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"Cynicism, apathy, disillusionment... it's so much easier, and safer, than pushing for hope and change.
How dare you? I have hope...
I hope that the next batch of weapons we send to Syria doesn't fall in the hands of ISIS like the rest of them did.
Most of the pundits are more interested in trying to create a horse race than actually reporting reality.
They know this is a coronation.
In spite of these words, she's standing aside for Hillary of all people. Just shows you what kind of hack she is.
How do you prefer to prepare and serve your lion and rhino, Ben? Do you like elephant fritters? Have you tried the deep fried cheetah on a stick?
I like my lion blackened and rhino grilled. Elephant fritters are almost as good as the ears, and deep fried cheetah on a stick is divine.
We are not talking about hunter-gatherers who live off the land. We are talking about self-described "sportsmen" who shoot the equivalent of fish in a barrel with high-technology. And then probably mount their heads on their walls to prove their masculinity.
So the animals weren't eaten then? Can you link to the photos? Or is this just coming directly from your ass to further the narrative of the evil whitey hunter?
Killing animals just to kill them is psycho territory.
Is that what happened? Was there a pile of headless corpses left in the sun to rot? I looked for pictures and didn't see anything like that. Perhaps these animals are butchered post-slaughter and the meat was dispersed to the employees. Would that change you opinion of "the hunt" in any way?
In a society that anthropomorphizes to the extreme, it's easy to be the morality police from 15k miles away.
The fact that some black Africans facilitate this killing isn't an argument for its morality.
If a hundred animals die to feed a hundred human families for a week, that's moral enough for me.
"What's your point?"
My point is that their government says it's above board, then it's above board. There are no laws being broken, yet a few animals getting shot is a good enough reason to attempt to destroy people and their families.
Notice there isn't a black South African to be found protesting the loss of the poor innocent animals? Where are they? They're working to facilitate the shooting of these animals, that's where. Whining about ---- like shooting animals is exclusively the realm of the privileged.
The comments in this thread are the perfect illustration of why Bernie has no chance. Hillary is going to have an army of attorneys to cockblock him from Democratic primary ballots and democrats will line up to excuse her behavior.
Hillary doesn't need to win over anyone...she simply needs to weather the storm. The DNC will set the table for her by minimizing her debate exposure. She'll sue the shit out of Bernie to block him from Democratic primaries if the time comes when she truly considers him a threat...and 50 percent of the country will excuse it all when the general election arrives.
Saying he attends church is for the evangelical pea-brains who only vote for someone doing "the Lord's work".
That will not happen because Bernie, like Trump, has the "run as an independent card" that he could play if she tried anything like that.
He said he won't...and if she really thinks it's going to be close, she'll sue him in a second. This is her ace in the hole.
And quite honestly if she tried I'd follow Bernie.
You "Nadering" Hillary? Not a chance...
The Bernie campaign is going to have a sad face when Hillary starts taking him to court to block his inclusion on the Democratic primary ballots.
Hey guys, interest rates should be increasing any day now based on the strength of this economy! It's all fixed, buy more Netflix.
Listening to the talking heads trying to talk about the buying opportunities while choking back their mouthful of vomit is hilarious.
She could make the point that immigrants do a lot of thankless jobs in this country without making a sweeping statement about Latinos being toilet cleaners.
Rcade can't even mention latinos without throwing a little "sweeping" in there.
Ok, so what should we do with radicalized Muslim Jihadists?
Call them moderates, arm them and prepare to fight them in twenty years.
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Hot tags Weather Climate Change Planets and Asteroids Archaeology Fossils
Articles, documents and multimedia from ABC Science
Friday, 3 July 2015
Video from the vault Dive into the alien-like world beneath Port Phillip Bay.
Friday, 19 June 2015
Video from the vault: It's not easy managing a top predator, especially when it's a protected species.
Friday, 22 May 2015
Some 18,000 species - great and small - were discovered in 2014, adding to the 2 million already known, say scientists.
Thursday, 30 April 2015
Video from the vault Honey bees are not so sweet when they escape into the Australian bush.
Thursday, 16 April 2015
Video from the vault We all know shark numbers are plummeting but what would be their natural population if humans were not around?
Friday, 10 April 2015
The most extensive genetic analysis of mountain gorillas ever conducted has found the critically endangered apes burdened with severe inbreeding and at risk of extinction.
Thursday, 2 April 2015
Video from the vault In 2005, Jonica Newby reported on the surprisingly perilous situation of an Australian icon: the dingo.
Monday, 19 January 2015
Video from the Vault How much of the movie Finding Nemo was based on actual science?
Wednesday, 19 November 2014
Captive-bred animals prefer to mate with each other than with partners from the wild, a new study suggests.
Monday, 3 November 2014
Video from the vault Widespread poaching throughout the South Pacific in the 1970s and 80s dramatically reduced the natural population of these amazing creatures, reducing the status of the species to "vulnerable"
Monday, 20 October 2014
From the vault The ABC Science program Quantum began in 1985 but it was a couple of years before it began to cover science in the Red Centre, or the value of traditional Indigenous knowledge to science.
Friday, 25 July 2014
As the number of humans on Earth has nearly doubled over the past four decades, the number of bugs, slugs, worms and crustaceans has declined by 45 per cent, say researchers.
Tuesday, 11 March 2014
Elephants are able to distinguish between friendly humans and those more likely to pose a threat, based solely on vocal cues, new research shows.
Friday, 21 February 2014
Lemur experts are concerned about an imminent extinction threat to these primitive primates.
Tuesday, 28 January 2014
The jaguar could soon become extinct in Brazil's tropical Atlantic forest, threatening the shrinking primitive forest itself, Brazilian scientists warn.

subset: commoncrawl


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|ISSN 1088-6850(online) ISSN 0002-9947(print)
The theorem of Torelli for singular curves
Abstract | References | Similar Articles | Additional Information
Abstract: Let C be a compact (singular) curve embedded in a surface. Then C carries a canonical sheaf which is locally free of rank 1. Moreover, C has a generalized Jacobian J which fits in an exact sequence
of algebraic groups such that A is an abelian variety and . Let be the set of nonsingular points of C and let = Zariski-closure of the image of in J. Then:
Theorem. If C is irreducible and sections of map C onto X in then the isomorphism class of J together with the translation class of the divisor on J determine the isomorphism class of X.
As a corollary, if is an isomorphism (in which case we call C nonhyperelliptic) the above data determine the isomorphism class of C. I do not know if this remains true when C is hyperelliptic.
It should be noted that the linear equivalence class of is not enough to determine X.
The principal idea of the proof is that of Andreotti, that is, to recover the curve as the dual of the branch locus of the Gauss map from to ; however our arguments are usually analytic.
The organization of this paper is as follows: In §1 we prove a stronger than usual version of Abel's theorem for Riemann surfaces and in §2 we extend this theorem to apply to singular curves. In succeeding sections we construct the generalized Jacobian as a complex Lie group J and embed J in an analytic fibre bundle over A with projective spaces as fibre. This we use to endow J with the structure of an algebraic group. §7 contains a miscellany of facts about branch loci and dual varieties, and in §8 the main theorems are stated and proved.
We should mention here that the variations on Abel's theorem proved in this paper (1.2.4 and 3.0.1) were proved by Severi, at least in the special case corresponding to ordinary double points [12].
Retrieve articles in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society with MSC: 14H15, 14K30
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Publications (374)1908.08 Total impact
- Circulation Cardiovascular Interventions 12/2015; 8(1). DOI:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.002208 · 6.22 Impact Factor
Article: Distribution of Hypertrophy and Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Children and Adolescents with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: While well characterized in adult patients, the pattern of hypertrophy and the extent of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are insufficiently known. The aim of this study was to assess the hypertrophy patterns and the prevalence and clinical significance of scars in the hearts of young patients with HCM. A retrospective analysis of the imaging findings of 38 children (aged 12.83 ± 2 years, 30 males) with HCM who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) was performed. In addition to left ventricular mass and volumes, the examinations were assessed for the pattern of hypertrophy and presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). A myocardial signal intensity ≥6 standard deviations above the mean of normal myocardium defined positive LGE. Left ventricular mass index averaged 110 ± 34 g/m(2) . Nineteen children (50%) had diffuse septal, 13 (34%) diffuse concentric and 6 (16%) isolated basal hypertrophy. Seven children (18%) had LGE. Patients with LGE had a greater left ventricular mass index than those without (136 ± 34 g/m(2) vs. 104 ± 31 g/m(2) , P = .025). The only two patients who presented with an episode of aborted sudden cardiac death had LGE (P = .03). The most common hypertrophy pattern in children with HCM was diffuse septal hypertrophy. The incidence of LGE observed is lower than that reported in adults. The presence of LGE appears to confer a risk for adverse events. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Congenital Heart Disease 07/2015; DOI:10.1111/chd.12286 · 1.08 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Sirolimus-eluting stents may have clinical advantages over bare-metal stents in the extremely proliferative environment of the neonatal arterial duct. However, sirolimus has immunosuppressive actions and little is known regarding sirolimus pharmacokinetics in the newborn. This is a retrospective review of sirolimus pharmacokinetics in neonates who underwent sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in the arterial duct for pulmonary blood flow augmentation. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by noncompartmental analysis and by a Bayesian one-compartment nonlinear mixed model. Nine neonates received a single sirolimus-eluting stent with a total sirolimus dose of 245 μg (n=1), 194 μg (n=5), or 143 μg (n=3). Peak sirolimus concentrations were 13.6±4.5 μg/L (24.8 μg/L highest) and clearance was 0.042±0.03 L/hour (noncompartmental analysis) and 0.051 L/hour (95% credible intervals 0.037-0.069, nonlinear mixed model). Sirolimus remained >5 μg/L, the trough level used in oral immunosuppressive therapy, for (95% credible interval) 15.9 (11.4, 22.8), 12.9 (7.6, 19.0), and 8.4 (2.3, 14.5) days for the 245, 194, and 143 μg sirolimus dose stents, respectively. Estimates of the duration of systemic immunosuppression are provided for combinations of 2 stents. In neonates after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation, peak sirolimus levels were 20× higher and clearance 30× lower than previously reported in older children and adults. Sirolimus levels were within the immunosuppressive range for a prolonged period, but with no observable clinically significant adverse outcomes. © 2015 American Heart Association, Inc.Circulation Cardiovascular Interventions 05/2015; 8(5). DOI:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.002233 · 6.22 Impact Factor
Article: Achievable radiation reduction during pediatric cardiac catheterization: How low can we go?: Pediatric Catheterization Radiation Exposure[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objectives To assess the effectiveness of radiation-reduction measures implemented during pediatric catheterization, and provide data on the radiation doses for common interventional and diagnostic procedures, indexed to body weight.Background Ionizing radiation exposure must be minimized to "as low as reasonably achievable," by instituting radiation-limiting techniques and knowledge of expected radiation exposure.Methods Radiation-reduction measures included pulsed-fluoroscopy at 7.5 pulses/second (0.032–0.045 µGy/pulse), an air-gap magnification technique for children <20 kg, operator awareness, and additional exposure reduction techniques through projection optimization. Radiation doses for procedures performed between 2007 through 2014 were retrospectively reviewed, including dose area product (DAP) and DAP/kg of body weight for 25 procedural types. Median doses were compared with those previously published from other large centers and multi-institutional databases and assessed for changes over time.ResultsReviewed were 5,196 cases, which included 2,819 interventional, 710 endomyocardial biopsies and 1,667 diagnostic studies, documenting a significant difference in exposure between various procedures and body weights. The absolute exposure was significantly greater in larger children (e.g., for ductal closure median DAP/kg: 17 µGy*m2/kg 10–20 kg children vs. 37 µGy*m2/kg for those >30 kg, P < 0.001). Dose exposure using radiation-reduction techniques were the lowest reported in the literature for all procedure types compared (e.g. median DAP for pulmonary valvuloplasty 163 µGy*m2vs. 405 to 1,230 µGy*m2 reported by 3 large centers). Reduction of fluoroscopy acquisition to 7.5 pulses/second nearly halved radiation exposure (P < 0.001).Conclusions Implementing a radiation dose reduction and awareness program can lead to documented reduction in exposure, across a variety of procedures performed by multiple operators. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 05/2015; DOI:10.1002/ccd.26024 · 2.11 Impact Factor
Article: Three-Dimensional Rotational Angiography in the Assessment of Vascular and Airway Compression in Children After a Cavopulmonary Anastomosis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to examine the role of three-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) in assessing vascular and airway narrowing in children with a bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis (BCPA). The course of children with single ventricle physiology is often complicated by left pulmonary artery (LPA) and/or bronchial stenosis and may be related to aortic compression. 3DRA may be useful in evaluating this complex anatomy and possible mechanisms for the observed obstruction. Clinical data and imaging (2D angiography and 3DRA) of children with a BCPA were reviewed retrospectively. Measurements were taken at similar locations along the pulmonary arteries in both modalities and in the airways on 3DRA. Twenty-five children with a previous BCPA were assessed at mean age of 3.1 ± 2.0 years and weight of 13.6 ± 3.6 kg. Excellent correlation was found between 3DRA and 2D angiographic LPA measurements (r = 0.89, p < 0.0001). Twelve children had qualitative LPA stenosis on 3DRA, with a stenotic dimension of 6.6 ± 2.2 mm on 2D angiography and 6.8 ± 1.9 mm on 3DRA (r = 0.94, p < 0.0001). Ten cases with LPA stenosis also had bronchial stenosis (83 %). Qualitative airway assessment correlated with quantitative bronchial dimensions from 3DRA-derived tomographic images: Bronchial stenosis measured 4.4 ± 1.6 versus 5.9 ± 1.1 mm in those with a normal appearing bronchus (p = 0.009). Hybrid patients (initial palliation with bilateral pulmonary artery banding and arterial ductal stenting, n = 5) and all patients with a Damus-Kaye-Stansel (DKS) anastomosis (n = 9) were more likely to have LPA and left bronchial stenosis (OR 7.7, p = 0.04). 3DRA is a useful and accurate tool in assessment of LPA and airway narrowing after BCPA. Hybrid and DKS patients are more prone to LPA and bronchial stenosis, and 3DRA can provide insight into the mechanism.Pediatric Cardiology 03/2015; 36(5). DOI:10.1007/s00246-015-1130-8 · 1.31 Impact Factor
Article: Procedural characteristics and adverse events in diagnostic and interventional catheterisations in paediatric and adult CHD: initial report from the IMPACT Registry[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To report procedural characteristics and adverse events on data collected in the registry. The IMPACT - IMproving Paediatric and Adult Congenital Treatment - Registry is a catheterisation registry of paediatric and adult patients with CHD undergoing diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterisation. We are reporting the procedural characteristics and adverse events of patients undergoing diagnostic and interventional catheterisation procedures from January, 2011 to March, 2013. Demographic, clinical, procedural, and institutional data elements were collected at the participating centres and entered via either a web-based platform or software provided by American College of Cardiology-certified vendors, and were collected in a secure, centralised database. Centre participation was voluntary. During the time frame of data collection, 19,797 procedures were entered into the IMPACT Registry. Procedures were classified as diagnostic only (35.4%); one of six specific interventions (23.8%); other or multiple interventions (40.7%); and were further broken down into four age groups. Anaesthesia was used in 84.1% of diagnostic procedures and 87.8% of interventional ones. Adverse events occurred in 10.0% of diagnostic and 11.1% of interventional procedures. The IMPACT Registry is gathering data to set national benchmarks for diagnostic and certain specific interventional procedures. We are seeing little differences in procedural characteristics or adverse events in diagnostic procedures compared with interventional procedures overall, but there is significant variation in adverse events amongst age categories. Risk stratification and patient acuity scores will be required for further analysis of these differences.Cardiology in the Young 02/2015; -1:1-9. DOI:10.1017/S1047951114002637 · 0.84 Impact Factor
Article: The First Ten of Everything: A Review of Past and Current Practice in Pediatric Cardiac Percutaneous Interventions[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Objectives This study was designed to compare outcomes of the most common pediatric cardiac interventions from the time of implementation with the current era.Background Since the introduction of semilunar valve balloon dilation and device closure of the arterial duct and septal defects, development of interventional techniques and devices has been rapid. However, few studies have compared outcomes between those initial interventions and those in the current era.Methods Five validated common catheter-based therapies were chosen for analysis, including atrial and duct device closure, balloon dilation of the aortic and pulmonary valves, and native coarctation of the aorta. A retrospective review of the first and most recent 10 consecutive patients in each group was performed.ResultsThere was a high mortality (30%) among neonates who underwent aortic valve (AV) dilation in the early era, but no mortality noted in other groups. In the early era, transcatheter atrial defect closure and AV dilations were associated with a low success rate (60% for both lesions) and a high complication rate (40% for atrial septal defect, 30% for AV dilations). Among the last 10 children, the atrial defect occlusion was successful in 100% without complications and AV dilations where successful in all children with a 30% complication rate (one major, two minor).ConclusionsA learning curve with device development plays a significant role in the evolution of transcatheter techniques. These data provide baseline estimates of success and may be used as a template in the future when new techniques are adapted into practice.Congenital Heart Disease 02/2015; 10(4). DOI:10.1111/chd.12247 · 1.08 Impact Factor
Article: Percutaneous Pulmonary Valve Implantation: 5 Years of Follow-Up: Does Age Influence Outcomes?[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) is a safe, less invasive alternative to surgical valve replacement for the congenital heart disease patient with right ventricular (RV) outflow tract dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine whether reverse RV remodeling after PPVI was persistent in the longer term and whether timing of PPVI influenced outcomes. Consecutive patients from the pediatric and adult congenital heart disease programs were enrolled. Cardiac MRI, echocardiography, metabolic exercise testing, chest radiography, and hemodynamics before intervention were compared with repeated follow-up measurements to assess changes over time. Fifty-one patients (including 23 patients <16 years old) were followed for a mean 4.5±1.9 (0.9-6.9) years after implantation, 59% of patients having available comparative cardiac MRI data. Freedom from any reintervention was 87% and 68% at 3 and 5 years, and freedom from surgery was 90% at 5 years. For every decade younger at implantation, there was an increase of 3.9%±1.0% in cardiac MRI left ventricular ejection fraction (P<0.001) and 2.4±0.9 mL/kg/min in maxVO2 (P=0.005) and a decrease of 0.7±0.2 cm in RV end-diastolic dimension (P<0.001) after intervention. Younger patients displayed an additional decline in the RV/left ventricular end-diastolic volume ratio (P=0.05) and trended toward improved RV ejection fraction in late follow-up (50%±7% versus 41%±12%, P=0.07). This is the largest series to show that PPVI at a younger age yields incremental improvements in RV size and maximum oxygen consumption. Early valve implantation is associated with better RV function and should be considered in management planning for this population. © 2015 American Heart Association, Inc.Circulation Cardiovascular Interventions 02/2015; 8(2). DOI:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001745 · 6.22 Impact Factor
Article: Quantification and Significance of Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction in Childhood Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and to assess associations with echocardiographic and clinical parameters of disease. While a common end point in adults with HCM, it is unclear whether diffuse myocardial fibrosis occurs early in the disease. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) estimation of myocardial post-contrast longitudinal relaxation time (T1) is an increasingly used method to estimate diffuse fibrosis. T1 measurements were taken using standard multi-breath-hold spoiled gradient echo phase-sensitive inversion-recovery CMR before and 15 min after the injection of gadolinium. The tissue-blood partition coefficient was calculated as a function of the ratio of T1 change of myocardium compared with blood. An echocardiogram and blood brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were obtained on the day of the CMR. Twelve controls (mean age 12.8 years; 7 male) and 28 patients with HCM (mean age 12.8 years; 21 male) participated. The partition coefficient for both septal (0.27 ± 0.17 vs. 0.13 ± 0.09; p = 0.03) and lateral walls (0.22 ± 0.09 vs. 0.07 ± 0.10; p 100 pg/ml) had raised lateral wall coefficients (0.27 ± 0.07 vs. 0.20 ± 0.07; p = 0.03), as did those with traditional risk factors for sudden death (0.27 ± 0.06 vs. 0.18 ± 0.08; p = 0.007). Diffuse fibrosis, measured by the partition coefficient technique, is demonstrable in children and adolescents with HCM. Markers of fibrosis show an association with symptoms and raised serum BNP. Further study of the prognostic implication of this technique in young patients with HCM is warranted.Pediatric Cardiology 01/2015; 36(5). DOI:10.1007/s00246-015-1107-7 · 1.31 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Valve pathology is a significant component of pediatric cardiovascular disease. Outside the pediatric age group, patients are selecting bioprosthetic valve replacements to avoid the obligate anticoagulation associated with mechanical valves either because of the inability to take anticoagulation, pregnancy considerations, or preference. Bioprosthetic valves, however, inevitably degenerate. The standard treatment is a repeat operation that entails additional risk. Transcatheter valve therapy has rapidly emerged as an appealing alternative. In this manuscript, we discuss the progress in transcatheter valve-in-valve (VinV) procedures. This is essential knowledge for the practicing pediatric cardiologist as it may promote the application of bioprosthetic valves as a treatment option and management strategy.Progress in Pediatric Cardiology 01/2015; 38(1-2). DOI:10.1016/j.ppedcard.2014.12.010
- Heart, Lung and Circulation 01/2015; 24:S432-S433. DOI:10.1016/j.hlc.2015.06.744 · 1.44 Impact Factor
Article: Procedural Results and Safety of Common Interventional Procedures in Congenital Heart Disease[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) launched the IMPACT (Improving Pediatric and Adult Congenital Treatment) Registry in 2010. By 2013, its patient enrollment exceeded that of other current and historical congenital catheterization registries. This study sought to describe procedural results and safety of 6 common congenital interventions performed in patients enrolled during the IMPACT Registry's initial periods. With specified exclusions, we compiled registry data from patients enrolled in the IMPACT Registry from January 2011 through March 2013 who underwent 1 of the following isolated procedures: device closure of atrial septal defect (ASD); device closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA); pulmonary valvuloplasty; aortic valvuloplasty; coarctation of the aorta angioplasty and stenting; and pulmonary artery stenting. Patient data, procedural data and results, and adverse events (AEs) were reviewed and described. In 4,152 catheterizations, 1 isolated procedure was reported. There were 1,286 single-ASD procedures, 1,375 PDA procedures, 270 "typical" pulmonary valve procedures, 305 aortic valve procedures, 671 aortic procedures, and 245 pulmonary artery procedures. The reported procedure was performed in >95% of catheterizations. Stated outcomes were accomplished in >98% of ASD and PDA procedures, but less commonly in the others, with coarctation angioplasty procedures being the least successful (51%). Reported major AE rates ranged from 0% to 3.3%; total AE rates ranged from 5.3% to 24.3%. Contemporary community practice, procedural outcomes, and safety for 6 common congenital interventional procedures are reported. These benchmarks may be compared with individual center results and historical single-center and multicenter results. Copyright © 2014 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Journal of the American College of Cardiology 12/2014; 64(23):2439-51. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.045 · 16.50 Impact Factor
Article: Pulmonary artery stenosis in hybrid single-ventricle palliation: High incidence of left pulmonary artery intervention[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Pulmonary artery growth is an important determinant of outcome in single-ventricle strategies. Higher rates of pulmonary artery intervention have been reported with hybrid-based palliation when compared with Norwood palliation. We performed a retrospective review of pulmonary artery growth and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing hybrid-based single-ventricle palliation. The stage I hybrid procedure was performed in 72 patients between 2004 and 2012, of whom 54 were on a Fontan palliative pathway. Thirty-four infants completed stage II, and 20 infants underwent the Fontan operation. The mean diameters of the right pulmonary artery (5.6 ± 1.9 mm) and left pulmonary artery (5.6 ± 2.1 mm) were similar before stage II. After stage II, the right and left pulmonary artery diameters were 8.5 ± 2.1 mm and 5.8 ± 1.3 mm, respectively (P < .001), and after the Fontan operation, these were 8.8 ± 2.0 mm and 6.4 ± 1.1 mm, respectively (P = .002). The mean right pulmonary artery z score was normal throughout, but the left pulmonary artery did not maintain a normal size. The cumulative pulmonary artery intervention rate was 50% at any time after stage II. Fifteen interventions (88%) were performed after stage II (35% during the same hospitalization, 71% <60 days). The most intervened site was the midsection of the left pulmonary artery (41%). Initial pulmonary artery intervention was balloon dilation in 59% of patients and stent implantation in 41% of patients. Half of patients with initial balloon dilation required reintervention. There is significant risk of left pulmonary artery compromise after the second stage of hybrid palliation associated with a high intervention rate. Copyright © 2015 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 12/2014; 149(4). DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.11.080 · 4.17 Impact Factor
Article: Successful transcatheter occlusion of an anomalous pulmonary vein with dual drainage to the left atrium: Transcatheter Occlusion of Anomalous Pulmonary Vein[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We describe a case of a Scimitar syndrome "variant" where dual drainage existed from the right upper and middle pulmonary veins to the inferior vena cava and left atrium. Device closure of the anomalous vein at the level of the connection to the IVC was successful in achieving diversion of pulmonary venous flow to the left atrium. Vigilance during work-up of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (whether isolated or associated with other cardiac defects that may be amenable to device closure) is important to define the presence of dual connections to the left atrium, in which case a less-invasive transcatheter approach may be feasible. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 11/2014; 85(7). DOI:10.1002/ccd.25734 · 2.11 Impact Factor
Article: SCAI Expert Consensus Statement for Advanced Training Programs in Pediatric and Congenital Interventional Cardiac Catheterization[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Pediatric and Congenital Interventional Cardiology is the practice of catheter‐based techniques that improve cardiac physiology and circulation through the treatment of heart disease in children and adults with congenital or acquired heart defects. Over the last decade, and since last published training guidelines for pediatric cardiac catheterization and interventional cardiology were published in 2005 [1] the field of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Catheterization has evolved into a predominantly interventional discipline. As there is no sub‐specialty certification for interventional cardiac catheterization in pediatrics, the Congenital Heart Disease Committee of the Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions has put together this consensus statement for advanced training in pediatric and congenital interventional cardiac catheterization. The statement puts forth recommendations for program infrastructure in terms of teaching, personnel, equipment, facilities, conferences, patient volume and trainee assessment. This is meant to set a standard for training programs as well as giving applicants a basis on which to judge and compare programs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 11/2014; 84(5). DOI:10.1002/ccd.25550 · 2.11 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Objectives We sought to review our single center experience with secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) device closure, evaluating the incidence and morphological characteristics where percutaneous closure was thought inappropriate. Material and methodsAll children assessed as unsuitable for transcatheter device closure were reviewed. Data collected included: demographics, defect morphology by echocardiogrphy or at cardiac catheterization and defect size focusing on the reasons for procedural deferral. ResultsBetween January 2002 and December 2010, 639 children underwent closure of an isolated secundum ASD: 82 children (13%) where referred directly to surgery, 43 (6%) were thought unsuitable for device closure at the time of catheterization and underwent subsequent surgery and the remaining 514 (81%) underwent successful device closure including 2 on a second attempt. The reasons for pursuing a surgical closure (n=124, mean age=5.7 years; range: 0.6-17.4 years; defect diameter/body weight=1.39) included: the need for a device thought too large for implantation versus the child's size (n=51), defects with deficient rim(s) (n=48), multiple defects (n=7), defects sized >36 mm (n=2), malposition (n=2), ECG changes (n=3), aneurysmal IAS (n=2), sinus venosus (n=2), or others (n=7). Conclusion The reasons for deferring transcatheter device closure of a secundum ASD are diverse, not only isolated rim deficiencies but the requirements of large implants, malposition, arrhythmias, and lack of hemodynamic need are influential components in clinical decision making. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 10/2014; 85(2). DOI:10.1002/ccd.25700 · 2.11 Impact Factor
Article: Evolving Trends in Interventional Cardiology: Endovascular Options for Congenital Disease in Adults[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: As increasing numbers of patients with congenital heart disease enter adulthood, there is a growing need for minimally invasive percutaneous interventions, primarily to minimize the number of repeated surgeries required by these patients. The use of percutaneous devices is commonplace for the treatment of simple lesions, such as atrial septal defect, patent foramen ovale, patent duct arteriosus, and abnormal vascular connections. There is also substantial experience with device closure of membranous and muscular ventricular septal defects, as well as more complex shunts such as baffle leaks after atrial switch repair and ventricular pseudoaneurysms. An increasing use of covered stents has improved the safety of aortic coarctation, conduit, and branch pulmonary stenosis interventions. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation now has an established role in the setting of dysfunctional right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduits or failing bioprosthetic pulmonary valves. Many patients remain unsuitable for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation because of large diameter "native" outflow tracts, however, various techniques have emerged and multiple devices are in development to provide solutions for these unique anatomic challenges. Hybrid approaches involving use of surgical and transcatheter techniques are increasingly common, serving to optimize efficacy and safety of certain procedures; they depend on a collaborative and collegial relationship between cardiac surgeons and interventionalists that is primarily patient-centred.The Canadian journal of cardiology 01/2014; 30(1):75-86. DOI:10.1016/j.cjca.2013.11.006 · 3.94 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Covered stents have been used for the treatment of aortic coarctation to protect the arterial wall during dilation. Early results have shown them to be safe and effective. We report 2 cases of infolding of the proximal edge of a covered aortic coarctation stent. Management required implantation of a second stent. Poor stent apposition to the vessel wall and or recoil may allow conditions for these events to occur. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 01/2014; 83(1). DOI:10.1002/ccd.24998 · 2.11 Impact Factor
Article: Early Changes in Apical Rotation in Genotype Positive Children with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Mutations without Hypertrophic Changes on Two-Dimensional Imaging[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common form of inherited cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography is the mainstay of screening and disease surveillance, and genetic testing has identified a carrier population without hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in left ventricular (LV) function are detectable before the advent of hypertrophy. Fourteen children with genotype-positive, phenotype-negative HCM were identified (12 male; median age, 9.14 years; range, 1.91-15.9 years; median weight, 34.6 kg; range, 15-92.1 kg) and compared with age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls. All children underwent full echocardiographic studies using an extensive functional protocol, including two-dimensional dimensions, Doppler tissue imaging, and two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. There were no differences in LV wall thickness, chamber dimensions, length, and shortening fraction between the groups. Doppler tissue imaging in children with HCM demonstrated mildly reduced septal velocities, notably A' (5.9 cm/sec [range, 4-8.9 cm/sec] vs 6.7 cm/sec [range, 5.2-9.5 cm/sec]; P = .009). Circumferential and longitudinal strain was similar between groups. Mean apical circumferential deformation was increased in the HCM group (-24.6 ± 3.8% vs -22.2 ± 2.5%, P = .04). There were significant increases in basal and apical rotation and LV twist in children with HCM, most marked at the apex (11.7 ± 4.4° vs 5.3 ± 2.5°, P = .0001). On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, apical rotation > 7° conferred 83% sensitivity and 82% specificity for predicting HCM (area under the curve, 0.919; P = .0001). Increased LV rotation and twist are present in children with genotype-positive, phenotype-negative HCM. Apical rotation on speckle-tracking echocardiography provides good sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of gene-positive HCM and may be a clinically useful early marker of HCM before the onset of hypertrophy.Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 12/2013; 27(2). DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2013.10.012 · 4.06 Impact Factor
Article: Prevalence and Significance of Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Children and Adolescents With Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyThe Canadian journal of cardiology 10/2013; 29(10):S97. DOI:10.1016/j.cjca.2013.07.118 · 3.71 Impact Factor
Top Journals
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- • Labatt Family Heart Centre
- • Department of Paediatrics
- • Division of Cardiology
- • Hospital for Sick Children
- • Department of Medicine
- • Faculty of Medicine
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- • Division of Cardiology
- • Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
- • Department of Paediatrics
- • Department of Diagnostic Imaging
The Bracton Centre, Oxleas NHS TrustДартфорде, England, United Kingdom
UHN: Toronto General HospitalToronto, Ontario, Canada
University Health NetworkToronto, Ontario, Canada
Toronto Western HospitalToronto, Ontario, Canada
Hackensack University Medical CenterХакенсак, New Jersey, United States


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Product Details
This stunning issue is the fifth coin in the "Sailing Ships" series. The Cutty Sark is the world's sole surviving extreme clipper. The much loved sailing ship reopened in Greenwich after a $78 million restoration project.
Coin Highlights:
- Contains .84 oz of Silver.
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- Reverse: Features an image of the Cutty Sark with a sea skyline in the background. Near the bottom is a miniature side view of the ship with the inscription Cutty Sark next to the image.
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This coin is perfect for any history lover. Add this 2011 Cutty Sark Silver coin to your cart today!
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|Product ID:
|Brilliant Unc
|Grade Service:
|20 Rubles
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|Metal Content:
|0.84 troy oz
|Mint of Poland
|38.61 mm
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Not enough data to determine market type. Consult a local REALTOR® for up-to-date market summaries.
Not enough data to determine market type. Consult a local REALTOR® for up-to-date market summaries
The average home price in Marietta is $137,400. The average home price per square foot in Marietta is $51 and about 0% of all homes in Marietta sold in the last 6 months. For Marietta home values, real estate prices, and city market trends, research the 651 property records or search our 0 recently sold or 4 homes for sale listings. The listings and properties in Marietta are only a part of the 906,461 properties and 26,174 homes for sale in Mississippi. Because of this, the average home price and average home value of Marietta also influence the average home price $121,132 and average sale price $115,473 of Mississippi. Listing counts, Marietta home prices and home values in Marietta are sourced daily from listing and property data on realtor.com®, which is the most up-to-date and accurate aggregation of real estate listings in the industry and includes approximately 800 regional MLSs and is the official website of the National Association of Realtors®.


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Tap Here to view the Mobile Optimized TFLN
I have decided that a Nickelback cover band would be the pinnacle of loserdom.
You must be Logged in to post a comment
What if it was called nickelblack.. and all the songs were rap versions of the originals. buwahaha!
Nickelback has never been awesome, and will never be awesome!
Yeah, and they could call themselves "Creed".
I agree. Anybody that wants to be like Nickelback is even worse than the band themselves. Close third are the losers that listen to their "music"
Because people suck so bad, 11:41.
Gubs: well I like nickelback. How can they be so successful if they suk so bad?
Wait. There's a heavy metal tribute to the Bee Gees?!
"that" meaning the first one
Seriously I don't think anyone who dislikes nickelback has listened to thier silversie up album .
Truer words have never been spoken!
they could probably get kanye west now
I disagree. Polka cover band. Imagine "Photograph" on the accordion.
You're so right. Nickelback SUCKS. Boring, mainstream sellouts.
U have to admit they are a little cheesy
Chad Kroeger looks like a cocker spaniel.
by your logic 11:41, Twilight is the pinnacle of western literature
Theory of a Dead Man begs to differ.
1:30 that's like the heavy metal tribute to the beegees. if it's a good idea and blatant mocks the original, you can get away with the association.
Yeah, well wait til you hear my Jonas Bros cover band!
This is massively true.
I expect to see Nickelblack on YouTube, 1:30!
speak for yourself douchebag
2:24 i knew he reminded of something...thanks
1:37 - he is defending the fact that he already has a Nickelback cover band
is 1:23 defending nickelback or just being an asshole? hopefully it's the last one because you haven't got shit to back that up
seriously 9:13 is ur other favorite band hinder or creed?
How funny is it that the people who like nickelback always seem to spell things like 'suk', 'kool', and 'hawt'? Here is one for all nickelback fans: toolz.
Amen to that! Can't stand nickelbeck.
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Does Justice League Already Have Its Villain?
Guillermo Del Toro denies that Pacific Rim 2 is cancelled. Elizabeth Olsen doesn't think there should be a Scarlet Witch solo film. Plus Gotham teases a Riddler/Penguin teamup, a familiar face returns to Daredevil, and Skull Island might become the opening salvo in a Kong/Godzilla trilogy. Spoilers Now! »


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Ripon College is receiving a fixed-rate low interest loan from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Development Division to help finance the cost of renovating and expanding the J.M. Storzer Athletics, Health and Wellness Center. The
Testimony will resume this morning in the trial of a Fond du lac man involved in two separate shooting incidents in the city of Fond du lac and village of North Fond du lac. Mason Paasch is
A jury trial is scheduled for a Fond du Lac man charged in connection with a violent domestic incident. Forty four year old Michael Retzlaff faces multiple charges including strangulation and suffocation, battery, criminal damage to property
Hear the beep where you sleep. That's the theme of fire prevention month in October. Fond du Lac Fire Department division Chief of fire prevention Troy Haase says the focus is making sure that residents have working
The Fond du lac County Clerk says she agrees with the chairman of the non partisan board that oversees Wisconsin elections that overhauling board operations could have serious consequences for the 2016 contests. Fond du Lac County
The treasurer of the Fond du Lac County Republican party says he was surprised and disappointed that governor Scott Walker dropped out of the presidential race. Rohn Bishop was in Waukesha when Walker announced he was a
MADISON, Wis. (AP) — New financial statements show the University of Wisconsin System finished fiscal year 2014-15 with almost $924 million on hand. The system released reports showing its four-year schools, two-year campuses, UW-Extension and system administration
MILWAUKEE (AP) — Opponents of Wisconsin's voter identification law have argued in federal court that the legislation is improperly restrictive and should be expanded to allow more forms of ID to be used at the polls. The
WASHINGTON (AP) — The Supreme Court won't hear an appeal from a former aide to Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker who was convicted of campaigning on taxpayers' time. The justices on Monday let stand a lower court ruling
MADISON, Wis. (AP) — Madison attorney Claude Covelli has applied for an appointment to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, saying he is "truly nonpartisan." The 68-year-old Covelli said Monday he submitted an application to Gov. Scott Walker last
Anthony Alvarado and Doug Darby say their story of recovery is hope for other heroin addicts who don't see a light at the end of the tunnel. The pair formed the group Rise Together and brought their
Newscasts On Demand from the Radio Plus newsrooms.
An award winning look at what's in the news with WFDL Greg Stensland
Anthony Alvarado and Doug Darby say their story of recovery is hope for other heroin addicts who don't see a light at the end of the tunnel. The pair formed the group Rise Together and brought their
The 2015 Agnesian Colorburst 5k pictures! Watch the video and see if you can find you and your friends. … Powered by Cincopa Video Hosting for Business solution.Colorburst 2015The 2015 Agnesian Colorburst 5k!originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMheight 1536width
The 2015 St Patrick's Day Parade in downtown Fond du Lac. Photographs courtesy of Photography by Amanda HK Nimmer. St Patrick's Day Parade 2015The 2015 St Patrick's Day Parade in downtown Fond du Lac. Photographs are courtesy


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Despite a tragic fire, Santana Row--a high intensity, upscale mall with apartments and (soon) a hotel--is opening less than 3 miles from retail-challenged Downtown San Jose. Traci Vogel skeptically explores the hyperreality of a "downtown" that doesn't bother to give directions on how to get there by tranist. Another column in the same paper gives an opposing, more favorable view.
Thanks to Nathan Landau


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Select Local Merchants
Salon Orange MoonRead MoreEnd your long work week with a relaxing facial or massage from Salon Orange Moon day spa in Indianapolis. Bring your skin back to life with a facial professionally done by this spa's expert aestheticians. Avoid stress build up with a relaxing massage from this spa. Clients of this spa will experience fashion-forward hairstyle trends to match their personal style. Appointments aren't needed to receive a beauty treatment from this spa. The spa includes moderate prices for all services, allowing you to enjoy a spa treatment or two without breaking the bank. Salon Orange Moon allows for convenient forms of payment, accepting all major credit cards. Safely and quickly park your car on the street at Salon Orange Moon. Feel nourished and refreshed this weekend with a visit to Salon Orange Moon.2457 N Delaware StIndianapolis, IN US
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Monon Coffee CompanyRead MoreAt Monon Coffee Company in Near Northside, the beans are fresh and the roasts are bold. Monon Coffee Company offers carryout for your convenience. Easily accessible parking options are located near this dining establishment. You won't have to hand them your (whole) wallet at Monon Coffee Company — meals often run less than $15.2442 Central AvenueIndianapolis, IN US
KFCRead MoreFrom chicken breasts to chicken wings, KFC offers a wide selection of chicken dinners. Those with dietary restrictions--such as vegan, low-fat and gluten-free--will enjoy the menu at KFC. Wifi is on the house at KFC, so you can stay connected on your mobile device. Getting your food to go is also an option. KFC will even bring the amazing food from their kitchen to yours. null Frugal foodies will especially love the prices at KFC, with a meal typically hovering under the $15 mark. You can stop by at practically any time, since KFC serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner.2401 N Meridian StIndianapolis, IN US
Teas Me Cafe and GiftsRead MoreFill up on fare from Teas Me Cafe and Gifts in Indianapolis and be sure to satisfy your stomach. If you're looking for low-fat food, look elsewhere. If you're looking for great-tasting food, come to Teas Me Cafe and Gifts. Be sure to check out Teas Me Cafe and Gifts' outdoor seating when the climate is right. Teas Me Cafe and Gifts can provide comfortable seating options for parties of any size. Teas Me Cafe and Gifts wants guests to dine in comfort, so save that stuffy suit for another date. With meters and potential tickets, you'll thank us for our onsite parking! Major credit cards — including Visa, MasterCard, Discover, and American Express — are accepted.140 E 22nd StIndianapolis, IN US
Lincoln Square Pancake HouseRead MoreLooking for a quick bite to eat? Head on over to Indianapolis' Lincoln Square Pancake House. Youngsters don't need to sit out a trip to Lincoln Square Pancake House — it's super family-friendly and perfect for little diners and their folks. Lincoln Square Pancake House's high-speed wifi is available for a token fee. The noise level can often drown out conversation, so make sure your party is prepared to speak up. For those in a hurry, the restaurant lets you take your grub to go. Driving to Lincoln Square Pancake House? Check out the nearby parking selections and park with ease.2330 N Meridian StIndianapolis, IN US


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 19, 1991
|Filing date
|Mar 9, 1990
|Priority date
|Mar 9, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dale E. Carlton, Keith E. Jones, Thomas A. Myers
|Original Assignee
|Cascade Microtech, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (36), Classifications (12), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the measurement of high-speed electrical characteristics of integrated circuit packages and other interconnect structures for interfacing with high-speed integrated circuits.
Predicting the performance of subnanosecond integrated circuits requires accurate measurement of the electrical characteristics of the package or other interconnect structure which interfaces the integrated circuit with the larger circuit of which it is a part. Such measurements are necessary because the electrical characteristics of the package or other interconnect structure can dominate the performance limits of a high-speed integrated circuit. Time domain reflectometry and network analysis measurements must typically be performed to determine the following electrical characteristics of such interconnect structures:
(a) loss by radiation into the surrounding dielectric;
(b) electrical resonances caused by the interaction of parasitic capacitance and inductance in the signal path;
(c) spectral dispersion when energy storage by parasitic capacitance and inductance causes higher frequencies to be attenuated more quickly, thereby degrading signal edges; and
(d) cross coupling with neighboring lines when capacitive and inductive coupling causes pick-up of signals carried on a nearby conductor track.
The principal problem with obtaining the foregoing measurements involves establishing an effective electrical connection to the terminals of the package or other interconnect structure. In the past, special purpose fixtures have been constructed for this purpose, but such fixtures require labor-intensive construction, provide little or no test configuration versatility for adaptation to different interconnect structures, and often introduce errors into the measurements because of their own electrical characteristics.
An improved approach which seeks to cure at least some of these deficiencies is described in Carlton, D. E. et al., "Accurate Measurement of High-Speed Package and Interconnect Parasitics," IEEE 1988 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, Jan. 1988, vol. CH2584-1/88/000-0138, pp. 23.3.1-23.3.7. This article discusses the use of a planar transmission line probe, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,143, to contact the terminals of a package or other interconnect structure directly. This approach provides a less labor-intensive and more versatile connection system. It also provides a way of removing, by calibration, probe and cable-related errors from the measurements by using impedance standards with known electrical characteristics such as resistors, short-circuits, and through-connections mounted on an "impedance standard substrate," as described further in Cascade Microtech, Inc., "Electrical Operation," Model 42-42D Microwave Probe Station Instruction Manual, chap. 4, at 4-1 to 4-42 (1987). The mathematics for the calibration operation are well known in the industry and are described, for example, in the foregoing Cascade Microtech instruction manual and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,858,160 which are incorporated herein by reference, as well as in the following technical articles which are also incorporated herein by reference: Swanson, D., "Ferret Out Fixture Errors with Careful Calibration," Microwaves, Jan. 1980, at 79-84; Fitzpatrick, J., "Error Models for Systems Measurement," Microwave Journal, May 1978, at 63-66.
However, even with the foregoing improved approach, the following significant deficiencies remain:
(a) some packages and other interconnect structures have terminals mechanically inaccessible to direct contact by a planar transmission line probe, either because the depth and width of a package well makes the internal terminals inaccessible or because the terminals are not sufficiently coplanar for effective simultaneous contact by such a probe;
(b) different packages and other interconnect structures have a wide variety of signal and ground terminal spacings, which therefore require corresponding different probes with different signal and ground contact spacings to mechanically interface therewith;
(c) the complex effects of various lengths, spacings, and multiplicities of interface structures, such as bond wires, used to connect the integrated circuit to the terminals of the interconnect structure cannot be included in the measurements.
(d) a signal or power terminal of an interconnect structure, which is not located adjacent to any ground terminal, cannot be contacted effectively by a planar probe because the probe tip contact spacing cannot span the distance between the signal or power terminal and the nearest available ground terminal.
The present invention provides a system, for facilitating planar probe measurements of high-speed packages and other interconnect structures, which overcomes all of the above-mentioned deficiencies of the prior systems.
The invention provides a probe connection method and apparatus which employs a unique adapter having a plurality of spaced-apart, substantially coplanar side-by-side conductive strips on a dielectric substrate, such strips preferably forming multiple controlled-impedance transmission lines. Respective ones of the strips are connected to respective ones of the terminals of the package, or other interconnect structure to be measured, by bond wires or other suitable connections. A planar, controlled-impedance transmission line probe is selected having coplanar contacts spaced to match the spacing of the conductive strips on the adapter, so that the probe may interface compatibly in turn with different selected groups of strips on the adapter regardless of the terminal spacing or other configuration of the interconnect structure to be measured. This overcomes the previous problem wherein certain terminals of the interconnect structure are mechanically inaccessible to a planar probe, either because of the package well configuration or the lack of sufficiently coplanar terminals. It also solves the problem of requiring a different probe for each different terminal spacing of an interconnect structure to be measured.
The spacing of the conductive strips on the adapter, and the resultant matched spacing of the coplanar contacts of the probe, are preferably selected to match the connecting pad spacing of the particular integrated circuit intended to be used with the package or other interconnect structure, so that the adapter simulates the integrated circuit. Moreover, the adapter is preferably connected to the terminals of the package in a position such that the distance separating the package terminals from the conductive strips of the adapter is the same distance as that intended to separate the terminals from the connecting pads of the integrated circuit. Furthermore, the connect,ions (such as bond wires) between the package terminals and the conductive strips of the adapter are preferably identical to those intended to interconnect the package terminals and the connecting pads of the selected integrated circuit. These individual simulations enable the adapter to simulate all of the significant variables of the actual interface between the integrated circuit and the package terminals, thereby permitting the interface to be included in the measurements so that the measurements are accurately representative of the total environment surrounding the integrated circuit.
The other previous problem, wherein certain signal or power terminals not adjacent to a ground terminal of a package could not be contacted effectively by a planar probe, is solved by interconnecting numerous ones of the conductive strips of the adapter so that the interconnected strips can serve as ground references adjacent to each signal or power strip of the adapter, for convenient contact by the probe. The interconnected ground reference strips are readily connectible by one or more bond wires to the ground reference terminal or terminals of the package or other interconnect structure, regardless of where the ground reference terminals are located. Preferably, the interconnected ground reference strips on the adapter are positioned alternately between other conductive strips which are not so interconnected and thus serve as signal or power conductors, so as to maximize the accessibility of a ground reference strip when contacting any signal or power strip with a probe.
The use of the adapter of the present invention adds a new element (the adapter) to the measurement network which, in itself, could be a source of error due to its own effects on the measurements. Accordingly, it is desirable to remove the effects of the adapter from the measurements by calibration. Conventional impedance standards used for probe calibration, such as those provided on an "impedance standard substrate" as described previously, are not suitable for removing the effects of the adapter from the measurements. Such impedance standards merely enable calibration at the probe tip contacts, whereas accurate measurements of the total environment of an integrated circuit require calibration at the points where the bond wires connect to the integrated circuit. Such a discrepancy would create a source of error in the conductive strips of the adapter which are interposed between the probe contacts and the bond wire attachment points. To enable the removal of this source of error, the adapter includes its own special impedance standards, each having a plurality of spaced-apart substantially coplanar conductive le having a spacing substantially the same as that of the conductive strips on the adapter and, preferably, having lead portions which are duplicative of those portions of the conductive strips where the source of error is likely to occur. The provision of these special impedance standards enables a probe to be placed in contact with the impedance standards with a built-in offset, relative to the standards, duplicative of the offset which will exist relative to the bond wires when the probe is ultimately placed in contact with the conductive strips to perform the measurements. Thus, calibration using the adapter's special impedance standards removes the effect of the offset (i.e. the effect of the adapter) from the measurements, as well as the effects of the probe and cabling.
The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a plan view of an exemplary integrated circuit package, having an adapter connected by bond wires to the, inner terminals of the package in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 1 taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged detail view of a portion of FIG. 1 showing an exemplary embodiment of an adapter in accordance with the invention.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, an exemplary integrated circuit package 10 is mounted on a circuit board 12 which in turn is mounted on a chuck 14 of a conventional probe station. The package 10 comprises a recessed well 16 into which protrude surrounding arrays of internal package terminals 18 intended to be connected by bond wires or other suitable interface structures with an integrated circuit (not shown) to be positioned in the well 16. The package 10 also includes arrays of external terminals 20 for connection to the circuit board 12, each external terminal 20 being connected to a respective internal terminal 18.
Mounted within the well 16, in place of an integrated circuit, is an exemplary embodiment of an adapter 22 in accordance with the present invention. The adapter 22, which is more fully described hereafter, is connected by respective bond wires 24 to respective ones of the internal terminals 18 of the package 10. The purpose of the adapter 22 is to allow measurements of the electrical characteristics of the package 10 by enabling the contacts of one or more planar, controlled-impedance transmission line probes such as 26 to communicate with selected ones of the bond wires 24 and, through them, with the terminals 18 of the package 10. For one port measurements, only a single probe 26 is employed, whereas for two port measurements an additional probe 26' may be used to contact the external terminals 20 or other convenient points on the circuit board 12. Also, cross talk measurements can be performed by placing multiple probes in contact with the adapter 22 simultaneously from opposite directions.
All of the probes referred to herein are preferably wafer probes of the coplanar controlled-impedance transmission line type as described, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,143 which is incorporated herein by reference, and comprise tapered dielectric probe boards having ground and signal conductors on their bottom surfaces converging toward a tip where they are terminated by a plurality of spaced-apart, substantially coplanar contacts 28 (FIG. 3). Alternatively, other types of planar controlled-impedance transmission line probes, such as multiplane microstrip probes, terminated at their tips by coplanar contacts could be employed. The number of contacts and corresponding transmission line conductors on a probe can vary from as little as one ground reference and one signal contact, as shown on probe 26" in FIG. 3, to an array of contacts having alternating signal and ground reference contacts. A probe having one signal contact positioned between a pair of ground reference contacts, as depicted on probe 26 in FIG. 3, is a common arrangement.
With further reference to FIG. 3, the adapter 22 comprises a dielectric substrate 30 having an array of spaced-apart, substantially coplanar conductive strips 32, preferably of gold, deposited thereon. The conductive strips 32 are arranged in side-by-side relationship with a uniform, center-to-center spacing forming multiple controlled-impedance transmission lines, and with their ends in alignment with one another along the edge 34 of the adapter. The center-to-center spacing of the strips 32 is selected so as to match the center-to-center spacing of the connecting pads of the particular integrated circuit to be connected to the terminals 18 of the package 10. In addition, the position of the adapter 22 relative to the terminals 18 of the package is selected so that the distance 36 separating the package terminals 18 from the conductive strips 32 is the same distance as that intended to separate the terminals 18 from the connecting pads of the selected integrated circuit. Also the connecting bond wires 24 between the package terminals 18 and the conductive strips 32 are selected so as to be identical to those intended to interconnect the package terminals and the connecting pads of the selected integrated circuit.
The array of conductive strips 32 on the adapter 22 is arranged such that a group of wider strips 32', interconnected on the substrate 30 at their bases by conductive material 38, are interposed alternately between narrower conductive strips 32" which are not so interconnected. The interconnected wider strips 32' are intended to serve as ground references located conveniently adjacent to the respective strips 32" which are intended to serve as signal or power terminals. By connecting one or more of the strips 32' by a respective bond wire 24 to any ground reference terminal such as 18a of the package 10, all of the strips 32' thereby become ground references whether or not they are directly connected by their own bond wires to a ground reference terminal of the package. This arrangement permits a signal terminal such as 18b of the package 10, which is not conveniently adjacent to any ground reference terminal of the package, nevertheless to be measured by contacting the corresponding signal strip 32b of the adapter 22 with the central signal contact 28 of a probe 26, while the outer ground reference contacts of the probe 26 simultaneously contact the ground reference strips 32a on either side of the signal strip 32b.
To enable calibration of the probe connection by removing not only the effect of the probe and cabling from the measurement, but also the effects of the adapter 22, a special set of impedance standards is provided on the dielectric substrate 30 of the adapter 22, insulated electrically from the conductive strips 32. The impedance standards include a 50 ohm resistance standard 40, comprising a length of resistive material 42, with spaced conductive leads 44 of the same conductive material as strips 32 overlying the resistive material 42 such that the tips of the leads 44 are conductively interconnected by the resistive material 42. Other impedance standards include a short-circuit standard 46 having similar conductive leads 44 interconnected at their tips by the same conductive material, and an open-circuit standard 48 with leads 44 having no interconnection at their tips. A through-connection standard 50 is also provided having similar leads 44. The impedance standards 40, 46, 48 and 50 would be conventional if it were not for the presence of the conductive leads 44 attached to them, which have a center-to-center spacing substantially identical to that of the conductive strips 32 and, preferably, have at least portions thereof which are duplicative of corresponding portions of the conductive strips 32 as shown in FIG. 3. Calibration is carried out by means of measurements of the impedance standards, and resultant calculations of error factors in accordance with known mathematical techniques referred to in the Background of the Invention. The probe 26 contacts the leads 44 displaced from the respective impedance standards by a distance, such as 52, equal to the distance 54 by which the probe will be displaced from the various points of connection of the bond wires 24 to the conductive strips 32 during the subsequent actual measurements of the electrical characteristics of the package. The equality of the displacement distances 52 and 54, coupled with the duplicative nature of the leads 44 relative to the strips 32, causes the effects of the conductive strips 32 to be included in the calibration measurements of the impedance standards. Such inclusion during the calibration process thereby effectively removes the effects of the strips 32, and thus of the adapter 22, from the subsequent actual measurements, together with the effects of the probe and its cabling. Conversely, the effects of the bond wires 24, with their accurately representative lengths and spacings, are desirably included in the actual measurements together with the effects of the package 10.
In addition to the resistive material 42 used in the resistance standard 40, other resistive material underlies the conductive strips and conductive leads of the adapter 22. This includes resistive material 56 between the respective different impedance standards, resistive material 58 adjacent the bases of the respective conductive leads 44, and resistive material 60 adjacent the bases of the respective conductive strips 32. The resistive material, which may be of any suitable composition such as tantalum nitride or nickel chromium alloy, is employed at 56, 58 and 60 primarily for the purpose of damping ground resonances in the adapter 22.
The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow.
|Cited Patent
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|Carlton, D. E., et al., "Accurate Measurement of High-Speed Package and Interconnect Parasitics", IEEE 1988 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, Jan. 1988, vol. CH2584-1/88/000-0138, pp. 23.3.1-23.3.7.
|Carlton, D. E., et al., Accurate Measurement of High Speed Package and Interconnect Parasitics , IEEE 1988 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, Jan. 1988, vol. CH2584 1/88/000 0138, pp. 23.3.1 23.3.7.
|Cascade Microtech, Inc., "Electrical Operation", Model 42-42D Microwave Probe Station Instruction Manual, Chap. 4, at 4-1 to 4-42, (12/1987).
|Cascade Microtech, Inc., Electrical Operation , Model 42 42D Microwave Probe Station Instruction Manual, Chap. 4, at 4 1 to 4 42, (12/1987).
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|Method of evaluating signal conditions in a probe measurement network having a plurality of separate measurement channels
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|Dec 14, 1999
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|Test apparatus for measuring a characteristic of a device under test
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|Probe station thermal chuck with shielding for capacitive current
|Mar 5, 2004
|Nov 11, 2004
|John Dunklee
|Switched suspended conductor and connection
|Apr 21, 2004
|Nov 25, 2004
|Craig Stewart
|Chuck for holding a device under test
|Aug 6, 2004
|Jan 13, 2005
|Harris Daniel L.
|Optical testing device
|Sep 28, 2004
|Feb 24, 2005
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|System for evaluating probing networks
|Mar 5, 2004
|Apr 28, 2005
|Lesher Timothy E.
|Probe testing structure
|Sep 25, 2003
|May 12, 2005
|John Dunklee
|Probe station with low inductance path
|Aug 26, 2004
|Jun 30, 2005
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|Feb 11, 2005
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|Wafer probe station having a skirting component
|Mar 21, 2005
|Dec 29, 2005
|Mcfadden Bruce
|Localizing a temperature of a device for testing
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|Dec 9, 2005
|May 18, 2006
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|System for evaluating probing networks
|Dec 22, 2005
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|Aufbau und Verfahren zur Auswertung von Signalzust�nden in einem Sondenme�netzwerk
|U.S. Classification
|324/750.02, 333/246, 324/762.03, 324/754.07
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 9, 1990
Owner name: CASCADE MICROTECH, INC.,, OREGON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CARLTON, DALE E.;JONES, KEITH E.;MYERS, THOMAS A.;REEL/FRAME:005255/0819
Effective date: 19900306
|Sep 1, 1992
|Certificate of correction
|Jul 11, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 11, 1995
Owner name: BANK OF AMERICA OREGON, OREGON
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CASCADE MICROTECH, INC.;REEL/FRAME:007289/0192
Effective date: 19941129
|Mar 2, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 30, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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text: Liana Barrientos appears in Judge Steven Barrett's courtroom at the Bronx Supreme Court during an arraignment Friday in New York. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez) [ NYC woman pleads not guilty in fake-marriages case By Associated Press April 10, 2015 NEW YORK (AP) -- A woman tied the knot 10 times in an immigration scam and is still listed as married to four of the men, including one who was deported because of threats against the United States, prosecutors said Friday. Read More|Comment Category: Nation & World, News Tags: immigration, marriage Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Read more about the diagnosis of, and treatment options for, fecal incontinence.
SOLESTA® is indicated for the treatment of fecal incontinence in patients 18 years and older who have failed conservative therapy (eg. diet, fiber therapy, anti-motility medications).
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Named after a psychotic prostitute, Molly Hatchet was one of the more successful Southern Rock bands of recent memory. The Floridians found their niche with a few radio friendly hits in the late 70's and early 80's, and though they were successful they shared Skynyrd and the Allman's "shadow" with bands like 38 Special, Marshall Tucker and the Atlanta Rhythm Section. Like the other Southern Rock bands, Molly Hatchet could have a shot should the Hall feels another Southern Rock band deserves entry though there appears to be little evidence of that happening.
The Bullet Points:
Eligible Since:
Country of Origin:
U.S.A. (Jacksonville, FL)
Nominated In:
NIHOF's Favorite Album:
Flirtin' With Disaster (1979)
NIHOF's Favorite Song:Satisfied Man (From The Deed is Done, 1984)
Should Molly Hatchet be in the Hall of Fame?
(You must be registered and logged in to vote!)
Definitely put them in! - 20%
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text:
Relax by the River Wey in our cosy Cafe Bar.
We are currently not serving meals in the Café Bar, but we have a number of delightful snack options for you to enjoy. We continue to serve hot drinks, alcoholic beverages and confectionary. The Café Bar opening times are Monday to Saturday from 10am until 5pm or until the show ends on performance nights (excluding films). The Electric Theatre Café Bar is a great place to meet friends, have a break from Guildford town centre, and relax by the River Wey.
Mondays to Saturdays: 10am - 5pm (non performance days)
Sundays: We are generally not open on Sunday, only if there is a event taking place in the building.
With additional activities like colouring in and children's books, our Café is a great place for families in central Guildford.
We have complimentary Wi-Fi for all our Café Bar visitors, but please bear in mind if using your laptop that the tables may be needed if we're busy.
Thinking of organising an event? You can hire our Cafe Bar and catering services. Find out more on our Venue Hire page.
Last updated: 27 June 2015 14:30 PM


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Anita Renfroe Performs at Gallo Center for the Arts, 1/24
Clean comedian and author Anita Renfroe became an overnight sensation on YouTube singing everything a mother says to her children in a single day to the tune of "The William Tell Overture" in just two minutes and fifty-five seconds. It was viewed by millions.
The comic is making her Gallo Center debut on Thursday, January 24 at 7 pm. Tickets range in price from $10 to $45. Groups of 15 people or more qualify for a 15% discount. Tickets are available online at GalloArts.org, by phone at (209) 338-2100, or at the ticket office, 1000 I Street in downtown Modesto.
With her unique brand of estrogen-flavored musical comedy and blend of sass, edge and slightly offbeat takes on "all things female," Renfroe is known for saying what everyone is thinking, but won't say out loud.
Renfroe is the author of Hyperion release "Don't Say I Didn't Warn You: Kids, Carbs, and the Coming Hormonal Apocalypse," and she is wife to her "hunka burnin' love" John, and mother to three adult children. When they are not standing at the luggage carousel in various airports looking for their bags so she can put on clean clothes and get to the next comedy concert, they reside in suburban Atlanta.
About Author
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Home / News / Technology news / Sensor Technology on Your Farm
Sensor Technology on Your Farm
By: David Ekstrom
Sensor technology is an ever-evolving field. Check out some of these modern and future examples.
MORE FROM DAVID EKSTROM more +
Downforce Technology-Machinery Show 818 By: David Ekstrom07/09/2015 @ 1:43pm Originally aired July 9, 2015.
A Shop Built for the Ranch-Machinery Show By: David Ekstrom07/06/2015 @ 3:04pm Originally aired July 7, 2015.
Cover Crops Part 2-Machinery Show 816 By: David Ekstrom07/06/2015 @ 1:15pm Originally aired June 25, 2015.


text:
Tails Fanchanged their custom title to "THE CLUSTER!"
10 hours ago
Tails Fanchanged their custom title to "Feel my unrivaled wrath!"
Oct 03, 15 7:53pm
Tails Fanchanged their avatar to
Oct 03, 15 7:52pm
Tails Fan
Oct 01, 15 4:07pm
re: Xbox Live core services unavailable for some gamers as Microsoft investigates connectivity issues
Tails Fanchanged their avatar to
Sep 27, 15 8:14pm
Tails Fan
Sep 24, 15 6:51pm
quote CoreXRetroread moreIf I am going to play a game, I want one that I can log many hours into it without...
Tails Fanadded Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee (PC) to their own list
Sep 24, 15 12:16am
Tails Fan
Sep 23, 15 5:59pm
Lego games all over again? read more
Tails Fan
Sep 18, 15 10:15pm
quote Oglopread more
Tails Fanchanged their custom title to "We're Dimmadone."
Sep 17, 15 4:07pm
Tails Fanchanged their avatar to
Sep 17, 15 4:06pm
Tails FanHello.
Sep 17, 15 4:05pm
Tails Fan
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Will it be Free though? read more
Tails Fan
Sep 14, 15 5:06pm
Holy read more
Tails Fanstarted a discussion titled "Teachers outside School?" in Loungin'
Sep 04, 15 4:23pm
Tails Fanstarted a discussion titled "Huge Wind Storm Battering West Coast." in Loungin'
Aug 31, 15 6:22am
Tails Fan
Aug 28, 15 12:05pm
quote Shinobi_razorYeah. Links instead. read moreAgatioGanon dude I'm not going to look back at your 3 year old posts LOL.
Tails Fan
Aug 27, 15 10:31pm
AgatioGanon read more
Tails Fan
Aug 26, 15 10:34pm
quote AgatioGanonread moreI don't want this piece of garbage in Super Smash Bros, I want Isaac where is...


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Ann Arbor, MI—Amazon has become the 800-pound gorilla in the retail world. And as the latest results from ForeSee, the customer analytics firm, show, consumers continue to be pleased by the Internet behemoth's customer service.
In its eighth annual Holiday E-Retail Satisfaction Index released today and based upon some 24,000 customer surveys collected between Thanksgiving and Christmas, Amazon continues to rate "head of the class." This year's report measures satisfaction among 100 retailers this year, up from 40 last year.
Aggregate customer satisfaction stagnates, scoring 78 on a 100-point scale. Though satisfaction with top retailers remains the same, a few big-name retailers suffered declines, including Apple and Dell. But the biggest year-over-year decline goes to JCPenney.com, with a 6% decline to 78.
"This year, we're seeing that even some of the largest companies in the country are at risk if they lose sight of customer satisfaction," said Larry Freed, ForeSee president/ceo. "Satisfaction with the customer experience, when measured correctly, is the most important predictor of future success, and while Amazon clearly gets it, Apple stumbles from their usual focus on the customer experience. Dell and JCPenney seem to be struggling to find their way, which could make them extremely vulnerable to competitors."
'Emulate' Amazon
Meanwhile, Amazon.com continues to set the standard for customer satisfaction, matching the record high of 88 it set last year in the holiday edition of the Index. Amazon has had the highest scores in the Index for eight years in a row, consistently setting a pace that other retailers don't seem to be able to touch. Their high score is partially because of the appeal and variety of merchandise they offer, a priority area for some other retailers.
"At this point, Amazon has been dominant for so long and has such a history of focusing on the customer, its hard to imagine anyone else coming close," added Freed. "Companies should emulate Amazon's focus on the customer, which is clearly linked to superior revenues over the years."
The range of scores among the top 100 retailers spans from Amazon's high of 88 to a score of 72 shared by Gilt.com and Fingerhut.com.
The Index shows that customer satisfaction does indeed matter, too. Compared to shoppers who report being dissatisfied with a website, highly satisfied shoppers say they are 67% more likely to consider the company the next time they purchase a similar product. Satisfied shoppers also report being far more likely to return to the site, recommend it and stay loyal to the brand.
Furthermore, analysis of top e-retailers has shown that, on average, a one-point change in website satisfaction was found to predict a 14% change in the log of revenues generated on the web." www.foreeresults.com
For commercial purposes, extract supplements can be obtained from the fruit of the pericarp. Garcinia cambogia reviews is performed by a physician Chen and Oz to prove that it is an herb for weight loss, a lot of research has been done. Studies, Garcinia cambogia extract supplementation decreases the weight of the body fat accumulation, was shown to have a positive effect on prevention. We are important substances such as cholesterol (LDL), reduces the serum leptin and triglycerides. In addition, it will increase the level of serotonin and cholesterol (HDL). The study also, Garcinia cambogia extract supplements, has proven that there are no significant adverse effects on many of the eight weeks, such as its use.