal Article Date: 2010-05-31
Journal Detail:
|Title: Archives of gerontology and geriatrics Volume: 53 ISSN: 1872-6976 ISO Abbreviation: Arch Gerontol Geriatr Publication Date: 2011 Jul-Aug
Date Detail:
|Created Date: 2011-06-09 Completed Date: - Revised Date: -
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 8214379 Medline TA: Arch Gerontol Geriatr Country: Netherlands
Other Details:
|Languages: eng Pagination: 60-3 Citation Subset: IM
Copyright Information:
|Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
|Department of Internal Medicine and Systemic Diseases, University of Catania, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina 829, I-95125 Catania, Italy; Research Center "The Extreme Senescence", University of Catania, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina 829, I-95125 Catania, Italy.
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|APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex
|MeSH Terms
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Previous Document: Cancer in home care: Unintended weight loss and ethical challenges. A cross-sectional study of older...
Next Document: Patterns of contact within the New Zealand poultry industry.


text:
For those with metal sensitivities, a day in most hoops, studs, chandeliers or shoulder-dusters can be a real pain in the…ear. The usual culprit of most stinging or itching earlobes? Nickel, an inexpensive metal that's often mixed in with more precious ones to create an alloy. While it's most commonly found in cheaper earrings, trace amounts of nickel can be found in some higher-end gems, too—and for those allergic to it (about 10 to 15 percent of the all Americans), prolonged exposure can lead to rashes, swelling or even blisters. Not fun.
If you're sensitive to nickel, your best bet is to look for jewelry made from either pure sterling silver, 18-to-24-karat gold or a hypoallergenic metal like surgical/stainless steel or titanium. Most people can also tolerate gold vermeil, or sterling silver plated with gold. Be careful with earrings described as simply "gold-plated," however—that often indicates jewelry from a nickel-containing base with a gold overlay, which can easily wear off over time.
Click through to shop 10 pairs of earrings that won't irritate even the most sensitive ears—you might be surprised by how affordable some of them are!
More on Luckymag.com:
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Keep up with the Lucky team on Twitter: Follow @LuckyMagazine


text:
|Relationship of Central and Peripheral Blood Pressure to Left Ventricular Mass in Hypertensive Patients.
MedLine Citation:
|PMID: 22951089 Owner: NLM Status: Publisher
|INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship of central and peripheral blood pressure to left ventricular mass. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 392 never treated hypertensive individuals. Measurement of office, 24-h ambulatory, and central blood pressure (obtained using applanation tonometry) and determination of left ventricular mass by echocardiography were performed in all patients. RESULTS: In a multiple regression analysis, with adjustment for age, gender and metabolic syndrome, 24-h blood pressure was more closely related to ventricular mass than the respective office and central blood pressures. Systolic blood pressures always exhibited a higher correlation than diastolic blood pressures in all 3 determinations. The correlation between left ventricular mass index and 24-h systolic blood pressure was higher than that of office (P<.002) or central systolic blood pressures (P<.002). Changes in 24-h systolic blood pressure caused the greatest variations in left ventricular mass index (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: In our population of untreated middle-aged hypertensive patients, left ventricular mass index is more closely related to 24-h ambulatory blood pressure than to office or central blood pressure. Central blood pressure does not enable us to better identify patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Full English text available from:www.revespcardiol.org.
|Francisco J Pérez-Lahiguera; Enrique Rodilla; Jose A Costa; Carmen Gonzalez; Joaquin Martín; Jose M Pascual
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Publication Detail:
|Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Date: 2012-8-27
Journal Detail:
|Title: Revista espanola de cardiologia Volume: - ISSN: 1579-2242 ISO Abbreviation: Rev Esp Cardiol Publication Date: 2012 Aug
Date Detail:
|Created Date: 2012-9-6 Completed Date: - Revised Date: -
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 0404277 Medline TA: Rev Esp Cardiol Country: -
Other Details:
|Languages: ENG; SPA Pagination: - Citation Subset: -
Copyright Information:
|Copyright © 2012 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.
|Unidad de Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Sagunto, Sagunto, Valencia, España; CIBER 03/06 Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España.
Vernacular Title:
|Relación entre la presión arterial central y periférica con la masa ventricular izquierda en hipertensos.
Export Citation:
|APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex
|MeSH Terms
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Previous Document: Ventricular Tachycardia in Coronary Artery Disease.
Next Document: Emerging real-time technologies in molecular medicine and the evolution of integrated 'pharmacomics'...


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End of December is proudly endorsed by MEElectronics and their MEElectronics product of preference is the M6 Sports In-Ear Headphones.
Featuring Andrew Baker on vocals, Joshua Barber and Brad Spicer on guitar, Tony Skinner on Bass, and Brandon Bruyette on Drums, End of December was founded in 2008 in Ladysmith, WI.
They recorded a 4 song self-titled EP with Ben Kasica (of Skillet) at the helm of the project. Then in 2010, End of December released a self produced, 3 song EP titled The Rhythm Your Heart Makes.
Currently, they are gearing up to record their first full-length record titled The Truth & The Dream that will also be self produced.
Discography: End of December (EP) - 2008The Rhythm Your Heart Makes (EP) - 2010The Truth & The Dream - upcoming