text: Home > Medical > Diseases Updated 19 May 2015 Fatigue Fatigue is a common condition that involves feeling unusually tired. 0 SummaryFatigue is a common condition that involves feeling unusually tired.This may be a sign of illness and should never be ignored.Fatigue may be caused by many different physical and emotional factors.A healthy lifestyle, including eating a balanced diet and exercising, can help relieve and prevent fatigue.DefinitionFatigue is a condition characterised by feeling unusually tired for no apparent reason, drained of energy or exhausted. The symptom can also lead to feelings of inadequacy, low motivation and depression. Simply, fatigue is a signal that something is wrong somewhere in the body and the body is slowing down in order to cope.CausesThere may be many reasons for the onset of fatigue, and the possible causes may be either physical or emotional.Possible physical causes:Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (M.E.) (fatigue that lasts for six months or more) – also known as Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) or Chronic Fatigue SyndromeSystemic lupus erythematosus or other connective tissue diseasesPoor dietAllergiesMultiple sclerosisHypothyroidismLeukaemiaHIVAnaemiaPremenstrual Syndrome (PMS)MenopauseLack of sleep after childbirth and when taking care of young children or sick or disabled personsMigraine headaches Possible emotional causes:Burnout (wearing yourself out by trying to do too much)Boredom (extreme monotony or lack of interest in daily routines)Change (facing a major life crisis, decision or change like divorce or retirement)DepressionAnxietyWho gets it and who is at risk?Fatigue is a very common symptom in many health problems suffered by women, but in no way does this imply that fatigue is exclusively a women's concern and many men suffer too.Treatment Once the cause of fatigue is determined, correct treatment can be provided. It is therefore important to keep track of any additional symptoms you may be experiencing, so that both physical and emotional causes can be identified and dealt with. For example, oestrogen replacement therapy can help with the fatigue that results from the loss of sleep with menopause; iron supplements can help with the fatigue that results from iron-deficiency anaemia and so on.Home treatment and preventionDepending on the reasons for your fatigue, the following measures may help to restore your energy levels:Follow a healthy diet. Both extreme overeating and crash dieting can tax the body and lead to exhaustion. Skipping an important meal like breakfast or indulging in high fat and/or rich, sugary snacks can lead to fatigue. On the other hand, iron-rich foods, whole-grain breads and cereals, and raw fruits and vegetables contain the nutrients your body needs to avoid fatigue. It may help to keep your energy levels at a consistent level to eat five to six light meals a day, instead of three large ones.Get more exercise. Keeping fit can help maintain normal, consistent energy levels, and is especially important if you work at a sedentary job. Exercise also acts as a tranquilizer, counteracting emotionally induced anxiety or weariness. If you're feeling sluggish, try taking a brisk, invigorating walk in the fresh air.Cool off. Working or playing in hot weather can drag you down, as can living or working in a warm, poorly ventilated environment. The solution to these problems is to rest in a cool, dry atmosphere as often as you can, drink plenty of liquids and open a window.Rest and relax. A good night's sleep can put the spring back in your stride and daily relaxation breaks can also restore your energy. Schedule your day to allow relaxation breaks, in which you practise deep breathing, meditation or yoga.Change your routine. Nothing makes you feel stale faster than doing the same activities over and over. Try to do something novel and interesting once or more times a day. If, on the other hand, you're on the go too much and feel over-stimulated, set aside some time for peace and quiet.Lighten your workload. Delegate tasks to others when you can, both at work and at home. Ask for help when you need it from family and friends or hire help if necessary.Do something for yourself. Plan time to do things that meet only your needs, not just those of others.Avoid too much caffeine and alcohol and don't use illegal drugs: these substances may feel as if they are giving you a quick "pick-me-up", but in fact they can trigger fatigue.When to call the doctorFatigue can be a sign of serious illness, so always consult a doctor rather than simply trying self-help measures.Reviewed by Prof Helmuth Reuter, FRCP (Edinburgh), FCP (SA), MMed (US), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital More in Medical Oral Health More: MedicalDiseases advertisement Get a quote Momentum - save up to 35% on healthcare advertisement Read Health24's Comments Policy Comment on this story 0 comments Comments have been closed for this article. Logout Comment 0 characters remaining Share on Facebook Loading comments... 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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 4, 2004
|Filing date
|May 2, 2003
|Priority date
|May 2, 2003
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kenneth Ray, Bryan Willman
|Original Assignee
|Ray Kenneth D, Willman Bryan Mark
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (20), Classifications (13), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[0001] The present invention relates generally to the field of debuggers. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of plural execution environments in tandem, and provides techniques that support the use of a debugger running in a first of the execution environments to debug a process running in a second of the execution environments.
[0002] Generally, a debugger is a tool designed to help find errors in another program by allowing a user to step through the program, examine data, and check conditions. This is done in order to allow analysis of a program in its running state, thereby providing a tool for troubleshooting problems and/or otherwise improving the performance of the program.
[0003] A debugger works by "attaching" to a particular process (the "debuggee") and, typically, by performing some or all of the following operations, either under the control of a user or in response to calls or conditions in the debuggee process:
[0004] (1) read and/or write process memory for the debuggee process;
[0005] (2) get and/or set the thread context for the debuggee process;
[0006] (3) control running threads of the debuggee process; and
[0007] (4) handle debug events that occur in the debuggee process.
[0008] The debugger can not directly perform these functions for or on the debuggee, since in general operating systems protect processes from each other, including their specific data, registers, control information, and any other like state of a given process . For example, operating systems do not generally allow one process to access process memory or thread context of another process. Instead of such direct access between threads, the kernel of a given operating system, or some other privileged software acting on behalf or instead of the kernel, mediates between the debugger process and debuggee process. For example, when a debugger process would like to get the context for a thread of the debuggee process, the kernel first receives the request, verifies that the debugger has the correct permissions to perform the requested action, and, if it does, provides the debugger with the requested portions of the debuggee process' thread context (for a read) or writes the requested data to the debuggee process' thread context (for a write).
[0009] Remote debugging is used when a debugger is run on a first system and the program being debugged ("debuggee" program) is running on a second system. In order to facilitate this remote debugging, a "debug stub" also runs on the second system. Remote debugging allows the debugger user interface to run on the first system in order to debug the debuggee program, which provides flexibility for the user of the debugger program where, for example, running the debugger program on the second system is not convenient or feasible. The debug stub serves as a surrogate for the debugger on the second system. When the debugger wishes to get the context for a thread of the debuggee process on the second system, for example, the request is passed to the debug stub, which communicates with the kernel on the second system and obtains the information.
[0010] However, it may be desirable to allow two execution environments (either in a single computing environment or in more than one computing environment) to interact with each other while preventing events at one of the execution environments from undermining the ability of another to behave as it is expected to behave. For example, two or more operating systems that run on a single machine are examples of execution environments that may need to interact with each other in a single computing environment. If this is the case, and one of the execution environments includes a high assurance component whose behavioral specification requires it not to "leak" information outside of itself, it can be appreciated that such a high assurance component (such as a high assurance operating system) cannot trust another kernel with the task of dispatching a thread, since the act of dispatching the thread would necessarily give the dispatching operating system access to the thread's register contents. Additionally, there are various other types of attacks to an operating system that are based on scheduling threads to run at inappropriate times (e.g., running threads that have been designated as not runnable, or running a thread that is already running).
[0011] In such a case, it may be desirable for a first operating system to make scheduling decisions about certain of the second (high assurance) operating system's processes (e.g., how to account for a thread's priority), but the ultimate dispatch of the second operating system's processes is performed by the second operating system—which can protect itself from an attack by refusing to perform the dispatch if conditions are not appropriate to run the thread. For processes that are to work in this bifurcated manner ("bifurcated processes"), a "work process" is created in the second operating system, and a corresponding "shadow process" is created in the first operating system. Where processes include multiple threads, multiple bifurcated threads are created. The thread scheduler of the first operating system is used to schedule the threads of the shadow processes by scheduling the shadow process to run.
[0012] Whenever a thread of a shadow process is dispatched, the ultimate effect is to run the corresponding thread of the corresponding work process in the second operating system. The mechanism by which the work process is invoked is that every shadow process contains an instruction to change context to the second operating system with a request that the corresponding work process be run. The threads in the second operating system are referred to as work threads because these are the threads that will actually perform the substantive work that needs to be done in the second operating system. The work threads are in contrast to the shadow threads, whose function is to be schedulable by the first operating system's scheduler so that they can invoke the work threads. In this way, the use of the first operating system cannot cause the high assurance second operating system to behave in an unintended manner by incorrectly scheduling operating system's threads.
[0013] Shadow threads may be created by an agent of the second operating system that executes inside of the first operating system. This agent is an ordinary thread or process running under the first operating system. The agent communicates with the second operating system. When the second operating system creates a thread, it informs the agent that the new thread has been created, and also informs the agent of the new thread's internal thread ID. The agent then instantiates a shadow thread in the first operating system. The shadow thread knows the thread ID that has been communicated to the agent. When the shadow thread runs and invokes a context switch back to the second operating system, the shadow thread uses the thread ID to instruct the second operating system which thread should be started.
[0014] However, because of the high assurance nature of one environment, it may not be advisable to allow a debugging process running on one operating system to debug a process on a high assurance second execution environment. A debugger may not be available on the high assurance environment, or it may be inadvisable to allow the use of such a debugger to maintain the assured nature of the environment. Similarly, a debug stub may be unavailable for an environment or it may not be advisable to use a debug stub in an environment in order to maintain the assured nature of the environment. Where shadow threads are being used, the traditional methods of remote debugging with a debug stub can not be used, as each process is scheduled in one environment but the context and other process information is stored in the high assurance second execution environment. However, debugging is an important tool.
[0015] In view of the foregoing there is a need for a system that overcomes the drawbacks of the prior art.
[0016] The present invention provides a debugger running in a first execution environment for use on processes running in a high assurance second execution environment. A first execution environment performs scheduling for a bifurcated process executing in a high assurance second execution environment by having a shadow process run in the first execution environment which can be scheduled, and a corresponding work process in the high assurance second environment which performs the work when the shadow process is scheduled time by the first execution environment. Debugging is performed by a debugger which has debug access to the first execution environment (either a debugger process running in the first execution environment or remotely, where a debugger process is running in a third environment but a debug stub is running in the first execution environment).
[0017] The debugger attaches to the shadow process, and, in one embodiment of the invention, the "shadow" nature of the shadow process (the fact that the work is performed by a corresponding work process in the second execution environment) is transparent to the debugger. All debugger inputs and requests (read and/or write process memory; get and/or set thread context for the threads of the process; control running threads; handle debug events) appear to the debugger as they would if the shadow process were the debuggee process.
[0018] However, debugger is concerned with the process memory and thread context for the work process running in the second execution environment, and not that of the shadow process. In one embodiment, in order for the debugger process to read and/or write process memory or to get and/or set thread context for the process, the kernel of the first execution environment receives the debugger's request for this information for the shadow process. The kernel of the first execution environment analyzes the request, and first makes the standard determination of whether the request is from a debugger with privileges to debug the debuggee process, for which it is requesting information. If it is, the kernel of the first execution environment determines whether the debuggee process is a shadow process. If the debuggee process is a shadow process, the kernel of the first execution environment passes the request to the kernel of the second execution environment, which, first, performs a security check to determine if the debugger process of the first execution environment has the authorization to debug the debuggee process in the second execution environment, and, second, performs the requested read and/or write for the work process's process memory or performs the requested get and/or set thread context for the work thread.
[0019] Where the debugger's request relates to the control of running threads, for example where the debugger needs to signal, stop, or terminate threads, the debugger request is again made regarding the shadow thread to the kernel in the first execution environment. However, because the shadow thread is the thread which is used for scheduling the work thread, the request can remain in the first execution environment. After determining that the debugger process had the requisite permissions with respect to the shadow thread, the kernel in the first execution environment simply performs the request on the shadow thread. Because the shadow thread is used to schedule the work thread, a signal to stop, for example, which is made by the debugger to the shadow thread is transmitted to the work thread.
[0020] Additionally, all events occurring in the debuggee process must be reported to the debugger process. For example, for SEH (structured exception handling), exceptions can occur in any process. These exceptions are first caught by the kernel (or controlling privileged software), for that given process. In most systems the kernel handles these exceptions in a structured maner given both the process and a debugger, if present, the opportunity to gracefully handle the exception. Specifically, the kernel might, in turn first calls the debugger, if present (first chance debugging), second, passes the exception to the exception handler of the process in question, if the exception handler for that process is present, third, pass the results to the debugger, if present (second chance debugging), and fourth, if the exception has still not been adequately handled, terminate the process. In one embodiment of this invention a shadow process is running on a first execution environment and a corresponding work process is running on a second execution environment, such exceptions may occur in the work process and be reported to the kernel in the second execution environment on which the work process is executing. When this occurs, if the debugger is attached to the shadow process, and the kernel in the second execution environment has determined that the debugger has sufficient authorization to debug the work process, the kernel in the second execution environment passes the exception to the kernel in the first execution environment for communication to the debugger attached to the shadow process, as if the exception has happened for the shadow process.
[0021] Other features of the invention are described below.
[0022] The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings exemplary constructions of the invention; however, the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed. In the drawings:
[0023]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary computing environment in which aspects of the invention may be implemented;
[0024]FIG. 2 is a block diagram two exemplary execution environments that maintain some interaction with each other and some separation from each other;
[0025]FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary environment in which debugging is occurring on a bifurcated thread according to the present invention;
[0026]FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a process of responding to a debugging request according to one embodiment of the present invention;
[0027]FIG. 5 s a flow diagram of a process of responding to a debugging request according to one embodiment of the present invention; and
[0028]FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a process of responding to a debugging request according to one embodiment of the present invention.
[0029] Overview
[0030] When two operating systems run side-by-side on a single machine, they may need to engage in certain types of interaction with each other. One such interaction involves the use of bifurcated processes. The present invention provides techniques that support the debugging of such bifurcated processes.
[0031] Exemplary Computing Arrangement
[0032]FIG. 1 shows an exemplary computing environment in which aspects of the invention may be implemented. The computing system environment 100 is only one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the invention. Neither should the computing environment 100 be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment 100.
[0033] The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, embedded systems, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
[0034] The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network or other data transmission medium. In a distributed computing environment, program modules and other data may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
[0035] With reference to FIG. 1, an exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer 110. Components of computer 110 may include, but are not limited to, a processing unit 120, a system memory 130, and a system bus 121 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 120. The processing unit 120 may represent multiple logical processing units such as those implemented on a multi-threaded processor. The system bus 121 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus (also known as Mezzanine bus). The system bus 121 may also be implemented as a point-to-point connection, switching fabric, or the like, among the communicating devices.
[0036] Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CDROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
[0037] The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 1 illustrates operating system 134, application programs 135, other program modules 136, and program data 137.
[0038] The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only, FIG. 1 illustrates a hard disk drive 140 that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive 151 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk 152, and an optical disk drive 155 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk 156, such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive 141 is typically connected to the system bus 121 through an non-removable memory interface such as interface 140, and magnetic disk drive 151 and optical disk drive 155 are typically connected to the system bus 121 by a removable memory interface, such as interface 150.
[0039] The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 1, provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer 110. In FIG. 1, for example, hard disk drive 141 is illustrated as storing operating system 144, application programs 145, other program modules 146, and program data 147. Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system 134, application programs 135, other program modules 136, and program data 137. Operating system 144, application programs 145, other program modules 146, and program data 147 are given different numbers here to illustrate that, at a minimum, they are different copies. A user may enter commands and information into the computer 20 through input devices such as a keyboard 162 and pointing device 161, commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 120 through a user input interface 160 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 191 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 121 via an interface, such as a video interface 190. In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 197 and printer 196, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 190.
[0040] The computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in FIG. 1. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 1 include a local area network (LAN) 171 and a wide area network (WAN) 173, but may also include other networks. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.
[0041] When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 1 illustrates remote application programs 185 as residing on memory device 181. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.
[0042] Plural Execution Environments on a Single Machine
[0043] Two operating systems can execute side-by-side on a single computing device. FIG. 2 shows a system in which two operating systems 134(1) and 134(2) execute on a single computer (computing environment 110.) Some type of logical separation 202 exists between operating systems 134(1) and 134(2), such that a certain amount of interaction 204 is permitted between operating systems 134(1) and 134(2), while still allowing at least one of the operating systems to be protected against events that originate in the other operating system.
[0044] Operating system 134(2) may be a "high-assurance" operating system, the kernel of which will be referred to herein as a "nexus." A "high assurance" operating system is one that provides a certain level of assurance as to its behavior. For example, a nexus might be employed to work with secret information (e.g., cryptographic keys, etc.) that should not be divulged, by utilizing a curtained memory that is guaranteed not to leak information to the world outside of the nexus, and by permitting only certain certified applications to execute under the nexus and to access the curtained memory. Since the expectation that the nexus will behave according to its specification may be higher than the expectations imposed on the main operating system, the nexus should not interact with the main operating system in any way that would allow events happening at the main operating system to compromise the behavior of the nexus.
[0045] When the kernel of operating system 134(2) is a nexus, it is desirable to construct separation 202 such that operating system 134(2) can interact with operating system 134(1) in order to borrow operating system 134(1)'s infrastructure, while still allowing operating system 134(2) to protect itself from actions (either malicious or innocent) that arise at operating system 134(1) and might cause operating system 134(2) to behave in a manner contrary to its behavioral specifications. (It will be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the case where the kernel of operating system 134(2) is a nexus.) Techniques are disclosed herein that allows separation 202 to be constructed so as to allow for this balance of interaction and protection.
[0046] Debugging in Plural Computing Environments with Shadow and Work Threads
[0047] As described above, it may be desirable to allow two execution environments (either on a single machine or on more than one machine) to interact with each other while preventing events at one of the execution environments from undermining the ability of another to behave as it is expected to behave. For example, as described above, one of the execution environments may be high security and contain a nexus. In this case and other plural computing environments, it may be useful to bifurcate threads, so the nexus does not need to contain a thread scheduler for these threads. This allows the nexus to be smaller and simpler, reducing the possibility that secure information may be leaked. Bifurcated threads consist of a shadow thread in a first execution environment, which will be scheduled by the scheduler of the first execution environment, and a work thread in a second execution environment, which is associated with the actual process memory and thread context for the thread and actually performs the work associated with the bifurcated thread. The scheduler of the first execution environment schedules the shadow thread as it would any other thread in the first execution environment.
[0048] Just as processes may involve a multiplicity of threads, a bifurcated process may use more than one thread. Each of the threads of a bifurcated process will have a work thread in the second operating system and a corresponding shadow thread in the first execution environment.
[0049] In order to debug bifurcated programs, as shown in FIG. 3, a debugger 350 runs on the first execution environment 310. While debugger 350 is depicted in FIG. 3 as a process running in first execution environment 310, the invention is not so limited, and any debugger which can act on processes in first execution environment 310 is contemplated. For example, a remote debugger may be used in combination with a debug stub in the first execution environment.
[0050] The debugger 350 attaches to the shadow process 320, and interacts with the shadow process 320 and the kernel 330 of first execution environment 310. Shadow process 320 is the shadow process of a bifurcated process, and the companion to shadow process 320 is work process 325, which runs on nexus 335 in second execution environment 315. While in FIG. 3, a nexus 335 is shown in second execution environment 315 implying that second execution environment 315 is a high assurance execution environment as described above, the invention is not limited to systems which include a high assurance execution environment. Shadow process 320 is scheduled by the scheduler of the first execution environment 310 and, when it runs, simply performs a context switch to work process 325. The bifurcated process can be thought of, for scheduling purposes, as shadow process 320. In first execution environment 310 there may be debugging infrastructure which provides debugging information regarding shadow process 320, such as how frequently shadow process 320 runs, how frequently and how shadow process 320 fails/crashes and in what ways, and other statistics regarding the performance of shadow process 320 in first execution environment 310.
[0051] However, while shadow process 320 is a process with its own context and process memory, the actual work for the process conceptually bifurcated into shadow process 320 and work process 325 is performed by work process 325. Therefore, to debug this bifurcated process, according to the present invention, the process state (thread contexts and process memory) for work process 325 is provided to the debugger 350, as is notification of debug events occurring in work process 325.
[0052] As shown in FIG. 3, when debugger 350 performs a read process memory request, a write process memory request, a get thread context request, or a set thread context request, debugger 350 sends this request to kernel 330. The request is directed towards shadow process 320. As shown in FIG. 4, upon receiving such a request, the kernel 330 first makes a determination 410 that the target of the request is a shadow process 320, and that the entity making the request is a debugger. When this determination has been made, the kernel 330 passes 420 the request to nexus 335 to be performed on work thread 325. The response, if any, to the request is returned to debugger 350 through kernel 330. In one embodiment, debugger 350 has no information that the thread it is debugging is, in fact, a bifurcated thread and that its requests are directed towards a shadow thread. The path of these requests is indicated in FIG. 3 by request path 374.
[0053] While the thread context and process memory for the bifurcated process are the thread context and process memory of work thread 325, scheduling is performed in the first execution environment 310. Thus, as shown in FIG. 5, when a request is made by the debugger 350 to control the running threads of the bifurcated process (the request directed by the debugger at shadow thread 320) the kernel 330 determines 510 that the debugger 350 has made a scheduling request directed at shadow thread 320. The request is performed 520 in the first execution environment 310 as it would be if shadow thread 320 were not a shadow thread. The requests of the debugger 350 to signal, stop, or terminate the thread are performed on shadow thread 320. Because of the relationship between shadow thread 320 and work thread 325, these actions affect work thread 325. The path of these requests is indicated in FIG. 3 by request path 375.
[0054] When in the execution of work thread 325, a debug event occurs, notification of this debug event will be made to nexus 335. After checking for authorization, nexus 335 sends notification of the debug event to kernel 330. As shown in FIG. 6, such a notification is received 610 by kernel 330. Because debugger 350 is attached to the shadow thread 320 corresponding to the work thread 325 which generated the debug event notification, the notification is passed 620 to debugger 350. The path of this notification is indicated in FIG. 3 by notification path 376. A debug port may exist for threads on in the first execution environment 310. Such a debug port is a message queue associated with the process which collects debug event notifications and notifications of other events for the process. Where a debug port exists for shadow thread 320, these notifications for work thread 325 will be collected in the debug port 376.
[0055] The nexus 335 can control which of the work threads running on nexus 335 can be debugged. For example, it may have a digest which identifies each work process running on nexus 335 and indicates which of them may be debugged.
[0056] The kernel 330 maintains information about which processes running in first execution environment are shadow processes. In one embodiment, a symbol cache is maintained for kernel 330 for each bifurcated process in order to allow a debugger to attach with the correct information about symbols for the process.
[0057] Conclusion
[0058] It is noted that the foregoing examples have been provided merely for the purpose of explanation and are in no way to be construed as limiting of the present invention. While the invention has been described with reference to various embodiments, it is understood that the words which have been used herein are words of description and illustration, rather than words of limitations. Further, although the invention has been described herein with reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the particulars disclosed herein; rather, the invention extends to all functionally equivalent structures, methods and uses, such as are within the scope of the appended claims. Those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the teachings of this specification, may effect numerous modifications thereto and changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention in its aspects.
|Cited Patent
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|Mutek Solutions, Ltd.
|System and method for monitoring and analyzing the execution of computer programs
|Feb 5, 2002
|Sep 6, 2005
|Emc Corporation
|Debugging tool for efficient switching between targets in a multi-processor environment
|Dec 31, 2002
|Jul 1, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Virtual machine monitoring for application operation diagnostics
|Citing Patent
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|Jun 28, 2005
|Aug 4, 2009
|Microsoft Corporation
|Automated rootkit detector
|Jun 14, 2004
|Aug 24, 2010
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for system caller authentication
|Jun 25, 2008
|Mar 15, 2011
|Microsoft Corporation
|Process reflection
|Jan 15, 2008
|Apr 19, 2011
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and system for diagnosing an application
|Jul 25, 2008
|Jun 7, 2011
|Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
|Debug trace messaging with one or more characteristic indicators
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|Apparatus, system, and method for executing functions in an event driven environment from a co-routine environment
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|Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
|Dynamic address-type selection control in a data processing system
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|Dec 18, 2012
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Method and system of performing thread scheduling
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|Debug message generation using a selected address type
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|Microsoft Corporation
|Remote monitoring of local behavior of network applications
|Sep 30, 2010
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|Microsoft Corporation
|Debugger launch and attach on compute clusters
|Jun 14, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|John Worley
|Method and system for caller authentication
|Jun 28, 2005
|Dec 28, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
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|Sep 26, 2007
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|Microsoft Corporation
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|U.S. Classification
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Owner name: MICROSOFT CORPORATION, WASHINGTON
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YORK Teresa M. Weaver, 86, formerly of Hanover, entered into God's eternal care on November 30, 2012, at York Hospital following a short period of declining health. Born on June 7, 1926, in Hanover, she was a daughter of the late George A. and Margaret Eckenrode Gotwalt and wife of 51 years to the late George J. Weaver, who died in 2003. She was also preceded in death by a brother, James D. Gotwalt. A 1944 graduate of Delone Catholic High School, she had worked for Murphy's Five & Dime and later was employed as a secretary for the Bureau of Aeronautics and for the Representative of York County from 1944-1946. She was also employed by Hanover Hospital in the billing department from 1946-1956. Active within the community, she was a member of the Fourth Ward Election Board in Hanover and served 26 years as a former inspector of the Fourth Ward. A member of the Catholic War Veterans Auxiliary in Bonneauville. She enjoyed traveling, going to the theatre and eating out at restaurants with her family and friends. Invested in her children, she took great pleasure in cooking and watching her grandchildren grow up. Survivors include one daughter, Diane M. Weaver and her companion, Eric L. Brooks, of York; two sons, David V. Weaver and his wife, Lori of Fayetteville and Damian G. Weaver and his wife, Colleen M. of Lansdale; four grandchildren, Jacob P. Krichten of York, Christopher M. Weaver, now serving in Japan with the US Navy, and George G. and Anna Marie Weaver, both of Lansdale; a brother, Charles F. Gotwalt of Lewisberry; a sister, Patricia A. Martin of York. The Mass of Christian Burial will be held at 10 a.m. on Wednesday at St. Vincent de Paul Church with The Rev. Joseph A. Gotwalt serving as celebrant and The Rev. John D. Schmalhoffer serving as concelebrant. Burial will follow in St. Vincent Cemetery. The family will receive friends at a viewing from 6 to 8 p.m. Tuesday evening at Panebaker Funeral Home, 311 Broadway, Hanover. The Rosary will be recited at 8 p.m. Memorial contributions may be made in her name to St. Vincent de Paul Church, 220 Third St., Hanover, PA 17331; or to the
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Recovery Continues Two Weeks After Superstorm Sandy
A truck drives down a sand and dirt street while working in the... Fotografia de notíciasAcidentes e Desastres,Areia,Caridade e Ajuda,Cidade de Nova Iorque,Conduzir,Corte Transversal,Danificado,Distrito Residencial,EUA,Horizontal,Passeio de Tábuas,Península Rockaway,Queens,Rua,Solo,Tempestade,Trabalhar,Vento,ÁguaPhotographer Spencer PlattCollection: Getty Images News 2012 Getty ImagesNEW YORK, NY - NOVEMBER 14: A truck drives down a sand and dirt street while working in the clean-up in the heavily damaged Rockaway neighborhood where a large section of the iconic boardwalk was washed away on November 14, 2012 in the Queens borough of New York City. Two weeks after Superstorm Sandy slammed into parts of New York and New Jersey, thousands are still without power and heat. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images)


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The Internal Revenue Service has one more set of improprieties to address, as the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration reported in late June that IRS oversight for employee use of credit cards is insufficient, making the agency vulnerable for abuse.
In the report, TIGTA said the agency lacks a system to detect improper purchases that results in appropriate action, does not cancel cards before an employee leaves and does not have standards for what constitutes a split purchase between the agency and employees.
"The IRS does not have the controls in place to provide assurance that improper purchases do not occur and appropriate corrective action is taken," the report said. "Enhanced internal controls would provide greater assurance that IRS resources are being used more effectively and efficiently."
Among TIGTA recommendations was including in their guidelines that accounts be closed before employee departure, reducing pending transactions and defining what constitutes a split purchase. IRS management agreed with all 11 recommendations, saying they will implement all corrective actions. The agency said that it already has begun evaluating all referrals related to potential abuse, which was one of the recommendations.
"The majority of IRS cardholders appear to use their purchase cards properly," the report said. "However, TIGTA identified some instances of inappropriate use that include improper decorative and give-away items for managers' meetings and Combined Federal Campaign fundraising events."
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Reid Davenport is an FCW editorial fellow. Connect with him on Twitter: @ReidDavenport.
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Former ACT president will take a job with Gartner, follow his spouse to Vienna, Austria.
Supposedly the IRS is supposed to be looking for financial (tax) fraud in others but apparently is unable to stop it within their own ranks. Before that we heard that they were wasting tax dollars on frivilous activities, and before that it was their political harrassment scandal. Since we have not seen people getting fired or prosecuted for their unethical and/or illegal actions, I doubt that we will see anything serious done about this latest issue either.
I was wondering what card was being talked about and the very last paragraph implies PURCHASE. But the article is not clear if it is the purchase or travel card (which some folks call a purchase card also) that is at issue. The purchase card would make sense to make a fuss about since it is really a company credit card, however the employee TRAVEL card is in the employee's name and tied to his credit report, it is his credit hit if not paid (so says the fine print on mine), so what does it matter what is put on it? Only that it is paid off and the card company is happy.
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Welcome to Connaught School for Girls in the heart of Leytonstone, East London. It is my pleasure to lead and work with exceptional staff, striving to offer our students the best education possible. Our students are well motivated, keen to learn and achieve their potential. Connaught students have achieved excellent examination results year on year.
Finance Governors Meetings
Pay & Personnel Governors Meeting
Students and staff at Connaught School for Girls are delighted with some truly amazing GCSE exam performance in 2015. One student achieved 11 A* GCSE Grades. 64% of all students achieved 5 GCSE grades (A* - C) including English and maths.
In April 2015 students and staff from Connaught School for Girls spent five wonderful days around Paris, France. The group enjoyed French culture, visiting the major sights in Paris, meeting French pupils and enjoying a day at Disneyland.
Over 150 Year 9 and 10 students visited the Crystal, an exhibition centre at Royal Victoria Docks that focusses entirely on cities of the future and urban sustainability through interactive exhibits, films, animations and the 'Future Life' theatre that invited our students to imagine how cities might look in 2050.
The 2015 Waltham Forest School Science Debate took place at Connaught School for Girls and was a great success. The topic of discussion was "Fracking – as a short term solution to meet our increasing energy demands". Four school teams battled against each other in intensive competition.


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Tom Smith--Principal--25 years experience as marketing director with national team working with business owners. Certified Business Broker by the Business Broker Network
Rogers County, OK
2 acres on a gorgeous setting. Includes 2 buildings and 1 pavilion. Thriving restaurant that is only open for lunch and a highly sought after wedding venue. Lots of potential with adding dinner to the restaurant and catering/serving alcohol for the wedding receptions.
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Oklahomans love to eat out. This established operation has been satisfying their regular customers with popular menu items served in a family atmosphere. They have focused on providing loyal patrons with a memorable experience supported by great service and food choices that the whole family can enjoy. A history of winning recipes created with the best ingredients has contributed to a steady repeat business and consistent profits. Owner has a very clean set of books and all sales are verifiable.
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Avril Ramona Lavigne (/ˈævrɨl ləˈviːn/; born 27 September 1984) is a is a Canadian-French singer and songwriter. She was born in Belleville, Ontario, and spent most of her youth in the town of Greater Napanee. By the age of 15, she had appeared on stage with Shania Twain; by 16, she had signed a two-album recording contract with Arista Records worth more than $2 million. In 2002, when she was 17 years old, Lavigne entered the music industry with her debut album Let Go, becoming one of the most popular pop punk artists, a reason she earned her reputation of a "skater punk" persona and "pop punk princess". Since her professional debut she has sold more than 30 million albums and over 50 million singles worldwide.
Sara Jean Underwood (born March 26, 1984) is an American model and actress who was chosen as the Playmate of the Month for the July 2006 issue of Playboy magazine and later became Playmate of the Year in 2007. She is a former host of Attack of the Show! on G4.
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Beren Saat (born 26 February 1984) is a Turkish actress. Since 2005 she stars in popular series as Yasemin Ünsal in the ATV series Hatırla Sevgili (2006–2008), as Bihter Yöreoğlu Ziyagil in the Kanal D series Aşk-ı Memnu (2008–2010), as Fatmagül Ketenci Ilgaz in Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? (2010–2012), and as Derin Çelik/Yağmur Özden in the drama series İntikam (2013–2014), a spin-off from the television series Revenge. She has won two Golden Butterfly Awards. Saat is the highest-paid actresses in Turkey from 2011-12, and 2012-13. In 2015, she will star a new series Muhteşem Yüzyıl-Kösem. She will receive per episode TL 90 000, a record for a turkish actress from television series in Turkey.
Katrina Kaif (born Katrina Turquotte; 16 July 1983) is a British-Indian film actress and model. Primarily known for her work in Bollywood films, Kaif has also appeared in Telugu and Malayalam films. In addition to being one of Bollywood's highest-paid actresses, she is known as one of India's most attractive celebrities by the media.
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LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Actress Lindsay Lohan will stand trial on March 18 on charges she lied to California police about a June car crash and violated probation, raising the possibility she could be sent back to jail.
A judge in Los Angeles on Wednesday set the trial date on charges related to the car crash and said the court will hold a hearing at the same time on whether Lohan in the incident violated probation from a 2011 jewelry theft.
The star of the movie "Mean Girls," who has been in and out of rehab and jail since 2007, wore a black sleeveless dress and looked tired at the brief court hearing. She arrived in Los Angeles late Tuesday from New York and has abandoned her longtime lawyer in favor of new attorney Mark Heller.
Lohan has pleaded not guilty to three misdemeanor charges of reckless driving, lying to police and obstructing police when she said she was not behind the wheel of her sports car, which smashed into a truck in Santa Monica, California in June.
Lohan, 26, left court without speaking to the media.
The former "Parent Trap" child star has been in and out of trouble since a 2007 arrest for drunk driving and cocaine possession.
Sautner warned Lohan that she could be found in violation of probation even if she is acquitted on charges connected to the car crash because the standard of proof is lower.
Lohan was ordered to appear at Wednesday's hearing because she decided to switch lawyers, firing longtime attorney Shawn Holley this month.
She was arrested in New York on a misdemeanor assault charge on the same day in November that the Santa Monica car crash charges were filed. The Manhattan district attorney's office has not filed a criminal complaint in the assault case.
Lohan's appearance in Los Angeles had been in doubt after Heller wrote to the court earlier this week saying was suffering from an upper respiratory infection and could not appear.
"Glad to see you're feeling better," Judge Stephanie Sautner told Lohan at the hearing.
(Reporting by Eric Kelsey, editing by Jill Serjeant and Cynthia Osterman)
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text:
Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports
, Volume 9, Issue 4, pp 340-349
First online:
Epidemiology of MPN: What Do We Know?
- L. A. AndersonAffiliated withCentre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast
- , M. F. McMullinAffiliated withCentre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast Email author
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The myeloproliferative neoplasms, are characterised by overproduction of myeloid cells. Chronic myeloid leukaemia, polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia, myelofibrosis and the very rare disorders chronic neutrophilic leukaemia, chronic eosinophilic leukaemia not otherwise specified and mastocytosis are all included in the group. Incidence and prevalence rates reported in the worldwide literature are presented in this review. Survival data on each condition is described. Information on the aetiology of the disorders is discussed including body mass index, diet, smoking and alcohol, allergies, associated medical conditions, occupation and environmental exposures with focus on recent new studies. The aetiology of the myeloproliferative neoplasms remains unknown, and this review of the current state of knowledge highlights the need for further comprehensive research.
KeywordsEpidemiology Myeloproliferative neoplasms Survival Body mass index Diet Benzene
- Title
- Epidemiology of MPN: What Do We Know?
- Journal
Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports
Volume 9, Issue 4 , pp 340-349
- Cover Date
- 2014-12
- 10.1007/s11899-014-0228-z
- Print ISSN
- 1558-8211
- Online ISSN
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Epidemiology
- Myeloproliferative neoplasms
- Survival
- Body mass index
- Diet
- Benzene
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- L. A. Anderson (1)
- M. F. McMullin (2)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, Northern Ireland
- 2. Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland


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How anyone else can work out at the gym Jennifer Selter goes to is beyond me.
He writes: "Enjoy some pics my sexy ass girlfriend! Previous features include Titty Tuesday, pink pants football pics and she was an *instant hall of famer!"
*The only one we couldn't find was the instant HOF. Please link us to it if you find it.11 Comments
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I'm not one for brand loyalty, but for her… well I'd join a cult if she asked me to. » Continue reading "FIT BABE FROM TEAM IPHONE"
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Girls in Yoga Pants is a blog that covers the highly important topic of girls in yoga pants.
"Girls in yoga pants -- I think that's hotter than girls being naked." - Howard Stern, 2010