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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|1 Jun 1993
|Filing date
|11 Jan 1989
|Priority date
|11 Jan 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Clyde Ko, Carl Munch, David Shank
|Original Assignee
|Nartron Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (23), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (51), Classifications (21), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a position sensor and in particular to a sensor of the type that senses the relative longitudinal displacement of two members by applying a signal to a sensor probe and measuring an electrical parameter that varies in proportion to the relative displacement of two portions of the probe.
Automotive ride control systems provide active suspension response to road conditions by reacting to forces tending to compress the suspension members. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary to provide a real time measurement of the position of various portions of the suspension system, such as each wheel assembly, with respect to the vehicle frame. Those relative position variables are provided as an input to a ride control computer, which dynamically responds by adjusting the fluid pressure in the respective shock absorbers.
One preferred location for such a position sensor is internal to the associated shock absorber, where the movement of each wheel assembly may be monitored by the relative movement of the telescoping shock absorber members. The environment internal to a shock absorber is extremely hostile, subjecting an internally mounted sensor to pressures of up to 6500 psi and temperatures of up to 135� C. Accordingly, a linear position sensor located internal to a shock absorber must be compact and extremely rugged and durable in nature. Even when located external of the shock absorber, such a position sensor used with an automotive ride control system will be exposed to a severe environment which requires that the sensor be resistant to degradation by various automotive fluids and be extremely stable under wide swings in ambient temperature. Additionally, to be successful in the automotive field, such a position sensor must necessarily be inexpensive to produce, be reliable in performance and experience very little wear over extended periods.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a linear position sensor system includes a sensor having primary and secondary windings, and coupling adjustment means movable with the member whose position is to be sensed for varying the transformer coupling between the windings. Each of the windings has an elongated core and a coil radially wound around the core. Each of the coils includes a multiplicity of turns spaced substantially along the entire length of the respective core. The cores are substantially coextensively positioned.
The system further includes circuit means including means for applying a cyclically varying signal to the primary winding and measuring means for measuring the signal developed across the secondary winding, which is coupled from the primary winding. As the coupling adjustment means is repositioned or displaced along with the member whose position is being sensed, the change in transformer coupling between the windings causes the signal developed across the secondary winding to vary proportionately to the amount of displacement to provide a representation of the position of the sensed member.
The radially wound coils provide the capability for adjusting or tuning the linearity of the sensor output by allowing the relative spacing between the coil turns to be selectively positioned along the length of the core. Furthermore, the use of substantially coextensive elongated core members, which are substantially covered with the coil turns, provides signal response for over 90 percent (90%) of the stroke length of the sensor probe portions.
According to another aspect of the invention, a linear position sensor system includes a sensor member and an electronic assembly connected therewith and having a sine wave generator for exciting the sensor and measuring means for measuring an electrical parameter of the sensor. The position sensor system further includes means movable with the member whose position is to be sensed for proportionately adjusting the value of the sensor electrical parameter. The sine wave generator includes a square wave generator for developing a square wave signal and a low pass filter for converting the square wave generator output to a low-distortion sine wave.
A sine wave generator, according to this aspect of the invention, has exceptional temperature stability by making use of the amplitude and frequency stability inherent in a square wave generator. Additionally, an electronic assembly provided according to this aspect of the invention may be made exceptionally compact. The compactness of the electronic assembly, along with the exceptional temperature stability of the sine wave generator, facilitates the incorporation of the entire electronic control circuit into a compact unit which may be packaged, along with the sensor member, in an individual unit which may be located in a harsh environment. A linear position sensor system, according to this aspect of the invention, may receive unfiltered DC voltage from the vehicle electrical system and produce a DC output signal proportional to the position of the member being sensed. The system is a compact unit which may be directly connected with a ride control computer without requiring "match-up adjustments," or calibration, between the position sensor and the computer. Therefore, any calibration may be carried out in the factory and the sensor system may be placed or replaced on the vehicle in the factory or in the field and connected to the ride control computer without field calibration that is commonplace on prior art position sensors.
A linear position sensor according to the invention is capable of compact configuration and rugged construction in order to function in the harsh environment of a vehicle ride control system. In one embodiment of the invention, one movable portion of the sensor probe includes coextensive primary and secondary windings that are parallel and spaced apart. The other movable portion of the sensor probe includes a coupling adjustment means that is a coupling-enhancing member positioned around both coils, such that the signal developed in the secondary coil increases as the coupling adjustment means becomes more coextensive with the windings. In another embodiment of the invention, the coextensive primary and secondary windings are concentrically positioned and separated by an annular cavity or gap. The coupling adjustment means includes a coupling disrupter member which is positioned between the windings in the gap such that the presence of the coupling adjustment means decreases the transformer coupling between the windings, which causes the signal developed across the secondary winding to decrease as the coupling adjustment means becomes more coextensive with the windings. In yet another embodiment of the invention, which is intended to be positioned externally of the vehicle shock absorber, the coupling adjustment member includes an inner metallic member fitted within an outer support member and antifriction means between the outer support member and a tubular-shaped bore. The windings are positioned in the bore and the coupling adjustment member is longitudinally slidable therein.
It is thus seen that the present invention is capable of a wide range of applications and variations. These and other related objects, advantages, and features of this invention will become apparent upon review of the following specification in conjunction with the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a sectional side view of a non-contact linear position sensor according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial view of the area indicated at II in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along the lines III--III in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a graphic diagram of the voltage transfer ratio as it relates to the relative position of portions of a sensor probe according to the embodiment in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is an electrical circuit diagram in block form of the electrical control circuit of the invention;
FIG. 6 is an electrical circuit diagram in schematic form of the control circuit in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the equivalent circuit for a sensor probe according to the embodiment in FIGS. 1-6;
FIG. 8 is a sectional side view of a second embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 9 is an enlarged view of the area designated IX in FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along the lines X--X in FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is an electrical circuit diagram partially in block form and partially in schematic form of the control module of the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 8-10;
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating the equivalent circuit for a sensor probe according to the embodiment in FIGS. 8-10;
FIG. 13 is a sectional side view of a third embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 14 is an enlarged sectional view taken along the lines XIV--XIV in FIG. 13.
Referring now specifically to the drawings, and the illustrative embodiments depicted therein, a non-contact linear position sensor assembly generally illustrated at 10 includes a base portion 12 attached to one portion of a vehicle, such as the portion of a shock absorber attached to the vehicle chassis, and a tracking portion 16 which is attached to a portion of the vehicle whose position it is desired to sense, such as the portion of a shock absorber attached to a wheel support assembly (FIG. 1). Tracking and base portions 16 and 12 are relatively longitudinally movable with respect to each other and may be positioned internal to or external of the corresponding shock absorber.
Sensor assembly 10 further includes a control module 28 interconnected with base portion 12 by a cable 27. An electrical connector 29, adapted to engage a mating connection (not shown) for connection to the ride control computer, provides input and output interconnection for control module 28. Base portion 12 includes a shield member 26 defining an internal circular chamber in which a winding assembly 32 is firmly positioned. Winding assembly 32 includes an end portion 34 positioned within an enlarged portion 25 of shield member 26 and a sensing portion 36 positioned within a narrowed portion of shield member 26. Enlarged portion 25 is configured for mounting to and penetrating through an end member of a shock absorber (not shown). Tracking portion 16 includes an end portion 40 and a transformer coupling adjustment means comprising an elongated tubular portion 42. Tubular portion 42 has an inner diameter selected to freely slide over sensing portion 36 of the winding assembly 32. End portion 40 includes an attachment member 18 for attachment of t racking portion 16 to the portion of the vehicle whose position it is desired to sense. Sensing portion 36 and tubular portion 42 cooperate to form a sensor probe designated 35. The relatively movable portions of the sensor probe may be assembled with closely controlled dimensional tolerances and, if positioned within a shock absorber, the hydraulic fluid internal to the shock absorber may provide a lubricious sliding interfit between these movable portions.
Winding assembly 32 includes a primary winding 44 and a secondary winding 46 which is mutually encapsulated within encapsulating material 48 (FIGS. 2 and 3). Primary and secondary windings 44 and 46 are coextensive, or side-by- side, for substantially their entire length which spans winding assembly 32 and are generally mutually parallel and spaced apart. Primary winding 44 includes an elongated cylindrical core 50 and a coil 52 defined by a single magnet wire radially wound around core 50 over substantially the entire length of the core. Secondary winding 46 includes an elongated cylindrical core 54 having a coil 56 defined by a single magnetic wire radially wound around core 54 over substantially its entire length. In one preferred embodiment, cores 50 and 54 are 0.05-inch diameter ferromagnetic rods insulated with a 0.002-inch Teflon coating or other insulating material and are 7.2 inches in length. Coils 52 and 56 include a double layer of 41-AWG and 43-AWG wire, respectively, compactly wound on the associated insulated core which produces an inductance of 3 to 4 milihenries for each coil. Primary and secondary windings 44 and 46 are each covered by a protective film such as a Mylar sleeve (not shown), and are mutually encapsulated by a material 48 which, in the illustrated embodiment, is a liquid crystal polymer, such as Celanese Corporation Vectra B-130.
Tubular portion 42 of tracking portion 16 surrounds a varying length of the coextensive, spaced, parallel primary and secondary windings 44 and 46 and provides a transformer coupling adjustment member for the windings, which are configured as a transformer. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3, tubular portion 42 is a transformer coupling enhancing member which increases the transformer coupling between the primary and secondary windings as the sensing portion 36 and tubular portion 42 become more telescopingly coextensive, as a result of movement of the vehicle wheel assembly closer to the vehicle frame. In the illustrated embodiment, tubular member 42 is a nonferrous metal, such as aluminum, which enhances transformer coupling between the primary and secondary windings through a radially looping current that is developed in the tubular portion as a result of excitation of the primary winding.
The results obtained by this embodiment of the invention are illustrated in FIG. 4. By reference to this figure, it is seen that the signal developed across the secondary winding, which is directly proportional to the voltage transfer ratio, is substantially linearly related to the amount of overlap of tubular portion 42 with respect to sensing portion 36 of the winding assembly Furthermore, an important feature of the present invention is that the radially wound coils may be wound with a pre-established non-constant turn spacing, by a commercially available numerically controlled winding apparatus, in a manner that may substantially cancel any remaining nonlinearity and is within the capabilities of one skilled in the art. Alternatively, it may be desired to provide a particular characteristic nonlinear voltage transfer ratio for a particular application. The turn spacing may be arranged in order to "tune" the voltage transfer ratio to the desired characteristic.
With reference to FIG. 5, organization of the control module 28 will be described. A square wave generator 58 produces a square wave signal on its output line 60. The square wave signal, which operates at 12.8 KHz in the illustrated embodiment, is provided as an input to a sine wave shaper circuit 62 which converts the square wave signal to a low-harmonic distortion sine wave signal having the same frequency which is provided on its output 64. The sine wave signal is amplified by an amplifier and driver circuit 66 and is provided on line 67 to the primary winding 44 of sensing probe 35. The sine wave signal provided to the primary winding is coupled to the secondary winding in proportion to the relative longitudinal overlap of the winding assembly and the coupling adjustment portion of the sensor probe. The signal developed across the secondary winding is provided on line 68 to a buffer amplifier 70, which provides a high input impedance for and amplifies the relatively small signal developed across the secondary winding. Buffer amplifier 70 additionally includes means for eliminating induced high frequency noise and any DC offset. The output 72 of the buffer amplifier is provided to a precision rectifier 74 which produces a DC analog voltage on its output 76, proportional to the average AC voltage developed across the secondary winding. The DC analog voltage is amplified by amplifier 78 and provided by an output line 80 as an input to a ride control computer of the vehicle (not shown).
Output 60 of square wave generator 58 is additionally provided as an input to a negative power source 82 which produces a voltage on its output 83 which is negative with respect to the vehicle chassis ground and is provided as an additional supply voltage to precision rectifier 74 and DC amplifier 78. The purpose of supplying these portions of the control module with a negative voltage, which is normally not available in a vehicle electrical system, in addition to the conventional positive supply voltage, is to improve the linearity of the output signal, especially at low signal levels, while allowing the DC offset of the sensor output to be adjusted to a desired level, which may be zero or even a negative voltage. Additionally, by supplying a voltage to the precision rectifier and the DC amplifier that is negative with respect to chassis ground, means are provided for detecting certain internal failures of these circuit portions by monitoring the polarity of the voltage on output 80. If the polarity of the output becomes more negative than a predetermined level, an indication is provided to the ride control computer that the position sensor is malfunctioning.
A detailed description of this embodiment of the electrical control system is provided by reference to FIG. 6. The vehicle supply voltage is connected to the control system on pin 85 of connector 29 and is conditioned by an input filter 86 and reverse polarity protection diode 88. The conditioned supply voltage is regulated to a constant voltage VCC by a voltage regulation means 90, which may be of any such means well-known in the art and is illustrated as a precision shunt reference device. The voltage VCC is produced on a bus 92 and is provided as a supply voltage to selected components in the circuit.
Square wave oscillator 58, in the illustrated embodiment, is a type 555 CMOS timer 94 having a frequency established at 12.8 KHz by a capacitor 96 connected between a timing terminal of timer 94 and signal ground and in series connection with resistors 97 through 100 and VCC bus 92. One of the resistors 100 is adjustable to provide factory adjustment of the frequency of timer 94. As is recognized by one skilled in the art, CMOS timer 94 provides a stable frequency and amplitude source over a wide range of temperature conditions. The output from timer 94 on line 60 is scaled by a pair of precision resistors 101 and 102, connected in a voltage divider arrangement, and provided on line 104. Line 104 is provided as an input 64 to amplifier and driver circuit 66 through a resistor 106. The characteristics of the signal on line 104 are significantly altered by sine wave shaper 62 which is connected between line 104 and ground and serves as an "active load" low-pass filter to shunt the high frequency harmonics of the square wave signal to ground. This allows substantially only the low frequency component of the square wave, which is a sine wave having a frequency equal to the pulse repetition rate of the square wave generator, to pass to the sensor probe.
Sine wave shaper 62 includes an operational amplifier 108 having a non-inverting input on line 110 held at a constant voltage provided by a voltage divider consisting of resistors 112 and 114 series connected between a positive DC power source V+ and signal ground. Amplifier 108 further includes an inverting input 116 connected with line 104 through a capacitor 118. Amplifier 108 produces an output on a line 120, which is connected with inverting input 116 through a resistor 122 and with line 104 through a capacitor 124. The particular configuration for sine wave shaper 62 causes it to actively shunt higher frequency components of the square wave to ground by the particular feedback arrangement between output line 120 and inverting input 116 including resistor 122 and capacitors 118 and 124, while providing a relatively high impedance to the base frequency of the square wave produced by timer 94 and serving to shape the signal. Accordingly, the resulting signal is a sine wave having a frequency equal to that of the pulse repetition rate of timer 94.
The sine wave signal is provided through a resistor 106 to line 64 as an input to amplifier and driver 66. Amplifier and driver 66 includes an operational amplifier 126 having a non-inverting input 128 provided with a constant voltage level from the voltage divider formed by resistors 112 and 114 and an inverting input 130 connected with input line 64 and provided with the sinusoidal signal previously described. Amplifier 126 includes an output 132 connected directly with the base terminal of a transistor 134 whose collector is connected directly with V+ and whose emitter is connected with a line 136. A feedback resistor 138 connects line 136 with inverting input 130 to establish the combined gain of amplifier 126 and transistor 134 and to cause this combination to operate as a linear amplifier. A resistor 139 between line 136 and signal ground provides a load for amplifier 126 and provides noise suppression of high frequency signals induced from external sources.
Line 136 is connected to a parallel combination of a resistor 140 and a capacitor 142. The purpose of the parallel combination is to reduce the DC component of the signal provided to the primary winding 44 while coupling the AC component of the signal to the primary winding. Resistor 140 may be a varistor in order to compensate for the effect of temperature variations on the DC resistance of primary winding 44. The parallel combination of capacitor 142 and resistor 140 are connected through a filter circuit 144 to one terminal of primary winding 44, the other terminal of which is connected to signal ground.
The excitation of primary winding 44, by the previously described circuity, creates a magnetic flux which is coupled by coupling adjustment means 42 to secondary winding 46 which will cause a signal to develop across the secondary winding. Winding 46 is connected between line 68 and signal ground. Line 68 is connected to one terminal of a series capacitor 146 in order to couple only the AC components of the signal developed across secondary winding 46 to the remaining portions of the circuit. A second terminal 149 of capacitor 146 is connected to a capacitor 148 which provides a high frequency shunt to ground to reduce high frequency noise induced into the sensing probe windings. Terminal 149 is connected to the input of buffer amplifier 70 through a series combination of a gain-adjusting resistor 150 and a resistor 152.
Buffer amplifier 70 includes an amplifier 156 having an inverting input 154 to receive the signal from resistor 152. Amplifier 156 further has a non-inverting input 158 connected to a constant voltage source, provided by a voltage divider consisting of resistors 160 and 162 connected in series between V+ and signal ground in order to impart a fixed DC bias to the signal. A feedback circuit, consisting of a parallel combination of a resistor 164 and capacitor 166, is connected between output 168 of the amplifier and its inverting input 154. In this configuration, buffer amplifier 70 provides a high input impedance for the low signal level developed across the secondary winding 46 and amplifies the signal. The output of amplifier 70 is AC coupled by a series capacitor 170 and resistor 178 to input 72 of precision rectifier 74.
Precision rectifier 74 includes an operational amplifier 172 having a non-inverted input 174 connected to ground through a resistor 175 and an inverting input 176 connected to input line 72. A diode 180 is provided as a feedback path between output 182 and input 176 of amplifier 172 and serves to cause amplifier 172 to conduct positive going portions of the AC signal but to not conduct the negative going portions In addition, output 182 is further connected through a forward biased diode 184 and a resistor 186 to output line 76. Diode 184 is additionally connected to inverting input 176 through a resistor 188. This configuration provides a forward voltage drop that is substantially reduced from that of a conventional rectifier by essentially dividing the forward voltage drop by the open loop gain of amplifier 172. Additionally, this configuration provides exceptional temperature stability through the use of a pair of oppositely poled diodes in the feedback loop.
Line 76 from the precision rectifier 74 is provided to DC amplifier 78, which includes an amplifier 190. Output 76 is connected to the non-inverting input of amplifier 190. An inverting input 192 of amplifier 190 is connected through a series resistor 194 to a voltage divider consisting of resistors 195, 196, 197 and 198 serially connected between VCC and signal ground. Resistor 197 is adjustable and provides means for adjusting the DC offset on the output of amplifier 190, which is provided on line 199. A parallel combination of a resistor 200 and capacitor 202 is connected as a feedback path between output 199 and inverting input 192 and establishes the gain characteristics of amplifier 190 while providing low pass filtering characteristics to reduce AC ripple on output line 199. Output 199 of DC amplifier 78 is connected through a resistor 204 to output line 80 which is, in turn, connected to an output pin 206 of connector 29. A diode 208 between output line 80 and signal ground provides a reverse voltage clamp to eliminate excessive negative voltage swings that otherwise could be passed to the ride control computer. Additional low pass output filtering is provided by capacitors 209 and 210.
Output 60 of square wave generator 58 is additionally connected to the non-inverting input of an amplifier 212 whose inverting input 214 is maintained at a constant voltage level by a voltage divider comprising resistors 216 and 218 connected in series between VCC and ground. Amplifier 212 provides a low impedance source for providing a cyclically varying signal to a rectifier circuit 82 including series capacitor 220, series diode 222, shunt diode 224 and shunt capacitor 226. The output of rectifier circuit 82 is provided on line 83 as a DC voltage which is negative with respect to signal ground. Negative voltage line 83 is provided as a supply voltage to amplifiers 172 and 190 in addition to the positive voltage supplied to these amplifiers from V+. In this manner, amplifiers 172 and 190 are capable of operating in a linear region even at small signal levels and the DC offset on output line 199 of amplifier 190 may be adjustable to zero and even a negative voltage, if desired. An additional advantage of providing a negative voltage supply to amplifiers 172 and 190 is that an internal failure of either amplifier may result in a negative voltage in output line 199 which could be interpreted by the ride control computer as an indication of a malfunctioning of the control module.
In operation, a square wave of stable frequency and amplitude is produced by square wave generator 58 on line 60, which includes a low frequency component and harmonically-related higher frequency components, and is scaled by resistors 101 and 102. The scaled square wave is converted to a low-distortion sine wave by the active-load, high frequency shunt action of sine wave shaper 62. Sine wave shaper 62 provides a low-impedance shunt for the higher frequency components and a high-impedance load to the low frequency signal component of the square wave, as well as serves to refine the shape of the resulting signal. Therefore, a low distortion, stable amplitude sine wave is produced. This sine wave signal is amplified by amplifier and driver 66 and is provided to primary winding 44 through resistor 140, capacitor 142 and filter 144.
The excitation of primary winding 44 induces a radially looping current in tubular portion 42. In turn, the looping current in tubular portion 42 causes a voltage to be induced in secondary winding 46 that is proportional to the length of sensing portion 36 that is telescoped within tubular portion 42. Thus, tubular portion 42 provides the transformer coupling between the primary and secondary windings. The voltage developed across secondary winding 46 is amplified by buffer amplifier 70 and rectified to a DC level, equal to the average value of the AC signal, by precision rectifier 74. The output of precision rectifier 74 is amplified and further filtered by amplifier 78. The gain of the control module may be adjusted by adjusting resistor 150 and the offset of the output signal on pin 206 may be adjusted by adjusting resistor 197.
The effect of tubular portion 42 on the sensing portion 36 of the winding assembly is illustrated by reference to FIG. 7, in which:
K represents the forward voltage transfer ratio
R is the effective probe input resistance
X is the effective probe input reactance
V1 is the input voltage signal provided to the primary winding 44
V2 is the output voltage signal developed across the secondary winding 46.
Is is the looping current induced in tubular member 42.
Windings 44 and 46 are long, slender coils. A current in such a coil causes a magnetic flux that is dense inside the coil and decreases with distance rapidly outside of the coil. Therefore, except for the effect of tubular portion 42, essentially no signal V2 would be developed across winding 46 in response to the excitation of winding 44 because the windings are side-by-side. As tubular portion 42 overlaps a portion of the winding assembly, the magnetic flux produced by the primary winding is cut by the tube wall, which induces a radial current in the tube. This induced current produces a flux within the tube, which is opposite to and partially cancels the primary flux. If the counter-flux is, for example, 0.3 times the original flux in the primary coil, the flux within the primary coil will be at its original amplitude within the non-overlapped length, but at only 70% of its original amplitude within the overlapping portion. This will reduce both R and X, which will respond as though the overlapped portion of the primary winding were partially shorted, or removed from the circuit.
Since the same length of secondary winding 46 is within tubular portion 42, this portion of the secondary winding will experience, in this example, a flux that is 30% of the original flux amplitude in the primary while the non-covered portion of the secondary will experience essentially no flux. V2 is directly proportional to V1 times the ratio of flux in the secondary to the flux in the primary. The result is a voltage induced across the secondary that is proportional to the length of the winding assembly that is within the tubular portion 42.
A first alternative embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 8-12, in which the primary and secondary windings are concentrically positioned and separated by an annular cavity, or gap, and in which the coupling adjustment means includes a coupling disrupter member longitudinally positionable between the windings in the gap. In this embodiment, as the coupling adjustment means and the sensing probe become more telescopingly coextensive, the voltage developed across the secondary winding, as a result of the voltage applied to the primary winding, decreases because the coupling adjustment means inhibits, or reduces, the amount of transformer coupling between the windings.
In this embodiment, a non-contact linear position sensor assembly 310 includes a base portion 312 and a tracking portion 316, which are mutually longitudinally telescopingly positionable with respect to each other (FIG. 8). Base portion 312 includes attachment means (not shown) for attachment thereof to a stationary portion of the vehicle and tracking portion 316 includes attachment means 318 for attachment to a movable portion of the vehicle, such as a wheel assembly. Base portion 312 includes a sensing portion 336 including a primary winding 344 comprising a coil 352 radially wound around a core 350 (FIGS. 8, 9 and 10). Primary winding 344 is concentrically positioned within a secondary winding 346 which includes a core 354 having a wall defining a central bore that has an inner diameter that is substantially larger than the outer diameter of core 350. Secondary winding 346 further includes a coil 356 radially wound around core 354. The dimensions of the primary and secondary windings are selected in order to define an annular cavity or gap 338 between the concentrically positioned windings. A tubular portion 342 of tracking portion 316 is longitudinally positionable within gap 338. Tubular portion 342 and sensing portion 336 define a sensing probe 335.
Core 350 includes an enlarged end portion 334 which is sized to frictionally engage core 354 which, in turn, is sized to frictionally engage a frame member 326 included in base portion 312 (FIG. 8). Position sensor 310 further includes a stress relief member 230 which engages frame 326 and supports a plurality of electrical leads extending to a control module 328 which, in turn, is connected by an electrical connector 329 to the ride control computer (not shown).
Core 350 is made from a ferromagnetic material, such as iron, and the secondary core 354 is made from a non-magnetic material, such as a structural polymer. As best seen in FIG. 8, the primary and secondary coils do not extend the entire length of their respective cores. Rather, the coils are positioned on their respective cores in a manner that will provide interface between the coupling means and the coils over the entire extent of travel of tubular portion 342, plus an additional length of the core equal to approximately 10 percent of the inner primary coil and 5 percent of the outer secondary coil. Primary and secondary windings are each radially wound around their respective cores from a single length of wire and are each covered by a protective film such as a Mylar sleeve or other insulating material.
Because primary winding 344 is positioned within secondary units 346, excitation of the primary winding by a voltage V1 induces a voltage V2 in the secondary winding (FIG. 12). The coupling adjustment member in this embodiment, which is defined by tubular portion 342, operates as a magnetic shield which interrupts this transformer coupling between primary winding 344 and secondary winding 346. Tubular portion 342 operates as a short circuit winding, creating a variable reluctance path for the magnetic flux. This variable reluctance path proportionately decreases the amount of current induced into the secondary winding. The flux available for inducing a voltage in the secondary winding is proportional to the length of gap 338 in which the tubular portion 342 is absent. Accordingly, as tubular portion 342 is additionally telescopingly extended within gap 338, the magnetic shielding effect of the tubular portion reduces the magnetic coupling between the windings, which reduces the voltage developed across the secondary winding from the signal applied to the primary winding. Therefore, the output signal from the sensing probe responds to the relative positioning of the position sensor portions in the opposite manner to that described in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-5. In the illustrated embodiment, tubular portion 342 is made from a magnetic metal such as iron.
The control module 328, provided with this embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 11, is essentially the same as that disclosed in FIGS. 4 and 5, with the addition of an inverting amplifier 232 connected with the output 80 of DC amplifier 78. Inverting amplifier 232 includes an operational amplifier 234 having a feedback resistor 236 extending between an output 238 of the amplifier and an inverting input 240, in order to establish its gain. The non-inverting input 241 of amplifier 232 is provided with a constant voltage level through a voltage divider, comprising resistors 244, 245 and 246 series connected between VCC and ground, and a series resistor 242. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11, resistor 245 is adjustable. Amplifier 234 is supplied with both a positive voltage V+ and a negative voltage, the latter from line 83. The operation of the control module illustrated in FIG. 11 is essentially the same as that illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. However, the output 80 of amplifier 78 is further amplified and inverted due to the inclusion of an additional output stage including inverting amplifier 234.
An embodiment of the invention adapted for use with a vehicle ride control system but positioned externally of the corresponding shock absorber is illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14. This embodiment has the same electrical configuration and operates in the same manner as the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-7 with the principal exception that the length of the primary and secondary winding is reduced to 4.8 inches in the illustrated embodiment.
A linear position sensor assembly generally illustrated at 410 includes a base portion 412 attached by an attachment member 414 to one portion of a vehicle, such as the vehicle chassis, and a tracking portion 416 which is attached to the portion of the vehicle whose position it is desired to sense, such as a wheel support assembly by a second attachment member 418 (FIG. 13). Tracking and base portions 416 and 412 are relatively longitudinally movable with respect to each other and are flexibly closed by a longitudinally flexible boot 420. Boot 420 includes a first end 422 sealingly engaged with base portion 412 by any suitable clamping means, such as a cable tie 500 and a second end 424 sealingly engaged with tracking portion 416 by any suitable clamping means, such as a cable tie (not shown).
Base portion 412 includes a frame 426 and a control module 28 incorporated within frame 426 in a common package such as by encapsulation with a suitable encapsulating material that is resistant to various automotive fluids. An electrical connector 429 adapted to engage a mating connector (not shown) for connection to the ride control computer provides input and output interconnection for control module 28. Frame 426 includes an inner surface 427 defining an internal circular chamber 430 in which a winding assembly 432 is firmly positioned. Winding assembly 432 includes primary and secondary windings 444 and 446 that are enclosed by a structural polymer shell 448 and has an end portion 434 dimensioned to frictionally engage surface 427. Winding assembly 432 further has a sensing portion 436 spaced from surface 427 to define an annular cavity or gap 438 therebetween. Tracking portion 416 includes an end portion 440 to which attachment member 418 is affixed and coupling adjustment means comprising an elongated tubular portion 442.
Tubular portion 442 is configured to freely slide within gap 438 between sensing portion 436 of the winding assembly 432 and surface 427. Tubular portion 442 includes a nonferrous metal transformer coupling member 495 tightly fitted within a polymeric support tube 496. A plurality of ribs 497 are annularly spaced around the outer surface of tube 496 and provide low friction guide means for slidable engagement with surface 427 (FIG. 14). A plurality of openings 498 extend through a wall portion of frame 426 and provide air flow means for equalizing the pressure within gap 438 as tubular portion 442 longitudinally moves therein.
The value of various components in the illustrated embodiment of control module 28 (FIG. 6) are as follows:
______________________________________Reference Number Value______________________________________Resistor 101 15K, 1%Resistor 102 5.11K, 1%Resistor 112 110KResistor 114 24KCapacitors 118, 124 0.0022 uf, NPO typeResistor 122 10K, 1%Resistor 139 10KResistor 140 180Capacitor 142 4.7 ufCapacitor 146 0.1 ufCapacitor 148 0.001 ufResistor 160 180KResistor 162 100KResistor 164 274K, 1%Capacitor 166 10 pf, NPO typeCapacitor 170 0.1 ufResistor 175 1KResistor 178 1K, 1%Resistor 186 10K, 1%Resistor 188 2.1K, 1%Resistor 194 47.5K, 1%Resistor 195 237Resistor 196 2.1K, 1%Resistor 198 200, 1%Resistor 200 274K, 1%Capacitor 202 680 pfCapacitor 209 1 ufCapacitor 210 0.001 uf______________________________________
The present invention is readily adaptable to low cost automated assembly. The windings may be radially positioned on the respective cores merely by rotating of the cores while applying the wire turns by a numerically controlled apparatus. The output characteristics of the sensor assembly, with respect to the relative positioning of the sensor probe portions, may be adjusted by selectively adjusting the turn-spacing of the coils along various portions of the respective cores. This versatility allows the position sensor to be "tuned" to the characteristics of a particular vehicle's suspension system. The ability to combine the packaging of the sensing probe and electronic module allows adjustments to the electronic circuitry, such as gain and offset, to be made at the factory before the components are encapsulated. Thereafter, the position sensor assembly may be easily positioned on the vehicle and connected to the ride control computer without additional adjustment in the field. The structure of the various components additionally reduces weight and bulk and enhances the durability of the assembly. The unique aspects of the control module according to the invention provides a reduced component count which further improves the compactness of the assembly and, along with the superior temperature stability of the circuit, allows an entire sensor probe to be positioned within a harsh environment. Furthermore, the components of the sensor probe are adapted to a lubricious sliding interfit provided by the hydraulic fluid of a shock absorber in which it is intended to be located in certain embodiments.
A linear position sensor assembly according to the invention may be made responsive over 90 percent of the stroke length of the tracking portion with respect to the base portion. Thus, space occupied by the assembly is substantially reduced. In addition to positioning within a shock absorber, the invention may be adapted to mounting external to a shock absorber parallel to the direction of its travel. The invention may additionally find application in sensing the position of portions of an automotive vehicle other than the suspension system and may be applied to non-vehicular uses such as use with machine tools and the like.
Other changes and modifications in the specifically described embodiments can be carried out without departing from the principles of the invention which is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims, as interpreted in accordance with the principles of patent law, including the doctrine of equivalents.
|Cited Patent
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|3 May 1955
|3 Nov 1959
|United Aircraft Corp
|Telemetric position transmitter
|5 Nov 1956
|19 Sep 1961
|Ford Instr Company Division Of
|Remote internal linear position indicator
|13 May 1957
|6 Feb 1962
|United Aircraft Corp
|Position indicating system
|26 Feb 1957
|17 Apr 1962
|Westinghouse Electric Corp
|Position indicator
|24 Jul 1961
|27 Apr 1965
|Bourns Inc
|Differential-transformer displacement-transducer
|30 Dec 1968
|4 Apr 1972
|Maurer & Co
|Apparatus for inductively monitoring the movement of a piston within a cylinder of an injection molding machine
|14 Aug 1972
|28 Jun 1974
|Cincinnati Milacron Inc
|Square to sine converter
|17 Jan 1973
|17 Jun 1975
|Merlin Gerin
|Electromagnetic position indicator
|25 Nov 1975
|21 Sep 1976
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Square wave to sine wave converter
|19 Nov 1975
|30 Nov 1976
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
|Sinusoidal waveform generator
|25 Sep 1980
|9 Nov 1982
|Robert Bosch Gmbh
|Inductive transducer responsive to displacement along a path
|2 Apr 1981
|4 Oct 1983
|Abex Corporation
|Proximity sensing head
|7 Oct 1983
|26 Feb 1985
|Lucas Industries Limited
|Displacement measuring transducers and their use for sensing vehicle suspension displacements
|12 May 1986
|14 Apr 1987
|Amnon Brosh
|Planar coil apparatus for providing a frequency output vs. position
|29 Jan 1986
|5 May 1987
|Sensor Technologies, Inc.
|Displacement sensor having multiplexed dual tank circuits
|11 Feb 1985
|12 May 1987
|Honeywell Gmbh
|Method and circuit for producing sinusoidal waves having harmonic elimination from 2π periodical square waves
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|10 May 1988
|Bennett Marine, Inc.
|Trim tab indicator system
|20 Apr 1987
|10 Jan 1989
|Sierracin Corporation
|Apparatus and method for measuring conductance including a temperature controlled resonant tank circuit with shielding
|26 Oct 1989
|30 Jul 1991
|Nartron Corporation
|Inductive coupling position sensor method and apparatus having primary and secondary windings parallel to each other
|7 Apr 1979
|25 Oct 1979
|Univ Cardiff
|Piston displacement transducer for hydraulic cylinders - has rod element with primary and secondary windings as magnetic detector
|6 Feb 1986
|13 Aug 1987
|Siemens Ag
|Inductive temperature-compensated position detector
|Title not available
|Title not available
|E. J. Stefanides, Inductive Sensors Improve Automotive Position Sensing Design News, Oct. 3, 1988, 286 287.
|E. J. Stefanides, Inductive Sensors Improve Automotive Position Sensing Design News, Oct. 3, 1988, 286-287.
|Wells, Non Contacting Sensors: An Update, Automative Engineering, vol. 96 No. 11, pp. 39 45.
|Wells, Non-Contacting Sensors: An Update, Automative Engineering, vol. 96 No. 11, pp. 39-45.
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|24 May 1993
|8 Oct 1996
|Cj Design & Engineering, Inc.
|Force sensor
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|8 Apr 1997
|Nartron Corporation
|Single coil position and movement sensor having enhanced dynamic range
|31 Jul 1996
|24 Jun 1997
|Nartron Corporation
|Linear position sensor
|22 Dec 1995
|16 Dec 1997
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electromagnetic actuator with position sensor
|17 Dec 1993
|22 Sep 1998
|Nartron Corporation
|EGR valve linear position sensor having variable coupling transformer
|23 Dec 1996
|10 Aug 1999
|Federal Products Co.
|Magnetoresistive displacement sensor and variable resistor using a moving domain wall
|19 Feb 1998
|25 Jan 2000
|Kelly; John Michael
|Time domain reflectometer linear position sensing
|27 Jul 1998
|20 Feb 2001
|Micro-Epsion Messtechnic Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Device for measuring linear displacements
|9 Jul 2001
|31 Dec 2002
|Nartron Corporation
|Compressible capacitance sensor for determining the presence of an object
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|31 Dec 2002
|Microstrain, Inc.
|Miniaturized pressure equalized displacement sensor assembly
|22 Apr 2002
|10 Feb 2004
|Deere & Company
|Position sensing apparatus
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|31 Aug 2004
|Nartron Corporation
|Anti-entrapment system
|3 Dec 2002
|7 Jun 2005
|Radian Research, Inc.
|11 Sep 2001
|8 Nov 2005
|Radian Research, Inc.
|Reduction of capacitance effects in potential transformers
|26 Aug 2004
|29 Nov 2005
|Nartron Corporation
|Anti-entrapment system
|16 Apr 2004
|12 Sep 2006
|Bfs Diversified Products, Llc
|Method and system for aligning a stationary vehicle with an artificial horizon
|27 Aug 2004
|7 Nov 2006
|Nartron Corporation
|Anti-entrapment systems for preventing objects from being entrapped by translating devices
|6 Dec 2004
|16 Jan 2007
|Nartron Corporation
|Anti-entrapment system
|20 Oct 2006
|13 Nov 2007
|Nartron Corporation
|Anti-entrapment system
|11 Mar 2005
|25 Dec 2007
|Npc Corporation
|Powered panel moving system
|4 Jan 2006
|11 Mar 2008
|Nartron Corporation
|Vehicle panel control system
|28 Jul 2006
|15 Apr 2008
|Bfs Diversified Products, Llc
|Method and systems for aligning a stationary vehicle with an artificial horizon
|27 May 2005
|21 Oct 2008
|Radian Research, Inc.
|1 Oct 2007
|11 Nov 2008
|Nartron Corporation
|Powered panel moving system
|19 Sep 2007
|7 Apr 2009
|Nartron Corporation
|Anti-entrapment system
|8 Jan 2008
|14 Apr 2009
|Nartron Corporation
|Vehicle panel control system
|20 Feb 2008
|27 Oct 2009
|Firestone Industrial Products Company, Llc
|Method and system for aligning a stationary vehicle with an artificial horizon
|4 Oct 2007
|27 Apr 2010
|Medility Llc
|Bandage type sensor arrangement and carrier assembly therefore, and method of manufacture
|27 Nov 2006
|29 Jun 2010
|Driveright Holdings, Ltd.
|Method and system for adjusting a vehicle aligned with an artificial horizon
|29 Dec 2005
|5 Apr 2011
|Medility Llc
|Sensors for monitoring movements, apparatus and systems therefor, and methods for manufacture and use
|16 Jun 2008
|7 Jun 2011
|Medility Llc
|Sensor inductors, sensors for monitoring movements and positioning, apparatus, systems and methods therefore
|18 Aug 2008
|15 Nov 2011
|Deere & Company
|System for determining the position of a movable member
|21 Feb 2008
|10 Apr 2012
|Driveright Holdings, Ltd.
|Vehicle chassis height adjustment method and system
|14 May 2008
|24 Apr 2012
|Panasonic Corporation
|Displacement sensor
|8 Oct 2009
|6 Nov 2012
|Driveright Holdings, Ltd.
|Method and system for aligning a vehicle with an artificial horizon
|25 Feb 2011
|4 Dec 2012
|Medility Llc
|Sensors for monitoring movements, apparatus and systems therefore, and methods for manufacturing and use
|19 Jan 2011
|2 Jul 2013
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Three wire transformer position sensor, signal processing circuitry, and temperature compensation circuitry therefor
|3 Oct 2002
|29 Apr 2004
|Amnon Brosh
|Modular non-contacting position sensor
|26 Aug 2004
|27 Jan 2005
|Nartron Corporation
|Anti-entrapment system
|27 Aug 2004
|5 May 2005
|Nartron Corporation
|Anti-entrapment system
|27 May 2005
|6 Oct 2005
|Mayfield Glenn A
|16 Apr 2004
|27 Oct 2005
|Brookes Graham R
|Method and system for aligning a stationary vehicle with an artificial horizon
|6 Dec 2004
|8 Jun 2006
|Shank David W
|Anti-entrapment system
|11 Mar 2005
|14 Sep 2006
|Washeleski John M
|Powered panel moving system
|28 Jul 2006
|11 Jan 2007
|Bfs Diversified Products, Llc
|Method and systems for aligning a stationary vehicle with an artificial horizon
|20 Oct 2006
|26 Apr 2007
|Nartron Corporation
|Anti-entrapment system
|25 Feb 2011
|24 Nov 2011
|Medility Llc
|Sensors for monitoring movements, apparatus and systems therefore, and methods for manufacturing and use
|19 Jul 2012
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Three wire transformer position sensor, signal processing circuitry, and temperature compensation circuitry therefor
|19 Jul 2013
|7 Aug 2014
|Kia Motors Corporation
|Non-contact type shift lock apparatus
|11 Sep 2001
|21 Mar 2002
|Radian Res Inc
|Reduction of capacitance effects in potential transformers
|3 Oct 2002
|10 Apr 2003
|Measurement Spec Inc
|Modular non-contacting position sensor
|U.S. Classification
|324/207.24, 324/207.17, 340/870.31
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|11 Jan 1989
Owner name: NARTRON CORPORATION, A CORP. OF MI, MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KO, CLYDE;MUNCH, CARL;SHANK, DAVID;REEL/FRAME:005017/0952
Effective date: 19890111
|20 Nov 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|21 Nov 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|24 Oct 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|23 Dec 2009
Owner name: UUSI, LLC, MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NARTRON CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:023691/0316
Effective date: 20091217

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All trains are handcrafted from hardwood. Each car base is constructed of two(2) 5 1/4" long by 2 3/8" wide by 3/4" thick pieces glued together in reverse positions. The wheels are 2" in diameter by 1/2" thick and are glued to a 3/8" diameter dowel axle that run through the base of each car. Various shapes are glued onto each base to simulate different cargo. Cars hitch together with a 3/8" dowel post. The overall length of the train is 36 inches. Polyurathane applied.
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Finally, a modern version of The 12 Days of Christmas that involves no singing and no repeating! Here are the gifts from that song you've heard way too many times by now, internet style, because you deserve a bit of Christmas silliness.
1. Partridge
The Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga welcomed the birth of a single crested wood partridge recently. The baby lives in the aquarium's Butterfly Garden. They don't have a pear tree, but the partridges perch in the annatto, olive or... READ ON
I love the concept of combining the old and the new. Quilting is an oh-so-useful craft that goes back hundreds of years. Recycling scraps of fabric to make a sturdy bedcover has been elevated to an art form. It seems anachronistic at first glance, but 8-bit pixelated arcade game icons lend themselves well to the design of patchwork quilts.
1. Galaga Quilt
Emily at Carolina Patchworks made this quilt depicting the arcade game Galaga. It's for sale at Etsy.
2. Quiltbert
Lenore at Evil Mad... READ ON
The daily grind of office work can wear a person down. The monotony, the close encounters with people you'd never befriend outside of work, the office politics, and that horrid cubicle all conspire to make you insane. But you must believe it beats physical labor, or you wouldn't be there. So here are ten ways to reduce the pressure before you do something you may really regret.
10. Low Morale is a series of animations dealing with the "soul-sapping, will-to-live draining,... READ ON
The legend of Santa Claus goes way back, and branches off in many directions. But he has only used reindeer to pull his sleigh full of toys for the past 200 years or so... or at least that's as far back as the research goes. This article at Cryptozoology hints at even earlier beginnings. The veracity of this research is documented at the bottom of the page, but it's an interesting read. The true story of how Santa harnessed his reindeer is comparatively recent.
In 1821, William Gilley... READ ON
Plush toys really don't serve any serious purpose, and are often bought just to fill a gift obligation. But if you put some thought into it, you can really impress someone with their favorite things, in a form all ready to cuddle up with. You don't even have to look, because the list is right here!
1. Tickle Me Freud
Forget Tickle Me Elmo! Tickle Me Freud is a serious psychoanalyst until you press his foot, then he shows his real personality with an infectious belly laugh!
2. Monty... READ ON
In the past week, the discoveries of two very different and amazing underground temples were in the news. But they are not the only ones.
1. The Lupercale
Just last week, the first pictures of a recently-discovered underground grotto in Rome were released. The chamber is 26 feet high and 24 feet in diameter. The discovery was made about a year ago as workers were repairing the remains of Emperor Augustus' palace on the Palatine, a hill in Rome. Archaeologists believe it is the original Lupercale, the... READ ON
If you can imagine it, you... well, maybe not you, but someone can knit it! Thanks to the internet, we can enjoy the creations of knitters who take a common craft and elevate it to an art form.1. Culinary knittingMs. Darcy's cupcakes look tasty, but they are hand-knitted. They come in all flavors, and in decorated versions for holidays.2. Cinematic knittingFlickr user cakeyvoice knits figures from horror movies. These zombies are from Dawn of the Dead. Also check out her knitted musicians, such... READ ON
Ever received a gift and wondered what it meant? Here are some of those gifts deciphered for your... READ ON
Although a roast turkey is most impressive on the Thanksgiving table, its usually the simplest part of preparing the meal. The basic recipe is to put it in a the oven and wait a few hours. Women do it this way because they need time to prepare the dressing, gravy, pies, and other side dishes, plus straighten the house, round up more chairs, and make sure the kids are clean before company arrives. On the other hand, a man will put in the extra effort to try something new and different in order to show off... READ ON
Would you like to celebrate Thanksgiving the way the Pilgrims did? Then be ready for a departure from your traditional turkey, dressing, gravy, potatoes, and pie menu! The Plymouth colonists and the Wampanoag Indians didn't have a single meal for Thanksgiving in 1621. The harvest celebration was three days long, and included games, competitions, and storytelling as well as meals for around 150 people.
You may be surprised to learn that some of the foods that are traditional Thanksgiving fare were... READ ON
In 1865, six-year-old Teddy Roosevelt watched Abraham Lincoln's funeral procession in NYC.


text:
If you like this, Harlequin recommends
- The Duke's Desire
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- Highland Rogue, London Miss
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- The Viscount's Kiss
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'Twas said he could whisper a woman to bed, and now Sir BlaiddMorgan had turned his considerable charms on Lady Becca Throckton. Butcould she trust his intent? A childhood injury had made her fit to beno man's bride, and yet the Welsh warrior made her feel she'd a rightto her woman's heart!The Lady Becca surprised him, and that was rare, Sir Blaidd mused.Indeed, she had a fire that stirred him in unexpected ways. Though hecould ill afford a dalliance on this secret mission for his king, hefound himself entranced. Surely this was no mere idyll. Nay, this hadthe feel of forever…!


text:
Neighbors helping outDecember 14,2012
Neighbors helping out
I would like to tell the people on Crosstown Road in Berlin that I notice all the time that while they are walking they also are picking up pounds and pounds of trash. It is too bad that some people are such pigs and throw garbage out their windows. I have recently witnessed a person wait until I passed him and then threw trash out his drivers window over the bank coming down the Riverton side. I did not get a plate number.
No matter the weather I have seen residents picking up trash. I just want to say I appreciate it. Your work does not go unnoticed. Happy holidays to you good people.
Linda Fordham
West BerlinMORE IN LettersOn Wednesday a team pulled into a cold, rainy Vermont town with just the hint of fall foliage in... Full StoryYou can feel it: The days are getting shorter, the cold weather is creeping in. Full StoryI just read Paul Hellers article about the Pavilion and found it very interesting. Full Story
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Christian Conservatives Are Coming On Strong!
By Jay Rogers
Published May 2, 2008
There is a groundswell of Christian conservatism coming on strong in America today. This surge began in the 1980s with the election of Ronald Reagan and carried on into the 1990s with a flood tide of Christian conservative candidates being swept into office at all levels of government in our nation. Now there is a tidal wave building momentum for the 1996 presidential race.
At the same time, there is a quiet revolution going on at the grassroots which is not being reported by the mainstream press. We need to be wise in order to understand what is happening and not let the distortions of the liberal media determine how we will vote. In the coming presidential primary in Florida, there is something at stake more important than just delegates. We are at a critical point in our nation's history. The very success or failure of our country could be determined by how you vote.
Christians in Brevard county and all over America are now determining who they believe to be the best candidate. Some will vote their conscience and will back who they believe would be the very best president. No matter what their man's standing is in the polls, they will vote on principle. Others will compromise on some issues which are near to their hearts in order to back the man who is a front runner in the polls, believing that this man can best beat Bill Clinton in November.
But as Christians, our vision for presidential politics must be to support the man who will most responsibly reverse the ungodly legislation put forward by the current administration. I believe that if Christians will vote with this strategy in mind, a godly candidate can win the Republican nomination and we won't have to settle for the "lesser of two evils" in November.
I believe that a Christian conservative can capture the White House. This may seem a naive point of view if you follow presidential politics according to the liberal media. I know that it does seem futile to back someone who has a less than 10 percent rating. But I urge you not to think this way and consider some facts before you cast your vote.
First, consider that the source of most of your information on Christian candidates is the liberal media. The mainstream media in our country is generally fearful of the "religious right." They do not understand us. Their reaction is to either downplay Christian conservatives as "extremists" and "radicals" who are too much of a minority to take seriously – or they seek to portray us as "intolerant bigots" who are truly dangerous to the future of America. (Of course, nothing could be further from the truth. Our nation was founded by religious people whose values we hold.) But remember that the source of much of your information is going to either downplay or vilify the Christian conservative candidates.
Second, consider that so far in the Republican presidential race, the liberal media has been wrong about the strength of Christian conservatives. Pat Buchanan was consistently given a less than 10 percent rating coming into the first primaries, yet he emerged as the front runner in Louisiana and Alaska, almost beat Dole in Iowa and now may do the same (at press time) in New Hampshire.
Third, the revolution happening in our country is discernible only at the grassroots. While Steve Forbes spent $4 million on his campaign in Iowa, he managed only a weak fourth place finish with 10 percent of the vote. Alan Keyes, a pro-life, pro-family candidate, arrived in Iowa with almost no money and spent only $4,000 on his campaign! Pollsters had placed him just a few months earlier as a "statistical nothing" at less than one percent. While Forbes flooded airwaves with slick advertising, Keyes spoke in Christian high schools and churches. Yet Keyes emerged with 7 percent of the vote!
Fourth, it is the message of pro-life, pro-family, pro-tax reform politics that is capturing the hearts of Americans. The very issue for which Dan Quayle was ridiculed for in 1992 (remember Murphy Brown?) is now being adopted by everyone. We are no longer out of the mainstream. This is what Americans want. And they are going with the candidates who sincerely believe the message, not with those who trumpet it merely for political advantage. Americans now realize that we have reached a crisis stage in our country and that we are in need of a moral and spiritual awakening.
Fifth, even if your candidate doesn't win, remember that a large enough coalition could be built by the Christian conservative candidates to get one of them nominated, if a moderate doesn't win on the first ballot. The delegates who represent your candidate at the convention also determine the Republican platform and the vice presidential nominee (who is chosen on an open ballot with delegates free to vote for whoever they want).
Sixth, a Christian conservative could beat Bill Clinton in November. In 1992, Ross Perot captured 19 percent of the vote with a socially-liberal, fiscally-conservative message. George Bush came in second to Bill Clinton with 38 percent. Exit polls showed that the majority of evangelical Christians and conservative Roman Catholics lined up behind George Bush. If we take Perot's 19 percent (most of which would probably go to a Christian conservative "political outsider" who held to Perot's fiscal message) and add most of those who voted for Bush, then this candidate could easily win by a landslide over Clinton. (Remember that Clinton's popularity in the past four years has rarely risen above 50 percent!)
Although the liberal media will portray a Christian conservative candidate as being shrill, intolerant and out of the mainstream, they will be proven wrong when Americans vote their conscience in November. And hopefully, Americans will stop reading TIME, Newsweek, USA Today and stop watching CNN and the network news and they will start supporting a Christian media which simply tells the truth!
Forerunner - Home » Pass The Word » Pass The Word - March/April 1996
Your comments are welcome!
Freedom: The Model of Christian Liberty (DVD)
"Give me liberty or give me death!"
Patrick Henry's famous declaration not only helped launch the War for Independence, it also perfectly summarized the mindset that gave birth to, and sustained, the unprecedented experiment in Christian liberty that was America.
The freedom our Founders envisioned was not freedom from suffering, want, or hard work. Nor was it freedom to indulge every appetite or whim without restraint—that would merely be servitude to a different master. No, the Founders' passion was to live free before God, unfettered by the chains of autocracy, shackles that slowly but inexorably bind men when the governments they fashion fail to recognize and uphold freedom's singular, foundational truth: that all men are created in the image of God, and are thereby co-equally endowed with the right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
This presentation is a similar call, not to one but many. By reintroducing the principles of freedom that gave birth to America, it is our prayer that Jesus, the true and only ruler over the nations, will once again be our acknowledged Sovereign, that we may again know and exult in the great truth that "where the Spirit of the LORD is, there is liberty" (2 Cor. 3:17).
Welcome to the Second American Revolution!
This DVD features "Liberty: The Model of Christian Liberty" along with "Dawn's Early Light: A Brief History of America's Christian Foundations." Bonus features include a humorous but instructive collection of campaign ads and Eric Holmberg's controversial YouTube challenge concerning Mitt Romney's campaign for president.
$14.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)
Click here for more information
The Silent Scream (DVD) Eight Languages
"When the lives of the unborn are snuffed out, they often feel pain, pain that is long and agonizing." – President Ronald Reagan to National Religious Broadcasters Convention, January 1981
Ronald Reagan became convinced of this as a result of watching The Silent Scream – a movie he considered so powerful and convicting that he screened it at the White House.
The modern technology of real-time ultrasound now reveals the actual responses of a 12-week old fetus to being aborted. As the unborn child attempts to escape the abortionist's suction curette, her motions can be seen to become desperately agitated and her heart rate doubles. Her mouth opens – as if to scream – but no sound can come out. Her scream doesn't have to remain silent, however … not if you will become her voice. This newly re-mastered version features eight language tracks and two bonus videos.
"… a high technology "Uncle Tom's Cabin" arousing public opinion just as Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 antislavery novel ignited the abolitionist movement." – Sen. Gordon Humphrey, Time Magazine
Languages: English, Spanish, French, South Korean, Chinese, Russian, Portuguese, Japanese
Running Time: 28 minutes
$17.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)
Click here for more information
Martin Luther: Digitally Remastered 1953 Classic (DVD)
"Here I stand … I can do no other!"
With these immortal words, an unknown German monk sparked a spiritual revolution that changed the world.
The dramatic classic film of Martin Luther's life was released in theaters worldwide in the 1950s and was nominated for two Oscars. A magnificent depiction of Luther and the forces at work in the surrounding society that resulted in his historic reform efforts, this film traces Luther's life from a guilt-burdened monk to his eventual break with the Roman Catholic Church.
Running time: 105 minutes
Special offer: Order 5 or more for $5 each.
Watch a clip from Martin Luther.
$9.95 — ORDER NOW!(We accept all major credit cards and PayPal.)
Click here for more information
The Beast of Revelation: Identified (DVD)
Who is the dreaded beast of Revelation?
Now at last, a plausible candidate for this personification of evil incarnate has been identified (or re-identified). Ken Gentry's insightful analysis of scripture and history is likely to revolutionize your understanding of the book of Revelation — and even more importantly — amplify and energize your entire Christian worldview!
Historical footage and other graphics are used to illustrate the lecture Dr. Gentry presented at the 1999 Ligonier Conference in Orlando, Florida. It is followed by a one-hour question and answer session addressing the key concerns and objections typically raised in response to his position. This presentation also features an introduction that touches on not only the confusion and controversy surrounding this issue — but just why it may well be one of the most significant issues facing the Church today.
Ideal for group meetings, personal Bible study — for anyone who wants to understand the historical context of John's famous letter "… to the seven churches which are in Asia." (Revelation 1:4)
Running Time: 145 minutes
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A Revival Account: Asbury 1970 (DVD)
What is true Revival and Spiritual Awakening?
Discover the answer in this eyewitness account by Dennis Kinlaw, President of Asbury College, Wilmore, Kentucky, who recounts the story of a visitation of the Holy Spirit in 1970. This is the presentation that has continued to spark the flames of Revival in the hearts of people around the world. Contains eyewitness footage from the Revival at Asbury College in 1970 in Wilmore, Kentucky.
Certain to challenge you to greater holiness and a deeper commitment to full-scale revival. Original news and private footage has been included. If you are a student who longs to see a spiritual awakening at your school, you must see this video!
"This simple video does a wonderful job of conveying something of God's heart and power, Everyone we have ever shown this to has received an immediate impartation of faith for revival and the power of prayer."
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Running Time: 40 minutes
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Short Cuts
4th century martyr. June 5.
Free NAB
St. Dominic Savio was born in Italy in 1842. One day when he was just four, he disappeared and his good mother went looking for him. She found the little fellow in a corner praying with his ... continue reading
St. John Vianney, Priest (Patron of priests) Feast day - August 4 Universally known as the "Cure of Ars)," St. John Mary Vianney was ordained a priest in 1815. Three years later ... continue reading
If one had to choose one saint who showed the humorous side of holiness that would Philip Neri. Born in 1515 in Florence, he showed the impulsiveness and spontaneity of his character ... continue reading
Pelagia, more often called Margaret, on account of the magnificence of the pearls for which she had so often sold herself, was an actress of Antioch, equally celebrated for her beauty, her wealth and ... continue readingMore Saint of the Day
St. Josephine Bakhita was born in Sudan in 1869. This African flower, who knew the anguish of kidnapping and slavery, bloomed marvelously in Italy, in response to God's grace, with the Daughters of Charity, where everyone still calls her "Mother Moretta" (our Black ... continue readingMore Female Saints
St. Michael the Archangel - Feast day - September 29th The name Michael signifies "Who is like to God?" and was the warcry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against satan and his followers. Holy Scripture describes St. Michael as "one of the chief ... continue reading
The name Gabriel means "man of God," or "God has shown himself mighty." It appears first in the prophesies of Daniel in the Old Testament. The angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. His name also occurs in the apocryphal book of Henoch. He was the ... continue reading
At 33 Ambrose had it all - a successful career as a lawyer, an important position as governor of Milan, the approval and friendship of the emperor, and a large estate. Then the bishop of Milan ... continue reading
Barbara lived in the 4th century and brought up as a heathen. A tyrannical father, Dioscorus, had kept her jealously secluded in a lonely tower which he had built for that purpose. Here, in her ... continue reading
By Jennifer Hartline
St. Therese helps me understand: "the splendor of the rose and the whiteness of the lily do not take away the perfume of the little violet or the delightful simplicity of the daisy.if all flowers wanted to be roses, nature would lose her springtime beauty, and the ... continue readingMore Christian Saints & Heroes


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Surya Dunes DNE3520 Area Rug
|Ships Within
|Style: Shag , Shag
|Collection: Surya Dunes
|Material: Polyester ()
|Weave: Hand Woven
|Country of Origin: India
|Color(s): Purple >> Secondary Color(s):Eggplant,Mauve - Pantone Colors: 18-1706,17-3808.
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|The Surya Dunes DNE3520 by Surya is sometimes listed with the following brand codes: DNE3520-23, DNE3520-58, DNE3520-810. Also, the following UPC codes: 764262731026, 764262731033, 764262731040
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- Surya Dunes DNE3521
- Surya Dunes DNE3502
- Surya Dunes DNE3500
- Surya Dunes DNE3503
- Surya Dunes DNE3525
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Joe's on JuniperMay 14, 2014American • Atlanta, United States
You know the rent's due when the shorts worn by the servers get extra short.
Eating and working are the two things I should compete in.
You know the rent's due when the shorts worn by the servers get extra short.
If you ever saw the movie "ATL" with T.I., this was the Waffle House where they filmed the Waffle House scenes.
The Portion here for the Bibimbap is sizeable. Go for the mild pepper sauce for a heat that is great for this weather.
The Lemongrass Chicken wings are great!
Get their Hong Kong Wonton Noodles WITH the Roast Pork!
Everything is made in-house, but the exceptional things to try are the homemade eggrolls and the BBQ ribs.
Located in Midtown, this "wink and you'll miss it" brunch nook never dissappoints with it's specials and breakfast options. This is my secret brunch place with no lines in brunch-centric Atlanta.
pay in cash to get your purchases tax-free.
also known as Bearbucks. For some obvious reasons.


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Music News Archives - Page 397 of 1197 - THE WOLF Sacramento
Woody Harrelson, Jennifer Lawrence + Friends Spoof Taylor Swift's '1989′ on 'SNL' [Watch]
The year was 1989 – Taylor Swift was born, and actor Woody Harrelson hosted 'Saturday Night Live' for the first time. During his return to the television show's stage over the… MORE
You Think You Know Reba McEntire?
Reba McEntire really is the hardest working woman in country music. The legend grew up in a rancher's household, meaning she often got more done before sunrise than some do… MORE
Blake Shelton vs. Luke Bryan – The Showdown
Last weekend Miranda Lambert found a challenger her new song couldn't top, and he lives in the same house. 'Lonely Tonight,' the duet from Blake Shelton and Ashley Monroe, topped… MORE
Trisha Yearwood, 'Can't Trust the Weatherman' [Exclusive Song Premiere]
Trisha Yearwood is releasing a new album on Monday (Nov. 17), and she's letting Taste of Country readers hear one of the new songs first. Continue reading…
See Country Stars' Best Selfies [Pictures]
If we know anything about celebrities, it's that they love a good selfie, and country stars aren't excluded from that. Social media is great in that way — artists can… MORE
Rascal Flatts, 'Riot' [Listen]
Rascal Flatts' 'Riot' hits on everything fans love about the country trio. With stellar harmonies, richly layered instrumentation and a feel that's intimate and anthemic all at once, the single… MORE
Carrie Underwood, 'Greatest Hits: Decade #1′ – Everything You Need to Know
Carrie Underwood is preparing to release her first-ever hits collection, and her longtime fans are clamoring for every tidbit they can get about the upcoming project. Continue reading…
Kenny Chesney Covers Billboard, Speaks Out on Country Songs That 'Objectify' Women
Kenny Chesney is trying to buck one of the biggest trends that's currently succeeding at country radio. Continue reading…


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1804 25C XF45 PCGS....Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
Exceptional 1804 Quarter, B-2, XF451804 25C XF45 PCGS. B-2, R.5. The 1804 Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle quarter is a scarce date, with a reported mintage of only 6,738 pieces. There are two known varieties of this date, with the present coin belonging to the less available B-2 variety, characterized by the high numeral 4 in the date. The B-2 variety was one of the last varieties discovered by Ard Browning when he wrote his seminal work on early quarters. In Early United States Quarters 1796-1838, Steve Tompkins reports this variety is rarely found in grades above the VG level, and only one example is currently known in Mint State, but the grading services have not differentiated between the varieties of 1804 quarters for most of their history. Tompkins lists a single coin graded XF45 in second place in his Condition Census for this variety, possibly the coin offered here. The present coin is sharply struck and lightly abraded. The scattered violet-gray and silver-blue toning drapes still-lustrous surfaces. Population: 1 in 45, 12 finer (1/09).(Registry values: P7) (NGC ID# 23RB, PCGS# 5312)
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Video Description:
Summer joins us in the bedroom. She is so noisy when she cums. We used our toys and then we worked on Chris until he came all over Summer.
All Comments (19)
Nicest Tits
The baby talk was annoying
Lucky dork! Girls are pretty good. Very uninhibited.
love that ...feelike fuking her more than that
he was like; "fuck this shit! i need some rubber!"
hahaha his dick is boring
WEIRD!!! The blonde looked like she was post pregnancy and I think there was a clothes washer in the middle of a spin cycle in the background. A little too amateur...
guy didnt do a thing... he should have stayed as camera man... girls were having fun by themselves.
Like most of the rest very boring..
Great, yet another "amateur" video. Bah.
Great wank material!!!
so great...
very boring
Despite it being a boring movie..fk they've got nice tits!
Ihania tyttöjä


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Chard 7" Electric Fillet Knife
Item # WX2-296601
- Google+
- Details & Specs
Chard 7" Electric Fillet Knife. BIG BUCKS OFF!
Filleting a fish? Cleanly cutting along the backbone, getting into areas around bones. And evenly slice skin from flesh. All with this Electric Fillet Knife! Smart body design lets you grip it comfortably, without feeling as if you're fighting a 40-lb. trout on the line! Engineered for easy blade removal, too, so cleaning and sharpening is never a problem. Enjoy the scaled-back price!Catch this:
- Extra-sharp 7"l. serrated stainless steel blades
- Durable, high-impact motor housing
- Extra-long 8'l. cord for extended reach
- 110V motor.
Get it ONLINE quick!
!!! Limited Quantities !!!
- Reviews
Chard 7 Electric Fillet Knife is rated out of 5 by 6.Rated 4 out of 5 by CHARLES from For this fillet knife you get what you pay for and I am pleased with it for the money invested, not my go to electric fillet knife but a great backup.Date published: 2014-04-14Rated 4 out of 5 by RICH from Great price, bought four, one for me and each of the kids, time will tell if I did good or not.Date published: 2014-04-10Rated 4 out of 5 by RICHARD from Haven't put it to the big test yet, sucker season in May. Prelims on ice fishing works fine so far.Date published: 2014-02-18Rated 5 out of 5 by JOHN from great giftDate published: 2013-10-31Rated 1 out of 5 by JON from Blades would not stay in the knife, tried it once and tossed in the garbage.Date published: 2013-07-08Rated 5 out of 5 by TOM from Nice big heavy knife I will use to filet catfishDate published: 2013-07-02

 Received a CHARD electric knife as a Christmas gift. Broken after two uses. Any guarantees or warranties?

Asked by: vickie

 I've included a link to our returns policy, which you will also find located at the bottom of every web page.http://www.sportsmansguide.com/customerservice/returnpolicy
Answered by: George

Date published: 2015-08-17

2015-10-04T11:24CST

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Guide Gear by EdgeCraft Electric Knife Sharpener, GreenNon-Member $39.99 Buyer's Club $35.99
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Mr. Twister® Electric Fisherman®Non-Member $25.99 Buyer's Club $23.39
Rapala® Electric Fillet KnifeNon-Member $49.99 Buyer's Club $44.99
Rapala® ProGuide Deluxe Electric Fillet Knife SetNon-Member $64.99 Buyer's Club $58.49


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Choose Between Two Options
- $11 for $20 worth of Indian cuisine
- $20 for $40 worth of Indian cuisine for four or more people
- See the menu.
4 Spice Indian Cuisine
Inside a sizzling tandoor oven, naan, paratha, and roti soak in the heat until they start to take on a slight char. 4 Spice Indian Cuisine's chefs then pull them out of the oven, serving them hot as an accompaniment to authentic tandoori meats and curries. Vegetarian options abound as well, from palek paneer and channa masala to vegetable samosas, all of which can be washed down with the cool, fresh flavors of a mango lassi.
93% of 225 customers recommend
"Took a while to get food after we ordered. Not a quick-bite, but delicious food. Worth the wait."
"Great spread! Friendly service"
"Food is excellent."
3801 Nicholasville Centre Drive
Lexington, KY 40503
+18592770335Get Directions


text:
Location: Spain > Castile and Leon > Province of Avila > Avila
Bar / Lounge Free High Speed Internet ( WiFi ) Free Parking Kitchenette Pets Allowed ( Dog / Pet Friendly ) Restaurant Wheelchair access
Ranked #16 of 31 Hotels in Avila
Price Range (Based on Average Rates): $
Hotel Class:2 star — Hotel Vico 2*
Number of rooms: 34
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Hotel placed to the entry of the city, to scanty 2 kilometres of the center of Avila, declared heritage of the humanity for the UNESCO. There is distinguished the Hotel Vico surrounded by a thousand-year-old grove of evergreen oaks, for being placed in a calm zone and with easy access from the N-110 (exit 104) and AP-51 (exit 104). This comfortable hotel of 2 stars offers a careful service and a few spaces to his clients where to enjoy the awaited tranquility. It is the perfect hotel both for vacation tourists and for business. ... more less