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Regular arrays of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are frequently used in studies on field emission. However, non-uniformities are always present like dispersions in height, radius, and position. In this report, we describe the effect of these non-uniformities in the overall emission current by simulation. We show that non-uniform arrays can be modeled as a perfect array multiplied by a factor that is a function of the CNTs spacing.
Keywords:Non-uniform array; Carbon nanotube array; CNT array; Field emitter array; Field emitter morphology; Field emission simulation
Carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays for field emission (FE) applications have been extensively studied experimentally and theoretically [1-5]. Various improvements to fabricate well-aligned CNT arrays have been achieved, but non-uniformities are always present. To build precise arrays is expensive and difficult in extending to large areas. Simulation of CNT arrays is cost effective; however, simulation of these structures including non-uniformity is rare in the literature. To model non-uniformities in FE, it is necessary to understand their effects on the emission current. The simulation of FE in large domains is notoriously difficult especially in three dimensions, which is necessary in this analysis. The difficulties include long simulation times, large computer memory requirements, and computational instability. The first analysis of this kind is the recent work of Shimoi and Tanaka [6]. They managed to perform three-dimensional (3D) simulations based on boundary elements that avoided meshing the volume of the 3D domain. They simulated carbon nanofibers with random position and height to match the emission pattern that they obtained experimentally. In this work, we perform simulations of non-uniform CNTs with dispersions in height, radius, and position in limited ranges and with small CNT aspect ratios aiming to correlate the current from non-uniform arrays with the current expected from perfect arrays. We restrict our analysis to a hemisphere-on-a-post model [4,6-8], in which the CNTs are regarded as perfect conductors, with a smooth surface and oriented normal to the substrate. In this report, we shall refer to these idealized tubes as CNTs.
The CNTs are positioned in a 3 × 3 square array, as shown in Figure 1. We shall explain hereafter that a 3 × 3 square array is an efficient way to perform the simulations. The ith CNT height Hi, radius Ri, and coordinates (Xi,Yi) are stochastic variables with expected values (or averages), respectively, equal to h = 10 a.u., r = 1 a.u., and (xi,yi) being the center of the ith unit cell in the array. Thus, the default aspect ratio is 10, which is quite small. However, larger aspect ratios cause simulation difficulties that will be discussed later. Despite this limitation, we think that the results provide a meaningful insight on the behavior of the current. We simulated aspect ratios up to 100 in graphenes randomizing only the positions. The results vary at most 25%, tending to increase slowly in a logarithmic pace as a function of aspect ratio. A complete analysis of graphene sheets will be presented in a forthcoming paper. The stochastic variables in our study will be limited to the following ranges:
where s is the array spacing; αh, αr, and αp can be interpreted as the range in percentage of the expected value. For instance, αh = 1 implies that the height of the CNT can vary 100%, from 0.5 h to 1.5 h. The choice for these dispersion ranges was based on microscopic observations [6,9,10]. If α = 0, the corresponding stochastic variable is constant. Equation (3) states that the displacement range of the CNTs can vary from no displacement (αp = 0) to displacements as large as half the length of the unit cell (αp = 1). We analyze the emission current as a function of s from near close packed (s ≥ 0.25 h) to s = 10 h (approximately isolated tubes). The field enhancement and the screening effects are illustrated in Figure 1. In Figure 1a, only the heights are randomized. The taller the tube, the larger the field strength at the tip, represented in shades of red; shorter tubes are shielded. In Figure 1b, only the radii are randomized. The screening effect is approximately the same for all tubes, but the field enhancement is larger at the thinner ones. In Figure 1c, only the positions are randomized. In this case, some tubes are more screened than others depending on how they clump up, notice however, that the field strength at the tips are more homogeneous compared to Figure 1a,b. Indeed, the overall current is less affected by randomized positions than heights or radii for the separation shown in this figure. In Figure 1d, all variables are randomized at the same time. The CNTs are not allowed to overlap.
Figure 1. Hemisphere-on-a-post model for a 3 × 3 non-uniform array domain. In (a), (b), and (c), respectively, height, radius, and position are separately randomized. In (d), all three parameters are randomized at the same time. The red regions indicate strong electric field.
The simulations are performed using software COMSOL® v.4.2a, which is based on the finite elements method. The CNT array, as shown in Figure 1, is regarded as purely electrostatic system. A macroscopic vertical electric field of 10 GV/m is applied on the domain. The side boundaries have symmetry boundary condition, which states that there is no electric field perpendicular to these boundaries (E.n = 0) making them act as mirrors. These conditions determine the norm of the electric field in the domain.
The local current density, j, is evaluated using Fowler Nordheim equation [11,12]:
where A = 1.56 × 10-6A eV V-2, B = 6.83 × 109 eV-3/2 V/m, ϕ is the work function (in eV), and E is the local electric field (in V/m) at the surface of the CNTs. We use a work function of 5 eV for the CNTs. Equation (4) is integrated over the CNT's surfaces to obtain the overall current, which is normalized by the current from a perfect array IPA. Figure 2 shows IPA and the overall current density, JPA, defined as the total current divided by the area of the array. The peak in JPA at s ≅ 2 h indicates the ideal spacing for FE applications [13,14]. Note that JPA is relatively small for s < h, so we shall focus most of our analyses to the region where s > h. The currents and current densities shown in Figure 2 for the perfect uniform lattice and uniform CNTs will be used to normalize the currents for the non-uniform structures.
Figure 2. Field emission current IPAand current density JPAof a perfect array. The lattice spacing s is expressed in units of the CNT height h. The aspect ratio of the CNTs is 10 in this figure.
Each simulation run, identified with the number of the run, k, has a particular set of randomized parameters that yield the normalized current, Ik. The Ik values from a 3 × 3 domain present large variations, but after averaging 25 simulation runs, we obtain a smoother behavior, which is the expected values of the stochastic Ik. The error in Ik decreases by a factor of 1/√k. In FE experiments, the observed current is the average over a large number of CNTs. We did 25 simulation runs of 3 × 3 CNTs, which is physically similar to simulate 225 CNTs in one run. However, the latter calculation is impossible due to memory and numerical instability. Even a 3 × 3 array takes a rather long time to simulate, and some of our results were not reliable at large spacing. We simulated arrays with 1 × 1, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 4 × 4 randomized CNTs. The average current depends on the size of the domain, but the convergence is fast. The normalized currents as a function of the spacing for 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 arrays are exactly the same within the error. Hence, a 3 × 3 domain is already large enough to represent a random field of CNTs.
Results and discussion
Figure 3 shows the result when only the positions of the CNTs are randomized (αp = 1, αr = αh = 0). The normalized average Ip = <Ik > is shown in full circles. The gray line at Ip = 1 is drawn to guide the eye. The sine-like behavior of Ip is a consequence of the step shape of IPA (see Figure 2), which increases fast at small s and saturates for s → ∞. The random positioning causes some CNTs to lump, while others form a sparser configuration. At small s, the field enhancement of the slightly isolated CNTs dominates the lumping of CNTs elsewhere, thus Ip > 1. On the other hand, for large s, the CNTs are practically isolated, and their field enhancement of the CNTs is almost at a threshold value. In this case, the current from isolated CNTs is almost constant, while the screening effect of the lumped regions significantly reduces the current, so Ip < 1. For s → ∞, the emitters are isolated, and it is unlikely that two or more emitters will become close enough to screen each other after random displacements; therefore, Ip tends to unity. At s ≅ h, field enhancement and screening on the randomized tubes compensate exactly and Ip = 1. At this point, misplaced CNTs do not affect the overall current expected from a perfect array. The inset in the figure shows the region for s > 1, which is the important region for FE applications as mentioned. We fitted this region with the simplest interpolating function to provide a numerical value for Ip. The fitting curve is shown in the inset.
Figure 3. Randomization in the (x,y) coordinates of the CNTs in the array. The gray opened circles are the normalized current Ik from an individual simulation run. The full circles are the average over 25 runs (Ip). The inset shows s > h superposed to an interpolating function that provides a numerical value for Ip.
Figures 4 and 5 show the normalized currents Ir and Ih for αr = 1 and αh = 1, respectively. Like in Figure 3, the horizontal axes in these figures are logarithmic. At small s, Ir, and Ih are sensitive to the randomization as can be seen. In this region, fluctuations in height and radius largely decrease the electrostatic shielding as compared to the uniform CNTs, thus the normalized current becomes very high. It should be remembered that, although the normalized Ir and Ih are high for small s, the absolute current is actually very small, as can be seen in Figure 2. The insets show the curves for s > h. The interpolating functions used in Figures 3, 4, and 5 for s > h are
Figure 4. Normalized current from randomized radii of the CNTs.
Figure 5. Normalized current from randomized heights of the CNTs.
Equations (5) to (7) have no physical meaning; they are mere interpolating functions only to provide numerical values between the simulated points. These interpolating functions were chosen for representing the shape of the curves by taking the logarithmic scale of the x-axis into account.
Next, we analyze the effect of randomizing two parameters simultaneously. It is not trivial to evaluate, for example, Ipr knowing the values of Ip and Ir. The difficulties are the non-linearity of Eq. (4) and the complicated local electric field E that appears in it. This field is a function of Xi, Yi, Ri and Hi and does not have an analytic solution. Therefore, for this analysis, we need to vary two parameters simultaneously. Just as for Ip, Ir or Ih, the simulations are averaged over 25 runs. The results are shown in Figure 6. In this figure, the expected values of the normalized current are specified with two sub-indices that indicate the parameters that are varying. Figure 6 also shows the expected normalized current Iprh, when varying the three parameters: position (x,y), radius, and height at the same time. Interestingly, Iprh is below the curves for Ihr and Iph in some regions. This means that randomizing two parameters affects the average current more than varying three parameters in these regions. The curves are always greater than unity, typically between 1 and 4 for s > h. This is a consequence of randomization: some CNTs are less electrostatically screened causing them to surpass the emission of a perfect array. Furthermore, most CNTs are screened, as can be seen in Figure 1d; so, only few CNTs are accounting for the total current [6]. Then, by increasing the external electric field, these few CNTs will become overloaded before most CNTs can start contributing to the current. Consequently, the maximum current density of non-uniform arrays is limited by the current that these few CNTs can support. We define Ihigh as the highest CNT normalized current in the 3 × 3 array averaged over 100 runs. Ihigh comprehends 1/9 or 11.1% of the most emissive CNTs. Figure 7 shows Ihigh as a function of s for s > h and its standard deviation, σIhigh, shown in the figure as error bars. The σIhigh can be used to determine what part of the CNTs is expected to burn in the non-uniform array given their tolerance, as we shall indicate below.
Figure 6. Normalized emission randomizing variables two at a time and all three variables simultaneously.
Figure 7. Highest normalized emission Ihigh and the standard deviation σIhigh as a function of the spacing. The σIhigh is shown as half error bars. These parameter can be used to estimate the fraction of CNTs that will burn out at certain current given the degree of non-uniformity.
The interpolating functions for the curves of Figure 6 are
Equations (5) to (11) are valid for α = 1; however, our simulation results (not shown here) indicate that a quadratic function fits intermediate values 0 < α < 1 reasonably well. The following example gives a procedure to obtain the normalized current for any set (αp,αr,αh), with normalized current I(αp,αr,αh). In the simplest example, if only αp varies, then
where Ip is given by Eq. (5). In another example, in which αp and αr are varying, then
where Ipr is given in Eq. (9). Finally, if all α parameters vary, we have
where Iphr is given in Eq. (11).
From the data shown in Figure 7, we derive the following interpolating functions
where, αprh = max(αp,αr,αh) and
Equations (15) and (16) give an upper estimate of the maximum current carried by individual CNTs, as a function of our randomization parameter αprh.
The fraction of CNTs expected to burn out can be evaluated from a Gaussian distribution as:
where erf(z) is the error function, Imax is the normalized burn out current (or tolerance). The factor 11.1% is because Eqs. (15) and (16) account only for 1/9th of the CNTs in the 3 × 3 array.
Let us give an example: consider a non-uniform array with αp = 0.4, αr = 0.5, αh =0.8 observed microscopically and s = 2 h yielding an average emission of 1 μA. From Eqs. (14), (15), and (16), we calculate a normalized current of I = 1.28, which corresponds to the 1 μA; Ihigh = 4.94 (3.86 μA) and σIhigh = 1.90 (1.48 μA). Now, suppose Imax is 10 (7.81 μA), then the fraction ξ of emitters that will burn out at 1 μA is smaller than 0.04% according to Eq. (17). In this example, Imax is constant: otherwise, the calculation of ξ will be more elaborate. If Imax is a known function, then ξ must be integrated over Imax for a refined estimative. However, we shall not deepen our analysis on ξ in this paper.
We simulated the behavior of the field emission current from non-uniform arrays of CNTs and obtained correction factors to multiply the current from a perfect CNT array toward the currents of non-uniform arrays. These correction functions are valid if the allowed dispersion in height and radius is kept inside the limits of 50% and 150% of their average values and if the randomization of the CNT position is done inside the designated unit cell. The uneven screening effect in non-uniform arrays causes many CNTs to become idle emitters while few may become overloaded and burn out. To avoid this, uniformity is desired: however, non-uniformities are always present in some degree, and our model describes how to treat them. This model can also be used in estimating how many CNTs are expected to burn given their tolerance and the total current extracted from the array.
We like to point out that in a previous work [15], we showed that the emission from 3D CNT arrays can be simulated in a two-dimensional (2D) rotationally symmetric system with proper boundary conditions. The currents from the 2D and 3D arrays are also related by a factor that is a function of the aspect ratio and spacing of the actual array. The combined correction factor from Eq. (14) and the procedure in [15] can considerably ease the modeling of FE from non-uniform CNT arrays, as they can be reduced to perfectly uniform arrays, which may be treated in a 2D model.
Competing interests
Both authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
FFD did the simulations. FFD and DdE analyzed the results, discussed the models, and wrote the article. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported by the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) of Brazil.
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Kang DW, Suh S: Fabrication temperature effect of the field emission from closed and open tip carbon nanotube arrays fabricated on anodic aluminum oxide films.
J Appl Phys 2004, 96(9):5234-5238. Publisher Full Text
Wang XQ, Wang M, Ge HL, Chen Q, Xu YB: Modeling and simulation for the field emission of carbon nanotubes array.
Physica E 2005, 30:101-106. Publisher Full Text
Shimoi N, Tanaka S-I: Numerical analysis of electron emission site distribution of carbon nanofibers for field emission properties.
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YOUR quarterfinal preview MAGNUM OPUS
Magnum P.I. was also the blueprint for a TV detective drama. So awesome. Also, we wrote a lot of WORDS in the previews herein because suckers must know and we <3 YOU so dang much.
Jack Hunt loved Thanksgiving Day. It was the day when his Ansonia Chargers hooked up with long-time rival Naugatuck. The importance of that game was driven into him playing for Ansonia under legendary coach Charles "Boots" Jarvis.
"He owned Thanksgiving," longtime Ansonia assistant John Sponheimer said of Hunt. "He went 17-2 on Thanksgiving against Naugatuck, which is by far the greatest rivalry Ansonia has had going back to 1900.
"Thanksgiving Day was always so important to Jack."
Hunt died from esophageal cancer an hour before the 114th meeting between Ansonia and Naugatuck. He was 67.
"It's ironic on a day that he owned," current Chargers coach Tom Brockett said.
Hunt is among the greatest figures in Ansonia football history as both a player and a coach. He took over as head coach in 1987 after the team finished 5-6.
The Chargers immediately rattled off three CIAC Class S championships. Hunt coached the team to seven, third-best in state history. He had a winning percentage of .881 (193-26), third-best all-time according to the Connecticut High School Football Record Book.
"The program was in the worst shape it had been in 20 years," Sponheimer said of when Hunt took over. "He got the program back where it was in the early seventies and early eighties."
Sponheimer knew Hunt when both where in high school. Sponheimer, who lived in neighboring Derby, played basketball at Notre Dame of West Haven.
"He was a fun guy," Sponheimer said. "He had a great sense of humor. He really enjoyed all kind of athletics. He played softball. For his size (6-foot-7), he was a very good golfer. We played in a number of member-guests at Race Brook (Country Club in Orange), where I'm a member. He had a nice touch for a big guy. He never made you feel uncomfortable with his presence.
"He was an Ansonia guy through-and-through. He went to Wichita State (for college), moved right back to Ansonia and lived in the same house for many years that he grew up in."
Hunt became an Ansonia assistant in 1971. Sponheimer came on board the following year. The two enjoyed a long and successful partnership that lasted until Hunt retired in 2005.
"He had a great understanding of the game, the ebb-and-flow," Hunt said. "When to be positive, when to be negative; when to go with the flow. You were never out of game, which helped us so much in the New London comeback in 1988 (the Class S title game).
"I think teams always played above their ability a lot of the time for Jack."
Brockett, a Lyman Hall of Wallingford graduate, joined Hunt's staff in 2000 after getting a job at the high school.
"I got to know Coach Hunt from being in the building, and he took me in," Brockett said. "It was one of the greatest thrills of my lifetime.
"He was a giant man who had a giant heart. He always had such great presence, such a great control of every situation. He was a great family man. I always marveled at the marriage he had with his wife, Denise.
"His faith, his family, and Ansonia football — those were the three things he loved."
Sponheimer said that one of Hunt's greatest thrills was when his son, John, became the team's defensive coordinator.
"He really put more time in on defense," Sponheimer said of Jack Hunt. "He had a great love for defense and was so intense about drefense.
"I think his happiest time, even though he had retired, was when John was the defensive coordinator."
Hunt found out in June that he had cancer. A benefit dinner was held for him on Oct. 21. His friends worried that he might get sick from being at the dinner for so long, but he refused to leave without talking with everyone who came to support him.
"He was just thrilled with that day," Brockett said. "It was a special day in his life. The way the community rallied around him, it was very important that he be there from start-to-finish.
"He fought a courageous battle."
Magnum P.I. was also the blueprint for a TV detective drama. So awesome. Also, we wrote a lot of WORDS in the previews herein because suckers must know and we <3 YOU so dang much.
We cannot handle any more maths this year.
All our work shot to hell. We're like Sisyphus if he wore tie dyes and listened to Meshuggah.
This induced 16 blackouts, but we did it all for YOU.
Ledyard senior Ty Ebdon has adjusted to life this season as a quarterback in a run-based offense.
Buddha bless you, Matt Fischer, for both you and your ROBOABACUS.
Ledyard nose tackle Tannor Daggett, a 5-foot-10, 285-pound senior, is getting to dish out more punishment playing fullback.
Staples, a Week 9 review and notables are contained therein.
It's that time of the week for maths.
A football team needs to get punched in the face a few times to strengthen its resolve for the playoffs. Period.
Chase Speller, a senior running back, had 188 yards rushing and three touchdowns in Waterford's 41-8 victory over Fitch on Friday night and also added an interception.
Week 7 made the season flip its wig, so let's try BRACKETOLOGY again.
East Lyme returned just five players with any varsity experience and lost its first four games. It's made gradual improvement and downed Woodstock Academy last Friday, 42-7, its second-straight victory.
Saudi Arabia plans to build the world's tallest skyscraper at 3,280 feet
Zuckerberg, wife pledge 99% of their Facebook shares to charity
Waterford police looking into burn incident at Ballestrini's Child Care Center
Stonington looks into acquiring 4.4 acres of state land in Mystic

subset: commoncrawl


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For Sunday, May 18, 2014
POSTED: 1:30 a.m. HST, May 18, 2014
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The supervisors on Monday night approved the final payments for two of the four Fairlane Avenue Park construction contracts. The payments were for $1,773.45 to SP Construction for electrical work and $7,310.85 to Woodland Contractors for building construction.
Township engineer Steve Sherk noted that final payment requests for site work and plumbing are expected "shortly." A representative from the state Department of Conservation and Natural Resources completed an inspection, he said, and those items and punch list items from a previous inspection, have been taken care of by the contractor.
During his recreation board report, Keith Miller said the board is planning an open house for the official opening of the park. The event will be held next year, depending on the conditions of the newly seeded fields.
"We will dedicate the football field, have games and activities, and solicit suggestions from residents for the final phase of the project scheduled for 2015," Miller explained.
In other business, the supervisors:


text:
Wimpy is practically a household name in South Africa and when you treat yourself to a visit you will see why.
The atmosphere is completely family friendly and relaxed and the food unpretentious but satisfying. Their menu offers a wide variety of meals, be it for breakfast or lunch. Breakfasts include the traditional English option to which you can add extras like mushrooms, yummy cheese grillers, bacon or hash browns. Other items include French toast, packed omelettes and special health breakfasts like muesli, fruit salad and the scrambled eggs and bacon breakfast wrap.
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text:
Curator Talk: Horst: Photographer Style
Additional Information
- What:Membership Events
- Where:The Lydia & Manfred Gorvy Lecture Theatre
V&A curator Susanna Brown will explain the processes behind creating the exhibition and give an insight into the key themes of the show.
This definitive retrospective will explore the 60-year career of Horst P Horst (1906 - 1999), a master of fashion and portrait photography. His best-known photographs will be displayed along side unpublished and rarely exhibited vintage prints, showing the diversity of his output. Members can visit the exhibition on the Members' Preview day on presentation of their valid Membership Card.
Daytime talk
11-00 - 12-00


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After spending a week with the Sungale Kula Wi-Fi portable TV, CNET's Donald Bell details all the highs and lows (mostly lows) in his full review.


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VCUG Voiding Cystourethrogram
A VCUG study is a special x-ray of the bladder and urethra. The studies are performed in the Radiology Department (1st floor, Hospital East- the big white building). Sedation may be administered depending on the age of the child, following which a catheter or small tube is placed into the bladder. Contract dye/fluid is then instilled into the bladder through the catheter and x-rays are taken. At the end of the study the catheter is removed and additional images are obtained.
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The 25th of April is the 74th birthday of one of best actors alive today in Hollywood, Al Pacino. Al Pacino was born on 25th April 1940 in New York City. Today he is famous worldwide for his great number of amazing films (mostly gangster ones). His acting career has lasted over forty five years, here's a list of some of Pacino's most famous movies:
1) Godfather (1972)- Pacino plays the role of Michael Corleone the son of Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando) a dangerous yet for some reason admirable mob boss. The movie is about Michael and his rise to power. It is considered on of the greatest films ever made.
2) Godfather 2 (1974)- Pacino plays Michael Corleone in this epic sequel while Robert De Niro plays a young Vito Corleone.
3) Scarface (1983) – Another gangster film, in which Al Pacino plays Tony Montana a Cuban refugee in Miami who rises up the ranks in the criminal underworld and quickly becomes a powerful drug lord.
4) The Insider (1999)- In this movie Al Pacino plays a good guy for a change. He plays the role of Lowell Bergman. This movie is based on the actual story behind the airing of an episode of 60 minutes with Jeffrey Wigand (Russell Crowe) a whistleblower in the tobacco industry.
5) Oceans Thirteen (2007)- While the movie itself was rather mediocre Al Pacino did an excellent job of playing the villain (which he always seems to be playing for some reason) a ruthless casino owner Willy Bank.
And Here's a list of some of Al Pacino's most famous quotes:
1) It's easy to fool the eye, but it's hard to fool the heart.
2) Shakespeare's plays are more violent than Scarface.
3) Vanity is my favourite sin.
4) I'm an actor, not a star, Stars are people who live in Hollywood and have heart shaped swimming pools.
5) Say hello to my little friend!


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What is Address Search?
Spokeo reverse address search helps people connect with their neighbors and find people by address. Search your neighborhood today to find out current residents, past residents, and family information. Find out who lives on Pine Valley Dr today.
Other Spellings
Pine Valley Dr is also spelled Pine Valley Drive, Pine Valley Driv, Pine Valley Drv.
Rockford, IL
Time Zone & Current Time
Rockford, IL lies within the Central Standard Time (or CST). The current time in Central Standard Time is 08:49 PM on 11/28/2015.
Rockford, IL
Top Streets
10th Ave, 10th St, 11th Ave, 11th St, 12th Ave, 12th St, 13th Ave, 13th St, 14th St, and 15th Ave
Rockford, IL
Population Demographics
Household Income
Home Value
39 years old
52% female
Local Ethnicity
Ethnicity Ratio
About Rockford, IL
Rockford is a mid-sized city located on both banks of the Rock River in far northern Illinois. Often referred to as "The Forest City", Rockford is the county seat of Winnebago County, Illinois, USA. As reported in the 2010 U.S. census, the city was home to 152,871 people, the third most populated city in the state behind Chicago and Aurora. The metropolitan area has 339,178 residents as of the 2000 census. During the latter part of the 20th century Rockford was the second largest city in Illinois and is currently the most populated city in Illinois outside of the Chicago Metropolitan Area. The current mayor is Lawrence J. Morrissey, an independent re-elected to a second four-year term in April 2009. (more on Wikipedia)


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IRVINE, Calif. (AP) - Animal activists want a California roadside memorial sign to honor fish killed during a container truck crash.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals volunteer Dina Kourda told Irvine's street maintenance chief the sign would remind drivers that fish value their lives and feel pain.
About 1,600 pounds of saltwater bass died on Oct. 11 when the truck hauling them to market got into a three-way crash.
The Los Angeles Times says Kourda's letter acknowledges roadside memorials traditionally honor humans, but she hopes an exception will be made.
Irvine spokesman Craig Reem says there won't be a fish memorial.
Copyright 2015 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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Customized Sleeve
Overall rating based on 25 reviews
Xin Yang – Verified Buyer
James R Wharton – Verified Buyer
I have two Rickshaw bags, one for my Kindle Fire and one for my Google Nexus 7. I find both of them attractive, comfortable and lightweight. They protect my devices from casual bumps and also help keep the screens clean.
My biggest complaint is that it is not easy to remove either device from its sleeve. I have to pinch up from the bottom several times to force the device out far enough to grab it and pull it from the sleeve. I think that if the top inch of the sleeve were fastened with Velcro or a snap instead of stitching, then I would find it easier to remove or insert the device.
I think the benefits far outweigh the drawbacks and heartily recommend Rickshaw customized sleeves.
Pedro Gonzalez – Verified Buyer
If it was possible to give it 6 stars I would.. this is the perfect compliment to the Nexus 7 - amazingly well built and beautiful crafted.. you will be amazed by the attention put into lovingly crafting this necessary accessory.
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Nice clean product. Well done!
Besides the custom colors, not too special. It did take almost 1 full month from date of order to delivery. Why the delivery charges are high, I don't understand. Products could be sent 1st class mail....
Thanks you, Gary
ch – Verified Buyer
I've really enjoyed it so far, it keeps my tablet's screen clean and fingerprint free.The material it's made out of seems to be pretty durable. Overall I'm very satisfied with it


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Sen. Casey pushes for more technology graduates
The U.S. Senate soon could take up a bill to push states and schools to make computer science courses part of their core curricula.
The bill that Sen. Bob Casey Jr., D-Scranton, introduced would offer competitive grants to states and schools to beef up their high school computer science offerings. More than 140,000 computer science jobs become available each year, but fewer than 40,000 people graduate each year with bachelor's degrees in the subject, according to the Joint Economic Committee, a House-Senate committee.
"We're not getting enough young people involved in this course of study," Casey said during a rollout of the Computer Science Education Act at the Pittsburgh Science and Technology Academy, a public magnet school in Oakland. The Senate likely will debate the bill in coming weeks as lawmakers take up a rewrite of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Casey said.
Mayor Luke Ravenstahl and Google Inc. Vice President of Engineering Andrew Moore joined Casey at the event. Moore said the gap between job openings and qualified people to fill them "keeps me up at night."
Part of the problem is high schools aren't preparing graduates to move into computer science majors in college, Casey said. Many states don't have a certification process for high school computer science teachers, and the courses are treated as electives rather than core curriculum. He said the Pittsburgh school at which he spoke -- which focuses on high-tech computing and robotics courses -- could serve as a national model.
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Thanks to Shear Magazine Tanzania for an awesome feature on it's October/ November 2011 issue. Get your copy now to see more.
Feature: Shear Mag Star Style
RosemaryKokuhilwa · October 23, 2011 · 0 Comments ·By
Tagged with: Shear Magazine, Star Style, Rosemary Kokuhilwa
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I think the IRS is missing the boat on this. While many forms of virtual currency can be viewed as property because they predominately are used to buy virtual goods and services tied to the same company owning the currency (e.g., online video game currencies), Bitcoin (and similar technologies) is different. Bitcoin is intended to be used like money, so that anyone can pay anyone for anything. The record keeping issues resulting from ruling creates places a significant hurdle for everyday use of Bitcoin. This almost forces US citizens to look at Bitcoin as predominately as an investment. Unfortunately for investors, Bitcoin's value will directly correlate to its liquidity for everyday transactions since its practical value is in concluding those transactions.
Umm yea I think I will be not be telling the IRS abut my bitcoins.
There is no way for the IRS to avoid the recordkeeping issues. As the article states, they are the same, or worse, for a foreign currency. Thus, if I try to use the Euro for everyday transactions, I have the same, or worse, problems (i.e., if I buy a bunch of Euros at the beginning of the year, and then pay people with them at various times during the year, I'm supposed to keep track of, and pay tax on, foreign exchange gains & losses). The only way for me to keep things simple is to conduct my transactions in something that does not fluctuate in value relative to the dollar, and the only thing like that is the dollar itself. Sorry, bitcoin.
So, are they going to start taxing my virtual farm equipment in Farmville, or my virtual tanks in World of Tanks as "property"? WTF IRS?!?! A-Holes.
If and only if you sell them to someone for real money, i.e. $. Then you have income and have to pay tax on it.
So if you mind bitcoins, you need to pay ordinary tax and not when you actually exchange them for fiat or services... so going by this REMARKABLE logic, the egg sandwich I just made also needs to be reported using fair market value as gross income now... what a bunch of retards run our government
Had the same thought as Chris - what about all those video game currencies? Are you technically supposed to keep track of those transactions as well, figure out what the US dollar equivalent of all your transactions are? I don't have the answer here, but these rules are an attempt to shove the technological world we live in into some rules that were never designed for it.
"Render unto Caesar the that which belongs to Caesar, and unto God that which belongs to God." (Ἀπόδοτε οὖν τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ). [Matthew 22:21]
bitcoin is pseudonymous and ownership is protected by plausible deniability. the IRS must first PROVE you "own" bitcoin before they can steal from you, but that requires CONSENT.
So here is a reminder:
"We hold these truths to be self-evident...Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the CONSENT of the governed..."
Therefore, I decline all benefits and withdrawal consent.
Thanks, but no thanks!
The dollar is being slowly turn away from the petro oil by other countrys, so they have to peg the dollar to the bitcoin, now. Soon they will have even more tax codes for you, since bitcoin is international as well, which means more tax rev. for sam. They know many are trading it for a short term profit , within a year and not holding on to it like real money, which is way they decided to make it property NOT currency. We have to speak up now or never guys..... I cant see myself doing my TAX'S at H&R every year, giving up my profits.. That's crap....
Total Return covers the latest personal-finance and investing news and trends, helping readers make sensible money decisions in a complex financial world.
Karen Damato
Deputy Editor,
Personal Finance


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If the United States has a state religion, it's capitalism.
That hasn't always been so, but few adults under the age of 60 would know that Ayn Rand was once reviled by believers, that the working poor were once seen as honorable folk, and that churchgoing Christians did not always believe it their duty to defend the ways of Big Business. Indeed, there was once a time when even the U.S. Supreme Court looked askance at the depredations of large corporations.
Our recent history, however, has seen little of that. The end of the Soviet empire not only highlighted capitalism's superiority over ...


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Keyboard Music at McMurry
|The keyboard department at McMurry offers applied lessons in piano. Seven grand pianos, two practice organs, and two harpsichords are among the quality instruments on the McMurry campus. In addition, Radford Auditorium houses a 35-bell Fritson carillon.
Students who wish to major in music can choose from two degree plans: Bachelor of Arts in Music with an emphasis in vocal or instrumental music; and Bachelor of Music Education with a choral or instrumental emphasis.
Students who are advanced pianists can develop collaborative piano skills. Opportunities include chamber music as well as accompanying for the private applied studio and choral programs.
For those music majors with a limited exposure to piano, class piano courses are designed to provide a good foundation for your music studies. Class Piano is a four-semester course designed to ensure the music major will pass the Piano Proficiency Exam with enough keyboard skill to adequately lead in the classroom.
For more information regarding keyboard music at McMurry, or to schedule an audition, please contact:
Lora Lynn Christensen
Box 698
Abilene, TX 79697
Phone: (325) 793-3835 or 325 (721 8893


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Jenniii wrote:My name is Jenni, I have a male blue and a female brindle blue ..i love them!!! I came here mainly for tips and advice, and just to be able to talk about my dogs with people who dont assume theyre monsters!!
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Just over 12 hours after the shortest start in his MLB career, Toronto Blue Jays starter Ricky Romero is heading to Triple-A Buffalo.
Along with Romero, who only go one out and gave up three earned runs to the Tampa Bay Rays during Wednesday's 10-4 loss, right-handed pitcher Edgar Gonzalez was designated for assignment.
Taking their spots on the roster are right handed pitchers Ramon Ortiz and Mickey Storey.
More details to follow.
Ferraro: Leafs giving Nylander legit shot
Dreger: Is Kadri ready to take next step?
Fitz-Gerald: Can Kadri be more consistent?
Duthie: Bettman expanding in West before East
MacArthur goes one-on-one with Mark Buehrle
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The University of Indianapolis' return to the football postseason for the first time in 37 years could not have gone much better Saturday.
The weather was near perfect. A near-capacity crowd jammed into its stadium - and the Greyhounds relied on the talents of a bunch of Indiana kids to beat one of the nation's top NCAA Division II teams.
Matt Ripp (Hamilton Southeastern) ran for 143 yards on 26 carries and scored two touchdowns as No. 18 UIndy pulled away in the fourth quarter and beat No. 8 Midwestern State 31-14 in a first-round tournament game. ...


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The Graduate Center offers more than thirty doctoral programs in the arts, humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, including History.
Learn about the Graduate Center's core faculty,
including Distinguished Professor David Joselit (pictured),
on the Faculty Profiles page.
Through its extensive public programming, the Graduate Center contributes to the intellectual and cultural vitality of New York City.
The Graduate Center has announced its
Doctoral Student Parental Accommodation Policies.
Support for the Graduate Center ensures continued excellence in arts and
sciences graduate education, research, and public programming.
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Praise & Worship Songs for SoloistsItem #: HL.00309783
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by Word Music
Composed by Various. Arranged by Carol Tornquist.
Medium/High Voice. Piano/Vocal/Guitar Songbook. Arrangements for piano and voice with guitar chords. 9x12 inches. 88 pages. Published by Word Music. (HL.00309783)
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Features 15 top praise & worship songs uniquely arranged for solo singers, complete with full keyboard accompaniment. Includes: Come, Now Is the Time to Worship · I Could Sing of Your Love Forever · I Will Never Be (The Same Again) · No Greater Love · Nobody Fills My Heart Like Jesus · The Potter's Hand · The Power of Your Love · Thank You, Lord · and more.
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Yard, Garden & Patio Show
Janice Bangs was live at the Yard, Garden and Patio Show with Ahmed Hassan, DIY's "Yard Crashers" and Brian Bauman, Bauman's Farms, for preview of the show.
Join us for the 2012 Yard, Garden & Patio Show, February 17 - 19, presented by Dennis' Seven Dees Landscaping & Garden Centers!
Come for the fun and prepare to be inspired!
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Article | April 6, 2011
New sales manager for Texwrap
Robert Stork, President of Stork/Texwrap, is pleased to announce that Thomas Dickman will be joining the company as its new Director of Sales and Marketing.
Dickman has extensive experience in the packaging industry. He will assume his new position in Washington, MO, ithis month.
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Tag Archives: Princess Viktória
Introducing Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma
On 26 February, the first photos of Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma, the new daughter of The Count and Countess of Bardi, were released by PPE Agency, a Dutch photo agency. Altogether, there are four photos: one two of the family and two of little Zita. Zita's cousin, Princess Cecilia, also had her first photos released on PPE last year. View the gallery here. Princess Zita was born at the Our … Continue readingPosted in Italian Royals | Tagged Bourbon-Parma, Portraits, Prince Jaime, Princess Viktória, Princess Zita | 1 Comment
It's A Girl for Jaime and Viktória of Bourbon-Parma
On 21 February at 12:40 in the Our Lady Hospital in Amsterdam, Princess Viktória of Bourbon-Parma gave birth to her first child, a girl, named Zita Clara. Her title is Her Royal Highness Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. She was named in honour of Empress Zita, her paternal great-great aunt, and her maternal great-great grandmother, Klára Killerman. She is the fifth grandchild of Princess Irene of the Netherlands, a sister to the … Continue readingPosted in Italian Royals | Tagged Birth, Bourbon-Parma, Prince Jaime, Princess Viktória, Princess Zita | 1 Comment
Princess Viktória of Bourbon-Parma Expecting First Child
Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma and his wife, Viktória, are expecting their first child. The news was announced as the couple attended the celebratory concert marking the 200th anniversary of the Kingdom of the Netherlands on Saturday evening in Scheveningen. The baby is due in February 2014. The couple were married in October this year, and live in The Hague. Prince Jaime works with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, while Princess Viktória is … Continue readingPosted in Italian Royals | Tagged Bourbon-Parma, Pregnancy, Prince Jaime, Princess Viktória | 3 Comments
Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma Engaged
Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi has announced his engagement. The Prince is engaged to his Hungarian girlfriend of one year, Viktoria Cservenyák. The couple will marry on October 5th, at the Our Lady of Assumption Roman Catholic Church in Apeldoorn. A reception will follow at Het Loo Palace. Prince Jaime is the younger son of the late Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma and Princess Irene of the Netherlands.Posted in Italian Royals | Tagged Bourbon-Parma, Engagement, Prince Jaime, Princess Viktória | Leave a comment


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Feds want cars to be able to talk to each other
WASHINGTON — Your car might see a deadly crash coming even if you don't, the government says, so officials are moving to require automakers to equip new vehicles with technology that lets them warn each other when they're plunging toward peril.
The action, still a couple of years off, has "game-changing potential" to cut crashes, deaths and injuries, officials said Monday.
A radio beacon would continually transmit a vehicle's position, heading, speed and other information. Cars would receive the same information back from other vehicles, and a vehicle's computer would alert the driver to an impending collision. Some systems may automatically brake to avoid an accident if manufacturers choose to include that option.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which has been working with automakers on the technology for the past decade, estimates vehicle-to-vehicle communications could prevent up to 80 percent of accidents that don't involve drunken drivers or mechanical failure.
The technology holds major potential to prevent crashes in the first place, while the government's focus until now has been on ensuring accidents are survivable, David Friedman, the head of the safety administration, said at a news conference.
Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx said the Obama administration decided to announce its intention to require the technology in new vehicles in order to "send a strong signal to the (automotive industry) that we believe the wave of the future is vehicle-to-vehicle technology."
However, it will still be a least several years and perhaps longer before manufacturers would have to put the technology in vehicles, officials said. The safety administration plans to issue a report later this month on the results of its research, and then the public and automakers will have 90 days to comment. After that, regulators will begin drafting a proposal to require automakers to equip new vehicles with the technology. That process could take months to years to complete, but Foxx said it is his intention to issue the proposal before President Barack Obama leaves office.
"It will change driving as we know it over time," said Scott Belcher, president and CEO of the Intelligent Transportation Society of America. "Over time, we'll see a reduction in crashes. Automobile makers will rethink how they design and construct cars because they will no longer be constructing cars to survive a crash, but building them to avoid a crash."
Government officials declined to give an estimate for how much the technology would increase the price of a new car, but the transportation society estimate it would cost about $100 to $200 per vehicle.
Automakers are enthusiastic about vehicle-to-vehicle technology, but feel there are important technical, security and privacy questions that need to be worked out first, said Gloria Bergquist, a spokeswoman for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers.
Vehicle-to-vehicle "may well play a larger role in future road safety, but many pieces of a large puzzle still need to fit together," she said.
The safety benefits can't be achieved until there is a critical mass of cars and trucks on the road using the technology, and it's not clear what that level of market penetration is. It takes many years to turn over the nation's entire vehicle fleet, but the technology could start preventing accidents long before that. Research indicates safety benefits can be seen with as few at 7 percent to 10 percent of vehicles in a given area similarly equipped, said Paul Feenstra, a spokesman for the transportation society, an umbrella organization for the research and development of new transportation technologies.
Once automakers start adding the technology to all new cars, it would take 15 years or more for half the cars on the nation's roads to be equipped, according to the communications technology company Qualcomm. There are about 5 million to 6 million new cars sold each year.
There may be a way to speed things up. About 45 percent of Americans use smartphones, and that share is growing. The average lifetime of a smartphone is two years. If smartphones, which already have GPS, came equipped with a radio chip they could be used to retrofit vehicles already on the road so that they can talk to each other. The phone would be put in a cradle to sync with the car's computers. That would help make it possible to achieve a 50 percent market penetration in less than five years, according to Qualcomm.
Using cellphones could also extend the safety benefits of connected-car technology to pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists, Belcher said. Drivers would be alerted to a possible collision with a pedestrian carrying a smartphone that continually sends out information to cars in the vicinity, even if it's too dark to see the person or if the pedestrian darts suddenly into traffic. More than 4,700 pedestrians were killed by vehicles and 76,000 injured in 2012.
But there are significant technical and standardization hurdles to using cellphones to support connected car technology. Cellphone batteries typically last only about three hours if used continually. They would need antennas, there are issues with what radio frequencies would be used and their GPS functions may not be as precise as those in a vehicle manufactured with connected car technology, for example.
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Participant Portfolios / Coffee Triangle
Ana de Jesús Marín de Giraldo
basket weaver, Filandia
At the age of seventeen, Ana de Jesús Marín learned how to weave baskets from her uncle Juan Gregorio, a well-known Filandia master weaver. She knows the entire process from harvesting to drying and processing locally grown vines. She is a member of the Association of Artisans of Filandia (Asociación de Artesanos de Filandia).


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Judge greenlights Dish's buyout of Blockbuster
updated 06:30 pm EDT, Thu April 7, 2011
Judge approves Dish buyout of Blockbuster
A bankruptcy court judge on Thursday gave approval to Dish's buyout of Blockbuster. The clearance for the $320 million deal was needed before the two could complete the deal, which has now been narrowed down from spring to April 25. Blockbuster CEO Jim Keyes said he was happy with the deal, in part since Dish would keep business mostly intact and take over many leases and the on-the-spot DVD rental kiosks.
The ruling didn't go uncontested. Over 100 companies and individuals objected in the court, but many of these were property owners worried Dish might back out of paying money still owed on leases. Blockbuster successfully persuaded the court that it should deal with the objections later, although temporary loans during the bankruptcy were going to be paid off as part of the deal.
Dish hasn't given full details of what it will do with the takeover other than to use Blockbuster as a way of selling Dish satellite TV bundles in more places. The move will, however, let it get access to Blockbuster's online video service. It may also use Blockbuster as a bargaining chip by demanding that Dish's TV service get rights if a movie studio wants to see a rental in Blockbuster.
The bankruptcy from this fall was triggered after Blockbuster hadn't done enough to counter the success of Netflix and other services that made obsolete the need to go to a physical store to rent a movie. Its kiosks and Internet streaming have had only limited impact versus equivalents like Redbox and iTunes.


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In "Ajax Form Validation Using Spring and DWR," I presented a design to use Ajax to perform client-side validation by invoking an application's server-side validation logic. The whole point was to easily leverage validation logic on the server to prevent duplication of code, to reduce the time and cost of development and maintenance, and to enhance the usability of a web application. Few non-trivial software designs get it right the first time. This design has been running in production systems for over a year (its publication is approaching the ten-month mark), and has shown some limitations. This article discusses the emerged limitations and then presents an improved design that not only addresses the limitations but provides added functionality. Conceptually, the two designs are very similar, and a familiarity with the previous article, or working knowledge of Ajax, DWR, and the Spring Web MVC framework, are assumed.
Reasons for Change
The previous design had limitations. To support being invoked through reflection, a design format was imposed on the Spring
Validators. While creating a separate validation method for each input field is a good approach, on complex forms it lead to a high number of short and therefore seemingly cluttered methods. Many readers provided feedback that they, for one reason or another, could not or would not refactor their existing
Second, the original design contained a fair amount of redundant boilerplate and hardcoded configuration. Every Ajax validated form had to have its
Third, only single input field validation was supported. While this was acceptable for the vast majority of requirements, the fact remained that there are situations where validation of input is more complex and validation of a "dependent" input field requires the "parent" input field(s) to provide context to the validation process. Examples of this situation include validating that a user's zip code exists within their state (does 55431 exist in MN?), that a credit card number belongs to the specified card type (does the card number conform to the format of a Visa card?), and that a password confirmation input field matches what the user entered in the password input field. Since only a single input field was submitted for validation at a time, this type of complex validation was not possible.
Fourth, the previous design contained custom code that duplicated functionality available in the Spring and DWR projects.
With these weaknesses in mind, the goals of a redesign were to simplify the architecture, minimize configuration, replace custom code with existing Spring and DWR features, and support validation of multiple input fields.
Server-Side Validation Using Spring
The pain of having to configure a DWR proxy for every
Validator led to the realization that the use of a single front controller would be a great improvement over a front controller per form. This would eliminate the majority of the configuration in both the Java and JavaScript layers and would lead to a much more reusable solution.
Because every Ajax validation request now runs through a single front controller, this front controller must be smart enough to be able to determine which Spring Web MVC
Controllerwould have been used to handle a traditional submission from the same form. Once this
Controller is known, Spring's flexible and powerful API provides access to all the functionality needed to dynamically perform the validation process.
Before we go into the details of how this is accomplished, let's quickly review how Spring Web MVC works. When configuring Spring Web MVC for use within your application, the
DispatcherServlet (or similar) is configured to know which
Controller is used to process a request for a given URI. A typical dispatcherServlet.xml configuration file contains something similar to:
... <bean name="/shop/newAccount.do" class="AccountFormController"> <property name="petStore" ref="petStore"/> <property name="validator" ref="accountValidator"/> <property name="successView" value="index"/> </bean> ...
These mappings tell Spring Web MVC that when it receives a request URI of
/shop/newAccount.do to delegate execution to the
The core concept of the revised middle tier is that if the Ajax validation request included the value of the form's action attribute, the validation front controller could use the
DispatcherServlet's configuration mappings to programatically determine which
Controller would be used to handle a normal form submission. Just as when the
DispatcherServlet receives a traditional form submission to an action URI of
/shop/newAccount.do and delegates to the
AccountFormController, the validation front controller can determine that a validation request that includes
/shop/newAccount.do should be handled by
AccountFormController as well. The following code from
SpringAjaxController does just that:
... protected BaseCommandController getController(String actionUri) { BaseCommandController baseCommandController = null; try { // Attempt to find the controller by bean name baseCommandController = (BaseCommandController) applicationContext.getBean(actionUri); LOG.debug("Found baseCommandController (by bean name): " + baseCommandController); } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException nsbde) { LOG.debug("BaseCommandController not found by bean name, " + searching AbstractUrlHandlerMappings"); } if (baseCommandController == null) { Map<String, AbstractUrlHandlerMapping> map = applicationContext.getBeansOfType(AbstractUrlHandlerMapping.class); for (String mappingName : map.keySet()) { AbstractUrlHandlerMapping mapping = map.get(mappingName); Map<String, BaseCommandController> handleMap = mapping.getHandlerMap(); baseCommandController = handleMap.get(actionUri); if (baseCommandController != null) { LOG.debug("Found baseCommandController (by " + "AbstractUrlHandlerMapping): " + baseCommandController); break; } } } return baseCommandController; } ...
Although updated to take advantage of advanced Spring functionality, from this point the new design follows the same general process as the old design: dynamically instantiate an instance of the command class, bind the request input to the new command class instance, invoke all
Validators associated with the
Controller, and return the results to the browser. This code is also found in the
... LOG.debug("Instantiating command"); Class<Object> commandClass = controller.getCommandClass(); Object command = BeanUtils.instantiateClass(commandClass); LOG.debug("Populating command object with request values"); BeanWrapper beanWrapper = new BeanWrapperImpl(command); beanWrapper.setPropertyValues(nameValuePairsMap); LOG.debug("Invoking validators"); String commandName = controller.getCommandName(); Errors errors = new BindException(command, commandName); Validator validators[] = controller.getValidators(); for (Validator validator : validators) { ValidationUtils.invokeValidator(validator, command, errors); } // For each input, get the first error message and assemble Locale locale = LocaleContextHolder.getLocale(); LOG.debug("Building output"); for (String inputId : nameValuePairsMap.keySet()) { String inputValue = nameValuePairsMap.get(inputId); String unqualifiedInputId = StringUtils.unqualify(inputId); String args[] = { unqualifiedInputId, inputValue }; String message = validationMessageFormatter.getFieldErrorMessage(errors, inputId, args, locale); if (message == null) { // There was no validation message, return an empty String message = ""; } resultMap.put(inputId, message); } return resultMap;
After instantiating an instance of the command class, the input values from the browser must be bound to this instance. Although the binding process is still manual, in the sense that Spring Web MVC does not do it for us, the use of Spring's
BeanWrapper and
BeanWrapperImpl concrete implementation take care of all the actual work, including the binding of multiple inputs. Because the
BeanWrappersupports nested paths, the input
id and values transmitted from the browser can be used to populate complex domain objects that back the form. For example, if the validation request contained
"user.firstname=Ted&user.lastname=Anderson&user.address.zipCode=55311", the
BeanWrapper would follow JavaBean naming conventions and would set the
firstname property of a
User object to the value of
Ted, the
lastname property to a value of
Anderson, and
55311 would be set to the
zipCodeproperty of the
User's underlying
With the service layer to process validation messages in place, we next need to discuss how communication with the server has been revised. In the next section, you will see how DWR is used to expose and invoke the validation front controller.
Ajax Using DWR
With the goal of simplifying configuration, the updated design takes advantage of the newly released DWR 2.0 and its optional annotation-based configuration. Written by Maik Schreiber, the annotations can be used as a replacement or in combination with thedwr.xml configuration file used in DWR 1.x. By using annotations, the problem of a large and potentially bloateddwr.xml configuration file can be avoided.
As described in the DWR annotation documentation, configuring your application to use DWR annotations is a three-step process. First, you must specify the DWR controller servlet in your web.xml file. Second, the fully qualified class name of each class that is to be exposed through DWR needs to be added to a comma-separated list in theweb.xml file. Third, each one of these classes needs to be decorated with DWR annotations. To do this, begin by decorating each class with a
@RemoteProxy annotation. By default, the class name is used as the JavaScript scripting name (the name of the JavaScript proxy object). It's good practice to expose as little information as possible about the Java layer in JavaScript, and the
name attribute of the
@RemoteProxy annotation is used to explicitly specify the scripting name of the JavaScript proxy object. Because the class we want to expose to JavaScript is a Spring-managed bean, DWR also needs to be instructed to use a
SpringCreator and to locate the bean in Spring's
ApplicationContext by a specific name. Finally, decorate each method to be made available through remote access with a
@RemoteMethod annotation. Naturally, those methods without this annotation will not be remotely accessible. Let's see an example of the updated
@RemoteProxy(name="AjaxFormValidatorJS", creator=SpringCreator.class, creatorParams = @Param(name = "beanName", value = "ajaxFormValidator")) public class SpringAjaxController implements ApplicationContextAware { ... @RemoteMethod public Map<String, String< validateString(String formActionUri, String inputIdValuePairs) { Map resultMap = new HashMap(); BaseCommandController controller = getControler(formActionUri); ... } ... }
You can see that we're instructing DWR to use a
SpringCreator, that we want to locate the bean by a bean name, and the bean name we're looking for in the Spring
ApplicationContext is
ajaxFormValidator. DWR will generate a JavaScript object named
AjaxFormValidatorJS to proxy the Java-based instance on the server. This object will have a
validateString() function that when invoked executes the method of the same name on the server.
It's worth noting that decorating classes with DWR annotations creates an otherwise unnecessary compile-time dependency between the classes and DWR. This could become problematic if you want to reuse your Java layer on a project or in an environment where DWR cannot be used. While this will mostly likely be a small and academic issue for most developers, it's still a design issue to be aware of.
Once the
validateString() method has completed the
validateString()method returns a
Map, DWR will use a built-in
Converter to transparently convert the map into a JavaScript array. As you'll see in the next section, this array will be used to by a callback method to dynamically update the page with validation error messages.
Controlling the Process with JavaScript
Although it has been updated to include the ability to submit multiple input
id and value pairs, to eliminate hardcoded DWR proxy references, and to include the value of the form's action attribute in the Ajax request, conceptually the JavaScript used to support Ajax validation functions the same as the original version. Each Ajax-validated form input has an
onChange() event listener registered that will invoke the
validate() function when the value of that input field has been changed.
Let's look at the details:
<script type='text/javascript'> function validate(inputArray) { var request = ""; var formAction = ""; if (inputArray.length == null) { <%-- Submit a single input field and value --%> request = formatInput(inputArray.id, inputArray.value); formAction = getFormAction(inputArray.id); } else { <%-- Submit multiple input field and value pairs --%> for (var i = 0; i < inputArray.length; i++) { var input = document.getElementById(inputArray[i].id); var nameValuePair = formatInput(input.id, input.value); request = request + nameValuePair; if (i != inputArray.length) { request = request + "&"; } } formAction = getFormAction(inputArray[0].id); } <%-- Invoke server-side logic --%> AjaxFormValidatorJS.validateString(formAction, request, handleValidationResponse); } function handleValidationResponse(response) { <%-- The response is an array of id/message value pairs --%> for (inputId in response) { var errorElementId = inputId + ".errors"; var validationMessage = response[inputId]; dwr.util.setValue(errorElementId, validationMessage); } } function getFormAction(inputId) { var currentElement = document.getElementById(inputId); while (currentElement != null) { if (currentElement.tagName.toLowerCase() == "form") { <%-- Drop the http://servername --%> var formAction = ""; var locationFragements = currentElement.action.split("/"); for (var i = 4; i < locationFragements.length; i++) { formAction = formAction + "/" + locationFragements[i]; } return formAction; } else { currentElement = currentElement.parentNode; } } } ...
validate() function is responsible for initiating the validation process and its input will be either a single form input element or an array of form input elements. The
length property of the argument will indicate if the input is a single input element or an array of input elements. In the case where the argument is a single form input element, the element's
id and value are assembled into a single name-value pair. In the case where the argument is an array of form input elements, the
id and input values of each element in the array are assembled into single a name-value pair. Regardless of which case is executed, the end result is a
String containing
id-value pairs of each form element that will be transmitted to the server for validation. It is this ability to process either an individual element or an array of elements that provides client-side support for multi-input validation.
As we've seen from previous sections, the server-side validation logic needs the value of the form's
action attribute included in the request. Looking at the previous sample code, the
getFormAction() function starts from the input element that fired the
onChange() event and upwardly navigates the browser's DOM until the
form element is found. With a reference to the
form element, the form's
action attribute is read and then included as part of the validation request transmitted to the server. By dynamically determining the value, the JavaScript is much more flexible and reusable. As such, this script will work with any form and can be globally included on all pages (tools such as Tiles or SiteMesh makes this particularly easy).
Using the DWR-generated
AjaxFormValidatorJS object, the request
String (composed of the input name-value pairs and form action attribute value) is sent to the server for validation and the browser awaits a response.
When the response is returned from the server, the
handleValidationResponse() callback function is invoked with the sever-generated array of DOM element
id and validation messages. Every input element sent to the server will have a corresponding entry in the response array. The
handleValidationResponse() function iterates through the array and passes the element
idand validation message to DWR's
dwr.util.setvalue()function, which updates the particular element with the validation message. Browser DOM changes take effect immediately and it is this show/hide effect that gives the appearance of client-side validation and greatly enhances the user experience of the web application.
This article discussed weaknesses in a previously presented design allowing easy integration of Ajax form validation into web-based applications. After discussing the weaknesses, an evolved but simplified design was presented that used a single front controller, DWR annotations and
Converters, and updated JavaScript to dramatically reduce configuration and maximize reusability. By replacing custom code with Spring functionality, the code is not only simplified but now supports multiple input validation. Finally, by no longer imposing a design format on Spring
Validators, existing application code can be Ajax-enabled without refactoring.
- Sample code for this article
- DWR annotation documentation
- Maik Schreiber's blog (Schreiber is the author of DWR annotations)
- SpringCreator annotation example


text:
Results 241 to 245 of 544
Thread: Names of twins you know
July 26th, 2013 12:16 PM #241
Oh, I just remembered a few more!
I went to school with an Amanda Marie and Tiffany Kay.
I remember my mother having twins Chelsi and Kelsi in class some time ago.
A boy I had in class this past year had twin sisters who were born during the school year. There was Ethan, Jack, Lillian, Simon (in my class), Amelia, Charles, and the twins Hannah and Ivy.Step-Mother to three lovely children - Josiah Lewis (14), Stella Evangeline (8), and Emma Catherine (4)
Expecting Baby Chicken on February 3, 2014
It's a boy!
Rhys Andrew, Milo Andrew, Conrad Henry, or August Henry/August Charles
July 26th, 2013 04:46 PM #243
I met twin boys called Sonny & Manny yesterday! They were really cute and now I'm crushing on both of the names (especially Sonny, mainly as a NN for Lawson/Wilson) but I'm not sure about them together. They had a little brother too but I didn't hear his name.
I know a few sets of twins:
Bethany & Laura
Tinsel (g) & Ferris (b)
Fraiser & Maxx
Heather & Lewis
William & Ryan
Patrick & Claudia
I also know 2 sets of triplets:
William, Samuel & Benjamin "Will, Sam & Ben"
Oliver, Jude & Darcy (g)♂Arlo|Finn|Oliver|Taylor|Fox|Rhodes|Archer|Bram|Bay |Lane|Evett|Tyne|Bodhi♂
♀Everly|Arla|Clementine|Avalon|Iris|Charla|Allegra| Nova|Lark|Birdie|Ione|Indigo|Lumina♀
July 26th, 2013 11:16 PM #245Member
- Join Date
- Apr 2013
- Posts
- 97
I am not going to add ages because most of them I do not know...
*Timmy and Tommy (they go by Tim and Tom)
Callie and Cassidy
Kasey and Kolby
Lily and Christian
Emma and Ella
*Christy and Jana
*Kyresti and Sherrie (daughters of Jana)
Grant and Garrison
Kasey and Kevin
Blaze and Braxon (these are the twin sons of either Kevin or Kasey above)
*Sydney and Hayden
Paige and Peyton
Brock and Brody
Ava and Grey
Robin and Carla
*Richard and Stephen (my uncles - Stephen died either right before or right after birth, back in 1947)
Kenedi and Kaiden
* = my relatives
July 27th, 2013 12:00 AM #247
Under 5
Lyric & Landon
Elizabeth & Avery (g)
Braiden & Zaine
Lila & Jane
School Age
Taylor (g) & T'Leah
Jake & Gus
Kolten & Kyle
Justin & Kati
Cassandra (Casey) & Callista (Callie)
Aimee & Stacie
Brandon & Brandi
Jennifer & Jason
Lisa & Lori
Beulah & Bernice
Alfred & FredrickTop 20Silas/Cyrus~Gideon~Jasper~Mack(Cormac)~Callum
Rafferty~Leo(Leander)~Tobin~Archie(Archer)~Ike(Mic ah)
Willa(Wilhelmina)~Selah~Lettie(Arletta)~Romy(Rosem ary)~Cora(Coretta)
Cecelia/Celia~Calla(Calista)~Nola(Magnolia)~Winnie(Winola) ~Maeve
Rosalie~Maisy~Tilly(Matilda)~Ada(Adelaide)~Junie(J uniper)
formerly chrbaker
July 27th, 2013 12:09 AM #249Name Nerd & Author
Novel Faves:
Beauty is Blind:Aurelia Dawn, Briony Sage & Calista Rose; Damien Lysander
Twice Upon a Time: Contenza "Connie" & Jensina "Jennie"
GIRLS: Antonia Jude "Annie" Rosalind Briar "Lindy" Felicity Snow, Tabitha Belle, Briallen
BOYS: Gabriel Kai, Sebastian Lawrence, Benedict Jotham, Lionel James, Nathaniel


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41 Valentine's Day Crafts: Valentine's Day Cards, Gifts and More
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Decoupaged Pressed Flower Heart
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This beautiful Decoupaged Pressed Flower Heart from Bernadette Fox makes for a wonderful Valentine's Day decoration. Made with a piece of wood from the wood pile, pressed flowers you've been collecting for years, and a bit of ModPodge, you can make this beautiful wall hanging for your home or garden just in time for Valentine's Day!
- Repurpose a piece of wood
- A variety of pressed flowers
- Permanent ink pen (or paint and a liner brush) to write out the quote of your choice
- ModPodge (or diluted white glue) to glue down your flowers
- Outdoor sealer to seal every inch of your piece of wood
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bks12 9947723
Jan 30, 2013
This is so beautiful, and what a lovely gift to make for a friend or relative, Thank you for sharing.
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