text:
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Shift work: Coping with the Biological Clock
Josephine Arendt
Professor Emeritus, Endocrinology
Director Emeritus, Centre for Chronobiology
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
University of Surrey
Email firstname.lastname@example.com (preferred), or firstname.lastname@example.com
01482 689712
01483 689712
Key words: shift work, circadian rhythm, body clock, melatonin, light, metabolism,
heart disease, cancer
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This review concerns the importance of circadian rhythms to the health of shift
Background: A basic description of the circadian system is provided to further
understanding of the phenomena resulting from the misaligned or desynchronised
rhythms which occur in shift work. The use of the circadian marker rhythm melatonin
for determination of body clock time is described.
Effects of circadian desynchrony: Suboptimal functioning of physiological systems
with marked circadian rhythms especially sleep, alertness and performance is related
to the state of desynchrony and its occurrence in different shift schedules. The links
between shift work and major disease risk (heart disease, cancer) are considered
together with the possible mechanisms leading to increased risk.
Possible mechanisms related to long term disease risk: Abnormal metabolism is
invoked as a contributory factor to increased risk of heart disease. Particular emphasis
is put on recent evidence for an increased risk of certain cancers and the hypothesised
roles of light at night, melatonin suppression and circadian desynchrony. The possible
influence of a clock gene variant in tolerance of sleep deprivation is mentioned.
Strategies to alleviate problems of circadian desynchrony: Finally various
strategies for coping with circadian desynchrony and for hastening circadian
realignment are presented.
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Many reviews have been published regarding the subjective perceptions, health,
performance and psychosocial aspects of shift work, for example (1-11). There is little
doubt that shift work is associated with a number of health problems such as poor
sleep, gastro-intestinal disorders, abnormal metabolic responses and increased risk of
accidents. A longer term risk of major disease such as heart disease and cancer is
beginning to be appreciated. This review will concentrate on shift work in relation to
biological rhythms since disturbed rhythms appear to underly many of the short and
long term health problems of shift workers (12-14). To this end an introduction to the
subject is provided.
Literature searched
A literature search with the keywords 'shift work' and 'circadian' gave 1034
references in PubMed. Since the primary output of the internal clock currently used as
a marker of circadian timing, is the pineal hormone melatonin (as well as its actions as
a chronobiotic), the search was then restricted to ((shift work) and (circadian) and
(melatonin)). This provided 189 references, which together with the author's personal
collection formed the basis of this revue.
Importance of biological rhythms to health
Biological rhythms serve to align our physiological functions with the environment.
We are a diurnal species and thus we normally sleep at night and are active during the
day time. The timing of functions with prominent rhythms such as sleep, sleepiness,
metabolism, alertness and performance in a normal environment is such that they are
optimal during the most suitable phase of the day (Fig 1). Abrupt deviations from
'normal' timing of work and sleep can lead to problems, for example sleep taken
during the day is usually shorter and of worse quality than when taken at night (6, 15).
Alertness and performance reach their nadir at night during peak sleep propensity and
fatigue (13, 16, 17), close to the low point of core body temperature and the peak of
melatonin secretion. The health problems and increased risk of major disease in long
term shift workers are ascribed largely to working out of phase with the internal
biological clock. It is likely that many perceptions of the detrimental effects of clock
disruption or abnormal timing derive from observations in shift workers.
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Figure 1. Diagrammatic examples of circadian rhythms, from Rajaratnam and Arendt,
Lancet 2001, by permission.
Characteristics of circadian rhythms
Basic properties
Everything is rhythmic unless proved otherwise (18). Biological rhythms of various
periodicity are ubiquitious. The frequency displayed varies from fractions of a second (for
example the firing of neurones) to years (for example population variations). By far the most
information is available concerning daily rhythms (18, 19). They are either externally
imposed, internally generated, or more frequently a combination of these two factors.
Internally generated rhythms with approximately a 24h period are known as circadian, from
the Latin 'circa diem', 'about a day'). Circadian rhythms serve to temporally programme the
daily sequence of metabolic and behavioural changes. By definition they persist in the
absence of time cues such as alternating light and darkness and are coordinated by an internal
biological clock (pacemaker, oscillator) situated in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the
brain hypothalamus (20). The basis of circadian rhythm generation is a negative feedback
loop of clock gene expression (21, 22).
Individuals kept in a time free environment (or at least with very weak time cues), manifest
their own endogenous periodicity referred to as 'free-running'. The free-running period is
individually variable and is an inherited characteristic. On average human endogenous period
(or tau) is about 24.2-3h although this does depend on previous experience of time cues (18,
23). Synchronisation or entrainment of the circadian clock to 24h is dependent on suitable
time cues, also known as 'zeitgebers'. In circadian literature, synchronisation means that
rhythms display a 24h period but may not necessarily be in the right phase, for example,
12 16 20 24 04 08 12 h
Melatonin pg/ml
Core body
(blood fat)
Road accidents
Reaction time
Clock time h
Used as an index of
body clock time
(plasma, saliva,
Circadian rhythms
adapt slowly to a
change in
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abnormally delayed or advanced. Entrainment means the rhythms are synchronised with the
appropriate phase. When entrained to the 24h day a short endogenous tau is associated with
morning diurnal preference (larks) and a long tau with evening preference (owls)(18).
Circadian response to time cues:
Because the circadian clock period is not exactly 24h it must be reset regularly (phase shifted)
to maintain a 24h period. The most important time cue for maintaining a 24h period is the
light dark cycle acting partly via a novel retinal photoreceptor system and a novel
photopigment melanopsin (circadian photoreception) (24). Recent evidence indicates that
short wavelengths of light (460-480 nm, blue) have the most powerful resetting effects (25).
Blind people with no conscious or unconscious light perception frequently display free-
running rhythms, underlining the importance of light. The timing of sleep also has an
influence together with minor 'non-photic' zeitgebers such as exercise, social cues, clock time
and food ingestion. Specific manipulation of food timing in animals influences a so-called
food entrainable oscillator which is independent of the SCN (26). The content of meals in
humans may also have a minor influence.
The circadian response (change in timing or phase shift) to light exposure, and indeed to other
time cues, is dependent on the strength and timing of the stimulus. It can be described by a
'phase response' curve (Fig 2) (27, 28). The central clock adapts slowly, and with
considerable individual variability, to a rapid shift in work time or time zone. After a time
zone change the average rate often approximates to one hour of adaptive shift per day. After
an abrupt shift in work time the change is very variable as discussed later (29-31). During the
process of adaptation endogenous rhythms are out of phase with the external environment
(external desynchronisation). They may also be out phase with each other, i.e. assume a
transitory abnormal phase relationship (internal desynchronisation). This condition is often
referred to as 'circadian desynchrony'. Time cues or 'zeitgebers' are all important in
controlling the circadian response to such changes. In general it is easier to delay the clock
than to advance it in view of the longer than 24h period of most people. During a period of
desynchrony, for example a single night of night shift in a sequence of days, workers are
attempting to sleep at a time of maximum alertness and to work at the nadir of alertness and
performance. If adaptation of the clock to a new work schedule occurs, the problems of
desynchrony resolve (32-35).
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Figure 2. Circadian response ('phase response curve', shift of the melatonin rhythm, advances
are positive, delays are negative) to a 1-2h light pulse, ca 300 lux, 500 nm, at different times
of night. DLMO = dim light melatonin onset, on average at approximately 2100h, thus 8h
after DLMO = 0500h clock time. From Paul et al., 2009, by permission.
Genetic basis of circadian rhythms
Many of the genes concerned with circadian rhythm generation in mammals and other species
have now been identified, e.g. clock, per1, per 2, per 3, tim, cry1, cry2, BMAL1, Rev-Erbα.
The mechanism is similar in all species investigated and substantial homology exists between
for example Drosophila and mammals. Oscillation of clock genes also occurs in peripheral
structures, and in general they are considered to be coordinated through SCN activity.
However, it is possible to shift the timing of some peripheral oscillations (for example in the
liver by timed feeding), independently of the SCN (36). Investigation of polymorphisms in
human clock genes in relation to occupational health and disease is in its infancy. Some
polymorphisms have been identified and associations are emerging with phenotypic
characteristics such as diurnal preference (larks-owls), intrinsic period, vulnerability to
disease and response to sleep deprivation (37-39).
The circadian clock influences hormones, behaviour, cognitive function, metabolism, cell
proliferation, apoptosis and responses to genotoxic stress (22). There is new, strong evidence
concerning the importance of circadian control for health in that disruption of circadian clock
gene expression can lead to increased incidence or progression of cancer (in animals) (22, 40).
Examples of rhythms relevant to human disease
Some examples of human rhythms in disease processes include night time asthma, early
morning increases in blood pressure, death rate from cardiovascular disease and stroke,
disrupted menstrual cycles, abnormal cortisol rhythm in Cushing's syndrome, sleep disorders
for example delayed sleep phase syndrome, advanced sleep phase syndrome, non-24h sleep
wake cycles (especially in the blind), some psychiatric disorders. Numerous aspects of human
biochemistry show rhythmicity, even urinary creatinine. Thus diagnostic tests should be aware
of these rhythms. Measurement of a given rhythmic variable in someone who has just crossed
several time zones, or worked a series of night shifts, can give false negative or positive
results. Moreover many drugs have a rhythmic variation in both pharmacokinetics and
efficacy (chronopharmacology).
The melatonin rhythm
A darkness hormone
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) in an indolic hormone whose principal
physiological function is to provide a humoral time cue for the organisation of seasonal and
circadian rhythms (41). The pineal gland secretes melatonin with a marked circadian rhythm,
peaking at night – it has been called the 'darkness hormone' and the duration of its secretion is
directly related to the length of the night. In animals which depend on daylength to time their
seasonal physiology the length of melatonin secretion signals the length of the night. In
humans its circulating concentrations are high from approximately 2100h to 0700h with large
individual variations. This period can be used to define 'biological night'. The peak secretion
occurs around 0400h, closely associated with the nadir of core body temperature, alertness
and performance (Fig.1). In specific circumstances humans may also show changes in the
duration of secretion (41).
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Melatonin as a chronobiotic
Melatonin is not only a so-called 'hand of the clock' it has the ability to induce sleepiness or
sleep, change circadian phase and to entrain free-running rhythms when administered in
suitable doses and timing (42). There are several PRCs to melatonin with slight differences,
which can be used to predict the chosen timing in order to hasten a circadian phase shift. This
is important in a shift work context given that a number of attempts have been made to treat
shift workers with melatonin with variable results.
Melatonin suppression by light
Light of sufficient intensity and spectral composition will suppress melatonin production at
night (41, 43). Suppression is detectable at 30-50 lux and maximum from around 1000-2000
lux. Natural daylight can attain more than 100,000 lux. This suppression is associated with
rapidly increased alertness and core body temperature, although causal relationships are not
clear. It is important in a shift work context as light suppression of melatonin has been
hypothesised to be detrimental to health (44). A night shift worker whose circadian clock is in
day mode, or unadapted, will secrete melatonin during work hours. Similarly a worker who
has adapted their clock to night shift will secrete melatonin during the day and on return to
day shift or rest days will secrete melatonin during the hours of natural daylight. Actual
personal light exposure during night shift work has rarely been measured, examples of
personal light exposure on North Sea oil rigs are shown in (57). In general the amount of
suppression reported during field studies on night shift is minor, around 20% (45, 46).
Melatonin indicates the timing of the biological clock
Shifts in the timing of melatonin are considered to represent changes in timing of the central
clock. Measurement of melatonin in plasma, saliva, or its urinary metabolite 6-
sulphatoxymelatonin (43), provides the best peripheral measure of central clock timing
(Fig.3). Other marker rhythms such as core body temperature and cortisol are more subject to
so-called masking, whereby an internal or external influence distorts the rhythm. For example
exercise and food strongly influence core temperature and stress modifies the cortisol rhythm.
The most reliable results regarding circadian status in shift work have been obtained with
melatonin measures and this review will concentrate on melatonin-derived information.
Figure 3. Characteristics of the melatonin rhythm used to define timing of the internal clock.
From (43) by permission.
1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 100
300 500700900 1100 1300 1500 1700
clock time h
plasma melatonin (pg /ml)
acrophase (calculated peak time)
mid-range crossing
25% rise/fall
Melatonin (plasma, saliva), 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (urine)
phase markers
'biological night'
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Circadian desynchrony in shift work
Relationship to work hours
There are many varieties of shift work and a legal definition does not appear to exist
except for 'working outside normal working hours'. For the purposes of this review
let us consider that it is working during 'average' biological night, i.e.2100-0700h.
Also for the purposes of this review the assumption is made, based on controlled
laboratory experiments, that when sleep is taken during the period of peak melatonin
secretion (and thus, in theory, the nadir of alertness, performance and core body
temperature) it is optimised. In night shift conditions, if peak melatonin secretion is
shifted to occur during day sleep, it is presumed that adaptation to night shift has
The most numerically important shift work conditions, at least in the UK, are irregular
night shifts ('sometimes nights and sometimes days') and rotating schedules
(information from the Office of National Statistics).
UK Annual Labour Force Surveys, Office for National Statistics, 2005
All shiftworkers, 3,551,000
Rotating shifts, 2,722,000
Permanent nightshifts, 343,000
Sometimes nights, sometimes days, 449,000
Weekend shifts,37,000
12.5% of all working population (28,301,000)
Examples of rotations include 3 days early shift (e.g. 06-14h), 3 days late shift (e.g.
14-22h), 3 days night shift (e.g. 22-06h), rest days. These common schedules do not
allow the internal clock to adapt fully to night shift, since there is substantial inertia in
the circadian system. After abrupt large changes in time cues the daily shifts in
circadian timing rarely exceed 1-1.5h on average without interventions. Exposure to
morning light (in the travel home window after night shift) is at a time which opposes
a delay shift of the clock to adapt (Fig.2), and daytime social cues counter circadian
adaptation. Data from field studies indicates that the greater the morning light
exposure the less circadian adaptation is seen (47). Since in temperate latitudes
natural bright light will be more prevalent in summer in the early morning any shift of
the circadian system during night shift will in theory be countered more strongly than
in winter.
Partial shifts in circadian timing can be seen in short term night shift work, and a
relationship to the timing of light exposure is present, either delays or advances, in
relation to the light phase response curve (29, 48, 49). Natural light exposure, the
most powerful influence, evidently depends on the shift timing. Also important is the
diurnal preference of the subjects (29). Evening preference people are reported, as
might be expected, to have a greater tendency to delay, and morning people to
advance (29, 46)
Most permanent or long term night shift workers (with exceptions, see below) do not
adapt their circadian system to the imposed work schedule. A recent meta-analysis of
6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythms in permanent night workers indicates that only a
small percentage (<3%) show complete circadian adaptation and less than 25% adjust
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to the point that some benefit would be derived from the adaptive shift (50). This may
depend on the ability to maintain night activity and day sleep on days off as well as
other factors such as diurnal preference. However there is a paucity of data and
further research is needed.
Thus the vast majority of shift workers will be working during their circadian nadir,
and trying to sleep during periods of maximum alertness. The curtailment of sleep
when taken during the day in shift workers is well documented, and is a cause of sleep
deprivation. Some examples of short sleep are shown in Table 1.
Sleep deprivation
Sleep deprivation concomitant (inter alia) upon circadian desynchrony has been
attributed a causal role in obesity, metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance/diabetes,
increased accidents and errors. Sleep restriction has also been associated with
alterations of neuroendocrine control of appetite (51-54).
Table 1. Examples of shorter sleep in night shift workers
4.8h, night shift, fast rotation, Axelsson et al, Int Arch Occup Environ Health
5-6h, morning shift starting before 6 am, Kecklund & Akerstedt, J Sleep Res 1995(56)
6.04h, 7 nights, 7 days, 12h on 12h off, Gibbs et al, HSE Report 318, 2004 (57)
5.83h, 4h on 8h off, permanent night watch, ships crew, Arendt et al, J Biol Rhythms,
7h (approx) healthy adults, Groeger et al, J Sleep Res 2004(59)
8.7h healthy young men, sleep ad lib, Rajaratnam et al, J Physiol, 2004(60)
In relation to sleep deprivation, an important study of interns weekly work hours in
the USA found that they made 36 percent more serious medical errors during a
traditional work schedule than during an intervention schedule that eliminated
extended work shifts. These included 21 percent more serious medication errors and
5.6 times as many serious diagnostic errors (54).
Changing from day to night shift often implies a period of 20-24h without sleep. The
decrements in performance during the latter part of this sleep deprivation may be
equivalent to an illegal level of alcohol in the blood (16). Accidents following a
combination of sleep deprivation and working during the circadian nadir in
performance and the maximum sleep propensity have led to litigation against
individuals and employers (13). It is considered that fatigue may be more important
cause of transport accidents than alcohol.
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Figure 4.
Top panel: performance levels for the grammatical reasoning task during alcohol
intoxication (left) and sustained wakefulness (right). Bottom panel: performance
levels for the vigilance task during alcohol intoxication (left) and sustained
wakefulness (right). From Dawson and Reid (16) by permission.
The circadian system regulates metabolism (61) and increasing evidence relates
circadian desynchrony to disorders such as metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance,
high blood pressure, central obesity, decreased HDL cholesterol, elevated TAG) and
cardiovascular disease (53). For example eating a standard meal at night (biological
night) leads to high blood lipid (triglyceride, TAG) and evidence for insulin
resistance, compared to the same meal taken during the day (62, 63). Interestingly
there is some evidence that men are more susceptible to these metabolic abnormalities
than women. TAG is an independent risk factor for development of heart disease, and
herein may lie at least a partial explanation for the increased risk of heart disease in
shift workers. In large surveys shift workers have higher TAG levels as well as higher
total cholesterol than the general population (11, 64).
There are associations between polymorphisms in the Clock gene, obesity and the
metabolic syndrome in man, and mice bearing a particular mutation of the gene Clock
develop metabolic syndrome and obesity (65, 66).
Circadian adaptation in unusual environments
Some exceptions to the general rule that shift workers do not fully adapt to night shift
are found in isolated environments. On the British Antarctic Base of Halley, 750S,
each base member does a week of night shift (2000-0800h, fire watch) at a time, in
rotation with other personnel. The vast majority of people shift their circadian system,
assessed by aMT6s rhythms in urine, by up to 10-12h to align with the new work
Mean relative performance
Blood alcohol concentration (%) Hours of wakefulness Blood alcohol concentration (%) Hours of wakefulness
Blood alcohol concentration (%)
.00 .025 .045 .065 .085 .10+ .00 .025 .045 .065 .085 .10+ 3 7 11 15 19 21 233 7 11 15 19 21 23
Mean relative performance
Blood alcohol concentration (%)
Mean relative performance
Blood alcohol concentration (%) Hours of wakefulnessBlood alcohol concentration (%) Hours of wakefulness Blood alcohol concentration (%) Hours of wakefulness
Blood alcohol concentration (%)
0.05 0.050.050.05
0.10 0.100.100.10
.00 .025 .045 .065 .085 .10+ .00 .025 .045 .065 .085 .10+.00 .025 .045 .065 .085 .10+ 3 7 11 15 19 21 233 7 11 15 19 21 233 7 11 15 19 21 23
Mean relative performance
Blood alcohol concentration (%)
Mean relative performance
Blood alcohol concentration (%)Blood alcohol concentration (%)
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schedule, within a week (67, 68). Thus the peak of melatonin production occurs
within the daytime sleep period - an important condition for sleep duration, latency
and quality. This is thought to be due to the lack of social and family obligations, no
requirement to return home in natural light, and in winter when the sun does not rise
for three months, a lack of conflicting light exposure. In these circumstances it is
apparent that owls adapt by delay faster than larks (69). Problems occur when
endeavouring to adapt back to day work particularly in winter. Realignment of the
circadian system can take weeks and some people will free run for a time.
These observations in Antarctica prompted studies in somewhat similar circumstances
on North Sea oil rigs. Work schedules vary but tours of duty usually last for 2-3
weeks in a socially isolated environment at high latitudes. Here working 1800-0600h
for one or more weeks also leads to full circadian adaptation in the majority of cases
with the accompanying problems returning to day life (30, 70, 71). Interestingly a
1900-0700h schedule is less conducive to circadian adaptation, possibly due to early
morning light exposure after work especially in summer (72). Sleep is worse during
this shift than the 1800-0600h shift. The so-called 'swing shifts' worked in the North
Sea present a confused picture. Seven night shifts (1800-0600h) followed by 7 day
shifts (0600-1800h) leads in most people to adaptation to nights but with a very mixed
response to the following days (30, 73) (Fig.5). Some people delay, some advance and
many show little readaptation to days during the first week. The response is partly
predictable from the initial circadian phase position- delayed, intermediate, or
advanced. Other schedules such as a 7 day, 1200-2400h day shift followed by a 7 day
2400-1200h night shift show partial or no adaptation to night shift which is dependent
on season (71). Again this can be attributed to light exposure countering adaptation.
Figure 5. Progression of the individual timing of the melatonin rhythm (by urinary
aMT6s), during a week of nights (1800-0600h) followed by a week of days (0600-
1800h) in 11 individuals working on a North Sea oil rig. Most shift their timing such
that at the end of nights the peak of melatonin is during the daytime sleep and thus
they are adapted. The subsequent response to a change to day work is highly variable.
From (30) by permission.
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Such circumstances, when workers show different circadian timings according to
whether or not they have adapted to nights, have allowed field assessments of the
metabolic consequences of a night shift meal. As with controlled laboratory
experiments, elevated TAG, LDL cholesterol and evidence of insulin resistance were
found when unadapted (57). These sequelae resolved when adaptation had occurred.
Marine watchkeeping
Special cases of shift working are seen in marine watchkeeping systems. There are
very few data relating to melatonin rhythms, however a study in submarines has
shown evidence that crew can free-run whilst working an 18h day, submerged for
long periods (58, 74). Crew working 4h on and 8h off on fixed or rotating schedules
on a British Antarctic Survey ship travelling from the UK to 750S showed evidence of
partial circadian adaptation to the 1200-1600h, 2400-0400h fixed watch, but not to
weekly rotating watches (58).
Light at night and the risk of major disease
It is not the purpose of this review to evaluate the epidemiological evidence for
increased risk of disease in shift work, this can be found elsewhere. It is generally
accepted that there is an increased risk of heart disease and some contributory factors
related to the biological clock have been discussed above.
A possible significant association was identified between female breast cancer and
shift work some time ago (75). This is potentially a major problem since estimates
from the Spring 2002 wave of the Labour Force survey suggest that an estimated 1.8
million women in Great Britain usually or sometimes do shift work. Of these, an
estimated 400,000 are involved in night work of various schedules
(http://www.hse.gov.uk/press/2003/e03132.htm). In 2006 the World Health
Organisation (IARC) published a brief report in the Lancet of an expert meeting on
whether or not shift work was associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly
breast cancer. The conclusion was that shift work was a probable carcinogen (76). A
full monograph is expected from this meeting but has not yet been published. There
are considerable implications arising from this decision and for example, according to
the UK national press in March 2009, the Danish government decided to compensate
shift workers who develop breast cancer. Both the UK and Dutch governments also
issued publications discussing the evidence and in general decided that further
epidemiological evidence and mechanistic data were needed (Parliamentary Office of
Science and Technology, UK, Postnote No.250, 2005, The 24h Society; IEH (2005)
Shift Work and Breast Cancer: Report of an Expert Meeting 12 November
2004 (Web Report W23), Leicester, UK, MRC Institute for Environment and Health,
available at http://www.le.ac.uk/ieh/; Dutch government advisory publication, Night
Work and Breast Cancer: a Causal Relationship? The Hague: Health Council of the
Netherlands, 2006, http://www.gr.nl). Assuming that the risk assessments are correct,
let us consider the possible mechanisms.
The most well known theory concerning cancer and shift work relates to light exposure at
night (LAN). Stevens (44) hypothesised that the increasing incidence of breast cancer in the
developed world was due to light exposure at night. He further proposed that since light
suppresses melatonin and melatonin has some oncostatic activity in animals, that the increase
in breast cancer was due to a decrease in melatonin. Numerous questions arise from this
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proposal, some of which can be addressed. The WHO (IARC) expert meeting concluded that
there was definite evidence for anti-cancer effects of melatonin in animals and in vitro, but
little in humans. It should be noted that human in vivo data are sparse. The data which directly
addressed the cause and effect relationship between melatonin and human breast cancer
involved maintaining human breast transplants (xenografts) in rats and assessing short term
markers of cancer with and without circulating endogenous levels of melatonin. Physiological
levels of melatonin were able to reduce or abolish carcinogenic changes in these markers (77).
This latter study does suggest that endogenous melatonin has anti-proliferative effects
working via a membrane receptor. However not all studies have shown anti-proliferative
effects of melatonin in vitro. Is melatonin suppressed in night shift workers? Again the data
are sparse, the existing evidence mentioned previously suggests that an approximately 20%
reduction may be found during the night shift. Is a 20% reduction in melatonin carcinogenic?
There is no answer to this question. However it should be noted that adrenergic beta receptor
blocking drugs such as atenolol and propanolol suppress melatonin and are not known to be
carcinogenic (41). Moreover the individual variability in melatonin production is very large
indeed and in cross sectional studies large numbers of subjects are needed to show this small
overall reduction (41).
More convincing are the effects of general circadian disruption in animals (78).
Exposure of animals to continuous light increases vulnerability to cancer development
(79, 80). Subjecting rodents to forced phase shifts analogous to rotating shift work or
frequent time zone change substantially increases proliferation of implanted cancers
(40). Manipulation of clock gene function likewise has carcinogenic effects (14, 22,
81, 82) and the circadian clock is considered to be a tumour suppressor. So the case is
close to being made for circadian disruption leading to cancer.
The problem is that increasing light at night in short term shift work leads to
improved alertness, performance and possibly metabolism, whilst no doubt increasing
melatonin suppression. At present investigations are proceeding on the use of glasses
which can block the short wavelengths most likely to suppress melatonin whilst
hopefully maintaining alertness and performance.
Approaches to reducing desynchrony
The question arises as to the benefits and disadvantages of aiding, or countering
adaptation in order to secure the maximum duration of good quality sleep and other
health benefits. In the unusual case of full adaptation, it makes sense to hasten this
process and that of readaptation to day work. In short term night shift it may be more
useful to maintain day time circadian phase whilst using strategies such as alerting
stimulants (caffeine, and possibly modafinil), quiet dark sleeping quarters (and
possibly hypnotics) to preserve sleep and performance.
Light of suitable spectral composition and intensity can be used to adjust the timing
and probably amplitude of circadian rhythms. The hormone melatonin can also act as
a zeitgeber (vide supra). Light treatment during the first half of 'biological night'
prior to the melatonin peak will delay circadian rhythms and during the latter half,
after the melatonin peak, will advance rhythms (Fig.2). Melatonin treatment by
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contrast advances rhythms in the first half of 'biological night' and delays them in the
latter half.
There is no doubt that in controlled laboratory situations, and with good compliance
at home, both light and melatonin, separately or in combination, can be used with
correct timing to hasten phase shift of the circadian system to align it with the new
work rest schedule (32, 43, 49, 83). Moreover with suitable timing the sleep inducing
effects of melatonin during 'biological day' can be exploited: There are clear benefits
for sleep, alertness and performance. In field situations the results are inconsistent.
Very probably this is due to the large individual differences in response to phase shift,
and in consequence mistiming of the treatment. However in studies offshore and in
Antarctica useful results have been reported with timed light treatment (67, 84). The
author is only aware of one combined treatment study which was offshore and with
beneficial effects (85). Possibly the most useful application of melatonin to shift
workers would be to facilitate sleep or a nap, prior to night shift. It is particularly
difficult to sleep in the early evening, and the combination of low dose melatonin, a
dark room and recumbency is very effective at enabling sleep at this time of day (60).
An alternative approach has been described recently. This is to shift the circadian
system, using timed light and melatonin, just to the point where the melatonin peak
falls within the sleep period, avoiding large shifts which lead to readaptation
problems (34, 86). This strategy appears to provide benefit for sleep, alertness and
performance. However if the timing is wrong the opposite of the desired result will be
produced. For example instead of adapting to an 8h advance in work time by
advancing the clock, the system may delay. Avoidance of light at the wrong time is
possibly more important than the light treatment itself.
A genetic variant predicting intolerance to sleep deprivation
Morningness has been related to intolerance to shift work in some studies although
not all are consistent. Recently a length polymorphism (variable number tandem
repeat polymorphism) in the clock gene PER3 (PER3 5/5, 4/5, 4/4) was found to
relate to diurnal preference, the longer repeat 5/5 being associated with extreme
morningness and the 4/4 with extreme eveningness (38). Subsequently it was found
that the 5/5 genotype suffered more from sleep deprivation than the 4/4 genotype and
these differences could be explained by an effect of the polymorphism on sleep
homeostasis (37): it was associated with greater sleep propensity and a higher
proportion of slow wave sleep than the 4/4 genotypes. Most importantly the subjects
with the 5/5 variant suffered far greater consequences of sleep deprivation in terms of
performance (notably during the circadian nadir) than the 4/4 genotypes. Mongrain
and Dumont have also shown that morning types have a higher homeostatic response
to sleep disruption than evening types (87). This observation suggests that workers
who are extreme morning types should choose their schedules carefully with regard to
preserving sleep. One further study addressing a similar question, but different
methodology, found an association with sleep homeostasis but did not confirm the
effect on neurobehavioural responses (88).
It is of interest to note there are also preliminary reports of greater susceptibility to
breast cancer in women with the 5/5 variant and prostate cancer in men with the
CRY2-variant C allele (39, 89). No doubt more information will be available shortly
given the importance of predicting the possible health consequences of shift work.
Page 15
I would like to thank all colleagues, students, volunteers and funding bodies who have
provided input, samples and support for our work on biological rhythms over the
Scand J Work Environ Health. 1990;16 Suppl 1:67-73.
2. Knutsson A. Health disorders of shift workers. Occup Med (Lond). 2003
3. Nicholson PJ, D'Auria DA. Shift work, health, the working time regulations
and health assessments. Occup Med (Lond). 1999 Apr;49(3):127-37.
4. Tucker P, Knowles SR. Review of studies that have used the Standard
Shiftwork Index: evidence for the underlying model of shiftwork and health. Appl
Ergon. 2008 Sep;39(5):550-64.
5. Knauth P. Changing schedules: shiftwork. Chronobiol Int. 1997
6. Akerstedt T. Shift work and sleep disorders. Sleep. 2005 Jan 1;28(1):9-11.
7. Akerstedt T, Kecklund G, Johansson SE. Shift work and mortality. Chronobiol
Int. 2004;21(6):1055-61.
8. Folkard S, Tucker P. Shift work, safety and productivity. Occup Med (Lond).
2003 Mar;53(2):95-101.
9. Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. Is there an association between shift work
and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27,485
people. Occup Environ Med. 2001 Nov;58(11):747-52.
10.Megdal SP, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Pukkala E, Schernhammer ES. Night work
and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2005
11. Knutsson A, Boggild H. Shiftwork and cardiovascular disease: review of
disease mechanisms. Rev Environ Health. 2000 Oct-Dec;15(4):359-72.
12. Moore-Ede MC, Richardson GS. Medical implications of shift-work. Annu
Rev Med. 1985;36:607-17.
13. Rajaratnam SM, Arendt J. Health in a 24-h society. Lancet. 2001 Sep
14. Stevens RG. Circadian disruption and breast cancer: from melatonin to clock
genes. Epidemiology. 2005 Mar;16(2):254-8.
15. Akerstedt T, Ingre M, Broman JE, Kecklund G. Disturbed sleep in shift
workers, day workers, and insomniacs. Chronobiol Int. 2008 Apr;25(2):333-48.
16. Dawson D, Reid K. Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment. Nature.
1997 Jul 17;388(6639):235.
17. Akerstedt T, Froberg JE, Friberg Y, Wetterberg L. Melatonin excretion, body
temperature and subjective arousal during 64 hours of sleep deprivation.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1979 Jul;4(3):219-25.
18. DeCoursey PJ. Chronobiology: biological time keeping. Massachusetts, USA:
Sinauer Associates Inc.; 2004.
19. Hastings MH. Central clocking. Trends Neurosci. 1997 Oct;20(10):459-64.
20. Gillette MU, Tischkau SA. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the brain's circadian
clock. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1999;54:33-58; discussion -9.
Akerstedt T. Psychological and psychophysiological effects of shift work.


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WORCS: Glen Helen 2015 Results
Robbie Bell clinched the motorcycle championship, even though Gary Sutherlin took the win for the race. Beau Baron beat out David Haagsma in the ATV class, and the two raced each other again in the SXS class, where Haagsma won and was followed by Ryan Piplic.
SCORE: Imperial Valley 250 2015 Results
Round 4 of the SCORE World Desert Championship five-race series was held on Saturday, September 26 about 100 miles east of San Diego. Mark Samuels, Javier Robles, Wayne Matlock and each of their teams took the overall wins in their respective classes of MC, ATV and UTV.
Motocross of Nations 2015 Results
With Justin Barcia, Jeremy Martin and Cooper Webb, Team USA was strong and ready for action at the 2015 MXoN. However, Team France included MXGP champion Romain Febvre, 250SX East champion Marvin Musquin, and MXoN defending champ Gautier Paulin. It was a close battle between the two teams.
Gear Guide: Our Favorite Motocross Gear Combos for 2016
We showcase some of RMATV/MC's favorite new motocross gear combos for 2016. Check them out and decide which one you like best.
Tusk Impact Wheels Preferred Choice Among VitalMX Readers
The Tusk Impact Wheels came out on top of the list of wheelsets that VitalMX readers intend to buy in the next 12 months according to a recent survey. Check out more details on why the Tusk wheels are making such an "Impact."
GNCC: Unadilla 2015 Results
Kailub Russell Claims the GNCC National Title for his third consecutive year, while Josh Strang claimed 1st in MC XC1 Pro and Walker Fowler for ATV XC1 Pro.
MXGP: USA 2015 Results
Romain Febvre came out on top again, placing 1st at the USGP, with Josh Grant and Cooper Webb taking the other podium positions. In MX2, Jessy Nelson took a dominating win, with Shane McElrath and Valentin Guillod finishing in 2nd and 3rd.
Board Track Racing: The Forgotten Perils of a Bygone Age of Motorcycling
Take a journey back in time to the dangerous arenas of death and delight: the motordromes of motorcycle board track racing.
How to Bleed Brakes on a Motorcycle or ATV
Bleeding brakes on a motorcycle or ATV may sound intimidating, but it's actually quite simple. Take a look at this tutorial to learn more.
International Six Days Enduro (ISDE) 2015 Results
France won the World Trophy class after a controversial decision was made regarding eight riders' disqualifications. Australia won the Junior World Trophy and Women's World Trophy classes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to dine_artfiction , my art and fiction Community
here in the little corner of LJ I can call mine.
I'm interested in different fandoms, and therefore I create icons, banner, wallpaper and fan fiction,
and I give them a home here. I'm pretty caring about that. ^_^
So if you're interested in my stuff, feel free to join this community
to get an update once in a while about it.
You can also visit my personal journal... here it is... dine7184 .
Though I have to say, it's Friends locked. ^_^
Textures and Brushes
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candycrack reyesphile soaked mysteryof
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Tutorials I (eventually) use for my icons, header or wallpaper can be found in my tutorial list.
A Fiction Rating guide can be found here.
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text:
Collected Poems
Edwin Rolfe (1909-54) is best known as the poet laureate of the Abraham Lincoln Battalion, the Americans who volunteered to help defend the elected Spanish government during its 1936-39 civil war. His career began in the revolutionary Left in New York in the 1920s and continued into the 1950s, when Rolfe wrote searing poetry attacking the McCarthy-era witch-hunts.
"An impressive body of work, set in its historical, literary, and biographical context by Cary Nelson's masterly introduction." -- Bernard Knox, New York Review of Books
"Rolfe writes with artistic and philosophical authority, great skill, powerful feeling, and considerable appeal. His Spanish Civil War poems may be the best written by an American writer." -- Reginald Gibbons, editor of TriQuarterly
"With Rolfe's as its inaugural volume, no poetry project seems more necessary at this time and in this place than a series of volumes by radical poets." -- Philip Levine
To order online:
To order by phone:
(800) 621-2736 (USA/Canada)
(773) 702-7000 (International)
Related Titles
How Power, Profit, and Politics Transformed College Sports
Howard P. Chudacoff
Road to the New Deal, 1882-1939
Roger Daniels
The New York State Anti-Suffrage Movement
Susan Goodier
Chicago and African-American Cultural Politics, 1935-46
Bill V. Mullen
Edward Brunner
The History of Drugs and Alcohol in Major League Baseball
Nathan Michael Corzine
Slave Resistance in Nineteenth-Century Florida
Larry Eugene Rivers
Edited by Jonathan Bell and Timothy Stanley
The March on Washington Movement, 1941-1946
David Lucander
Womens Activism and the Politics of Welfare, 1940-1971
Natalie M. Fousekis
Cumulative Index
Samuel Gompers, Edited by Peter J. Albert and Grace Palladino
Selected Poems
Edwin Rolfe


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Is your resume in need of a little disruption?
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making things work better.
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StartUpHire is the place to find Sales-Manager jobs in and near . Review the list below of Sales-Manager jobs. These Sales-Manager jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available. You can refine your job search for Sales-Manager jobs in by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options. Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more Sales-Manager jobs in , or sign up for an email alert (link in upper left) to receive periodic updates on new Sales-Manager jobs in , .
As the fastest-growing, independent identity and access management (IAM) provider, SailPoint helps hundreds of the world's largest organizations securely and effectively deliver and manage user access from any device to data and applications residing in the datacenter, on mobile9/8/2015 Austin, TX Save This Job
Job Description POSITION SUMMARY: The Sequencing Product Manager is responsible for the product planning, market development and product marketing of the RainDance Sequencing Product Line. This includes managing the portfolio throughout the lifecycle, gathering and prioritizing9/1/2015 Billerica, MA Save This Job
Location: Burlington, MA Marketing Operations Manager Reporting to the VP of Sales Operations, the Marketing Operations Manager is responsible for executing an integrated approach to identify, prioritize, and successfully execute a global suite of both Marketing and9/1/2015 Burlington, MA Save This Job
Job Description POSITION SUMMARY: The RainDrop Digital PCR Product Manager is responsible for the product planning, market development and product marketing of the RainDance Digital PCR Product Line. This includes managing the portfolio throughout the lifecycle, gathering and9/1/2015 Billerica, MA Save This Job
Requisition Number15-0071 Post Date8/11/2015 TitleProduct Marketing Manager CitySan Jose, CA DescriptionProduct Marketing Manager The Product Marketing Manager at Liaison Technologies will be an all-rounder marketing guru responsible for positioning, packaging, market9/1/2015 San Jose, CA Save This Job
Reports to: Regional Manager or VP, Sales Classification: Exempt Last updated: August 2015 About the Company YogaWorks is a privately held company that operates about 38 yoga studios, including Yoga Tree studios in San Francisco, with plans for additional expansion. We believe8/31/2015 Boston, MA Save This Job
Location: Continental Plaza, 411 Hackensack Av, 8th floor, Hackensack, NJ 07601 About Panaya: Ranked at #5 Deloitte Technology fast 50 List and #13 in their EMEA Fast 500 List with 7500% growth!.."2010 Cool Vendor" (Gartner Group)... "2009 Top 100 Global Tech Startups Winner"8/29/2015 Hackensack, NJ Save This Job
POSITION SUMMARY Create and execute a regional sales plan focused on Calabrio Software sales activity through direct sales. Prospect within the market, develop pipeline and close active opportunities. Support and leverage field marketing, product launches, product8/29/2015 Minneapolis, MN Save This Job
Location:Renton, WA Job Code:343 # of openings:1 Description Role Definition The Field Marketing Manager Americas will be responsible for a defined set of marketing activities in the region. Manager will drive closed-loop marketing activities including strategic campaign8/25/2015 Renton, WA Save This Job
Venafi is a rapidly growing cyber security organization, and the leader in managing, securing and protecting the cryptographic keys and digital certificates that every organization depends on to improve security, increase operational efficiency and achieve better compliance. Due8/23/2015 Salt Lake City, UT Save This Job
The Senior Manager, Sales Operations is responsible for the development, implementation and oversight of processes, tools and resources that drive efficient sales processes and reporting across Axioma?s global sales teams. Through analysis, requirements gathering and research of8/23/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Job Code:2015-EII-044 Location:Remote Shift:1st Shift FT/PT Status:Regular Full Time Schedule:Monday - Friday Job Description: ECORE International (www.ecoreintl.com) is an organization driven by purpose; a purpose to manufacture and market innovative, sustainable products8/22/2015 Lancaster, PA Save This Job
Department:Sales Location:CA - Pleasanton WD # / Job Code:972 Description Ellie Mae (NYSE:ELLI) is a leading provider of enterprise on-demand solutions, including an online network, software and services for the residential mortgage industry. Ellie Mae is leading the mortgage8/19/2015 Pleasanton, CA Save This Job
Technical Account Manager (TAM) Location: United States ? Office locations in Portland, OR or Alpharetta, GA The Company Tripwire is the leading global provider of IT security and compliance automation solutions that help businesses and government agencies take control of their8/18/2015 Portland, OR Save This Job
Netvibes is looking for a Junior Technical Account Manager in either San Francisco or New York City to support the business development team. The role involves working directly with prospects and customers on all technical aspects of both pre and post sales. A successful8/16/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Location: Washington, DC Department: Sales Type: Full Time Min. Experience: Mid Level The Sales Operations Manager is responsible for managing essential functions that support the productivity and success of the sales team. Primary responsibilities include: Salesforce8/11/2015 Washington, DC Save This Job
MARKETING MANAGER Meet Boingo Boingo Wireless, Inc. (NASDAQ: WIFI) helps the world stay connected. Our vast footprint of Wi-Fi hotspots and cellular networks covers more than a million locations and reaches over a billion consumers annually ? in places like airports, stadiums,8/11/2015 Los Angeles, CA Save This Job
Description: The OCT Product Manager is responsible for managing a suite of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging system products, increasing the profitability of existing products, and establishing new products for the company. The Product Manager will clearly define new8/10/2015 Durham, NC Save This Job
DEPARTMENT Product Management CITY Los Angeles, CA TYPE Full-Time What you?ll do As a Channel Manager, you will be responsible for our Americas Belkin Business Unit that is looking to make an impact in driving market share and Belkin?s revenue. The Channel Product Manager is8/9/2015 Los Angeles, CA Save This Job
DEPARTMENT Product Management CITY Los Angeles, CA TYPE Full-Time What you?ll do As an Assistant Product Manager, you will responsible for providing daily support to the global Product Manager, and/or the global Product Management team in the management of particular product8/9/2015 Los Angeles, CA Save This Job


text:
This content has been marked as final. Show 2 replies
1. Re: Deply Icons In Oracle 11gkingadmin May 16, 2012 11:59 AM (in response to kingadmin)Hi,
I heard you can only use CodeBase Method so i apply the following Steps;
1- Create A jar file of icons.(Icons.jar)
2- Place this jar file to forms/java folder
3- Add the Icons.jar to
but I still i did not get any result ? why ?
Any Help.........................
2. Re: Deply Icons In Oracle 11gAmatu Allah Neveen Ebrahim May 16, 2012 2:23 PM (in response to kingadmin)Hi kingadmin
Pls in your formweb.cfg file.
If it's not helpful ...
imageBase=codebase codebase=/forms/java
Then , pls check Re: Icon image not showing in forms 11g RELEASE 2,
Hope this helps...
Amatu Allah


text:
We created Pandora to put the Music Genome Project directly in your hands
It's a new kind of radio –
stations that play only music you like
Rhapsodies (2) For Piano, Op. 79: I. Rhapsody in B Minor, Op. 79
Features of This Tracka strongly dramatic aesthetic
a sense of anxiety
a well-known composer
a Romantic-Era style
minor key tonality
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more


text:
Former NFL star Vick changes job to work with kids
Posted: 06/30/2009 - Former Atlanta quarterback Michael Vick is changing the job he needs to fulfill his probation requirements
Posted: 06/30/2009 - Former Atlanta quarterback Michael Vick is changing the job he needs to fulfill his probation requirements
Posted: 06/30/2009 - Emergency workers were searching the rubble of a collapsed parking garage this morning to see if anyone was trapped inside, but there were still no reports of injuries or missing people.
Updated: 06/29/2009 - A Georgia college is offering a program that could help keep graduates stay closer to home.
Posted: 06/29/2009 - Part of a parking deck at a building near downtown Atlanta has collapsed and firefighters are waiting to make sure it's safe before searching through piles of crushed cars for possible victims.
Posted: 06/29/2009 - COLUMBUS, Ga. (AP) - A second Miss Georgia has been crowned in two days.
Posted: 06/29/2009 - ATLANTA (AP) - Atlanta police say a security guard at a massage parlor in Atlanta has been shot and killed.
Posted: 06/29/2009 - ATLANTA (AP) - The U.S. Supreme Court could decide whether to hear the case of death-row inmate Troy Davis, who was convicted of killing a police officer almost 20 years ago.
Posted: 06/28/2009 - Officials say a new government-run probation office has been more effective in holding criminals accountable than private contractors that were used previously.
Posted: 06/28/2009 - Atlanta police are investigating after a man fell 30-feet-down a hill and died.
Posted: 06/27/2009 - A woman is facing a host of charges after police say she tried to run over her ex-boyfriend during an argument.
Posted: 06/27/2009 - A Marietta woman has died from injuries sustained in a car crash that killed her teenage son a week ago.
Updated: 06/27/2009 - A jury has convicted a Georgia man of fatally shooting his first-cousin to death on a New York City sidewalk a decade ago because the victim had an affair with the man's wife.
Updated: 06/27/2009 - Regulators have shut down Community Bank of West Georgia, marking the 41st failure this year of a federally insured bank.
Updated: 06/27/2009 - The Army says about 90 soldiers from the 63rd Engineer Company are scheduled to return to Fort Benning from a 15-month deployment to Iraq early Monday.
Posted: 06/26/2009 - ATLANTA (AP) - A federal judge has cleared the way for a discrimination lawsuit by a filed by a former state employee who claimed she was fired because she was undergoing a sex-change procedure.
Updated: 06/26/2009 - Police say a 14-month-old boy has died after being found unconscious in the bathtub, and has mother has been charged with cruelty to children.
Posted: 06/26/2009 - Several children were among members of a wedding party in Lawrenceville who were hurt when a second-story deck collapsed during a picture-taking session.
Updated: 08/25/2009 - Georgia Gwinnett College gets accreditation nod
Posted: 06/25/2009 - It's time to slow down on the interstates throughout the Atlanta area.
Updated: 06/24/2009 - Paul McCartney to play benefit in Atlanta park
Posted: 06/23/2009 - ATLANTA (AP) - The Georgia Professional Standards Commission is investigating allegations that two DeKalb County school administrators changed answers on a standardized test to improve students' scores.
Posted: 06/23/2009 - ATLANTA (AP) - A federal judge has sentenced a former broker and investment manager to more than six years in prison for wire fraud.
Posted: 06/23/2009 - ATLANTA (AP) - Atlanta police are increasing patrols on and near the Georgia Tech campus in response to a string of armed robberies with students as victims over the last few months.
Posted: 06/23/2009 - A fire that touched off a gunpowder blast has killed a postal carrier and her brother in the Madison County town of Colbert.
Posted: 06/22/2009 - The Army says a citizen-soldier in the Georgia National Guard has been killed in Afghanistan.


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Supreme Court Upholds EPA Emission Rules
In a 7-to-2 vote, the Surpreme Court ruled on June 23 to uphold the new U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rules that call for the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from stationary sources such as factories and power plants, the New York Times reported.
The EPA was hoping to regulate sources that it said were responsible for 86 percent of all greenhouse gasses emitted from stationary sources. The Court ruling allows the EPA to regulate sources responsible for 83 percent of those emissions.
Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Anthony M. Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen G. Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan joined Justice Antonin Scalia in the decision.
However, in a second part of the ruling, the Court ruled 5-to-4 against the EPA's interpretation of how many sources of stationary pollution the Clean Air Act seemed to require. Justice Scalia characterized EPA's broad interpretation as "patently unreasonable."
The EPA outlined its interpretation in its Clean Power Plan, which it unveiled on June 2. The proposal sought to cut carbon emissions from the power sector 30 percent by 2030, based on 2005 levels.
Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Kennedy, Clarence Thomas and Samuel A. Alito Jr. joined that part of the decision.
- 2015 Environmental Leader Product & Project Awards
- Smart Companies Utilize Integrated Energy Solutions
- Case Study: Dassault Falcon Jet Taps Intelligent LED Lighting Solutions
- NAEM 2015 EHS and Sustainability Software Buyers Guide
- 2015 Insider Knowledge
- Improve Your Company's Environment and Energy Performance
- Migration to Mobile: The Evolution of EHS Management Tools
- How to Thrive in Today's EHS Landscape
- Combined Heat and Power
- Mobility from the Plant Floor to the Store Door: Improve Safety, Accuracy and Productivity


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Linden Jobs
Looking for jobs in Linden? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Linden jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
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Cities within 20 miles of Linden, VA
- Warrenton, VA (66 jobs)
- Front Royal, VA (56 jobs)
- MIddleburg, VA (30 jobs)
- Stephens City, VA (23 jobs)
- Strasburg, VA (11 jobs)
- Winchester, VA (6 jobs)
- Middletown, VA (4 jobs)
- Marshall, VA (4 jobs)
- Sterling, VA (3 jobs)
- The Plains, VA (3 jobs)


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Companies Blocking Employees from Reading RSS
I dream of a world without prejudice. Wars will be a distant memory. No child will go to bed hungry. A organizations will trust their employees enough to let them subscribe to RSS feeds.
In case you hadn't heard about it, some companies have begun blocking RSS feeds at the firewall. The rationale for this short-sighted, counterproductive bit of paranoid stupidity ranges from bandwidth worries to productivity concerns. The first I heard of this was from a reader of my monthly email newsletter. I've been cajoling my 2,500-or-so readers to switch to RSS for well over a year now. This particular reader wrote back saying he'd be happy to give RSS a try but for the fact that his company has banned RSS.
There's an amusing irony in the fact that next year companies will shell out over $6 billion for applications that monitor and/or block web surfing, instant messaging, keystrokes, and now RSS, according to an IDC study. A TopTech News article paraphrases Websense VP and General Counsel Mike Newman:
The rationale behind monitoring employees, according to Newman, is that a computer at work is a corporate tool for enhancing the employee's productivity. Because some people abuse that privilege by sending personal e-mail and viewing movies during working hours, employers feel they have little choice but to monitor what their workers are doing.
Which leads me to a comment we recieved to the "For Immediate Release" podcast from an IABC colleague who informed us that his company has a policy against watching or listening to any streams at work due to bandwidth concerns; they also are forbidden from downloading MP3 files. So employees here can't determine whether a citizen marketer has made a negative commercial about their company and posted it to YouTube or listen to a business-focused podcast during lunch. Brilliant. And all to protect precious bandwidth.
If somebody calculated the benefits of letting employees watch/listen to streams or download MP3s, a business case could made for (gasp) increasing bandwidth. But many companies haven't figured out yet that today's web isn't the same web around which they built their in-house capabilities back in 1999 or earlier.
On the flip side, there's Todd Cochrane over at Geek News Central, who recounts this tale:
I have worked for years in an organization that takes surfing to unauthorized sites very seriously and they have long laundry list of sites you cannot get to. I once e-mailed a commonly used utility to my work account and because the file was a executable in a zip the system admin went nuts on me. After I showed him the application was on the authorized use list he calmed down, but I have had to deal with my share of Internet Police.
I've covered the reasons this philosophy represents the height of cluelessness, but to recap
- An employee's home computer is a personal tool, but it gets used for work all the time. Work-life integration is the name of the game today. If you expect me to take work home, then expect me to live part of my life at work.
- The measure of productivity is how much work is getting done, not how much time an employee spends on non-work-related activities. Employees will stay late, come in early, or take work home. They won't simply let it slide. Nobody wants to lose his job so he can check sports scores on ESPN.
- Nobody ever got fired for checking sports scores at work in the New York Times. The web is the new newspaper.
- Telling employees you don't trust them-any of them-is a great way to earn some of the lowest engagement scores in the business world. (Trust is a key determinant of engagement and commitment.) Companies with large populations of highly engaged employees earn double-digit growth. Those with large populations of actively disengaged employees earn zero or negative growth. So which is preferable: locked down computers and no growth or open access and double-digit growth?
Ahh, there's more. Go back and read some of my earlier posts on this topic. I don't have time for the full-on rant. I want to focus instead on RSS.
If companies are concerned about the amount of time employees are spending on the web, RSS is the answer, not an extension of the problem. RSS allows employees to aggreagate all the content they follow in one place, scan it for items of interest, zero in on the ones that are most important and get back to work. Further, have any of the companies blocking RSS feeds studied the nature of the content to which employees are subscribing? I'd be willing to be at least some of it is work-related.
Currently, to subscribe to RSS feeds would require most employees to install software (verboten) or use aggregator web sites (blocked). But what happens when IT adopts Internet Explorer 7 and Windows Vista, both of which will have RSS functionality built in? Will they disable bookmarking features in IE7? Sadly, I'm guessing they will.
How much productivity have companies gainedbased on information and knowledge gleaned from the Internet? Websense will never tell you; it's not in their self-interest to study the reasons companies shouldn't block Net access. But I've heard hundreds of tales of blogs, feeds, web pages, and message boards producing answers to questions and solutions to problems that would have taken far longer to obtain through traditional channels.
Are there some employees who will take advantage of a company that allows unfettered Internet access? Of course. They should be managed by exception. Spam and viruses can be addressed without draconian policies that keep employees from accessing content.
My wife likes to say, "Before the Internet, we were all stupid." If Websense and its ilk have their way, there are a lot of companies hell-bent on remaining stupid.
Add to Digg | Yahoo! My Web
Shel Holtz is principal of Holtz Communication + Technology which focuses on helping organizations apply online communication capabilities to their strategic organizational communications.
As a professional communicator, Shel also writes the blog a shel of my former self.


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Registration takes less than 1 minute.
The parcel and logistics giant will offer direct access to its global service network, customs brokerage and management services to customers in the Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangdong provinces, and the Chongqing Municipality.
Norfolk Southern Corp. will modify its Triple Crown Services (TCS) subsidiary to focus on the transport of auto parts, while other business will shift to the railroad's intermodal network.
Promotions and appointments were made at SABMiller, DHL Global Forwarding, Cargolux, DP World London, Buss Port Logistics, and Swisslog.
No sighting of lifeboat yet as multiple aircraft and ships search the area for TOTE Maritime Puerto Rico ship and crew.
Rep. Stephen Fincher, R-Tenn., introduced a bill that would restore Ex-Im Bank's operations and include various reforms, but will require a "discharge process" to reach the House floor for a vote.
The company's minority investment in e-commerce specialist Ally Commerce Inc. is more about research than revenues, according to Rimas Kapeskas, head of UPS's strategic enterprise fund.


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Were this blog post dated April 1, it's doubtful anyone would take it seriously, for the subject of our latest communique is a most unusual beer that merits attention not only for its uniqueness, but for the art behind its crafting and its overall deliciousness. It's these qualities that led to it winning our 2015 American Homebrewers Association-sanctioned homebrewing competition. For the first time ever, that annual event was held at Stone Brewing World Bistro & Gardens – Liberty Station, providing plenty of room for attendees (the majority of which were recreational fermentationists) to roam about, tasting their way through the 27 homespun beers vying for bragging rights and the chance to be brewed at Stone and distributed across the country. That's a heck of a grand prize. As such, our judges—Stone Co-founders Steve Wagner and Greg Koch, Craft Beer Ambassador "Dr." Bill Sysak, and numerous members of our Brew Crew, Small Batch Team and Quality Assurance Department—spent a great deal of time and deliberation making sure the blue ribbon went to the most deserving and delectable of the bunch.
Monkey Paw
Sudsy Civic Pride: San Diego Beer Week 2014
San Diego Beer Week in America's craft beer Mecca means more beer, food, pairings, nth level and over-the-top events than one person can attend. This excess of events naturally has heads turning in every direction, trying to figure out where to spend their time and sate their thirst for incredible beer. To make this process easier, here's a complete run down of all the events we have planned at our two Stone Brewing World Bistro & Gardens in Escondido and Liberty Station.
2013 American Craft Beer Week
Taking place from May 13 to 19, American Craft Beer Week (ACBW) will provide quality beer fans and first-timers across the country a chance to celebrate the growing craft brewing industry and its members' delicious wares. Dubbed by the Brewer's Association as "the mother of all beer weeks," this seven-day span is comprised of thousands of pint nights, tap takeovers, beer dinners and meet-the-brewer events put on by the nation's 2,200-plus breweries. We've created a listing of more than 50 events we're holding throughout the country for your itinerary-building pleasure, but don't feel compelled to limit your activities exclusively to Stone happenings (though if you did, we'd be flattered). This is about every craft brewing company in America.
San Diego Beer Week Schedule
Do I attend a grandiose meet-the-brewer dinner, an outrageous vertical tasting, a one-time only beer release or a massive total tap takeover? From November 2 through 11, this will be the sort of daily dilemma plaguing beer enthusiasts as San Diego Beer Week saturates America's Finest City. With hundreds of events and 10 days to take it all in, we realize advanced scheduling is a must. Submitted for your calendaring pleasure is the full slate of SDBW events taking place at Stone Brewing World Bistro & Gardens.


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Settlers Reception | Penrith, Blue Mountains
1300 Mulgoa Road, Mulgoa
Set in the beautiful Mulgoa Valley on one acre, 10 minutes from Penrith and at the foot of the Blue Mountains, Settlers brings the romance and charm of a bygone era to your special day.
Choosing a location for your wedding is not an easy task. You want a place unique, sophisticated yet relaxed, versatile enough to capture your theme and a place to leave your guests with a memory of a thoroughly special day.
Your guests can witness your vows in our open air chapel followed by the signing of your marriage certificate in our romantic gazebo. Your photographs in the privacy of the manicured gardens will be a memento to treasure forever with the cottage, fountains, gazebo and love seat providing memorable backdrops.
Settlers Reception room is capable of seating up to 120 guests in air conditioned comfort. Draping and fairy lights are inclusive. Disabled access and disabled toilet facilities are available. Our rear enclosed veranda overlooking the garden can be used for your ceremony in the event of inclement weather.
Settlers lends itself to beautiful wedding photography with its peaceful private gardens and rural backdrop.


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CoolSculpting Q&A
Age 45-54 + CoolSculpting
Coolcurve+ and Inner-outer Thighs? (photo)
I recently had my lower abs and back flanks done and am awaiting results, but now that the Coolcurve+ is out I am interested in doing my outer thighs... READ MORE
Best Non Surgical Removal of Bra Rolls and Triceps That Are Mostly Loose Skin? (photo)
I've consulted with a couple of ps's and they say that my rolls are more loose skin than fat and lipo would just make it worse. I'm not willing to... READ MORE
Zeltiq for Obesity
I am 80 lbs overweight, currently dieting and very active. i am 53 and seeing slow results. can zeltiq be used for faster results while i am in the... READ MORE
Can I Have CoolSculpting Procedure While on Coumadin?
I'm a 46 yr old male in about as good as shape as I can get but still have pretty large love handles from when I was a heavy kid. Went on Coumadin at... READ MORE
Inner Thigh Skin Elasticity
I'm 52, 5'8", around 130 lbs. I have flabby thighs even though I run, bike and do some strength train. I'm interested in Coolsculpting... READ MORE
Can I get Coolsculpting done in my groin/crotch area?
I am a 45 year old woman. I have a large amount of fat in my groin or crotch area. I work out and my weight is about 10lbs over where it should be. No... READ MORE
I'm considering cool sculpting for my arms as they have become saggy. Could it make them worse?
I'm 51 and weight 125. I read coolsculpting could make it worse? Is that true? READ MORE
I am 290 pounds female and 50 yrs old. I want to do cool sculpting. How effective is it?
I am in my mid 40s and 25 lbs overweight. Would it be better to lose the weight first or do Cool Sculpting now?
I am 45 years old and had my only child at age 38. I have very stubborn fat around my middle and lower abs. My abdomen does not seem to change in size... READ MORE
Im 48yrs Old and Perimenopausal. Can This Put Me into Menopause Because Its a Shock to my System?
Im average build and in shape. i am only doing my lower abdomen in 2 parts. READ MORE
Coolsculpting didn't work, I had a total of 9 treatments and I actually gained an inch. What's the best alternative?
I had 9 total cool sculpting treatments, 4 in one day 5 in the same day two months later. I have gained three lbs since the last treatment and one... READ MORE
Coolsculpting: How much will a person in their weight range lose?
I am 45 years old, 5'5, weigh 125, and work out 5 days a week. I also have good laxity for my age. Most of my weight is in my legs and my inner thighs... READ MORE
Considering "Cool sculpting." Any suggestions? (photos)
47 year old w/f. Athletic. No children. 6 days per week workout doing "2 a days," (30 minutes cardio AM, weights PM). Clean diet except for affinity... READ MORE
I am taking blood thinner simvastatin. Have stent in my lad and take lots of meds for neropathy and other info below. Candidate?
Is cool sculpting an option to reduce belly for me? I am muscular tone and the only issue is between my breasts and my lower belly. The arms and legs... READ MORE


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Hi, i've been unsuccessfully googling for definitions of math functions, especially if they are defined in Nyquist or XLISP. For example, tangent of an angle is defined as sine of the angle divided by the cosine of that same angle. I'd also like to find out what the mathematical definitions are for waveforms other than sinusoidal, such as cycloid or a perfect half circle above the zero line (these are two different waveforms). What net resource(s) are there with such information? thanks David
Hi David I have a few math related links. They range from the absurdly simple to the ridiculously complex. http://mathforum.org/ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ http://www.math2.org/ You might also find the book "mathematics and music" by Dave Benson interesting. Its available in pdf form at http://www.maths.abdn.ac.uk/~bensondj/html/maths-music.html Here are a few waveform equations: The sawtooth equation is: SAWn = 2*(nF/r MOD 1.0) -1 Where n is the sample number, F the frequency in Hertz, r the sample rate in Hertz and the MOD function returns the remainder after dividing the right hand side by the left hand side. One draw back of producing waveforms directly is that they are "perfect" with infinite harmonics. You have to be careful not to exceed the Nyquist limit. You can also produce an n-harmonic sawtooth approximation by adding the first n harmonics 1, 2, 3, ... n with inverse amplitudes. That is harmonic q has amplitude 1/q. A triangle wave may be obtained from a sawtooth as follows: First take the absolute value of the sawtooth. This will get you the proper shape but it is positive only and probably the wrong amplitude. Assuming your original sawtooth has an amplitude of 1 you normalize the triangle by first subtracting 0.5 and then multiplying by two. You may also generate a triangle wave by simply counting. For this to work you need a language which doesn't automatically detect and "fix" integer overflow. To produce a triangle additively use only odd numbered harmonics. The amplitude of each harmonic is the reciprocal of the harmonic number squared. That is the amplitude of the third harmonic is 1/9, the 5th harmonic has amplitude 1/25 etc. Pulse waves are typically generated by using a comparator and either a sine or triangle. Harmonically a pulse with duty factor n% has every 100/n-th harmonic missing. For example a square wave (50%) has only odd harmonics. A 25% pulse wave is missing every 4th harmonic etc. The harmonic amplitude relationship is 1/n. Very narrow pulse trains contain all harmonics with equal amplitudes as in the buzz function. As for the cycloid, isn't it the absolute value of a sine wave? The first (positive) cycle of a unit circle is y = sqrt( 1-x^2) where absolute value of x is less then 1. More work would be needed to come up with the remaining cycles. I suspect that the circle wave would be aurally very close to the cycloid. Hope that helps Steve
Hi Steve, Thanks very much for the links and information, I've been curious how to generate waveforms other than those produced in Nyquist 'naturally' (osc-saw, osc-tri, etc.) On Sat, 17 Dec 2005, Steven Jones wrote: > >> As for the cycloid, isn't it the absolute value of a sine wave? David: I don't know, I understand it's conceptually made by taking one point on the circunference of a circle and plotting its path as the circle rolls along a flat surface. > Steve: The first (positive) cycle of a unit circle is > > y = sqrt( 1-x^2) where absolute value of x is less then 1. David: Great, thanks for all this Steve! David


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Genre: Comedy
Premise: Cartoon shorts feature the animated antics of beloved Warner Brothers characters such as Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd, Bugs Bunny, Wile E. Coyote, Sylvester the cat, Tweety Bird, Marvin the Martian, Taz, the Tasmanian devil, Foghorn Leghorn and Yosemite Sam.
|Devil May Hare
|A Corny Concerto
|The Rabbit of Seville; Rabbit Seasoning
|Buccaneer Bunny
|Hare Force
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(First Aired: Apr. 19, 1930)
The adventures of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig and friends.
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It's that time of year again! We asked our viewers for their choice of favorite farmers market in New Hampshire.
List: Best farmers markets in New HampshireUPDATED 12:00 AM EDT Jul 26, 2013
Slideshow Central
CommentsThe views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Luxury Yurt (2-Bed) at Shenandoah Crossing
From $185 / night
14 travelers
viewed this property in the past week
Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 2/
Bathrooms: 1/
Sleeps: 6/
Type: House
Located on over 1,000 acres of rolling hillside and lush pasture lands with a scenic 60-acre lake, Shenandoah Crossing is the perfect place for those who love the outdoors. The Luxury Yurt offers stylish furnishings including four-poster beds with plush linens, flat-screen TVs, elegant bathrooms, and fully equipped kitchens, all with central heat and air. This is a 2-bedroom, 1-bathroom unit, plus pullout couch and a full kitchen. You'll also enjoy a large wooden deck with a summer kitchen. The ambiance at Shenandoah Crossing reflects history and wilderness. The resort combines an old country estate and horse farm, with acres of wilderness in ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
- Response rate: 85%
- Response time: Within a day
- Calendar updated: today
Overall rating:
Additional Location Information
More About This Location
Beach or lakeside relaxation, Lake nearby, Mountain nearby, Rural retreats
Getting There
Car is not necessary


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Report: Guitarist Bumblefoot Has Indeed Quit Guns N' Roses
In a new report, "a confirmed source with the band" has confirmed Bumblefoot isn't only out of GN'R, but he actually quit in 2014.
In a new report, "a confirmed source with the band" has confirmed Bumblefoot isn't only out of GN'R, but he actually quit in 2014.
Guns N' Roses guitarist Ron 'Bumblefoot' Thal discusses his status in the band and his desire to do outside projects.
Art of Anarchy's Ron 'Bumblefoot' Thal addresses the confusion that's gone on with Scott Weiland's status in the band.
Ron 'Bumblefoot' Thal speaks with Loudwire Nights host Full Metal Jackie about Art of Anarchy, Guns N' Roses and his solo work.
Guns N' Roses guitarist Ron 'Bumblefoot' Thal will unleash his 10th solo album 'Little Brother is Watching' on Feb. 24.
The outfit boasts a lineup that includes former Stone Temple Pilots / Velvet Revolver vocalist Scott Weiland, guitarist Ron 'Bumblefoot' Thal (Guns 'N Roses) and bassist John Moyer (Disturbed).
Anthrax's Frank Bello and Megadeth's David Ellefson are no strangers to being in front of the camera, but Saturday night will be the television debut for their new band, Altitudes & Attitude. The veteran rockers will speak with hosts Eddie Trunk, Don Jamieson and Jim Florentine on the next edition of 'That Metal Show,' airing Saturday night (Feb. 1) at 11PM ET/PT on VH1 Classic.
Sad news to report from the Guns N' Roses camp. The father of guitarist Ron 'Bumblefoot' Thal has passed away.
Leave it to Kiss to bring four diverse rockers together for a new project. Guns N' Roses guitarist Ron 'Bumblefoot' Thal and Pantera and Kill Devil Hill bassist Rex Brown are just two of the members of the new all-star Kiss tribute band A.L.I.V.E.!. A.L.I.V.E.! also features former Whitesnake drummer Brian Tichy, and Kill Devil Hill guitarist Mark Zavon. The foursome are calling their new collaboration A.L.I.V.E.! a true tribute to '70s era Kiss.


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Valium, Valrelease, Diazepam
Valium, Valrelease, Diazepam News
News on Valium, Valrelease, Diazepam (generic) continually updated from thousands of sources around the net.
'Research chemicals' making their way into illicit drug markets, police say
Thursday Oct 1 | CBC News | Comment?
Arrests in Dromore Street drug raid
Wednesday Sep 30 | Dromore Today | Comment?
Prescription drug abuse
Saturday Sep 26 | San Diego NewsCape | Comment?
"Take a Valium, Lose Your Kid, Go to Jail"
Thursday Sep 24 | Overlawyered | Comment?
One Valium. Ten years in jail.
Wednesday Sep 23 | Daily Kos | Comment?
Commenter of the Day: Starrione analyzes prenatal drug abuse
Wednesday Sep 23 | Alabama Live | Comment?
The 53 Best Celebrity Yearbook Photos Ever
What role do you think humans play in global warming?
Environment 7,165
When Does Anti-Immigration Go Too Far?
Immigration 107
Pregnancy effects of 4 drugs, including marijuana
Wednesday Sep 23 | Alabama Live | Comment?
A dangerous dependency served over the counter
Friday Sep 18 | Pnompenh Post | Comment?
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Altia Townhomes and Apartments
- Work 1-844-772-1094
- Lynnwood, WA
- 47.848237 -122.247205
Andorra at Lake Ballinger
- Work 1-425-409-2195
- Mountlake Terrace, WA
- 47.791405 -122.326877
Serra Vista
- Work 1-425-409-2198
- Lynnwood, WA
- 47.858858630061 -122.28725261986
- Work 1-844-764-0458
- Everett, WA
- 47.905949630851 -122.24878848202
2 Alderwood Manor Apartments For Rent
Lynnwood, WA
We found 2 apartments for rent in the Alderwood Manor neighborhood of Lynnwood, Washington. Refine your search by using the filter at the top of the page to view 1, 2 or 3+ bedroom apartments for rent in Alderwood Manor as well as cheap apartments, pet friendly apartments, apartments with utilities included and more. Use our customizable guide to refine your options for apartments in Alderwood Manor and find exactly what you want during your Lynnwood, Washington apartment search.
Nickel Creek3702 204th Street SW Lynnwood, WA 9803647.813641 -122.282277+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Wonderful View at Nickel Creek's 1 & 2 bedroom Lynnwood apartment homes minutes from I-5, I-405 freeways, major employers, restaurants, major shopping and schools, with washer/dryer, patio/balcony, fireplace, and pool & spa.
- Business Center
- Clubhouse
- Fitness Center
- Nearby Freeway Access
- Located Near Shopping Centers, Schools
- Resort-Style Pool
- Soothing Spa
Parklane Townhomes20310 Bothell Everett Hwy Bothell, WA 9801247.813774 -122.20883- Near Lynnwood, WA+−Preview DetailsCollapse Details
Park-like setting! Parklane's 2 & 3 bedroom townhomes for rent are close to freeways, bus routes, and between Bothell & Everett with large efficient kitchens, some with built in microwaves, self-cleaning ovens, dishwashers, frost free refrigerators, and disposals.
- Full size washer and dryer
- Wood burning fireplaces
- Patio and storage areas
- Attached garages or 2 parking spaces included.
- Low density townhomes. Lots of open spaces.
- Vaulted celings in select homes
- Metro and school bus stop at front of property
- All homes have ground floor powder bath
- Easy access to I-405 & I-5
- Large open grass areas throughout the property
- Quiet Neighborhood but close to everything!
- Extra Parking for guests
To see more Apartments, try broadening your search.
1175 Seattle Metro apartments
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WILSONVILLE, Oregon — Oregon state officials say a male inmate at Coffee Creek Correctional Facility in Wilsonville has died.
Oregon Department of Corrections officials said in a news release that 46-year-old Carlton Ford died Monday morning after collapsing in his cell.
Ford had been at the prison since August 2015 on charges of burglary, menacing and weapons use, with a release date of March 2019. He was housed at the facility's intake center, where all those committed to state custody go first for evaluation.
Members of the Oregon state Police Criminal Investigation Unit are investigating.


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In the NBA, 'Hack-a-Shaq' is fouling ratings, too
Gigi Douban
May 12, 2015 The strategy of fouling bad free-throw shooters can be effective, but slows the game
The 'Deflategate' verdict is in
Kai Ryssdal
May 11, 2015 So the Pats all-but-surely did it, now what's the punishment?
The NFL has appointed its first female referee
Amy Scott
Apr 3, 2015 Sarah Thomas was the first woman to officiate a major college football game in 2007. Two years later, she was also the first woman to officiate a bowl game.
Chris Borland retires from NFL, citing brain concerns
Tracey Samuelson
Mar 18, 2015 The 49ers linebacker is 24 years old, with no serious head injuries yet.
In safety Rx, NFL makes high-profile recruit
Nova Safo
Feb 11, 2015 Prominent physician, Dr. Elizabeth Nabel, will serve as chief health advisor.
A nation in agreement: Nationwide's ad was a buzzkill
Sally Herships
Feb 2, 2015 "Ad agency should be fired," expert says, for Super Bowl ad starring a dead child.
You bought a counterfeit sports jersey. So what?
Tracey Samuelson
Feb 2, 2015 Such products are often a revenue stream for criminal organizations, experts say.
Treasure those Roman numerals while you can
Kai Ryssdal
Jan 30, 2015 Up next year: Super Bowl 50, because "Super Bowl L" wasn't pleasing to the eye.
There's no such thing as nacho cheese
Kai Ryssdal
Interviewed By
Jan 30, 2015 Serving it on game day? Remember this: Nacho cheese is whatever you want it to be.
New brands take a chance with Super Bowl ads
Gigi Douban
Jan 30, 2015 NBC finally sold its final Super Bowl ad spot four days before the game.


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Two new forms aim to make the home loan process a lot more transparent. Here's your guide on what buyers need to know.
Read full story for latest details.
A New Jersey-based bank is offering $25 million in subsidies for alleged racial discrimination with its mortgage lending practices in four states.


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August 6th, 2015
I can't believe we're already through the first week of August… it always goes fast! The waves haven't disappointed though and we've had a ton of good days this summer. Here are a few pics from this morning, session #7. Full gallery will follow soon.
July 5th, 2015
The 2015 season launched full speed ahead last week with waves aplenty. The first week of camp saw good waves and beautiful conditions, with lots of opportunities to challenge and exhilarate everyone.
Day #1 of the season brought clean stomach high surf that delivered consistent waves through the end of the week. And we couldn't even believe it when Monday of week #2 brought even better waves that lasted right up until Friday afternoon.
Thanks everyone for an awesome kickoff to the season!
Full gallery here
April 21st, 2015
Another surfer once told me, in no uncertain terms, "surfers make good people." We were chatting after a surf on the island of Lombok, one of Indonesia's many surfing gems, and it was the kind of conversation that meanders along when you're surfed out and don't really have anything more pressing on the schedule.
We talked about the surf back home: Western Australia for him and not much in the way of comparison to our surf in Maine. He had been telling me about his plans to move from 'West Oz' with his Indonesian wife and open a guesthouse just up the road… the type of retirement plan that every surfer dreams about.
His pronouncement came after I told him about teaching kids to surf at Surf Camp. He blurted out with surprising excitement:
"Mate, good job! The world could use more surfers because surfers make good people."
These are the highlights from the conversation that followed, which was about the life lessons that surfing teaches us.
Surfing teaches confidence and humility simultaneously. Entering the ocean to ride waves means putting yourself in a position where you're on your own. If you get into trouble, you can't just hit the pause button to gather your thoughts.
In the ocean, the situation is always dynamic: in addition to pounding waves, surfing often means contending with rocks and reefs, strong currents, weather, wind, and (sometimes) sea-life. As any surfer knows, when a big set bears down there is nothing and no one that can help.
The ocean will humble the very best surfers.
As a result, surfing teaches us to rely on ourselves and have confidence in our capacity to overcome challenges. It teaches strength and resilience. But even more, surfing shows us our limits and teaches us to know and respect them.
The ocean will humble the very best surfers, and in fact, those surfers are usually the ones that stand most in awe of the ocean's power.
There are few pursuits that are so dependent on a close relationship with nature. After all, good waves are the result of weather events that happen thousands of miles away. They can't be recreated or manufactured by man and as a result surfers are completely beholden to 'Mother Nature.'
January 2nd, 2015
As we welcome the new year, it's already time to start thinking about your summer plans. We have finalized our 2015 Surf Camp dates (below) and remind everyone that we start accepting sign ups on January 15th! Starting on that date, you can sign up here: Surf Camp Online Application.
We can't wait to be back here!
August 8th, 2014
Somewhat smaller waves this week compared to last, nevertheless, did not disappoint. It was sunny and hot for most of the week and there were plenty of waves out there for everyone to have a great time. You can view and download images from the full gallery here: Surf Camp 2014 Week #6 Photo Gallery
Above: Sawyer leads us through the morning meeting. "I caught a fish like, this big."
Below: STOKED!
Above: This surf camper was sure he'd spotted buried treasure. He just missed it on the dive!
Below: Group photo with Prout's Neck in the background.
July 20th, 2014
The waves for weeks #3 and #4 of Surf Camp provided non-stop fun. We had light winds and sunny skies to make the small but consistent pulse of swell a perfect mid-summer treat. There wasn't much time spent out of the water in either week.
Above: Can you beat this? Warm water, sunny skies, glassy waves = GOOD TIMES!
Below: Surf instructor Sawyer Theriault cruising the nose on a nice little runner.
Above: When it comes to learning to surf, waves like this are pretty much perfect.
Below: Instructor Emily Heath navigating some fun lines at Scarborough Beach.
July 13th, 2014
The second week of Surf Camp did not disappoint… so far this has been an above average summer for waves and weather, and the kids are loving it! So are we… images link to full gallery and downloads.
June 30th, 2014
With the 2014 season of Surf Camp now underway, the first week of camp launched us off in good form with beautiful weather and fun waves throughout the week. We visited Sprague Hall on Thursday morning to avoid a thunderstorm and kick back with a movie, but otherwise it was sunshine all week. Check out the photos here:
June 11th, 2014
Surf Camp was lucky enough to celebrate graduation with the 36 seniors from North Yarmouth Academy class of 2014. We got the entire group out for a night of surfing at Scarborough Beach last week during their Project Graduation program. After a cold week leading up to the event, we lucked out with beautiful weather and one of the best evenings of surf so far this year.
Above: Surf Camp greets NYA seniors and gets them geared up to go surf.
Below: The NYA class of 2014, ready to surf only about an hour after they graduated!
Above: Sawyer teaches a surf lesson before we get in the water.
Below: Ready to get in the water. The waves were big enough that we walked all the way down toward Prout's Neck to avoid the bigger sets.
April 26th, 2014
Even though it rained, we had an awesome morning at the Green Neighbor Family Festival in support of the Urban Runoff 5k and clean water education here in Maine.
And they're off! hundreds of runners are taking part in the 3rd annual @UrbanRunoff5k in Portland. pic.twitter.com/OxGP2XfAgJ
— Katie Thompson WMTW (@KThompson_WMTW) April 26, 2014
The event brought out an incredible array of local businesses and organizations that are working to help keep Maine's rivers, lakes, and oceans clean. We got lots of people on our 'indo board' in lieu of surfing and were able to share some of the things that we do at camp in support of the environment: beach clean-ups, education, and minimizing our environmental footprint, to name a few.
Being around so many inspiring people stimulates our thoughts on what we can do at camp to further integrate environmental awareness into our programs… we've already got some new ideas. Thanks to everyone who stopped by!
Join us for Maine's original surfing day camp. In our flagship summer camp, your camper will learn to surf, make lots of new friends, and hang out at the best place in the world: a Maine beach in the summertime! Book early - camp fills up quickly.
Giving someone the chance to learn to surf is a gift that will pay dividends in health and happiness for a lifetime. We are now selling gift certificates for both all of our surfing programs -- the perfect gift for adventurous souls young and old!
Learn to surf with the most experienced instructors in the Northeast. Our surf lessons teach surfing fundamentals that will stick with you for a lifetime. Meanwhile, you'll experience the thrill of wave riding. Fair warning: we've created many addicts!