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It;s actually kind of obvious. Ron Paul is blaming the government and Al Qaeda for the attacks. People like Santorum are blaming Americans and their way of life!Read more »
Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad marked the anniversary of 9/11 by repeating the conspiracy theory that the attacks were orchestrated by the U.S. as a pretext for war.Read more »
"With the U.S. effectively arming both sides of the conflict, the Somalia fighting could go on … well, forever... the Pentagon is mulling an 'off-shore' strategy for future conflicts, where U.S.Read more »
"...you get a grand total of somewhere between $1.01 and $1.35 trillion spent on national defense in 2010." Now couldn't we have allocated at least some of the $1,000,000,000,000 to helping our economy stay alive?Read more »
The DECLARE PEACE FAIR was held at Independence Visitors Center lawn area 6th & Market Streets, Phila., PA on Saturday, July 2 from 1 p.m.–3:30 p.m.
Focus on Peace had a table at the event. As usual the participants were overwhelmingly on the left. Peace advocates that aren't so inclined need to come out and take part in such actions.Read more »
According to Steve Anderson, a retired brigadier general who served as Gen. Petraeus' chief logistician in Iraq, the Department of Defense spends $20 billion air conditioning tents and temporary structures for the military. That's more than NASA's entire $19 billion annual budget.Read more »
Is the U.S. Government engaged in a covert war in Yemen? Apparently they are escalating it. Why am I always the last to know? Holy schnikies!Read more »
The U.S. Dept of Eduction has it's own little army of armed officers. In March they made a purchase of guns and other equipment. Now they are going out and violently entering homes of student loan defaulters. Gov't getting very desperate for money...Read more »
The FBI and US secret service have used the threat of prison to create an army of informers among so-called "online criminals." In other words, government is doing what it does best: dividing rather than uniting, enslaving rather than freeing, issuing threats rather than generating peace.Read more »
I didn't fight for your freedoms. In the six years I was in, I never once defended your right to vote, or to carry a gun, or to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure (that one doesn't really apply anymore, anyway) or any of the other things you enjoy as a citizen of this country.Read more »
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NAFTA Publications
Mexican Migration to the United States: Underlying Economic Factors and Possible Scenarios for Future FlowsApr 04, 2013
In this report we examine some economic factors that have influenced migration flows from Mexico to the United States, for the purpose of constructing scenarios on how such flows could evolve in the near term. Throughout our analysis, we look at three different periods in the recent history of migration from Mexico to the United States: 1990 to 2000; 2000 to 20007; and a third period corresponding to the global economic crisis and its aftermath.
U.S. Ambassadors to Mexico: The Relationship Through Their EyesFeb 26, 2013
What emerges in this publication is a nuanced portrait of the individuals who have been tasked with serving as the key link of the U.S. government with Mexico. Dolia Estévez's effort to bring their memories and their perspectives to light helps illuminate a little known part of the political relationship between the two countries. It also chronicles a changing relationship between these countries from "distant neighbors" to "intimate strangers," who are deeply dependent on one another and yet are only still getting to know one another well enough to manage the relationship.
Ripe with Change: Evolving Farm Labor Markets in the United States, Mexico, and Central AmericaFeb 01, 2013
This report contributes to the Regional Migration Study Group's vision for human-capital infrastructure development in the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador by assessing trends in agriculture and their implications for farm labor markets. Such implications include demand for skills and requisite education and workforce development.
Manufacturing in the United States, Mexico, and Central America: Implications for Competitiveness and MigrationJan 01, 2013
The economies of Mexico, and to a lesser extent, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, have benefited from aggressive manufacturing-attraction strategies. At the same time, the achievements of the maquiladora development strategy have masked important flaws that threaten to stymie the promise of even greater economic growth.
A Safe and Smart Border: The Ongoing Quest in U.S.-Canada RelationsOct 04, 2012
Issue fifteen
Understanding Mexico's Economic UnderperformanceAug 01, 2012
In the past three decades, Mexico has aggressively reformed its economy, opening to foreign trade and investment, achieving fiscal discipline, and privatizing state-owned enterprises. Despite these efforts, the country's economic growth has been lackluster, trailing that of many other comparable developing nations.
Dependent America? How Canada and Mexico Construct U.S. PowerJan 31, 2012
Following the acclaimed Uncle Sam and Us (2002) and the influential Does North America Exist? (2008), Stephen Clarkson—the preeminent analyst of North America's political economy—and Matto Mildenberger turn continental scholarship on its head by showing how Canada and Mexico contribute to the United States' wealth, security, and global power.
Working Together: Economic Ties between the United States and MexicoDec 13, 2011
The report looks at the ways in which regional economic cooperation can enhance competitiveness, stimulate growth and create jobs. There is no doubt that the economies of the United States and Mexico are facing serious challenges. While some of the risk is due to external pressures, whether increasing competition from Asia or fears of crisis in Europe, much of the solution lies in strengthening regional competitiveness. The path forward, then, must be based in a clear understanding that the United States and Mexico are ultimately partners rather than competitors.
Our Shared Border: Success Stories in U.S.-Mexico CollaborationDec 01, 2011
Our Shared Border highlights twelve success stories of cross-border collaboration and innovation between Mexico and the United Sates, offering a counter-narrative to frequent media portrayals of violence and poverty in the border region.
Mexican Rural Development Research ReportsSep 11, 2011
This series of research reports provides additional analysis and information to complement the findings in the report: "Subsidizing Inequality: Mexican Corn Policy Since NAFTA". Esta serie de monografías da un análisis más amplio y detallado para complementar la información en el reporte: "Subsidios para la desigualdad: Las políticas públicas del maíz en México a partir del libre comercio".

subset: commoncrawl


text:
the best reviews
their picks
what to buy
How much money do you want to spend? All of the portable chargers reviewed here cost $100 or less. Most range between $20 and $80, but some chargers might need additional accessories like connectors, and these add to the cost.
How many devices will you charge at once? Plenty of options are available for charging a single device. It helps to know how many devices you intend to charge and whether you will charge them all at once.
Are all your devices compatible with the charger? If not, are adapters available to connect your device to the charger? Again, additional adapters drive up the cost.
How much power will you need? Many portable chargers store enough power to charge a typical phone or small USB device. Even when they don't, they can boost battery life enough to allow the device to operate a little longer. Power-guzzlers like iPads demand too much juice for some lower-capacity portable chargers; look for those with 10,000 mAh and up for tablet charging.
Where will you do most of your charging? If you plan to travel and need to keep your devices charged, a portable charger is a great tool. It's also important to take note of the device's design, durability and mAh -- particularly if you plan on going off the grid for a while.
Green energy solutions can be a good thing, and portable chargers are no exception. Up-and-coming within this category are solar chargers. Although plenty of good solar chargers are on the market, they have a ways to go before they can compete with grid-powered devices. Their primary drawbacks are long charging times and cloudy days. Other charging devices include those powered by propane, boiling water and people, as they move or ride about. High-tech inductive charging, in which you can charge a device simply by laying it down on a pad, is a cool concept but hasn't gained a lot of traction with consumers.
Sponsored Links are keyword-targeted advertisements provided through the Google AdWords™ program.
These listings are administered, sorted and maintained by Google. For information about these Google ads, go to adwords.google.com.
Google may place or recognize a unique "cookie" on your Web browser. Information from this cookie may be used by Google to help provide advertisers with more targeted advertising opportunities. For more information about Google's privacy policy, including how to opt out, go to www.google.com/ads/preferences.
By clicking on Sponsored Links you will leave ConsumerSearch.com. The web site you will go to is not endorsed by ConsumerSearch.


text:
European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering - 12
- J. Grievink, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- J. van Schijndel, Shell International Chemicals, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
This book contains 182 papers presented at the 12th Symposium of Computer Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE-12), held in The Hague, The Netherlands, May 26-29, 2002.
The objective of ESCAPE-12 is to highlight advances made in the development and use of computing methodologies and information technology in the area of Computer Aided Process Engineering and Process Systems Engineering.
The Symposium addressed six themes: (1) Integrated Product&Process Design; (2) Process Synthesis & Plant Design; (3) Process Dynamics & Control; (4) Manufacturing & Process Operations; (5) Computational Technologies; (6) Sustainable CAPE Education and Careers for Chemical Engineers. These themes cover the traditional core activities of CAPE, and also some wider conceptual perspectives, such as the increasing interplay between product and process design arising from the often complex internal structures of modern products; the integration of production chains creating the network structure of the process industry and optimization over life span dimensions, taking sustainability as the ultimate driver.
Industries: Chemical industry at large, including bulk petrochemical companies and speciality companies such as pharmaceuticals, polymer companies, food & beverage industries and biotechnology firms.
Institutes/Departments: Chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, physics and maths faculties. Government bodies such as Ministry of Science & Technology Economic Affairs and Sustainable Development.
Book information
- Published: April 2002
- Imprint: ELSEVIER
Table of ContentsKeynote Papers
Sustainable CAPE-education and careers for chemical engineers (B. Drinkenburg).Process synthesis and design in industrial practice (G. Kaibel, H. Schoenmakers).Process software in the chemical industry- the challenge of complexity (J. Kussi et al.).Designing industrial processes for on-aim product quality control (M.L. Luyben).Adaptivity in process systems modeling (W. Marquardt).Plantwide control: towards a systematic procedure (S. Skogestad).Decision confidence - handeling uncertainty through the plant life cycle and datamining (D. Stockill).
Selected Papers.Contributed Papers. Integrated Product and Process Design.
Mass balance and capacity optimisation in the conceptual design of processes for structured products (N.Y. Jadhav et al.). Enzyme conformational predictions by molecular modeling (S.S. Jesus et al.).A modeling formalism for multiproduct and multiplant batch processes (S. Oddone, O.A. Iribarren).
Process Synthesis/Plant Design.Selection of internals for reactive distillation column - case-based reasoning approach (Y. Avramenko et al.).Optimisation-based methodologies for integrating design and control of cryogenic Plants (M. Schenk et al.).Integrated process simulation and CFD for improved process engineering (S.E. Zitney, M. Syamlal).
Process Dynamics and Control.Frequency locking in a discontinuous periodically forced reactor (E. Mancusi et al.).Relational modeling of chemical processes for control logic verification (A.L. Turk, G. Powers).On-line optimal control of particle size distribution in emulsion polymerisation (J. Zeaiter et al.).
Manufacturing and Process Operations.Analysis of parametric sensibility of the process of production of Cyclohexanol (M.M. Santos, R. Maciel Filho).On line optimisation of maintenance tasks management using RTE approach (S.E. Sequeira et al.).Operation Decision Support System using Plant Design Information (Y. Shimada et al.).
Computational Technologies.An integrated framework for multi-objective optimisation in process synthesis and design (H. Alhammadi et al.).Application of CFD on a catalytic rotating basket reactor (J. Warna et al.).
Sustainable CAPE Education and Careers for Chemical Engineers.A post-graduate study in process design. An innovative model in the Netherlands (J. Grievink et al.).A novel course on integrated batch-plant management (Z. Verwater-Lukszo, P. Heijnen). Designing a multi-user web-based distributed simulator for process control eLearning (S.H. Yang, J.L. Alty).


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The Himalayan Horse Salt Lick is mined from ancient deposits in the Himalayan Mountains. Full of minerals that your horse needs for a balanced intake of iron, potassium and magnesium. 2.2 lb.
The Standard Stall Chain is durable and economical. This stall guard consists of a heavyweight rubber-covered chain.
The Nylon Cross Tie in heavy-duty nylon adjusts in length to fit most barn aisles and stalls. Each.
This Kool Kurtains™ Dutch Door Panel measures 48"W x 56"L to fit an average Dutch-style stall door. Easy to install, weatherproof and breathable, it keeps the sun's heat and nuisance flying pests out of your horse's stall. It also allows easy in/out access.
The Himalayan Salt Brick provides a balanced intake of iron, potassium and magnesium. This pink salt block derives its coloring from its high mineral content. Rock hard, it lasts a long time.
The Himalayan Hanging Salt Lick provides minerals and trace elements while creating a distraction for stabled horses. This pink salt block is difficult for horses to bite, so it lasts a long time. Includes hanging rope.
The Blanket Rack with Hooks offers convenient storage for horse sheets and blankets, plus strap goods or other necessary items. This blanket bar with hooks has a long-wearing, attractive black finish. A great addition to any tack room or stall front!
The Tie Safe™ Cross Tie has a unique tear-free design. If a horse panics, the cross tie pulls apart to reduce the risk of serious injury. This nylon cross tie has a brass swivel snap on one end and a brass-plated panic snap on the other. Each.


text:
Indiana Pacers v Philadelphia 76ers
Roy Hibbert of the Indiana Pacers drives to the basket against the... News PhotoBasketball - Sport,Drive - Ball Sports,Indiana Pacers,Match - Sport,NBA Pro Basketball,Philadelphia - Pennsylvania,Philadelphia 76ers,Roy Hibbert,Sport,USA,Vertical,Wells Fargo Center - PhiladelphiaPhotographer Jesse D. GarrabrantCollection: National Basketball Association 2013 NBAEPHILADELPHIA, PA - FEBRUARY 6: Roy Hibbert #55 of the Indiana Pacers drives to the basket against the Philadelphia 76ers during the game at the Wells Fargo Center on February 6, 2013 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2013 NBAE (Photo by Jesse D. Garrabrant/NBAE via Getty Images)


text:
Buy Item $26.99 Retail:
Save 33% ($13.00)
Add To Cart
Add To Wishlist
The NIV Bible is the most-used contemporary version of the Bible. It has been translated directly from the oldest Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic texts. This is one of the best versions of the Bible available for modern day teachers. It includes notes from Biblical scholars from twelve Latin American countries. This large-print edition can be used from the pulpit as well as for personal study. This edition also includes: Glossary; subtitles and paragraph divisions that are true to the original texts; general index; title index and abbreviation table; table of weights, measurements and money; ten maps.
|Format: Imitation Leather
Vendor: Vida
Publication Date: 1999
Dimensions: 9.75 X 6.75 X 1.5 (inches)
|Availability: In Stock
Text Color: Red Letter
Text Size: 12 Point
Thumb Index: No
Ribbon Marker: No
Spine: Sewn
Page Gilding: Gold


text:
Welcome to UPC Food Search
Discover what's in your food.
Lookup food products by UPC search.
Search through our listings of Food
Products, Ingredients and Manufacturers.
Product data contains product's upc number, product name, manufacturer, ingredients, product certifications and much more!
Ingredient data contains ingredient's description, history, sources the ingredient comes from and additional resources with more information.
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Featured Food Product of the Day
Lean Pro Protein (Whey Protein Concentrate, Soy Protein Isolate, Whey Protein Isolate, Milk Protein Isolate, Glutamine Peptides), EFA Plex (Sunflower Oil, Creamer [High Oleic Sunflower Oil, Corn Syrup Solids, Sodium Caseinate, Monoglycerides, Diglycerides, Dipotassium Phosphate, Tricalcium Phosphate, Soy Lecithin, Tocopherols], MCT Oil, Flaxseed Oil, Borage Oil), Fiber Plex (Polydextrose, Fiber, Cellulose Gum, Oat Flour, Rice Bran), Natural Flavors, Artificial Flavors, Vitamin & Mineral Blend (Di-Calcium Phosphate, Magnesium Oxide, Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin E Acetate, Niacinamide, Electrolytic Iron, Zinc Oxide, D-Calcium Pantothenate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Copper Gluconate, Riboflavin, Vitamin A Acetate, Thiamin Mononitrate, Folic Acid, Potassium Iodide, Cyanocobalamin), Beet Juice, Salt, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium.
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Melon trees may refer to any tree that bears melon like fruit.
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text:
This program is for Veterans who have recieved a disability rating from the VA (Veteran's Administration) or their un-remarried surviving spouse.
In order to qualify for the Veteran with a Disability or Veteran Spouse Abatement the home must be the applicant's primary residence that they have lived in and owned as of January 1 of the current year.
Along with a completed application, if filing for the first time Disabled Veterans must include a copy of their Summary of Benefits letter from the VA. If you did not receive this letter please call the VA at 1 (800) 827-1000 and request a current benefits letter showing your disability percentage and effective date.
Widows/Widowers who are filing for the first time must also submit a current letter from the VA showing that they are the un-remarried widow/widower of the veteran along with the veteran's disability percentage at the time of their death. We also need a copy of the veteran's death certificate when filing for the first time.
The abatement will apply to 2015 's property taxes. If the abatement application is received by June 28, 2015 the abatement will appear on your July Valuation Notice (for real property).
If you have any questions or need help completing the application please call:
Tax Administration at 801-451-3367 or 801-451-3329.
Filing period: January 1, 2015 - DEADLINE: The law requires applications for all abatements to be submitted on or before September 1st 2015. The filing deadline may be extended until December 31, (if good cause exists). Which means: in order to accept an application after September 1st you must have a good explanation of why you were late in submitting your application.
Physical Address
Davis County Administration Building
Tax Administration Department
Tax Appeals Office, Room 101
61 South Main Street
Farmington, Utah 84025
Mailing Address
Davis County Tax Administration
P.O. Box 618, Room 101
Farmington, Utah 84025
Phone Numbers
(801) 451-3367 :: Main
(801) 451-3329 :: Alternate
(801) 451-3511 :: Fax
Monday – Friday
8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
(except legal holidays)


text:
Atlanta Hawks v New York Knicks
Ivan Johnson of the Atlanta Hawks drives against Amar'e Stoudemire of... Nieuwsfoto'sAmar'e Stoudemire,Atlanta Hawks - Basketbalteam,Basketbal,Basketbal - NBA Pro,Driverslag,Horizontaal,Ivan Johnson - Basketball Player,Madison Square Garden,New York Knicks,Sport,Stad New York,Ten voeten uit,Verenigde StatenPhotographer Jesse D. GarrabrantCollection: National Basketball Association 2013 NBAENew York, NY - JANUARY 27: Ivan Johnson #44 of the Atlanta Hawks drives against Amar'e Stoudemire #1 of the New York Knicks at Madison Square Garden on January 27, 2013 in New York, New York. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, user is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2013 NBAE (Photo by Jesse D. Garrabrant/NBAE via Getty Images)


text:
Espresso Book Machine
Robot Invades NYC Bookstore! (video)
High-Tech Opera Features Robots as Stars
Have We Grown Too Fond Of Technology?
Dean Kamen
Making a List for Summer Science Reading
A Robot That Swims With The Fishes (video)
Ahoy, RoboSailor (video)
Robots Battle In Engineering Competition (video)
Bots Take On The Bard (video)
by Sherry Turkle
Meet the author of The Soul of a New Machine at Google's New York City headquarters.
The man who coined the term also created an early "puzzle book" full of scientific brainteasers.
This August, the SciFri Book Club reads Tracy Kidder's love letter to computer engineers, "The Soul of a New Machine." Here's ho...
An excerpt from the new biography Elon Musk, by Ashlee Vance.
Sign up for SciFri in your inbox
Sign up for SciFri in your inbox
Science Friday® is produced by the Science Friday Initiative, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Science Friday® and SciFri® are registered service marks of Science Friday, Inc. Site design by Pentagram; engineering by Mediapolis.


text:
Down on Fraggle Rock, there have been plenty of fits and starts about the movie version of "Fraggle Rock."
First announced back in September of 2005, a feature film version of "Fraggle Rock" -- the cult children's television series created by Jim Henson that ran from 1983 to 1987 -- was supposed to hit theaters in 2009. As you'll notice, that never happened, but not for a lack of trying.
Ahmet Zappa was hired in 2006 to write the script for the "Fraggle Rock" movie, which would have been a musical. In 2008, The Weinstein Company picked up the rights to "Fraggle Rock" and hired Cory Edwards to write it as a feature-length musical. In 2011, New Regency picked up the rights from The Weinstein Company with the hopes of bringing the felt creatures the big screen. Now, finally, that version of "Fraggle Rock" has a writing team: Jim Byrkit and Alex Manugian, who co-wrote "Rango" together.
Little is known about their script, reports THR, but expect "Fraggle Rock" in theaters eventually? Let's just say eventually and watch the opening credits below. Enjoy the earworm!
[via THR]
The first of many Disney films that have been accused of putting subliminal sex messages into their projects. In "Mermaid," the moment in question happens during a wedding scene, when the priest appears to get a little too excited. However, according to the animators, what viewers were seeing were actually the man's stubby knees bending. The alleged sexual reference prompted a lawsuit against Disney that was eventually dropped.
It took only two weeks before conservative critics began perpetrating the idea that the recently released "Muppets" movie was a vehicle used to brainwash your children into being anti-oil and anti-one-percent. Of course, it's no surprise that Miss Piggy got the last laugh.
The near-unanimous praise for this Pixar sequel did not include the feminist publication Ms. magazine, who called the film sexist: "Out of seven new toy characters at the daycare where the majority of the narrative takes place, only one is female."
Another film that falls under the "sexist" category. The scene in question has Snow White stumbling upon the Dwarves cabin, where her first instinct is to start cleaning -- something that did not go over well with some.
True, health food advocates were more upset at Shrek being used in an anti-obesity campaign than the film itself, but what got them riled up in the first place was the product placement in "Shrek the Third," which included companies such as Snickers, M&M's, Sierra Mist, Fruit Loops and more.
This episode of Disney sex conspiracies involves everyone's favorite Shakespeare adaptation, "The Lion King." During the film, there's a scene where Simba looks off into the night sky and sees what appears to be the word "SEX" scrawled in stars. However, the animators stated that it actually says "SFX," standing for special effects. Here's the picture, so judge for yourself.
Although this controversy mainly involved the Roald Dahl book the film was based on, complaints against "The Witches" holds true for both mediums. Groups accused Dahl of being sexist because all the witches were female, to which the author responded, "There is no such thing as a male witch. On the other hand, a ghoul is always a male."
Conservative critics lambasted "Wall-E" for its liberal stance. As National Review columnist Shannen W. Coffin stated, "From the first moment of the film, my kids were bombarded with leftist propaganda about the evils of mankind. It's a shame, too, because the robot had promise."
To some, it was a film about a quirky chameleon; to others, it was a vehicle for pro-tobacco lobbyists. Smoke-free organizations criticized "Rango" for its excessive use of smoking to the point where the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education at the University of California-San Francisco even tried -- and failed -- to get the MPAA to slap an R rating on the movie.
Another film that has drawn the ire of Fox News. Fox Business' Lou Dobbs blasted "The Lorax" for its liberal agenda, claiming that the studio created the film to push "eco-friendly products" and that "the President's liberal friends in Hollywood [are] targeting a younger demographic using animated movies to sell their agenda to children."


text: Purchase an aloe vera plant. Many health and retail stores sell them. Bottled aloe vera juice is also available, but sometimes it is mixed with other ingredients and does not have a high concentration of aloe vera. Buying the actual plant ensures that you get pure unmixed aloe to use.


text:
huneylove317's Mom Answers Activity
huneylove317 is a star in these topics:
Pregnancy > Inside Your Womb (7 helpful answers)
Anyone else have high triple screen risks?
Most recent answer (09/05/2015):
I am 24 years old 17 weeks with my first child. I received a call from my doctor yesterday that my triple screen came back abnormal for d...posted by C.Nunley
i am 17 weeks pregnant i think i feel the baby move how do i know for sure
Most recent answer (03/20/2015):
I am seventeen weeks and I think I feel movement it feels like a small rumble in my tummy I don't feel it all the time but when I do...posted by veneecole


text:
A 20-point debut from second-round draft pick Jordan McRae and two trades involving Scotty Hopson highlighted an eventful weekend of NBA Summer League action for former Vols.
Click here for the original story.
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text:
The prevalence of tobacco usage in Native American adults and adolescents is higher than any other racial or ethnic group, yet biological risk and protective factors underlying tobacco use in this ethnic group remain unknown. A genome scan for loci associated with tobacco use phenotypes was performed with data collected from a community sample of Mission Indians residing in Southwest California.
A structured diagnostic interview was used to define two tobacco use phenotypes: 1) any regular tobacco usage (smoked daily for one month or more) and 2) persistent tobacco usage (smoked at least 10 cigarettes a day for more than one year). Heritability was determined and a linkage analysis was performed, using genotypes for a panel 791 microsatellite polymorphisms, for the two phenotypes using variance component methods implemented in SOLAR.
Analyses of multipoint variance component LOD scores for the two tobacco use phenotypes revealed two scores that exceeded 2.0 for the regular use phenotype: one on chromosomes 6 and one on 8. Four other loci on chromosomes 1,7,13, and 22 were found with LOD scores between 1.0 and 1.5. Two loci of interest were found on chromosomes 1 and 4 for the persistent use phenotype with LOD scores between 1.3–1.5. Bivariate linkage analysis was conducted at the site on chromosome 4 for persistent tobacco use and an alcohol drinking severity phenotype previously identified at this site. The maximum LOD score for the bivariate analysis for the region was 3.4, however, there was insufficient power to exclude coincident linkage.
While not providing evidence for linkage to specific chromosomal regions these results identify regions of interest in the genome in this Mission Indian population, for tobacco usage, some of which were identified in previous genome scans of non-native populations. Additionally, these data lend support for the hypothesis that cigarette smoking, alcohol dependence and other consumptive behaviors may share some common risk and/or protective factors in this Mission Indian population.
Tobacco use by North American Indians was documented by the first European explorers to the continent who described it as being consumed by smoking, chewing or in salves [1,2]. Early Indian tobacco usage appeared to be primarily for ceremonial purposes, and it has been suggested that older forms of tobacco were more potent and may have contained other psychoactive substances [3]. Currently, smoking rates among North American Indians are higher than any other racial or ethnic group, despite significant variation across tribes and regions of Canada and the US [4-8].
Smoking has been described as particularly prevalent in Native American youth. No differences have been found between rural and urban Native American adolescents in one study of smoking prevalence, and in that study Native American youth reported more exposure to peers who smoked and greater access to cigarettes than other racial and ethnic groups [9]. American Indian middle school students report initiating smoking with family, friends and/or peers and also report no links between the initiation of recreational smoking and the use of tobacco in traditional ceremonies [10].
Psychosocial variables such as death, loss, and other stressful life events have been demonstrated to be risk factors for American Indian adolescents initiating smoking [11], however, such variables do not account for all of the variance associated with increased risk in this ethnic group. Studies of smoking behavior in non-native populations have revealed that smoking-related traits are complex and that genetic variables significantly influence smoking behaviors [12-14]. There also appears to be some shared use liability between tobacco and others drugs [15-18]. Several studies have identified regions in the genome that are associated with tobacco related phenotypes [19-26]. Most of the studies have published on one of four population cohorts: the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, the Christchurch New Zealand sample, a family study of panic disorder, and the Framingham Heart Study. The phenotypes in these studies have varied and the linkage analyses have not appreciably converged on any single genetic loci. No linkage analyses have as yet been published in a North American Indian population. American Indians are a unique population to study tobacco use phenotypes because of the presumption of relative genetic homogeneity and possibly more uniform exposure to environmental factors that could improve power in linkage analyses.
The present report is part of a larger study exploring risk factors for substance dependence among Native American Mission Indians [27-34]. The lifetime prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug dependence in this Indian population is high, and evidence for heritability of substance dependence has been demonstrated [31,35]. The purpose of the present set of analyses was to determine the heritability of tobacco use phenotypes in Mission Indian families and to identify genetic loci associated with those phenotypes. These data are also discussed in the context of previously published genome scans for tobacco use phenotypes in non-Indian populations as well as data demonstrating linkage to alcohol use disorder phenotypes in this population of Mission Indians [31,36].
Participants, known collectively as Mission Indians, were recruited using a combination of a venue-based method [37,38] and a respondent-driven procedure [39] from eight geographically contiguous reservations in Southwest California as described previously [30,31]. Approval for the study was obtained from both The Scripps Research Institute Internal Review Board, and The Indian Health Council Board. Potential participants first met individually with research staff to have the study explained, give written informed consent, and respond to a screening questionnaire that was used to gather information on demographics, personal medical history, ethnicity and detailed measures of substance abuse history [40]. Each participant also completed an interview with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) [41] which was used to make drug dependence diagnoses [42]. The SSAGA is a fully structured, poly-diagnostic psychiatric interview that has undergone both reliability and validity testing [41,43]. It has been successfully used in Native American populations previously [44,45]. The interview retrospectively asks about the initial and regular use and problems associated with the use of drugs. The SSAGA I interview also allows for the diagnoses of drug abuse and dependence, but not for tobacco. Therefore, two tobacco use phenotypes were constructed based on individual SSAGA items. The first was regular tobacco use defined as: smoking daily for a month or more; and the second was persistent smoking defined as: smoking 10 or more cigarettes a day for more than a year.
One hundred pedigrees containing 885 individuals were used in the analyses. Of these, 244 individuals have both genotype and phenotype data and 222 additional individuals have only phenotypic data (total of 466). Fifty-nine families have only a single individual with phenotype data. These individuals were included within some analyses to the extent that they contribute information about trait means and variance and the impact of co-variants. The family sizes for the remaining families ranged between 4 and 38 subjects (average 13.5 ± 10) with between 2 and 15 individuals having both genotype and phenotype data (average 5.4 ± 4.2). Forty-one families were genetically informative. The data includes: 77 parent-child, 212 sibling, 26 half sibling, 8 grandparent-grandchild, 151 avuncular, and 245 cousin relative pairs where both genotype and phenotype data were available for both pair members. These data analyses have been described previously [31,36].
DNA was isolated from whole blood using an automated DNA extraction procedure, genotyping was done as previously described [46]. Genotypes were determined for a panel 791 autosomal microsatellite polymorphisms [47] using fluorescently labeled PCR primers under conditions recommended by the manufacturer (HD5 version 2.0; Applied Biosystems). The HD5 panel set has an average marker-to-marker distance of 4.6 cM, and an average heterozygosity of greater than 77% in a Caucasian population. Allele frequencies were estimated from genotype data for the entire population.
Genotypes were ultimately determined for 243 subjects. The total additive genetic heritability (H2) and its standard error were estimated for the regular and persistent tobacco use phenotypes using SOLAR. Variance component estimate methods were used to calculate LOD scores using SOLAR v2.0.4 [48,49] Genhunter 2 [50] and Merlin [51] with similar results. Simulation analysis was used to estimate empirical LOD scores and make appropriate genome wide adjustments for non-normality when the trait was modeled as normally distributed trait [52]. Gender was not a significant covariate for either phenotype. Age accounted for 1% of the phenotypic variance for persistent tobacco usage. Linkage analysis results were not significantly affected by exclusion of age as a covariate.
Two variance component analytic approaches were used for the traits. In the first approach the trait was modeled as a latent normally distributed variable with a threshold above which an individual is considered "affected". Using a second approach, the trait was modeled as a normally distributed variable with a correction for non-normality based on simulation. For these traits the LOD score was higher throughout the genome for the latent threshold model. The figures show the slightly lower LOD analysis treating the traits as continuous variable with simulations to correct for normality. These methods can occasionally give very dissimilar results presumably because of factors related to convergence. In this analysis it was required that both methodologies provide support for linkage. All results presented were derived from the use of SOLAR.
Bivariate analyses were conducted with data on chromosome 4 for persistent tobacco use where a loci was identified in a location at @102 cM where we had previously identified a linkage signal for alcohol drinking severity [31]. Drinking severity was defined using items in the SSAGA. Briefly, the SSAGA groups individual interview response items into nine categories that correspond to the nine DSMIII-R criteria used for making an alcohol dependence diagnosis. These items include: alcohol use severity items, legal, family, work and medical problems, tolerance, wanting/unable to quit and withdrawal. Of these potential phenotypes, alcohol use severity and alcohol withdrawal were found to be highly heritable. The alcohol severity phenotype grouped responses on four alcohol use severity items: 1) drank more than intended/more days in a row or when promised self wouldn't for three or more times, 2) drunk when didn't want to three or more times, 3) during drinking or recovering from the effects of drinking had little time for anything else, and 4) given up or greatly reduced important activities to drink. Each subject was scored as having 0–4 alcohol severity symptoms. The bivariate analysis using the persistent smoking phenotype and the alcohol use severity phenotype was performed using SOLAR (2.1.4)[49]. To test for pleiotropy, by excluding coincident linkage, the method proposed by Almasy [53] and as elaborated by North [54], was used. Briefly, the likelihood for the linkage model in which pq was estimated was compared to the likelihood for the linkage model in which pq was constrained to 1 (or -1 complete pleiotropy) or 0 (complete coincident linkage).
The demographic characteristics of the sample are virtually equivalent to the U.S. census data for the tribe, and have been presented previously [31]. Participants in the study were between 18 and 60 yrs with a mean age of 30 yrs (0.54), 58% were female, they had a mean education level of 11 (0.12) yrs and their income was $27,000 (0.11). The number of individuals with a Native American heritage of greater than 50% was 53% in the larger sample and 55% in the linkage sample. Indian heritage was based on their federal Indian blood quantum. The self-reported racial/ethnic admixture was primarily: Hispanic, Spanish, and other European. The linkage sample did not differ from the larger sample on any demographic or phenotypic variables.
Two hundred seventy-one out of a larger sample of 466 participants (58%) met the criteria for regular tobacco usage and (30%) met criteria for persistent usage. Men were not significantly more likely to be regular users or persistent users. Nor were those participants having a native heritage of 50% or greater likely to be regular or persistent users compared to those with lesser degrees of Native heritage. The mean age of onset of regular use was 17 yrs and the mean quantity and frequency of usage was 12 cigarettes a day for 9 years. Persistent and regular smokers did not differ from each other or non-smokers on age, education or income. The prevalence of alcohol dependence in the larger sample was 60% and in the linkage sample it was 61%. Alcohol dependence was co-morbid with both the persistent (Chi square = 12.67; df = 1; p < 0.0001) and regular (Chi square = 22.60; df = 1; p < 0.00001) smoking phenotypes.
The first aim of the study was to determine the heritability of the two tobacco phenotypes. The estimated heritability (h2) for the regular tobacco usage, treating the phenotype as a continuous variable, was 0.37 ± 0.11 and persistent tobacco usage, 0.34 ± 0.12. Estimated heritability nominally increased to 0.53 ± 0.17 and 0.46 ± 0.18 when a latent threshold model was used.
The second aim of the study was to identify loci linked with the two tobacco use phenotypes. As seen in Figure 1 and table 1, loci associated with regular tobacco usage were found on chromosome 6 at 75 cM (between D6S257 and D6S460, LOD = 2.0) and on chromosome 8 at 115 cM (at D8S1784, LOD = 2.0). Additional "loci of interest" were found on chromosomes 1 at 175 cM (at D1S2878, LOD = 1.2) chromosome 7 at 181 cM (at D7S2465, LOD = 1.7) chromosome 13 at 15 cM (D13S217 LOD = 1.3) and chromosome 22 at 45 cM (between D22S423 and D22S274, LOD = 1.3). As seen in figure 2 and table 1, only two "loci of interest" were found for the persistent tobacco use phenotype, one on chromosome 1 at 40 cm (near D1S199, LOD = 1.3) and one on chromosome 4 at 102 cM (near D4S414, LOD = 1.5). No overlaps were found between loci identified for the regular use phenotype and those found for the persistent use phenotype.
Table 1. Chromosome Locations
Figure 1. Multipoint Linkage Analysis for the "regular tobacco use" phenotype for the entire genome. Results for each chromosome are aligned end to end with the p terminus on the left. Vertical lines indicate the boundaries between the chromosomes. The numbers above on the X-axis indicate the chromosome number.
Figure 2. Multipoint Linkage Analysis for the "persistent tobacco use" phenotype for the entire genome. Results for each chromosome are aligned end to end with the p terminus on the left. Vertical lines indicate the boundaries between the chromosomes. The numbers above on the X-axis indicate the chromosome number.
The peak LOD score observed for persistent tobacco use at 102 cM on chromosome 4 coincides with LOD score peak previously reported in this Mission Indian sample for a drinking severity phenotype [31] (LOD score 2.9). The region near 100 cM where the peak LOD score was observed is notable because it contains a cluster of genes that code for alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) and has been implicated in several studies of alcohol and tobacco use. Table 1 lists the loci identified in the current study and also provides reference to findings from previously published studies in this Mission Indian population and other population samples. In order to test whether the current findings for drinking severity and persistent smoking are coincident on chromosome 4, bivariate linkage analysis was conducted (see Figure 3). The maximum LOD score for the bivariate analysis for the region is 3.4 compared to a maximum of 2.8 for drinking severity score and 1.7 for persistent tobacco use. Although there was insufficient power to exclude coincident linkage (p = 0.26), complete pleiotropy could be excluded (p = 0.02).
Figure 3. Multipoint, univariate and bivariate analysis for chromosome 4. Univariate analysis of the "persistent tobacco use" phenotype is shown in the heavy dark line and univariate analysis for the "drinking severity" phenotype in the thin line. The bivariate analysis of the "persistent tobacco usage and drinking severity" is shown in the dark line. The analysis assumes a latent normally distributed variable with a threshold above which an individual is affected. The maximum LOD score for the bivariate analysis for the region is 3.4 compared to a maximum of 2.8 for drinking severity score and 1.7 for persistent tobacco use. Although there was insufficient power to exclude coincident linkage (p = 0.26), complete pleiotropy could be excluded (p = 0.02).
A variety of genetically influenced characteristics most likely contribute to the increased risk for tobacco usage seen in Mission Indians. A number of psychosocial variables have been associated with tobacco usage in Native Americans teens including life events and availability [9-11]. However, this is the first study to determine heritability of tobacco usage and to conduct a linkage analysis to tobacco related phenotypes in Native Americans. Regular and persistent tobacco use were both found to be moderately heritable as measured by h2. Additionally, several chromosomal loci were identified as regions of interest that may harbor tobacco usage genes.
There were two loci identified on chromosome 1, one for persistent tobacco usage at 75 cM, and one for regular tobacco usage at 175 cM. Both of these loci were identified in a genome scan conducted using the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) dataset for habitual smoking and alcohol dependence [19]. Loci on chromosome 1 have been identified previously for alcohol dependence phenotypes in a number of studies [55-60]. However, using the COGA dataset, Bierut [23] demonstrated the combined phenotype of alcohol dependence and habitual smoking had allele sharing among sibling pairs that was similar to results for alcohol dependence alone. Additionally, no evidence for linkage to alcohol dependence has been found at that location on chromosome 1 in this Mission Indian population [31]. Taken together these results suggest that there may be specific genetic factors impacting tobacco usage that do not impact alcohol dependence within this support interval on chromosome 1.
One of the most consistent findings between several genetic linkage studies conducted in Native American and other mixed heritage populations is evidence for a protective association for alcohol dependence and related behaviors in a region on chromosome 4 near the Alcohol dehydrogenase gene cluster. In a genetic linkage study evaluating large families who were members of a Southwest Indian tribe, three loci in this region on chromosome 4q showed evidence for linkage [61]. Evidence for linkage at this site, in Mission Indians, was also identified in a genome scan for a severity of alcohol drinking phenotype [31]. A protective association has also been found between polymorphisms in ADH1B3, alcohol dependence, and tobacco usage in this population [34]. Additionally both the "unaffected by alcoholism" [55] and "maximum drinks ever consumed in a 24 hour period" [62], phenotypes, were found to give evidence for linkage on chromosome 4 in the region of the ADH gene cluster in the COGA study. Evidence for linkage to tobacco dependence at this same general region of the genome on chromosome 4 has also been demonstrated in both the Richmond and Christchurch samples described in the publications by Straub [22], and by Duggirala [63]. The linkage analysis for persistent tobacco use in Mission Indians also supports these observations. The detection of a linkage signal for drinking severity using the same cohort in this same region suggests that there may be a sequence variant that affects substance abuse in general or that there are at least two tightly linked variants that affect different aspects of substance abuse behavior. The bivariate analysis done in these studies is not sufficiently powered to distinguish between these possibilities.
There is one additional locus of interest in this Mission Indian study that was also identified in previous linkage analyses for alcohol-related phenotypes. Evidence for linkage was found on chromosome 6 for the regular tobacco use phenotype in a support interval previously identified for an alcohol withdrawal severity phenotype in this Mission Indian population [31]. Additionally, evidence for an epidemiological measure of smoking was also found at this site using the COGA dataset [64].
Additional loci of interest were found on chromosome 7, 13 and 22 for regular smoking that have been identified in other studies [19,25]. Only a few findings appear to be replicated between studies. This is most likely related to a number of factors. Some of the studies utilized participants recruited from clinical populations enriched for psychiatric disorders whereas some were population based samples using mixed ethnicities. Also, differing definitions of smoking and tobacco dependence were used. More replications and additional studies in different ethnic groups are needed to further evaluate the linkage results [24].
The results of this study should be interpreted in the context of several limitations. First, the findings may not generalize to other Native Americans or represent all Mission Indians. Second, comparisons of linkage findings to non-Indian populations of drug abusers may be limited by differences in a host of potential genetic and environmental variables. Third, the underlying assumption that these phenotypes are normally distributed, an assumption of variance component analyses, may not be warranted. Finally, because this population has significant admixture estimates of allele frequencies may produce biased LOD scores. The linkage analyses do not give us any information on whether the genes within the loci identified are coding for protective or risk factors. Despite these limitations, this report represents an important first step in an ongoing investigation to understand the genetic determinants associated with the development of substance use disorders in this high risk and understudied ethnic group.
These data represent the first family-based genome-wide chromosome segregation analyses for tobacco use phenotypes in Native Americans. The results corroborated the possible importance of several chromosomal regions highlighted in prior linkage studies for substance abuse phenotypes and identify new regions of the genome for this ethnic group and/or Mission Indians. A replicate study is underway to test the reliability of the findings. Additionally, these data lend support for the hypothesis that cigarette smoking, alcohol dependence and other consumptive behaviors may share some common risk and/or protective factors in this Mission Indian population.
List of abbreviations
SSAGA, Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism; H2 total additive genetic heritability; LOD, log of the odds; COGA, collaborative study genetics of alcoholism; ADH, Alcohol Dehydrogenase.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
Cindy L Ehlers contributed to the recruitment, collection and analysis of the clinical and genetic data on the subjects. Kirk C. Wilhelmsen contributed to the analyses of family structures, genome scan, linkage and heritability analyses.
This study was supported by grants DA 019333 and AA10201, The NIH center for health disparities, the Stein Endowment fund, and by funds provided by the State of California for medical research on alcohol and substance abuse through the University of California, San Francisco, and a General Clinical Research Center grant, RR00833. The authors wish to acknowledge the technical support of Heidi Feiler, Evie Phillips, David Gilder, Linda Corey, James Lee, Samantha Segal, Michelle Dixon, Lilach Harris, and Philip Lau.
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Saccone NL, Rochberg N, Neuman RJ, Rice JP: Covariates in linkage analysis using sibling and cousin pairs.
Genet Epidemiol 2001, 21(Suppl 1):S540-S545. PubMed Abstract
Duggirala R, Almasy L, Blangero J: Smoking behavior is under the influence of a major quantitative trait locus on human chromosome 5q.
Genet Epidemiol 1999, 17(Suppl 1):S139-S144. PubMed Abstract
Bergen AW, Korczak JF, Weissbecker KA, Goldstein AM: A genome-wide search for loci contributing to smoking and alcoholism.
Genet Epidemiol 1999, 17(Suppl 1):S55-S60. PubMed Abstract
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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Changing the style options for your site is a great way to give it a unique look. Click Style in the Site Admin to adjust your font settings, color settings, your site's background, and appearance options for your store and blog, as well as other style settings.
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Welcome to the website of Jubilee Centre in Zambia.
Jubilee Centre is a Zambian Christian NGO - working to empower churches, communities and their leaders to grow spiritually, flourish physically and have a voice in the world.
Subscribe to our news and The Monday Issue by email:
Recent Posts
Jubilee Centre produces regular publications to keep you up to date with our news and work. These include news and resources, as well as The Monday Issue (produced every week […]
You can contact Jubilee Centre using the form below – our contact details are: Email: mail [at] jubileecentre.org (simply replace [at] with @) Telephone: +260 (0)2 681 482 / 681 […]
Information for visitors
Short Term Learning Teams Info Sheet Here Jubilee Centre discusses what we think is important for short term mission programmes. Sharing together canbe a powerful experience for all involved if […]
Visiting and volunteering
Visiting Jubilee Centre Jubilee Centre hosts many individuals and groups visiting Zambia – to see our work in action and meet the communities we work with.We have successfully hosted teams, […]
Pray for the work of Jubilee Centre
Jubilee Centre produces a regular newsletter with our latest news and prayer requests you can subscribe to receive this newsletter here.
Giving to Jubilee Centre
The work of Jubilee Centre relies on the financial support of individuals, churches and donor organisations. Please consider supporting our work financially by giving a regular gift. In the USA: […]
Monday Issue
Message by the Chairman of Jubilee Centre at Annual General Meeting
The mission of Jubilee Centre is to empower churches, communities, and their leaders to grow spiritually, flourish, physically and have a voice in the world. One of our biggest challenges […]
Breaking shackles of the New Slave Trade
At Livingstone, the mighty Zambezi River falls down in a kilometer wide screen of water to create one of the most glorious spectacles on earth, the mighty Victoria Falls. Livingstone […]
Who will stand up against the Tide?
Why is Zambia not working to its best? Why is the news about Zambia riddled with business and government corruption? Why are thousands of able children not in high school […]
GLS Promotion at Kitwe's Pastor's FellowshipPosted on 23 September, 2015 | No Comments"If you are unsatisfied with the Global Leadership Summit (GLS), I will personally refund the money you spend to attend it" This was Pastor Chilekwa sharing his passion for the […]
Ndola Pastor's Fellowship Get a Feel of the Global Leadership SummitPosted on 4 June, 2015 | No CommentsThe Global Leadership Summit (GLS) Zambia Coordinator Pastor Lawrence Temfwe, holding the front page of the Post Newspapers of June 3 told the 46 church leaders at the Ndola Pastors […]
Cornerstone University Students Visit Jubilee CentrePosted on 26 May, 2015 | No CommentsSince 2011 Jubilee Centre has been partnering with Cornerstone University where the college sends students and staff to come and serve with us in various areas of our ministry. This […]
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This place was an absolute nightmare. I had already paid for a week here and I had my tiny little 2 lb poodle with me. Well, they saw it and told me animals were not allowed. They refused to refund my and insisted on seeing my license and told me that was not me in my license and told me... More
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Narrow down the 39 results:Map View
x The average starting price for a place to stay in Sapporo is £51 per night.
Caleb_non1 Stayed here with my Cousin and didnt want to leave. Jin is such a great guy. The lounge area makes you feel at home in Japan, your with in walking distance of susukino and everything is neat, new and nice. Would definatly recomend this to young people visiting Sapporo.
4 Chome-1-43 Toyohira 2 Jō, Toyohira-ku Sapporo-shi, HokkaidoExcellent 94%
5-35 Toyohira6-6 Toyohira-ku SapporoExcellent 94%
22-1-18,Kitaichijounishi,chuo-kuExcellent 91%
joshuawood Jimmy is an awesome dude, really welcoming and helpful. Facilities are top notch, everything is very new.
3, Minami Hachijo Nishi, Chuo-kuAwesome 88%
sudaratn_p We stayed in Marks Inn Sapporo for three nights. It's really a good place; quiet, safe, and easily access from Nakajima Koen station of Nanboku sub-way. The staff were very helpful. Will stay here again if we visit Sapporo next time.
Chuo-ku Minami 5 jo Nishi 9 chome 1008-10 Chuo kuAwesome 88%
Nishi 8-Chome,2 ban, Minami 3 Jyo Chuo kuAwesome 87%
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5 (0) 4 (5) 3 (1) 2 (1) 1 (0)
3.57 stars 3.57/5 Stars Average score of 7 user reviews spread across 10 releases and 0 DLC
MK Trilogy 2: Ultimate Fan Service 0
Armageddon had more hype around it than any Mortal Kombat title in a long time. For many fans, the prospect of every single fighter ever seen in a MK game (except Khameleon) was more than enough reason to get excited. The concept immediately brings Mortal Kombat Trilogy to fans minds, which was a great game in its own way, but as a somewhat thrown together mish-mash it was not really part of the Mortal Kombat storyline. Armageddon tells the story of the end of an era in the MK universe. ...4 out of 5 found this review helpful.
Meh 3
MK: Armageddon, dubbed Mortal Kombat 7, was said to be the "last Mortal Kombat" game... And as I figured, it wasn't, as Boon probably called it the "last mortal kombat game" just to add hype. Armageddon features every character from every Mortal Kombat game (62 characters), an impressive roster, although many classic characters have changed dramatically. Most returning characters hardly look like their previous versions, and most of which have very small and uninspired move-sets... A ho...2 out of 2 found this review helpful.
A pathetic combat system and sloppy Wii controls ruin this game. 0
Mortal Kombat has been around for a long time. It's a cultural icon and was responsible for the creation of the ESRB. This is because the game is full of gore and people love games with lots of gore. Not to mention the Fatalities are some of the coolest deaths in any game. But Mortal Kombat Armageddon doesn't have the coolness factor that the previous games have. The first thing that makes this game fail is it's controls. Specifically the Wiimote and Nunchuk attachment. To do your special moves...1 out of 1 found this review helpful.
have to say:mk:armageddon has potential,, 0
bottom line ; almost,,but not quite;));p,,i ahveplayed this game extremly much and ahve had so much fun with it,,also the opening cutscene which are exelent,,i have had extremly good time with this game and also the best yet konquest mode created for a great mk title which is this one,,i ahve played this game for 6 years now;),,stil lgreat after 6years actually;) ,mk armageddon,, what drags down mk;a ,,no fatalities,,endings for each char,,i enjoyed them,,but they where too short and a dissapoi...1 out of 1 found this review helpful.
Great for die-hard MK fans, welcoming enough for a newbie 0
Mortal Kombat: Armageddon is great at what it tries to do - a straight-up fighter, capping off the MK story. It seems like there was a lot of potential wasted and some ideas missing, though, keeping it from being perfect.Plot/Konquest Mode: Fun. You take control of Taven, as you embark on a quest that tears you and your family apart. It takes about 6-10, maybe 12 hours in total. Frequent save points are a bonus, and puzzles sprinkled around here and there in the earlier levels keep it interestin...0 out of 0 found this review helpful.
Not much has improved, but it's still great fun. 0
Is Mortal Kombat: Armageddon a good game? Yes. If you liked MK: Deadly Alliance and MK: Deception, that is. If you didn't, MK:A won't do anything for you. The game play is more or less the same, the addition of aerial combat, while nice - isn't game breaking nor making. The new fatality system I'm sort of on the fence about. On the one hand, I like that it's more interactive. You do more then smash buttons and watch a cut scene. I think wiping your victory in the face of an opponent is all the ...0 out of 0 found this review helpful.
The most complete MK experience money can buy. 0
+ All of the Mortal Kombat characters ever, both famous and not so famous.+ A truly balanced and fun fighting game. Still one of the best in that aspect.+ Wii controls are super smooth, really makes it easier for everyone to enjoy MK+ Great leveldesign & layout+ Fun Motor Kombat, Kreate a fighter & endurance modes. + Loads and loads of extra content for the hardcore fans !------------------------------------------------------------------------------ New "Finish Him/Her" system is not as ...0 out of 0 found this review helpful.
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Written on: 03/03/2011
Our 3 night stay here was wonderfull. The personal touch from Nyree was most appreciated. The cottage is warm, cosy and inviting. As a group of six staying at Brackenber Cottage we considered the cottage as excellent, very clean comfortable rooms with attention to detail, by providing the little things like a torch and first aid kit; even though we had no need to use them it was comforting to know they were there. I would like to make special mention of the owner Nyree for her warm welcome and… Read Full Review
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Tampa, Fla. (Feb. 01, 2010) A research team from the National Taiwan University Hospital has evaluated the efficiency of transplanted hepatocyte (liver) cells in animal models severely damaged by two kinds of chemical toxicity to see whether and how transplanted hepatocytes were able to efficiently repopulate the toxin-induced, severely damaged livers. The results of this study are published in the current double issue of Cell Transplantation (18:10/11) and are freely available on-line at http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cog/ct/ .
The study was carried out in the on-going effort to evaluate hepatocyte transplantation as an alternative to liver transplantation, not only because of the current shortage of liver donors for transplantation, but also because successful cell transplantation is simpler, less invasive and less expensive than organ (i.e., liver) transplantation.
The researchers found that animal model of livers with damage induced from combined retrosine-plus-D-galactosamine (as opposed to animals infused with single toxins) were subject to "massive repopulation of the liver by transplanted hepatocyte cells and hepatocyte growth factor genes."
"We observed rapid infiltration of transplanted hepatocytes into the necrotic and inflammatory hepatic parenchyma within 24 hours of the R+D-gal treated liver, but not the D-gal alone or R-alone treated livers," reported corresponding author Dr. Mei-Hwei Chang. "This result suggests that the higher proliferative activity of transplanted hepatocytes (as compared to host hepatocytes) take over regeneration signals and proliferate. This finding is clinically important because hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and levels of transforming growth factor-a (TGF-a) which are known to stimulate cell proliferation - are strongly elevated in patients with acute liver failure." Post-hepatocyte transplantation, the researchers
|Contact: Dr. Mei-Hwei Chang
Cell Transplantation Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair


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text: Hi, I stayed here for 1 night because a friend of mine couldn't host me that night so he booked this hotel for me. The reception staff are very friendly and I used most day the free wifi. The hotel it self is in horrible condition. All rooms smell like sigarette smoke. I wanted to swap to non-smoking room but... More


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Police Still Searching for Leads After Boston Marathon Bombing
Hagel calls bombing a 'cruel act of terror'; Boston-area apartment focus of investigation, but no suspects are yet in custody; Massachusetts governor says no additional bombs found on scene.
U.S. President Barack Obama on Tuesday called the bombings that killed three andwounded more than 170 people at the Boston Marathon a day earlier an "act of terror," but said it was not clear yet whether the twin blasts were the work of a foreign or domestic group or a "malevolent individual."
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I feel way out of my league here. I am a beginner. All the symbols, extensions, code, and whatever else is a new language to me so please try to bare with me.
I installed wordpress on my site. I created a file folder named "blog" that contains all the word press files. I'm trying to install the all in one SEO pack. I downloaded the zip file from the site and it saved to my hard drive. I used my ftp client to move the SEO zip file from my hard drive to the plug ins folder. I open the file from the plugins folder and its contents open in Windows Explorer.
Next, I try to open the top file (the powerpoint document and I get the message "all_in_one_pack is not a valid archive".
What did I miss? Please help.


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We know you want the goods as soon as possible, which is why orders received by 3pm ET leave our warehouse the very same day. We'll send you an email that day to confirm shipment and the email will include your tracking information.
Our warehouse is closed Saturday & Sunday, so orders received after 3pm ET on Fridays will not ship out until Monday.
Sexy Hair Big Sexy Flip It Over Hair Spray makes hair full and wild. Creates super fullness without being stiff.
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Today was the big day and I couldn't be more pleased. I barely had a chance to sit down while trying to run this party but I couldn't have had a more blessed day celebrating this first year.
Favors- Strawberry Jam
Cake-sorry my pics are awful, I completely forgot to take pics before the chaos started. Thankfully my friend took more on her nice camera.


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Project Risk Management (PMGT5891)
This unit is delivered in multiple modes. Please ensure that the correct mode is selected before checking the detailed content. The modes are categorised in the following way:
Semester 1 = weekly delivery
Semester 1a = online delivery
Semester 1f = block delivery
The aims of this course are to develop students; understanding and ability in applying project risk management skills in project environments. The course enables the students to apply best practice techniques and methods commonly used by industry in project risk management.
The competencies developed through this unit cover and go beyond the competencies in Risk areas as outlined in the competency standards by the Australian Institute of Project Management and Project Management Institute in the USA, respectively. The UoS aims to develop students ability to understand and conceptualise risk management issues, and analyse and apply risk management techniques using concepts and frameworks from the underpinning literature.
- Ability to establish risk management plans, policies & integrate them with other project plans, organisation & align them to the business case
- Ability to understand the sources of potential risks (including but not limited to political, organisational, psychological and technical risks) and to use risk management tools & techniques to identify, assess, evaluate, & prioritise risks
- Ability to simulate the potential effects of risks on schedule, cost and other performance dimensions using sensitivity analysis, decision tree analysis and simulation techniques.
- Ability to track, monitor & control risks & actions to achieve project objectives & the business case
- Ability to close risks for an optimal outcome
Our courses that offer this unit of study
Further unit of study information
E-Learning 3 hrs. May also be offered in block mode.
Through semester assessment (100%)
Faculty/department permission required?
Study this unit outside a degree
Non-award/non-degree study
If you wish to undertake one or more units of study (subjects) for your own interest but not towards a degree, you may enrol in single units as a non-award student.
Cross-institutional study
If you are from another Australian tertiary institution you may be permitted to underake cross-institutional study in one or more units of study at the University of Sydney.


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DreamgirlsItem #: HL.00313339
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Composed by Henry Krieger.
Vocal Selections. Arrangements for piano and voice with guitar chords. With Softcover. 9x12 inches. 110 pages. Published by Hal Leonard. (HL.00313339)
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14 vocal selections from the Tony Award-winning musical, including: And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going · Cadillac Car · Family · Hard to Say Goodbye, My Love · I Am Changing · One Night Only · When I First Saw You · and more.
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No other formal bid had been finalized to the point that it could be submitted to BCSC. Petaquilla had term sheets from more than one company. The point of the Petaquilla rejected application was that they needed more time because of the very complicated issues. Your statement about what other bidders thought is without merit and patenetly wrong. You obvioulsy knew/know nothing about anything that was transpiring, yet you write as though you do. You do not understand the law, confidentially obligations, or any of the issues that came to bear on this proceeding. Take a thousand dollars and hire a legal expert in the field to explain what took place before you speak as though you know and understand what transpired. Of course Petauilla did not carry the matter forward and waved the rights plan, because it was obvious to the board that Inmet was getting almost no response to their offer at either level. The whole thing was moot. Just as people denied that Inmet had had any contact with Quantum after the rumor leaked out in the media, those involved knew that in fact Quantum had already made and offer to Inmet that had been rejected weeks before. Quantum is well aware of the value of Petaquilla, and for that matter so is Inmet.
Inmet was just trying a "Juego Viva!" ,as they say in Panama, to steal the company because of ignorant "gringos" that might sell their shares. However, they soon learned that our large shareholders domestic and foreign, along with the more experienced and educated smaller holders, were way ahead of them. All they did was spend a lot of money and make themselves look foolish. The benefactor of their machinations was Petaquilla with a nice share price gap up and lots of good publicity. Inmet has one of the best law firms in Panama, Morgan&Morgan, yet they don't listen to what they are told. IMO they are blinded by arrogance and will learn an expensive lesson. If they are now taken out, thier shareholders will do well and their management team including Mr. Tilk will be history. Either way Petaquilla will benefit and Cobre Panama will be developed.
Receive investor kits and email updates from Stockhouse and directly from these companies.


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AUSTIN, TexasWith two $15 million grants, scientists and engineers aim to revolutionize solar cells and provide the fundamental science for geological storage of greenhouse gases as part of two Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs) established at The University of Texas at Austin by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
The White House announced the creation of 46 new EFRCs nationally in conjunction with a speech delivered by President Barack Obama at the annual meeting of the National Academy of Sciences.
One of the university's EFRCs, led by Paul Barbara, will focus on better understanding the molecular processes that underpin innovative nanomaterials that may be used in solar energy and batteries. The center, titled "Understanding Charge Separation and Transfer at Interfaces in Energy Materials and Devices," is one of 16 EFRCs to be funded by President Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. DOE plans to fund the EFRC at $15 million for a five-year period.
"The current pace of industrial research and development for solar energy and battery technologies is not fast enough to address society's energy needs, which are growing more critical every day," said Barbara, holder of the Richard J. V. Johnson Welch Regents Chair in Chemistry and director of the Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology. "The EFRC will allow us to develop completely new paradigms that address key fundamental scientific roadblocks to achieving U.S. energy security, and will also promote education and technology transfer in alternative energy."
Barbara's team will be composed of 18 faculty members from the College of Natural Sciences and the Cockrell School of Engineering. They will work in partnership with Sandia National Laboratories and the University of Montreal.
The university's second EFRC grant will fund the Center for Frontiers of Subsurface Energy Security, led by Gary Pope, holder of the Texaco Centennial Chair in
|Contact: Jennifer Lyon, Center for Nano and Molecular Science
University of Texas at Austin